FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT B AU Wynn, J Kindinger, J Wiese, D AF Wynn, J Kindinger, J Wiese, D BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Experimental use of the induced polarization method to map and characterize the shallow sea-floor SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB We have developed a new high-resolution sea floor mapping system, based on the induced polarization (IP) principle. This system uses a weighted streamer, designed to be towed directly on the sea floor at speeds up to 3 knots. Signal injection is achieved by means of a pair of titanium transmitter electrodes that force 2+ amps in the form of a 4 Hz square-wave into the sediments. Two staggered receiver dipole arrays are used to detect polarizing materials in the top 5+ meters below the sediment-water interface. Using this system, we can continuously characterize the sea floor at two different depths by means of a geophysical acquisition and processing system (providing resistivity and phase for two different depths) and a GPS receiver positioned on a ship. Data acquisition and control are via a laptop computer, and the entire system is highly portable and battery-powered. We have demonstrated that the array can detect ilmenite (a titanium-bearing heavy placer mineral) to concentrations at or below 1% by volume, and can also characterize lithologic changes beneath an overlying veneer of sand. We believe that the system has additional potential applications, including rapid characterization of anthropogenic materials (including urban waste), identification and mapping of buried cables, unexploded ordnance (UXO), and possibly even to map buried archeological sites. Theoretically we can acquire more IP measurements in a week at sea than have been acquired historically on land over the past 50 years. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wynn, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 781 EP 784 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000081 ER PT B AU Wynn, J Gettings, M AF Wynn, J Gettings, M BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI An airborne electromagnetic (EM) survey used to map the upper San Pedro River aquifer, near Fort Huachuca in southeastern Arizona SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB An airborne EM survey using a 3-component, 20-channel GEOTEM system with an additional airborne magnetic channel was flown over Fort Huachuca and the area north and east as far as the San Pedro River, southeastern Arizona. Inversions of the EM data, so-called Conductivity-Depth Transforms (CDTs), provide remarkable information on the upper San Pedro River aquifer down to 400 meter depths in some cases; results agree with limited well-control. Depths derived from the magnetic data set, when inverted using an Euler transform, agree well with a map of the basement derived earlier from gravity data. Together, the complete data set allows us to map the Upper San Pedro River aquifer in a region where there is dispute over allocation of scarce water resources and the San Pedro Riparian Conservation Area. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wynn, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 993 EP 998 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000104 ER PT J AU Bardi, RW Chapman, FA AF Bardi, RW Chapman, FA TI Feeding trials with hatchery-produced Gulf of Mexico sturgeon larvae SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-OXYRHYNCHUS-DESOTOI; FEEDING TRIALS; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; TRANSMONTANUS; JUVENILES; FOODS; DIET AB Survival and growth in larval Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi fed live and formulated diets were evaluated. Live foods consisted of brine shrimp Artemia sp. and California blackworms Lumbriculus variegatus. Formulated diets consisted of commercially produced pellets and two experimentally formulated sturgeon starter diets (SS). Feeds were first offered at 5 d posthatch, 2 d before initiation of exogenous feeding. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in larval survival and growth were observed among dietary treatment groups. First-feeding larvae readily accepted the live food, especially brine shrimp decapsulated cysts, and they exhibited high survival (>95%) and specific growth rate (12%; SGR, logarithmic growth per unit time). In contrast, commercially formulated feeds were poorly accepted at the onset of feeding, and their use resulted in nearly complete mortality (>99%) by 3 weeks. First-feeding larvae, however, displayed preference for an experimentally formulated sturgeon starter diet (SS 9501), but survival (21.5%) and SGR (5.5%) were low by 3 weeks. Diet-switching experiments revealed that survival and growth rate of first-feeding larvae increased if they were fed brine shrimp for 1 week (>95% survival; SGR = 10.4%) and then switched to SS 9501 (83.8% survival; SGR = 10.0%). Also, after approximately 4-5 weeks, fish were easily weaned from live food or SS 9501 to the semimoist BioDiet starter diet (>70% survival). After 3-4 weeks of feeding on BioDiet, juveniles were converted to a variety of other commercial diets with no deaths. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Chapman, FA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, 7922 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0025:FTWHPG>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YX748 UT WOS:000072073300004 ER PT J AU Redman, SD Meinertz, JR Gaikowski, MP AF Redman, SD Meinertz, JR Gaikowski, MP TI Effects of immobilization by electricity and MS-222 on brown trout broodstock and their progeny SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONARCOSIS; CURRENTS AB To determine the effects of electrically and chemically induced immobilization on postspawn broodstock and their progeny, age-2 and age-3 female broodstock and age-2 male broodstock of brown trout Salmo trutta were immobilized with electricity or tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), stripped of their eggs or milt, and weighed. Eggs taken from electrically immobilized females were fertilized with milt taken from age-2 males that were immobilized with electricity, and eggs taken from females immobilized with MS-222 were fertilized with milt taken from age-2 males that were immobilized with MS-222. After spawning, the mortality and weight of broodstock were compared twice over a 6-month period. Egg viability and growth of offspring fry from each treatment group were also compared. Electricity induced complete and consistent immobilization in brown trout broodstock. Electrically immobilized fish were more easily handled than fish immobilized with MS-222; however, electrically immobilized fish survival (70%) was significantly less than fish immobilized with MS-222 (83%). Broodstock growth differences were only noted at 6 months postexposure, when the mean weight of electrically immobilized fish was slightly less than the weight of fish immobilized with MS-222. Broodstock immobilization by electricity did not reduce egg viability or fry growth. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 1 BP 44 EP 49 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0044:EOIBEA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YX748 UT WOS:000072073300007 ER PT J AU Bowker, J Erdahl, D AF Bowker, J Erdahl, D TI Observations on the efficacy of chloramine-T treatment to control mortality in a variety of salmonids SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL GILL DISEASE AB Results and observations from 120 chloramine-T treatment trials to control mortality in a variety of salmonids caused by bacterial gill disease and columnaris are provided to aid fish culturists in determining more effective treatment regimes. When chloramine-T was used at 6, 10, or 15 mg/L, regardless of treatment frequency, efficacy in control of mortality was observed in 56%, 65%, and 61% of the trials, respectively. When chloramine-T was administered one, two, or three times, regardless of treatment concentration, efficacy was observed in 38%, 62%, and 88% of the trials, respectively. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Bowker, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, 4050 Bridget Canyon Rd, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 1 BP 63 EP 66 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0063:OOTEOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YX748 UT WOS:000072073300011 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Peiser, HS AF Coplen, TB Peiser, HS TI History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: A comparision of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB International commissions and national committees for atomic weights (mean relative atomic masses) have recommended regularly updated, best values for these atomic weights as applicable to terrestrial sources of the chemical elements. Presented here is a historically complete listing starting with the values in F. W. Clarke's 1882 recalculation, followed by the recommended values in the annual reports of the American Chemical Society's Atomic Weights Commission. From 1903, an International Commission published such reports and its values (scaled to an atomic weight of 16 for oxygen) are here used in preference to those of national committees of Britain, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the U.S.A. We have, however, made scaling adjustments from A(r)(O-16) to A(r)(C-12) where, not negligible. From 1920, this International Commission constituted itself under the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Since then, IUPAC has published reports (mostly biennially) listing the recommended atomic weights, which are reproduced here. Since 1979, these values have been called the "standard atomic weights" and, since 1969, all values have been published, with their estimated uncertainties. Few of the earlier values were published with uncertainties. Nevertheless, we assessed such uncertainties on the basis of our understanding of the likely contemporary judgement of the values' reliability. While neglecting remaining uncertainties of 1997 values, we derive "differences" and a retrospective index of reliability of atomic weight values in relation to assessments of uncertainties at the time of their publication. A striking improvement in reliability appears to have been achieved since the commissions have imposed upon themselves the rule of recording estimated uncertainties from all recognized sources of error. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 16 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 70 IS 1 BP 237 EP 257 DI 10.1351/pac199870010237 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZR753 UT WOS:000074010300021 ER PT B AU Hadley, DG Brouwers, EM Bown, TM AF Hadley, DG Brouwers, EM Bown, TM BE Alsharhan, AS Glennie, KW Whittle, GL Kendskk, CGS TI Quaternary paleodunes, Arabian Gulf Coast, Abu Dhabi Emirate: Age and paleoenvironmental evolution SO QUATERNARY DESERTS AND CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change CY DEC 09-11, 1995 CL AL AIN, U ARAB EMIRATES SP United Arab Emerites Univ, Uni Aberdeen, Abu Dhabi Co Onshore Oil Operat, IGCP-UNESCO, 3th World Acad Sci AB Remnant paleodune deposits composed of carbonate and siliciclastic material are exposed slightly inland and along the Arabian Gulf coast of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. The paleodune deposits are here formally designated the Ghayathi Formation. The paleodunes overlie either middle Pleistocene paleosabkhah sediments or nonmarine sediments of the Miocene Baynunah Formation; the paleodune deposits underlie late Pleistocene interdune and marine sands and modern siliciclastic dune sands. Paleodune magnitudes are estimated to be as high as 100 m based on remnant basal foreset beds and on associated interdune sandstone deposits, the latter here formally designated the Aradah Formation. Interdune sandstone mounds of the Aradah Formation display inverted topographic relationships with the paleodunes; that is, the topographically positive mounds were originally deposited as a flat interdune playa. Comparison with modern dune and playa morphologic relationships provides a relative measure of ancient dune height. Paleowind directions were measured on preserved foreset cross strata of the paleodunes and show a net southeast component that averages 147 degrees, indicating nearly unidirectional winds that were regionally and stratigraphically consistent. Isotopic and radiometric dating based on U-Th, Sr-87/(SR)-S-86, and C-14 of the paleodunes and associated stratigraphic units suggest that the Ghayathi Formation was deposited prior to 160 ka. Cementation of the overlying interdune sandstone, the Aradah Formation, occurred between about 12 and 70 ka BP. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hadley, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-597-6 PY 1998 BP 123 EP 139 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BK73L UT WOS:000073252100012 ER PT J AU Markewich, HW Wysocki, DA Pavich, MJ Rutledge, EM Millard, HT Rich, FJ Maat, PB Rubin, M McGeehin, JP AF Markewich, HW Wysocki, DA Pavich, MJ Rutledge, EM Millard, HT Rich, FJ Maat, PB Rubin, M McGeehin, JP TI Paleopedology plus TL, Be-10, and C-14 dating as tools in stratigraphic and paleoclimatic investigations, Mississippi River Valley, USA SO QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL DEVELOPMENT; UNITED-STATES; ROXANA SILT; LOESS; AGE; PLEISTOCENE; RECORD AB Thick (less than or equal to 35 m) loess deposits are present on ridges and high bluffs in the northern-half of the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV), U.S.A. Detailed descriptions of the loess sections and pedologic, physiochemical, and mineralogic analyses and TL, C-14,and Be-10 age determinations, allow preliminary paleoclimatic reconstructions for the late Quaternary of central North America. No age data are available for the oldest (Fifth) loess. Be-10 and TL age data suggest a 250-200 ka age for the Fourth or Crowleys Ridge(?) Loess, and indicate that the Loveland or Third Loess is time equivalent to oxygen isotope stage 6, similar to 190-120 ka. A weakly developed paleosol is present in the basal-half of the Loveland. The Sangamon Geosol is present in the upper 5 m and represents all of oxygen isotope stage 5, similar to 130-60 ka. It formed in a climate as warm as, but drier and (or) with greater variation in precipitation, than the present. The Roxana Silt (second loess) was deposited during oxygen isotope stages 4 and 3, similar to 65-26 ka. The early Wisconsinan interglacial-glacial transition, represented by the Sangamon Geosol and the unnamed paleosol in the basal Roxana Silt, was slow. The paleoclimate during the 35 k yr of Roxana deposition was cool to cold and wet. Age and pedologic data indicate that deposition of the Peoria Loess (the youngest) began around 25 ka when the area's climate changed abruptly from cool or cold and wet to cold and dry, with periods of sustained high winds. (C) 1998 Published by INQUA/Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. Soil Conservat Serv, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Georgia So Univ, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Markewich, HW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 80 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1040-6182 J9 QUATERN INT JI Quat. Int. PY 1998 VL 51-2 BP 143 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00041-4 PG 25 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 152EY UT WOS:000077764300039 ER PT J AU Benson, LV Lund, SP Burdett, JW Kashgarian, M Rose, TP Smoot, JP Schwartz, M AF Benson, LV Lund, SP Burdett, JW Kashgarian, M Rose, TP Smoot, JP Schwartz, M TI Correlation of late-Pleistocene lake-level oscillations in Mono Lake, California, with North Atlantic climate events SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEEP LABRADOR-SEA; LAHONTAN BASIN; CARBONATE DEPOSITION; ICEBERG DISCHARGES; HEINRICH EVENTS; GREENLAND ICE; CHRONOLOGY; RECORDS; NEVADA; OCEAN AB Oxygen-18 (O-18) values of sediment from the Wilson Creek Formation, Mono Basin, California, indicate three scales of temporal variation (Dansgaard-Oeschger, Heinrich, and Milankovitch) in the hydrologic balance of Mono Lake between 35,400 and 12,900 C-14 yr B.P. During this interval, Mono Lake experienced four lowstands each lasting from 1000 to 2000 yr, The youngest lowstand, which occurred between 15,500 and 14,000 C-14 yr B.P., was nearly synchronous with a desiccation of Owens Lake, California. Paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) data indicate that three of four persistent lowstands occurred at the same times as Heinrich events H1, H2, and H4, (18)0 data indicate the two highest lake levels occurred similar to 18,000 and similar to 13,100 C-14 yr B.P., corresponding to passages of the mean position of the polar jet stream over the Mono Basin. Extremely low values of total inorganic carbon between 26,000 and 14,000 C-14 yr B.P. indicate glacial activity, corresponding to a time when summer insolation was much reduced, (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst 125, Cornell Lab Stable Isotope Anal, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Benson, LV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 48 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1940 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YZ880 UT WOS:000072303600001 ER PT J AU Lin, JC Broecker, WS Hemming, SR Hajdas, I Anderson, RF Smith, GI Kelley, M Bonani, G AF Lin, JC Broecker, WS Hemming, SR Hajdas, I Anderson, RF Smith, GI Kelley, M Bonani, G TI A reassessment of U-Th and C-14 ages for late-glacial high-frequency hydrological events at Searles Lake, California SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radiocarbon dating; U-Th dating; Great Basin; western US; pluvial lakes; hydrological balance; late Pleistocene abrupt climate changes; jet stream westerlies ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; HEINRICH EVENTS; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; SIERRA-NEVADA; PLEISTOCENE; BASIN; OCEAN; OSCILLATIONS; CARBONATES; CHRONOLOGY AB U-Th isochron ages of tufas formed on shorelines suggest that the last pluvial event in Lake Lahontan and Searles Lake was synchronous at about 16,500 cal yr B.P. (equivalent to a radiocarbon age of between 14,000 and 13,500 yr B.P.), whereas the timing of this pluvial event determined by radiocarbon dating is on the order of 1000 yr younger. The timing of seven distinct periods of near desiccation in Searles Lake during late-glacial time has been reinvestigated for U-Th age determination by mass spectrometry, U-Th dating of evaporite layers in the interbedded mud and salt unit called the Lower Salt in Searles Lake was hampered by the uncertainty in assessing the initial Th-230/Th-232 Of the samples, The resulting ages, corrected by a conservative range of initial Th-230/Th-232 ratios, suggest close correlation of the abrupt changes recorded in Greenland ice cores (Dansgaard-Oeschger events) and wet-dry conditions in Searles Lake between 35,000 and 24,000 cal yr B.P. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. ETH Honggerberg, Inst Teilchenphys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lin, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Isotope Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Hajdas, Irka/C-6696-2011; OI Anderson, Robert/0000-0002-8472-2494 NR 48 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1 BP 11 EP 23 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1949 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YZ880 UT WOS:000072303600002 ER PT J AU Bartlein, PJ Anderson, KH Anderson, PM Edwards, ME Mock, CJ Thompson, RS Webb, RS Whitlock, C AF Bartlein, PJ Anderson, KH Anderson, PM Edwards, ME Mock, CJ Thompson, RS Webb, RS Whitlock, C TI Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID RESPONSE SURFACES; POLLEN DATA; VEGETATION AB Maps of upper-level and surface winds and of surface temperature and precipitation illustrate the results of a sequence of global paleoclimatic simulations spanning the past 21,000 yr for North America. We review (a) the large-scale features of circulation, temperature, and precipitation that appear in the simulations from the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM 1), (b) the implications of the simulated climate for the past continental-scale distributions of three plant taxa (Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii. and Artemisia tridentata), which are broadly representative of the vegetation across the continent, and (c) the potential explanations in terms of atmospheric circulation or surface energy- and water-balance processes for mismatches between the simulations and observations. Most Of the broad-scale features of previous paleoclimatic simulations with the NCAR CCM 0 for North America are present in the current simulations. Many of the elements of a conceptual model (based on previous climate simulations) that describes the controls of paleoclimatic variations across North America during the past 21,000 yr are found in simulations reviewed here. These include (1) displacement of the jet stream by the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the south of its present position in both winter and summer, (2) generation of a 'glacial anticyclone' over the ice sheet at the LGM, and the consequent induction of large-scale sinking motions induced over eastern North America, (3) changes in the strength of surface atmospheric circulation features through time, including weakening of the Aleutian low in winter, and strengthening of the eastern Pacific and Bermuda high-pressure systems in summer as the ice sheet decreased in size, (4) development of a 'heat low' at the surface and a strengthened ridge in the upper-atmosphere over the continent at the time of the maximum summer insolation anomaly, (5) increases in summer temperature earlier in regions remote from the ice sheet (these increases appear earlier in the present (CCM 1) simulations than in the previous (CCM 0) ones, however), and (6) continuation of negative winter temperature anomalies into the middle Holocene. Ln general, simulated surface conditions that are discordant with paleoenvironmental observations can be attributed to the simulation of particular atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g. those that suppress precipitation or advect warm air into a region), with these mismatches amplified in Beringia and the southeastern United States by surface energy- and water-balance processes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Bartlein, PJ (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 32 TC 324 Z9 328 U1 3 U2 59 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6-7 BP 549 EP 585 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2 PG 37 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 104EK UT WOS:000075001600005 ER PT J AU Milhous, RT AF Milhous, RT TI Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sedimentation; habitat modelling; sediment transport; hydraulics; instream flow needs; Gunnison River AB Instream flows are needed to remove undesirable accumulations of sediment. Fines and sand accumulate on and in gravels during periods of low flow and must be removed (flushed) periodically in order for the gravel to continue as suitable habitat for aquatic animals. Sediment of all sizes can also fill pools in the river and must be removed in order to maintain pool habitat. A new technique relates the sizes of sediment important in the biological process to the size transported as wash, suspended and bed loads. The technique has a biological component, a hydraulic component and a selection component that links the two. The technique was used to determine the instream flows needed to maintain habitat for Colorado squawfish in the Gunnison River in western Colorado. Flows included a flushing flow to remove course sand form the riffles where Colorado squawfish spawn, to remove fines and sand from the river in general, to remove gravel from pools, and to scour side channels. The Gunnison River has a mean discharge of 73 m(3)/s and the flows of both sediment and water in the river have been modified by the construction of reservoirs and by major diversions for irrigation. The flows needed to maintain the spawning habitat for the Colorado squawfish by removing fines and sand from the riffles is 355 m(3)/s, to remove sand and fines from the river is 354 m(3)/s, to remove gravel from pools is 484 m(3)/s and to scour side channels is 210 m(3)/s. The flow required to maintain the riffles during spawning is 210 m(3)/s. These flushing flows are not required each year but they are required periodically (usually not less than once in every 3 years); and the maintenance flow is needed every year. (C) 1998 John Wiley Br Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Milhous, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 11 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 79 EP 94 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<79::AID-RRR478>3.3.CO;2-0 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA ZR188 UT WOS:000073949100007 ER PT J AU Edwards, TC Moisen, GG Cutler, DR AF Edwards, TC Moisen, GG Cutler, DR TI Assessing map accuracy in a remotely sensed, ecoregion-scale cover map SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE; HABITAT; ERROR AB Landscape- and ecoregion-based conservation efforts increasingly use a spatial component to organize data for analysis and interpretation. A challenge particular to remotely sensed cover maps generated from these efforts is how best to assess the accuracy of the cover maps, especially when they can exceed 1000 s/km(2) in size. Here we develop and describe a methodological approach for assessing the accuracy of large-area cover maps, using as a test case the 21.9 million ha cover map developed for Utah Gap Analysis. As part of our design process, we first reviewed the effect of intracluster correlation and a simple cost function on the relative efficiency of cluster sample designs to simple random designs. Our design ultimately combined clustered and subsampled field data stratified by ecological modeling unit and accessibility (hereafter a mixed design). We next outline estimation formulas for simple map accuracy measures under our mixed design and report results for eight major cover types and the three ecoregions mapped as part of the Utah Gap Analysis. Overall accuracy of the map was 83.2% (SE=1.4). Within ecoregions, accuracy ranged from 78.9% to 85.0%. Accuracy by cover type varied, ranging from a low of 50.4% for barren to a high of 90.6% for man modified. In addition, we examined gains in efficiency of our mixed design compared with a simple random sample approach. In regard to precision, our mixed design was more precise than a simple random design, given fixed sample costs. We close with a discussion of the logistical constraints facing attempts to assess the accuracy of large-area, remotely sensed cover maps. C1 FOREST SERV, USDA, INTERMT RES STN, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA. UTAH STATE UNIV, DEPT MATH & STAT, LOGAN, UT 84322 USA. RP Edwards, TC (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV, NATL BIOL SERV, UTAH COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, USGS, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, LOGAN, UT 84322 USA. NR 40 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 63 IS 1 BP 73 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00246-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YJ333 UT WOS:A1998YJ33300007 ER PT B AU Gelfenbaum, G Brooks, GR Davis, RA Doyle, L Gibbs, AE Hine, AC Locker, SD Twichell, DC Weisberg, RH AF Gelfenbaum, G Brooks, GR Davis, RA Doyle, L Gibbs, AE Hine, AC Locker, SD Twichell, DC Weisberg, RH BE Tait, LS TI Origins and development of the west-central Florida barrier island system: Interpretations of the past and recommendations for the future - Overview of the project SO RETHINKING THE ROLE OF STUCTURES IN SHORE PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology CY FEB 04-06, 1998 CL ST PETERSBURG, FL AB The U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the University of South Florida and Eckerd College, have been conducting a regional study of the west-central Florida coastal system. This coastal system includes the inner shelf, barrier island and inlets, and back barriers from Anclote Key to Venice Inlet. This coastal system is of interest because it combines a highly developed coastline containing numerous hard structures with a low energy environment and a limited sediment supply. Despite the low energy, coastal erosion is a significant problem for much of the west-central Florida coast. With beach nourishment as the primary solution to the erosion problem, identifying sand resources is a critical concern to State and local government officials. This study addresses the geologic and historic development of the barrier island/inlet system and the distribution of nature of sediments on the inner shelf. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL USA. RP Gelfenbaum, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA SHORE & BEACH PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION PI TALLAHASSEE PA 2952 WELLINGTON CIRCLE, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32301 USA PY 1998 BP 248 EP 259 PG 12 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL60B UT WOS:000075973900017 ER PT J AU Schaefer, M AF Schaefer, M TI USGS: Building understanding of national coastal & marine natural resource issues SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schaefer, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 39 EP 40 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA YU446 UT WOS:000071718100014 ER PT S AU Kieffer, HH Anderson, JM AF Kieffer, HH Anderson, JM BE Fujisada, H TI Use of the Moon for spacecraft calibration over 350-2500 nm SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites II CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP CNR, NASA, EOS, Commiss European Communities, SPIE - Int Soc Opt Engn DE moon; calibration; spacecraft; radiance; irradiance AB The Moon is the only natural object outside the Earth's atmosphere that is within the dynamic range of most imaging instruments on Earth-orbiting spacecraft. The excellent photometric stability of the Lunar surface will allow its use as a long-term instrument calibration source once the dependence of Lunar spectral radiance on phase and libration angles are well characterized. A program to provide this characterization is underway. Observations are being made in 23 bands within 350-950 nm, 7 of which correspond closely with spacecraft instrument bands. Observations in nine bands within 950-2500 nm began recently. Although at this time the absolute Lunar radiance model is preliminary and uncertainties are larger than most instrument calibration goals, changes in spacecraft instrument sensitivity can be precisely monitored and absolute calibration can be applied retroactively as the accuracy of the Lunar spectral radiance model improves. Several space-based imaging systems have already begun using the Moon for calibration and the EOS AM-1 platform will make periodic attitude maneuvers for Lunar and space calibration. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kieffer, HH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2957-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3498 BP 325 EP 336 DI 10.1117/12.333646 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BM37Y UT WOS:000078533900034 ER PT S AU Procopio, A Goedert, J Cook, J Carbone, M Urnowitz, H Weiss, R Ozer, H Pipas, J Strickler, H Pass, H Fried, M Shah, K Lednicky, J Butel, J Lewis, A Dorries, K Oxman, M Fisher, BL O'Neill, F Ross, M AF Procopio, A Goedert, J Cook, J Carbone, M Urnowitz, H Weiss, R Ozer, H Pipas, J Strickler, H Pass, H Fried, M Shah, K Lednicky, J Butel, J Lewis, A Dorries, K Oxman, M Fisher, BL O'Neill, F Ross, M BE Brown, F Lewis, AM TI SV as an oncogenic virus and possible human pathogen - Panel-audience discussion III SO SIMIAN VIRUS 40 (SV40): POSSIBLE HUMAN POLYOMAVIRUS SE DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material CT Workshop on Simian Virus 40 (SV40): a Possible Human Polyomavirus CY JAN 27-28, 1997 CL NIH, NATCHER AUDITORIUM, BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NICHHD, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Natl Vaccine Program Off HO NIH, NATCHER AUDITORIUM C1 Univ G DAnnunzio, I-66013 Chieti, Italy. NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Denver, CO 80206 USA. Loyola Univ, Cardinal Bernardin Canc Ctr, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Chron Illness Res Found, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA. Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, London SW3 6JB, England. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Wayne State Univ, Harper Hosp, Ctr Inst, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Div Mol Virol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. US FDA, CBER, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Univ Wuerzburg, Inst Virol, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany. Univ Calif San Diego, Med Ctr, Infect Dis Sect 111 F, San Diego, CA 92161 USA. Nat Vacc Informat Ctr, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT 84148 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Procopio, A (reprint author), Univ G DAnnunzio, Via Vestini 31, I-66013 Chieti, Italy. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-5149 BN 3-8055-6733-2 J9 DEV BIOL STAND JI Dev.Biol.Stand. PY 1998 VL 94 BP 369 EP 382 PG 14 WC Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology; Virology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology; Immunology; Virology GA BL56R UT WOS:000075903300042 ER PT J AU Lamb, BL AF Lamb, BL TI The limits of organizational change SO SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Lamb, BL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAI PRESS INC PI STAMFORD PA 100 PROSPECT ST, PO BOX 811, STAMFORD, CT 06901 USA SN 0362-3319 J9 SOC SCI J JI Soc. Sci. J. PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 145 EP 146 PG 2 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA YX109 UT WOS:000072007300013 ER PT B AU Kargel, JS AF Kargel, JS BE Schmitt, B deBergh, C Festou, M TI Physical chemistry of ices in the outer solar system SO SOLAR SYSTEM ICES SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Solar System Ices CY MAR 27-30, 1995 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm Grenoble, Observ Paris, Dept Rech Spatiale AB The major icy satellites of the outer planets are recognized as complex planet-like objects with unique geologic histories and their own cryogenic versions of the igneous and tectonic processes that shape Earth and other rocky planets, The volcanological nature, surface compositions, internal structures, and overall geologic histories of icy satellites depend considerably on the satellites' icy compositions and the physical properties and phase behavior of these ices. Selected data pertinent to cryovolcanism and melting processes of icy satellites are reviewed here. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 85721 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 85721 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4902-4 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 1998 VL 227 BP 3 EP 32 PG 30 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BK50L UT WOS:000072382900001 ER PT B AU Kargel, JS Lunine, JI AF Kargel, JS Lunine, JI BE Schmitt, B deBergh, C Festou, M TI Clathrate hydrates on earth and in the solar system SO SOLAR SYSTEM ICES SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Solar System Ices CY MAR 27-30, 1995 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm Grenoble, Observ Paris, Dept Rech Spatiale C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 0 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4902-4 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 1998 VL 227 BP 97 EP 117 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BK50L UT WOS:000072382900005 ER PT B AU Smith, KS Sutley, SJ Briggs, PH Meier, AL Walton-Day, K Ranville, JF Jerz, JK AF Smith, KS Sutley, SJ Briggs, PH Meier, AL Walton-Day, K Ranville, JF Jerz, JK BE Nelson, JD TI Trends in water-leachable lead from a fluvial tailings deposit along the upper Arkansas River, Colorado SO TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE '98 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste CY JAN 26-28, 1998 CL COLORADA STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO SP Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Geotech Engn Program HO COLORADA STATE UNIV AB Fluvial deposits of mine failings occur along the upper Arkansas River south of Leadville, Colorado. We examined material collected from a small fluvial tailings deposit (approximately 0.1 km(2)) located about 13 km downstream of Leadville. The deposit is predominantly barren of living vegetation. We collected continuous cores of one-inch diameter that ranged from 10 to 58 cm deep. We separated the cored material into visually distinct sections based on color and textural differences, and determined bulk chemical composition, mineralogy, and water-leachable chemical constituents for the distinct sections. There is a large reservoir of water-leachable lead in the fluvial tailings deposit. Comparison of bulk lead and water-leachable lead concentrations reveals that bulk lead concentrations are not a good indicator of water-leachable lead concentrations. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Smith, KS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-922-X PY 1998 BP 763 EP 768 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BK73E UT WOS:000073244700079 ER PT J AU Budy, P Luecke, C Wurtsbaugh, WA AF Budy, P Luecke, C Wurtsbaugh, WA TI Adding nutrients to enhance the growth of endangered sockeye salmon: Trophic transfer in an oligotrophic lake SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; BOTTOM-UP FORCES; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; COLUMBIA RIVER; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; SMALLMOUTH BASS; TOP-DOWN; ZOOPLANKTON AB Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, listed under U.S. law as endangered in 1991 in response to a decline in anadromous adult numbers, spend their first 1-2 years in Redfish Lake, Idaho, before migrating to the sea. To determine how nutrient enhancement might influence phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish production, we performed fertilization experiments in large enclosures in this oligotrophic lake using juvenile kokanee (lacustrine O. nerka) as analogues for endangered sockeye salmon. Fertilization of the metalimnion substantially increased chlorophyll a (150%), phytoplankton biovolume (75%), primary productivity (250%), and zooplankton biomass (200%), and moderately increased fish growth (12%) over our control enclosures. Community composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton changed little, and water transparency declined less than 15% compared with controls. Thus, we concluded that metalimnetic fertilization could maintain the aesthetic value of these lakes while increasing zooplankton food resources for juvenile salmon. Our results suggest that whole-lake fertilization would aid in the recovery of Snake River sockeye salmon. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Wildlife & Ecol Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Budy, P (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, Suite 1, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. RI Luecke, Chris/A-2040-2011; Wurtsbaugh, Wayne/G-6856-2011; Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 NR 63 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 127 IS 1 BP 19 EP 34 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0019:ANTETG>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZD649 UT WOS:000072708500002 ER PT J AU Tiersch, TR Figiel, CR Wayman, WR Williamson, JH Carmichael, GJ Gorman, OT AF Tiersch, TR Figiel, CR Wayman, WR Williamson, JH Carmichael, GJ Gorman, OT TI Cryopreservation of sperm of the endangered razorback sucker SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH SPERM; LOWER COLORADO RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; GREEN-RIVER; FERTILIZATION; REPRODUCTION; PRESERVATION; SPERMATOZOA; MOTILITY; STORAGE AB The endangered razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus is endemic to the Colorado River system in western North America and is threatened with extinction because of limited recruitment. To assist in management and recovery efforts, we developed methods for the cryopreservation of sperm, evaluated the influence of various factors on motility of thawed sperm, and examined the effect on fertilization of cooling rate and the addition of caffeine. Sperm samples cryopreserved with 10% methanol (MeOH) had significantly higher postthaw motility than did samples preserved with 5% or 20% MeOH or with 5% or 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, glycerol, propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol. Sperm samples cryopreserved in 0.5-mL and 2.5-mL straws had significantly higher postthaw motility than did samples cryopreserved in 0.25-mL straws. Exposure to 10% MeOH for up to 30 min did not significantly influence sperm motility before freezing or after thawing. Cooling rate (-21 degrees C/min or -91 degrees C/min) did not significantly influence sperm motility. Samples thawed in a water bath at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, or 40 degrees C had significantly higher motility than did samples thawed on the laboratory bench (19 degrees C). Refrigerated sperm had significantly higher motility after the addition of 0.005 M caffeine; however, caffeine did not increase the motility of thawed sperm. Fertilization percentage was 41 +/- 31% for the egg quality control treatments (fresh sperm) in the freezing rate study. The freezing rate of -91 degrees C/min yielded 66% fertilization relative to the control (actual value, 27 +/- 26%), which was significantly higher than the 12% fertilization (actual, 5 +/- 3%) yielded by the freezing rate of -21 degrees C/min. Fertilization percentage was 25 +/- 24% for the egg quality control treatments in the caffeine study. Caffeine-treated sperm yielded 60% fertilization relative to the control (actual, 15 +/- 13%), which was significantly higher than the 16% fertilization (actual, 4 +/- 48) yielded by sperm without caffeine treatment. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, SW Fisheries Technol Ctr, Dexter Unit, Dexter, NM 88230 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, SW Fisheries Technol Ctr, Mora Unit, Mora, NM 87732 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arizona Fishery Resources Off, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Tiersch, TR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 43 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 127 IS 1 BP 95 EP 104 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0095:COSOTE>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZD649 UT WOS:000072708500008 ER PT J AU Haro, A Odeh, M Noreika, J Castro-Santos, T AF Haro, A Odeh, M Noreika, J Castro-Santos, T TI Effect of water acceleration on downstream migratory behavior and passage of Atlantic salmon smolts and juvenile American shad at surface bypasses SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOUND AB Behavior and passage rate of smelts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and juvenile American shad Alosa sapidissima were compared between a standard (sharp-crested) and a modified surface bypass weir that employs uniform flow velocity increase (1 m.s(-1).m(-1) of linear distance). Within the first 30 min after release, significantly more smelts passed the modified weir than the standard weir, but no differences in passage rate between weir types were noted for juvenile American shad. More Atlantic salmon smelts and juvenile American shad were passed by the modified weir in groups of two or more than were passed by the standard weir. Mean lengths of passed and nonpassed smelts were not significantly different between weir types, but American shad passed by the sharp-crested weir were significantly smaller than nonpassed fish. Most individuals of both species that passed the modified weir maintained positive rheotaxis and strong swimming throughout the length of the weir. In addition to acceleration, visual cues may be an important factor in avoidance behaviors near bypass entrances. The observed reduction of delay time before passage and maintenance of school integrity may facilitate appropriate timing of emigration and enhance passage survival. C1 US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Haro, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. EM haro@forwild.umass.edu OI Haro, Alexander/0000-0002-7188-9172; Castro-Santos, Theodore/0000-0003-2575-9120 NR 24 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 127 IS 1 BP 118 EP 127 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0118:EOWAOD>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZD649 UT WOS:000072708500010 ER PT J AU Adams, NS Rondorf, DW Evans, SD Kelly, JE AF Adams, NS Rondorf, DW Evans, SD Kelly, JE TI Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile chinook salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; DUMMY TRANSMITTERS; SALAR L; PARR; TIME AB We examined the effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters (representing 2.3-5.5% of body weight) on the growth and feeding behavior of 192 juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (114-159 mm in fork length). Throughout the 54-d study, the 48 fish with transmitters in their stomachs (gastric fish) consistently grew more slowly than fish with surgically implanted transmitters (surgery fish), fish with surgery but no implanted transmitter (sham-surgery fish), or fish exposed only to handling (control fish). Growth rates of surgery fish were also slightly impaired at day 21, but by day 54 they were growing at rates comparable with those of control fish. Despite differences in growth, overall health was similar among all test fish. However, movement of the transmitter antenna caused abrasions at the corner of the mouth in all gastric fish, whereas only 22% of the surgery fish had inflammation around the antenna exit wound. Feeding activity was similar among groups, but gastric fish exhibited a coughing behavior and appeared to have difficulty retaining swallowed food. Because growth and feeding behavior were less affected by the presence of surgically implanted transmitters than by gastric implants, we recommend surgically implanting transmitters for biotelemetry studies of juvenile chinook salmon between 114 and 159 mm fork length. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Adams, NS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 27 TC 116 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 127 IS 1 BP 128 EP 136 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0128:EOSAGI>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZD649 UT WOS:000072708500011 ER PT J AU Weems, RE Bybell, LM AF Weems, RE Bybell, LM TI Geology of the Black Mingo Group (Paleocene) in the Kingstree and St. Stephen areas of South Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Weems, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 104 SOUTH FIFTH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3387 USA SN 0065-9746 J9 T AM PHILOS SOC JI Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. PY 1998 VL 88 BP 9 EP 27 DI 10.2307/1006668 PN 4 PG 19 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 169HX UT WOS:000078743200002 ER PT J AU Edwards, LE AF Edwards, LE TI Dinoflagellates from the Black Mingo Group (Paleocene) of South Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CRETACEOUS TERTIARY BOUNDARY; SEA C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Edwards, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 87 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 104 SOUTH FIFTH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3387 USA SN 0065-9746 J9 T AM PHILOS SOC JI Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. PY 1998 VL 88 BP 28 EP 48 DI 10.2307/1006669 PN 4 PG 21 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 169HX UT WOS:000078743200003 ER PT J AU Weems, RE AF Weems, RE TI Actinopterygian fish remains from the Paleocene of South Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Us Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Weems, RE (reprint author), Us Geol Survey, Mail Stop 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 52 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 104 SOUTH FIFTH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3387 USA SN 0065-9746 J9 T AM PHILOS SOC JI Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. PY 1998 VL 88 BP 147 EP 164 DI 10.2307/1006672 PN 4 PG 18 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 169HX UT WOS:000078743200006 ER PT J AU Hutchison, JH Weems, RE AF Hutchison, JH Weems, RE TI Paleocene turtle remains from South Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TESTUDINES C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hutchison, JH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 48 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 104 SOUTH FIFTH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3387 USA SN 0065-9746 J9 T AM PHILOS SOC JI Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. PY 1998 VL 88 BP 165 EP 195 DI 10.2307/1006673 PN 4 PG 31 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 169HX UT WOS:000078743200007 ER PT S AU Clark, JR AF Clark, JR BE Wadsworth, KG TI Fish and Wildlife Service response to changing times SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Clark, JR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 27 EP 31 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100005 ER PT S AU Fuller, P AF Fuller, P BE Wadsworth, KG TI Special session 1. Nonindigenous species: Methods of introduction and impacts - Introductory remarks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Fuller, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 45 EP 48 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100008 ER PT S AU Ivey, GL Cornely, JE Ehlers, BD AF Ivey, GL Cornely, JE Ehlers, BD BE Wadsworth, KG TI Carp impacts on waterfowl at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Princeton, OR USA. RP Ivey, GL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Princeton, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 66 EP 74 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100011 ER PT S AU Rodda, GH Fritts, TH Perry, G Campbell, EW AF Rodda, GH Fritts, TH Perry, G Campbell, EW BE Wadsworth, KG TI Managing island biotas: Can indigenous species be protected from introduced predators such as the brown treesnake? SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Rodda, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 95 EP 108 PG 14 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100014 ER PT S AU Kuester, L Arnold, J Pauly, D AF Kuester, L Arnold, J Pauly, D BE Wadsworth, KG TI Developing a road map for integrated resource management within the Rush Lake Watershed: A case study SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, St Cloud, MN USA. RP Kuester, L (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, St Cloud, MN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 171 EP 183 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100021 ER PT S AU Llewellyn, LG Mangun, WR Mangun, JC AF Llewellyn, LG Mangun, WR Mangun, JC BE Wadsworth, KG TI Human dimensions in US Fish and Wildlife Service decision making SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA USA. RP Llewellyn, LG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 227 EP 238 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100028 ER PT S AU Bender, M Boylan, KD Smith, EL AF Bender, M Boylan, KD Smith, EL BE Wadsworth, KG TI Turning the corner toward recovery SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA USA. RP Bender, M (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 435 EP 442 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100047 ER PT S AU Gilbreath, JD Henry, VG AF Gilbreath, JD Henry, VG BE Wadsworth, KG TI Red wolf recovery: Regulations and private lands in northeastern North Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Manteo, NC 27954 USA. RP Gilbreath, JD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Manteo, NC 27954 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 451 EP 456 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100049 ER PT S AU Walsh, NE Scott, CM AF Walsh, NE Scott, CM BE Wadsworth, KG TI Supplementing endangered species recovery with a new approach in the High Plains region SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Tulsa, OK USA. RP Walsh, NE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Tulsa, OK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 502 EP 513 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100054 ER PT S AU Organ, JF Muth, RM Dizard, JE Williamson, SJ Decker, TA AF Organ, JF Muth, RM Dizard, JE Williamson, SJ Decker, TA BE Wadsworth, KG TI Fair chase and humane treatment: Balancing the ethics of hunting and trapping SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Organ, JF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 528 EP 543 PG 16 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100057 ER PT S AU Organ, JF AF Organ, JF BE Wadsworth, KG TI Closing comments: Challenges to professional managers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Organ, JF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 637 EP 639 PG 3 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100065 ER PT B AU Rodriguez-Martinez, J Richards, RT AF Rodriguez-Martinez, J Richards, RT BE SegarraGarcia, RI TI Detection of conduit-controlled ground-water flow at selected sites in northwestern Puerto Rico SO TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND CARIBBEAN WATER RESOURCES, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology / 5th Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress CY JUL 12-16, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Water Resource Res Inst, U.S. Geolog Survey, water Res Div, Water Resources Res Ctr DE ground-water flow; natural potential; transient electromagnetics; gravity surveys; linear terrain features; conduit-controlled flow; northwestern Puerto Rico AB The development potential of ground-water resources in northwestern Puerto Rico, from the Rio Camuy to Aguadilla, is uncertain due to the limited knowledge regarding aquifer properties and ground-water occurrence. An investigation was conducted using an analysis of linear terrain features and the geophysical methods of natural potential and gravity ta detect the occurrence of conduit-controlled ground-water Row at selected sites in the Rio Camuy to Aguadilla area in northwestern Puerto Rico. The results obtained at the Pozo Brujo and the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Extension Farm sites, 2 of 9 sites tested, are presented in this report. At these two sites the presence of distinctive linear terrain features and the detection of natural potential and gravity anomalies suggest the occurrence of conduit-controlled ground-water flow. C1 US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Rodriguez-Martinez, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, 651 Fed Dr,Suite 400-15, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-43-2 J9 AM WAT RES PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM52W UT WOS:000079025600001 ER PT B AU Conde-Costas, C Gomez-Gomez, F AF Conde-Costas, C Gomez-Gomez, F BE SegarraGarcia, RI TI Nitrate contamination of the upper aquifer in the Manati-Vega Baja area, Puerto Rico SO TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND CARIBBEAN WATER RESOURCES, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology / 5th Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress CY JUL 12-16, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Water Resource Res Inst, U.S. Geolog Survey, water Res Div, Water Resources Res Ctr DE ground-water quality; nitrate; fertilizer; septic tank effluent; nitrate load AB The upper aquifer contained within the Manati-Vega Baja area has undergone a degradation in water quality. At some locations, nitrate concentrations have exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for nitrate as nitrogen in drinking water. A water-quality assessment was conducted between 1992 and 1995 to define the areal concentration of nitrate in the aquifer, identify the principal sources of the nitrate, and estimate the nitrate loads from major sources identified. The study was concentrated on an area of about 33 square kilometers which constitutes the part of the upper aquifer with drainage to the Laguna Tortuguero. The study indicated that nitrate concentrations within the Laguna Tortuguero ground-water drainage basin were close to or above 10 milligrams per liter. The investigation confirmed that the sources of nitrate are derived primarily from fertilizer used in the cultivation of pineapples and from septic tank effluent at rural communities. The nitrate concentrations down-gradient the pineapple fields and un-sewered rural communities are between 6.8 and 10.0 milligrams per liter. The potential nitrate load from these land uses to the sub-surface was estimated at 760 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare per year from pineapple fields and 200 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare per year from unsewered rural communities. Mass balance calculations indicate that all the estimated nitrogen load from septic tank effluent may reach the upper aquifer, whereas the load from fertilized fields may be only 45 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare per year. C1 US Geol Survey, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Conde-Costas, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 651 Fed Dr,Suite 400-15, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-43-2 J9 AM WAT RES PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM52W UT WOS:000079025600003 ER PT B AU Troester, JW AF Troester, JW BE SegarraGarcia, RI TI Ground-water chemistry in the Valle de Yabucoa alluvial aquifer, southeastern Puerto Rico SO TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND CARIBBEAN WATER RESOURCES, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology / 5th Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress CY JUL 12-16, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Water Resource Res Inst, U.S. Geolog Survey, water Res Div, Water Resources Res Ctr DE ground-water chemistry; iron; manganese; saline intrusion; Yabucoa; Puerto Rico AB The Valle de Yabucoa alluvial aquifer is located along the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico and is the public and industrial water supply for the town of Yabucoa, The aquifer consists of more than 100 meters of alluvium overlying relatively impermeable bedrock. Water in the aquifer has iron and manganese concentrations as high as 28 and 3.6 milligrams per liter, respectively. The largest contributor of ferrous iron to the ground water appears to be an iron oxide phase (probably maghemite, gamma-Fe2O3, an alteration of magnetite). Ilmenite, (Fe,Mn)TiO3, is probably the sole significant source of manganese. Although the elevated iron and manganese concentrations in the aquifer pose no health threat, they frequently exceed the secondary standards for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 0.3 milligram per liter for iron and 0.05 milligram per liter for manganese. In addition to the iron and manganese problems, the ground water in the aquifer locally contains concentrations of dissolved solids that exceed the secondary drinking water standard of 500 milligrams per liter. The high concentrations of dissolved solids have caused some water-supply wells to be taken out of service. C1 US Geol Survey, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Troester, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 651 Fed Dr,Suite 400-15, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-43-2 J9 AM WAT RES PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM52W UT WOS:000079025600004 ER PT B AU Webb, RMT Gomez-Gomez, F McIntyre, SC AF Webb, RMT Gomez-Gomez, F McIntyre, SC BE SegarraGarcia, RI TI Contaminants in sediments deposited in the San Juan Bay estuary system (1925-95) SO TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND CARIBBEAN WATER RESOURCES, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology / 5th Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress CY JUL 12-16, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Water Resource Res Inst, U.S. Geolog Survey, water Res Div, Water Resources Res Ctr DE Puerto Rico; estuaries; land use; water quality; sedimentation rates; fate of pollutants AB To describe predevelopment conditions in the San Juan Bay estuary system, chronostratigraphic sediment units sampled throughout the estuary system were analyzed for naturally occurring trace elements and anthropogenic contaminants. Estimates of sedimentation rates at six sediment-core sites were made by analyzing sediment layers for the activity of cesium-137, a radioisotope from nuclear testing fallout. Sedimentation rates ranged from 0.24 centimeter per year in an isolated area of a mangrove-bordered lagoon to 3.9 centimeters per year in a sediment-filled, natural tidal channel. Based on the calculated average sedimentation rates, additional sediment cores from the six sites were sampled and homogenized to represent depositional periods from 1925 to 1949, from 1950 to 1974, and from 1975 to 1995. Sediment deposited during the three time intervals were analyzed for trace elements, pesticides, and PCB's. Concentrations of lead, mercury, and arsenic in sediment strata deposited before 1950 averaged 20, 0.05, and 11 micrograms per gram respectively for the six coring sites. These concentrations are similar to those for sediments sampled in streambeds in undisturbed uplands. At the most contaminated site in the Cano de Martin Pena, concentrations of lead in the sediments increased from 30 to 745 micrograms per gram; mercury increased from 0.16 to 4.7 micrograms per gram; and PCB's increased from 12 to 450 micrograms per kilogram. DDT, measured at 0.48 microgram per kilogram (sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE) for the period 1925 to 1950, increased to 46 micrograms per kilogram for the period 1950 to 1975, and decreased to 14.6 micrograms per kilogram for the period 1975 to 1995. C1 US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Webb, RMT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, 651 Fed Dr,Suite 400-15, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-43-2 J9 AM WAT RES PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM52W UT WOS:000079025600006 ER PT B AU Gines, OR AF Gines, OR BE SegarraGarcia, RI TI Total phosphorus and total nitrogen mass balances for Lago de Cidra, central Puerto Rico SO TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND CARIBBEAN WATER RESOURCES, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology / 5th Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress CY JUL 12-16, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Water Resource Res Inst, U.S. Geolog Survey, water Res Div, Water Resources Res Ctr DE Puerto Rico; nutrient loads; mass balances; storm runoff; phosphorus load; nitrogen load AB Total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads in Lago de Cidra were estimated using a network of 14 data-collection sites to monitor rainfall, surface-water flow, reservoir stage, water quality, and reservoir withdrawals during a 1-year period extending October 1992 to September 1993. Five sub-basins, each with distinct land use characteristics, were instrumented to obtain discharge and samples during storm-runoff events. The total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads entering Lago de Cidra for the 1-year period were calculated at 6,530 and 18,700 kilograms, respectively. Of the total load, about 5,700 kilograms of total phosphorus and 10,200 kilograms of total nitrogen were retained in the reservoir by bottom sediments, aquatic plants, or within the reservoir water column. The total phosphorus export coefficients, in kilograms per hectare, for five monitored sub-basins having distinct land-use characteristics were estimated to be 0.37 for a watershed consisting: primarily of secondary-growth forest and fallow 1.49 and 1.98 for two rural agricultural watersheds: 2.55 for an urban sewered community; and 7.06 for an urban unsewered community. The export coefficients for total nitrogen, in kilograms per hectare for the same areas were estimated to be 2.72; 6.91 and 8.59; 6.62; and 17.1, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Gines, OR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, 651 Fed Dr,Suite 400-15, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-43-2 J9 AM WAT RES PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 51 EP 55 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM52W UT WOS:000079025600009 ER PT B AU Larsen, MC Concepcion, IM AF Larsen, MC Concepcion, IM BE SegarraGarcia, RI TI Water budgets of forested and agriculturally-developed watersheds in Puerto Rico SO TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND CARIBBEAN WATER RESOURCES, PROCEEDINGS SE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology / 5th Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress CY JUL 12-16, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Water Resource Res Inst, U.S. Geolog Survey, water Res Div, Water Resources Res Ctr DE rainfall; runoff; watershed; water budgets; Puerto Rico AB Accurate assessment of water budgets is critical for effective management of water resources, especially on small, densely-populated islands with extremely limited storage capacity such as Puerto Rico. A water budget defines a balance between inputs, outputs, and storage. The water budgets described herein provide a generalized summary of the inputs, extractions, and outputs from four watersheds in and near the Luquillo mountains using rainfall, runoff, and public-supply extraction data as well as estimates of groundwater losses and inputs such as cloud drip and infiltration from septic tanks. Mean annual rainfall accumulation during a 7-year study (1991 to 1997) ranged from 1,722 mm in the Canovanas watershed, to 4,235 mm in the Icacos and Mameyes watersheds; the Cayaguas watershed had 2,172 mm. Combined runoff, groundwater flow and withdrawals ranged from 47 to 73 percent of inputs (combined rainfall, cloud drip and septic tank infiltration). Evapotranspiration, calculated as the water budget residual, amounted to 27, 40, 44, and 53 percent of total moisture inputs in the Icacos, Cayaguas, Mameyes, and Canovanas watersheds, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Larsen, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 651 Fed Dr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-43-2 J9 AM WAT RES PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM52W UT WOS:000079025600032 ER PT B AU Servheen, C AF Servheen, C BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI Conservation of small bear populations through strategic planning SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE bear; conservation; management; monitoring progress; small populations; strategic planning AB Worldwide, many bear populations face increasing threats from habitat loss and fragmentation, demographic limitations, and loss of genetic diversity. Managing these small populations presents special challenges requiring organized, quick, efficient responses from limited personnel and resources if a small population is to persist. Local wildlife managers can use strategic planning to help to focus their conservation efforts by defining conditions necessary to sustain a threatened population in terms of habitat needs, public support for conservation, and mortality limitation. Managers can develop a program that will address how to obtain the conditions specified in the strategic plan. To define conditions that will allow a population to persist, strategic planners must describe the desired future condition for the major factors affecting the population. To achieve this desired future condition, a strategic targeting approach should be used. Strategic targeting is an ordered approach to: (1) identify problems limiting bear populations and rank their importance; (2) identify who has the most influence and control over these problems; (3) assign responsibilities to address these problems; (4) develop an approach to minimize the threat and eliminate the problem; and (5) schedule the actions necessary and monitor the success of the actions. Management efforts to conserve small bear populations are often costly and may require significant changes in human use of bear habitat. Such changes are not casually accepted by the general public, or by people interested in resource development. Credible data and monitoring are necessary both to monitor management activities and to maintain them over the period necessary to achieve results. Implementing conservation efforts usually cannot wait until monitoring data are available. However, monitoring can improve and refine conservation efforts as data are gathered. Successful monitoring requires annual application of methods to be used by management agencies with minimal disturbance to the population. Data from monitoring can help convince the public of the need to conserve the population and to direct and improve conservation actions so they continue to address the problems facing the population. I outline a strategic targeting approach for conservation of small populations emphasizing biological and habitat parameters that can be monitored and describe how to organize a conservation program to establish such monitoring. C1 Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Servheen, C (reprint author), Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Univ Hall,Room 309, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 67 EP 73 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300011 ER PT B AU Kasworm, WF Thier, TJ Servheen, C AF Kasworm, WF Thier, TJ Servheen, C BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI Grizzly bear recovery efforts in the Cabinet Yaak ecosystem SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE Cabinet Yaak ecosystem; grizzly bear; mitigation; Montana; population augmentation; recovery; transplants; Ursus arctos horribilis AB Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) conservation in the Cabinet/Yaak grizzly bear ecosystem (CYE) is an example of intensive efforts with a small population of approximately 30 individuals. The ecosystem is located in northwest Montana and northern Idaho and encompasses more than 6,800 km(2). The Yaak area adjoins bear habitat in Canada and is connected to Cabinet Mountains habitat by two 12-km wide corridors across the Kootenai River. Grizzly bear research was conducted in the Cabinet Mountains from 1983 to 1988 to determine habitat use and status of the population. The study concluded that the probability of the loss of this population (n < 15) in the next few decades was high. The study recommended that the population be augmented with transplants. A test of grizzly bear augmentation in the Cabinet Mountains began in 1990 to determine if transplanted bears would remain and reproduce. Four subadult female bears (2-6 years old) from southeast British Columbia were transplanted to the Cabinet Mountains during 1990-94. Research to examine population status, habitat use, and relations to human activities such as road building and timber harvest in the Yaak portion of the CYE began in 1986. Trapping resulted in the capture of 13 individuals. Trap nights required to capture a grizzly bear in the Yaak area were about 15% of that in the Cabinet Mountains. Though numbers of bears in the Yaak area may be small (n = 15-20), that subpopulation appears to be stable or increasing. Grizzly bear recovery goals for population demographic parameters, habitat management, and mitigation for mine development are discussed. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Libby, MT 59923 USA. RP Kasworm, WF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 475 Fish Hatchery Rd, Libby, MT 59923 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 147 EP 153 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300020 ER PT B AU Clark, JD Hayes, SG Pledger, JM AF Clark, JD Hayes, SG Pledger, JM BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI A female black bear denning habitat model using a geographic information system SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE black bear; denning; geographic information systems; GIS; habitat modelling; habitat quality; Ursus americanus AB We used the Mahalanobis distance statistic and a raster geographic information system (GIS) to model potential black bear (Ursus americanus) denning habitat in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. The Mahalanobis distance statistic was used to represent the standard squared distance between sample variates in the GIS database (forest cover type, elevation, slope, aspect, distance to streams, distance to roads, and forest cover richness) and variates at known beat dens. Two models were developed: a generalized model for all den locations and another specific to dens in rock cavities. Differences between habitat at den sites and habitat across the study area were represented in 2 new GIS themes as Mahalanobis distance values. Cells similar to the mean Vector derived from the known dens had low Mahalanobis distance values, and dissimilar cells had high values. The reliability of the predictive model was tested by overlaying den locations collected subsequent to original model development on the resultant den habitat themes. Although the generalized model demonstrated poor reliability, the model specific to rock dens had good reliability. Bears were more likely to choose rock den locations with low Mahalanobis distance values and less likely to choose those with high values. The model can be used to plan the timing and extent of management actions (e.g., road building, prescribed fire, timber harvest) most appropriate for those sites with high or low denning potential. C1 Univ Tennessee, So Appalachian Field Lab, Biol Resource Div, USGS, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Clark, JD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, So Appalachian Field Lab, Biol Resource Div, USGS, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 181 EP 185 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300025 ER PT B AU Noble, WO Meslow, EC AF Noble, WO Meslow, EC BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI Spring foraging and forest damage by black bears in the central coast ranges of Oregon SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE animal damage; black bears; cambium-feeding; foraging; habitat; Oregon; reforestation; Ursus americanus ID AVAILABILITY DATA; FOODS AB Damage to trees by black bears (Ursus americanus) is an ongoing problem in west-coastal Noah America. We studied damage to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) during spring by comparing food habits of bears between an area with high damage (north, (x) over bar(N) = 29.4 trees damaged/ha, SE = 6.9) and an area with low damage (south, (x) over bar(S) = 2.7 trees damaged/ha, SE = 1.6). We surveyed 40 forested stands in each area to measure and describe bear damage and to determine if site factors were related to damage levels. Analysis of seats revealed differences in spring diets that included a higher frequency of berry-producing shrubs seats from the south area (P < 0.01) and a higher frequency of forbs (P < 0.01) in the north area. Site characteristics differed between stands with and without bear damage (P < 0.01). Forest stands with bear damage (n = 33) had a lower density of trees > 40 cm dbh (P < 0.01), lower total basal area (P < 0.01), occurred on less steep slopes (P < 0.01), and differed by aspect (cosine[aspect]: P < 0.01) compared to forest stands without bear damage (n = 47). Most damage occurs during spring, a season frequently associated with nutritionally poor foods for bears. This is also when carbohydrate production peaks in conifers and cambial zones have the most mass. Stands with prominent damage resemble continuous patchy habitats. Clustered food items appear to be efficiently located and exploited in continuous patchy habitats, even if foragers can only poorly estimate resource distribution. Cambium-feeding may be an energetically viable option for some bears. We recommend altering forest structure in stands vulnerable to bear damage and providing patches of nutritious bear foods as a test to decrease bear damage by reducing the foraging efficiency of bears feeding on cambium. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Noble, WO (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 215 Melody Lane, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 293 EP 298 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300037 ER PT B AU Schirokauer, DW Boyd, HM AF Schirokauer, DW Boyd, HM BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI Bear-human conflict management in Denali National Park and Preserve, 1982-94 SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE Alaska; aversive conditioning; bear-human interaction; bear-resistant food container; black bear; Denali National Park and Preserve; grizzly bear; Ursus americanus; Ursus arctos AB In response to a dramatic increase in visitation and in problems with grizzly and black bears (Ursus arctos, U. americanus) during the 1970s, Denali National Park and Preserve implemented a comprehensive bear-human conflict management plan in 1982. The components of Denali's bear-human conflict management plan include visitor education, food-storage regulations, backcountry closures, and experimental aversive conditioning. Prior to the opening of a paved highway to the National Park in 1972, reports of bear-inflicted injuries, property damage, and bears obtaining anthropogenic food averaged <1/year. In 1982, 40 such incidents occurred. After implementation of the bear-human conflict management plan, incidents decreased steadily until 1988 when 9 occurred, a decrease of 77%. Incidents in which bears obtained anthropogenic food decreased from 23 in 1982 to I in 1989, a decrease of 96%. A recent slight increase in incidents (all types) may reflect the activities of either a few bears before they were removed or aversively conditioned, or bears which were never subjected to management actions. Since 1984, aversive conditioning was conducted on 2 black bears and 9 grizzly bears. In 8 of these cases, the bears avoided test camps and did not cause further problems during the season aversive conditioning occurred. Four of the bears aversively conditioned in the backcountry stayed away from camps for at least 2 years. Bears successfully broke into bear-resistant food containers in 12 of 55 attempts since 1979, due to improperly latched or defective lids and overfilled containers. There have been no reports of bears breaking into the newest model of bear-resistant food container. This work updates previous analyses of bear-human conflict in Denali National Park and Preserve. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. RP Schirokauer, DW (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Glacier Natl Pk, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 9 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 395 EP 403 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300049 ER PT B AU Wilker, GA Barnes, VG AF Wilker, GA Barnes, VG BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI Responses of brown bears to human activities at O'Malley River, Kodiak Island, Alaska SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE aircraft; bear-human interaction; brown bear; Kodiak Island; public use; Ursus arctos middendorffi; watercraft AB We classified levels of direct response of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) to aircraft, watercraft, and groups of people on the O'Malley River area of Kodiak Island, Alaska. General public use occurred on the area in 1991 and 1993, whereas structured bear viewing programs used the area in 1992 and 1994. Brown bears displayed high (running) or moderate (walking away) response on 18 (48%) occasions when fixed-win,g aircraft flew over the animals <100 m above ground. Three of 4 helicopter flights <200 m overhead and 9 interactions with watercraft at less than or equal to 200 m distance also elicited strong response. Encounters between people and bears resulted in strong responses from bears more frequently (37%, n = 134) during years of general public use than in years of structured bear viewing (6%, n = 72, P < 0.0001). We suggest that higher levels of low or neutral response by bears to encounters with guided bear viewing groups was the result of consistent and predictable patterns of human activity. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Wilker, GA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1390 Buskin River Rd, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 557 EP 561 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300067 ER PT B AU Servheen, C AF Servheen, C BE Miller, SD Reynolds, HV TI The grizzly bear recovery program: Current status and future considerations SO URSUS, VOL 10 - 1998 SE URSUS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Bear Research and Management CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL MORA, SWEDEN SP Norwegian Polar Inst, Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, World Wildlife Fund-Sweden, Gronklitt Bear Park, Orsa Communal Forest, Swedish Hunters Assoc, Norwegian Directorate Nat Managenment DE endangered species; grizzly bear; management; Ursus arctos horribilis ID CONSERVATION; POPULATION; BIOLOGY AB A program to recover the threatened grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribitis) has been underway in the states of Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Washington since 1981. This program involves implementing a recovery plan through interagency cooperation to limit mortality, increase public awareness, manage habitat to assure the security and food necessary for survival, manage bear-human conflicts, and perform necessary research. Progress to date has included development of a coordinated management effort that has improved the status of bears and increased public involvement in bear conservation. Cooperative efforts of this type have the greatest chance of success where all parties approach the complex decisions required for grizzly bear recovery with a willingness to work together. Public support is critical to success of the program. A list of research and management needs is suggested. C1 Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Servheen, C (reprint author), Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Univ Hall,Room 308, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION BEARRESEARCH & MANAGEMENT PI WEST GLACIER PA GLACIER NATL PK, WEST GLACIER, MT 59936 USA BN 0-944740-07-3 J9 URSUS-SERIES PY 1998 VL 10 BP 591 EP 596 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BN15Y UT WOS:000080892300073 ER PT S AU Lemeshewsky, GP AF Lemeshewsky, GP BE Park, SK Juday, RD TI Neural network-based sharpening of Landsat thermal band images SO VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Visual Information Processing VII CY APR 13-14, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE sharpening; multispectral; neural network; Landsat-TM; thermal-IR; PSF AB Image sharpening based on neural network (NN) approximation techniques is applied to increase the spatial resolution of Landsat thematic mapper (TM) thermal-infrared (T-IR) data. Sharpening is derived from a learned input-output mapping of image edge contrast patterns between T-IR and higher resolution reflective TM bands. This method is similar to a reported adaptive least squares (LS) method used to estimate TM T-IR data at a higher resolution. However, there are two major differences: use of NN approximation instead of LS estimation, and application of a reported multiresolution technique to combine spatial information adaptively from the original image and its high spatial resolution estimate. With training pair examples from reduced spatial resolution data, a multilayer feedforward NN is trained to approximate T-IR data samples from a small neighborhood of samples from three other TM bands. Output of the trained NN for full-resolution input data is an estimate of T-IR image at full resolution. One advantage of this method is that the NN approximator can be trained from a subset of image scene samples and yet be applied to the entire scene. Preliminary examples illustrate sharpening at four times higher resolution. The accuracy of the technique was evaluated with a simulated lower spatial resolution image that included blurring introduced by the TM sensor's PSE Although results are promising, further evaluation with simulated lower resolution IR data is needed. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Lemeshewsky, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2836-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3387 BP 378 EP 386 DI 10.1117/12.316428 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BL57J UT WOS:000075914200037 ER PT J AU Bastian, KC Alleman, JE AF Bastian, KC Alleman, JE TI Microtox (TM) characterization of foundry sand residuals SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE waste foundry sand; bioassay; Microtox (TM); waste reuse; environmental quality AB Although foundry residuals, consisting mostly of waste sands, represent a potentially attractive, high-volume resource for beneficial reuse applications (e.g. highway embankment construction), prospective end users are understandably concerned about unforeseen liabilities stemming from the use of these residuals. This paper, therefore, focuses on the innovative use of a microbial bioassay as a means of developing a characterization of environmental suitability extending beyond the analytical coverage already provided by mandated chemical-specific tests (i.e., TCLP, etc.). Microtox(TM) bioassays were conducted on leachates derived from residuals obtained at a wide range of facilities, including: 11 gray and ductile iron foundries plus one each steel and aluminum foundries. In addition, virgin sand samples were used to establish a relative 'natural' benchmark against which the waste foundry sands could then be compared in terms of their apparent quality. These bioassay tests were able to effectively 'fingerprint' those residuals whose bioassay behavior was comparable to that of virgin materials. In fact, the majority of gray and ductile iron foundry residuals tested during this reported study elicited Microtox(R) response levels which fell within or below the virgin sand response range, consequently providing another quantifiable layer of support for this industry's claim that their sands are 'cleaner than dirt.' However, negative Microtox(TM) responses beyond that of the virgin sands were observed with a number of foundry samples (i.e. four of the 11 gray or ductile iron sands plus both non-iron sands). Therefore, the latter results would suggest that these latter residuals be excluded from beneficial reuse for the immediate future, at least until the cause and nature of this negative response has been further identified. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Alleman, JE (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. OI Bastian, K. Chad/0000-0001-7999-0630 NR 9 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1998 VL 18 IS 4 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00030-0 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 147KM UT WOS:000077567300002 ER PT B AU Ishii, AL Charlton, TJ Ortel, TW Vonnahme, CC AF Ishii, AL Charlton, TJ Ortel, TW Vonnahme, CC BE Loucks, ED TI Operational modeling system with dynamic-wave routing SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB A near real-time streamflow-simulation system utilizing continuous-simulation rainfall-runoff generation with dynamic-wave routing is being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Du Page County Department of Environmental Concerns for a 24-kilometer reach of Salt Creek in Du Page County, Illinois, This system is needed in order to more effectively manage the Elmhurst Quarry Flood Control Facility, an off-line stormwater diversion reservoir located along Salt Creek. Near real-time simulation capabilities will enable the testing and evaluation of potential rainfall, diversion, and return-flow scenarios on water-surface elevations along Salt Creek before implementing diversions or return-flows. The climatological inputs for the continuous-simulation rainfall-runoff model, Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) are obtained by Internet access and from a network of radio-telemetered precipitation gages reporting to a base-station computer. The unit area runoff time series generated from HSPF are the input for the dynamic-wave routing model, Full Equations (FEQ). The Generation and Analysis of Model Simulation Scenarios (GENSCN) interface is used as a pre- and post-processor for managing input data and displaying and managing simulation results. The GENSCN interface includes a variety of graphical and analytical tools for evaluation and quick visualization of the results of operational scenario simulations and thereby makes it possible to obtain the full benefit of the fully distributed dynamic routing results. C1 US Geol Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ishii, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 221 N Broadway Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300024 ER PT B AU Nishikawa, T Martin, P AF Nishikawa, T Martin, P BE Loucks, ED TI A postaudit of optimal conjunctive use policies SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB A simulation-optimization model was developed for the optimal management of the city of Santa Barbara's water resources during a drought; however, this model addressed only groundwater flow and not the advective-dispersive, density-dependent transport of seawater. Zero-m freshwater head constraints at the coastal boundary were used as surrogates for the control of seawater intrusion. In this study, the strategies derived from the simulation-optimization model using two surface water supply scenarios are evaluated using a two-dimensional, density-dependent groundwater flow and transport model. Comparisons of simulated chloride mass fractions are made between maintaining the actual pumping policies of the 1987-91drought and implementing the optimal pumping strategies for each scenario. The results indicate that using 0-m freshwater head constraints allowed no more seawater intrusion than under actual 1987-91 drought conditions and that the simulation-optimization model yields least-cost strategies that deliver more water than under actual drought conditions while controlling seawater intrusion. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Nishikawa, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite O, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 591 EP 596 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300100 ER PT B AU Milhous, RT AF Milhous, RT BE Loucks, ED TI Sediment transport capacity as an objective of reservoir operations SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Milhous, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 716 EP 721 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300121 ER PT B AU Mueller, DS Hitchcock, HA AF Mueller, DS Hitchcock, HA BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Scour measurements at contracted highway crossings in Minnesota, 1997 SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB During record flooding in the Minnesota River basin in April 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, collected real-time scour measurements at contracted bridge openings and provided data collection assistance to the Minnesota Department of Transportation bridge inspectors. Weather and flood plain vegetation restricted data collection to what could be collected from the bridge deck at many sites. The data collected from the bridge deck provided only a marginal description of the reference surface for contraction scour and of the flow distribution in the stream and flood plains upstream from the bridge. However, the measurements reflect the contributions of both local and contraction scour, thus providing the streambed geometry resulting from the total scour. C1 US Geol Survey, Louisville, KY 40299 USA. RP Mueller, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 9818 Bluegrass Pkwy, Louisville, KY 40299 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 210 EP 215 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600036 ER PT B AU Benedict, ST Caldwell, AW AF Benedict, ST Caldwell, AW BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI The collection of clear-water contraction and abutment scour data at selected bridge sites in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of South Carolina SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB Clear-water contraction and abutment scour data were collected at 128 bridge sites in South Carolina. In the sandy soils of the Coastal Plain, clear-water-scour data were collected at 63 sites (scour depths ranged from 0.4 to 7.2 meters.) In the clayey soils of the Piedmont, clear-water-scour data were collected at 47 sites (scour depths ranged from 0 to 1.4 meters.) In the sandy, clayey soils of the Piedmont, clear-water-scour data were collected at 18 sites (scour depths ranged from 0.9 to 5.5 meters.) The field data are to be compiled into a data base that will include bridge age; basin, soil and hydraulic characteristics; and theoretical scour data. The data are planned to be statistically analyzed for significant relations that may help explain and (or) predict maximum scour depths at bridges in South Carolina. C1 US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Benedict, ST (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Suite 129,720 Gracern Rd, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 216 EP 221 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600037 ER PT B AU Holnbeck, SR AF Holnbeck, SR BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Rapid-estimation method for assessing scour at highway bridges SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB A method was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for rapid estimation of scour at highway bridges using limited site data and analytical procedures to estimate pier, abutment, and contraction scour depths. The basis for the method was a procedure recommended by the Federal Highway Administration for conducting detailed scour investigations, commonly referred to as the Level 2 method. Using pier, abutment, and contraction scour results obtained from Level 2 investigations at 122 sites in 10 States, envelope curves and graphical relations were developed that enable determination of scour-depth estimates at most bridge sires in a matter of a few hours. Rather than using complex hydraulic variables, surrogate variables more easily obtained in the held were related to calculated scour-depth data from Level 2 studies. The method was tested by having several experienced individuals apply the method in the field, and results were compared among the individuals and with previous detailed analyses performed for the sites. Results indicated that the variability in predicted scour depth among individuals applying the method generally was within an acceptable range, and that conservatively greater scour depths generally were obtained by the rapid-estimation method compared to the Level 2 method. The rapid-estimation method is considered most applicable for conducting limited-detail scout assessments and as a screening tool to determine those bridge sites that may require more detailed analysis. The method is designed to be applied only by a qualified professional possessing knowledge and experience in the fields of bridge scour, hydraulics, and flood hydrology, and having specific expertise with the Level 2 method. C1 US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59626 USA. RP Holnbeck, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 428 Fed Bldg,301 S Pk Ave, Helena, MT 59626 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 222 EP 227 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600038 ER PT B AU Mueller, DS Parola, AC AF Mueller, DS Parola, AC BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Detailed scour measurements around a debris accumulation SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB Detailed scour measurements were made at Farm-Market 2004 over the Brazos River near Lake Jackson, Tex, during flooding in October 1994. Woody debris accumulations on bents 6, 7, and 8 obstructed flow through the bridge, causing scour of the streambed. Measurements at the site included three-dimensional velocities, channel bathymetry, water-surface elevations, water-surface slope, and discharge. Channel geometry upstream from the bridge caused approach conditions to be nonuniform. C1 US Geol Survey, Louisville, KY 40299 USA. RP Mueller, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 9818 Bluegrass Pkwy, Louisville, KY 40299 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 234 EP 239 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600040 ER PT B AU Van Wilson, K AF Van Wilson, K BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Pier-scour depths affected by clay in Mississippi SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB This paper briefly presents pier-scour depths measured during 1943-94, that are thought to have been affected by consolidated cohesive materials (clay) in Mississippi. MDOT soil reports were available for 29 measured pier-scour depths thought to be affected by clay. The cohesion and friction angles were approximated for the clay, and using the soil borings where clay was overlain by sand and(or) gravel, the top of the clay stratum was approximated in order to determine the net scour through the clay. Eight additional measured pier-scour depths were thought to be affected by clay, but no MDOT soil reports or borings were available. The net pier-scour depth through the clay is a rough approximation where sand and (or) gravel overlie a clay stratum and, therefore, only represents part of the total pier-scour depth. Limited data indicate the pier-scour depth decreases as shear strength of the clay increases. C1 US Geol Survey, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. RP Van Wilson, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 308 S Airport Rd, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 286 EP 291 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600048 ER PT B AU Parker, GW AF Parker, GW BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Comparison of erosion and channel characteristics SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB Erosion was observed at 33 percent of 22,495 bridge sites in nine States. Among sites with erosion, 56 percent were associated with skewed flows, curved channels, or a combination of these two conditions, and at 18 percent of the sites, channels were straight with steep bank angles. The remaining 26 percent are sites with observable erosion at piers or abutments on straight channels. Comparison of the sites with erosion to channel bed-material indicate that 44 percent of the single-span sites had gravel-size or smaller bed material and 70 percent of the multiple-span sites had gravel-size or smaller bed material. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. RP Parker, GW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 28 Lord Rd, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 315 EP 319 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600053 ER PT B AU Milhous, RT AF Milhous, RT BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI On sediment and habitat in the Upper Animas River watershed, Colorado SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB The Upper Animas River watershed in southwestern Colorado is located in the San Juan mountains and has been intensively mined. Active mining has essentially ceased but the impact of past mining on the aquatic ecosystem continues. This paper presents initial results from a study to determine the characteristics of the physical habitat for aquatic animals and the sediment characteristics as related to the habitat. The habitat for trout is limited by high streamflows and by winter conditions. Only the winter habitat limits are considered. The characteristics of the sediment in the river limit the winter habitat along with metals within the substrate. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Milhous, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 678 EP 683 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600113 ER PT B AU Flug, M Scott, JF AF Flug, M Scott, JF BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Modeling and management of water in the Klamath River basin: Overcoming politics and conflicts SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB This paper discusses experience of our interaction with a variety of stakeholders in an effort to apply the network flow model MODSIM to the Klamath River, flowing in Oregon and California to the Pacific Ocean. As water resource engineers, we designed the flow network as a water quantity mass balance model for use by resource managers and other interested parties to help evaluate and select water management alternatives. The model is in support of and with participation from the Klamath River Fisheries Task Force, their Technical Work Group, the Bureau of Reclamation, PacifiCorp, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and other partners local to the Klamath River, including four Native American Tribes. The Task Force was formed by Congress to work with the Secretary of the Interior to restore anadromous fisheries to optimum levels by the year 2006. The US Geological Survey (USGS) seeks to develop a scientific understanding of the water quantity and quality problems limiting anadromous fisheries restoration. A multidisciplinary team is also developing a prototype System Impact Assessment Model (SIAM), which consists of an integration of computer models describing: water flow, water quality, fish habitat quantity and quality, anadromous fish populations, and economics. The team study will soon expand geographically into other tributaries, particularly in the Trinity River Basin, CA. This paper and presentation include: background on conflicting issues in the basin; the array of special interests; the complexity of developing a water quantity model while, most importantly, satisfying the many stakeholders and involved special interest groups; efforts taken to have the technical water quantity model accepted and used; and overcoming stakeholder criticism, skepticism, and mistrust of the government. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Flug, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 938 EP 943 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600157 ER PT B AU Coupe, RH Rebich, RA AF Coupe, RH Rebich, RA BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Cotton herbicides in the surface waters of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (the Delta) SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting two studies to assess the environmental fate of herbicides used in cotton producing areas of the southeastern United States. The first study is evaluating surface-water quality on a regional basis and relating water quality to land use. The second study is examining the use of Best Management Practices to reduce off-site movement of agricultural chemicals in surface-water runoff. Maximum concentrations of the herbicides fluometuron and norflurazon in samples from surface water in edge-of-field studies were 23 and 7 micrograms per liter, respectively, Also, they were detected in the runoff of nearly every sampled storm for the 1997 water year at concentrations higher than 1.0 microgram per liter. Fluometuron and norflurazon were measured frequently in samples from rivers and streams in cotton producing areas, but the frequency of occurrence and the maximum concentrations were less than those in the edge-of-field studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. RP Coupe, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 308 S Airport Rd, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 1212 EP 1217 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600204 ER PT B AU Turnipseed, DP Cooper, LM Davis, AA AF Turnipseed, DP Cooper, LM Davis, AA BE Abt, SR YoungPezeshk, J Watson, CC TI Use of acoustic velocity methodology and remote sensing techniques to measure unsteady flow on the lower Yazoo River in Mississippi SO WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 98, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn, US Geol Survey, US EPA, Wetlands Div AB Methodologies have been developed for computing continuous discharge during varied, non-uniform low and medium flows on the Yazoo River at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, using acoustic signal processing and conventional streamgaging techniques. Procedures were also developed tc, compute locations of discharges during future high flow events when the stream reach is subject to bi-directional and reverse flow caused by rising stages on the Mississippi River using a combination of acoustic equipment and remote sensing technology. A description of the study area is presented. Selected results of these methods are presented for the period from March through September 1997. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. RP Turnipseed, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0359-7 PY 1998 BP 1715 EP 1720 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36H UT WOS:000081713600287 ER PT J AU Zhang, HB Schwartz, FW Wood, WW Garabedian, SP LeBlanc, DR AF Zhang, HB Schwartz, FW Wood, WW Garabedian, SP LeBlanc, DR TI Simulation of variable-density flow and transport of reactive and nonreactive solutes during a tracer test at Cape Cod, Massachusetts SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; GRAVEL; SAND; SORPTION; AQUIFERS AB A multispecies numerical code was developed to simulate flow and mass transport with kinetic adsorption in variable-density flow systems. The two-dimensional code simulated the transport of bromide (Br-), a nonreactive tracer, and lithium (Li+), a reactive tracer, in a large-scale tracer test performed in a sand-and-gravel aquifer at Cape God, Massachusetts. A two-fraction kinetic adsorption model was implemented to simulate the interaction of Li+ with the aquifer solids. Initial estimates for some of the transport parameters were obtained from a nonlinear least squares curve-fitting procedure, where the breakthrough curves from column experiments were matched with one-dimensional theoretical models, The numerical code successfully simulated the basic characteristics of the two plumes in the tracer test. At early times the centers of mass of Br- and Li+ sank because the two plumes were closely coupled to the density-driven velocity field, At later times the rate of downward movement in the Br- -plume due to gravity slowed significantly because of dilution by dispersion, The downward movement of the Li+ plume was negligible because the two plumes moved in locally different velocity regimes, where Li+ transport was retarded relative to Br-. The maximum extent of downward transport of the Li+ plume was less than that of the Br- plume. This study also found that at early times the downward movement of a plume created by a three-dimensional source could be much more extensive than the case with a two-dimensional source having the same cross-sectional area, The observed shape of the Br- plume at Cape Cod was simulated by adding two layers with different hydraulic conductivities at shallow depth across the region, The large dispersion and asymmetrical shape of the Li+ plume were simulated by including kinetic adsorption-desorption reactions. C1 Intera Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Zhang, HB (reprint author), Intera Inc, 1650 Univ Blvd,Suite 300, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. EM hzhang@dpcmail.dukepower.com NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 67 EP 82 DI 10.1029/97WR02918 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YQ256 UT WOS:000071367100007 ER PT B AU Bullen, TD White, AF Vivit, DV Schulz, MS AF Bullen, TD White, AF Vivit, DV Schulz, MS BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Granitoid weathering in the laboratory: Chemical and Sr isotope perspectives on mineral dissolution rates SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Long-term flow-through column experiments using four fresh granitoids and their weathered equivalents are being conducted to determine dissolution rates of granitoid minerals and their influence on solute chemistry and Sr-87/Sr-86. In general, column effluents attained steady-state compositions after 1 to 12 months of reaction, and have low Ca/Si and high Sr-87/Sr-86 and Rb/K relative to initial column effluents. The chemical data suggest that the steady-state compositions are controlled largely by plagioclase and biotite dissolution, whereas initial compositions were strongly influenced by calcite and K-feldspar dissolution. Relative biotite:plagioclase mass weathering rates, calculated for the fresh granitoids using the steady-state Sr-87/Sr-86 values, vary from 4 to 66 and are 1.4-4.5 times less than those calculated using K/Na ratios. Relative rates calculated for the weathered granitoids show similar variability, but are generally less due to the diminished reactivity of their altered biotites. These results demonstrate that silicate mineral weathering rates calculated using Sr-87/Sr-86 differ from those using chemical fluxes, and must be viewed with caution. Moreover, the role of calcite must be considered when using Sr isotopes to determine silicate mineral weathering rates in freshly exposed granitoid terrains. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bullen, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 383 EP 386 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700089 ER PT B AU White, AF Stonestrom, DA AF White, AF Stonestrom, DA BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Comparisons of short-term and long-term chemical weathering rates in granitoid regoliths SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Chemical weathering rates in three deeply weathered granitoid profiles are evaluated based on SiO2 fluxes. Aqueous fluxes below the zone of seasonal variations are estimated from mean-annual pore-water SiO2 concentrations of 0.1 to 1.5 mM and average hydraulic-flux densities of 6 x 10(-9) to 14 x 10(-9) m s(-1) for quasi-steady state portions of the profiles. Corresponding fluid-residence times in the profiles ranged from 10 to 44 years. Total solid state SiO2 losses, based on chemical and volumetric changes, ranged from 19 to 110 kmoles SiO2 m(-2) as a result of 200 to 375 ka of chemical weathering. Extrapolation of contemporary solute fluxes to comparable time periods reproduced SiO2 losses to about an order of magnitude. A strong positive correlation exists between moisture content and rates of chemical weathering. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 399 EP 402 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700093 ER PT B AU Evans, WC Sorey, ML Michel, RL Kennedy, BM Hainsworth, LJ AF Evans, WC Sorey, ML Michel, RL Kennedy, BM Hainsworth, LJ BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Gas-water interaction at Mammoth Mountain volcano, California, USA SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB The large diffuse flux of cold CO2 issuing from soils on Mammoth Mountain since similar to 1989 has been estimated to total greater than or equal to 400 t/d. This study has revealed a flux of similar to 30-50 t/d of CO2 dissolved in cold, dilute ground water; virtually every cold spring on the flanks of Mammoth Mountain contains anomalous CO2, with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations reaching 45 mmol/kg. Gas absorption and transport by cold water is thus an important process here. Numerical modeling of gas absorption indicates that preferential CO2 loss to solution can explain anomalous compositional variations among soil-gas samples, apart from which the soil gas in all areas of diffuse emissions displays a striking uniformity. Some level of dissolved CO2 flux predates 1989, indicating that diffuse leakage of gas from depth is a long-term phenomenon at this volcano. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Evans, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 443 EP 446 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700103 ER PT B AU Sorey, ML Evans, WC Farrar, CD Kennedy, BM AF Sorey, ML Evans, WC Farrar, CD Kennedy, BM BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Carbon dioxide and helium emissions from a reservoir of magmatic gas beneath Mammoth Mountain, California, USA SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Carbon dioxide and helium with isotopic compositions indicative of a magmatic source are discharging at anomalous rates from soils on the flanks of Mammoth Mountain, on the southwestern rim of the Long Valley caldera in eastern California. The gas is released from fumaroles and through more diffuse emissions from normal-temperature soils; it also leaves the mountain dissolved in ground water. Diffuse CO2 emissions and high CO2 concentrations in soils have been responsible for tree kills over a total area of similar to 60 ha. We estimate that the total diffuse gas flux from the surface of the mountain is similar to 500 tons/day, and that an additional similar to 40 tons/day of CO2 are dissolved in ground water that flows away from the mountain. Isotopic and chemical analyses of soil and fumarolic gas demonstrate a remarkable homogeneity in composition, suggesting that the CO2 and associated helium and excess nitrogen may be derived from a common gas reservoir supplied by magmatic degassing and thermal metamorphism of carbonate rocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sorey, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 491 EP 494 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700115 ER PT B AU Symonds, RB Gerlach, TM AF Symonds, RB Gerlach, TM BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Modeling the interaction of magmatic gases with water at active volcanoes SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Despite the abundance of SO2(g) in magmatic gases, precursory increases in magmatic SO2(g) are not always observed prior to volcanic eruption. This may occur because many terrestrial volcanoes contain abundant ground or surface water that scrubs magmatic gases until a dry pathway to the surface is established. To better understand the evolution of discharged gas compositions during the dry-out process, we investigated the mixing of a typical high-temperature (915 degrees C) magmatic gas from Merapi volcano, Indonesia with cold (25 degrees C) air-saturated water using thermochemical equilibrium programs. These calculations demonstrate that scrubbing may mask SO2(g) and HCl(g) degassing, although CO2(g), H2S(g), and HF(g) are affected less by the scrubbing process. Therefore scientists should be wary of low SO2(g) fluxes from restless volcanoes in pre- and early eruption stages and should monitor both scrubbed and non-scrubbed gases to detect magmatic degassing and to monitor the dry-out process. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. RP Symonds, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 495 EP 498 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700116 ER PT B AU Nordstrom, DK Cunningham, KM Ball, JW Xu, Y Schoonen, MAA AF Nordstrom, DK Cunningham, KM Ball, JW Xu, Y Schoonen, MAA BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Sulfur redox chemistry and the origin of thiosulfate in hydrothermal waters of Yellowstone National Park SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Thiosulfate (S2O32-), polythionate (SxO52-), dissolved sulfide (H2S), and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations in 39 alkaline and acidic springs in Yellowstone National Park were determined. The analyses were conducted or? sire, using ion chromatography for thiosulfate, polythionate, and sulfate, and using colorimetry for dissolved sulfide. Thiosulfate concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 8 ppm. Polythionate was detected only in Cinder Pool, Norris Geyser basin, at concentrations up to 1.8 ppm, with an average sulfur-chain-length from 4.1 to 4.9 sulfur atoms. The results indicate that no thiosulfate occurs in the deeper parts of the hydrothermal system. Thiosulfate may form from (1) hydrolysis of native sulfur by hydrothermal solutions in the shallower parts (<50 m) oi the system, (2) oxidation of dissolved sulfide upon mixing of a deep hydrothermal water with aerated shallow groundwater, and (3) the oxidation of dissolved sulfide by air. Air oxidation of H,S-containing hot springs proceeds very rapidly. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 641 EP 644 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700151 ER PT B AU Kharaka, YK Thordsen, JJ Evans, WC Kennedy, BM AF Kharaka, YK Thordsen, JJ Evans, WC Kennedy, BM BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Fluids and faults: The chemistry, origin and interactions of fluids associated with the San Andreas fault system, California, USA SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Heat flow and stress orientation measurements indicate that the San Andreas fault is anomalously weak; the most plausible explanation for this weakness relates to the distribution of fluid pressures. To investigate the role of fluids in the dynamics of this fault, we carried out detailed chemical and isotopic analyses of water and associated gases front 41 thermal and saline springs and wells located near the fault between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Results indicate that the chemical compositions of water and gases are controlled mainly by the enclosing rock types. The delta D and delta(18)O values establish that waters are predominantly of meteoric or connate origins, with no significant contributions from mantle or metamorphic sources. Chemical geothermometry gives reservoir temperatures of up to 150 degrees C, indicating water circulation depths of up to 6 km. However, composition and isotope abundance of noble gases and delta(13)C values indicate a high (up to 50%) mantle component for volatiles, favoring the continuous deep flow model as the origin of high pore pressure, especially at seismogenic depths > 6 km. Numerical simulations indicate that the CO2 fluxes of mantle and deep crustal origins are sufficient to generate lithostatic fluid pressures, possibly initiating fault rupture, in time scales comparable to those of earthquake recurrence. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kharaka, YK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 781 EP 784 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700185 ER PT B AU Wanty, RB Miller, WR Zielinski, RA Plumlee, GS Bove, DJ Lichte, FE Meier, AL Smith, KS AF Wanty, RB Miller, WR Zielinski, RA Plumlee, GS Bove, DJ Lichte, FE Meier, AL Smith, KS BE Arehart, GB Hulston, JR TI Uranium mobility in surface waters draining mineralized areas in the western US SO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-9) CY MAR 30-APR 03, 1998 CL TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, New Zealand Inst Geol & Nucl Sci AB Uranium is enriched in many mineralized systems, despite the fact that it may not be the element of economic interest in a mineral deposit. When a deposit is mined, mechanical crushing of rocks leads to an increased exposed surface area for U-bearing and sulfide minerals. Oxidation of sulfides leads to: acid production and U can become quite mobile (up to several mg L-1) as it is oxidized from U-IV to the more soluble U-VI state. As the U is transported downstream from the mineralized area, its concentration may decrease due to dilution, adsorption, coprecipitation, et cetera. Because of the relatively high solubility of U-VI minerals, precipitation of U-VI is unlikely. Depending on the attenuation mechanism, U may be transported downstream for great distances, either as dissolved or suspended load. On the other hand, if U is adsorbed onto a relatively immobile phase, such as Fe-oxyhydroxide coatings on streambed material, it may not be transported very far. Nevertheless, adsorbed U is sufficiently labile that, should the stream chemistry change, desorption is possible and U can be remobilized. This paper examines these processes, using mined and unmined drainage basins throughout the western US as examples. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wanty, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-942-4 PY 1998 BP 1013 EP 1016 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BK87J UT WOS:000073721700241 ER PT J AU Hollmen, T Franson, JC Poppenga, RH Hario, M Kilpi, M AF Hollmen, Tuula Franson, J. Christian Poppenga, Robert H. Hario, Martti Kilpi, Mikael TI Lead poisoning and trace elements in common eiders Somateria mollissima from Finland SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common eider; Finland; lead; Somateria mollissima; trace elements AB We collected carcasses of 52 common eider Somateria mollissima adults and ducklings and blood samples from 11 nesting eider hens in the Gulf of Finland near Helsinki in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Samples of liver tissue were analysed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc. Blood was Analysed for lead, mercury and selenium. Most of the 21 adults examined at necropsy were emaciated with empty gizzards, and no ingested shotgun pellets or other metal were found in any of the birds. Three adult females had a combination of lesions and tissue lead residues characteristic of lead poisoning. Two of these birds had acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies in renal epithelial cells and high concentrations of lead (73.4 and 73.3 ppm; all liver residues reported on dry weight basis) in their livers. The third was emaciated with a liver lead concentration of 47.9 ppm. An adult male had a liver lead concentration of 81.7 ppm, which is consistent with severe clinical poisoning. Two other adults, one male and one female, had liver lead concentrations of 14.2 and 8.03 ppm, respectively. Lead concentrations in the blood of hens ranged from 0.11 to 0.63 ppm wet weight. Selenium residues of >= 60 ppm were found in the livers of five adult males. Selenium concentrations in the blood of hens ranged from 1.18 to 3.39 ppm wet weight. Arsenic concentrations of 27.5-38.5 ppm were detected in the livers of four adult females. Detectable concentrations of selenium, mercury and molybdenum were found more frequently in the livers of adult males arriving on the breeding grounds than in incubating females, while the reverse was true for arsenic, lead and chromium. Mean concentrations of selenium, copper and molybdenum were higher in the livers of arriving males than in the livers of incubating hens, but hens had greater concentrations of iron and magnesium. Concentrations of trace elements were lower in the livers of ducklings than in the livers of adults. C1 [Hollmen, Tuula] Univ Helsinki, Fac Vet Med, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Franson, J. Christian] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Poppenga, Robert H.] Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. [Hario, Martti] Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland. [Kilpi, Mikael] Univ Helsinki, Dept Systemat & Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Hollmen, T (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Fac Vet Med, POB 57, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. EM tuula.hollmen@helsinki.fi OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 58 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 193 EP 203 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA V27JR UT WOS:000208610000001 ER PT J AU Long, RA O'Connell, AF Harrison, DJ AF Long, Robert A. O'Connell, Allan F., Jr. Harrison, Daniel J. TI Mortality and survival of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus fawns on a north Atlantic coastal island SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coyotes; Canis latrans; fawn; Maine; mortality; Odocoileus virginianus; survival; white-tailed deer AB Mortality and survival of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus fawns (N = 29) were studied from birth to one year of age during 1991-95 on Mount Desert Island (MDI), Maine, where deer hunting is prohibited, coyotes Canis latrans have become recently established, and protected U.S. National Park lands are interspersed with private property. The rate of predator-caused mortality was 0.52, with coyote predation (N = 8) accounting for at least 47% of mortalities from all causes (N = 17). Mortality rate from drowning was 0.24 (N = 3), and from vehicles 0.14 (N = 3). For fawns radio-collared as neonates, 10 of 14 mortalities occurred during the first two months of life. Annual rate of fawn survival was 0.26. Survival rate from six months to one year was 0.65 and four mortalities (two predation, two drowning) were observed during this interval. A subgroup of fawns (N = 11) captured near a residential area and along the periphery of a coyote territory had a higher rate of survival to one year of age (S = 0.67) than did fawns from all other areas (N = 18, S = 0.00). Recruitment to one year of age was lower than that observed in other deer populations in the northeastern United States. Low recruitment associated with coyote predation and mortality sources associated with humans appears to be limiting white-tailed deer populations in some segments of this insular landscape. C1 [Long, Robert A.; Harrison, Daniel J.] Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [O'Connell, Allan F., Jr.] Univ Maine, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, US Geol Survey, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Long, RA (reprint author), Greater Laurentian Wildlands Project, 4 Laurel Hill Dr, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. EM oconnell@umenfa.maine.edu FU U.S. National Park Service FX we sincerely appreciate the assistance of Steve Glass, the staff at Acadia National Park, particularly Bruce Connery, and the funding support of the U.S. National Park Service. Many fine individuals participated in field work and logistical support and we thank all involved. Mike Coffey facilitated the funding process, and along with Brian Underwood, provided technical assistance to our field operations. We gratefully acknowledge the two reviewers for providing valuable comments to improve the manuscript. NR 77 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 237 EP 247 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA V27JR UT WOS:000208610000006 ER PT J AU DeSimone, LA Howes, BL Barlow, PM AF DeSimone, LA Howes, BL Barlow, PM TI Mass-balance analysis of reactive transport and cation exchange in a plume of wastewater-contaminated groundwater SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE solute transport; cation exchange; groundwater; wastewater; artificial recharge ID NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; COASTAL AQUIFER; SPATIAL MOMENTS; SAND AQUIFER; TRACER TEST; CAPE-COD; GRAVEL; WATER; SOIL AB Mass-balance calculations were used to quantify reactive transport processes and cation exchange in a plume of groundwater contaminated with septage-effluent wastewater on Cape God, Massachusetts. Of the chloride mass recharged to the aquifer in effluent, as much as 72% was accounted for using spatial moment analysis and finite-element integration of groundwater concentrations, which were sampled at less than or equal to 69 wells and supplemented by borehole electromagnetic-induction logging. Comparison of chloride transport and mass balances with transport and mass balances of other species indicated that reactive processes substantially altered concentrations of all major chemical constituents. Calcium in effluent was exchanged for magnesium on aquifer sediments. Potassium also was attenuated, possibly through exchange with magnesium, sodium, and/or hydrogen ions. Sufficient hydrogen ions were generated by microbial nitrification in the unsaturated zone to consume effluent alkalinity and lower the effluent pH from 7.2 to 5.0 in the recharged groundwater; the resultant acid conditions may have facilitated anion adsorption and silicate-mineral dissolution. Retardation factors (R) calculated from breakthrough curves indicated that calcium (R = 1.4-2.2) and boron (R = 1.3-2.1) were similarly retarded, whereas potassium experienced greater retardation (R = 1.8-5.2). Retardation of calcium, boron, and potassium was greater in the unsaturated zone than in the saturated zone; this may have resulted from spatial heterogeneity in exchange properties and preferential saturated-zone How through coarse-grained sediments not present in the unsaturated zone. Although concentrations may stabilize and chemical reactions reach equilibrium at fixed points along paths in the Flume, the mass-balance analysis illustrated that steady-state conditions will not be established throughout the aquifer and the cumulative mass of reacted constituents in the plume will increase until the plume reaches its discharge area. The analysis also indicates that retrospective study of dissolved concentrations in an established plume after many years of transport may not identify reactive transport and attenuation of plume constituents, if precise data on source concentrations (or masses) and the spatial distribution of solutes during plume development are not available. Finally. transport of the effluent-contaminate groundwater also altered the geochemistry of the aquifer, for example, through cation exchange, such that the introduction of clean, uncontaminated water into the aquifer will not immediately restore pre-plume conditions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. RP DeSimone, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 28 Lord Rd,Suite 280, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 31 PY 1997 VL 203 IS 1-4 BP 228 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00101-7 PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YX320 UT WOS:000072028400019 ER PT J AU Hill, RE Rogers, DC Quelvog, BD Gallegher, SP AF Hill, RE Rogers, DC Quelvog, BD Gallegher, SP TI New records and observations on the anostracan genus Eubranchipus in California SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Eubranchipus; California; distribution; habitat; behavior AB Observations on distribution, water quality, habitat and avoidance behavior are presented for Eubranchipus bundyi, Eubranchipus oregonus, and Eubranchipus serratus (Chirocephalidae) in California, USA. All three species were previously known within California from single localities. Two new localities for E. oregonus in Tuolumne County and in Humbolt County and 21 new localities for E. serratus in Lassen and Shasta Counties are presented. The E. oregonus localities represent substantial range extensions within California, while the E. serratus localities show a large number of populations within the surveyed area. In occupied pools, pH ranged from 5.5 to 9.0, conductivity from 30 to 150 mu S, turbidity (NTU) from 0.8 to 140.0 and total alkalinity from 68 to 128 mg l(-1). Pool size varied from small seasonal pools of a few meters in diameter to large seasonal lakes several kilometers across. Limited survey effort and successful "predator" avoidance by the shrimp may have contributed to the lack of distributional information for these species in California. C1 Jones & Stokes Associates, Sacramento, CA 95818 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. RP Hill, RE (reprint author), 3900 Cent Ave, Fair Oaks, CA 95628 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD DEC 30 PY 1997 VL 359 BP 75 EP 81 DI 10.1023/A:1003162810822 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZL847 UT WOS:000073478100010 ER PT J AU Levi, KG Miroshnichenko, AI San'kov, VA Babushkin, SM Larkin, GV Badardinov, AA Wong, HK Colman, S Delvaux, D AF Levi, KG Miroshnichenko, AI San'kov, VA Babushkin, SM Larkin, GV Badardinov, AA Wong, HK Colman, S Delvaux, D TI Active faults of the Baikal depression SO BULLETIN DU CENTRE DE RECHERCHES ELF EXPLORATION PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE seismic surveys; sedimentary section; active faults; geothermal heat flow; thermal anomalies; Baikal Region ID LAKE BAIKAL; SIBERIA; RIFT AB The Baikal depression occupies a central position in the system of the basins of the Baikal Rift Zone and corresponds to the nucleus from which the continental lithosphere began to open. For different reasons, the internal structure of the lake Baikal basin remained unknown for a long time. In this article, we present for the first time a synthesis of the data concerning the structure of the sedimentary section beneath Lake Baikal, which were obtained by complex seismic and structural investigations, conducted mainly from 1989 to 1992. We make a brief description of the most interesting seismic profiles which provide a rough idea of a sedimentary unit structure, present a detailed structural interpretation and show the relationship between active faults in the lake, heat flow anomalies and recent hydrothermalism. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Earth Crust, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, United Inst Geol Geophys & Mineral, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Limnol, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. Univ Hamburg, Inst Biogeochem & Marine Chem, D-2000 Hamburg 13, Germany. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Royal Museum Cent Africa, Dept Geol & Mineral, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium. RP Levi, KG (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Earth Crust, Siberian Branch, Lermontova St 128, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. RI Sankov, Vladimir/A-1051-2011; Miroshnichenko, Andrei/A-9083-2014 OI Sankov, Vladimir/0000-0002-1066-2601; NR 31 TC 17 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELF EXPLORATION PRODUCTS PI PAU CEDEX PA ELF EXPLORATION EDITIONS, CSTJF-AVENUE LARRIBAU, 64018 PAU CEDEX, FRANCE SN 1279-8215 J9 BULL CENT RECH ELF E JI Bull. Cent. Rech. Elf Explor. Prod. PD DEC 29 PY 1997 VL 21 IS 2 BP 399 EP + PG 35 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 193EF UT WOS:000080122400009 ER PT J AU Norman, JM Kucharik, CJ Gower, ST Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Rayment, M Savage, K Striegl, RG AF Norman, JM Kucharik, CJ Gower, ST Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Rayment, M Savage, K Striegl, RG TI A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GAS-EXCHANGE; CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; CO2 EFFLUX; FOREST AB Measurements of soil-surface CO2 fluxes are important for characterizing the carbon budget of boreal forests because these fluxes can be the second largest component of the budget. Several methods for measuring soil-surface CO2 fluxes are available: (1) closed-dynamic-chamber systems, (3) closed-static-chamber systems, (3) open-chamber systems, and (4) eddy covariance systems. This paper presents a field comparison of six individual systems for measuring soil-surface CO2 fluxes with each of the four basic system types represented. A single system is used as a reference and compared to each of the other systems individually in black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), or aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests. Fluxes vary from 1 to 10 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1). Adjustment factors to bring all of the systems into agreement vary from 0.93 to 1.45 with an uncertainty of about 10-15%. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ New Hampshire, EOS, MORSE, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Quebec City, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM norman@calshp.cals.wisc.edu RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Rayment, Mark/L-9848-2016; OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 16 TC 164 Z9 173 U1 5 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28771 EP 28777 DI 10.1029/97JD01440 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900002 ER PT J AU Winston, GC Sundquist, ET Stephens, BB Trumbore, SE AF Winston, GC Sundquist, ET Stephens, BB Trumbore, SE TI Winter CO2 fluxes in a boreal forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; SNOW COVER; WATER-CONTENT; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; LITTER; DECOMPOSITION; FLOOR; SITES AB We measured soil respiration during two winters in three different ecotypes of the BOREAS northern study area. The production of CO2 was continuous throughout the winter and, when totaled for the winter of 1993-1995, was equivalent to the release of similar to 40-55 g C/m(2) from the soil surface. As soils cooled in the early winter, the CO2 production rate decreased in a manner that appeared to be exponentially related to shallow soil temperatures. This exponential relationship was not observed when soils began to warm, possibly indicating that there may be additional or different processes responsible for increased CO2 production during winter warming events. We also measured CO2 concentrations in soil gas and the Delta(14)C of the soil CO2. These measurements show that the CO2 produced in winter is not simply the return to the atmosphere Of the carbon fixed during the previous growing season. We suggest that the wintertime production of CO2 originates, at least in part, from the decomposition of old organic carbon stored at depth in the soil. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM gwinston@usgs.gov RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013; Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008 OI Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182 NR 44 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28795 EP 28804 DI 10.1029/97JD01115 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900005 ER PT J AU Harden, JW O'Neill, KP Trumbore, SE Veldhuis, H Stocks, BJ AF Harden, JW O'Neill, KP Trumbore, SE Veldhuis, H Stocks, BJ TI Moss and soil contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TUNDRA; ECOSYSTEMS; BALANCE; STORAGE; CANADA; GROWTH; ALASKA; MODEL; PINE AB We used input and decomposition data from C-14 studies of soils to determine rates of vertical accumulation of moss combined with carbon storage inventories on a sequence of burns to model how carbon accumulates in soils and moss after a stand-killing fire. We used soil drainage-moss associations and soil drainage maps of the old black spruce (OBS) site at the BOREAS northern study area (NSA) to areally weight the contributions of each moderately well drained, feathermoss areas; poorly drained sphagnum-feathermoss areas; and very poorly drained brown moss areas to the carbon storage and flux at the OBS NSA site. On this very old (117 years) complex of black spruce, sphagnum bog veneer, and fen systems we conclude that these systems are likely sequestering 0.01-0.03 kg C m(-2) yr(-1) at OBS-NSA today. Soil drainage in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba, controls carbon storage and flux by controlling moss input and decomposition rates and by controlling through fire the amount and quality of carbon left after burning, On poorly drained soils rich in sphagnum moss, net accumulation and longterm storage of carbon is higher than on better drained soils colonized by feathermosses. The carbon fur of these contrasting ecosystems is best characterized by soil drainage class and stand age, where stands recently burned are net sources of CO2, and maturing stands become increasingly stronger sinks of atmospheric CO2. This approach to measuring carbon storage and flux presents a method of scaling to larger areas using soil drainage, moss cover, and stand age information. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Forestry Canada, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Agr Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jharden@usgs.gov RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013 NR 33 TC 108 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28805 EP 28816 DI 10.1029/97JD02237 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900006 ER PT J AU Trumbore, SE Harden, JW AF Trumbore, SE Harden, JW TI Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the BOREAS northern study area SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; METHANE EMISSIONS; TAIGA FORESTS; DECOMPOSITION; NITROGEN; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; DEPOSITION; PATTERNS; DYNAMICS AB Rates of input, accumulation, and turnover of C differ markedly within soil profiles and in soils with different drainage in the BOREAS northern study area. Soil C storage increases from similar to 3 kg C m(-2) in well-drained, sandy soils to greater than 100 kg C m(-2) in wetlands. Two modes of C accumulation were observed in upland soil profiles. Large annual C inputs (0.06-0.1 kg C m(-2) yr(-1)) and slow decomposition (turnover times of 6-250 years) lead to rapid C accumulation in regrowing surface moss and detrital layers following fire. Deep organic layers that have accumulated over the millennia since the initiation of soil development, and are located below the most recent charred horizon, show slower rates of input (0.015-0.03 kg C m(-2) yr(-1)) and turnover (100-1600 years) and accumulate C about 10 times slower than surface detrital layers. Rates of C input to soils derived from C and C-14 data were in accord with net primary production estimates, with highest rates of input (0.14-0.6 kg C m(-2) yr(-1)) in wetlands. Turnover times for C in surface detrital layers were 6-15 years for well-drained sand soils that showed highest soil temperatures in summer, 30-40 years for wetlands, and 36-250 years for uplands with thick moss cover and black spruce trees. Long (>100 years) turnover times in upland black spruce/clay soils most likely reflect the influence of woody debris incorporated into detrital layers. Turnover times for deep organic and mineral layer C were controlled by drainage, with fastest turnover (80-130 years) in well-drained sand soils and slowest turnover (>3000 years) in wetlands. Total C accumulation rates, which account for C losses from both deep organic and surface detrital layers, are close to zero for sand/jack pine soils, 0.003-0.01 kg C m(-2) yr(-1) for moderately to poorly drained sites in mature forest stands, and 0.03 kg C m(-2) yr(-1) for a productive fen. Decomposition of organic matter more than several decades old accounts for 9-22% of total heterotrophic respiration at these sites. The rates of C accumulation derived here are decadal averages for specific stands and will vary as stands age or undergo disturbance. Extrapolation to larger regions and longer timescales, where burning offsets C gains in moss layers, will yield smaller rates of C storage. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. EM setrumbo@uci.edu RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013 NR 36 TC 146 Z9 157 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28817 EP 28830 DI 10.1029/97JD02231 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900007 ER PT J AU Lavigne, MB Ryan, MG Anderson, DE Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Fitzjarrald, DR Goulden, ML Gower, ST Massheder, JM McCaughey, JH Rayment, M Striegl, RG AF Lavigne, MB Ryan, MG Anderson, DE Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Fitzjarrald, DR Goulden, ML Gower, ST Massheder, JM McCaughey, JH Rayment, M Striegl, RG TI Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; DECIDUOUS FOREST; WATER-VAPOR; TEMPERATE FOREST; EXCHANGE; MODEL; CO2; ATMOSPHERE; CANOPY; ENERGY AB During the growing season, nighttime ecosystem respiration emits 30-100% of the daytime net photosynthetic uptake of carbon, and therefore measurements of rates and understanding of its control by the environment are important for understanding net ecosystem exchange. Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half-hour or 1-hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO2 exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO2 at all sites (48-71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25-43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5-15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (r(2) = 0.06-0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods. C1 Canadian Forest Serv Atlantic, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Harvard Univ, Engn Sci Lab, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. Queens Univ, Dept Geog, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. US Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Canadian Forest Serv Atlantic, POB 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Goulden, Michael/B-9934-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Rayment, Mark/L-9848-2016; OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 28 TC 208 Z9 228 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28977 EP 28985 DI 10.1029/97JD01173 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900020 ER PT J AU Vidale, PL Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT Barr, A AF Vidale, PL Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT Barr, A TI Case study modeling of turbulent and mesoscale fluxes over the BOREAS region SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INDUCED ATMOSPHERIC FLOW; AVERAGED SURFACE FLUXES; LEAF-AREA INDEX; THERMAL INHOMOGENEITIES; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; ROUGHNESS LENGTHS; NUMERICAL-MODELS; LAND SURFACES; SOIL-MOISTURE; HAPEX-MOBILHY AB Results from aircraft and surface observations provided evidence for the existence of mesoscale circulations over the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) domain. Using an integrated approach that included the use of analytical modeling, numerical modeling, and data analysis, we have found that there are substantial contributions to the total budgets of heat over the BOREAS domain generated by mesoscale circulations. This effect is largest when the synoptic flow is relatively weak, yet it is present under less favorable conditions, as shown by the case study presented here. While further analysis is warranted to document this effect, the existence of mesoscale flow is not surprising, since it is related to the presence of landscape patches, including lakes, which are of a size on the order of the local Rossby radius and which have spatial differences in maximum sensible heat flux of about 300 W m(-2). We have also analyzed the vertical temperature profile simulated in our case study as well as high-resolution soundings and we have found vertical profiles of temperature change above the boundary layer height, which we attribute in part to mesoscale contributions. Our conclusion is that in regions with organized landscapes, such as BOREAS, even with relatively strong synoptic winds, dynamical scaling criteria should be used to assess whether mesoscale effects should be parameterized or explicitly resolved in numerical models of the atmosphere. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Hydrol Res Ctr, Atmospher Environm Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM vidale@homebrew.atmos.colostate.edu RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Barr, Alan/H-9939-2014; OI Vidale, Pier Luigi/0000-0002-1800-8460 NR 79 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29167 EP 29188 DI 10.1029/97JD02561 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900037 ER PT J AU Steyaert, LT Hall, FG Loveland, TR AF Steyaert, LT Hall, FG Loveland, TR TI Land cover mapping, fire regeneration, and scaling studies in the Canadian boreal forest with 1 km AVHRR and Landsat TM data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE DATA; DATA SET; SURFACE; CLASSIFICATION; MODELS; ATMOSPHERE; ALGORITHMS; WILDFIRES; CLIMATE AB A multitemporal 1 km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) land cover analysis approach was used as the basis for regional land cover mapping, fire disturbance-regeneration, and multiresolution land cover scaling studies in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada. The land cover classification was developed by using regional field observations from ground and low-level aircraft transits to analyze spectral-temporal clusters that were derived from an unsupervised cluster analysis of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image composites (April-September 1992). Quantitative areal proportions of the major boreal forest components were determined for a 821 km x 619 km region, ranging from the southern grasslands-boreal forest ecotone to the northern boreal transitional forest. The boreal wetlands (mostly lowland black spruce, tamarack, mosses, fens, and bogs) occupied approximately 33% of the region, while lakes accounted for another 13%. Upland mixed coniferous-deciduous forests represented 23% of the ecosystem. A SW-NE productivity gradient across the region is manifested by three levels of tree stand density for both the boreal wetland conifer and the mixed forest classes, which are generally aligned with isopleths of regional growing degree days. Approximately 30% of the region was directly affected by fire disturbance within the preceding 30-35 years, especially in the Canadian Shield Zone where large fire-regeneration patterns contribute to the heterogeneous boreal landscape. Intercomparisons with land cover classifications derived from 30-m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data provided important insights into the relative accuracy of the 1 km AVHRR land cover classification. Primarily due to the multitemporal NDVI image compositing process, the 1 km AVHRR land cover classes have an effective spatial resolution in the 3-4 km range therefore fens, bogs, small water bodies, and small patches of dry jack pine cannot be resolved within the wet conifer mosaic. Major differences in the l-km AVHRR and 30-m Landsat TM-derived land cover classes are most likely due to differences in the spatial resolution of the data sets. In general, the 1 km AVHRR land cover classes are vegetation mosaics consisting of mixed combinations of the Landsat classes. Detailed mapping of the global boreal forest with this approach will benefit from algorithms for cloud screening and to atmospherically correct reflectance data for both aerosol and water vapor effects. We believe that this 1 km AVHRR land cover analysis provides new and useful information for regional water, energy, carbon, and trace gases studies in BOREAS, especially given the significant spatial variability in land cover type and associated biophysical land cover parameters (e.g., albedo, leaf area index, FPAR, and surface roughness). Multiresolution land cover comparisons (30 m, 1 km, and 100 km grid cells) also illustrated how heterogeneous landscape patterns are represented in land cover maps with differing spatial scales and provided insights on the requirements and challenges for parameterizing landscape heterogeneity as part of land surface process research. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, US Geol Survey, EROS,Data Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, US Geol Survey, EROS,Data Ctr, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 44 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29581 EP 29598 DI 10.1029/97JD01220 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900072 ER PT J AU Pratt, TL Johnson, S Potter, C Stephenson, W Finn, C AF Pratt, TL Johnson, S Potter, C Stephenson, W Finn, C TI Seismic reflection images beneath puget sound, western Washington state: The puget lowland thrust sheet hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID OLYMPIC SUBDUCTION COMPLEX; SEATTLE FAULT; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; LAKE-WASHINGTON; EARTHQUAKE; KINEMATICS; ROTATION; ORIGIN; AREA AB Seismic reflection data show that the densely populated Puget Lowland of western Washington State is underlain by subhorizontal Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks deformed by west and northwest trending faults and folds. From south to north beneath the Lowland, features seen on the seismic data include: the horizontally-stratified, 3.5 lan thick Tacoma sedimentary basin, the Seattle uplift with south dipping (similar to 20 degrees) strata on its south flank and steeply (50 degrees to 90 degrees) north dipping strata and the west-trending Seattle fault on its north flank; the 7.5 km thick, northward-thinning Seattle sedimentary basin; the antiformal Kingston arch; and the northwest trending, transpressional Southern Whidbey Island fault zone (SWIF). Interpleting the uplifts as fault-bend and fault-propagation folds leads to the hypothesis that the Puget Lowland lies on a north directed thrust sheet. The base of the thrust sheet may lie at 14 to 20 km depth within or at the base of a thick block of basaltic Crescent Formation; its edges may be right-lateral strike-slip faults along the base of the Cascade Range on the east and the Olympic Mountains on the west. Our model suggests that the Seattle fault has a long-term slip rate of about 0.25 mm/year and is large enough to generate a M7.6 to 7.7 earthquake. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP Pratt, TL (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH OCEANOG, US GEOL SURVEY, BOX 357940, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NR 60 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B12 BP 27469 EP 27489 DI 10.1029/97JB01830 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YL145 UT WOS:A1997YL14500015 ER PT J AU Sass, JH Williams, CF Lachenbruch, AH Galanis, SP Grupp, FV AF Sass, JH Williams, CF Lachenbruch, AH Galanis, SP Grupp, FV TI Thermal regime of the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; HEAT-FLOW; ZONE; TEMPERATURE; STRESS AB Knowledge of the temperature Variation with depth near the San Andreas fault is Vital to understanding the physical processes that occur within the fault zone during earthquakes and creep events. Parkfield is near the southern end of the Coast Ranges segment of the San Andreas fault. This segment has higher mean heat flow than the Cape Mendocino segment to the northwest or the Mojave segment to the southeast. Boreholes were drilled specifically for the U.S. Geological Survey's Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment or converted from other uses at 25 sites within a few kilometers of the fault near Parkfield. These holes, which range in depth from 150 to over 1500 m, were intended mainly for the deployment of volumetric strain meters, water-level recorders, and other downhole instruments. Temperature profiles were obtained from all the holes, and heat flow values were estimated from 17 of them, Far a number of reasons, including a paucity of thermal conductivity data and rugged local topography, the accuracy of individual determinations was not sufficiently high to document local variations in heat how. Values range from 54 to 92 mW m(-2), with mean and 95% confidence limits of 74 +/- 4 mW m(-2) This mean is slightly lower than the mean (83 +/- 3) of 39 previously published values from the central Coast Ranges, but it is consistent with the overall pattern of elevated heat flow in the Coast Ranges, and it is transitional to the mean of 68 +/- 2 mW m(-2) that characterizes the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault immediately to the south. The lack of a heat flow peak near the fault underscores the absence of a frictional thermal anomaly and provides additional support for a very small resolved shear stress parallel to the San Andreas fault and the nearly fault-normal maximum compressive stress observed in this region. Estimates of subsurface thermal conditions indicate that the seismicaseismic transition far the Parkfield segment corresponds to temperatures in the range of 350 degrees-400 degrees C. Increasing heat flow to the northwest of Parkfield corresponds to a transition from locked to creeping sections and to a shallowing of the base of seismicity and confirms the importance of temperature in controlling the thickness of the seismogenic crust. Lateral variations in heat flow do not appear to have any major role in determining the regularity of M5.5-6 earthquakes at Parkfield. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PARK, CA 94025 USA. RP Sass, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 2255 N GEMINI DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 43 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B12 BP 27575 EP 27585 DI 10.1029/97JB02350-B PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YL145 UT WOS:A1997YL14500021 ER PT J AU tenBrink, US Hackney, RI Bannister, S Stern, TA Makovsky, Y AF tenBrink, US Hackney, RI Bannister, S Stern, TA Makovsky, Y TI Uplift of the transantarctic mountains and the bedrock beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN VICTORIA-LAND; ROSS EMBAYMENT; RIFT FLANKS; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; FLEXURAL UPLIFT; PLATE MOTIONS; CONSTRAINTS; LITHOSPHERE; SUBSIDENCE AB In recent years the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), the largest noncontractional mountain belt in the world, have become the focus of modelers who explained their uplift by a variety of isostatic and thermal mechanisms. A problem with these models is a lack of available data to compare with model predictions. We report here the results of a 312-km-long geophysical traverse conducted in 1993/1994 in the hinterland of the TAM. Using detailed subglacial topography and gravity measurements, we confirm the origin of the TAM as a flexural uplift of the edge of East Antarctica. Using an elastic model with a free edge, we can jointly fit the topography and the gravity with a plate having an elastic thickness of 85 +/- 15 km and a preuplift elevation of 700 +/- 50 m for East Antarctica. Using a variety of evidence, we argue that the uplift is coincident with a relatively minor tectonic event of transtensional motion between East and West Antarctica during the Eocene rather than the Late Cretaceous rifting event that created the Ross Embayment. We suggest that this transtensional motion caused the continuous plate to break, which created an escarpment that significantly increased the rates of erosion and exhumation. Results from the geophysical traverse also extend our knowledge of the bedrock geology from the exposures within the TAM to the ice covered interior. Our interpretation suggests that the Ferrar flood basalts extend at least 100 km westward under the ice. The Beacon Supergroup of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments thins gradually under the ice and its reconstructed thickness is reminiscent of profiles of foreland basins. Finally, there is no indication in the gravity field for an incomplete rebound due to significant melting of the East Antarctic ice sheet since the last glacial period. C1 INST GEOL & NUCL SCI, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND. UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, NEDLANDS, WA 6009, AUSTRALIA. STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. VICTORIA UNIV WELLINGTON, INST GEOPHYS, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND. RP tenBrink, US (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, QUISSETT CAMPUS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RI Bannister, Stephen /B-4038-2008; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI Makovsky, Yizhaq/0000-0001-6762-9549; Hackney, Ron/0000-0001-5306-2713; ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Bannister, Stephen/0000-0002-2125-0506 NR 72 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B12 BP 27603 EP 27621 DI 10.1029/97JB02483 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YL145 UT WOS:A1997YL14500023 ER PT J AU Stuart, WD Hildenbrand, TG Simpson, RW AF Stuart, WD Hildenbrand, TG Simpson, RW TI Stressing of the New Madrid seismic zone by a lower crust detachment fault SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; EARTHQUAKES; RIFT; LITHOSPHERE; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; TECTONICS; MODELS; PLATE AB A new mechanical model for the cause of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States is analyzed. The model contains a subhorizontal detachment fault which is assumed to be near the domed top surface of locally thickened anomalous lower crust (''rift pillow''). Regional horizontal compression induces slip on the fault, and the slip creates a stress concentration in the upper crust above the rift pillow dome. In the coseismic stage of the model earthquake cycle, where the three largest magnitude 7-8 earthquakes in 1811-1812 are represented by a single model mainshock on a vertical northeast trending fault, the model mainshock has a moment equivalent to a magnitude 8 event. During the interseismic stage, corresponding to the present time, slip on the detachment fault exerts a right-lateral shear stress on the locked vertical fault whose failure produces the model mainshock. The sense of shear is generally consistent with the overall sense of slip of 1811-1812 and later earthquakes. Predicted rates of horizontal strain at the ground surface are about 10(-7) year(-1) and are comparable to some observed rates. The model implies that rift pillow geometry is a significant influence on the maximum possible earthquake magnitude. RP US GEOL SURVEY 977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 50 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B12 BP 27623 EP 27633 DI 10.1029/97JB02716 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YL145 UT WOS:A1997YL14500024 ER PT J AU Lohr, SC Fausch, KD AF Lohr, SC Fausch, KD TI Multiscale analysis of natural variability in stream fish assemblages of a western Great Plains watershed SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TEMPORAL VARIATION; OZARK STREAM; PATCH REEFS; PERSISTENCE; STABILITY; RIVER; STOCHASTICITY; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY AB Much debate about natural variability of stream fish assemblages may stem from investigating them at different spatial and temporal scales, and analyzing data of different resolution. We assessed variability of stream fish assemblages over an 11- yr period in a southeastern Colorado plains watershed based on surveys of 12 river and five tributary sites during 1983/1984, 1987/1989, and 1993/1994, and surveys of 40-48 pools along Eve tributaries during the last two periods, We analyzed across space and time using species presence/absence and relative abundance to assess how conclusions depended on scale and resolution of data, Assemblage similarity through time based on both types of data was higher for whole river or tributary faunas than at individual sites, because rare species that occurred sporadically at sites were consistently present at larger spatial scales. Assemblage similarity among river sites based on species presence/absence tvas moderate during 1987 and 1993 but lower during 1983 because of differences in passive sampling gear used. It was also low among tributary pools because of spatial variability in both rare and com mon species. In contrast, assemblage similarity among river sites based on species relative abundance was high for each survey because the same species were dominant but was often low at individual sites among surveys because of an unexplained 92% decline in Cyprinella lutrensis abundance from 1983 to 1993, Assemblage similarity among-tributary pools based on species relative abundance in 1993/1994 was high for two tributaries where Lepomis cyanellus was dominant but low in others where it was often absent. The greatest change through time in assemblages at most tributary sites was apparently caused by drought after 1987/1989, which eliminated small pools and limited opportunities for recolonization. Conclusions about the natural variability of these fish assemblages depended strongly on scale, emphasizing the importance of multiscale investigations. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lohr, SC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento San Joaquin Estuary Fishery Resource O, 4001 N Wilson Way, Stockton, CA 95205 USA. EM sam_lohr@mail.fws.gov; kurtf@cnr.colostate.edu RI Fausch, Kurt/A-8849-2010 NR 54 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD DEC 9 PY 1997 IS 4 BP 706 EP 724 DI 10.2307/1447289 PG 19 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YM331 UT WOS:000071052900005 ER PT J AU Blaustein, AR Kiesecker, JM Chivers, DP Anthony, RG AF Blaustein, AR Kiesecker, JM Chivers, DP Anthony, RG TI Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet; salamanders; abnormalities ID MORTALITY; DECLINES; SOLAR; EGGS AB There has been a great deal of recent attention on the suspected increase in amphibian deformities. However, most reports of amphibian deformities have been anecdotal, and no experiments in the field under natural conditions have been performed to investigate this phenomenon. Under laboratory conditions, a variety of agents can induce deformities in amphibians. We investigated one of these agents, UV-B radiation, in field experiments, as a cause for amphibian deformities. We monitored hatching success and development in long-toed salamanders under UV-B shields and in regimes that allowed UV-B radiation. Embryos under UV-B shields had a significantly higher hatching rate and fewer deformities, and developed more quickly than those exposed to UV-B. Deformities may contribute directly to embryo mortality, and they may affect an individual's subsequent survival after hatching. C1 YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511. UNIV MAINE,DEPT SCI BIOL,ORONO,ME 04469. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,OREGON COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Blaustein, AR (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,3029 CORDLEY HALL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 28 TC 136 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 9 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 25 BP 13735 EP 13737 DI 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13735 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YK825 UT WOS:A1997YK82500068 PM 9391095 ER PT J AU Golombek, MP Cook, RA Economou, T Folkner, WM Haldemann, AFC Kallemeyn, PH Knudsen, JM Manning, RM Moore, HJ Parker, TJ Rieder, R Schofield, JT Smith, PH Vaughan, RM AF Golombek, MP Cook, RA Economou, T Folkner, WM Haldemann, AFC Kallemeyn, PH Knudsen, JM Manning, RM Moore, HJ Parker, TJ Rieder, R Schofield, JT Smith, PH Vaughan, RM TI Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID THERMAL INERTIA; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ALBEDO AB Chemical analyses returned by Mars Pathfinder indicate that some rocks may be high in silica, implying differentiated parent materials. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. The moment of inertia indicates a central metallic core of 1300 to 2000 kilometers in radius. Composite airborne dust particles appear magnetized by freeze-dried maghemite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. Remote-sensing data at a scale of generally greater than similar to 1 kilometer and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust-free. C1 UNIV CHICAGO, ENRICO FERMI INST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA. UNIV COPENHAGEN, NIELS BOHR INST, DK-1168 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK. US GEOL SURVEY, ASTROGEOL TEAM, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, D-55128 MAINZ, GERMANY. UNIV ARIZONA, LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. RP Golombek, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, 4800 OAK GROVE DR, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA. NR 42 TC 148 Z9 152 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 5 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5344 BP 1743 EP 1748 DI 10.1126/science.278.5344.1743 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YJ901 UT WOS:A1997YJ90100033 PM 9388167 ER PT J AU Smith, PH Bell, JF Bridges, NT Britt, DT Gaddis, L Greeley, R Keller, HU Herkenhoff, KE Jaumann, R Johnson, JR Kirk, RL Lemmon, M Maki, JN Malin, MC Murchie, SL Oberst, J Parker, TJ Reid, RJ Sablotny, R Soderblom, LA Stoker, C Sullivan, R Thomas, N Tomasko, MG Ward, W Wegryn, E AF Smith, PH Bell, JF Bridges, NT Britt, DT Gaddis, L Greeley, R Keller, HU Herkenhoff, KE Jaumann, R Johnson, JR Kirk, RL Lemmon, M Maki, JN Malin, MC Murchie, SL Oberst, J Parker, TJ Reid, RJ Sablotny, R Soderblom, LA Stoker, C Sullivan, R Thomas, N Tomasko, MG Ward, W Wegryn, E TI Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; VIKING LANDERS; IRON-OXIDES; DUST; SPECTROSCOPY; MINERALOGY; HEMATITE; PYROXENE; SURFACE AB Images of the martian surface returned by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) show a complex surface of ridges and troughs covered by rocks that have been transported and modified by fluvial, aeolian, and impact processes. Analysis of the spectral signatures in the scene (at 440- to 1000-nanometer wavelength) reveal three types of rock and four classes of soil. Upward-looking IMP images of the predawn sky show thin, bluish clouds that probably represent water ice forming on local atmospheric haze (opacity similar to 0.5). Haze particles are about 1 micrometer in radius and the water vapor column abundance is about 10 precipitable micrometers. C1 CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,TEMPE,AZ 85287. MAX PLANCK INST AERON,KATHENBURG LINDAU,GERMANY. DLR,BERLIN,GERMANY. MALIN SPACE SCI SYST,SAN DIEGO,CA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,APPL PHYS LAB,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. RP Smith, PH (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; NR 48 TC 184 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 5 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5344 BP 1758 EP 1765 DI 10.1126/science.278.5344.1758 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YJ901 UT WOS:A1997YJ90100036 PM 9388170 ER PT J AU Matijevic, JR Crisp, J Bickler, DB Banes, RS Cooper, BK Eisen, HJ Gensler, J Haldemann, A Hartman, F Jewett, KA Matthies, LH Laubach, SL Mishkin, AH Morrison, JC Nguyen, TT Sirota, AR Stone, HW Stride, S Sword, LF Tarsala, JA Thompson, AD Wallace, MT Welch, R Wellman, E Wilcox, BH Ferguson, D Jenkins, P Kolecki, J Landis, GA Wilt, D AF Matijevic, JR Crisp, J Bickler, DB Banes, RS Cooper, BK Eisen, HJ Gensler, J Haldemann, A Hartman, F Jewett, KA Matthies, LH Laubach, SL Mishkin, AH Morrison, JC Nguyen, TT Sirota, AR Stone, HW Stride, S Sword, LF Tarsala, JA Thompson, AD Wallace, MT Welch, R Wellman, E Wilcox, BH Ferguson, D Jenkins, P Kolecki, J Landis, GA Wilt, D TI Characterization of the Martian surface deposits by the Mars Pathfinder rover, Sojourner SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Sojourner, the Mars Pathfinder rover, discovered pebbles on the surface and in rocks that may be sedimentary-not volcanic-in origin. Surface pebbles may have been rounded by Ares flood waters or liberated by weathering of sedimentary rocks called conglomerates. Conglomerates imply that water existed elsewhere and earlier than the Ares flood. Most soil-like deposits are similar to moderately dense soils on Earth. Small amounts of dust are currently settling from the atmosphere. C1 CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. NASA,LEWIS RES CTR,CLEVELAND,OH 44135. RP Matijevic, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 14 TC 97 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 5 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5344 BP 1765 EP 1768 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YJ901 UT WOS:A1997YJ90100037 ER PT J AU Zuercher, GL Roby, DD Rexstad, EA AF Zuercher, GL Roby, DD Rexstad, EA TI Validation of two new total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) instruments for estimating body composition of live northern red-backed voles Clethrionomys rutilus SO ACTA THERIOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE energetics; fat; microtines; non-invasive; rodents ID BIRDS; FAT; MAMMALS; MASS AB Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) is a method for non-destructively estimating body composition. We sought to monitor seasonal changes in total body fat in northern red-backed voles Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779), a microtine (10-45 g). We validated two new TOBEC instruments: the SA-3000 by EM-SCAN Inc. and the ACAN-2 by Jagmar Inc. Both instruments explained 94% of the variation in lean body mass and total body water. However, accuracy of fat estimates generated from lean mass predictions was poor for both instruments (+/- > 100%). Two instrument-specific multiple regression models and a TOBEC-free multiple regression model were used to estimate total body fat. All three improved the ability to predict total body fat in C. rutilus. These two TOBEC instruments can not be used to measure changes in total body fat of individual C. rutilus due to the small amount of fat reserves and lack of seasonal variation. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Roby, DD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM RobyD@ccmail.orst.edu OI Rexstad, Eric/0000-0002-4323-8161 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI BIALOWIEZA PA MAMMAL RESEARCH INST, 17-230 BIALOWIEZA, POLAND SN 0001-7051 J9 ACTA THERIOL JI Acta Theriol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 4 BP 387 EP 397 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YT965 UT WOS:000071665500002 ER PT J AU Orange, DL McAdoo, BG Moore, JC Tobin, H Screaton, E Chezar, H Lee, H Reid, M Vail, R AF Orange, DL McAdoo, BG Moore, JC Tobin, H Screaton, E Chezar, H Lee, H Reid, M Vail, R TI Headless submarine canyons and fluid flow on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex SO BASIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL SLOPE; SUBDUCTION ZONE; OREGON; PRISM; WASHINGTON; MARGIN; FAULT; CARBONATES; POROSITY; FAILURE AB Headless submarine canyons with steep headwalls and shallowly sloping floors occur on both the second and third landward vergent anticlines on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary complex off central Oregon (45 degrees N, 125 degrees 30'W). In September 1993, we carried out a series of nine deep tow camera sled runs and nine ALVIN dives to examine the relationship between fluid venting, structure and canyon formation. We studied four canyons on the second and third landward vergent anticlines, as well as the apparently unfailed intercanyon regions along strike. All evidence of fluid expulsion is associated with the canyons; we found no evidence of fluid flow between canyons. Even though all fluid seeps are related to canyons, we did not find seeps in all canyons, and the location of the seeps within the canyons differed. On the landward facing limb of the second landward vergent anticline a robust cold seep community occurs at the canyon's inflection point. This seep is characterized by chemosynthetic vent clams, tube worms and extensive authigenic carbonate. Fluids for this seep may utilize high-permeability flow paths either parallel to bedding within the second thrust ridge or along the underlying thrust fault before leaking into the overriding section. Two seaward facing canyons on the third anticlinal ridge have vent clam communities near the canyon mouths at approximately the intersection between the anticlinal ridge and the adjacent forearc basin. No seeps were found along-strike at the intersection of the slope basin and anticlinal ridge. We infer that the lack of seepage along strike and the presence of seeps in canyons may be related to fluid flow below the forearc basin/slope unconformity (overpressured by the impinging thrust fault to the west?) directed toward canyons at the surface. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Dept Geol, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Orange, DL (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, POB 628,7700 Sandholt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-091X J9 BASIN RES JI Basin Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 4 BP 303 EP 312 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00045.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YR965 UT WOS:000071549900003 ER PT J AU McAdoo, BG Orange, DL Screaton, E Lee, H Kayen, R AF McAdoo, BG Orange, DL Screaton, E Lee, H Kayen, R TI Slope basins, headless canyons, and submarine palaeoseismology of the Cascadia accretionary complex SO BASIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION ZONE; TRENCH-SLOPE; STRUCTURAL TRENDS; FLUID-FLOW; OREGON; MARGIN; PRISM; CARBONATES; SEDIMENTS AB A combination of geomorphological, seismic reflection and geotechnical data constrains this study of sediment erosion and deposition at the toe of the Cascadia accretionary prism. We conducted a series of ALVIN dives in a region south of Astoria Canyon to examine the interrelationship of fluid flow and slope failure in a series of headless submarine canyons. Elevated head gradients at the inflection point of canyon have been inferred to assist in localized failures that feed sediment into a closed slope basin. Measured head gradients are an order of magnitude too low to cause seepage-induced slope failure alone; we therefore propose transient slope failure mechanisms. Intercanyon on slopes are uniformly unscarred and smooth, although consolidation tests indicate that up to several metres of material map have been removed. A sheet-like failure would remove sediment uniformly, preserving the observed smooth intercanyon slope. Earthquake-induced liquefaction is a likely trigger for this type of sheet failure as the slope is too steep and short for sediment flow to organize itself into channels. Bathymetric and seismic reflection data suggest sediment in a trench slope basin between the second and third ridges from the prism's deformation is derived locally. A comparison of the amounts of material removed from the slopes and that in the basin shows that the amount of material removed from the slopes may slightly exceed the amount of material in the basin, implying that a small amount of sediment has escaped the basin, perhaps when the second ridge was too low to form a sufficient dam, or through a gap in the second ridge to the south. Regardless, almost 80% of the material shed off the slopes around the basin is deposited locally, whereas the remaining 20% is redeposited on the incoming section and will be re-accreted. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Earth Sci Board, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Marine Grp, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McAdoo, BG (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Earth Sci Board, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-091X J9 BASIN RES JI Basin Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 4 BP 313 EP 324 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00049.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YR965 UT WOS:000071549900004 ER PT J AU Hunt, RJ Krabbenhoft, DP Anderson, MP AF Hunt, RJ Krabbenhoft, DP Anderson, MP TI Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; heterogeneity; nutrients; wetlands; wetland restoration ID SULFATE REDUCTION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MARSH SEDIMENTS; SALT-MARSH; WATER; GROUNDWATER; SOIL AB While ''water quality function'' is cited as an important wetland function to design for and preserve, we demonstrate that the scale at which hydrochemical samples are collected can significantly influence interpretations of biogeochemical processes in wetlands. Subsurface, chemical profiles for both nutrients and major ions were determined at a site in southwestern Wisconsin that contained areas of both natural and constructed wetlands. Sampling was conducted on three different scales: (1) a large scale (3 m between sampling points), (2) an intermediate scale (0.15 m between sampling points), and (3) a small scale (1.5 cm between sampling points). In most cases, significant vertical heterogeneity was observed at the 0.15 m scale, which was much larger than previously reported for freshwater wetlands and not detected by sampling water table wells screened over the same interval. However, profiles of ammonia and total phosphorus showed tenfold changes in the upper 0.2 meters of the saturated zone when sampled at the small (1.5 cm) scale, that was not depicted by sampling at the intermediate scale. At the intermediate scale of observation, one constructed wetland site differed geochemically from the natural wetlands and the other constructed wetland site due to application of off-site salvaged marsh surface and downward infiltration of rain. While important differences in dissolved inorganic phosphorus and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations existed between the constructed wetland and the natural. wetlands, we also observed substantial differences between the natural wetland sites for these constituents. A median-polishing analysis of our data showed that temporal variations in constituent concentrations within profiles, although extensively recognized in the literature, were not as important as spatial variability. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,MADISON,WI 53706. US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,MIDDLETON,WI 53562. RP Hunt, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,6417 NORMANDY LANE,MADISON,WI 53719, USA. NR 42 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD DEC PY 1997 VL 39 IS 3 BP 271 EP 293 DI 10.1023/A:1005889319205 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA YD252 UT WOS:A1997YD25200003 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Cranswick, E Frankel, A Carver, D Meremonte, M AF Hartzell, S Cranswick, E Frankel, A Carver, D Meremonte, M TI Variability of site response in the Los Angeles urban area SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; RAYLEIGH-WAVES; SEISMIC-WAVES; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA; REGION AB This article addresses the variability of site response in che Los Angeles area and possible structural causes for the observations. Aftershock records from 231 sites in the San Fernando and Los Angeles basins and the surrounding mountains are used in this study, Spectral ratios, taken with respect to a low-amplitude reference site, are used to document the variation in site amplification in the frequency range 2 to 6 Hz, both spatially and with backazimuth to the source, At higher frequencies (6 to 10 Hz), spectral ratios are shown to have greater spatial variability. Interstation spectral ratios are used to measure the standard deviation among sources as a function of station separation. An increase in the variation in ground motion is shown to cake place at a station separation of 1 km. Relative site-response estimates between nearby stations are used to demonstrate that preferred directions of motion can exist even in areas with no surface topographic effects, Significant variations in site response exist over short baselines (up to a factor of 2 over 200 m) that are not explained by differences in surficial geology or shallow shear-wave velocity. A variety of investigative approaches is used, including spectral ratios, arrival-time variations, 1D and 2D waveform modeling, and comparison with seismic reflection lines, to determine the most likely causes of these observations. A correlation is demonstrated between late arrival times of P and S waves and larger site amplification in Sherman Oaks and Northridge., This observation, in conjunction with waveform modeling and seismic reflection profiles, is used to infer that sedimentary structures in the upper 1 to 2 km and topography on the sediment-basement interface play an important role in determining site amplification. These structures, in the form of folds and buried basins, focus energy in spatially restricted areas at the surface. Comparison of displacement waveforms at nearby stations having disparate site amplifications, complemented by known shallow shear-wave velocities at selected sites, is used to support the argument that these structures, in some cases, can be the dominant factor in the modification of local ground motions. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 45 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1377 EP 1400 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YR971 UT WOS:000071550700001 ER PT J AU Cramer, CH McNutt, SR AF Cramer, CH McNutt, SR TI Spectral analysis of earthquakes in the 1989 Mammoth Mountain swarm near Long Valley, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; REDOUBT VOLCANO; CALDERA; ALASKA AB The 1989 earthquake swarm beneath Mammoth Mountain, near Long Valley, California, was unique for the area because of the occurrence of low-frequency and unusual mixed-frequency events, At the time of the swarm, a computer-based earthquake detection system with near-real-time location and spectral fitting capabilities was operational al:long Valley. This system detected over 1500 earthquakes during the swarm, About 64% of the events had a high-frequency content (4 to 8 Mt), 34% had a medium-frequency content (<4 Hz only), and 2% were low- or mixed-frequency events (similar to 2 Hz), Unusual events detected by the computer system during the 6-month swarm were I) spasmodic tremor (14 strong bursts); 2) low-frequency events (30); and 3) low-frequency events with high-frequency riders, or mixed-frequency events (4 of the 30 low-frequency events), Filtering of mixed-frequency event waveforms suggests that they are a low-frequency event triggered by an earthquake, Mixed-frequency events had a limited source depth of 4 to 6 km while most low-frequency events were shallow. However, earthquakes with lower than average frequencies had source depths of I to 9 km, which include most of the depth range of the swarm earthquakes. Based on a comparison with tremor models by Chouet (1992), fluid resonance is a satisfactory explanation for the observed mixed-frequency events, although not the only possible explanation. Estimated resonant cavity size is 100 to 150 m for the Mammoth Mountain swarm. Geodetic and geothermal as well as seismic data suggest that an intrusion of water or magma probably occurred beneath Mammoth Mountain during this swarm. Finally, the computer-based detection and data-processing system used in this study demonstrated the value of spectral fitting capabilities for monitoring volcanic areas. C1 Calif Dept Conservat, Div Mines & Geol, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Cramer, CH (reprint author), Calif Dept Conservat, Div Mines & Geol, 801 K St,MS 12-31, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1454 EP 1462 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YR971 UT WOS:000071550700006 ER PT J AU Bakun, WH Wentworth, CM AF Bakun, WH Wentworth, CM TI Estimating earthquake location and magnitude from seismic intensity data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND MOTION; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; GEOMETRY; SCALE; FAULT AB Analysis of Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) observations for a training set of 22 California earthquakes suggests a strategy for bounding the epicentral region and moment magnitude M from MMI observations only. We de fine an intensity magnitude M-I, that is calibrated to be equal in the mean to M. M-I, = mean (M-i), where M-i = (MMIi, + 3.29 + 0.0206 * Delta(i))fl,/1.68 and Delta(i) is the epicentral distance (km) of observation MMIi., The epicentral region is bounded by contours of rms [M-I] = rms(M-I, - M-i) - rms(0) (M-I, - M-i), where rms is the root mean square, rms(0) (M-I - M-i) is the minimum rms over a grid of assumed epicenters, and empirical site corrections and a distance weighting function are used. Empirical contour values for bounding the epicenter location and empirical bounds for M estimated from M-I, appropriate for different levels of confidence and different quantities of intensity observations are tabulated. The epicentral region bounds and M-I ,obtained for an independent test set of western California earthquakes are consistent with the instrumental epicenters and moment magnitudes of these earthquakes. The analysis strategy is particularly appropriate for the evaluation of pre-1900 earthquakes for which the only available data are a sparse set of intensity observations. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 49 TC 189 Z9 198 U1 0 U2 10 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1502 EP 1521 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YR971 UT WOS:000071550700011 ER PT J AU Atkinson, GM Boore, DM Boatwright, J AF Atkinson, GM Boore, DM Boatwright, J TI Comment on "Earthquake source spectra in eastern North America" by R. A. W. Haddon SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Letter ID GROUND-MOTION; PROPAGATION C1 Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Atkinson, GM (reprint author), Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 1125 Colonel Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1697 EP 1702 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YR971 UT WOS:000071550700028 ER PT J AU Lipman, PW AF Lipman, PW TI Subsidence of ash-flow calderas: relation to caldera size and magma-chamber geometry SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IAVCEI Symposium on Large Volcanic Eruptions at the 1995 IUGG Meeting CY 1995 CL BOULDER, COLORADO SP IAVCEI, IUGG DE volcanoes; caldera geometry; caldera subsidence; ash-flow tuff ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; UPPER CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CRATER-LAKE CALDERA; JUAN VOLCANIC FIELD; TRANS-PECOS TEXAS; CENTRAL ANDES; NEW-MEXICO; CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS; COLLAPSE CALDERAS; ERUPTIVE HISTORY AB Diverse subsidence geometries and collapse processes for ash-flow calderas are inferred to reflect varying sizes, roof geometries, and depths of the source magma chambers, in combination with prior volcanic and regional tectonic influences. Based largely on a review of features at eroded pre-Quaternary calderas, a continuum of geometries and subsidence styles is inferred to exist, in both island-are and continental settings, between small funnel calderas and larger plate (piston) subsidences bounded by arcuate faults. Within most ring-fault calderas, the subsided block is variably disrupted, due to differential movement during ash-flow eruptions and postcollapse magmatism, but highly chaotic piecemeal subsidence appears to be uncommon for large-diameter calderas. Small-scale downsag structures and accompanying extensional fractures develop along margins of most calderas during early stages of subsidence, but downsag is dominant only at calderas that have not subsided deeply. Calderas that are loci for multicyclic ash-flow eruption and subsidence cycles have the most complex internal structures. Large calderas have flared inner topographic walls due to land-sliding of unstable slopes, and the resulting slide debris can constitute large proportions of caldera fill. Because the slide debris is concentrated near caldera walls, models from geophysical data can suggest a funnel geometry, even for large plate-subsidence calderas bounded by ring faults. Simple geometric models indicate that many large calderas have subsided 3-5 km, greater than the depth of most naturally exposed sections of intracaldera deposits. Many ring-fault plate-subsidence calderas and intrusive ring complexes have been recognized in the western U.S., Japan, and elsewhere, but no well-documented examples of exposed eroded calderas have large-scale funnel geometry or chaotically disrupted caldera floors. Reported ignimbrite "shields" in the central Andes, where large-volume ash-flows are inferred to have erupted without caldera collapse, seem alternatively interpretable as more conventional calderas that were filled to overflow by younger lavas and tuffs. Some exposed subcaldera intrusions provide insights concerning subsidence processes, but such intrusions may continue to evolve in volume, roof geometry, depth, and composition after formation of associated calderas. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lipman, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 129 TC 262 Z9 269 U1 3 U2 31 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3 BP 198 EP 218 DI 10.1007/s004450050186 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YM558 UT WOS:000071076800004 ER PT J AU Huber-Sannwald, E Pyke, DA Caldwell, MM AF Huber-Sannwald, E Pyke, DA Caldwell, MM TI Perception of neighbouring plants by rhizomes and roots: morphological manifestations of a clonal plant SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Agropyron desertorum; clonal morphology; Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus; plant interference; plant contact; Pseudoroegneria spicata; rhizome structure; root systems ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L; HERB GLECHOMA-HEDERACEA; GROWTH-RESPONSES; PERMANENT PASTURE; LOLIUM-PERENNE; AXILLARY BUDS; WHITE CLOVER; PLASTICITY; COMMUNICATION; ARCHITECTURE AB A previous study showed that clonal morphology of the rhizomatous grass Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus (Scibner & J.G. Smith Could) was influenced more by neighbouring root systems than by the local distribution of nutrients. In this study we determine whether individual rhizomes or roots of E. lanceolatus perceive neighbouring root systems and how this is manifested in morphological responses of E. lanceolatus clones. Elymus lanceolatus was grown in the same bin with Pseudoregneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love or Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. plants. Elymus lanceolatus was separated from its neighbours by different barriers. The barriers allowed either only E. lanceolatus roots; only a single E. lanceolatus primary rhizome; or both roots and rhizomes to contact the neighbour root system. When only a single E. lanceolatus primary rhizome with potentially developing branching rhizomes made contact with the neighbour, the clonal structure of E. lanceolatus was modified more with P. spicata as the neighbour than with A. desertorum. With root contact of E. lanceolatus alone there was a similar effect with the neighbouring plants, but there was a more marked inhibitory effect on E. lanceolatus clonal growth with P. spicata than with A. desertorum, compared with the treatment with only a single rhizome in contact with the neighbour. Root resource competition in the unconstrained treatment (roots and rhizomes) between neighbouring plant and E. lanceolatus was more apparent with A. desertorum than with P. spicata. This study is one of the first to document that rhizome and root contact of a clonal plant with its neighbours may induce different clonal responses depending on the species of neighbour. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Huber-Sannwald, E (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Grunlandlehre, D-85350 Freising, Germany. RI Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth/D-2507-2009 NR 36 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 16 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 2146 EP 2157 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZA839 UT WOS:000072407200013 ER PT J AU Coombs, DS Alberti, A Armbruster, T Artioli, G Colella, C Galli, E Grice, JD Liebau, F Mandarino, JA Minato, H Nickel, EH Passaglia, E Peacor, DR Quartieri, S Rinaldi, R Ross, M Sheppard, RA Tillmanns, E Vezzalini, G AF Coombs, DS Alberti, A Armbruster, T Artioli, G Colella, C Galli, E Grice, JD Liebau, F Mandarino, JA Minato, H Nickel, EH Passaglia, E Peacor, DR Quartieri, S Rinaldi, R Ross, M Sheppard, RA Tillmanns, E Vezzalini, G TI Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: Report of the subcommittee on zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Review DE zeolite nomenclature; herschelite; leonhardite; svetlozarite; wellsite; brewsterite; chabazite; clinoptilolite; dachiardite; erionite; faujasite; ferrierite; gmelinite; heulandite; levyne; paulingite; phillipsite; stilbite ID HIGH-SILICA ZEOLITE; PARTIALLY DISORDERED NATROLITE; HEULANDITE GROUP ZEOLITES; CRYSTAL X-RAY; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; ORDER-DISORDER; K-RICH; NATURAL COUNTERPART; TETRAHEDRAL FRAMEWORK AB This report embodies recommendations on zeolite nomenclature approved by the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. In a working definition of a zeolite mineral used for this review, structures containing an interrupted framework of tetrahedra are accepted where other zeolitic properties prevail, and complete substitution by elements other than Si and Al is allowed. Separate species are recognized in topologically distinctive compositional series in which different extra-framework cations are the most abundant in atomic proportions. To name these, the appropriate chemical symbol is attached by a hyphen to the series name as a suffix, except for the names harmotome, pollucite and wairakite in the phillipsite and analcime series. Differences in space-group symmetry and in order-disorder relationships in zeolites having the same topologically distinctive framework do not in general provide adequate grounds for recognition of separate species. Zeolite species are not to be distinguished solely on the ratio Si : Al except for heulandite (Si :Al < 4.0) and clinoptilolite (Si :Al greater than or equal to 4.0). Dehydration, partial hydration, and overhydration are not sufficient grounds for the recognition of separate species of zeolites. Use of the term "ideal formula" should be avoided in referring to a simplified or averaged formula of a zeolite. Newly recognized species in compositional series are as follows: brewsterite-Sr, -Ba, chabazire-Ca, -Na, -K, clinoptilolite-K, -Na, -Ca, dachiardite-Ca, -Na, erionite-Na, -K, -Ca, faujasite-Na, -Ca, -Mg, fenierite-Mg, -K, -Na, gmelinite-Na, -Ca, -K, heulandite-Ca, -Na, -K, -Sr, levyne-Ca, -Na, paulingite-K, -Ca, phillipsite-Na, -Ca, -K, and stilbite-Ca, -Na. Key references, type locality, origin of name, chemical data, IZA structure-type symbols, space-group symmetry, unit-cell dimensions, and comments on structure are listed for 13 compositional series, 82 accepted zeolite mineral species, and three of doubtful status. Herschelite, leonhardite, svetlozarite, and wellsite are discredited as mineral species names. Obsolete and discredited names are listed. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Geol, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Ferrara, Ist Mineral, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Univ Bern, Lab Chem & Mineral Kristallog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Milano, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Mat & Prod, I-80125 Naples, Italy. Univ Modena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Canadian Museum Nat, Mineral Sci Div, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. Univ Kiel, Mineral Petrog Inst, D-2300 Kiel, Germany. Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Mineral, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. CSIRO, Div Explorat & Min, Wembly, WA 6014, Australia. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Kristallog & Mineral, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Coombs, DS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Geol, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM doug.coombs@stonebow.otago.ac.nz RI Artioli, Gilberto/F-2149-2015; Vezzalini, Giovanna/L-4077-2015; OI Artioli, Gilberto/0000-0002-8693-7392; Vezzalini, Giovanna/0000-0002-4050-7311; Quartieri, Simona/0000-0001-5646-8057; Armbruster, Thomas/0000-0002-9586-2097 NR 292 TC 215 Z9 221 U1 4 U2 33 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN, ONTARIO K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 BP 1571 EP 1606 PN 6 PG 36 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA ZK009 UT WOS:000073275800019 ER PT J AU Chiou, CT Rutherford, DW AF Chiou, CT Rutherford, DW TI Effects of exchanged cation and layer charge on the sorption of water and EGME vapors on montmorillonite clays SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE cation solvation; EGME isotherms; excess interlayer uptake; exchanged cation; interlayer spacings; layer charge; layer separation; microporosity; montmorillonite; surface adsorption; water isotherms ID ADSORPTION AB The effects of exchanged cation and layer charge on the sorption of water and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) vapors on montmorillonite have been studied on SAz-1 and SWy-1 source clays, each exchanged respectively with Ca, Na, K, Cs and tetramethylammonium (TMA) cations. The corresponding lattice expansions were also determined, and the corresponding N-2 adsorption data were provided for comparison. For clays exchanged with cations of low hydrating powers (such as K, Cs and TMA), water shows a notably lower uptake than does N-2 at low relative pressures (P/P-0). By contrast, EGME shows higher uptakes than N-2 on all exchanged clays at all P/P-0. The anomaly for water is attributed to its relatively low attraction for siloxane surfaces of montmorillonite because of its high cohesive energy density. In addition to solvating cations and expanding interlayers, water and EGME vapors condense into small clay pores and interlayer voids created by interlayer expansion. The initial (dry) interlayer separation varies more significantly with cation type than with layer charge; the water-saturated interlayer separation varies more with cation type than the EGME-saturated interlayer separation. Because of the differences in surface adsorption and interlayer expansion for water and EGME, no general correspondence is found between the isotherms of water and EGME on exchanged clays, nor is a simple relation observed between the overall uptake of either vapor and the cation solvating power. The excess interlayer capacities of water and of EGME that result from lattice expansion of the exchanged clays are estimated by correcting for amounts of vapor adsorption on planar clay surfaces and of vapor condensation into intrinsic clay pores. The resulting data follow more closely the relative solvating powers of the exchanged cations. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 20 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 32 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 867 EP 880 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450611 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA YU369 UT WOS:000071710200011 ER PT J AU Van Pelt, TI Piatt, JF Lance, BK Roby, DD AF Van Pelt, TI Piatt, JF Lance, BK Roby, DD TI Proximate composition and energy density of some North Pacific forage fishes SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE calorimetry; capelin; energetics; forage fish; foraging ecology; lipid content; myctophid; pollock; proximate composition; sand lance ID SEABIRD; GROWTH; ALASKA; FOOD AB Mature pelagic forage fish species (capelin, sand lance, squid) had greater lipid concentrations than juvenile age-classes of large demersal and pelagic fish species (walleye pollock, Pacific cod, Atka mackerel, greenling, prowfish, rockfish, sablefish). Myctophids preyed on by puffins have at least twice as much lipid per gram compared to mature capelin, sand lance and squid, and an order of magnitude greater lipid concentrations than juvenile forage fish. Energy density of forage fishes was positively correlated with lipid content, and negatively correlated with water, ash-free lean dry mass (mostly protein), and ash contents. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Natl Biol Serv, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Van Pelt, TI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM thomas_van_pelt@nbs.gov NR 25 TC 108 Z9 113 U1 7 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1393 EP 1398 DI 10.1016/S0300-9629(97)00240-5 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA YN802 UT WOS:000071209300059 ER PT J AU Jennings, MD Csuti, B Scott, JM AF Jennings, MD Csuti, B Scott, JM TI Wildlife habitat relationship models: Distribution and abundance SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV IDAHO,IDAHO COOPERAT FIS & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MOSCOW,ID 83844. UNIV IDAHO,IDAHO COOPERAT FIS & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,DIV BIOL RES,US GEOL SURVEY,MOSCOW,ID 83844. RP Jennings, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV BIOL RES,NATL GAP ANAL PROGRAM,530 S ASBURY ST,SUITE 1,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1271 EP 1272 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YK806 UT WOS:A1997YK80600003 ER PT J AU Dyman, TS Tysdal, RG Perry, WJ Obradovich, JD Haley, JC Nichols, DJ AF Dyman, TS Tysdal, RG Perry, WJ Obradovich, JD Haley, JC Nichols, DJ TI Correlation of upper Cretaceous strata from Lima Peaks area to Madison Range, southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho, USA SO CRETACEOUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cretaceous; frontier formation; Montana; USA; correlation ID DEFORMATION; FORELAND; BASIN; AGE AB An Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 85.81 Ma +/- 0.22 my was obtained on sanidine from a volcanic procellanite bed near the top of the 2135 + m-thick Upper Cretaceous Frontier Formation in the Lima Peaks area of southwestern Montana. This early Santonian age, combined with previously determined age data including a palynological age of Cenomanian for the lower Frontier at Lima Peaks, and a U-Pb isotopic date of about 95 Ma for the base of the Frontier Formation in the eastern Pioneer Mountains north of the Lima Peaks area, provides an age range for this nonmarine formation. In the Madison Range, farther east in southwestern Montana, this age range corresponds to marine strata of not only the Frontier Formation, bur also the overlying Cody Shale and Telegraph Creek Formation, a sequence that totals less than 760 m thick. The Upper Cretaceous marine formations of the Madison Range are closely zoned by molluscan faunas that are well constrained with radiometric dates. The Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 85.81 Ma +/- 0.22 my at Lima Peaks is bracketed by radiometric dates for the Scaphites depressus - Protexanites bourgeoisianus biozone and the overlying Chioscaphites saxitonianus - Inoceramus undulatoplicatus biozone of the Western Interior. Fossils of both of these biozones are present in the Cody Shale and the Telegraph Creek Formation in the Madison Range. The Telegraph Creek contains two units of volcanic ash that are approximate time equivalents of the volcanic procellanite of the Lima Peaks area. Clasts in the conglomerate of the upper part of the Frontier in the Lima Peaks area were shed during the initial stages of uplift of the Blacktail-Snowcrest highlands which rose to the north. The dated porcellanite lies above the conglomerates and indicates that the uplift was initiated by middle or late Coniacian, 87-88 Ma. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Dyman, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6671 J9 CRETACEOUS RES JI Cretac. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 18 IS 6 BP 751 EP 766 DI 10.1006/cres.1997.0079 PG 16 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA YT787 UT WOS:000071645000001 ER PT J AU Mosenfelder, JL Bohlen, SR AF Mosenfelder, JL Bohlen, SR TI Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE coesite; quartz; kinetics; phase transitions; high pressure ID OLIVINE-SPINEL TRANSFORMATION; PRESSURE METAMORPHIC ROCKS; PISTON-CYLINDER APPARATUS; DORA-MAIRA MASSIF; WESTERN ALPS; EASTERN CHINA; STRAIN-ENERGY; HYDROXYL; BEARING; PSEUDOMORPHS AB The survival of coesite in ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks has important implications for the exhumation of subducted crustal rocks. We have conducted experiments to study the mechanism and rate of the coesite --> quartz transformation using polycrystalline coesite aggregates, fabricated by devitrifying silica glass cylinders containing 2850H/10(6) Si at 1000 degrees C and 3.6 Cpa for 24h. Conditions were adjusted following synthesis to transform the samples at 700-1000 degrees C at pressures 190-410 MPa below the quartz-coesite equilibrium boundary.:Reaction proceeds via grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth, with characteristic reaction textures remarkably similar to those seen in natural UKP rocks. We infer that the experimental reaction mechanism is identical to that in nature, a prerequisite for reliable extrapolation of the rate data. Growth rates obtained by direct measurement differ by up to two orders of magnitude from those estimated by fitting a rate equation to the transformation-time data. Fitting the rates to Turnbull's equation for growth therefore yields two distinct sets of parameters with similar activation energies (242 or 269 kJ/mol) but significantly different pre-exponential constants. Extrapolation based on either set of growth rates su nests that coesite should not be preserved on geologic time scales if it reaches the quartz stability field at temperatures above 375-400 degrees C. The survival of coesite has previously been linked to its inclusion in strong phases, such as garnet, that can sustain a high internal pressure during decompression. Other factors that may play a crucial role in preservation are low fluid availability - possibly even less than that of our nominally "dry" experiments - and the development of transformation stress, which inhibits nucleation and growth. These issues are discussed in the context of our experiments as well as recent observations from natural rocks. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Mosenfelder, JL (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. NR 53 TC 82 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 153 IS 1-2 BP 133 EP 147 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00159-3 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YP948 UT WOS:000071332100009 ER PT J AU Link, WA Sauer, JR AF Link, WA Sauer, JR TI New approaches to the analysis of population trends in land birds: Comment SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Link, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 9 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2632 EP 2634 PG 3 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YK726 UT WOS:A1997YK72600031 ER PT J AU Ruetz, CR Jennings, CA AF Ruetz, CR Jennings, CA TI Efficacy of a vacuum benthos sampler for collecting demersal fish eggs from gravel substratum SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE vacuum benthos sampler; demersal eggs; gravel AB We used two densities of eggs (low = 900 eggs/m(2); high = 5100 eggs/m(2)) in laboratory experiments to estimate the recovery efficiency of the Brown benthos sampler for collecting fish eggs from gravel substrate and to determine if differences (e.g., 5-fold) in egg density in the substratum could be detected with the sampler. The mean egg recovery efficiency of the sampler in the low and high density treatments was 30% (SE = 8.7) and 35% (SE = 3.8), respectively. The difference between the treatment means was not significant. Therefore, data from the two treatments were pooled and used to estimate the recovery efficiency of the sampler (32.7%, SE = 4.4). However, we were able to detect a 5 x difference in the number of eggs collected with the sampler between the two treatments. Our estimate of the recovery efficiency of the sampler for collecting fish eggs was less than those reported for the sampler's efficiency for collecting benthic macroinvertebrates. The low recovery efficiency of the sampler for collecting fish eggs does not lessen the utility of the device. Rather, ecologists planning to use the sampler must estimate the recovery efficiency of target fauna, especially if density estimates are to be calculated, because recovery efficiency probably is less than 100%. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA USA. RP Jennings, CA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD DEC PY 1997 VL 6 IS 4 BP 241 EP 244 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00166.x PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YM348 UT WOS:000071054600006 ER PT J AU Luthy, RG Aiken, GR Brusseau, ML Cunningham, SD Gschwend, PM Pignatello, JJ Reinhard, M Traina, SJ Weber, WJ Westall, JC AF Luthy, RG Aiken, GR Brusseau, ML Cunningham, SD Gschwend, PM Pignatello, JJ Reinhard, M Traina, SJ Weber, WJ Westall, JC TI Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; INTERFACIAL FILMS; AQUIFER MATERIAL; SOILS; SEDIMENTS; WATER; CHEMICALS AB The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) with soils and sediments (geosorbents) may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. The underlying physical and chemical phenomena potentially responsible for this apparent sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents are not well understood. This challenges our concepts for assessing exposure and toxicity and for setting environmental quality criteria. Currently there are no direct observational data revealing the molecular-scale locations in which nonpolar organic compounds accumulate when associated with natural soils or sediments. Hence macroscopic observations are used to make inferences about sorption mechanisms and the chemical factors affecting the sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents. Recent observations suggest that HOC interactions with geosorbents comprise different inorganic and organic surfaces and matrices, and distinctions may be drawn along these lines, particularly with regard to the roles of inorganic micropores, natural sorbent organic matter components, combustion residue particulate carbon, and spilled organic liquids. Certain manipulations of sorbates or sorbent media may help reveal sorption mechanisms, but mixed sorption phenomena complicate the interpretation of macroscopic data regarding diffusion of HOCs into and out of different matrices and the hysteretic sorption and aging effects commonly observed for geosorbents. Analytical characterizations at the microscale, and mechanistic models derived therefrom, are needed to advance scientific knowledge of HOC sequestration, release, and environmental risk. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SOIL WATER & ENVIRONM SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. DUPONT ENVIRONM BIOTECHNOL,NEWARK,DE 19714. MIT,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. CONNECTICUT AGR EXPT STN,NEW HAVEN,CT 06504. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,STANFORD,CA 94305. OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Luthy, RG (reprint author), CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213, USA. NR 71 TC 696 Z9 757 U1 22 U2 171 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3341 EP 3347 DI 10.1021/es970512m PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200024 ER PT J AU Liu, SP Lu, JC Kolpin, DW Meeker, WQ AF Liu, SP Lu, JC Kolpin, DW Meeker, WQ TI Analysis of environmental data with censored observations SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; PESTICIDES; METABOLITES AB The potential threats to humans and to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from environmental contamination could depend on the sum of the concentrations of different chemicals. However, direct summation of environmental data is not generally feasible because it is common for some chemical concentrations to be recorded as being below the analytical reporting limit. This creates special problems in the analysis of the data. A new model selection procedure, named forward censored regression, is introduced for selecting an appropriate model for environmental data with censored observations. The procedure is demonstrated using concentrations of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), deethylatrazine (DEA, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine) in groundwater in the midwestern United States by using the data derived from a previous study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. More than 80% of the observations for each compound for this study were left censored at 0.05 mu g/L. The values for censored observations of atrazine, DEA, and DIA are imputed with the selected models. The summation of atrazine residue (atrazine + DEA + DIA) can then he calculated using the combination of observed and imputed values to generate a pseudo-complete data set. The all-subsets regression procedure is applied to the pseudo-complete data to select the final model for atrazine residue. The methodology presented can be used to analyze similar cases of environmental contamination involving censored data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,IOWA CITY,IA 52244. IBM CORP,GLOBAL BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOLUT,BANKING FINANCE & SECUR CONSULTING,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94111. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT STAT,AMES,IA 50011. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3358 EP 3362 DI 10.1021/es960695x PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200026 ER PT J AU Smith, JA Sahoo, D McLellan, HM Imbrigiotta, TE AF Smith, JA Sahoo, D McLellan, HM Imbrigiotta, TE TI Surfactant-enhanced remediation of a trichloroethene-contaminated aquifer .1. Transport of triton X-100 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER SYSTEMS; NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NEW-JERSEY; UNSATURATED-ZONE; MICELLAR PHASE; SOLUBILIZATION; SORPTION; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS AB Transport of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) at aqueous concentrations less than 400 mg/L through a trichloroethene-contaminated sand-and-gravel aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, has been studied through a series of laboratory and field experiments. In the laboratory, batch and column experiments were conducted to quantify the rate and amount of Triton X-100 sorption to the aquifer sediments. In the field, a 400 mg/L aqueous Triton X-100 solution was injected into the aquifer at a rate of 26.5 L/min for a 35-d period. The transport of Triton X-100 was monitored by sampling and analysis of groundwater at six locations surrounding the injection well. Equilibrium batch sorption experiments showed that Triton X-100 sorbs strongly and nonlinearly to the field soil with the sharpest inflection point of the isotherm occurring at an equilibrium aqueous Triton X-100 concentration close to critical micelle concentration. Batch, soil column, and field experimental data were analyzed with zero-, one-, and two-dimensional (respectively) transient solute transport models with either equilibrium or rate-limited sorption. These analyses reveal that Triton X-100 sorption to the aquifer solids is slow relative to advective and dispersive transport and that an equilibrium sorption model cannot simulate accurately the observed soil column and field data. Comparison of kinetic sorption parameters from batch, column, and field transport data indicate that both physical heterogeneities and Triton X-100 mass transfer between water and soil contribute to the kinetic transport effects. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. RP Smith, JA (reprint author), UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,PROGRAM INTERDISCIPLINARY RES CONTAMINANT HYDROL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903, USA. RI Smith, James/B-4617-2011 NR 45 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3565 EP 3572 DI 10.1021/es970314v PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200056 ER PT J AU Church, CD Isabelle, LM Pankow, JF Rose, DL Tratnyek, PG AF Church, CD Isabelle, LM Pankow, JF Rose, DL Tratnyek, PG TI Method for determination of methyl tert-butyl ether and its degradation products in water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIRECT AQUEOUS INJECTION; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRACE ANALYSIS; TRIHALOMETHANES AB An analytical method is described that can detect the major alkyl ether compounds that are used as gasoline oxygenates (methyl tert-butyl ether, MTBE; ethyl tert-butyl ether, ETBE; and tert-amyl methyl ether, TAME) and their most characteristic degradation products (tert-butyl alcohol, TBA; tert-butylformate, TBF; and tert-amyl alcohol, TAA) in water at sub-ppb concentrations. The new method involves gas chromatography (GC) with direct aqueous injection (DAI) onto a polar column via a splitless injector, coupled with detection by mass spectrometry (MS). DAI-GC/MS gives excellent agreement with conventional purge-and-trap methods for MTBE over a wide range of environmentally relevant concentrations. The new method can also give simultaneous identification of polar compounds that might occur as degradation products of gasoline oxygenates, such as TEA, TBF, TAA, methyl acetate, and acetone. When the method was applied to effluent from a column microcosm prepared with core material from an urban site in New Jersey, conversion of MTBE to TBA was observed after a lag period of 35 days. However, to date, analyses of water samples from six field sites using the DAI-GC/MS method have not produced evidence for the expected products of in situ degradation of MTBE. C1 OREGON GRAD INST SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,PORTLAND,OR 97291. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 38 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3723 EP 3726 DI 10.1021/es9705452 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200078 ER PT J AU Huckins, JN Petty, JD Lebo, JA Orazio, CE Prest, DE AF Huckins, JN Petty, JD Lebo, JA Orazio, CE Prest, DE TI Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs by semipermeable membrane devices and Mytilus edulis in New Bedford Harbor - Comment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID CONTAMINANTS; WATER C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,LONG MARINE LAB,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95060. RP Huckins, JN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3732 EP 3733 DI 10.1021/es9704287 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200081 ER PT J AU Carter, LF Porter, SD AF Carter, LF Porter, SD TI Trace-element accumulation by Hygrohypnum ochraceum in the upper Rio Grande basin, Colorado and New Mexico, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic bryophytes; moss; bioconcentration; trace element; Hygrohypnum ochraceum ID AQUATIC MOSSES; METAL CONTAMINATION; HEAVY-METALS; BRYOPHYTES; SILVER; WALES; RIVER AB Accumulation of 12 trace elements by transplanted aquatic bryophytes (Hygrohypnum ochraceum) was determined at 13 sites in the Rio Grande and tributary streams in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purposes of the study were to determine the spatial distribution of trace elements in relation to land-use practices in the upper Rio Grande Basin, compare accumulation rates of metals ill bryophytes at sites contaminated by trace elements, and evaluate transplanted aquatic bryophytes as a tool for examining the bioavailability of trace elements in relation to concentrations in water and bed sediment. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in bryophytes, water, and bed sediment were significantly higher at sites that receive drainage from mining areas than at sites near agricultural or urban activities. Concentrations of most trace elements were lower in a tributary stream below an urban source than at sites near mining or agricultural use. Concentrations of Cu and Zn in bryophytes correlated with concentrations in water and bed sediment. In addition, bryophyte concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb correlated with concentrations in bed sediment. Transplanted bryophytes can provide an indication of bioavailability. Rates of accumulation were related to the magnitude of ambient trace-element concentrations; maximal uptake occurred during the first 10 d of exposure. Trace-element concentrations in transplanted bryophytes could potentially be used to predict water and sediment concentrations that represent an integration of conditions over short to intermediate lengths of time, rather than instantaneous conditions as measured using water samples. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP Carter, LF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4501 INDIAN SCH RD NE,SUITE 200,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110, USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 12 BP 2521 EP 2528 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2521:TEABHO>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YH377 UT WOS:A1997YH37700013 ER PT J AU Roman, CT Peck, JA Allen, JR King, JW Appleby, PG AF Roman, CT Peck, JA Allen, JR King, JW Appleby, PG TI Accretion of a New England (USA) salt marsh in response to inlet migration, storms, and sea-level rise SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE salt marsh; sedimentation rates; Pb-210; Cs-137; radiocarbon; sea-level rise; storms; Massachusetts (USA) ID SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION; PLANT COMMUNITY; ORGANIC-MATTER; TIDAL MARSH; PB-210; RATES; BAY; MASSACHUSETTS; CONNECTICUT; WETLAND AB Sediment accumulation rates were determined at several sites throughout Nauset Marsh (Massachusetts, U.S.A.), a back-barrier lagoonal system, using feldspar marker horizons to evaluate short-term rates (1 to 2 year scales) and radiometric techniques to estimate rates over longer time scales (Cs-137, Pb-210, C-14). The barrier spit fronting the Spartina-dominated study site has a complex geomorphic history of inlet migration acid overwash events. This study evaluates sediment accumulation rates in relation to inlet migration, storm events and sea-level rise. The marker horizon technique displayed strong temporal and spatial variability in response to storm events and proximity to the inlet. Sediment accumulation rates of up to 24 mm year(-1) were recorded in the immediate vicinity of the inlet during a period that included several major coastal storms, while feldspar sites remote from the inlet had substantially lower rates (trace accumulation to 2.2 mm year(-1)). During storm-free periods, accumulation rates did not exceed 6.7 mm year(-1), but remained quite variable among sites. Based on Cs-137 (3.8 to 4.5 mm year(-1)) and Pb-210 (2.6 to 4.2 mm year(-1)) radiometric techniques, integrating sediment accumulation over decadal time scales, the marsh appeared to be keeping pace with the relative rate of sea-level rise from 1921 to 1993 of 2.4 mm year(-1) At one site, the Pb-210-based sedimentation rate and rate of relative sea-level rise were nearly similar and pear rhizome analysis revealed that Distichlis spicata recently replaced this once S. patens site, suggesting that this portion of Nauset Marsh may be getting wetter, thus representing an initial response to wetland submergence. Horizon markers are useful in evaluating the role of short-term events, such as storms or inlet migration, influencing marsh sedimentation processes. However, sampling methods that integrate marsh sedimentation over decadal time scales are preferable when evaluating a systems response to sea-level rise. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Boston, MA 02109 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Roman, CT (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 42 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 30 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 717 EP 727 DI 10.1006/ecss.1997.0236 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YR164 UT WOS:000071466700002 ER PT J AU Fabrizio, MC Adams, JV Curtis, GL AF Fabrizio, MC Adams, JV Curtis, GL TI Assessing prey fish populations in Lake Michigan: comparison of simultaneous acoustic-midwater trawling with bottom trawling SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bottom trawling; acoustic sampling; fish populations; Great Lakes; midwater trawling; alewife; rainbow smelt; bloater; fish distributions; Lake Michigan ID SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; ABUNDANCE; CLASSIFICATION; ALEWIVES; HADDOCK; SCHOOLS; SALMON; CATCH; TROUT; TOOL AB The Lake Michigan fish community has been monitored since the 1960s with bottom trawls, and since the late 1980s with acoustics and midwater trawls. These sampling tools are limited to different habitats: bottom trawls sample fish near bottom in areas with smooth substrates, and acoustic methods sample fish throughout the water column above all substrate types. We compared estimates of fish densities and species richness from daytime bottom trawling with those estimated from night-time acoustic and midwater trawling at a range of depths in northeastern Lake Michigan in summer 1995. We examined estimates of total fish density as well as densities of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), bloater Coregonus hoyi (Gill), and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax: (Mitchell) because these three species are the dominant forage of large piscivores in Lake Michigan. In shallow water (18 m), we detected more species but fewer fish (in fish/ha and kg/ha) with bottom trawls than with acoustic-midwater trawling. Large aggregations of rainbow smelt were detected by acoustic-midwater trawling at 18 m and contributed to the differences in total fish density estimates between gears at this depth. Numerical and biomass densities of bloaters from all depths were significantly higher when based on bottom trawl samples than on acoustic-midwater trawling, and this probably contributed to the observed significant difference between methods for total fish densities (kg/ha) at 55 m. Significantly fewer alewives per ha were estimated from bottom trawling than from acoustics-midwater trawling at 55 m, and in deeper waters, no alewives were taken by bottom trawling. The differences detected between gears resulted from alewife, bloater, and rainbow smelt vertical distributions, which varied with lake depth and time of day. Because Lake Michigan fishes are both demersal and pelagic, a single sampling method cannot be used to completely describe characteristics of the fish community. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Fabrizio, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 45 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 1-3 BP 37 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00061-1 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YT365 UT WOS:000071595000003 ER PT J AU Lavoie, DL Richardson, MD Holmes, C AF Lavoie, DL Richardson, MD Holmes, C TI Benthic boundary layer processes in the Lower Florida Keys SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article AB This special issue of Geo-Marine Letters, "Benthic Boundary Layer Processes in the Lower Florida Keys," includes 12 papers that present preliminary results from the Key West Campaign. The Dry Tortugas and Marquesas Keys test sites were selected by a group of 115 scientists and technicians to study benthic boundary layer processes in a carbonate environment controlled by bioturbation and biogeochemical processes. Major activities included remote sediment classification; high-frequency acoustic scattering experiments; sediment sampling for radiological, geotechnical, biological, biogeochemical, physical, and geoacoustic studies; and hydrodynamic studies using an instrumented tetrapod. All these data are being used to improve our understanding of the effects of environmental processes on sediment structure and behavior. C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Geosci Div, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Lavoie, DL (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Geosci Div, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 232 EP 236 DI 10.1007/s003670050032 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA YP537 UT WOS:000071287800001 ER PT J AU Godfrey, NJ Beaudoin, BC Klemperer, SL AF Godfrey, NJ Beaudoin, BC Klemperer, SL TI Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID COAST RANGE OPHIOLITE; ANDREAS FAULT ZONE; SIERRA-NEVADA; TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; SACRAMENTO VALLEY; PLATE; EVOLUTION; GEOMETRY; OROGENY AB The nature of the Great Valley basement, whether oceanic or continental, has long been a source of controversy, A velocity model (derived from a 200-km-long east-west reflection-refraction profile collected south of the Mendocino triple junction, northern California, in 1993), further constrained by density and magnetic models, reveals an ophiolite underlying the Great Valley (Great Valley ophiolite), which in turn is underlain by a westward extension of lower-density continental crust (Sierran affinity material), We used an integrated modeling philosophy, first modeling the seismic-refraction data to obtain a final velocity model, and then modeling the long-wavelength features of the gravity data to obtain a final density model that is constrained in the upper crust by our velocity model, The crustal section of Great Valley ophiolite is 7-8 km thick, and the GI eat Valley ophiolite relict oceanic Moho is at 11-16 km depth, The Great Valley ophiolite does not extend west beneath the Coast Ranges, but only as far as the western mel-gin of the Great Valley, where the 5-7-km-thick Great Valley ophiolite mantle section dips west into the present-day mantle. There are 16-18 hn of lower-density Sierran affinity material beneath the Great Valley ophiolite mantle section, such that a second, deeper, ''present-day'' continental Moho is at about 34 km depth, At mid-crustal depths, the boundary between the eastern extent of the Great Valley ophiolite and the western extent of Sierran affinity material is a near-vertical velocity and density discontinuity about SO km cast of the western margin of the Great Valley. Our model has important implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin, We suggest I-hat a thick ophiolite sequence was obducted onto continental material, probably during the Jurassic Nevadan orogeny, so that the Great Valley basement is oceanic crust above oceanic mantle vertically stacked above continental crust and continental mantle. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. RICE UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,HOUSTON,TX 77251. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. LEHIGH UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,BETHLEHEM,PA 18015. OREGON STATE UNIV,SCH OCEANOG,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RI Klemperer, Simon/A-5919-2012; OI Klemperer, Simon/0000-0001-7050-1829 NR 105 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1536 EP 1562 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1536:OBTTGV>2.3.CO;2 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YL371 UT WOS:A1997YL37100002 ER PT J AU MacCready, T Snoke, AW Wright, JE Howard, KA AF MacCready, T Snoke, AW Wright, JE Howard, KA TI Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada? SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EAST HUMBOLDT RANGE; SEISMIC-REFLECTION DATA; NORMAL-FAULT SYSTEMS; SEVIER THRUST BELT; IVREA-VERBANO ZONE; U-PB AGES; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; NORTHEAST NEVADA; TECTONOTHERMAL EVOLUTION; GREAT-BASIN AB Structural analysis and geochronologic data indicate a nearly orthogonal, late Eocene-Oligocene flow pattern in migmatitic infrastructure immediately beneath the kilometer-thick, extensional, mylonitic shear zone of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex, Nevada, New U-Pb radiometric dating indicates that the development of a northward-trending lineation in the infrastructure is partly coeval with the development of a pervasive, west-northwest-trending lineation in lie mylonitic shear zone, U-rb monazite data from the Leucogranite orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek indicate a crystallization age of ca. 36-39 Ma, Zircon fractions from a biotite monzogranite dike yield an age of ca, 29 Ma, The three dated samples from these units exhibit a penetrative, approximately north-south-trending elongation lineation, This lineation is commonly defined by oriented bundles of silimanite and/or elongated aggregates of quartz and feldspar, indicating a synmetamorphic and syndeformational origin, The elongation lineation can be interpreted as a slip line in the flow plane of the migmatitic, nonmylonitic infrastructural core of the northern Ruby Mountains, A portion of this midcrustal flow is coeval with the well-documented, west-northwest sense of slip in the structurally overlying kilometer-thick, mid-Tertiary mylonitic shear zone, Lineations in the mylonitic zone are orthogonal to those in the deeper infrastructure, suggesting fundamental plastic decoupling between structural levels in this core complex, Furthermore, the infrastructure is characterized by overlapping, oppositely verging fold nappes, which are rooted to the east and west, One of the nappes mag be synkinematic with the intrusion of the late Eocene orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek, In addition, the penetrative, elongation lineation in the infrastructure is subparallel to hinge lines of parasitic folds developed synchronous with the fold nappes, suggesting a kinematically related evolution, The area is evaluated in terms of a whole-crust extension model, Magmatic underplating irt the lower crust stimulated the production of late Eoceno-early Oligocene granitic magmas, which invaded metasedimentary and it Mesozoic granitic rocks of the middle crust. The midcrustal rocks, weakened by the magmatic heat influx, acted as a low-viscosity compensating material, decoupled from an extending upper crust. The fold nappes and lineation trends suggest large-scale flow of the weakened crust into the study area, The inflow pattern in the migmatitic infrastructure can be interpreted as a manifestation of midcrustal migration into an area beneath a domain of highly extended upper crustal rocks, At present the inferred Eocene-early Oligocene phase of upper-crust extension remains unknown, but available data on relative and geochronologic timing are not inconsistent with our model of return Row irate an area already undergoing large-scale upper-crustal extension. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RICE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,HOUSTON,TX 77001. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 81 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1576 EP 1594 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1576:MCFDTE>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YL371 UT WOS:A1997YL37100004 ER PT J AU Conrad, JE McKee, EH AF Conrad, JE McKee, EH TI A tale of 10 plutons - Revisited: Age of granitic rocks in the White Mountains, California and Nevada: Reply SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Letter RP Conrad, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1631 EP 1632 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YL371 UT WOS:A1997YL37100008 ER PT J AU Hull, DM Blome, CD Pessagno, EA AF Hull, DM Blome, CD Pessagno, EA TI Paleomagnetism of Jurassic radiolarian chert above the Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain, California, and implications for its paleogeographic origins: Discussion SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID AGE C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Hull, DM (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOSCI,RICHARDSON,TX 75083, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1633 EP 1636 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1633:POJRCA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YL371 UT WOS:A1997YL37100009 ER PT J AU Murchey, BL Hagstrum, JT AF Murchey, BL Hagstrum, JT TI Paleomagnetism of Jurassic radiolarian chert above the Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain, California, and implications for its paleogeographic origins: Reply SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Letter ID SMITH RIVER RP Murchey, BL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1636 EP 1639 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YL371 UT WOS:A1997YL37100010 ER PT J AU Langenheim, VE Schmidt, KM Jachens, RC AF Langenheim, VE Schmidt, KM Jachens, RC TI Coseismic deformation during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and range-front thrusting along the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC-WAVES AB Damage patterns caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake along the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California, form three zones that coincide with mapped and inferred traces of range-front thrust faults northeast of the San Andreas fault, Damage in these zones was largely contractional, consistent,vith past displacement associated with these faults. The damage zones coincide with gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies; modeling of the anomalies defines a southwest-dipping thrust fault that places the Franciscan Complex over Cenozoic sedimentary rocks to minimum depths of 2 km. Diffuse Loma Prieta earthquake aftershocks encompass the downward projection of this modeled thrust to depths of 9 km, Our results indicate that in this region the potential for concentrated damage arising from either primary deformation along the thrust faults themselves or by sympathetic motion triggered by earthquakes on the San Andreas fault may be higher than previously recognized. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Langenheim, VE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 25 IS 12 BP 1091 EP 1094 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1091:CDDTLP>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YL370 UT WOS:A1997YL37000009 ER PT J AU Glazner, AF Miller, DM AF Glazner, AF Miller, DM TI Late-stage sinking of plutons SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EMPLACEMENT; CALIFORNIA; TRANSITION; EXTENSION; PRESSURE; EXAMPLE; DENSITY AB Many granodiorite to diorite plutons in the Great Basin of western North America are surrounded by rim monoclines or anticlines that suggest relative downward movement of the plutons while wall rocks were hot and ductile. We propose that such plutons rise to a level of approximately neutral buoyancy and then founder as their densities increase approximate to 10% during crystallization. Late-stage sinking of intermediate to mafic plutons should be common when wall rocks are rich in weak, low-density minerals such as quartz and calcite. Structures related to sinking will overprint those related to initial pluton emplacement and may be mistaken for regional tectonic structures. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Glazner, AF (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT GEOL, CB 3315, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 25 IS 12 BP 1099 EP 1102 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1099:LSSOP>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YL370 UT WOS:A1997YL37000011 ER PT J AU Briskey, JA AF Briskey, JA TI Communicating with Congress .1. The nature of the beast SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article AB Maintaining federal support of geoscience research will require convincing Congress and the public of the importance of this work. To do so effectively, we must understand the nature of electoral politics, the relative unimportance of policy, and the realities of surviving on Capitol Hill. RP Briskey, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 12 BP 21 EP & PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YK105 UT WOS:A1997YK10500020 ER PT J AU Solier, DR Berg, TM AF Solier, DR Berg, TM TI The national geologic map database - A progress report SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article AB Mandated by the National Geologic Mapping Act, this new database will allow users to locate maps produced anywhere in the nation via one central site on the World Wide Web. Work on cataloging maps as metadata and setting standards for producing digital maps is well under way. RP Solier, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,908 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 12 BP 29 EP & PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YK105 UT WOS:A1997YK10500021 ER PT J AU Walsh, NE McCabe, TR Welker, JM Parsons, AN AF Walsh, NE McCabe, TR Welker, JM Parsons, AN TI Experimental manipulations of snow-depth: effects on nutrient content of caribou forage SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arctic; caribou; climate change; forage; nitrogen; snowmelt manipulations ID CLIMATE CHANGE; ARCTIC TUNDRA; PLANTS; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; ECOSYSTEM; RESPONSES; NITROGEN AB We investigated the potential effects of global climate change on arctic tundra vegetation used as caribou forage. A total of 96 experimental plots was established at six sites on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, in 1993 and 1994. We erected snow-fences to increase the amount of snow deposition, and therefore delay the date of the snowmelt on 48 plots (referred to as increased snow/late melting plots). We used black mesh netting on the surface of the snow to increase the rate of melting on 24 plots; the remaining 24 plots served as controls. In July 1994, we collected green leaves from Eriophorum vaginatum, Salix planifolia, and Betula nana and analysed these samples for total carbon and total nitrogen content. Ratios of carbon to nitrogen differed among treatments for all three species. Generally C:N ratios for B. nana and E. vaginatum on increased snow/late melting plots were lower than on control plots. C:N ratios for S. planifolia on increased snow/late melting plots did not differ from controls, but were lower than on plots which started to melt early. These results may be due to the timing of nitrogen translocation from leaf and stem tissue into storage organs, or due to an increase in available nitrogen input to the system. Further sampling is needed to adequately determine the mechanism responsible for increased nitrogen content of caribou forage in areas with increased amount of snow and delayed snowmelt. C1 Natl Biol Serv, Alaska Sci Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Walsh, NE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 222 S Houston,Suite A, Tulsa, OK 74126 USA. RI Welker, Jeffrey/C-9493-2013 NR 38 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 3 SU 1 BP 158 EP 164 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP513 UT WOS:000071285300016 ER PT J AU Kieffer, HH AF Kieffer, HH TI Photometric stability of the lunar surface SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID MOON AB The rate at which cratering events currently occur on the Moon is considered in light of their influence on the use of the Moon as a radiometric standard. The radiometric effect of small impact events is determined empirically from the study of Clementine images. Events that would change the integral brightness of the moon by 1% are expected once per 1.4 Gyr. Events that cause a 1% shift in one pixel for low Earth-orbiting instruments with a l-km nadir field of view are expected approximately once each 43 Myr. Events discernible at 1% radiometric resolution with a 5 arc-sec telescope resolution correspond to crater diameters of approximately 210 m and are expected once every 200 years. These rates are uncertain by a factor of two. For a fixed illumination and observation geometry, the Moon can be considered photometrically stable to 1 x 10(-8) per annum for irradiance, and 1 x 10(-7) per annum for radiance at a resolution common for spacecraft imaging instruments, exceeding reasonable instrument goals by six orders of magnitude. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kieffer, HH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 13 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD DEC PY 1997 VL 130 IS 2 BP 323 EP 327 DI 10.1006/icar.1997.5822 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YX415 UT WOS:000072037700008 ER PT J AU Erard, S Calvin, W AF Erard, S Calvin, W TI New composite spectra of Mars, 0.4-5.7 mu m SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE infrared observations; Mars surface; spectroscopy; planets surfaces ID SOIL ANALOG MATERIALS; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; THERMAL EMISSION; SNC METEORITES; REGIONS; DUST; SURFACE; VIKING AB About 15 areas were observed in the equatorial regions of Mars by the infrared spectrometers IRS (Mariner 6 and 7) and ISM (Phobos-2). The comparison between the spectra shows a remarkable consistency between two data sets acquired 20 years apart and calibrated independently. This similarity demonstrates the accuracy of ISM calibration above 2 mu m, except for a possible stray light contribution above 2.6 mu m, on the order of similar to 1-2% of the solar flux at 2.7 mu m. Most differences in spectral shapes are related to differences in spectral/spatial resolution and viewing geometries. No important variation in surface properties is detected, except for a spot in southern Arabia Terra which has a much deeper hydration feature in IRS spectra; differences in viewing geometries and spatial resolutions do not seem to account for this difference that could result from shifting or dehydration of surface materials. Composite spectra of several types of bright and dark materials are computed by modeling the thermal emission and are completed with telescopic spectra in the visible range. Modeled reflectance in the 3.0-5.7 mu m range is consistent with basalts and palagonites. The bright regions and analog palagonite spectra are different from hematite in this range, but resemble several phyllosilicates. We infer that(1) although hematite dominates the spectra in the 0.4- to 2.5-mu m range, the silicate-clay host is spectrally active beyond 3 mu m and can be identified from this domain; (2) phyllosilicates such as montmorillonite or smectite may be abundant components of the martian soils, although the domain below 3 mu m lacks the characteristic features of the most usual terrestrial clay minerals. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Erard, S (reprint author), Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Batiment 121, F-91405 Orsay, France. NR 43 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD DEC PY 1997 VL 130 IS 2 BP 449 EP 460 DI 10.1006/icar.1997.5830 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YX415 UT WOS:000072037700017 ER PT J AU Calvin, WM Spencer, JR AF Calvin, WM Spencer, JR TI Latitudinal distribution of O-2 on Ganymede: Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID ICY GALILEAN SATELLITES; OZONE; MAGNETOSPHERE; SPECTRA; MECHANISMS; PEROXIDE; EJECTION; DUST AB To help constrain the spatial variation of oxygen on Jupiter's satellite Ganymede, and hence have more clues to its mode of production and stability, we have obtained spectral data from the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) for a single pole-to-pole latitudinal strip, along with several Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) images in three narrow band visible filters. All observations were made of the trailing hemisphere. In the FOS data we observe both visible absorptions at 0.577 and 0.627 mu m, associated with dense-phase oxygen (compressed gases, liquids, or solids). Filter options limited the WFPC2 observations to wavelengths near the weaker oxygen absorption at 0.627 mu m. These observations suggest that the dense-phase or dimer oxygen form is predominantly found in equatorial and mid-latitudes. The spectroscopic absorption feature appears in both bright and dark terrains but may be somewhat weaker in dark regions, which is consistent with the smaller mean photon path length in the surface in darker areas. Therefore, the abundance of oxygen appears more dependent on latitude and longitude constraints than surface albedo, At the highest latitudes, where the ratio spectra have a strong upturn toward the blue, the oxygen bands do not appear. This relation suggests that dimer oxygen and ozone (as seen by Galileo) have opposite trends with latitude. Possible causes include competition or variation in the preferred stable form, which depends on temperature, solar ultraviolet flux, and/or surface age; enhancement of O-3, at the poles due to plasma interactions; or viewing geometry effects that reduce the oxygen features at the poles when observed from Earth. The predominantly equatorial feature supports the production of O-2, through plasma bombardment and favors defect trapping over physical adsorption of the dimer molecules in the surface. We briefly consider the implications of Ganymede's magnetosphere for our understanding of O-2, and O-3 distribution on Ganymede. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Calvin, WM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD DEC PY 1997 VL 130 IS 2 BP 505 EP 516 DI 10.1006/icar.1997.5842 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YX415 UT WOS:000072037700021 ER PT J AU Warwick, PD Crowley, SS Ruppert, LF Pontolillo, J AF Warwick, PD Crowley, SS Ruppert, LF Pontolillo, J TI Petrography and geochemistry of selected lignite beds in the Gibbons Creek mine (Manning Formation, Jackson Group, Paleocene) of east-central Texas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Organic-Petrology CY AUG 27-30, 1995 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Soc Organ Petrol DE lignite; petrography; geochemistry; manning Formation; Texas ID VOLCANIC ASH; COAL AB This study examined the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of two lignite beds (3500 and 4500 beds, Manning Formation, Jackson Group, Eocene) that are mined at the Gibbons Creek mine in east-central Texas. The purpose of the study was to identify the relations among sample ash yield, coal petrography, and trace-element concentrations in lignite and adjoining rock layers of the Gibbons Creek mine. Particular interest was given to the distribution of 12 environmentally sensitive trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and U) that have been identified as potentially hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Eleven lignite, floor, and rock parting samples were collected from incremental channel samples of the 3500 and 4500 beds that were exposed in a highwall of pit A3 at the Gibbons Creek mine. Short proximate and ultimate and forms of sulfur analyses were performed on all lignite samples, and lignite and rock samples were analyzed for 60 major, minor and trace elements. Representative splits of all lignite samples were ground and cast into pellets, and polished for petrographic analyses in blue-light fluorescence and reflected white light to determine liptinite, inertinite, and huminite maceral group percentages. The following observations summarize our results and conclusions about the geochemistry, petrography, and sedimentology of the 3500 and 4500 beds of the Gibbons Creek lignite deposit: (1) Weighted average dry (db) ash yield for the two beds is 29.7%, average total sulfur content is 2.6%, and average calorific value is 7832 Btu (18.22 MJ/kg). Ash yields are greatest in the lower bench (59.33% db) of the 3500 bed and in the upper bench of the 4500 bed (74.61% db). (2) For lignite samples (on a whole-coal basis), the distributions of two of the HAPs (Pb and Sb) are positively related to ash yield, probably indicating an inorganic affinity for these elements, By using cluster analysis we found that Be and Cd were poorly associated with ash yield, indicating a possible organic affinity, and that Ni, Sc, Hg, U, and Pb cluster with most of the rare-earth elements. (3) The dominance of the crypto-eugelinite maceral subgroup over the crypto-humotelinite subgroup suggests that all Gibbons Creek lignites were subjected to peat-forming conditions (either biogenic or chemical) conducive to the degradation of wood cellular material into matrix gels, or that original plant material was not very woody and was prone to formation of matrix gels. The latter idea is supported by pollen studies of Gibbons Creek lignite beds; results indicate that the peat was derived in part from marsh plants law in wood tissue. (4) The occurrence of siliceous sponge spicules In the lower benches of the 3500 bed suggests the original peat in this part of the bed was deposited in standing, fresh water. (5) The petrographic data indicate that the upper sample interval af the 3500 bed contains more inertinite (3%) than the other samples studied. Increases in inertinite content in the upper part of the 3500 bed may have been associated with alteration of the peat by acids derived from the volcanic ash or could have been caused by fire, oxidation and drying, or biologic alteration of the peat in the paleo-mire. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 956, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Warwick, PD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 956, 1220 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. OI Warwick, Peter/0000-0002-3152-7783; Pontolillo, James/0000-0002-1075-1313; Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 326 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00028-1 PG 20 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZF433 UT WOS:000072897000009 ER PT J AU Crowley, SS Warwick, PD Ruppert, LF Pontolillo, J AF Crowley, SS Warwick, PD Ruppert, LF Pontolillo, J TI The origin and distribution of HAPs elements in relation to maceral composition of the A1 lignite bed (Paleocene, Calvert Bluff Formation, Wilcox Group), Calvert mine area, east-central Texas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Organic-Petrology CY AUG 27-30, 1995 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Soc Organ Petrol DE lignite; Texas; coal petrography; geochemistry; Calvert Bluff Formation ID POWDER RIVER BASIN; COAL; USA AB The origin and distribution of twelve potentially Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs; As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and U) identified in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments were examined in relation to the maceral composition of the Al bed (Paleocene, Calvert Bluff Formation, Wilcox Group) of the Calvert mine in east-central Texas. The 3.2 m-thick Al bed was divided into nine incremental channel samples (7 lignite samples and 2 shaley coal samples) on the basis of megascopic characteristics. Results indicate that As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb, and U are strongly correlated with ash yield and are enriched in the shaley coal samples. We infer that these elements are associated with inorganic constituents in the coal bed and may be derived from a penecontemporaneous stream channel located several kilometers southeast of the mining block. Of the HAPs elements studied, Mn and Hg are the most poorly correlated to ash yield. We infer an organic association for Mn; Hg may be associated with pyrite. The rest of the trace elements (Be, Co, and Se) are weakly correlated with ash yield. Further analytical work is necessary to determine the mode of occurrence for these elements. Overall, concentrations of the HAPs elements are generally similar to or less than those reported in previous studies of lignites of the Wilcox Group, east-central region, Texas. Petrographic analysis indicates the following ranges in composition for the seven lignite samples: liptinites (5-8%), huminites (88-95%), and inertinites (trace amounts to 7%). Samples from the middle portion of the Al bed contain abundant crypto-eugelinite compared to the rest of the samples; this relationship suggests that the degradation of plant material was an important process during the development of the peat mire. With the exception of Hg and Mn, relatively low levels of the HAPs elements studied are found in the samples containing abundant crypto-eugelinite, We infer that the peat-forming, environment for this portion of the coal bed was very wet with minimal detrital input. Relatively high concentrations of crypto-humotelinite were found in samples from the top and base of the coat bed. The presence of abundant crypto-humotelinite in this part of the coal bed suggests the accumulation of wood-rich peat under conditions conducive to a high degree of tissue preservation in the peat mires. Although several of the trace elements (Be, Co, Ni, and Sb) exhibit enrichment in these samples, they are not necessarily chemically associated with humotelinite. We infer that these elements, with the exception of Be, are possibly associated with deposition of the roof and floor rock of the coal bed; however, further analytical work would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Beryllium may have an organic origin. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Crowley, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Warwick, Peter/0000-0002-3152-7783; Pontolillo, James/0000-0002-1075-1313; Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3-4 BP 327 EP 343 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00029-3 PG 17 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZF433 UT WOS:000072897000010 ER PT J AU McAllister, PE AF McAllister, PE TI Susceptibility of 12 lineages of chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214) to four viruses from salmonid fish: Implications for clinical assay sensitivity SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS; LINES; ANTIBODIES AB Twelve lineages of the chinook salmon embryo cell line (CHSE-214) were tested for susceptibility to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), and Oncorhynchus masou virus (OMV). Significantly lower susceptibility was seen to IHNV in 1 of 12 lineages to VHSV in 7 of 12 lineages, to IPNV in 4 of 12, and to OMV in 0 of 12. These results indicated that test sensitivity (i.e., the probability of a true positive test result when infection is present) can be compromised by cell-lineage-related factors that potentially introduce greater numbers of false-negative results. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Fish HLth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP McAllister, PE (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Fish HLth Res Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 4 BP 291 EP 294 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0291:CSOLOC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA ZE328 UT WOS:000072781600007 ER PT J AU Humphrey, MD Istok, JD Lee, JY Hevesi, JA Flint, AL AF Humphrey, MD Istok, JD Lee, JY Hevesi, JA Flint, AL TI A new method for automated dynamic calibration of tipping-bucket rain gauges SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Existing methods for dynamic calibration of tipping-bucket rain gauges (TBRs) can be time consuming and labor intensive. A new automated dynamic calibration system has been developed to calibrate TBRs with minimal effort. The system consists of a programmable pump, datalogger, digital balance, and computer. Calibration is performed in two steps: 1) pump calibration and 2) rain gauge calibration. Pump calibration ensures precise control of water flow rates delivered to the rain gauge funnel; rain gauge calibration ensures precise conversion of bucket tip times to actual rainfall rates. Calibration of the pump and one rain gauge for 10 selected pump rates typically requires about 8 h. Data files generated during rain gauge calibration are used to compute rainfall intensities and amounts from a record of bucket tip times collected in the field. The system was tested using 5 types of commercial TBRs (15.2-, 20.3-, and 30.5-cm diameters; 0.1-, 0.2-, and 1.0-mm resolutions) and using 14 TBRs of a single type (20.3-cm diameter; 0.1-mm resolution). Ten pump rates ranging from 3 to 154 mL min(-1) were used to calibrate the TBRs and represented rainfall rates between 6 and 254 mm h(-1) depending on the rain gauge diameter. All pump calibration results were very linear with R-2 values greater than 0.99. All rain gauges exhibited large nonlinear underestimation errors (between 5% and 29%) that decreased with increasing rain gauge resolution and increased with increasing rainfall rate, especially for rates greater than 50 mm h(-1). Calibration curves of bucket tip time against the reciprocal of the true pump rate for all rain gauges also were linear with R-2 values of 0.99. Calibration data for the 14 rain gauges of the same type were very similar, as indicated by slope values that were within 14% of each other and ranged from about 367 to 417 s mm h(-1). The developed system can calibrate TBRs efficiently, accurately, and virtually unattended and could be modified for use with other rain gauge designs. The system is now in routine use to calibrate TBRs in a large rainfall collection network at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAS VEGAS,NV. RP Humphrey, MD (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,APPERSON HALL 202,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 13 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1513 EP 1519 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1513:ANMFAD>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH198 UT WOS:A1997YH19800020 ER PT J AU Fletcher, CH Mullane, RA Richmond, BM AF Fletcher, CH Mullane, RA Richmond, BM TI Beach loss along armored shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; shoreline armoring; seawalls; coastal erosion; beach erosion; beach loss; coastal management AB An analysis of an aerial photographic time series of Oahu's shoreline reveals that historical seawall and revetment construction (coastal armoring) to protect eroding lands has caused the narrowing of 17.3 +/- 1.5 km and loss of 10.4 +/- 0.9 km of sandy beach over the period 1928 or 1949 to 1995. This is similar to 24% of the 115.6 +/- 9.8 km of originally sandy shoreline of Oahu. All narrowed and lost beaches occur in front of coastal armoring structures that fix the position of the shoreline. In addition, nearly all narrowed and lost beaches show a history of recent (5% of narrowed and lost beaches) or long-term (92% of narrowed and lost beaches) retreat. We conclude from this study that using a wall or revetment to fix the position of a shoreline undergoing retreat will cause the narrowing and eventual loss of the adjoining beach. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WESTERN REG MARINE & COASTAL GEOL SURVEYS,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Fletcher, CH (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,2525 CORREA RD,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 13 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 209 EP 215 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA WL799 UT WOS:A1997WL79900025 ER PT J AU Robertson, DG Brackney, AW Spindler, MA Hupp, JW AF Robertson, DG Brackney, AW Spindler, MA Hupp, JW TI Distribution of autumn-staging Lesser Snow Geese on the northeast coastal plain of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISTURBANCE; DIET AB We conducted aerial surreys of Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) during autumn staging on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in northeast Alaska from late August through September, 1982-1993. We evaluated numbers and distribution of Snow Geese that staged on the ANWR, compared abundance of birds among 5x5-km cells used frequently (5-8 yr), periodically (3-4 yr), or infrequently (1-2 yr), and examined distribution changes within Fears. Maximum numbers of Snow Geese observed annually were highly variable (range 12,828-309,225). Snow Goose flocks occurred across 605,000 ha of the coastal plain, but used some areas more frequently than others. Frequently used cells (38 of 363 cells in the study area) were non-randomly distributed and primarily occurred on the central coastal plain between the wet coastal and steep foothills regions. Abundance of geese was greatest in frequently used, intermediate in periodically used, and lowest in infrequently used cells. Within years, Snow Goose numbers and flock locations varied between surveys, possibly because geese moved to different foraging areas during staging. The widespread distribution and annual variability in numbers of Snow Geese on the coastal plain was likely because birds used foraging habitats that were spatially and temporally heterogeneous. The ANWR coastal plain is an important component of the fall-staging area used by Snow Geese that nest in the western Canadian Arctic. Management decisions that affect the region should reflect its value to migrating Snow Geese. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,ARCTIC NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. NATL BIOL SERV,ALASKA SCI CTR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP Robertson, DG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,ALASKA SCI CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 124 EP 134 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WJ053 UT WOS:A1997WJ05300016 ER PT J AU Schempf, PF AF Schempf, PF TI Bald Eagle longevity record from southeastern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In November-December 1969, 39 Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were banded along the Chilkat River, approximately 30 km north of Haines, Alaska. One of these eagles, an adult female, was recovered within 20 km of the banding site on 28 May 1993 ata minimum estimated age of 28 yr 0 mo, a new longevity record for this species. RP Schempf, PF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,3000 WINTAGE BLVD,SUITE 240,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 150 EP 151 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WJ053 UT WOS:A1997WJ05300020 ER PT J AU Kayen, RE Mitchell, JK AF Kayen, RE Mitchell, JK TI Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias intensity SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID ENERGY APPROACH; CPT AB An Arias intensity approach to assess the liquefaction potential of soil deposits during earthquakes is proposed, using an energy-based measure of the severity of earthquake-shaking recorded on seismograms of the two horizontal components of ground motion. Values representing the severity of strong motion at depth in the soil column are associated with the liquefaction resistance of that layer, as measured by in situ penetration testing (SPT, CPT). This association results in a magnitude-independent boundary that envelopes initial liquefaction of soil in Arias intensity-normalized penetration resistance space. The Arias intensity approach is simple to apply and has proven to be highly reliable in assessing liquefaction potential. The advantages of using Arias intensity as a measure of earthquake-shaking severity in liquefaction assessment are: Arias intensity is derived from integration of the entire seismogram wave form, incorporating both the amplitude and duration elements of ground motion; all frequencies of recorded motion are considered; and Arias intensity is an appropriate measure to use when evaluating field penetration test methodologies that are inherently energy-based. Predictor equations describing the attenuation of Arias intensity as a function of earthquake magnitude and source distance are presented for rock, deep-stiff alluvium, and soft soil sites. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Kayen, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 52 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 123 IS 12 BP 1162 EP 1174 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:12(1162) PG 13 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA YG649 UT WOS:A1997YG64900009 ER PT J AU Clark, DR Bunck, CM Hall, RJ AF Clark, DR Bunck, CM Hall, RJ TI Female reproductive dynamics in a Maryland population of ringneck snakes (Diadophis punctatus) SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE CLUTCH MASS; EVOLUTION; SIZE AB Adult female ringneck snakes (Diadophis punctatus) collected from a Maryland population during five successive summers laid a total of 50 clutches in which all eggs hatched successfully under laboratory conditions. Mean hatchling mass was not significantly related to female mass or clutch size when each was evaluated in separate analyses, but was significantly related to these factors when they were evaluated in a joint analysis. Mean hatchling masses of 0.6-1 g appear most adaptive; when females are large enough to produce 1 g eggs, the tendency is to produce a larger number of relatively smaller eggs. The relationship of clutch mass to female mass was unaffected by clutch size. Reproductive effort, measured as relative clutch mass (RCM, clutch mass/female mass), increased with age, as indicated by snout-vent length (SVL); also, the relationship of clutch mass to female mass indicated that clutches equated a larger percentage as female mass increased. Clutch size averaged 3.55 eggs and ranged from 2 to 6. Clutches were laid from 17 June through 21 July (35 d), median 2 July. Clutches hatched during the 20-d interval 8-27 August (median August 18). Larger clutches were laid earlier in the season on average than smaller clutches. Incubation periods for clutches averaged 47 (range 42-51) d. Clutches laid later in the season averaged shorter incubation periods than clutches laid earlier. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr,Brazos Field Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Clark, DR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr,Brazos Field Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 476 EP 483 DI 10.2307/1565598 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZJ051 UT WOS:000073174600002 ER PT J AU Seltmann, R Lehmann, B Lowenstern, JB Candela, PA AF Seltmann, R Lehmann, B Lowenstern, JB Candela, PA TI High-level silicic magmatism and related hydrothermal systems SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Tech Univ Clausthal, Inst Mineral & Mineral Rohstoffe, D-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Seltmann, R (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RI Seltmann, Reimar/K-6157-2015 OI Seltmann, Reimar/0000-0002-4590-6485 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1617 EP 1618 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YM077 UT WOS:000071025600001 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB Clynne, MA Bullen, TD AF Lowenstern, JB Clynne, MA Bullen, TD TI Comagmatic A-type granophyre and rhyolite from the Alid volcanic center, Eritrea, northeast Africa SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Session on High-Level Silicic-Magmatism and Related Hydrothermal Systems, at the General Assembly of LAVCEI Symposium 9 on Granites CY JAN 19-24, 1997 CL PUERTO VALLARTA, MEXICO SP Int Assoc Volcanol & Chem Earths Interior DE Danakil; Afar; granite; rhyolite; melt inclusions ID GRANITIC PEGMATITES; MAGMAS; PETROGENESIS; EVOLUTION; GLASSES; H2O AB Granophyric blocks within late-Pleistocene pyroclastic flow ejecta from the Alid volcanic center, northeast Africa, are the rapidly crystallized, intrusive equivalent of pumice from the pyroclastic flow. Phenocryst compositions and geochemical characteristics of the pumice and granophyre are virtually identical. Silicate melt inclusions and other geochemical and geological constraints reveal those processes leading to development of the granophyric texture. Rhyolitic (A-type) magma with similar to 2.6 wt % dissolved H2O and a temperature near 870 degrees C was intruded to within 2-4 km of the surface, causing deformation and structural doming of shallow marine and subaerial strata. Eruptions of crystal-poor rhyolite from this shallow magma chamber caused degassing, which force undercooling and consequent granophyric crystallization of some of the magma remaining in the intrusion. The most recent eruption of the Alid excavated the crystallized granitic wall of the magma chamber, bringing the granophyric clasts to the surface. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 54 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1707 EP 1721 DI 10.1093/petrology/38.12.1707 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YM077 UT WOS:000071025600008 ER PT J AU Webber, KL Falster, AU Simmons, WB Foord, EE AF Webber, KL Falster, AU Simmons, WB Foord, EE TI The role of diffusion-controlled oscillatory nucleation in the formation of line rock in pegmatite-aplite dikes SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Session on High-Level Silicic-Magmatism and Related Hydrothermal Systems, at the General Assembly of LAVCEI Symposium 9 on Granites CY JAN 19-24, 1997 CL PUERTO VALLARTA, MEXICO SP Int Assoc Volcanol & Chem Earths Interior DE aplite; layering; line rock; oscillatory nucleation; pegmatite ID SIZE DISTRIBUTION CSD; GRANITIC PEGMATITES; CONVECTING MAGMA; SOUTH-DAKOTA; HARNEY PEAK; CRYSTALLIZATION; DYNAMICS; VISCOSITIES; DENSITIES; INTRUSION AB The George Ashley Block (GAB), located in the Pala Pegmatite District, San Diego County, California, is a composite pegmatite-aplite dike of 8 m thickness displaying striking mineralogical layering in the aplite portion of the dike, referred to as line rock. Rhythmic layering is characterized by garnet-rich bands alternating with albite-quartz-muscovite-rich bands. Cumulus textures are notably absent from the layered portion of the dike. Elongated quartz megacrysts are oriented perpendicular to the garnet-rich layers and poikilitically include garnet, albite, and muscovite. Calculated crystal-free magma viscosity with 3% H2O is 10(6.2) Pa s and the calculated settling velocity for garnet is 0.51 cm/year. Conductive cooling calculations based on emplacement of a 650 degrees C dike into 150 degrees C fractured gabbroic country rock at 1.5 kbar, and accounting for latent heat of crystallization, demonstrate that the line rock portion of the dike cools to 550 degrees C in about 1 year. Crystal size distribution studies also suggest very rapid nucleation and crystallization. Diffusion-controlled gel crystallization experiments yield textures virtually identical to those observed in the layered aplite, including rhythmic banding, colloform layering, and band discontinuities. Thus, observed textures and calculated magmatic parameters suggest that mineralogical layering in the GAB results from an in situ diffusion-controlled process of oscillatory nucleation and crystallization. We propose that any event that promotes strong undercooling has the potential to initiate rapid heterogeneous nucleation and oscillatory crystal growth, leading to the development of a layer of excluded components in front of the crystallization front, and the formation of line rock. C1 Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Webber, KL (reprint author), Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RI Simmons, William/H-5036-2015 OI Simmons, William/0000-0002-8228-8604 NR 41 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1777 EP 1791 DI 10.1093/petrology/38.12.1777 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YM077 UT WOS:000071025600013 ER PT J AU Young, KE Zwank, PJ Valdez, R Dye, JL Tarango, LA AF Young, KE Zwank, PJ Valdez, R Dye, JL Tarango, LA TI Diet of Mexican Spotted Owls in Chihuahua and Aguascalientes, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mexican spotted owl; Strix occidentalis lucida; diet; Chihuahua; Aguascalientes; Mexico ID ARIZONA; HABITAT AB We analyzed pellets of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) collected at roost and nest sites in Chihuahua from 1992-94, and Aguascalientes, Mexico from 1994-95 to determine diet composition. We identified 647 prey items from 13 owl territories iii Chihuahua and four owl territories in Aguascalientes. Vertebrates constituted 64% of all prey items and 99% of total prey biomass. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.), mice (Peromyscus spp.) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) comprised 82% of total prey biomass in Chihuahua and 89% of total prey biomass in Aguascalientes. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Young, KE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, PSW, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RI Tarango Arambula, Luis Antonio/M-7323-2013 OI Tarango Arambula, Luis Antonio/0000-0002-7662-1319 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 24 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 376 EP 380 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YU358 UT WOS:000071709100014 ER PT J AU Miller, CV Denis, JM Ator, SW Brakebill, JW AF Miller, CV Denis, JM Ator, SW Brakebill, JW TI Nutrients in streams during baseflow in selected environmental settings of the Potomac River Basin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; land use; nutrients; phosphorus; nitrogen; Potomac River; streams; surface water ID AGRICULTURAL LAND-USE; NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS; GROUNDWATER QUALITY; POLLUTION; NITROGEN; PENNSYLVANIA; PHOSPHORUS; WATER AB A regional assessment of water quality in small streams was conducted within four areas of distinct physiography and lithology in the upper Potomac River Basin. The Potomac River is a major tributary to the Chesapeake Bay, and this study provides new insight on the relationships between nutrient concentrations in small streams and watershed characteristics within this river basin. Nutrient concentrations were compared to land-use data including categories for agriculture (cropland and pasture), urban areas, and forests. Among agricultural areas, streams draining areas of intense row cropping typically contained higher nitrate concentrations than did those draining pastures. Streams draining forested areas typically had the lowest nutrient concentrations. Streams in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock were more likely to contain elevated concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and potassium than did streams in areas underlain by fractured siliciclastic or crystalline rocks, and we suggest that this is a physical phenomenon related to high hydraulic conductivities in carbonate ground-water systems. The median nitrate concentrations were highest in the Great Valley portion of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province, particularly in watersheds that have both carbonate bedrock and intensive row cropping. Values of nitrate in these streams ranged up to 8.99 mg/L as nitrogen. The soluble phosphorus concentrations during baseflow were generally low in all subunits, even in some settings with potential for high phosphorus inputs such as urban areas with municipal point sources or agricultural areas. The mobility of phosphorus in these environments may be hindered by adsorption and geochemical reactions. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Miller, CV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. NR 45 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1155 EP 1171 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03543.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YR465 UT WOS:000071498000002 ER PT J AU Katz, BG DeHan, RS Hirten, JJ Catches, JS AF Katz, BG DeHan, RS Hirten, JJ Catches, JS TI Interactions between ground water and surface water in the Suwannee River Basin, Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; water quality; ground water hydrology; ground water surface water interactions; hydrologic tracers; isotopes; watershed management ID CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; NORTHERN FLORIDA; SINKHOLE LAKE; PATTERNS AB Ground water and surface water constitute a single dynamic system in most parts of the Suwannee River basin due to the presence of karst features that facilitate the interaction between the surface and subsurface. Low radon-222 concentrations (below background levels) and enriched amounts of oxygen-18 and deuterium in ground water indicate mixing with surface water in parts of the basin. Comparison of surface water and regional ground water flow patterns indicate that boundaries for ground water basins typically do not coincide with surface water drainage subbasins. There are several areas in the basin where around water flow that originates outside of the Suwannee River basin crosses surface water basin boundaries during both low-flow and high-flow conditions. In a study area adjacent to the Suwannee River that consists predominantly of agricultural land use, 18 wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer and 7 springs were sampled three times during 1990 through 1994 for major dissolved inorganic constituents, trace elements, and nutrients. During a period of above normal rainfall that resulted in high river stage and high ground water levels in 1991, the combination of increased amounts of dissolved organic carbon and decreased levels of dissolved oxygen in ground water created conditions favorable for the natural reduction of nitrate by denitrification reactions in the aquifer. As a result, less nitrate was discharged by ground water to the Suwannee River. C1 US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. Florida Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32304 USA. Law Engn Inc, Orlando, FL 32801 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 227 N Bronough St,Suite 3015, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. NR 38 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1237 EP 1254 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03549.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YR465 UT WOS:000071498000008 ER PT J AU Watten, BJ Smith, DR Ridge, WJ AF Watten, BJ Smith, DR Ridge, WJ TI Continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen and total dissolved gas pressure based on head-space partial pressures SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPERSATURATION; NITROGEN; SYSTEM; WATERS AB We describe an instrument prototype that measures total dissolved gas pressure (TGP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) without need for standard wetted probe membranes or gas permeable tubing. Measurements were based instead on gas-phase partial pressures that develop within the head-space of a pressure vessel. and on Henry's Law. Performance trials established that differences between standard instrumentation and test instrument Delta P readings average -1.6-mm Hg (SD = 2.19, range -4.8 to -5.3) within the Delta P range of -72 to 123mm Hg. Additional trials demonstrated the ability of the instrument to closely follow positive and negative changes in TGP at rates approaching 30-mm Hg/h. Here, the difference between test and standard instrumentation derived TGP averaged 3.4-mm Hg (range 0-41), Differences in Delta P measured by test instrument and gasometer increased with water throughput; mean differences were -3.9, -4.3, and -6.0 for water throughput of 4.6, 6.7, and 7.8 L/min, respectively. However, time to reach 90% of the steady-state instrument reading was highest for low water throughput; equilibrium times averaged 90.9, 44.4, and 44.7 min for water throughput of 4.6, 6.7, 7.8 L/min, respectively. Differences between titration and test-instrumentation based DO measurements were acceptable, averaging -0.11 mg/L (SD = 0.41, range -0.85 to 0.85) over DO from 3.3 to 19.2 mg/L and for 11.1 and 24.2 C. Whereas test instrument DO readings were indistinguishable from Winkler titration at 24.2 C; at 11.1 C there was a tendency for test instrument readings to be lower than Winkler titration at DO < 14 mg/L and higher at DO > 14 mg/L. Trials conducted under biological fouling conditions demonstrated the test instrument's ability to operate with 30% of the maintenance required by standard instrumentation. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Watten, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 28 IS 4 BP 316 EP 333 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00279.x PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM526 UT WOS:000071073600002 ER PT J AU Goodwin, KD North, WJ Lidstrom, ME AF Goodwin, KD North, WJ Lidstrom, ME TI Production of bromoform and dibromomethane by Giant Kelp: Factors affecting release and comparison to anthropogenic bromine sources SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MACROCYSTIS-PYRIFERA PHAEOPHYTA; HALOGENATED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; METHYL-BROMIDE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; VANADIUM-BROMOPEROXIDASE; ASCOPHYLLUM-NODOSUM; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; SURFACE WATERS; MACROALGAE; OZONE AB Macrocystis pyrifera (Giant Kelp), a dominant macroalgal species in southern California, produced 171 ng per g fresh wt (gfwt) per day of CHBr3 and 48 ng gfwt(-1) d(-1) of CH2Br2 during laboratory incubations of whole blades. Comparable rates were measured during in situ incubations of intact fronds. Release of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 by M. pyrifera was affected by light and algal photosynthetic activity, suggesting that environmental factors influencing kelp physiology can affect halomethane release to the atmosphere. Data from H2O2 additions suggest that brominated methane production during darkness is limited by bromide oxidant supply, A bromine budget constructed for a region of southern California indicated that bromine emitted from the use of CH3Br as a fumigant (1 x 10(8) g Br yr(-1)) dominates macroalgal sources (3 x 10(6) g Br yr(-1)). Global projections, however, suggest that combined emissions of marine algae (including microalgae) contribute substantial amounts of bromine to the global cycle, perhaps on the same order of magnitude as anthropogenic sources. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Goodwin, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 NR 73 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1725 EP 1734 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZL189 UT WOS:000073407700008 ER PT J AU Allen, CM Wooden, JL Chappell, BW AF Allen, CM Wooden, JL Chappell, BW TI Late Paleozoic crustal history of central coastal Queensland interpreted from geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons: The effects of continental rifting SO LITHOS LA English DT Article DE igneous petrology; Cretaceous; radiogenic isotopes; trace elements; geobarometry; geothermometry ID AUSTRALIA; EVOLUTION; HORNBLENDE; ARC; PETROGENESIS; TEMPERATURE; MAGMATISM; BATHOLITH; PACIFIC; REGION AB The eastern margin of Australia is understood to be the result of continental rifting during the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Consistent with this model, Cretaceous igneous rocks (granites to basalts) in a continental marginal setting near Bowen, Queensland are isotonically retarded, having isotopic ratios similar to those of most island arcs (Sr-i = 0.7030-0.7039, epsilon(Nd) = +6.46 to +3.00 and Pb-206/Pb-204 = 18.44-18.77, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.552-15.623, and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 37.90-38.52). These isotopic signatures are much less evolved than the Late Carboniferous-Permian batholith that many Cretaceous plutons intrude. As rocks ranging in age from about 300-100 Ma are well exposed near Bowen, we can track magma evolution through time. The significant change of magma source occurred much earlier than the Cretaceous based on the fact that Triassic granites in the same area are also isotonically primitive. We attribute the changes of magma composition to crustal rifting during the Late Permian and earliest Triassic. The Cretaceous rocks (actually latest Jurassic to Cretaceous, 145-98 Ma) themselves show compositional trends with time. Rocks of appropriate mineralogy for Al-in-hornblende geobarometry yield pressures ranging from 250 to 80 MPa for rocks ranging in ape from 145 to 125 Ma, respectively. More significantly, this older group is relatively compositionally restricted, and is Sr-rich, and Y- and Zr-poor compared to 120-98 Ma rocks. This younger groups is bimodal, being comprised principally of basalts and rhyolites (granites). REE patterns for a given rock type, however, do not differ with age tribute these relatively subtle trace element differences to small differences in conditions (T, a(H2O)) at the site of melting. Cretaceous crustal rifting can explain the range of rock types and the spatial distribution of rocks < 120 Ma in a longitudinal strip between and overlapping with provinces of older Cretaceous intrusions. A subduction-related setting is assigned to the 145-125 Ma igneous rocks (those more than 50 Ma older than sea floor spreading). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Dept Geol, Key Ctr Geochem Evolut & Metallogeny Continents, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Allen, CM (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Geol, Key Ctr Geochem Evolut & Metallogeny Continents, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RI GAU, geochemist/H-1985-2016 NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0024-4937 J9 LITHOS JI Lithos PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0024-4937(97)00037-6 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA YQ131 UT WOS:000071351600005 ER PT J AU Jiang, SY Palmer, MR Slack, JF AF Jiang, SY Palmer, MR Slack, JF TI Alkali-deficient tourmaline from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE alkali-deficient tourmaline; Mn enrichment; hydrothermal alteration; Sullivan mine; Pb-Zn-Ag deposit; British Columbia ID MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; TSILAISITE; ELBAITE; ROCKS AB Alkali-deficient tourmalines are found in albitized rocks from the hanging-wall of the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit (British Columbia, Canada). They approximate the Mg-equivalent of foitite with an idealized formula square(Mg2Al)Al6Si6O18(BO3)(3)(OH)(4). Major chemical substitutions in the tourmalines are the alkali-defect type [Na*((X)) + Mg*((Y)) = square((X)) + Al-(Y)] and the uvite type [Na*((X)) + Al-(Y) = Ca-(X) + Mg*((Y))], where Na* = Na + K, Mg* = Mg + Fe + Mn. The occurrence of these alkali-deficient tourmalines reflects a unique geochemical environment that is either alkali-depleted overall or one in which the alkalis preferentially partitioned into coexisting minerals (e.g. albite). Some of the alkali-deficient tourmalines have unusually high Mn contents (up to 1.5 wt.% MnO) compared to other Sullivan tourmalines. Manganese has a strong preference for incorporation into coexisting garnet and carbonate at Sullivan, thus many tourmalines in Mn-rich rocks are poor in Mn (<0.2 wt.% MnO). It appears that the dominant controls over the occurrence of Mn-rich tourmalines at Sullivan are the local availability of kin and the lack of other coexisting minerals that may preferentially incorporate Mn into their structures. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Geochem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Jiang, SY (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. RI Palmer, Martin/I-6765-2012 OI Palmer, Martin/0000-0003-1660-3714 NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 853 EP 860 DI 10.1180/minmag.1997.061.409.08 PG 8 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA YM369 UT WOS:000071056700008 ER PT J AU Rabeni, CF Collier, KJ Parkyn, SM Hicks, BJ AF Rabeni, CF Collier, KJ Parkyn, SM Hicks, BJ TI Evaluating techniques for sampling stream crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE crayfish; population structure; depletion; mark-recapture; electrofishing; New Zealand ID POPULATIONS; SIZE AB We evaluated several capture and analysis techniques for estimating abundance and size structure of freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) (koura) from a forested North Island, New Zealand stream to provide a methodological basis for future population studies. Direct observation at night and collecting with baited traps were not considered useful. A quadrat sampler was highly biased toward collecting small individuals. Handnetting at night and estimating abundances using the depletion method were not as efficient as handnetting on different dates and analysing by a mark-recapture technique. Electrofishing was effective in collecting koura from different habitats and resulted in the highest abundance estimates, and mark-recapture estimates appeared to be more precise than depletion estimates, especially if multiple recaptures were made. Handnetting captured more large crayfish relative to electrofishing or the quadrat sampler. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand. Univ Waikato, Dept Biol Sci, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 112 Stephens Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Hicks, Brendan/E-4382-2013; OI Hicks, Brendan/0000-0002-8860-0945 NR 25 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 16 PU SIR PUBLISHING PI WELLINGTON PA PO BOX 399, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SN 0028-8330 J9 NEW ZEAL J MAR FRESH JI N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 693 EP 700 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YW553 UT WOS:000071947900010 ER PT J AU Poag, CW AF Poag, CW TI Roadblocks on the kill curve: Testing the Raup hypothesis SO PALAIOS LA English DT Review ID LATE EOCENE; MASS EXTINCTIONS; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; COMETARY IMPACTS; SHOCKED QUARTZ; EAST-COAST; OLIGOCENE; BOLIDE; AGE; GEOCHEMISTRY AB The documented presence of two large (similar to 100-km diameter), possibly coeval impact craters of late Eocene age, requires modification of the impact-kill curve proposed by David M. Raup. Though the estimated meteorite size for each crater alone is large enough to have produced considerable global environmental stress, no horizons of mass mortality or pulsed extinction are known to be associated with either crater or their ejecta deposits. Thus, either there is no fixed relationship between extinction magnitude and crater diameter, or a meteorite that would produce a crater of > 100-km diameter is required to raise extinction rates significantly above a similar to 5% background level. Both impacts took place similar to 1 - 2 m.y. before the "Terminal Eocene Event" (= early Oligocene pulsed extinction). Their collective long-term environmental effects, however, may have either delayed that extinction pulse or produced threshold conditions necessary for it to take place. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Poag, CW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 114 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 0883-1351 J9 PALAIOS JI Palaios PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 6 BP 582 EP 590 DI 10.2307/3515413 PG 9 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA YM039 UT WOS:000071021800007 ER PT J AU McGarr, A AF McGarr, A TI A mechanism for high wall-rock velocities in rockbursts SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Triggered and Induced Seismicity at the 2nd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium (NARMS 96) CY JUN 18, 1996 CL MONTREAL, CANADA DE wall-rock velocities; rockbursts; slab buckling ID STRESS AB Considerable evidence has been reported for wall-rock velocities during rockbursts in deep gold mines that are substantially greater than ground velocities associated with the primary seismic events. Whereas varied evidence suggests that slip across a fault at the source of an event generates nearby particle velocities of, at most, several m/s, numerous observations, in nearby damaged tunnels, for instance, imply wall-rock velocities of the order of 10 m/s and greater. The common observation of slab buckling or breakouts in the sidewalls of damaged excavations suggests that slab flexure may be the mechanism for causing high rock ejection velocities. Following its formation, a sidewall slab buckles, causing the flexure to increase until the stress generated by flexure reaches the limit S that can be supported by the sidewall rock. I assume here that S ic; the uniaxial compressive strength. Once the flexural stress exceeds S, presumably due to the additional load imposed by a nearby seismic event, the slab fractures and unflexes violently. The peak wall-rock velocity nu thereby generated is given by nu = (3 + 1-nu 2/2)(1/2) S/root rho E for rock of density rho, Young's modulus E, and Poisson's ratio nu. Typical values of these rock properties for the deep gold mines of South Africa yield nu = 26 m/s and fbr especially strong quartzites encountered in these same mines, nu > 50 m/s. Even though this slab buckling process leads to remarkably high ejection velocities and violent damage in excavations, the energy released during this failure is only a tiny fraction of that released in the primary seismic event, typically of magnitude 2 or greater. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McGarr, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 5 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 150 IS 3-4 BP 381 EP 391 DI 10.1007/s000240050083 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YR126 UT WOS:000071460900002 ER PT J AU Drost, CA Blinn, DW AF Drost, CA Blinn, DW TI Invertebrate community of Roaring Springs Cave, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 No Arizona Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Drost, CA (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Box 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 4 BP 497 EP 500 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZB773 UT WOS:000072506600019 ER PT J AU Kusky, TM Bradley, DC Haeussler, PJ Karl, S AF Kusky, TM Bradley, DC Haeussler, PJ Karl, S TI Controls on accretion of flysch and melange belts at convergent margins: Evidence from the Chugach Bay thrust and Iceworm melange, Chugach accretionary wedge, Alaska SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID BORDER RANGES FAULT; SOUTHERN ALASKA; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; KODIAK-ISLANDS; CRUSTAL TRANSECT; COAST MOUNTAINS; SLAVE PROVINCE; FORE-ARC; COMPLEX; GROWTH AB Controls on accretion of flysch and melange terranes at convergent margins are poorly understood. Southern Alaska's Chugach terrane forms the outboard accretionary margin of the Wrangellia composite terrane, and consists of two major lithotectonic units, including Triassic-Cretaceous melange of the McHugh Complex and Late Cretaceous flysch of the Valdez Group. The contact between the McHugh Complex and the Valdez Group on the Kenai Peninsula is a tectonic boundary between chaotically deformed melange of argillite, chert, greenstone, and graywacke of the McHugh Complex and a less chaotically deformed melange of argillite and graywacke of the Valdez Group. We assign the latter to a new, informal unit of formational rank, the Iceworm melange, and interpret it as a contractional fault zone (Chugach Bay thrust) along which the Valdez Group was emplaced beneath the McHugh Complex. The McHugh Complex had already been deformed and metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite facies prior to formation of the Iceworm melange. The Chugach Bay thrust formed between 75 and 55 Ma, as shown by Campanian-Maastrichtian depositional ages of the Valdez Group, and fault-related fabrics in the Iceworm melange that are cut by Paleocene dikes. Motion along the Chugach Bay thrust thus followed Middle to Late Cretaceous collision (circa 90-100 Ma) of the Wrangellia composite terrane with North America. Collision related uplift and erosion of mountains in British Columbia formed a submarine fan on the Farallon plate, and we suggest that attempted subduction of this fan dramatically changed the subduction/accretion style within the Chugach accretionary wedge. We propose a model in which subduction of thinly sedimented plates concentrates shear strains in a narrow zone, generating melanges like the McHugh in accretionary complexes. Subduction of thickly sedimented plates allows wider distribution of shear strains to accommodate plate convergence, generating a more coherent accretionary style including the fold-thrust structures that dominate the outcrop pattern in the Valdez belt. Rapid underplating and frontal accretion of the Valdez Group caused a critical taper adjustment of the accretionary wedge, including exhumation of the metamorphosed McHugh Complex, and its emplacement over the Valdez Group. The Iceworm melange formed in a zone of focused fluid flow at the boundary between the McHugh Complex and Valdez Group during this critical taper adjustment of the wedge to these changing boundary conditions. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Alaskan Geol, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Kusky, TM (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Kusky, Timothy/E-6016-2010; OI Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247; Kusky, Timothy/0000-0002-4553-620X NR 94 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 855 EP 878 DI 10.1029/97TC02780 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YN106 UT WOS:000071133700001 ER PT J AU Smith, RA Schwarz, GE Alexander, RB AF Smith, RA Schwarz, GE Alexander, RB TI Regional interpretation of water-quality monitoring data SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONSTITUENT LOADS; MODEL AB We describe a method for using spatially referenced regressions of contaminant transport on watershed attributes (SPARROW) in regional water-quality assessment. The method is designed to reduce the problems of data interpretation caused by sparse sampling, network bias, and basin heterogeneity. The regression equation relates measured transport rates in streams to spatially referenced descriptors of pollution sources and land-surface and stream-channel characteristics. Regression models of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) transport are constructed for a region defined as the nontidal conterminous United States. Observed TN and TP transport rates are derived from water-quality records for 414 stations in the National Stream Quality Accounting Network. Nutrient sources identified in the equations include point sources, applied fertilizer, livestock waste, nonagricultural land, and atmospheric deposition (TN only). Surface characteristics found to be significant Predictors of land-water delivery include soil permeability, stream density, and temperature (TN only). Estimated instream decay coefficients for the two contaminants decrease monotonically with increasing stream size. TP transport is found to be significantly reduced by reservoir retention. Spatial referencing bf basin attributes in relation to the stream channel network greatly increases their statistical significance and model accuracy. The method is used to estimate the proportion of watersheds in the conterminous United States (i.e., hydrologic cataloging units) with outflow TP concentrations less than the criterion of 0.1 mg/L, and to classify cataloging units according to local TN yield (kg/km(2)/yr). RP Smith, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 413,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. RI Yost, Russell/A-5937-2008 OI Yost, Russell/0000-0002-1573-5822 NR 63 TC 344 Z9 362 U1 5 U2 80 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2781 EP 2798 DI 10.1029/97WR02171 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YJ964 UT WOS:A1997YJ96400014 ER PT J AU LaBaugh, JW Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Schuster, PF Reddy, MM Aiken, GR AF LaBaugh, JW Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Schuster, PF Reddy, MM Aiken, GR TI Hydrological and chemical estimates of the water balance of a closed-basin lake in north central Minnesota SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GROUND-WATER; WILLIAMS LAKE; SLUG TEST; SEEPAGE; PRECIPITATION; BUDGETS AB Chemical mass balances for sodium, magnesium, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and oxygen 18 were used to estimate groundwater seepage to and from Williams Lake, Minnesota, over a 15-month period, from April 1991 through June 1992. Groundwater seepage to the lake and seepage from the lake to groundwater were determined independently using a flow net approach using data from water table wells installed as part of the study. Hydrogeological analysis indicated groundwater seepage to the lake accounted for 74% of annual water input to the lake; the remainder came from atmospheric precipitation, as determined from a gage in the watershed and from nearby National Weather Service gages. Seepage from the lake accounted for 69% of annual water losses from the lake; the remainder was removed by evaporation, as determined by the energy budget method. Calculated annual water loss exceeded calculated annual water gain, and this imbalance was double the value of the independently measured decrease in lake volume. Seepage to the lake determined from oxygen 18 was larger (79% of annual water input) than that determined from the flow net approach and made the difference between calculated annual water gain and loss consistent with the independently measured decrease in lake volume. Although the net difference between volume of seepage to the lake and volume of seepage from the lake was 1% of average lake volume, movement of water into and out of the lake by seepage represented an annual exchange of groundwater with the lake equal to 26-27% of lake volume. Estimates of seepage to the lake from sodium, magnesium, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon did not agree with the values determined from flow net approach or oxygen 18. These results indicated the importance of using a combination of hydrogeological and chemical approaches to define volume of seepage to and from Williams Lake and identify uncertainties in chemical fluxes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP LaBaugh, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 411,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 47 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2799 EP 2812 DI 10.1029/97WR02427 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YJ964 UT WOS:A1997YJ96400015 ER PT J AU Keeland, BD Young, PJ AF Keeland, BD Young, PJ TI Long-term growth trends of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) at Caddo Lake, Texas SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE baldcypress; flooding; herbivory; hydrologic regime; Taxodium distichum; Texas; tree growth trends; tree-ring analysis ID HYDROLOGIC REGIME; RED SPRUCE; FOREST; CLIMATE; SWAMP AB Caddo Lake, situated on the border of northeast Texas and northwest Louisiana, USA is a medium-sized lake dominated by stands of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). A study of tree growth was initiated at Caddo Lake to address concerns about the health of the baldcypress ecosystem. The lake has been subjected to several dramatic water-level changes over the past 200 years, including water-level stabilization following dam construction in 1914. To assess the long-term growth trends of baldcypress trees and determine if a recent growth decline is occurring at Caddo Lake, increment cores were taken from 52 trees. The cores were crossdated and rings between the years 1900 and 1992 measured to the nearest 0.01 mm. Most cores were characterized by high variation in year-to-year growth. Although increasing growth rates were observed at most locations, trees from two backwater areas of the lake had recent growth rates lower than their long-term average. Growth amounts at these two sites were, however, within the historic range of variation. No recruitment was observed. From these data, we can conclude that the historic, extreme changes in hydrologic regime and the current stabilized water levels have not resulted in an overall decline in baldcypress growth at Caddo Lake. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Keeland, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 559 EP 566 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN049 UT WOS:000071128000014 ER PT J AU Tripp, KJ Collazo, JA AF Tripp, KJ Collazo, JA TI Non-breeding territoriality of semipalmated sandpipers SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SHOREBIRDS COMPETE; SANDERLINGS; SELECTION; ECOLOGY; SIZE; PREY AB We studied non-breeding territorial behavior of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla), and documented the proportion of individuals of Least (C. minutilla) and Western (C. mauri) sandpipers exhibiting territoriality during fall of 1994 and 1995 at the Cabo Rojo salt flats, Puerto Rico. Territoriality was exhibited by 8-19% of the population, with Least Sandpipers exhibiting the highest proportion of all three species. The prevalence and size of territories of Semipalmated Sandpipers was influenced by the availability of high prey density sites, bird density, and aggression levels. Individuals defended territories in areas of highest prey densities (0.16 +/- 0.009 /cm(3)). Non-territorial birds, however, foraged in areas of significantly higher prey densities (0.02 +/- 0.001 /cm(3)) than overall lagunal levels (i.e., randomly sampled plots) (0.006 +/- 0.009 /cm(3)). Territorial Semipalmated Sandpipers spent less time foraging than non-territorial birds (1994: 90 vs 36%; 1995: 85 vs 55%). They also spent less time in maintenance behavior (i.e., preening). Costs of territoriality may be offset by foraging in areas of high prey densities or through increased foraging efficiency. Prey density did not exert a direct influence on territory size (P = 0.67). Rather, it influenced territory size through effects on aggression. Territory size was inversely related to the mean time spent on aggression (P < 0.001). Territory size was also inversely related to bird density (P < 0.001), a factor that might contribute to higher incidence of aggressive bouts. These findings support the contention that a facultative strategy with respect to nonbreeding territorial behavior seems to offer migratory species the flexibility to cope with spatio-temporal fluctuations of prey resources and shorebird density. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Tripp, KJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh Field Off, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 4 BP 630 EP 642 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR373 UT WOS:000071488900004 ER PT J AU Ely, CR Douglas, DC Fowler, AC Babcock, CA Derksen, DV Takekawa, JY AF Ely, CR Douglas, DC Fowler, AC Babcock, CA Derksen, DV Takekawa, JY TI Migration behavior of Tundra Swans from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE AB Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) fitted with satellite transmitters (PTTs) on the outer coast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, Alaska, migrated eastward across the Y-K Delta in late September and stopped at wetlands on the west side of the Alaska Range during early October. After crossing the Alaska Range, swans stopped briefly on the Susitna Flats of Upper Cook Inlet. They then migrated eastward into the Yukon, Canada, and from there flew southward, paralleling the Wrangell Mountains through the interior of the Yukon to a staging area in northeastern British Columbia. They gradually migrated through central Alberta and southwest Saskatchewan and across Montana to a staging area in southeastern Idaho. They remained in southeastern Idaho from mid-November until early December when they migrated across Nevada to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. Spring migration routes were similar to those used in autumn. Band returns and observations of neck-banded swans corroborated the general autumn and spring migration routes of PTT-marked birds. Swans stopped only briefly (<3 days) at staging areas in Alaska and northern Canada but lingered at migration areas in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Idaho. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Calif Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Ely, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 4 BP 679 EP 692 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR373 UT WOS:000071488900008 ER PT J AU Drewien, RC Benning, DS AF Drewien, RC Benning, DS TI Status of Tundra Swans and Trumpeter Swans in Mexico SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB We summarize Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) and Trumpeter Swan (C. buccinator) observations from Mexico recorded by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service during January aerial waterfowl surveys, 1947-94, other winter surveys and observations, 1972-95, and band recoveries. Swans were not identified by species with certainty during aerial surveys, but were presumed to be Tundra Swans. A total of 121 swans, including five band recoveries was reported at 22 locations in seven Mexican states; 83 were in the Interior Highlands, 23 near the Gulf Coast, and 15 in Pacific Coast states. Most records were from Chihuahua (66), followed by Tamaulipas (23), Durango (13) and Sonora (11); eight were from three other states. The most commonly used winter area was Laguna de Santa Maria in northern Chihuahua where 29 swans were observed. Of 121 swans recorded, three were identified as Trumpeter Swans in Chihuahua (2) and Tamaulipas (1) and two others as possible Trumpeters in Durango. These data and information from other sources show that Tundra Swans and Trumpeter Swans are rare and irregular winter visitors, mainly to northern Mexico. C1 Univ Idaho, Hornocker Wildlife Inst, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Drewien, RC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Hornocker Wildlife Inst, POB 3246, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 4 BP 693 EP 701 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR373 UT WOS:000071488900009 ER PT J AU Alley, RB Shuman, CA Meese, DA Gow, AJ Taylor, KC Cuffey, KM Fitzpatrick, JJ Grootes, PM Zielinski, GA Ram, M Spinelli, G Elder, B AF Alley, RB Shuman, CA Meese, DA Gow, AJ Taylor, KC Cuffey, KM Fitzpatrick, JJ Grootes, PM Zielinski, GA Ram, M Spinelli, G Elder, B TI Visual-stratigraphic dating of the GISP2 ice core: Basis, reproducibility, and application SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID LASER-LIGHT SCATTERING; AIR-HYDRATE CRYSTALS; GREENLAND ICE; POLAR ICE; YOUNGER DRYAS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; GRAIN-GROWTH; CLIMATE; RECORD AB Annual layers are visible in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core from central Greenland, allowing rapid dating of the core. Changes in bubble and grain structure caused by near-surface, primarily summertime formation of hear complexes provide the main visible annual marker in the Holocene, and changes in ''cloudiness'' of the ice correlated with dustiness mark Wisconsinan annual cycles; both markers are evident and have been intercalibrated in early Holocene ice. Layer counts are reproducible between different workers and for one worker at different times, with 1% error over century-length times in the Holocene. Reproducibility is typically 5% in Wisconsinan ice-age ice and decreases with increasing age and depth. Cumulative ages from visible stratigraphy are not significantly different from independent ages of prominent events for ice older than the historical record and younger than approximately 50,000 years. Visible observations are not greatly degraded by ''brittle ice'' or many other core-quality problems, allowing construction of long, consistently sampled time series. High accuracy requires careful study of the core by dedicated observers. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195. USA,COLD REG RES & ENGN LAB,HANOVER,NH 03755. US GEOL SURVEY,OFF CENT REG GEOLOGIST,DENVER,CO 80225. CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,LAB C14,KIEL,GERMANY. SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT PHYS,BUFFALO,NY 14620. NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,OCEANS & ICE BRANCH,GREENBELT,MD 20771. UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,UNIV & COMMUNITY COLL SYST NEVADA,RENO,NV 89506. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Alley, RB (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. RI Spinelli, Glenn/B-1346-2009; Grootes, Pieter/F-4952-2011; Taylor, Kendrick/A-3469-2016 OI Taylor, Kendrick/0000-0001-8535-1261 NR 65 TC 130 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 30 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C12 BP 26367 EP 26381 DI 10.1029/96JC03837 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YJ671 UT WOS:A1997YJ67100006 ER PT J AU Cuffey, KM Clow, GD AF Cuffey, KM Clow, GD TI Temperature, accumulation, and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID YOUNGER DRYAS EVENT; SEA-LEVEL; SNOW ACCUMULATION; ISOTOPE PROFILES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RECORD; GISP2; ANTARCTICA; CORE; CIRCULATION AB We present a combined heat-and ice-flow model, constrained by measurements of temperature in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) borehole and by the GISP2 delta(18)O record and depth-age scale, which determines a history of temperature, accumulation rate, and ice sheet elevation for the past 50,000 years in central Greenland. Important results are: that the temperature increase from average glacial to Holocene conditions was large, approximately 15 degrees C, with a 20 degrees C warming from late glacial to Holocene; that the average accumulation rate during the last glacial maximum (between 15 and 30 kyr B.P.) was 5.5 to 7 cm yr(-1), approximately 25% of the modern accumulation rate; that long-term (500-1000 years) averaged accumulation rate and temperature have been inversely correlated during the most recent 7 millennia of the Holocene; and that the Greenland Ice Sheet probably thickened during the deglacial transition. The inverse correlation of accumulation rate and temperature in the mid and late Holocene suggests that the Greenland Ice Sheet is more prone to volume reduction in a warmed climate than previously thought and demonstrates that accumulation rate is not a reliable proxy for temperature. The elevation history of the ice sheet is poorly constrained by the model, and independent evidence is needed. We also present a simple estimate of the response time for thinning of the interior region of an ice sheet due to retreat of its margins. This was approximately 1900 years for central Greenland during deglaciation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CLIMATE HIST PROGRAM,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Cuffey, KM (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOX 351310,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 47 TC 267 Z9 271 U1 4 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 30 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C12 BP 26383 EP 26396 DI 10.1029/96JC03981 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YJ671 UT WOS:A1997YJ67100007 ER PT J AU Gow, AJ Meese, DA Alley, RB Fitzpatrick, JJ Anandakrishnan, S Woods, GA Elder, BC AF Gow, AJ Meese, DA Alley, RB Fitzpatrick, JJ Anandakrishnan, S Woods, GA Elder, BC TI Physical and structural properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core: A review SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID GISP2; FABRICS AB Substantial data sets have been collected on the relaxation characteristics, density, grain size, c axis fabrics, and ultrasonic velocities of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) core to its contact with bedrock at 3053.4 m. Changes in all these properties paralleled closely those found in cores from Byrd Station, Antarctica, and Dye 3, Greenland. Density increased progressively with depth to a maximum of 0.921 Mg/m(3) at about 1400 m, at which depth the ice became bubble free. Below about 2000 m, in situ densities began to decrease in response to increasing ice sheet temperatures. Since drilling, much of the ice core has undergone significant volume expansion (relaxation) due to microcracking and the exsolving of enclathratized gases, especially in the brittle ice zone between 650 and 1400 m. Grain size increased linearly to about 1000 m, thereafter remaining fairly constant until the Younger Dryas event at 1678 m where a twofold to threefold decrease in grain size occurred. These grain size changes were accompanied by a progressive clustering of crystal c axes toward the vertical, including a small increase in c axis concentration across the Younger Dryas/Holocene boundary. Increased dust levels in the Wisconsin ice have contributed to the maintenance of a fine-grained texture which, with its strong vertical c axis fabric, persisted to nearly 3000 m. However, beginning at about 2800 m, layers of coarse-grained ice intermixed with the much finer-grained matrix ice are observed. Below 3000 m the ice became very coarse grained. This change, attributed to annealing recrystallization at elevated temperatures in the ice sheet, was accompanied by a dispersed or ring-like redistribution of the c axes about the vertical. Ultrasonic measurements of vertical and horizontal p wave velocities made at 10-m intervals along the entire length of the GISP2 core fully confirmed the results of the crystallo-optical observations. A return to fine-grained ice coincided with the first appearance of brown, silty ice 13 m above bedrock. Bedrock material consisted of 48 cm of till, including boulders and cobbles, overlying gray biotite granite comprising the true bedrock. There is evidence that disturbed structure in the GISP2 cores begins little more than 70% of the way through the ice sheet. This disturbance increases with depth until it becomes large enough to cast suspicion on features lasting centuries or more in the bottom 10% of the ice sheet. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. US GEOL SURVEY,OFF REG GEOLOGIST,DENVER,CO 80255. RP Gow, AJ (reprint author), USA,COLD REG RES & ENGN LAB,72 LYME RD,HANOVER,NH 03755, USA. NR 30 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 30 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C12 BP 26559 EP 26575 DI 10.1029/97JC00165 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YJ671 UT WOS:A1997YJ67100021 ER PT J AU Alley, RB Gow, AJ Meese, DA Fitzpatrick, JJ Waddington, ED Bolzan, JF AF Alley, RB Gow, AJ Meese, DA Fitzpatrick, JJ Waddington, ED Bolzan, JF TI Grain-scale processes, folding, and stratigraphic disturbance in the GISP2 ice core SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE; CENTRAL GREENLAND; AGE ICE; DEFORMATION; FABRICS; PATTERN; SHEETS; GROWTH; CREEP AB Flow disturbances have been shown to alter stratigraphic order in the lower part of the ice sheet in central Greenland. Vertical thin sections of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core show that in the lower 30%, the expected c axis-vertical fabric is interrupted by planes of grains (''stripes'') with c axes oriented approximately in the dip directions of the planes. Stripe-parallel shear produces small-scale folds. The stripes can be explained qualitatively by a simple nucleation-and-growth model based on the strong anisotropy of ice-crystal deformation. Nucleation probably is sensitive to spatially variable rates of polygonization, producing spatially variable stripe densities. Stripes are modeled to affect the ice viscosity, so variations in stripe density may contribute to viscosity contrasts that might produce larger deformational features and loss of stratigraphic order. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. OHIO STATE UNIV,BYRD POLAR RES CTR,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US GEOL SURVEY,OFF CENT REG GEOLOGIST,DENVER,CO 80225. USA,COLD REG RES & ENGN LAB,HANOVER,NH 03755. UNIV WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS PROGRAM,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Alley, RB (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 40 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 30 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C12 BP 26819 EP 26830 DI 10.1029/96JC03836 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YJ671 UT WOS:A1997YJ67100043 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Xiao, JB Stockton, P Ono, D Helm, PJ Gill, TE Ley, T AF Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Xiao, JB Stockton, P Ono, D Helm, PJ Gill, TE Ley, T TI Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Omens Lake .1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 mu m SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID FIELD MEASUREMENT; DUST; SALTATION; AEROSOLS; SEDIMENT AB A field experiment at Owens (dry) Lake, California, tested whether and how the relative profiles of airborne horizontal mass fluxes for >50-mu m wind-eroded particles changed with friction velocity. The horizontal mass flux at almost all measured heights increased proportionally to the cube of friction velocity above an apparent threshold friction velocity for all sediment tested and increased with height except at one coarse-sand site where the relative horizontal mass flux profile did not change with friction velocity. Size distributions for long-time-averaged horizontal mass flux samples showed a saltation layer from the surface to a height between 30 and 50 cm, above which suspended particles dominate. Measurements from a large dust source area on a line parallel to the wind showed that even though the saltation flux reached equilibrium similar to 650 m downwind of the starting point of erosion, weakly suspended particles were still input into the atmosphere 1567 m downwind of the starting point; thus the saltating fraction of the total mass flux decreased after 650 m. The scale length difference and ratio of 70/30 suspended mass flux to saltation mass flux at the farthest downwind sampling site confirm that suspended particles are very important for mass budgets in large source areas and that saltation mass flux can be a variable fraction of total horizontal mass flux for soils with a substantial fraction of <100-mu m particles. C1 USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, BIG SPRING, TX 79720 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH ASTROGEOL, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. GREAT BASIN UNIFIED AIR POLLUT CONTROL DIST, BISHOP, CA 93514 USA. SENSIT CO, PORTLAND, ND 58274 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, FLUID MODELING BRANCH, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV, AIR RESOURCES LAB, MD-81, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25977 EP 25987 DI 10.1029/97JD00961 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300021 ER PT J AU Reheis, MC AF Reheis, MC TI Dust deposition downwind of Owens (dry) Lake, 1991-1994: Preliminary findings SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN NEVADA; CALIFORNIA; VEGETATION; SEDIMENTS; TRANSPORT; AEROSOLS; EROSION; PLAYAS; AREA AB Salt-rich dust derived from the Owens Lake playa is deposited in significant quantities to distances of at least 40 km north and south of the playa. Semiannual measurements from 1991 to 1994 of dust deposition rates (dust flux) and composition 2 m above the ground at seven sites in Owens Valley show that (I) dust in Owens Valley is derived mainly from the playa, although areas closer to the sites can also be sources; (2) south of the playa, dust flux is higher in the winter than in the summer, but north of the playa, dust flux is about the same or slightly lower in the winter; (3) on the playa, interannual variation in dust flux is large (factors of 5-10 during the 3 years), but at downwind sites, the variation is much smaller; (4) the dust typically has total soluble salt content as high as 30%, generally much higher than that of dust elsewhere in southern Nevada and California; and (5) to a distance of at least 40 km south of the playa, soluble salt flux is significantly higher than regional rates. The dust flux measurements indicate that significant quantities of salt-rich dust are probably being added to the soils in the region around Owens Lake playa; these dust additions may affect soil pH and vegetation. RP Reheis, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, FED CTR, MS-980, LAKEWOOD, CO 80225 USA. NR 27 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25999 EP 26008 DI 10.1029/97JD01967 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300023 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Thurman, EM Barcelo, D AF Ferrer, I Thurman, EM Barcelo, D TI Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ACID METABOLITE; ALACHLOR AB Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was combined with highperformance liquid chromatography/high-flow pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESP/MS) for the trace analysis of oxanilic and sulfonic acids of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. The isolation procedure separated the chloroacetanilide metabolites from the parent herbicides during the elution from C-18 cartridges using ethyl acetate for parent compounds, followed by methanol for the anionic metabolites. The metabolites were separated chromatographically using reversed-phase HPLC and analyzed by negative-ion MS using electrospray ionization in selected ion mode, Quantitation limits were 0.01 mu g/L for both the oxanilic and sulfonic acids based on a 100-mL water sample, This combination of methods represents an important advance in environmental analysis of chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater for two reasons. First, anionic chloroacetanilide metabolites are a major class of degradation products that are readily leached to groundwater in agricultural areas. Second, anionic metabolites, which are not able to be analyzed by conventional methods such as liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, are effectively analyzed by SPE and high-now pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry, This paper reports the first HPLC/MS identification of these metabolites in surface water and groundwater. C1 CSIC,CID,DEPT ENVIRONM CHEM,ES-08034 BARCELONA,SPAIN. US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008; OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851; Barcelo, Damia/0000-0002-8873-0491 NR 13 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 22 BP 4547 EP 4553 DI 10.1021/ac9704671 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YF130 UT WOS:A1997YF13000009 PM 9375515 ER PT J AU Arnet, F Kahle, HG Klingele, E Smith, RB Meertens, CM Dzurisin, D AF Arnet, F Kahle, HG Klingele, E Smith, RB Meertens, CM Dzurisin, D TI Temporal gravity and height changes of the Yellowstone caldera, 1977-1994 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; NATIONAL-PARK; SUBSIDENCE; UPLIFT AB This paper describes the longest record of gravity measurements in the area of the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming. The temporal gravity changes, at the +/-12 mu Gal (10(-8) ms(-2)) precision level, are compared with changes in heights from leveling and GPS. The gravity field decreased across the caldera from 1977 to 1983 during the uplift and attained a maximum decrease of up to -60 +/- 12 mu Gal along the Caldera axis, The gravity field then reversed polarity to increasing values, of up to 60 +/- 12 mu Gal between 1986 and 1993. The ratio between height and gravity changes varied during the entire time, but converged over the latter period following the free-air gravity gradient. General ground deformation deduced from leveling showed caldera-wide uplift of similar to 15 mm/a during the period of gravity decrease, then from leveling and GPS, subsidence of similar to 25 mm/a during the gravity increase. C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP Arnet, F (reprint author), ETH HONGGERBERG,INST GEODESY & PHOTOGRAMMETRY,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. OI Meertens, Charles/0000-0003-1811-0307 NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2741 EP 2744 DI 10.1029/97GL02801 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900014 ER PT J AU Foin, TC Garcia, EJ Gill, RE Culberson, SD Collins, JN AF Foin, TC Garcia, EJ Gill, RE Culberson, SD Collins, JN TI Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE California clapper rail; endangered species; red fox; population viability; tidal marsh habitat ID ENDANGERED-SPECIES-ACT; CONSERVATION; PLANS AB The California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), a Federal- and State-listed endangered marsh bird, has a geographic range restricted to one of the most heavily-urbanized estuaries in the world. The rail population has long been in a state of decline, although the exact contribution of each of the many contributing causes remains unclear. The rail is one of the key targets of emerging plans to conserve and restore tidal marshlands, Reduction of tidal marsh habitat, estimated at 85-95%, has been the major historical cause of rail decline. increased predation intensity may be the more important present problem, because habitat fragmentation and alteration coupled with the invasion of the red fox have made the remaining populations more vulnerable to predators, Population viability analysis shows that adult survivorship is the key demographic variable; reversals in population fate occur over a narrow range of ecologically realistic values. Analysis of habitat requirements and population dynamics of the clapper rail in the San Francisco Estuary shows that decreased within-marsh habitat quality, particularly reduction of tidal flows and alteration of drainage, is an important barrier to population recovery. Management and restoration activities should emphasize the development of well-channelized high tidal marsh, because this is the key requirement of rail habitat, Developing effective restoration programs depends upon having information that field research will not provide. The effect of spatial pattern of reserves requires accurate estimation of the effects of predation and inter-marsh movement, both of which are practically impossible to measure adequately. It will be necessary to develop and use simulation models that can be applied to geographic data to accomplish this task. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Div Environm Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. San Francisco Estuary Inst, Richmond, CA 95804 USA. RP Foin, TC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Div Environm Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 38 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA YQ481 UT WOS:000071392100009 ER PT J AU Kennedy, BM Kharaka, YK Evans, WC Ellwood, A DePaolo, DJ Thordsen, J Ambats, G Mariner, RH AF Kennedy, BM Kharaka, YK Evans, WC Ellwood, A DePaolo, DJ Thordsen, J Ambats, G Mariner, RH TI Mantle fluids in the San Andreas fault system, California SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; PLATE BOUNDARY; PACIFIC PLATE; COAST-RANGES; HELIUM; GASES; CARBON; YELLOWSTONE; COMPACTION; TECTONICS AB Fluids associated with the San Andreas and companion faults in central and southcentral California have high He-3/He-4 ratios. The lack of correlation between helium isotopes and fluid chemistry or local geology requires that fluids enter the fault system from the mantle. Mantle fluids passing through the ductile lower crust must enter the brittle fault zone at or near lithostatic pressures; estimates of fluid flux based on helium isotopes suggest that they may thus contribute directly to fault-weakening high-fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,CTR ISOTOPE GEOCHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Kennedy, BM (reprint author), LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,CTR ISOTOPE GEOCHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 39 TC 139 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 14 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5341 BP 1278 EP 1281 DI 10.1126/science.278.5341.1278 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YG043 UT WOS:A1997YG04300041 ER PT J AU Rappaport, Y Naar, DF Barton, CC Liu, ZJ Hey, RN AF Rappaport, Y Naar, DF Barton, CC Liu, ZJ Hey, RN TI Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; PACIFIC RISE; SOUTHEAST PACIFIC; MANTLE PLUMES; MICROPLATE EVOLUTION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SMALL VOLCANOS; HOTSPOT; AXIS AB We investigate the morphology and distribution of a seamount population on a section of seafloor influenced by both superfast seafloor spreading and hotspot volcanism. The population under investigation is part of a broad chain of seamounts extending eastward from the East Pacific Rise, near Easter Island. In order to define the morphological variability of the seamounts, basal shape, cross-sectional area, volume, flatness, and flank slope are plotted against height for 383 seamounts with heights greater than 200! m, based on bathymetry data collected by GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000, during three cruises onboard the R/V Melville in the spring of 1993. Nearly complete swath mapping coverage of the seamounts is available for the analysis of size and shape distribution. We quantitatively describe the seamount population of this active region, in which seamounts cover similar to 27% of the seafloor, and account for similar to 4.2% of the total crustal volume. Over 50% of the total volume (61,000 km(3)) of seamounts used in this study is made up by the 14 largest seamounts, and the remaining volume is made up by the 369 smaller seamounts (>200 m in height). Our analysis indicates there are at least two seamount populations in the Easter Island-Salas y Gomez Island (25 degrees-29 degrees S, 113 degrees-104 degrees W) study area. One population of seamounts is composed of short seamounts (<1200 m in height) with variable flatness from pointy cones to flattened domes (flatness from 0.01 to 0.57) and predominantly steep flanks (slopes from 5 degrees to 32 degrees). A second population is of massive (>1200 m), shield-like, pointy cones (flatness <0.2) and gentle slopes (from 5 degrees to 15 degrees). An exponential maximum likelihood distribution is fit to the binned raw frequency of height and gives a characteristic height of the seamount population of 308+/-12 m and an expected number of seamounts per 1000 km(2) of 2.7+/-0.15. Many seamounts that have different slope and flatness relationships with height are formed next to each other. We speculate that the larger volcanoes (>similar to 1200 m) originate exclusively from a hotspot source, but only a pot-tron of the smaller volcanoes (2 km. The presence of methane is likely to contribute to fluid flow by reducing the density of the fluids. Past fluid migration and venting are reflected by widespread carbonate mineralization at the sediment-water interface. This mineralization and the geographic distribution and proportions of microbial and thermogenic methane suggest that vent sites migrate when permeability is reduced during carbonate cementation. These results demonstrate that along with convergent and divergent plate boundaries, transform plate boundaries are characterized by fluid flow and that the flow may be widespread, occurring at sites away from fault zones. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST, MOSS LANDING, CA 95039 USA. RP Martin, JB (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT GEOL, 1112 TURLINGTON HALL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B11 BP 24903 EP 24915 DI 10.1029/97JB02154 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YF511 UT WOS:A1997YF51100036 ER PT J AU Eichelberger, JC AF Eichelberger, JC TI Geoscience - Drilling volcanoes SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID HAWAII RP Eichelberger, JC (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOPHYS,ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. RI Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 7 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5340 BP 1084 EP 1085 DI 10.1126/science.278.5340.1084 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YE652 UT WOS:A1997YE65200038 ER PT J AU Clayton, JL Yang, J King, JD Lillis, PG Warden, A AF Clayton, JL Yang, J King, JD Lillis, PG Warden, A TI Geochemistry of oils from the Junggar basin, northwest China SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS; MARINE ORGANIC-MATTER; CRUDE OILS; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARBON; ISOTOPE; SHALE; C-13; MATURATION AB The Junggar basin of northwestern China is a structural basin containing a thick sequence of Paleozoic-Pleistocene rocks with estimated oil reserves of as much as 5 billion bbl. Analyses of 19 oil samples from nine producing fields and two oil-stained cores in the Junggar basin revealed the presence of at least five genetic oil types. The geochemistry of the oils indicates source organic matter deposited in fresh to brackish lake and marine environments, including coaly organic matter sources. The volumetrically most important oil type discovered to date is produced from Late Carboniferous-Middle Triassic reservoirs in the giant Karamay field and nearby fields located along the northwestern margin of the Junggar basin. Oil produced from the Mahu field, located downdip in a depression east of the Karamay field, is from a different source than Karamay oils. Unique oil types are also produced from an upper Permian reservoir at Jimusar field in the southeastern part of the basin, and from Tertiary (Oligocene) rocks at Dushanzi field and Lower Jurassic rocks at Qigu field, both located along the southern margin of the basin. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of Upper Permian source rocks, and the possibility of Mesozoic or Tertiary sources has been proposed, but not tested by geochemical analysis, although analyses of some possible Jurassic coal source rocks have been reported. Our findings indicate that several effective source rocks are present in the basin, including local sources of Mesozoic or younger age for oil accumulations along the southern and southeastern margins of the basin. Future exploration or assessment of petroleum potential of the basin can be improved by considering the geological relationships among oil types, possible oil source rocks, and reservoirs. C1 RES INST EXPLORAT & DEV,KARAMAY 834000,XINJIANG,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Clayton, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 57 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1926 EP 1944 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YF128 UT WOS:A1997YF12800009 ER PT J AU Peng, GY Luhr, JF McGee, JJ AF Peng, GY Luhr, JF McGee, JJ TI Factors controlling sulfur concentrations in volcanic apatite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; ELECTRON-MICROPROBE ANALYSIS; ANHYDRITE-BEARING PUMICES; EL-CHICHON VOLCANO; MOUNT-ST-HELENS; DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; OXYGEN FUGACITY; MELT EQUILIBRIA; 1982 ERUPTIONS AB Apatite crystals from two types of samples were analyzed by electron microprobe for 15 major and trace elements: (1) apatite in H2O- and S-saturated experimental charges of the 1982 El Chichon trachyandesite and (2) apatite in volcanic rocks erupted from 20 volcanoes. The SO3 contents of the experimental apatite increase with increasing oxygen fugacity (fO(2)), from less than or equal to 0.04 wt% in reduced charges buffered by fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ), to 1.0-2.6 wt% in oxidized charges buffered by manganosite-hausmanite (MNH) or magnetite-hematite (MTH). The SO3 contents of MNH- and MTH-buffered apatite also generally increase with increasing pressure from 2 to 4 kbar and decreasing temperature from 950 to 800 degrees C. The partition coefficient for SO3 between apatite and oxidized melt increases with decreasing temperature but appears to be independent of pressure. Apatites in volcanic rocks show a wide range of SO3 contents (<0.04 to 0.63 wt%). Our sample set includes one group known to contain primary anhydrite and a second group inferred to have been free of primary anhydrite, No systematic differences in apatite S contents are observed between these two groups. Our study was initiated to define the factors controlling S contents in apatite and to evaluate the hypothesis that high S contents in apatite could be characteristic of S-rich anhydrite-bearing magmas such as those erupted from El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991, This hypothesis is shown to be invalid, probably chiefly a consequence of the slow intra-crystalline diffusion that limits re-equilibration between early formed apatite and the evolving silicate melt. Contributing factors include early crystallization of most apatite over a relatively small temperature interval, common late-stage magmatic enrichment of S, progressive oxidation during magmatic evolution, and strong controls on S contents in apatite exerted by fO(2), temperature, and pressure. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. RP Peng, GY (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST, DEPT MINERAL SCI, NHB-119, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. NR 77 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 24 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X EI 1945-3027 J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 82 IS 11-12 BP 1210 EP 1224 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA YG094 UT WOS:A1997YG09400017 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ AF Horowitz, AJ TI Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring SO ANALYST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Geoanalysis 97 - 3rd International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials CY JUN 01-05, 1997 CL VAIL, CO DE environmental monitoring; water quality; sampling; trace elements ID TRACE-ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; WATER; FILTRATION; METALS AB Modern analytical Instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down Into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l(-1)) range, This holds for the three most common sample media currently used In environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical capabilities have exceeded the current capacity to collect both uncontaminated and representative environmental samples. The success of any trace element monitoring program requires that this issue be both understood and addressed. The environmental monitoring of trace elements requires the collection of calendar-and event-based dissolved and suspended sediment samples, There are unique problems associated with the collection and chemical analyses of both types of sample media, Over the past 10 years, reported ambient dissolved trace element concentrations have declined. Generally, these decreases do not reflect better water quality, but rather improvements in the procedures used to collect, process, preserve and analyze these samples without contaminating them during these steps, Further, recent studies have shown that the currently accepted operational definition of dissolved constituents (material passing a 0.45 mu m membrane filter) is Inadequate owing to sampling and processing artifacts, The existence of these artifacts raises questions about the generation of accurate, precise and comparable 'dissolved' trace element data. Suspended sediment and associated trace elements can display marked short-and long-term spatial and temporal variability. This implies that spatially representative samples only can be obtained by generating composites using depth-and width-integrated sampling techniques, Additionally, temporal variations have led to the view that the determination of annual trace element fluxes may require nearly constant (e.g., high-frequency) sampling and subsequent chemical analyses, Ultimately, sampling frequency for flux estimates becomes dependent on the time period of concern (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) and the amount of acceptable error associated with these estimates. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PEACHTREE BUSINESS CTR,SUITE 130,3039 AMWILER RD,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD NOV PY 1997 VL 122 IS 11 BP 1193 EP 1200 DI 10.1039/a704604i PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YJ087 UT WOS:A1997YJ08700005 ER PT J AU Revesz, K Bohlke, JK Yoshinari, T AF Revesz, K Bohlke, JK Yoshinari, T TI Determination of delta O-18 and delta N-15 in nitrate SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS; N-15; AQUIFER; ORIGIN; OXYGEN; CARBON; O-18 AB The analyses of both O and N isotopic compositions of nitrate have many potential applications in studies of nitrate sources and reactions in hydrology, oceanography, and atmospheric chemistry, but simple and precise methods for these analyses have yet to be developed. Testing of a new method involving reaction of potassium nitrate with catalyzed graphite (C + Pd + Au) at 520 degrees C resulted in quantitative recovery of N and O from nitrate as free CO2, K2CO3, and N-2. The delta(18)O values of nitrate reference materials were obtained by analyzing both the CO2 and K2CO3 from catalyzed graphite combustion. Provisional values of delta(18)O(VSMOW) for the internationally distributed KNO3 reference materials IAEA-N3 and USGS-32 were both equal to +22.7 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand. Because the fraction of free CO2 and the isotopic fractionation factor between CO2 and K2CO3 were constant in the combustion products, the delta(18)O value of KNO3 could be calculated from measurements of the delta(18)O of free CO2. Thus, delta(18)O(KNO3) = a delta(18)O(free CO2) - b, where a and b were equal to 0.9967 and 3.3, respectively, for the specific conditions of the experiments. The catalyzed graphite combustion method can be used to determine delta(18)O of KNO3 from measurements of delta(18)O of free CO2 with reproducibility on the order of +/- 0.2 parts per thousand or better if local reference materials are prepared and analyzed with the samples. Reproducibility of delta(15)N was +/- 0.1 parts per thousand after trace amounts of CO were removed. C1 NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH, WADSWORTH CTR LABS & RES, ALBANY, NY 12201 USA. SUNY ALBANY, SCH PUBL HLTH, ALBANY, NY 12201 USA. RP Revesz, K (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, NATL CTR 431, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 37 TC 48 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 21 BP 4375 EP 4380 DI 10.1021/ac9610523 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YD678 UT WOS:A1997YD67800018 PM 21639170 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Connell, TL Guidetti, JR Oremland, RS AF Miller, LG Connell, TL Guidetti, JR Oremland, RS TI Bacterial oxidation of methyl bromide in fumigated agricultural soils SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BROMINE; DEGRADATION; VOLATILIZATION; SEDIMENTS; SEAWATER; WATERS; RATES; OZONE AB The oxidation of [C-14]methyl bromide ([C-14]MeBr) to (CO2)-C-14 was measured in field experiments with soils collected from two strawberry plots fumigated with mixtures of MeBr and chloropicrin (CCl3NO2), Although these fumigants are considered potent biocides, we found that the highest rates of MeBr oxidation occurred 1 to 2 days after injection when the fields were tarped, rather than before or several days after injection, No oxidation of MeBr occurred in heat-killed soils, indicating that microbes were the causative agents of the oxidation. Degradation of MeBr by chemical and/or biological processes accounted for 20 to 50% of the loss of MeBr during fumigation, with evasion to the atmosphere inferred to comprise the remainder, In laboratory incubations, complete removal of [C-14]MeBr occurred within a few days, with 47 to 67% of the added MeBr oxidized to (CO2)-C-14 and the remainder of counts associated with the solid phase. Chloropicrin inhibited the oxidation of MeBr, implying that use of this substance constrains the extent of microbial degradation of MeBr during fumigation, Oxidation was by direct bacterial attack of MeBr and not of methanol, a product of the chemical hydrolysis of MeBr. Neither nitrifying nor methane-oxidizing bacteria were sufficiently active in these soils to account for the observed oxidation of MeBr, nor could the microbial degradation of MeBr be linked to cooxidation with exogenously supplied electron donors, However, repeated addition of MeBr to live soils resulted in higher rates of its removal, suggesting that soil bacteria used MeBr as an electron donor for growth, To support this interpretation, we isolated a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium from these soils which grew with MeBr as a sole source of carbon and energy. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 4346 EP 4354 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YE281 UT WOS:A1997YE28100031 PM 16535728 ER PT J AU Lellis, WA Barrows, FT AF Lellis, WA Barrows, FT TI The effect of diet on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE steelhead trout; diet; steroids; fin erosion; Oncorhynchus mykiss ID COHO SALMON; FISH DIETS; KISUTCH; HORMONES; BEHAVIOR AB A 2x2 factorial experiment of diet type (krill vs fish meal) and steroid supplementation (0 vs 30-mu-g 17-alpha-methyltestosterone kg(-1)) was conducted to determine the effects on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout. Triplicate tanks of 250 fry were fed one of the four diets at a rate calculated to produce 115 g fish in 34 weeks. Fish were transferred to larger tanks when mean density index reached 0.40. Dorsal fin index (DFI, measure as mean dorsal fin height x 100/total fish length) was greater (P less-than 0.001) among fish fed krill-based diets than for fish fed fish-based diets at weeks 12, 22, and 34 of the trial. Added testosterone decreased (p=0.04) DFI among fish fed the krill diet at week 12 but otherwise has no effect on fin condition. Addition of testosterone to either diet type decreased (P=0.02) critical thermal maximum, which is a measure of fish resistance to thermal stress. The results suggest that diet composition can influence the rate of dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout through a metabolic, behavioral, or combined change. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH TECHNOL CTR,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. RP Lellis, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,RES & DEV LAB,RD 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 156 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00133-6 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YJ747 UT WOS:A1997YJ74700005 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA Foote, AL AF Johnson, LA Foote, AL TI Vertebrate herbivory in managed coastal wetlands: a manipulative experiment SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE wetland management; Myocastor coypus; aboveground biomass; nutria; marsh ID SPARTINA-PATENS; RELATIVE GROWTH; MARSH; LOUISIANA; VEGETATION; INTENSITY; DYNAMICS; COYPUS; WATER; STAND AB Structural marsh management and nutria herbivory are both believed to strongly influence plant production in the brackish, deltaic marshes of coastal Louisiana, USA. Previous studies have tested the effects of structural management on aboveground biomass after implementing management, but very few studies have collected data before and after management. Thus, to test the effects of structural marsh management on Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. and Scirpus americanus Pers., the aboveground biomass of both species was estimated before and after the construction of shallow, leveed impoundments. The water level in each impoundment was managed with a single flap-gated culvert fitted with a variable crest weir. Additionally, the influence of nutria grazing on aboveground biomass was measured by nondestructively sampling fenced (ungrazed) and unfenced (grazed) plots in both managed and unmanaged areas. While there was no significant difference in S. parens production between managed and unmanaged areas, marsh management negatively affected Sc. americanus production. The two species also differed in their responses to grazing. Grazing dramatically reduced the sedge, Sc. americanus, while the grass, S. patens, remained at similar biomass levels in grazed and ungrazed plant stands. These findings support the belief that herbivory has a strong influence on plant production, but do not support the claim that management increases plant production in the deltaic marshes of Louisiana. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 50 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00031-4 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YT971 UT WOS:000071666300002 ER PT J AU Brown, LR AF Brown, LR TI Concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds in biota and bed sediment in streams of the san Joaquin Valley, California SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; UNITED-STATES; RIVER; RESIDUES; WATER; ACCUMULATION; CONTAMINANTS; PESTICIDES; FISH AB Samples of resident biota and bed sediments were collected in 1992 from 18 sites on or near the floor of the San Joaquin Valley, California, for analysis of 33 organochlorine compounds. The sites were divided into five groups on the basis of physiographic region and land use. Ten compounds were detected in tissue, and 15 compounds were detected in bed sediment. The most frequently detected compound in both media was p,p'-DDE. Concentrations of Sigma DDT (sum of o,p'- and p,p' forms of DDD, DDE, and DDT) were statistically different among groups of sites for both tissue and sediment (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05). Concentrations in both media were highest in streams draining the west side of the valley. Concentrations of Sigma DDT in tissue were significantly correlated with specific conductance, pH, and total alkalinity (p < 0.05), which are indicators of the proportion of irrigation return flows in stream discharge. Concentrations in sediment on a dry weight basis were not correlated with these water-quality parameters, but total organic carbon (TOC) normalized concentrations were significantly correlated with specific conductance and pH (p < 0.05). Regressions of the concentration of Sigma DDT in tissue, as a function of Sigma DDT in bed sediment, were significant and explained up to 76% of the variance in the data. The concentration of Sigma DDT in sediment may be related to mechanisms of soil transport to surface water with bioavailability of compounds related to the concentration of TOC in sediment. The results of this study did not indicate any clear advantage to using either bed sediment or tissues in studies of organochlorine chemicals in the environment. Some guidelines for protection of fish and wildlife were exceeded. Concentrations of organochlorine chemicals in biota, and perhaps sediment, have declined from concentrations measured in the 1970s and 1980s, but remain high compared to other regions of the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Brown, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 357 EP 368 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YN353 UT WOS:000071159400003 PM 9419254 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE AF Rostad, CE TI Concentration and transport of chlordane and nonachlor associated with suspended sediment in the Mississippi River, May 1988 to June 1990 SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TECHNICAL CHLORDANE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION; OXYCHLORDANE; TRIBUTARIES; TOXICITY; BLOOD; LAKE; RAT AB Technical chlordane, a formerly widely used organochlorine pesticide, has become widespread in the environment. The distribution of technical chlordane in riverine environments may be due in part to resuspension and aqueous transport of contaminated bed sediment. To test this hypothesis, the Mississippi River was sampled for suspended sediment five times over a two-year period, at up to 17 sites from St. Louis to below New Orleans, including major tributaries. The ratio of chlordane to nonachlor concentrations averaged 3.6 during May-June 1988 for the Mississippi River below its confluence with the Ohio River. During March-April 1989, the ratio was 0.6, suggesting weathered technical chlordane contributions to the suspended sediment. During June 1989, the ratio averaged 1.1, indicating some input of less weathered technical chlordane. During February-March and May-June 1990, the ratios again shifted, from 0.8 to 1.3. This shifting ratio is likely due to resuspension of weathered technical chlordane associated with bed sediment during spring runoff Annual transport by suspended sediment from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be 110 kg of chlordane and 100 kg of nonachlor. C1 US Geol Survey, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. RP Rostad, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 408,5293 Ward Rd, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 369 EP 377 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YN353 UT WOS:000071159400004 PM 9419255 ER PT J AU Lasier, PJ Winger, PV Reinert, RE AF Lasier, PJ Winger, PV Reinert, RE TI Toxicity of alkalinity to Hyalella azteca SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PORE-WATER; SEDIMENTS; SENSITIVITY C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DB WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Lasier, PJ (reprint author), SERG,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,US DEPT INTERIOR,US GEOL SURVEY,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 59 IS 5 BP 807 EP 814 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YA258 UT WOS:A1997YA25800021 PM 9323233 ER PT J AU PassinoReader, DR Hickey, JP Ogilvie, LM AF PassinoReader, DR Hickey, JP Ogilvie, LM TI Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and QSAR predictions for polycyclic hydrocarbons representative of Great Lakes contaminants SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOASSAYS; MAGNA; RULES; FISH RP PassinoReader, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 59 IS 5 BP 834 EP 840 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YA258 UT WOS:A1997YA25800025 PM 9323237 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Stafford, TW Been, J Mahan, SA Burdett, J Skipp, G Rowland, ZM AF Muhs, DR Stafford, TW Been, J Mahan, SA Burdett, J Skipp, G Rowland, ZM TI Holocene eolian activity in the Minot dune field, North Dakota SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Session on Eolian Processes and Environments, at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Association-of-Geographers CY 1996 CL SASKATOON, CANADA SP Canadian Assoc Geographers ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NEBRASKA SAND HILLS; GREAT-PLAINS; PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE; STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE; NORTHEASTERN COLORADO; USA; AMERICA; DEPOSITION; SEDIMENTS AB Stabilized eolian sand is common over much of the Great Plains region of the United States and Canada, including a subhumid area of similar to 1500 km(2) near Minot, North Dakota. Eolian landforms consist of sand sheets and northwest-trending parabolic dunes. Dunes and sand sheets in the Minot field are presently stabilized by a cover of prairie grasses or oak woodland. Stratigraphic studies and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of paleosols indicate at least two periods of eolian sand movement in the late Holocene. Pedologic data suggest that all of the dune field has experienced late Holocene dune activity, though not all parts of the dune field may have been active simultaneously. Similar immobile element (Ti, Zr, La, Ce) concentrations support the interpretation that eolian sands are derived from local glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments. However, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial source sediments have high Ca concentrations from carbonate minerals, whereas dune sands are depleted in Ca. Because noneolian-derived soils in the area are calcareous, these data indicate that the Minot dune field may have had extended periods of activity in the Holocene, such that eolian abrasion removed soft carbonate minerals. The southwest-facing parts of some presently stabilized dunes were active during the 1930s drought, but were revegetated during the wetter years of the 1930s. These observations indicate that severe droughts accompanied by high temperatures are the most likely cause of Holocene eolian activity. C1 UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 980, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 73 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1442 EP 1459 DI 10.1139/e17-117 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YL373 UT WOS:A1997YL37300003 ER PT J AU Hansen, MJ Madenjian, CP Selgeby, JH Helser, TE AF Hansen, MJ Madenjian, CP Selgeby, JH Helser, TE TI Gillnet selectivity for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; SIZE-SELECTIVITY; FISHING GEAR; POPULATION; NEBULOSUS; EXAMPLE AB Gillnet selectivity for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was estimated indirectly from catches in nets of 102-, 114-, 127-, 140-, and 152-mm stretch measure. Mesh selectivity was modeled as a nonlinear response surface that describes changes in the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of fish lengths across mesh sizes. Gillnet selectivity for lake trout was described by five parameters that explained 88% of the variation in wedged and entangled catches, 81% of the variation in wedged catches, and 82% of the variation in entangled catches. Combined catches of wedged and entangled lake trout were therefore described more parsimoniously than separate catches of wedged and entangled lake trout. Peak selectivity of wedged and entangled fish increased from 588 to 663 mm total length as mesh size increased from 102 to 152 mm, and relative selectivity peaked at a total length of 638 mm. The estimated lake trout population size-frequency indicated that gillnet catches were negatively biased toward both small and large lake trout. As a consequence of this bias, survival of Lake Superior lake trout across ages 9-11 was underestimated by about 20% when the catch curve was not adjusted for gillnet selectivity. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Hansen, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. OI Hansen, Michael/0000-0001-8522-3876 NR 21 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 54 IS 11 BP 2483 EP 2490 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-11-2483 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YX539 UT WOS:000072050700002 ER PT J AU Whitledge, GW Rabeni, CF AF Whitledge, GW Rabeni, CF TI Energy sources and ecological role of crayfishes in an Ozark stream: insights from stable isotopes and gut analysis SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FOOD-WEB; ORCONECTES-RUSTICUS; AQUATIC INSECTS; CARBON-ISOTOPE; ECOSYSTEMS; DELTA-C-13; DELTA-N-15; BASE; ASSIMILATION; ENRICHMENT AB Energy sources for the crayfishes Orconectes luteus and O. punctimanus in the Jacks Fork River, Missouri, were quantified using stable isotopes (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) and gut-content analysis. A dual-isotope mixing model indicated that about two thirds of crayfish production originated from allochthonous carbon sources, and 30-50% of crayfish production was derived from direct consumption of animal matter. Young-of-the-year crayfishes and adult O. luteus were more carnivorous than the larger adult O. punctimanus. Contributions of energy sources determined using the stable isotope mixing model were similar to results of gut-content analysis corrected for differential assimilation of dietary components. proportions of crayfish production attributed to animal matter by these two methods were four to five times greater than estimates derived from uncorrected gut-content analysis. Unadjusted gut-content analysis overestimated the percentage of crayfish production from feeding directly on detritus. Production-based calculations of crayfish food consumption rates indicated that crayfishes were the dominant consumers of benthic invertebrates, detritus, and algae and may strongly influence lower trophic levels, organic matter processing, and energy flow in this system. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Whitledge, GW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, 112 Stephens Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM C615099@showme.missouri.edu NR 65 TC 140 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 32 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 54 IS 11 BP 2555 EP 2563 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-11-2555 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YX539 UT WOS:000072050700008 ER PT J AU Clifton, DR Rodriguez, RJ AF Clifton, DR Rodriguez, RJ TI Characterization and application of a quantitative DNA marker that discriminates sex in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; CHROMOSOMES; PISCES AB A qualitative male-specific DNA marker (OT-24) was amplified by spPCR (single-primer polymerase chain reaction) from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) DNA along with several non-sex-linked products. The termini of the male-specific product were sequenced, and a pair of PCR primers were constructed for marker-specific PCR amplification. Dual primer PCR (dpPCR), with the marker-specific primers, amplified a product from both males and females. The amount of dpPCR product amplified from males was at least 100-fold greater than that from females. The quantitative difference between males and females was consistent among geographically distinct populations from western U.S. rivers. In addition, DNA sequence analysis indicated that OT-24 was highly conserved among geographically distinct salmon populations. The qualitative spPCR product segregated through several genetic crosses indicating equal sex ratios among progeny. Identification of the male and female juveniles by dpPCR was consistent with the spPCR analysis. There was no tissue specificity observed by spPCR or dpPCR analysis of this marker. A rapid DNA extraction method and dpPCR analysis were used to nonlethally determine sex ratios in wild spring chinook salmon adults, withheld for genetic and behavioral studies, prior to their development of gross sexual differences in their external morphology. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rodriguez, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 54 IS 11 BP 2647 EP 2652 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-11-2647 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YX539 UT WOS:000072050700017 ER PT J AU Silverman, H Nichols, SJ Cherry, JS Achberger, E Lynn, JW Dietz, TH AF Silverman, H Nichols, SJ Cherry, JS Achberger, E Lynn, JW Dietz, TH TI Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: differences between lentic and lotic unionids SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; LATERO-FRONTAL CIRRI; MYTILUS-EDULIS; ZEBRA MUSSEL; CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS; PARTICLE-TRANSPORT; FILTRATION-RATE; GILL FUNCTION; SUSPENSION AB Nine species of unionids cleared laboratory-raised Escherichia coli from artificial pond water. The six unionid species collected from rivers had higher clearance rates than the three species collected from ponds, when clearance was normalized to millilitres per gram of dry tissue mass per minute. Analysis of variance indicated that all lotic unionids examined form a group with similar clearance rates. When normalized on the basis of gill surface area, rates of clearance by all of the lotic unionids become remarkably similar to one another regardless of mass, but differ significantly from those of the lentic unionids. The cirri found on the laterofrontal cells of the gills of lotic unionids tend to be complex, containing >25 cilia per cirral plate, while the cirri of the unionid species collected from ponds have smaller cirri (<16 cilia per cirral plate). There was a strong correlation between cirral surface area (mm(2)) per milligram of dry tissue and clearance rate among the unionid species studied. As a comparison, Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha were also examined and both tended to clear bacteria more rapidly than the lotic unionids. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Zool & Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Louisiana State Univ, Dept Zool & Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM cxsilv@unix1.sncc.lsu.edu RI Lynn, John/B-3126-2013 NR 43 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 20 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1857 EP 1866 DI 10.1139/z97-815 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YL374 UT WOS:000070948200012 ER PT J AU Kelly, BT Garton, EO AF Kelly, BT Garton, EO TI Effects of prey size, meal size, meal composition, and daily frequency of feeding on the recovery of rodent remains from carnivore seats SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID FOOD-HABITS; DIGESTIBILITY; SCATS; GRAY AB Recovery of rodent bone and teeth from coyote (Canis latrans) scats (feces) varied with prey size, meal size, energy content of the meal, and the frequency with which prey were consumed. Mean percentages of mouse and rat teeth recovered ranged from 1% (SE = 0.5%, n = 5) to 24.4% (SE = 3.6%, n = 4) and from 13.8% (SE = 3.8%, n = 5) to 52.5% (SE = 16.6%, n = 5), respectively. A significant portion of this variation resulted from physiological mechanisms affecting how long prey were retained in the digestive acids of the stomach. Recovery of hair did not vary and thus it was considered to be nondigestible. Owing to the variation in the recovery of bone and teeth and the lack of variation in the recovery of hair, we recommend the use of teeth or bone to identify the small rodents present in carnivore seats, and then the use of a visual estimate of hair, or sample of hair, to apportion the seat to the prey items present. We caution against using the numbers of teeth or diagnostic bones to determine the number or amount of a prey item represented by a seat without addressing the variability in their recovery. The effects of gastrointestinal physiology should be considered when planning feeding trials to derive correction factors for seat analysis. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Kelly, BT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 1969, Manteo, NC 27954 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1811 EP 1817 DI 10.1139/z97-810 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YL374 UT WOS:000070948200007 ER PT J AU Sedgwick, JA AF Sedgwick, JA TI Sequential cavity use in a cottonwood bottomland SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE cavity-nesting birds; cavity reuse; sequential cavity reuse; Colorado; plains cottonwood; Populus sargentii ID RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS; NESTING BIRDS; EUROPEAN STARLINGS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; COMPETITION; SITES AB I studied the patterns and frequency of cavity reuse in a community of cavity-nesting birds in a cottonwood bottomland along the South Platte River in northeastern Colorado from 1985-1987. Of 100 cavities occupied in 1985, 56% were reused in 1986; 38.5% of 122, cavities occupied in 1986 were reused in 1987. Of 81 old cavities monitored in both 1986 and 1987, 65.4% were reused at least once. Similar proportions of secondary cavity-nesting bird (SCNB) and primary cavity-nesting bird (PCNB) cavities were reused in both years. Reoccupancy by the same species was 27% and 20.5% in 1986 and 1987, respectively, and was greater for SCNB than for PCNB cavities in both years. Conversely, reoccupancy by different species was greater for PCNB than for SCNB cavities in both years. Thus, old cavities of PCNB were more available to other species of cavity-nesting birds, whereas old SCNB cavities tended to be reused by the same species that previously occupied the cavity. SCNB used a greater proportion of old cavities than did PCNB in both 1986 and 1987. House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) and Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) reoccupied most of the old cavities. RP Sedgwick, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MIDCONTINENT ECOL SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,4512 MCMURRY,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1997 VL 99 IS 4 BP 880 EP 887 DI 10.2307/1370138 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF641 UT WOS:A1997YF64100005 ER PT J AU Grand, JB Flint, PL AF Grand, JB Flint, PL TI Productivity of nesting Spectacled Eiders on the lower Kashunuk River, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Somateria fischeri; Spectacled Eider; nest success; nesting chronology; duckling production; clutch size; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta; Alaska ID SOMATERIA-MOLLISSIMA; NORTHERN PINTAILS; COMMON EIDER; SUCCESS; NUTRIENT; SURVIVAL; DUCKS; RATES AB We studied the chronology and success of nesting Spectacled Elders (Somateria fischeri) along the lower Kashunuk River on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta from 1991-1995. Nest initiation dates ranged from 16 May-22 June. Median nest initiation dates were correlated with the break-up of ice on the Kashunuk River. Clutch sizes declined seasonally, and mean clutch size varied among years ranging from 4.8-5.6 eggs. The frequency of nests containing inviable eggs (24% of successful nests, (x) over bar = 0.6 unhatched eggs per successful nest) did not differ among years or nest initiation dates, and may be related to exposure to contaminants. The rate of partial depredation also did not vary among years or initiation dates (23% of nests, (x) over bar = 0.5 eggs taken/successful nest). We detected no effect of marking or visitation on daily survival rate of nests. Nests initiated early in the year were more successful than late nests; thus, early nesting females laid larger clutches and were more likely to nest successfully than late nesters. Nest success varied among years and declined from 73% in 1991 to 18% in 1994. Nest success increased to 76% in 1995 when we reduced the Mew Gull (Larus canus) population on the study area. While inviability and partial depredation averaged over 1 egg per successful nest, the production lost in nests that were abandoned or completely destroyed by predators was much greater. Our data indicate that Spectacled Elders nesting on our study area experience relatively high production; however, without information regarding annual survival and recruitment. it is not possible to draw conclusions about population growth rates. RP Grand, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA SCI CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 37 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1997 VL 99 IS 4 BP 926 EP 932 DI 10.2307/1370143 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF641 UT WOS:A1997YF64100010 ER PT J AU Boyle, TP Fairchild, JF AF Boyle, TP Fairchild, JF TI The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ecological inertia; ecological resilience; ecosystem structure and vulnerability; fate and effects models; indirect effects of xenobiotics; mesocosm experiments; pesticides; resource management, regional framework; risk analysis ID AQUATIC MESOCOSMS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TROPHIC CASCADES; ECOSYSTEMS; LEVEL; LAKE AB Mesocosms have been primarily used as research tools for the evaluation of the fate and effects of xenobiotic chemicals at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization. This paper provides suggestions for future applications of mesocosm research. Attention should be given to the configuration of mesocosm parameters to explicitly study regional questions of ecological interest. The initial physical, chemical, and biological conditions within mesocosms should be considered as factors shaping the final results of experiments. Certain fundamental questions such as the ecological inertia and resilience of systems with different initial ecological properties should be addressed. Researchers should develop closer working relationships with mathematical modelers in linking computer models to the outcomes of mesocosm studies. Mesocosm tests, linked with models, could enable managers and regulators to forecast the regional consequences of chemicals released into the environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP Boyle, TP (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,MIDCONTINET ECOL SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI McLean, Laurence /C-7367-2014 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1099 EP 1102 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD790 UT WOS:A1997YD79000004 ER PT J AU Blus, LJ Henny, CJ AF Blus, LJ Henny, CJ TI Field studies on pesticides and birds: Unexpected and unique relations SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE birds; direct effects; experimental studies; field studies; indirect effects; pesticides; sensitive species ID ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES; CAPTIVE AMERICAN KESTRELS; HERRING-GULLS; CASE-HISTORIES; SEX-RATIOS; REPRODUCTION; HEPTACHLOR; CALIFORNIA; DICOFOL; FAMPHUR AB We review the advantages and disadvantages of experimental and field studies for determining effects of pesticides on birds. Important problems or principles initially discovered in the field include effects of DDT (through its metabolite DDE) on eggshell thickness, reproductive success, and population stability; trophic-level bioaccumulation of the lipid-soluble organochlorine pesticides; indirect effects on productivity and survival through reductions in the food supply and cover by herbicides and insecticides; unexpected toxic effects and routes of exposure of organophosphorus compounds such as famphur and dimethoate; effects related to simultaneous application at full strength of several pesticides of different classes; and others. Also, potentially serious bird problems with dicofol, based on laboratory studies, later proved negligible in the field. In refining field tests of pesticides, the selection of a species or group of species to study is important, because exposure routes may vary greatly, and 10-fold interspecific differences in sensitivity to pesticides are relatively common. Although there are limitations with field investigations, particularly uncontrollable variables that must be addressed, the value of a well-designed field study far outweighs its shortcomings. RP Blus, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,3080 SE CLEARWATER DR,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 61 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1125 EP 1132 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD790 UT WOS:A1997YD79000008 ER PT J AU Fowles, JR Fairbrother, A Trust, KA Kerkvliet, NI AF Fowles, JR Fairbrother, A Trust, KA Kerkvliet, NI TI Effects of aroclor 1254 on the thyroid gland, immune function, and hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in mallards SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; mallards; immunotoxicity; thyroid; cytochrome-P450 ID ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; RATS; EXPOSURE; CYTOTOXICITY; BIPHENYLS; LEAD AB Adult male mallards were exposed to 0, 4, 20, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg Aroclor 1254 by gavage twice per week for 5 weeks, Immunotoxic effects, as measured by antibody titers to sheep erythrocytes, natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte mitogenesis to phytohemagglutinin, were not detected as a consequence of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure. Hepatic cytochrome P450 activities were measured as microsomal dealkylations of ethoxyresorufin (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin (PROD). Significant elevations in EROD and PROD were noted at 20 mg/kg and peaked in birds treated with 100 mg/kg. Total P450 was induced beginning at 100 mg/kg and peaked at 250 mg/kg. Relative liver weights were dose-dependently increased following treatment with 100 mg/kg or more, Thyroid weights were significantly increased in PCB-treated birds treated with 100 mg/kg or greater, but no significant histological abnormalities were observed, except at the highest dose, Plasma total triiodothyronine (T3) was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, with a significant lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of 20 mg/kg. T3 was decreased following 7 days treatment with 100 mg/kg. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 4 mg/kg for decreased T3. Plasma glucose levels were decreased on days 28 and 35 in mallards treated with 500 mg/kg, while other clinical plasma biochemistry parameters were unaltered by PCB treatment. Plasma corticosterone levels were unchanged by PCB treatment. These results indicate that thyroid hormone levels and P450 activity in mallards are sensitive to subchronic PCB exposure in the absence of gross toxic effects and immunotoxicity. 1997 Academic Press. C1 Oregon State Univ, Toxicol Program, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Ecol Planning & Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Fowles, JR (reprint author), Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Off Environm Hlth Hazard Assessment, 2151 Berkeley Way,Annex 11, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1006/enrs.1997.3776 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YM945 UT WOS:000071117600004 PM 9417842 ER PT J AU Yager, RM Bilotta, SE Mann, CL Madsen, EL AF Yager, RM Bilotta, SE Mann, CL Madsen, EL TI Metabolic adaptation and in situ attenuation of chlorinated ethenes by naturally occurring microorganisms in a fractured dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; VINYL-CHLORIDE; TETRACHLOROETHENE; HYDROCARBONS; CIS-1,2-DICHLOROETHENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DEHALOGENATION; TRANSFORMATION AB A combination of hydrogeological, geochemical, and microbiological methods was used to document the biotransformation of trichloroethene (TCE) to ethene, a completely dechlorinated and environmentally benign compound, by naturally occurring microorganisms within a fractured dolomite aquifer. Analyses of groundwater samples showed that three microbially produced TCE breakdown products (cis-1,2-dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, and ethene) were present in the contaminant plume. Hydrogen (H-2) concentrations in groundwater indicated that iron reduction was the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in the most contaminated geologic zone of the site. Laboratory microcosms prepared with groundwater demonstrated complete sequential dechlorination of TCE to ethene. Microcosm assays also revealed that reductive dechlorination activity was present in waters from the center but not from the periphery of the contaminant plume. This dechlorination activity indicated that naturally occurring microorganisms have adapted to utilize chlorinated ethenes and suggested that dehalorespiring rather than cometabolic, microbial processes were the cause of the dechlorination. The addition of pulverized dolomite to microcosms enhanced the rate of reductive dechlorination, suggesting that hydrocarbons in the dolomite aquifer may serve as electron donors to drive microbially mediated reductive dechlorination reactions. Biodegradation of the chlorinated ethenes appears to contribute significantly to decontamination of the site. C1 CORNELL UNIV, DIV BIOL SCI, MICROBIOL SECT, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ITHACA, NY 14850 USA. NR 48 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 11 BP 3138 EP 3147 DI 10.1021/es970105a PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YE040 UT WOS:A1997YE04000038 ER PT J AU Goodwin, KD Lidstrom, ME Oremland, RS AF Goodwin, KD Lidstrom, ME Oremland, RS TI Marine bacterial degradation of brominated methanes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE; WATERS; KELP; COEFFICIENTS; ATMOSPHERE; CULTURES; CURRENTS; CLIMATE AB Brominated methanes are ozone-depleting compounds whose natural sources include marine algae such as kelp. Brominated methane degradation by bacteria was investigated to address whether bacterial processes might effectnet emission of these compounds to the atmosphere. Bacteria in seawater collected from California kelp beds degraded CH2Br2 but not CHBr3. Specific inhibitors showed that methanotrophs and nitrifiers did not significantly contribute to CH2Br2 removal. A seawater enrichment culture oxidized (CH2Br2)-C-14 to (CO2)-C-14 as well as (CH3Br)-C-14 to (CO2)-C-14. The rates of CH2Br2 degradation in laboratory experiments suggest that bacterial degradation of CH2Br2 in a kelp bed accounts for <1% of the CH2Br2 produced by the kelp. However,the half-life of CH2Br2 due to bacterial removal appears faster than hydrolysis and within an order of magnitude of volatilization to the atmosphere. C1 CALTECH,PASADENA,CA 91125. RP Goodwin, KD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL RES PROGRAM,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 480,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 NR 38 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 11 BP 3188 EP 3192 DI 10.1021/es970165g PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YE040 UT WOS:A1997YE04000045 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Leenheer, JA Daniel, SR AF Rostad, CE Leenheer, JA Daniel, SR TI Organic carbon and nitrogen content associated with colloids and suspended particulates from the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC POLLUTANTS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENT; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; SORPTION; SEDIMENT; TRANSPORT; WATER; CHEMICALS; MATTER; SOLIDS AB Suspended material samples were collected at 16 sites along the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries during July-August 1991, October-November 1991, and April-May 1992, and separated into colloid and particulate fractions to determine the organic carbon content of these two fractions of suspended material. Sample collection involved centrifugation to isolate the suspended particulate fraction and ultrafiltration to isolate the colloid fraction. For the first time, particulate and colloid concentrations and organic carbon and nitrogen content were investigated along the entire reach of the Mississippi River from above Minneapolis Minnesota,to below New Orleans, Louisiana. Organic carbon content of the colloid (15.2 percent) was much higher than organic carbon content of the particulate material (4.8 percent). Carbon/nitrogen ratios of colloid and particulate phases were more similar to ratios for microorganisms than to ratios for soils, humic materials, or plants. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM & GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP Rostad, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 408,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 61 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 11 BP 3218 EP 3225 DI 10.1021/es970196b PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YE040 UT WOS:A1997YE04000050 ER PT J AU Bohlke, JK Revesz, K Busenberg, E Deak, J Deseo, E Stute, M AF Bohlke, JK Revesz, K Busenberg, E Deak, J Deseo, E Stute, M TI Groundwater record of halocarbon transport by the Danube River SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; DATING TOOLS; CCL2F2; AGE; RELEASE; FLUOROCARBONS; CFC-11 AB Groundwater dating studies have supported the concept that aquifers with low coefficients of dispersion may contain coherent records of past conditions in recharge areas. Groundwater records can provide unique information about natural or anthropogenic changes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere where long-term monitoring data are not available. Here we describe a 40-year record of halocarbon contamination in the Danube River that was retrieved from a shallow aquifer in northwest Hungary. The time scale is based on H-3 and He isotope dating of groundwaters that were recharged by the Danube River and moved horizontally away from the river in a surficial gravel aquifer with minor dispersion at a maximum rate of at least 500 m/yr. Analyses of dated groundwaters along a flow path indicate that the river loads of selected compounds (including CFC-12, CFC-113, and trichloroethane) were negligible before about 1950, rose rapidly to peak values in the 1960s and 1970s, and then decreased by varying degrees to the present. Peak concentrations are tentatively attributed to point sources in upstream urban-industrial centers; while recent decreases presumably resulted from declining manufacturing rates and(or) improvements in control of urban-industrial runoff and sewage effluent entering the river in upstream areas. C1 VITUKI, H-1095 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY. LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA. RP Bohlke, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 431 NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. NR 47 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 11 BP 3293 EP 3299 DI 10.1021/es970336h PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YE040 UT WOS:A1997YE04000061 ER PT J AU Fenn, DB Milton, NM AF Fenn, DB Milton, NM TI Advocacy and the scientist SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Fenn, DB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR MS300,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD NOV PY 1997 VL 22 IS 11 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YD552 UT WOS:A1997YD55200001 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Gardner, JV Piper, DZ AF Dean, WE Gardner, JV Piper, DZ TI Inorganic geochemical indicators of glacial-interglacial changes in productivity and anoxia on the California continental margin SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OXYGEN-MINIMUM ZONE; LATE PLEISTOCENE; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; EXPORT PRODUCTION; SUSPENDED BARITE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; TRACE-METALS AB Evidence from sediments in cores collected from within the present oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ: 600-1200 m) on the central and northern California margins record several episodes during the last interstadial (OIS-3, ca. 60-24 ka) of deposition of laminated sediments containing elevated concentrations of several trace elements indicative of anoxic conditions (e.g., Mo, Ni, Zn, and Cu). The presence of abundant well-preserved organic matter, as well as lack of bioturbation and the presence of elevated concentrations of Mo and other trace elements, all support the theory that the OMZ in the northeastern Pacific Ocean was more intense, possibly anoxic, at several times during the late Pleistocene. Sediments of all ages in cores from the southern California margin contain elevated concentrations of Mo, suggesting that this area has always had higher rates of sulfate reduction than either the central or northern California areas. Most of the Ba in sediments in all cores collected on the upper continental slope (200-2700 m) off California and southern Oregon is derived from detrital elastic material, and this sourer did not change much in time. However, the amount of biogenic Ba did vary with time, and these variations closely follow the temporal variations in organic C (Corg) mass accumulation rate. Using Ba and Corg mass accumulation rates as proxy variables for productivity, all cores show that organic productivity under the California Current upwelling system was highest during OIS-3 and the Holocene, and lowest during the last glacial interval (LGI, ca. 24-10 ka). All paleoproductivity proxy variables indicate that the southern California area has always experienced higher productivity than other areas under the California Current, at least over the last 50 ky. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94225. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR MS 980,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 59 TC 160 Z9 176 U1 0 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 21 BP 4507 EP 4518 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00237-8 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YL369 UT WOS:A1997YL36900004 ER PT J AU Walker, RJ Morgan, JW Beary, ES Smoliar, MI Czamanske, GK Horan, MF AF Walker, RJ Morgan, JW Beary, ES Smoliar, MI Czamanske, GK Horan, MF TI Applications of the Pt-190-Os-186 isotope system to geochemistry and cosmochemistry SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS; IRON-METEORITES; MANTLE-PLUME; OCEANIC BASALTS; ISLAND BASALTS; SIBERIAN TRAP; FLOOD BASALTS; SULFIDE ORES; ND-ISOTOPE; OSMIUM AB Platinum is fractionated from osmium primarily as a consequence of processes involving sulfide and metal crystallization. Consequently, the Pt-190-Os-186 isotope system (Pt-190-->Os-186 + alpha) shows promise for dating some types of magmatic sulfide ores and evolved iron meteorites. The first Pt-190-Os-186 isochrons are presented here for ores from the ca. 251 Ma Noril'sk, Siberia plume, and for group IIAB magmatic iron meteorites. Given the known age of the Noril'sk system, a decay constant for Pt-190 is determined to be 1.542 x 10(-12)a(-1), with +/-1% uncertainty. The isochron generated for the IIAB irons is consistent with this decay constant and the known age of the group. The Os-186/Os-188 ratios of presumably young, mantle-derived osmiridiums and also the carbonaceous chondrite Allende were measured to high-precision to constrain the composition of the modern upper mantle. These compositions overlap, indicating that the upper mantle is chondritic within the level of resolution now available. Our best estimate for this Os-186/Os-188 ratio is 0.119834 +/- 2 (2 sigma(M)). The Pt-190/Os-186 ratios determined for six enstatite chondrites average 0.001659 +/- 75, which is very similar to published values for carbonaceous chondrites. Using this ratio and the presumed composition of the modern upper mantle and chondrites, a solar system initial Os-186/Os-188 ratio of 0.119820 is calculated. In comparison to the modern upper mantle composition, the Os-186/Os-188 ratio of the Noril'sk plume was approximately 0.012% enriched in Os-186. Possible reasons for this heterogeneity include the recycling of Pt-rich crust into the mantle source of the plume and derivation of the osmium from the outer core. Derivation of the osmium from the outer core is our favored model. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Isotope Geochem Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Walker, RJ (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 51 TC 132 Z9 144 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 22 BP 4799 EP 4807 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00270-6 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YM712 UT WOS:000071093300007 ER PT J AU Howard, KA Hopson, RF AF Howard, KA Hopson, RF TI Vertical axis rotations in the Mojave: Evidence from the Independence dike swarm: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TECTONIC ROTATION; CALIFORNIA; ARIZONA; MIOCENE C1 CALIF STATE UNIV LOS ANGELES,DEPT GEOL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90032. RP Howard, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1997 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1051 EP 1052 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA YF967 UT WOS:A1997YF96700023 ER PT J AU Cook, HE Zempolich, WG Zhemchuzhnikov, VG Corboy, JJ AF Cook, HE Zempolich, WG Zhemchuzhnikov, VG Corboy, JJ TI Inside Kazakstan: Cooperative oil and gas research SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Cook, HE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 1997 VL 42 IS 11 BP 16 EP 20 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YK102 UT WOS:A1997YK10200020 ER PT J AU Reinemund, JA AF Reinemund, JA TI Untitled SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Reinemund, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 917,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 1997 VL 42 IS 11 BP 33 EP 33 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YK102 UT WOS:A1997YK10200024 ER PT J AU Leake, SA Mock, PA AF Leake, SA Mock, PA TI Dimensionality of ground water flow models SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 PETER A MOCK & ASSOCIATES,PHOENIX,AZ 85020. RP Leake, SA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,520 N PK AVE,STE 221,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 930 EP 930 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00163.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YE247 UT WOS:A1997YE24700002 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Coplen, TB Bullen, TD Davis, JH AF Katz, BG Coplen, TB Bullen, TD Davis, JH TI Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN FLORIDA; SINKHOLE LAKE; MASS-TRANSFER; EVOLUTION; CARBON; PATTERNS; SYSTEMS; AGE AB In the mantled karst terrane of northern Florida, the water quality of the Upper Floridan aquifer is influenced by the degree of connectivity between the aquifer and the surface. Chemical and isotopic analyses [O-18/O-16(delta(18)O),H-2/H-1(delta D),C-13/C-12(delta(13)C), tritium(H-3), and strontium-87/strontium-86(Sr-87/Sr-86)]along with geochemical mass-balance modeling were used to identify the dominant hydrochemical processes that control the composition of ground water as it evolves downgradient in two systems. In one system, surface water enters the Upper Floridan aquifer through a sinkhole located in the Northern Highlands physiographic unit. In the other system, surface water enters the aquifer through a sinkhole lake (Lake Bradford) in the Woodville Karst Plain. Differences in the composition of water isotopes (delta(18)O and delta D) in rainfall, ground water, and surface water were used to develop mixing models of surface water (leakage of water to the Upper Floridan aquifer from a sinkhole lake and a sinkhole) and ground water. Using mass-balance calculations, based on differences in delta(18)O and delta D, the proportion of lake water that mixed with meteoric water ranged from 7 to 86% in water from wells located in close proximity to Lake Bradford, In deeper parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, water enriched in O-18 and D from five of 12 sampled municipal wells indicated that recharge from a sinkhole (1 to 24%) and surface water with an evaporated isotopic signature (2 to 32%) was mixing with ground water. The solute isotopes, delta(13)C and Sr-87/Sr-86, were used to test the sensitivity of binary and ternary mixing models, and to estimate the amount of mass transfer of carbon and other dissolved species in geochemical reactions. In ground water downgradient from Lake Bradford, the dominant processes controlling carbon cycling in ground water were dissolution of carbonate minerals, aerobic degradation of organic matter, and hydrolysis of silicate minerals. In the deeper parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, the major processes controlling the concentrations of major dissolved species included dissolution of calcite and dolomite, and degradation of organic matter under oxic conditions. The Upper Floridan aquifer is highly susceptible to contamination from activities at the land surface in the Tallahassee area. The presence of post-1950s concentrations of H-3 in ground water from depths greater than 100 m below land surface indicates that water throughout much of the Upper Floridan aquifer has been recharged during the last 40 years. Even though mixing is likely between ground water and surface water in many parts of the study area, the Upper Floridan aquifer produces good quality water, which due to dilution effects shows little if any impact from trace elements or nutrients that are present in surface waters. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 431,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,227 N BRONOUGH ST,SUITE 3015,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32301, USA. NR 54 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 28 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1014 EP 1028 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00174.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YE247 UT WOS:A1997YE24700013 ER PT J AU Tesoriero, AJ Voss, FD AF Tesoriero, AJ Voss, FD TI Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER AB The occurrence and distribution of elevated nitrate concentrations (greater than or equal to 3 mg/1) in ground water in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, were determined by examining existing data from more than 3000 wells. Models that estimate the probability that a well has an elevated nitrate concentration were constructed by relating the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations to both natural and anthropogenic variables using logistic regression. The variables that best explain the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations were well depth, surficial geology, and the percentage of urban and agricultural land within a radius of 3.2 kilometers of the well. From these relations, logistic regression models were developed to assess aquifer susceptibility (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer) and ground-water vulnerability (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer for a given set of land-use practices). Both models performed well at predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in an independent data set. This approach to assessing aquifer susceptibility and ground-water vulnerability has the advantages of having both model variables and coefficient values determined on the basis of existing water quality information and does not depend on the assignment of variables and weighting factors based on qualitative criteria. RP Tesoriero, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,1201 PACIFIC AVE,SUITE 600,TACOMA,WA 98402, USA. NR 31 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1039 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YE247 UT WOS:A1997YE24700014 ER PT J AU Broermann, J Bassett, RL Weeks, EP Borgstrom, M AF Broermann, J Bassett, RL Weeks, EP Borgstrom, M TI Estimation of alpha(L), velocity, K-d and confidence limits from tracer injection test data SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FIELD-SCALE; DISPERSION; AQUIFERS; SOILS AB Bromide and boron were used as tracers during an injection experiment conducted at an artificial recharge facility near Stanton, Texas, The Ogallala aquifer at the Stanton site represents a heterogeneous alluvial environment and provides the opportunity to report scale dependent dispersivities at observation distances of 2 to 15 m in this setting, Values of longitudinal dispersivities are compared with other published values. Water samples were collected at selected depths both from piezometers and from fully screened observation wells at radii of 2, 5, 10 and 15 m. An exact analytical solution is used to simulate the concentration breakthrough curves and estimate longitudinal dispersivities and velocity parameters, Greater confidence can be placed on these data because the estimated parameters are error bounded using the bootstrap method, The non-conservative behavior of boron transport in clay rich sections of the aquifer were quantified with distribution coefficients by using bromide as a conservative reference tracer. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80255. RP Broermann, J (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT HYDROL & WATER RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1066 EP 1076 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00179.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YE247 UT WOS:A1997YE24700018 ER PT J AU Wood, WW Rainwater, KA Thompson, DB AF Wood, WW Rainwater, KA Thompson, DB TI Quantifying macropore recharge: Examples from a semi-arid area SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; PLAYA-LAKE BASINS; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; UNSATURATED ZONE; SOIL-WATER; FLOW; TEXAS; O-18; EQUILIBRATION; AUSTRALIA AB The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the significantly increased resolution of determining macropore recharge by combining physical, chemical, and isotopic methods of analysis; Techniques for quantifying macropore recharge were developed for both small-scale (1 to 10 km(2)) and regional-scale areas in arid and semi-arid areas, The Southern High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico was used as a representative field site to test these methods. Macropore recharge in small-scale areas is considered to be the difference between total recharge through floors of topographically closed basins and interstitial recharge through the same area. On the regional scale, macropore recharge was considered to be the difference between regional average annual recharge and interstitial recharge measured in the unsaturated zone. Stable isotopic composition of ground water and precipitation was used as an independent estimate of macropore recharge on the regional scale, Results of this analysis Suggest that in the Southern High Plains recharge flux through macropores is between 60 and 80 percent of the total 11 mm/y. Between 15 and 35 percent of the recharge occurs by interstitial recharge through the basin floors, Approximately 5 percent of the total recharge occurs as either interstitial or matrix recharge between the basin floors, representing approximately 95 percent of the area. The approach is applicable to other arid and semi-arid areas that focus rainfall into depressions or valleys. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. RP Wood, WW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 430,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 43 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 10 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1097 EP 1106 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00182.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YE247 UT WOS:A1997YE24700021 ER PT J AU Barton, BA Dwyer, WP AF Barton, BA Dwyer, WP TI Physiological stress effects of continuous- and pulsed-DC electroshock on juvenile bull trout SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bull trout; electroshock stress; cortisol; glucose ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; CHINOOK SALMON; RESPONSES; CORTISOL; PLASMA; ACCLIMATION AB Juvenile bull trout Salvelinus confluentus exposed to continuous-or pulsed-DC electroshock exhibited rapid elevations in plasma cortisol and glucose, but plasma chloride did not change. In a I-h experiment using 240 V at 1.4 A of 60-Hz pulsed DC (voltage gradient 0.81 V cm(-1)), which proved lethal, plasma cortisol and glucose rose significantly within 15 min of a 10-s electroshock. Plasma cortisol reached a peak level of 156 +/- 15 ng ml(-1) at 45 min and then decreased, whereas plasma glucose reached its highest level of 179 +/- 75 mg dl(-1) at 1 h. In a 24-h experiment using lower dosages, plasma cortisol increased from 6.1-16 ng ml(-1) to peak levels of 155-161 ng ml(-1) in 1 h in response to a 10-s electroshock of continuous (130 V, 0.5 A, 1.45 V cm(-1)) or pulsed (120 V, 0.5 A, 60 Hz, 0.55 V cm(-1)) DC. Although plasma concentrations declined thereafter, levels remained above control values at 24 h. Plasma glucose was elevated from 60-65 to 120-134 mg dl(-1) after Ih by both electroshock treatments and remained near or above those levels for the 24-h duration. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels were much higher in electroshocked bull trout at Ih compared with those in fish lh after receiving a 30-s handling stressor (cortisol, 90 +/- 12 ng ml(-1); glucose, 82 +/- 6.1 mg dl(-1)). The results indicate that both continuous and pulsed DC were more stressful to juvenile bull trout than handling and that recovery, at least for pulsed DC, may take longer than 24 h. (C) 1997 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH TECHNOL CTR,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. RP Barton, BA (reprint author), UNIV S DAKOTA,DEPT BIOL,VERMILLION,SD 57069, USA. NR 43 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 51 IS 5 BP 998 EP 1008 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1997.0508 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YG226 UT WOS:A1997YG22600013 ER PT J AU Jobson, HE AF Jobson, HE TI Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled in a river is a constant concern to those using the water. Methods are developed to estimate: (1) the velocity of a contaminant in a river; (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant; and (3) the time required for a contaminant plume to pass a point. The methods are based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in almost a hundred different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-of-travel studies, the emphasis of this paper is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available. It is shown that the unit-peak concentration is well correlated with travel time and that the travel time of the leading edge averages 89% of the travel time of the peak concentration. RP Jobson, HE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 415,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 19 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1997 VL 123 IS 11 BP 971 EP 978 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YB790 UT WOS:A1997YB79000004 ER PT J AU Walker, JF Wang, DP AF Walker, JF Wang, DP TI Measurement of flow under ice covers in North America SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB A substantial proportion of natural streams in the United States and Canada are affected by ice cover during the winter. To substantiate the currently used procedures for measuring streamflow during the winter, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Water Survey of Canada (WSC) began independent, coordinated programs for research and development related to the measurement of streamflow under an ice cover. Detailed measurements of vertical velocity profiles under ice covers in field settings were collected by each agency in accordance with standardized guidelines. The data were then compiled into a joint database. This paper presents a description of the two measurement programs, describes the structure and format of the joint database, and provides preliminary summaries of the data. Ongoing research efforts by the USGS and WSC are described briefly to give examples of the use of the joint database. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,WATER SURVEY CANADA DIV,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0H3,CANADA. RP Walker, JF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,8505 RES WAY,MIDDLETON,WI 53562, USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1997 VL 123 IS 11 BP 1037 EP 1040 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(1037) PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YB790 UT WOS:A1997YB79000012 ER PT J AU Stevens, CH Davydov, VI Bradley, D AF Stevens, CH Davydov, VI Bradley, D TI Permian Tethyan Fusulinina from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUSULINACEANS; TERRANE AB Two samples from a large, allochthonous limestone block in the McHugh Complex of the Chugach terrane on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, contain species of 12 genera of Permian Fusulinina including Abadehella, Kahlerina, Pseudokahlerina?, Nankinella, Codonofusiella, Dunbarula, Parafusulina?, Chusenella, Verbeekina, Pseudodoliolina, Metadoliolina?, Sumatrina?, and Yabeina, as well as several other foraminiferans and one alga. The assemblage of fusulinids is characteristically Tethyan, belonging to the Yabeina archaica zone of early Midian (late Wordian) age. Similar faunas are known from the Pamirs, Transcaucasia, and Japan, as well as from allochthonous terranes in British Columbia, northwestern Washington, and Koryakia in eastern Siberia. C1 BOISE STATE UNIV,PERMIAN RES INST,BOISE,ID 83725. US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ALASKA GEOL,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. RP Stevens, CH (reprint author), SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192, USA. NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 71 IS 6 BP 985 EP 994 PG 10 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA YF277 UT WOS:A1997YF27700003 ER PT J AU Tasker, GD Dunne, P AF Tasker, GD Dunne, P TI Bootstrap position analysis for forecasting low flow frequency SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES; WATER-RESOURCES; ARMA MODELS; STREAMFLOW; MULTIVARIATE; JACKKNIFE; INTERVALS AB A method of random resampling of residuals from stochastic models is used to generate a large number of 12-month-long traces of natural monthly runoff to be used in a position analysis model for a water-supply storage and delivery system. Position analysis uses the traces to forecast the likelihood of specified outcomes such as reservoir levels falling below a specified level or streamflows falling below statutory passing flows conditioned on the current reservoir levels and streamflows. The advantages of this resampling scheme, called bootstrap position analysis, are that it does not rely on the unverifiable assumption of normality, fewer parameters need to be estimated directly from the data, and accounting for parameter uncertainty is easily done. For a given set of operating rules and water-use requirements for a system, water managers can use such a model as a decision-making tool to evaluate different operating rules. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. RP Tasker, GD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,430 NAT CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 123 IS 6 BP 359 EP 367 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1997)123:6(359) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YB394 UT WOS:A1997YB39400006 ER PT J AU Syvitski, JPM Stoker, MS Cooper, AK AF Syvitski, JPM Stoker, MS Cooper, AK TI Preface - Seismic facies of glacial deposits from marine and lacustrine environments SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Syvitski, JPM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, 1560 30th St, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Syvitski, James/L-2008-2013 NR 1 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00087-X PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA YN856 UT WOS:000071215100001 ER PT J AU Cai, JK Powell, RD Cowan, EA Carlson, PR AF Cai, JK Powell, RD Cowan, EA Carlson, PR TI Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr inlet, Glacier bay, Alaska SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glacier Bay; lithofacies; glaciomarine sedimentation; seismic stratigraphy ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TIDEWATER GLACIERS; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; GOWGANDA FORMATION; FACIES ANALYSIS; QUEEN INLET; ICE; LAKE; DEGLACIATION; ONTARIO AB High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles of sediment fill within Tarr Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska, show seismic facies changes with increasing distance from the glacial termini. Five types of seismic facies are recognized from analysis of Huntec and minisparker records, and seven lithofacies are determined from detailed sedimentologic study of gravity-, vibro- and box-cores, and bottom grab samples. Lithofacies and seismic facies associations, and fjord-floor morphology allow us to divide the fjord into three sedimentary environments: ice-proximal, iceberg-zone and ice-distal. The ice-proximal environment, characterized by a morainal-bank depositional system, can be subdivided into bank-back, bank-core and bank-front subenvironments, each of which is characterized by a different depositional subsystem. A bank-back subsystem shows chaotic seismic facies with a mounded surface, which we infer consists mainly of unsorted diamicton and poorly sorted coarse-grained sediments. A bank-core depositional subsystem is a mixture of diamicton, rubble, gravel, sand and mud. Seismic-reflection records of this subsystem are characterized by chaotic seismic facies with abundant hyperbolic diffractions and a hummocky surface. A bank-front depositional subsystem consists of mainly stratified and massive sand, and is characterized by internal hummocky facies on seismic-reflection records with significant surface relief and sediment gravity flow channels. The depositional system formed in the iceberg-zone environment consists of rhythmically laminated mud interbedded with thin beds of weakly stratified diamicton and stratified or massive sand and silt. On seismic-reflection profiles, this depositional system is characterized by discontinuously stratified facies with multiple channels on the surface in the proximal zone and a single channel on the largely flat sediment surface in the distal zone. The depositional system formed in the ice-distal environment consists of interbedded homogeneous or laminated mud and massive or stratified sand and coarse silt. This depositional system shows continuously stratified seismic facies with smooth and flat surfaces on minisparker records, and continuously stratified seismic facies which are interlayered with thin weakly stratified facies on Huntec records. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geol, Boone, NC 28608 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cai, JK (reprint author), 15 Hilltop Rd, Dover, MA 02030 USA. NR 67 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 5 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1 PG 33 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA YN856 UT WOS:000071215100002 ER PT J AU Wasser, SK Houston, CS Koehler, GM Cadd, GG Fain, SR AF Wasser, SK Houston, CS Koehler, GM Cadd, GG Fain, SR TI Techniques for application of faecal DNA methods to field studies of Ursids SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE faeces; DNA; Ursids; field; preservation; contamination; PCR ID CONSERVATION GENETICS; AMPLIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; NUCLEAR; PRIMERS; BEARS; CYCLE AB We describe methods for the preservation, extraction and amplification of DNA from faeces that facilitate field applications of faecal DNA technology. Mitochondrial, protein encoding and microsatellite nuclear DNA extracted and amplified from faeces of Malayan sun bears and North American black bears is shown to be identical to that extracted and amplified from the same individual's tissue or blood. A simple drying agent, silica beads, is shown to be a particularly effective preservative, allowing easy and safe transport of samples from the field. Methods are also developed to eliminate the risk of faecal DNA contamination from hair present in faeces. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195. WASHINGTON STATE FISH & WILDLIFE,OLYMPIA,WA 98501. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH & WILDLIFE SERV FORENS LAB,ASHLAND,OR 97520. RP Wasser, SK (reprint author), CTR WILDLIFE CONSERVAT,5500 PHINNEY AVE N,SEATTLE,WA 98103, USA. NR 24 TC 152 Z9 177 U1 3 U2 36 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 6 IS 11 BP 1091 EP 1097 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00281.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA YJ883 UT WOS:A1997YJ88300008 PM 9394465 ER PT J AU Kayen, RE Mitchell, JK AF Kayen, RE Mitchell, JK TI Arias intensity assessment of liquefaction test sites on the east side of San Francisco Bay affected by the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of 17 October 1989 SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Natural and Man-Made Hazards (HARZARDS 96) CY JUL 21-26, 1996 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Int Soc Prevent & Mitigat Nat Hazards, IAPSO Commiss Nat Marine Hazards, Tsunami Soc DE acceleration; arias intensity; earthquake; geotechnical; liquefaction; field test; penetration resistance; seismometer AB Uncompacted artificial-fill deposits on the east side of San Francisco Bay suffered severe levels of soil liquefaction during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Damaged areas included maritime-port facilities, office buildings, and shoreline transportation arteries, ranging from 65 to 85 km from the north end of the Loma Prieta rupture zone. Typical of all these sites, which represent occurrences of liquefaction-induced damage farthest from the rupture zone, are low cone penetration test and Standard Penetration Test resistances in zones of cohesionless silty and sandy hydraulic fill, and underlying soft cohesive Holocene and Pleistocene sediment that strongly amplified ground motions. Postearthquake investigations at five study sites using standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests provide a basis for evaluation of the Arias intensity-based methodology for assessment of liquefaction susceptibility. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Kayen, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD NOV PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2-3 BP 243 EP 265 DI 10.1023/A:1007942325031 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZL780 UT WOS:000073470800010 ER PT J AU Gough, L Grace, JB AF Gough, L Grace, JB TI The influence of vines on an oligohaline marsh community: results of a removal and fertilization study SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE competition; species richness; vines; nutrient enrichment; biomass ID ENGLAND SALT-MARSH; HOST LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; PLANT COMMUNITY; AVAILABILITY; INTENSITY; NITROGEN; GRADIENT; BIOMASS AB The effects of competitive suppression by vines on the non-vine plant community have received little attention in temperate habitats. This study investigated the impact vines have on their herbaceous hosts in a wetland community at two soil fertility levels. Plots in an oligohaline marsh were treated in a 2 x 2 factorial design with vine removal and fertilization over two growing seasons. There was no significant interaction between removal and fertilization treatments on any of the measured variables. Vine removal initially caused an increase in light penetration through the canopy, but by the end of the study, plots with vines removed had less light due to a 25% increase in biomass by the plants released from competition with vines. For plots with vines removed, species richness was higher during a brief period in the spring of the second year, but by the end of the study, richness in removal plots decreased relative to controls. Fertilization caused a 40% increase in biomass overall, although only two species, Sagittaria lancifolia L. and Polygonum punctatum Ell., showed dramatic increases. Despite fertilization causing a 40% decrease in light penetration to the ground, no change in species richness was observed. Overall, these results show that vine cover in this wetland suppresses non-vine species and reduces community biomass. Removal of vines increased biomass of non-vine dominants but resulted in only an ephemeral change in species richness. Fertilization did not increase the effects of vines on the non-vine community. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD NOV PY 1997 VL 112 IS 3 BP 403 EP 411 DI 10.1007/s004420050326 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF421 UT WOS:A1997YF42100016 PM 28307490 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE AF Bowers, JE TI Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to substrate age and grazing history SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cactaceae; El Nino Southern Oscillation; Ferocactus cylindraceus; growth rates; height-age models; longevity; population biology; Sonoran Desert ID SONORAN DESERT; GROWTH; CACTI; ESTABLISHMENT; TEMPERATURES; ACANTHODES; SUCCULENTS; SEEDLINGS; RAINFALL; USA AB Three subpopulations of Ferocactus cylindraceus, a short-columnar cactus of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, were sampled in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, at sites representing a range of substrate ages and different grazing histories. Age-height relations were determined from annual growth, then used to estimate probable year of establishment for each cohort. Eight years between 1944 and 1992 were especially favorable for establishment. Six of these 8 years coincided with El Nino-Southern Oscillation conditions, indicating that as for many woody plants in arid regions, somewhat unusual climatic conditions are necessary if populations are to replace themselves. Comparison of age structures showed that established and developing populations have somewhat different dynamics in that the rate of population increase was slowest on the youngest terrace. On the ancient terraces, about half the plants were less than 25 years old, Plants older than 40 years were few; however the oldest plants in the study (about 49 years) grew on the ancient terraces. On the recent terrace, 76% of the subpopulation was 25 years or younger, and the oldest living plant was about 36 years of age. The age structures of subpopulations on grazed and ungrazed sites also differed markedly. On ungrazed sites, subpopulations were more or less at equilibrium, with enough young plants to replace old ones as they died. In contrast, the subpopulation on the grazed site was in a state of marked disequilibrium. Grazing before 1981 largely extirpated a palatable subshrub that was probably an important nurse plant. Until the shrub population at Indian Canyon recovers from decades of burro grazing, are bound in F. cylindraceus establishment is not to be expected. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 36 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 133 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1023/A:1009767621391 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA YD403 UT WOS:A1997YD40300004 ER PT J AU Bischoff, JL Menking, KM Fitts, JP Fitzpatrick, JA AF Bischoff, JL Menking, KM Fitts, JP Fitzpatrick, JA TI Climatic oscillations 10,000-155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California reflected in glacial rock flour abundance and lake salinity in core OL-92 SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA; SEARLES LAKE; DIAGENESIS AB Chemical analyses of the acid-soluble and clay-size fractions of sediment samples (1500-yr resolution) reveal oscillations of lake salinity and of glacial advances in core OL-92 back to 155,000 yr B.P. Relatively saline conditions are indicated by the abundance of carbonate and smectite (both pedogenic and authigenic), reflected by Ca, Sr, and Mg in the acid-soluble suite, and by Cs2O, excess MgO, and LOI (loss on ignition) in the clay-size fraction. Rock flour produced during glacial advances is represented by the abundance of detrital plagioclase and biotite in the clay-size fraction, the ratio of which remains essentially constant over the entire time span. These phases are quantitatively represented by Na2O, TiO2, Ba, and Mn in the clay fraction. The rock-flour record indicates two major ice-advances during the penultimate glacial cycle corresponding to marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, no major advances during the last interglaciation (entire MTS 5), and three major advances during the last glacial cycle (MIS 2, 3, and 4). The ages of the latter three correspond rather well to Cl-36 dates reported for Sierra Nevada moraines. The onset of the last interglaciation is shown by abrupt increases in authigenic CaCO3 and an abrupt decrease in rock flour, at about 118,000 yr B.P. according to our time scale. In contrast, the boundary appears to be gradual in the delta(18)O record in which the change from light to heavy values begins at about 140,000 yrs B.P. The exact position of the termination, therefore, may be proxy-dependent. Conditions of high carbonate and low rock flour prevailed during the entire period from 118,000 yr B.P. until the glacial advance at 53,000 yr B.P. signaled the end of this long interglaciation. (C) 1997 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bischoff, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Fitts, Jeffrey/J-3633-2012 NR 35 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 48 IS 3 BP 313 EP 325 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1933 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YR828 UT WOS:000071534300005 ER PT J AU Martinelli, TL Shively, RS AF Martinelli, TL Shively, RS TI Seasonal distribution, movements and habitat associations of northern squawfish in two lower Columbia River reservoirs SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE northern squawfish; habitat; movement; distribution; Columbia River Basin; radio telemetry ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; LOWER SNAKE RIVER; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; COLORADO SQUAWFISH; SMALLMOUTH BASS; PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; PREDATION; WALLEYES; REPRODUCTION; MIGRATION AB We tracked 335 northern squawfish implanted with radio transmitters in the Columbia River in May-December 1993 and May-September 1994. Most fish were released near The Dalles and John Day dams, with the remaining fish released into reservoir areas away from dams. We used boats with mounted Yagi antennas, fixed site receiver stations near the darns and aerial surveys to track movements of tagged northern squawfish. Northern squawfish were commonly associated with water < 5 m deep, water velocities < 1 m/s and were < 45 m from shore. The average movement from the release site was 19.5 km; fish released near darns remained closer to their release sites than fish released into reservoirs. Short-term movements (successive observations within 24 h) comprised 75% of all detected movements, represented fish moving short distances (mean = 0.96 km) between dams and down-river areas and corresponded to increased passage of juvenile salmonids. Long-term movements (successive observations exceeding 24 h) were mainly attributed to fish released into the reservoirs moving up-river to a dam, and fish moving between the two dam tailrace areas. A strong up-river movement trend terminating at John Day Dam tailrace in June suggested that spawning occurred nearby. Reduced numbers of observations of fish in the autumn suggested that northern squawfish moved away from dam areas and into deeper water for the winter. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Martinelli, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 13 IS 6 BP 543 EP 556 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199711/12)13:6<543::AID-RRR484>3.3.CO;2-X PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA YY090 UT WOS:000072111400006 ER PT J AU Ensign, WE Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA AF Ensign, WE Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA TI Factors influencing stream fish recovery following a large-scale disturbance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HOME RANGE; ECOLOGY; RATES AB We examined fish distribution and abundance in erosional habitat units in South Fork Roanoke River, Virginia, following a fish kill by using a reachwide sampling approach for 3 species and a representative-reach sampling approach for 10 species. Qualitative (presence-absence) and quantitative (relative abundance) estimates of distribution and abundance provided consistent measures of fish recovery for 2 of 3 species at the reachwide scale and 8 of 10 species at the representative-reach scale. Combining results across scales and estimator types showed that distributions and abundances of 5 of 11 species in the reach affected by the kill were similar to those observed in unaffected upstream and downstream reaches 8-11 months following the perturbation. Differences in distribution and abundance between the affected reach and unaffected reaches indicate that 4 of 11 species had not fully recovered during the same time period; results were equivocal for 2 other species. We attribute differences in recovery rates between these two groups to differences in parental investment in offspring. Species exhibiting rapid recovery either engage in extensive spawning site preparation or guard the spawning site following egg deposition and fertilization; species that had not recovered in the year following the kill show limited spawning site preparation and do not guard the spawning site. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Ensign, WE (reprint author), Kennesaw State Univ, Dept Biol & Phys Sci, 1000 Chastain Rd, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 895 EP 907 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0895:FISFRF>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100002 ER PT J AU Burger, CV Spearman, WJ Cronin, MA AF Burger, CV Spearman, WJ Cronin, MA TI Genetic differentiation of sockeye salmon subpopulations from a geologically young Alaskan lake system SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CHINOOK SALMON; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NERKA; RIVER; WILD; IDENTIFICATION AB The Tustumena Lake drainage in southcentral Alaska is glacially turbid and geologically young (< 2,000 years old). Previous field studies identified at least three subpopulations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka at Tustumena Lake, based on the distribution and timing of spawners. The subpopulations included early-run salmon that spawned in six clearwater tributaries of the lake (mid August), lake shoreline spawners (late August), and late-run fish that spawned in the lake's outlet, the Kasilof River (late September). Our objective was to determine the degree of genetic differentiation among these subpopulations based on restriction enzyme analyses of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA and analyses of four polymorphic allozyme loci. Mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies for outlet-spawning sockeye salmon differed significantly from those of all other subpopulations. The most common (36%) haplotype in the outlet subpopulation did not occur elsewhere, thus suggesting little or no gene flow between outlet spawners and other spatially close subpopulations at Tustumena Lake. Allele frequencies at two allozyme loci also indicated a degree of differentiation of the outlet subpopulation from the shoreline and tributary subpopulations. Allele frequencies for three tributary subpopulations were temporally stable over approximately 20 years (based on a comparison to previously published results) despite initiation of a hatchery program in two of the tributaries during the intervening period. Collectively, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that significant genetic differentiation has occurred within the Tustumena Lake drainage since deglaciation approximately 2,000 years ago. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. LGL Alaska Res Associates, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Burger, CV (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Salmon Culture Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Rd, Longwiew, WA 98632 USA. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 926 EP 938 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0926:GDOSSS>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100005 ER PT J AU Pierce, PC Van den Avyle, MJ AF Pierce, PC Van den Avyle, MJ TI Hybridization between introduced spotted bass and smallmouth bass in reservoirs SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LARGEMOUTH BASS; FLORIDA; NORTHERN; RIVER AB Introductions of black basses Micropterus spp, beyond their native ranges have led to hybridization within the genus. In the southeastern USA, the potential for hybridization appears high because species introductions have been common in reservoirs. We determined the extent of hybridization between smallmouth bass M. dolomieu and spotted bass M. punctulatus in reservoirs in which introductions of either species into the native range of the other species had occurred. Three allozyme loci were used to distinguish the two species and their hybrids. Significant hybridization occurred in two of three reservoirs where introductions had been reported. In Lake Chatuge, Georgia-North Carolina, where the Alabama subspecies of spotted bass M. p. henshalli was introduced, 77 of 276 fish had hybrid genotypes, and only 2 fish had genotypes of the native smallmouth bass. In Thurlow Reservoir, Alabama, where smallmouth bass were introduced and Alabama spotted bass were native, 3 of 17 fish had hybrid genotypes. Only 1 fish with a possible hybrid genotype was identified in two reservoirs containing native smallmouth bass and northern spotted bass M. p. punctulatus. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Van den Avyle, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Res Units Program, 1875 Century Blvd,Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 939 EP 947 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0939:HBISBA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100006 ER PT J AU Heard, RM Sharpe, WE Carline, RF Kimmel, WG AF Heard, RM Sharpe, WE Carline, RF Kimmel, WG TI Episodic acidification and changes in fish diversity in Pennsylvania headwater streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; BROOK TROUT AB Current water chemistry and fish communities in 70 Pennsylvania streams were compared with historical records to determine whether fish species richness had declined and, if so, the possible role of acidification. First-, second-, and third-order streams were selected, and stream sites sampled during the 1961-1971 survey were resampled during May and June 1994 in the Appalachian Plateaus province and during June 1995 in the Valley and Ridge province. Streamflow was measured and a habitat assessment was completed at each site. Dominant bedrock types influencing the stream sampling site were determined for the Appalachian Plateaus streams. Episodic water chemistry was collected for 39 of the 50 Appalachian Plateaus streams and 14 of the 20 Valley and Ridge streams during the winter and spring of 1996. Thirty-eight (76%) streams of the Appalachian Plateaus province and 13 (65%) streams in the Valley and Ridge province had a loss of fish species since the 1961-1971 sampling period. Habitat scores were not related to losses of fish species. Of the 53 streams sampled during runoff episodes 22 (42%) increased in total dissolved aluminum by more than 50 mu g/L, and 31 (58%) streams decreased in pH by 0.5 units or more. Minnows (Cyprinidae) and darters (Percidae) are sensitive to acidity and were the species most often lost. Streams draining watersheds of the Appalachian Plateaus province dominated by Pottsville bedrock had more acidic water quality during base flow and storm Bow sampling periods than streams dominated by Pocono bedrock. The results of this study indicate that many Pennsylvania streams have undergone an alarming reduction in fish diversity during the past 25-34 years. In many of these streams the loss in fish diversity may be attributed to episodic acidification. C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Resources Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Merkle Lab, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Us Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Calif Univ Penn, Dept Biol, California, PA 15419 USA. RP Sharpe, WE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, 104 Land & Water Res Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 977 EP 984 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0977:EAACIF>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100009 ER PT J AU Betsill, RK Van den Avyle, MJ AF Betsill, RK Van den Avyle, MJ TI Effect of temperature and zooplankton abundance on growth and survival of larval threadfin shad SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MATCH MISMATCH HYPOTHESIS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; STRIPED BASS; BODY-SIZE; RECRUITMENT MECHANISMS; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GIZZARD SHAD; FISH LARVAE; RESERVOIR AB As a test of the match-mismatch hypothesis, we examined the effects of prey availability and water temperature on growth and survival of weekly cohorts of larval threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense in J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir, Georgia-South Carolina. Hatching dates were estimated from otolith increments, and availability of prey was estimated from the abundance of zooplankton size-classes commonly eaten by larval threadfin shad. Growth rates of 31 cohorts ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 mm/d, demonstrating the potential for stage-duration effects on cohort survival. Daily growth rate was related to water temperature and prey availability for larvae up to 21 d old. Growth increased linearly with water temperature up to 28 degrees C, but the relation between growth and prey availability was more complex. Growth rate increased with prey density up to 160-290 organisms/L; at higher densities, growth rate decreased or was unchanged. Cohort survival ranged from 0.65 to 0.96 (per millimeter increase in length) and was significantly correlated with water temperature and growth rate but not with prey availability. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Betsill, RK (reprint author), Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Heart Hills Fisheries Res Stn, HC07,Box 62, Ingram, TX 78025 USA. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 999 EP 1011 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0999:EOTAZA>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100011 ER PT J AU Dickey, CL Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR AF Dickey, CL Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR TI Slow growth did not decouple the otolith size fish size relationship in striped bass SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; MORONE-SAXATILIS; LARVAE; RATES AB Eight-day-old striped bass Morone saxatilis (6.17-6.22 mm, total length) were fed twice daily at three feeding rates to produce three growth rates. Fish were sampled once per week for 4 weeks to determine total length and otolith radius. Feed ration treatments resulted in discrete size-classes of striped bass after 4 weeks with a 27% difference in mean length between the low and high feed ration treatments. No significant differences in slope or intercept for the regression of fish length on otolith radius were observed among treatments, suggesting that slow growth alone may not be sufficient to result in decoupling of the otolith size-fish size relationship in striped bass. C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 1027 EP 1029 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<1027:SGDNDT>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100014 ER PT J AU Councell, TB Landa, ER Lovley, DR AF Councell, TB Landa, ER Lovley, DR TI Microbial reduction of iodate SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE I-129; iodate; iodide; microbial reduction ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; IODINE; SEDIMENTS; IRON; URANIUM; GEOCHEMISTRY; OXIDATION; FE(III) AB The different oxidation species of iodine have markedly different sorption properties. Hence, changes in iodine redox states can greatly affect the mobility of iodine in the environment. Although a major microbial role has been suggested in the past to account for these redox changes, little has been done to elucidate the responsible microorganisms or the mechanisms involved. In the work presented here, direct microbial reduction of iodate was demonstrated with anaerobic cell suspensions of the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans which reduced 96% of an initial 100 mu M iodate to iodide at pH 7 in 30 mM NaHCO3 buffer, whereas anaerobic cell suspensions of the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens were unable to reduce iodate in 30 mM NaHCO3 buffer (pH 7). Both D. desulfuricans and S. putrefaciens were able to reduce iodate at pH 7 in 10 mM HEPES buffer. Both soluble ferrous iron and sulfide, as well as iron monosulfide (FeS) were shown to abiologically reduce iodate to iodide. These results indicate that ferric iron and/or sulfate reducing bacteria are capable of mediating both direct, enzymatic, as well as abiotic reduction of iodate in natural anaerobic environments. These microbially mediated reactions may be important factors in the fate and transport of I-129 natural systems. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP Councell, TB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 36 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 100 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1023/A:1018370423790 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA YH318 UT WOS:A1997YH31800013 ER PT J AU Nichols, SJ Wilcox, DA AF Nichols, SJ Wilcox, DA TI Burrowing saves Lake Erie clams SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID UNIONID BIVALVES; ZEBRA MUSSEL; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; INFESTATION RP Nichols, SJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 5 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 30 PY 1997 VL 389 IS 6654 BP 921 EP 921 DI 10.1038/40039 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YD299 UT WOS:A1997YD29900033 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, DK Atwater, BF Bunker, DE Benson, BE Reid, MS AF Yamaguchi, DK Atwater, BF Bunker, DE Benson, BE Reid, MS TI Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID SUBDUCTION ZONE; DEFORMATION; RUPTURE C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA 98195. LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,TREE RING LAB,PALISADES,NY 10964. GEOENGINEERS INC,REDMOND,WA 98052. NATURE CONSERVANCY,BOULDER,CO 80302. RP Yamaguchi, DK (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOX 354695,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 8 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 32 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 30 PY 1997 VL 389 IS 6654 BP 922 EP 923 DI 10.1038/40048 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YD299 UT WOS:A1997YD29900037 ER PT J AU Casey, RN Quackenbush, SL Work, TM Balazs, GH Bowser, PR Casey, JW AF Casey, RN Quackenbush, SL Work, TM Balazs, GH Bowser, PR Casey, JW TI Evidence for retrovirus infections in green turtles Chelonia mydas from the Hawaiian islands SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE green turtle; reverse transcriptase; retrovirus; fibropapillomatosis; electron microscopy ID CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS; STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; TUMOR; VIRUS; PARTICLES; WALLEYE; FISH AB Apparently normal Hawaiian green turtles Chelonia mydas and those displaying fibropapillomas were analyzed for infection by retroviruses. Strikingly, all samples were positive for polymerase enhanced reverse transcriptase (PERT) with levels high enough to quantitate by the conventional reverse transcriptase (RT) assay. However, samples of skin, even from asymptomatic turtles, were RT positive, although the levels of enzyme activity in healthy turtles hatched and raised in captivity were much lower than those observed in asymptomatic free-ranging turtles. Turtles with fibropapillomas displayed a broad range of reverse transcriptase activity. Skin and eye fibropapillomas and a heart tumor were further analyzed and shown to have reverse transcriptase activity that banded in a sucrose gradient at 1.17 g ml(-1). The reverse transcriptase activity purified from the heart tumor displayed a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C and showed a preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+. Sucrose gradient fractions of this sample displaying elevated reverse transcriptase activity contained primarily retroviral-sized particles with prominent envelope spikes, when negatively stained and examined by electron microscopy. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of gradient-purified virions revealed a conserved profile among 4 independent tumors and showed 7 prominent proteins having molecular weights of 116, 83, 51, 43, 40, 20 and 14 kDa. The data suggest that retroviral infections are widespread in Hawaiian green turtles and a comprehensive investigation is warranted to address the possibility that these agents cause green turtle fibropapillomatosis (GTFP). C1 CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH CTR,HONOLULU FIELD STN,HONOLULU,HI 96850. NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SW FISHERIES SCI CTR,HONOLULU LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 31 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD OCT 28 PY 1997 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.3354/dao031001 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA YK736 UT WOS:A1997YK73600001 ER PT J AU Minissale, A Evans, WC Magro, G Vaselli, O AF Minissale, A Evans, WC Magro, G Vaselli, O TI Multiple source components in gas manifestations from north-central Italy SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geochemistry of gases; isotopes; carbon dioxide; He-3/He-4 ratio; central Italy; stable isotopes in gases ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; GEOTHERMAL-FIELD; VOLATILE FLUXES; HELIUM; MANTLE; LARDERELLO; NITROGEN AB Gas manifestations in north-central Italy consist of CO2-rich gases with minor N-2-rich emissions and discharge either along with thermal springs or into cold and stagnant waters. 'Cold' gases are prevalently CO2-dominated (> 90%) while gases related to the thermal waters have variable composition: from CO2 > 99.5% to N-2 > 90%. The variable composition of 'thermal' gases is caused by differences in the thermal regime and lithology of the ascent paths, where there is mixing of gases from multiple sources, such as N-2-rich atmospheric and deep CO2-rich metamorphic end-members. Elevated concentrations of CH4 and H-2 in these gases are generally related to the presence of active geothermal systems at shallow depth, such as the Larderello-Travale field in Tuscany. The delta(13)C values between coexisting CH4 and CO2 in all samples analyzed suggest that CH4 originates abiogenically in 200-400 degrees C hydrothermal systems. Far from geothermal areas, where the thermal gradient is lower or the water/gas ratio is high because of large inflow of meteoric waters, H-2 and CH4 are usually lower. In some cases, they can be scrubbed or oxidized (especially H,), while the residual rising gas becomes indirectly enriched in N-2 and CO2. Carbon dioxide is also enriched in some discharged gases because it is produced at shallow depth in lower temperature conditions (< 150 degrees C). Heavy delta(15)N values for N-2 to near + 7.0 parts per thousand suggest that, for some gas samples that contain excess nitrogen (e.g. where N-2/Ar much greater than 83), this component probably derives from ammonia-rich feldspars and micas within the Palaeozoic schist basement rocks. However, other samples show evidence of a shallow component of CH, and N? from Neogene basin sediments, The areal distribution of the He-3/He-4 ratio points to a general prevalence of atmospheric and crustal He-4 in the gas discharges in central Italy. A significant component of mantle He-3 is only found in the geothermal areas of Larderello where the large regional thermal anomaly suggests the presence of a deep magmatic body. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CNR, Ctr Studio Minerogenesi & Geochim Applicata, I-50121 Florence, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CNR, Ist Geocronol & Geochim Isotop, I-56100 Pisa, Italy. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-50121 Florence, Italy. RP Minissale, A (reprint author), CNR, Ctr Studio Minerogenesi & Geochim Applicata, Via Pira 4, I-50121 Florence, Italy. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012; magro, gabriella/J-6327-2012 OI magro, gabriella/0000-0002-5525-0176 NR 60 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 22 PY 1997 VL 142 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00081-8 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YM396 UT WOS:000071059300002 ER PT J AU LopesGautier, R Davies, AG Carlson, R Smythe, W Kamp, L Soderblom, L Leader, FE Mehlman, R AF LopesGautier, R Davies, AG Carlson, R Smythe, W Kamp, L Soderblom, L Leader, FE Mehlman, R TI Hot spots on Io: Initial results from Galileo's near infrared mapping spectrometer SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on Galileo has monitored the volcanic activity on Io since June 28, 1996. This paper presents preliminary analysis of NIMS thermal data for the first four orbits of the Galileo mission. NIMS has detected 18 new hot spots and 12 others which were previously known to be active. The distribution of the hot spots on Io's surface may not be random, as hot spots surround the two bright, SO2-rich regions of Bosphorus Regio and Colchis Regio. Most hot spots seem to be persistently active from orbit to orbit and 10 of those detected were active in 1979 during the Voyager encounters. We report the distribution of hot spot temperatures and find that they are consistent with silicate volcanism. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ASTROGEOL STUDIES,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP LopesGautier, R (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,MS 183 601,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 13 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 20 BP 2439 EP 2442 DI 10.1029/97GL02662 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YB602 UT WOS:A1997YB60200001 ER PT J AU McEwen, AS Simonelli, DP Senske, DR Klaasen, KP Keszthelyi, L Johnson, TV Geissler, PE Carr, MH Belton, MJS AF McEwen, AS Simonelli, DP Senske, DR Klaasen, KP Keszthelyi, L Johnson, TV Geissler, PE Carr, MH Belton, MJS TI High-temperature hot spots on Io as seen by the Galiloe solid state imaging (SSI) experiment SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SILICATE VOLCANISM; IMAGES AB High-temperature hot spots on Io have been imaged at similar to 50 km spatial resolution by Garileo's CCD imaging system (SSI). Images were acquired during eclipses (Io in Jupiter's shadow) via the SSI clear filter (similar to 0.4-1.0 mu m), detecting emissions from both small intense hot spots and diffuse extended glows associated with Io's atmosphere and plumes. A total of 13 hot spots have been detected over similar to 70% of Io's surface. Each hot spot falls precisely on a low-albedo feature corresponding to a caldera floor and/or lava flow. The hot-spot temperatures must exceed similar to 700 K for detection by SSI. Observations at wavelengths longer than those available to SSI require that most of these hot spots actually have significantly higher temperatures (similar to 1000 K or higher) and cover small areas. The high-temperature hot spots probably mark the locations of active silicate volcanism, supporting suggestions that the eruption and near-surface movement of silicate magma drives the heat flow and volcanic activity of Io. C1 CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP McEwen, AS (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 16 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 20 BP 2443 EP 2446 DI 10.1029/97GL01956 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YB602 UT WOS:A1997YB60200002 ER PT J AU Keszthelyi, L McEwen, A AF Keszthelyi, L McEwen, A TI Thermal models for basaltic volcanism on Io SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SILICATE VOLCANISM; FLOW AB We present a new model for the thermal emissions from active basaltic eruptions on Io. While our methodology shares many similarities with previous work, it is significantly different in that (1) it uses a field tested cooling model and (2) the model is more applicable to pahoehoe flows and lava lakes than fountain-fed, channelized, 'a'a flows. This model demonstrates the large effect lava porosity has on the surface cooling rate (with denser flows cooling more slowly) and provides a preliminary tool for examining some of the hot spots on Io. The model infrared signature of a basaltic eruption is largely controlled by a single parameter, tau, the average survival time for a lava surface. During an active eruption surfaces are quickly covered or otherwise destroyed and typical values of tau for a basaltic eruption are expected to be on the order of 10 seconds to 10 minutes. Our model suggests that the Galileo SSI eclipse data are consistent with moderately active to quiescent basaltic lava lakes but are not diagnostic of such activity. C1 UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HONOLULU,HI. US GEOL SURVEY,HONOLULU,HI. HAWAII VOLCANOES NATL PK,HONOLULU,HI. RP Keszthelyi, L (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,PLANETARY IMAGE RES LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 20 BP 2463 EP 2466 DI 10.1029/97GL01368 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YB602 UT WOS:A1997YB60200007 ER PT J AU Carlson, RW Smythe, WD LopesGautier, RMC Davies, AG Kamp, LW Mosher, JA Soderblom, LA Leader, FE Mehlman, R Clark, RN Fanale, FP AF Carlson, RW Smythe, WD LopesGautier, RMC Davies, AG Kamp, LW Mosher, JA Soderblom, LA Leader, FE Mehlman, R Clark, RN Fanale, FP TI The distribution of sulfur dioxide and other infrared absorbers on the surface of Io SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; SO2; SPECTRA; LO; ATMOSPHERE; STATE; H2S AB The Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer was used to investigate the distribution and properties of sulfur dioxide over the surface of Io, and qualitative results for the anti-Jove hemisphere sue presented here. SO2, existing as a frost, is found almost everywhere, but with spatially variable concentration. The exceptions are volcanic hot spots, where high surface temperatures promote rapid vaporization and can produce SO2-free areas. The pervasive frost, if fully covering the cold surface, has characteristic grain sizes of 30 to 100 mu m, or greater. Regions of greater sulfur dioxide concentrations are found. The equatorial Colchis Regio area exhibits extensive snowfields with large particles (250 to 500 mu m diameter, or greater) beneath smaller particles. A weak feature at 3.15 mu m is observed and is perhaps due to hydroxides, hydrates, or water. A broad absorption in the 1 mu m region, which could be caused by iron-containing minerals, shows a concentration in Io's southern polar region, with an absence in the Pele plume deposition ring. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV HAWAII,PLANETARY GEOSCI DIV,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Carlson, RW (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,MAIL STOP 183-601,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 20 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 20 BP 2479 EP 2482 DI 10.1029/97GL02609 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YB602 UT WOS:A1997YB60200011 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W Massonnet, D AF Thatcher, W Massonnet, D TI Crustal deformation at Long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INFLATION AB Satellite radar interferometric images of Long Valley caldera show a pattern of surface deformation that resembles that expected from analysis of an extensive suite of ground-based geodetic data. Images from 2 and 4 year intervals respectively are consistent with uniform movement rates determined from leveling surveys. Synthetic interferograms generated from ellipsoidal-inclusion source models based on inversion of the ground-based data show generally good agreement with the observed images. Two interferograms show evidence for a magmatic source southwest of the caldera in a region not covered by ground measurements. Poorer image quality in the 4 year interferogram indicates that temporal decorrelation of surface radar reflectors is progressively degrading the fringe pattern in the Long Valley region. C1 CTR NATL ETUD SPATIALES,F-31400 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 8 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 20 BP 2519 EP 2522 DI 10.1029/97GL02597 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YB602 UT WOS:A1997YB60200021 ER PT J AU Constantz, J Thomas, CL AF Constantz, J Thomas, CL TI Stream bed temperature profiles as indicators of percolation characteristics beneath arroyos in the middle Rio Grande Basin, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE stream flow; seepage; heat; conduction; advection ID GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AB Stream bed temperature profiles were monitored continuously during water year 1990 and 1991 (WY90 and 91) in two New Mexico arroyos, similar in their meteorological features and dissimilar in their hydrological features. Stream bed temperature profiles between depths of 30 and 300 cm were examined to determine whether temporal changes in temperature profiles represent accurate indicators of the timing, depth and duration of percolation in each stream bed. These results were compared with stream flow, air temperature, and precipitation records for WY90 and 91, to evaluate the effect of changing surface conditions on temperature profiles. Temperature profiles indicate a persistently high thermal gradient with depth beneath Grantline Arroyo, except during a semi-annual thermal reversal in spring and autumn. This typifies the thermal response of dry sediments with low thermal conductivities. High thermal gradients were disrupted only during infrequent stream flows, followed by rapid re-establishment of high gradients. The stream bed temperature at 300 cm was unresponsive to individual precipitation or stream how during WY90 and 91. This thermal pattern provides strong evidence that most seepage into Grantline Arroyo failed to percolate at a sufficient rate to reach 300 cm before being returned to the atmosphere. A distinctly different thermal pattern was recorded beneath Tijeras Arroyo. Low thermal gradients between 30 and 300 cm and large diurnal variations in temperature, suggest that stream flow created continuous, advection-dominated heat transport for over 300 days, annually. Beneath Tijeras Arroyo, low thermal gradients were interrupted only briefly during periodic, dry summer conditions. Comparisons of stream dow records for WY90 and 91 with stream bed temperature profiles indicate that independent analysis of thermal patterns provides accurate estimates of the timing, depth and duration of percolation beneath both arroyos. Stream flow loss estimates indicate that seepage rates were 15 times greater for Tijeras Arroyo than for Grantline Arroyo, which supports qualitative conclusions derived from analysis of stream bed temperature responses to surface conditions. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP Constantz, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 10 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 15 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 12 BP 1621 EP 1634 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA YB231 UT WOS:A1997YB23100004 ER PT J AU Masters, CD Root, DH Turner, RM AF Masters, CD Root, DH Turner, RM TI World resource statistics geared for electronic access SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Masters, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD OCT 13 PY 1997 VL 95 IS 41 BP 98 EP 104 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YB003 UT WOS:A1997YB00300018 ER PT J AU Blakely, RJ Christiansen, RL Guffanti, M Wells, RE DonnellyNolan, JM Muffler, LJP Clynne, MA Smith, JG AF Blakely, RJ Christiansen, RL Guffanti, M Wells, RE DonnellyNolan, JM Muffler, LJP Clynne, MA Smith, JG TI Gravity anomalies, quaternary vents, and quaternary faults in the southern Cascade Range, Oregon and California: Implications for arc and backarc evolution SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ISOSTATIC RESIDUAL GRAVITY; MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; UNITED-STATES; NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; CENOZOIC VOLCANISM; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; BASIN; PROVINCE AB Isostatic residual gravity anomalies in the southern Cascade Range of northern California and southern Oregon are spatially correlated with broad zones of Quaternary magmatism as reflected by the total volume of Quaternary volcanic products, the distribution of Quaternary vents, and the anomalously low teleseismic P wave velocities in the upper 30 km of crust. The orientation of Quaternary faults also appears to be related to gravity anomalies and volcanism in this area, trending generally north-south within the magmatic regions and nortwest-southeast as they enter the neighboring amagmatic zones to the north and south. The relationship between gravity anomalies, vent density, and fault orientations may indicate in a broad sense the strength of the middle and upper crust. The southern Cascade Range occupies a transition zone where horizontal stress is transferred from the northwest-southeast dextral shear of the Walker Lane belt to the east-west extension characteristic of the Cascade are in central Oregon. Faulting along north-south strikes in the volcanically active areas indicates the east-west extensional stresses in thermally weakened crust, whereas northwest faulting between the volcanically active areas reflects the northwest trending, right lateral shear strain of the Walker Lane belt. The segmentation of the are reflected in Quaternary magmatism may be caused by differential extension behind crustal blocks of the forearc rotating clockwise with respect to North America. In this view the volcanic centers at Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake volcano, and Lassen Peak in northern California are situated along the southern parts of the trailing edges of two distinct segments of the forearc where additional extension is implied by their differential clockwise rotation. RP Blakely, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 989, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 63 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B10 BP 22513 EP 22527 DI 10.1029/97JB01516 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB715 UT WOS:A1997YB71500010 ER PT J AU Garces, MA AF Garces, MA TI On the volcanic waveguide SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TREMOR; EXCITATION; ERUPTIONS; SHALLOW; FLOW AB An analytical solution for the sound field in a resonant magma conduit with depth-dependent magma properties provides a versatile interpretative tool for the analysis of seismoacoustic signals generated by fluid processes in active volcanoes. Expressions are given for the acoustic field in the atmosphere and the seismic field in the ground radiated through the magma conduit vent and walls, respectively. A new source model allows the resonance in the conduit to be excited by the vertical fluid velocity at the bottom of the conduit. This source model represents acoustic excitation induced by low-frequency fluid oscillations or large volume fluctuations originating at depth. The magma conduit is modeled as a three-section duct, with each section having a different density, sound speed, viscosity, and dimension. The modal structure of the coupled resonant system is retained as the sound field in the conduit propagates into the surrounding bedrock and the overlying atmosphere. The source-time function permits estimates of the total mass injected or removed from the magmatic system, and the source spectrum acts as a band-pass filter on the resonant modes of the conduit. Theoretical or empirical source functions can be used to drive the seismoacoustic wave field, and the amplitude of the source velocity may be constrained by the ballistics of pyroclasts and the height of ash plumes. The acoustic properties of the melt may be predicted from the temperature, composition, and flow conditions of the magma as a function of depth. Comparisons of synthetic waveforms and spectra with those of seismic and acoustic signals recorded on active volcanoes permit estimates of the conduit geometry, density, sound speed; and attenuation properties of the melt, and characterize the temporal and spectral features of the source function. The ability to extract this information accurately and efficiently from seismic and acoustic data streams may-permit near real time modeling of fluid-driven processes in active volcanoes. RP UNIV ALASKA, INST GEOPHYS, ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV, 903 KOYUKUK DR, POB 757320, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. NR 43 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B10 BP 22547 EP 22564 DI 10.1029/97JB01799 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB715 UT WOS:A1997YB71500012 ER PT J AU Beeler, NM Tullis, TE AF Beeler, NM Tullis, TE TI The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ROCK FRICTION; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; ASPERITY INDENTATION; NORMAL STRESS; STICK-SLIP; GOUGE; MICROMECHANICS; DILATANCY; GRANITE; WEAR AB The relationship between measured friction mu(A) and volumetric strain during frictional sliding was determined using a rate and state variable dependent friction constitutive equation, a common work balance relating friction and volume change, and two types of experimental faults: initially bare surfaces of Westerly granite and rock surfaces separated by a 1 mm layer of < 90 mu m Westerly granite gouge. The constitutive equation is the sum of a constant term representing the nominal resistance to sliding and two smaller terms: a rate dependent term representing the shear viscosity of the fault surface (direct effect), and a term which represents variations in the area of contact (evolution effect). The work balance relationship requires that mu(A) differs from the frictional resistance that leads to shear heating by the derivative of fault normal displacement with respect shear displacement, d delta(n)/d delta(s). An implication of this relationship is that the rate dependence of d delta(n)/d delta(s) contributes to the rate dependence of mu(A). Experiments show changes in sliding velocity lead to changes in both fault strength and volume. Analysis of data with the rate and state equations combined with the work balance relationship preclude the conventional interpretation of the direct effect in the rate and state variable constitutive equations. Consideration of a model bare surface fault consisting of an undeformable indentor sliding on a deformable surface reveals a serious flaw in the work balance relationship if volume change is time-dependent. For the model, at zero slip rate indentation creep under the normal load leads to time-dependent Strengthening of the fault surface but, according to the work balance relationship, no work is done because compaction or dilatancy can only be induced by shearing. Additional tests on initially bare surfaces and gouges show that fault normal strain in experiments is time-dependent, consistent with the model. This time-dependent fault normal strain, which is not accounted for in the work balance relationship, explains the inconsistency between the constitutive equations and the work balance. For initially bare surface faults, all rate dependence of volume change is due to time dependence. Similar results are found for gouge. We conclude that mu(A) reflects the frictional resistance that results in shear heating, and no correction needs to be made for the volume changes. The result that time-dependent volume changes do not contribute to mu(A) is a general result and extends beyond these experiments, the simple indentor model and particular constitutive equations used to illustrate the principle. C1 BROWN UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B10 BP 22595 EP 22609 DI 10.1029/97JB01828 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB715 UT WOS:A1997YB71500015 ER PT J AU Frey, JK Fisher, RD Ruedas, LA AF Frey, JK Fisher, RD Ruedas, LA TI Identification and restriction of the type locality of the Manzano Mountains cottontail, Sylvilagus cognatus Nelson, 1907 (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB The locality from which the holotype of Sylvilagus cognatus Nelson, 1907 was collected is identified and restricted. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,MUSEUM SW BIOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP Frey, JK (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT BIOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. RI Frey, Jennifer/F-8945-2011 OI Frey, Jennifer/0000-0002-0122-2567 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT 10 PY 1997 VL 110 IS 3 BP 329 EP 331 PG 3 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA YB827 UT WOS:A1997YB82700001 ER PT J AU McCord, TB Carlson, RW Smythe, WD Hansen, GB Clark, RN Hibbitts, CA Fanale, FP Granahan, JC Segura, M Matson, DL Johnson, TV Martin, PD AF McCord, TB Carlson, RW Smythe, WD Hansen, GB Clark, RN Hibbitts, CA Fanale, FP Granahan, JC Segura, M Matson, DL Johnson, TV Martin, PD TI Organics and other molecules in the surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GALILEAN SATELLITES; REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ICE ANALOGS; MU-M; FROST AB Five absorption features are reported at wavelengths of 3.4, 3.88, 4.05, 4.25, and 4.57 micrometers in the surface materials of the Galilean satellites Callisto and Ganymede from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near-infrared mapping spectrometer. Candidate materials include CO2, organic materials (such as tholins containing C=N and C-H), SO2, and compounds containing an SH-functional group; CO2, SO2, and perhaps cyanogen [(CN)(2)] may be present within the surface material itself as collections of a few molecules each. The spectra indicate that the primary surface constituents are water ice and hydrated minerals. C1 CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. SCI & TECHNOL INT INC,HONOLULU,HI. RP McCord, TB (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016 OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391 NR 54 TC 113 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 10 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5336 BP 271 EP 275 DI 10.1126/science.278.5336.271 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YA564 UT WOS:A1997YA56400040 PM 9323203 ER PT J AU Nozette, S Shoemaker, EM Spudis, P Lichtenberg, CL AF Nozette, S Shoemaker, EM Spudis, P Lichtenberg, CL TI The possibility of ice on the Moon SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RADAR REFLECTIVITY; SURFACE; VENUS C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. LUNAR & PLANETARY INST,HOUSTON,TX 77058. USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. RP Nozette, S (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 3 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5335 BP 144 EP 145 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XZ124 UT WOS:A1997XZ12400060 ER PT J AU Qi, HP Coplen, TB Wang, QZ Wang, YH AF Qi, HP Coplen, TB Wang, QZ Wang, YH TI Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Isotopic analysis of 39 lithium reagents from several manufacturers indicates that seven were artificially depleted in Li-6 significantly in excess of the variation found in terrestrial materials. The atomic weight of lithium in analyzed reagents ranged from 6.939 to 6.996, and delta(7)-Li, reported relative to L-SVEC lithium carbonate, ranged from -11 to +3013 parts per thousand. This investigation indicates that Li-6-depleted reagents are now found on chemists' shelves, and the labels of these Li-6-depleted regents do not accurately reflect the atomic and (or) molecular weights of these reagents. In 1993, IUPAC issued the following statement: ''Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.94 and 6.99; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material.'' This statement has been found to be incorrect. In two of the 39 samples analyzed, the atomic weight of Li was in excess of 6.99. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. ACAD SINICA,QINGHAI INST SALT LAKES,XINING 810008,PEOPLES R CHINA. RI Shrestha, Yesha/N-8890-2014 NR 9 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 19 BP 4076 EP 4078 DI 10.1021/ac9704669 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XX933 UT WOS:A1997XX93300036 PM 21639218 ER PT J AU Ward, DH Markon, CJ Douglas, DC AF Ward, DH Markon, CJ Douglas, DC TI Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; change detection; distribution; eelgrass; Izembek Lagoon; Landsat; remote sensing; Zostera marina ID ZOSTERA-MARINA L; AQUATIC VEGETATION; WASTING DISEASE; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SEAGRASSES; WASHINGTON; DECLINE AB Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between 1978 and 1987 and a 2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XZ451 UT WOS:A1997XZ45100021 ER PT J AU Guillette, LJ Woodward, AR Crain, DA Masson, GR Palmer, BD Cox, MC Qui, YX Orlando, EF AF Guillette, LJ Woodward, AR Crain, DA Masson, GR Palmer, BD Cox, MC Qui, YX Orlando, EF TI The reproductive cycle of the female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS-PARIETALIS; TUATARA SPHENODON-PUNCTATUS; LACERTA-VIVIPARA JACQUIN; NORTH-CENTRAL FLORIDA; GREEN SEA TURTLE; PLASMA-CORTICOSTERONE; BREEDING ACTIVITIES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; VITELLOGENESIS; STEROIDS AB We examined ovarian and oviducal gross morphology and collected blood samples from wild female alligators in central Florida during most of the year. Females with vitellogenic follicles were observed throughout the year, although ovaries containing follicles larger than 15 mm were seen only during the spring and early summer (March-June). We detected a pool relationship between female body size and the number of vitellogenic follicles whereas body size was significantly correlated with clutch size. Plasma samples were analyzed for (1) estradiol-17 beta (E-2), testosterone (T), and corticosterone by specific radioimmunoassays; (2) vitellogenin by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and (3) total protein, phosphorus, and calcium by spectrophotometric assays. Reproductively active females showed elevated plasma concentrations of E-2 during the fall (September-November) and spring (March-May) whereas non-reproductively active females exhibited basal levels with no apparent peaks. Vitellogenin was detected in the plasma during the same months that plasma E-2 concentrations were elevated. Elevated plasma vitellogenin and E-2 were not correlated with plasma total protein but were correlated with plasma calcium concentration. During late vitellogenesis, plasma T concentrations were elevated in reproductively active females coincident with a period of intense courtship and mating. Corticosterone plasma concentrations exhibit no significant monthly variation, nor apparent changes during various stages of reproductive activity although plasma concentrations were elevated during late gravidity. Our data suggest that female reproductive activity begins in the fall with an increase in plasma E-2 concentration in September or October and vitellogenesis in October. Ovarian activity slows during winter and reactivates with the onset of spring. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 FLORIDA GAME & FRESH WATER FISH COMMISS,WILDLIFE RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CONTAMINANTS BRANCH,BRUNSWICK,GA 31520. OHIO UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,ATHENS,OH 45701. WINGATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WINGATE,NC 28174. BEIJING MED UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BEIJING 100083,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Guillette, LJ (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,223 BARTRAM HALL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 67 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 108 IS 1 BP 87 EP 101 DI 10.1006/gcen.1997.6953 PG 15 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XZ498 UT WOS:A1997XZ49800008 PM 9378277 ER PT J AU Okubo, PG Benz, HM Chouet, BA AF Okubo, PG Benz, HM Chouet, BA TI Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC DETECTION; EARTHQUAKE; SUMMIT; FLANK AB Three-dimensional seismic P-wave traveltime tomography is used to image the magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. High-velocity bodies (>6.4 km/s) in the upper 9 km of the crust beneath the summits and rift zones of the volcanoes correlate with zones of high magnetic intensities and are interpreted as solidified gabbro-ultramafic cumulates from which the surface volcanism is derived, The proximity of these high-velocity features to the rift zones is consistent with a ridge-spreading model of the volcanic flank. Southeast of the Hilina fault zone, along the south flank of Kilauea, low-velocity material (<6.0 km/s) is observed extending to depths of 9-11 km, indicating that the Hilina fault mag extend possibly as deep as the basal decollement. Along the southeast flank of Mauna Loa, a similar low-velocity zone associated with the Kaoiki fault zone is observed extending to depths of 6-8 km. These two upper crustal low-velocity zones suggest common stages in the evolution of the Hawaiian shield volcanoes in which these fault systems are formed as a result of upper crustal deformation in response to magma injection within the volcanic edifice. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Okubo, PG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,PC BOX 51,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718, USA. NR 32 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1997 VL 25 IS 10 BP 867 EP 870 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YB062 UT WOS:A1997YB06200001 ER PT J AU Lipman, P Dungan, M Bachmann, O AF Lipman, P Dungan, M Bachmann, O TI Comagmatic granophyric granite in the Fish Canyon Tuff, Colorado: Implications for magma-chamber processes during a large ash-flow eruption SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PETROLOGY AB The 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff, a vast ash-flow sheet (similar to 5000 km(3)) of uniform phenocryst-rich dacite, is representative of ''monotonous intermediate'' eruptions from a magma chamber that lacked compositional gradients, Sparse small fragments of comagmatic granophyre in late-erupted tuff and postcaldera lava, having mineral compositions indistinguishable from phenocrysts in the tuff and precaldera lava-like rocks, record complex events in the Fish Canyon chamber just prior to eruption, Sanidine phenocrysts in the granophyre preserve zoning evidence of mingling with andesitic magma, then shattering by decompression and volatile loss accompanying early Fish Canyon eruptions before overgrowth by granophyre. The textural and chemical disequilibria indicate that the eruption resulted from batholith-scale remobilization of a shallow subvolcanic chamber, contrary to previous interpretations of magma storage and phenocryst growth in the lower crust. C1 UNIV GENEVA,DEPT MINERAL,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND. RP Lipman, P (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 9 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1997 VL 25 IS 10 BP 915 EP 918 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0915:CGGITF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YB062 UT WOS:A1997YB06200013 ER PT J AU Cole, KL Henderson, N Shafer, DS AF Cole, KL Henderson, N Shafer, DS TI Holocene vegetation and historic grazing impacts at Capitol Reef National Park reconstructed using packrat middens SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Holocene vegetation history; grazing impacts; packrat middens; fossil pollen; presettlement vegetation ID PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLANDS; DESERT; CALIFORNIA; PROGRAM; VALLEY; UTAH; AGE AB Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation change from a remote high-desert site nas reconstructed using plant macrofossils and pollen from 9 packrat middens ranging from 0 to 5400 yr in age. Presettlement middens consistently contained abundant macrofossils of plant species palatable to large herbivores that are now absent or reduced, such as winterfat (Ceratoides lanata) and ricegrass (Stipa hymenoides). Macrofossils and pollen of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and roundleaf buffaloberry (Shepherdia rotundifolia) were also recently reduced to their lowest levels for the 5400-yr record. Conversely, species typical of overgrazed range, such as snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), viscid rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus visidiflorus), and Russian thistle (Salsola sp.), were not recorded prior to the historic introduction of grazing animals. Pollen of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) also increased during die last 200 yr. These records demonstrate that the most severe vegetation changes of the last 5400 yr occurred during the past 200 yr. The nature and timing of these changes suggest that they were primarily caused by 19th-century open-land sheep and cattle ranching. The reduction of pinyon and sagebrush concurrent with other grazing impacts suggests that effects of cattle grazing at modern stocking levels may be a poor analog for the effects of intense sheep grazing during drought. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,US GEOL SURVEY,MCNPSU,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 11 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 57 IS 4 BP 315 EP 326 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YG501 UT WOS:A1997YG50100002 ER PT J AU Loveland, TR Belward, AS AF Loveland, TR Belward, AS TI The IGBP-DIS global 1 km land cover data set, DISCover: first results SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION LOGIC; AVHRR DATA; CLIMATE AB The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS) is co-ordinating the development of global land data sets from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The first is a 1 km spatial resolution land cover product 'DISCover', based on monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index composites from 1992 and 1993. DISCover is a 17 class land cover dataset based on the science requirements of IGBP elements. Mapping uses unsupervised classification with post-classification refinement using ancillary data. Draft Africa, North America and South America products are now available for peer review. C1 COMMISS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,JOINT RES CTR,SPACE APPLICAT INST,I-21020 ISPRA,VA,ITALY. RP Loveland, TR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198, USA. NR 13 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 18 IS 15 BP 3291 EP 3295 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YA178 UT WOS:A1997YA17800010 ER PT J AU Humphrey, LD Pyke, DA AF Humphrey, LD Pyke, DA TI Clonal foraging in perennial wheatgrasses: a strategy for exploiting patchy soil nutrients SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Elymus lanceolatus; genetic differences; morphological plasticity; nitrogen patches ID HERB GLECHOMA-HEDERACEA; MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; CONTRASTING HABITATS; LOCAL SPECIALIZATION; POPULATION VARIATION; RANUNCULUS-REPENS; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; ROOT-GROWTH; PLANTS AB 1 Foraging by means of plasticity in placement of tillers in response to low-and high-nutrient patches was examined in the rhizomatous wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus. Its ability to exploit soil nutrient patches was compared to that of the closely related but caespitose E. lanceolatus ssp. wawawaiensis. 2 Clones of 14 genets of each taxon were planted in boxes consisting of two 30 x 30 cm cells: the 'origin cell' where clones were planted, and the adjacent 'destination cell', with each cell containing soil with either low or high levels of nutrients. 3 The rhizomatous taxon, which can produce intravaginal, short-rhizome and long-rhizome tillers, preferentially produced short-rhizome and intravaginal tillers in high-nutrient destination cells. Effects of nutrient status of the origin cell as well as of the destination cell on total tiller numbers indicated clonal integration, yet tiller placement responded to local conditions, 4 Roots of both taxa accessed nutrients in destination cells (the caespitose subspecies by root growth only), and above-ground biomass of both taxa increased to a similar extent with high-nutrient destination cells. With the patch sizes used in this experiment, root growth was as important as ramet placement in exploiting nutrients in destination cells. 5 There was no relationship between degree of plasticity in ramet placement and biomass of the clone when high-nutrient destination cells were present. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,CTR ECOL,LOGAN,UT 84322. US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Humphrey, LD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 57 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 85 IS 5 BP 601 EP 610 DI 10.2307/2960531 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YB788 UT WOS:A1997YB78800004 ER PT J AU Swain, ED AF Swain, ED TI Simulation of ground-water level fluctuations using recharge estimated by field infiltrometer measurements SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; INFILTRATION; DISPERSION; TRANSPORT; MEDIA; SCALE AB An infiltrometer was used at multiple locations at a site in Lee County, Fl. to define the spatial variability in infiltration parameters. Water-level data from a well at this site were collected hourly and used to determine the temporal variability in recharge. These results were used to define recharge in a representative stochastic numerical model of the aquifer. Model results without recharge compare well with existing analytical solutions for spatial head variability. Simulations with representative recharge events indicate that recharge produces a significant to dominant effect on head variability, which creates dispersion of contaminants, and that small-scale spatial and temporal recharge variations are the predominant mechanism causing the head variations. RP Swain, ED (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,9100 NW 36TH ST,STE 107,MIAMI,FL 33178, USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 10 BP 904 EP 912 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:10(904) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XX494 UT WOS:A1997XX49400008 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM AF Iverson, RM TI Slope instability from ground-water seepage - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID FLOW RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 10 BP 929 EP 930 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:10(929) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XX494 UT WOS:A1997XX49400015 ER PT J AU Major, JJ AF Major, JJ TI Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-Newtonian fluids - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Major, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 10 BP 936 EP 937 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:10(936) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XX494 UT WOS:A1997XX49400019 ER PT J AU Elliott, JG Parker, RS AF Elliott, JG Parker, RS TI Altered streamflow and sediment entrainment in the Gunnison gorge SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE sediment entrainment; streambed mobility; streamflow regulation; Shields equation; Gunnison River; Gunnison Gorge ID FLOW COMPETENCE; BED-LOAD; GRAVEL; TRANSPORT AB The Gunnison River in the Gunnison Gorge is a canyon river where upstream dams regulate mainstem discharge but do not affect debris-flow sediment supply from tributaries entering below the reservoirs. Regulation since 1966 has altered flood frequency, streambed mobility, and fluvial geomorphology creating potential resource-management issues. The duration of moderate streamflows between 32.3 and 85.0 m(3)/s has increased threefold since 1966. This, along with flood-peak attenuation, has facilitated fine-sediment deposition and vegetation encroachment on stream banks. The Shields equation and on-site channel geometry and bed-material measurements were used to assess changes in sediment entrainment in four alluvial reaches. Sand and fine gravel are transported through riffle/pool reaches at most discharges, but the cobbles and boulders composing the streambed in many reaches now are infrequently entrained. Periodic debris flows add coarse sediment to rapids and can increase pool elevation and the streambed area affected by backwater and fine-sediment accumulation. Debris-flow supplied boulders accumulate on fans and in rapids and constrict the channel until reworked by larger floods. The response to streamflow-regime changes in the Gunnison Gorge could serve as an analog for alluvial reaches in other regulated canyon rivers. RP Elliott, JG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,BOX 25046,MS 415,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 5 BP 1041 EP 1054 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04123.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YF959 UT WOS:A1997YF95900010 ER PT J AU Forrester, DJ Davidson, WR Lange, RE Stroud, RK Alexander, LL Franson, JC Haseltine, SD Littell, RC Nesbitt, SA AF Forrester, DJ Davidson, WR Lange, RE Stroud, RK Alexander, LL Franson, JC Haseltine, SD Littell, RC Nesbitt, SA TI Winter mortality of common loons in Florida coastal waters SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE aspergillosis; common loons; emaciation; environmental contaminants; Cavia immer; oil spills; parasites; stress; trauma; winter mortality ID JAPANESE-QUAIL; GAVIA-IMMER; MERCURY; CONTAMINATION; SELENIUM; ONTARIO AB Diagnostic findings are presented for 434 common loons (Gavia immer) found sick or dead on Florida beaches from 1970 through 1994, primarily during the months of December to April. The most commonly recognized problem was an emaciation syndrome (66%), followed by oiling (18%), aspergillosis (7%), trauma (5%) and miscellaneous disease entities (1%). The cause-of-death for 3% of the birds was not determined. Many of the carcasses examined (n 173) were obtained during an epizootic which occurred from January to March of 1983 in which more than 13,000 loons were estimated to have died. An emaciation syndrome, characterized by severe atrophy of pectoral muscles, loss of body fat and hemorrhagic enteritis, was the primary finding in this epizootic. It was postulated to have a complex etiologic basis involving synergistic effects and energy costs of migration, molting and replacement of flight feathers, food resource changes, salt-loading, intestinal parasitism, environmental contaminants, and inclement weather. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53711. UNIV FLORIDA,FLORIDA MUSEUM NAT HIST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT STAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. FLORIDA GAME & FRESH WATER FISH COMMISS,WILDLIFE RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601. RP Forrester, DJ (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610, USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 59 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 833 EP 847 PG 15 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YD641 UT WOS:A1997YD64100017 PM 9391969 ER PT J AU Beyer, AB Grossman, M AF Beyer, AB Grossman, M TI Tick paralysis in a red wolf SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Canis rufus; case report; ixodid ticks; red wolf; reintroduction; tick paralysis ID GULF COASTAL PRAIRIES; WILD CANIDS; LOUISIANA; TEXAS AB A free-ranging male red wolf (Canis rufus) in North Carolina (USA), exhibiting paresis, anorexia and heavy tick infection was diagnosed with tick paralysis. The wolf recovered completely following the removal of all ticks. This is the first record of tick paralysis in the red wolf. C1 ROANOKE ISL ANIM CLIN,MANTEO,NC 27954. RP Beyer, AB (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALLIGATOR RIVER NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,POB 1969,MANTEO,NC 27954, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 900 EP 902 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YD641 UT WOS:A1997YD64100029 PM 9391981 ER PT J AU Herman, RL Burke, CN Perry, S AF Herman, RL Burke, CN Perry, S TI Epidermal tumors of rainbow smelt with associated virus SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE herpesvirus; hyperplasia; neoplasia; Osmerus mordax; papilloma; spawning AB Epithelial tumors of the skin occurred in landlocked populations of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in several lakes in New Hampshire (USA) during the spawning runs. Histologically, these were noninvasive epithelial cell lesions. Herpesvirus-like particles could be seen in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The lesions occurred in both males and females. Prevalence, which varied annually, was as high as 30%. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT PATHOBIOL,STORRS,CT 06269. NEW HAMPSHIRE FISH & GAME DEPT,CONCORD,NH 03301. RP Herman, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,LEETOWN SCI CTR,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 925 EP 929 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YD641 UT WOS:A1997YD64100036 PM 9391988 ER PT J AU Williams, BK AF Williams, BK TI Logic and science in wildlife biology SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cause; hypothesis testing; inference; logic; scientific method; statistical inference; wildlife science ID POPULATIONS AB Descriptions of wildlife science often inadequately treat the interrelation of theory, formal logic, and data analysis that define scientific methods in the investigation of causal hypotheses. I provide 2 definitions for causation, and describe scientific methods in terms of theory, causal hypotheses, and the comparison of testable predictions against experimental and/or field data. Hypothesis assessment is developed with principles of logical inference, emphasizing differences in the burden of proof for hypothesis confirmation and rejection. Inductive logic and statistical inference are emphasized in the identification and testing of hypotheses. This framework is illustrated by means of the comparison of additive and compensatory hypotheses relating harvest and annual mortality. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Williams, BK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, 4401 N Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1007 EP 1015 DI 10.2307/3802097 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200002 ER PT J AU Otis, DL AF Otis, DL TI Analysis of habitat selection studies with multiple patches within cover types SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE habitat ecology; habitat selection; landscape ecology; likelihood ratio test; Monte Carlo simulation; patch size; Phasianus colchicus; resource selection; statistical power; spatial scale; spatial pattern ID STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES; RESOURCE SELECTION; ECOLOGY; PATTERN AB Current statistical methods are inadequate for evaluation of the relation between spatial pattern of the landscape and observed patterns of habitat use by individuals or populations. For example, traditional habitat selection analysis methods do not use information about the size and distribution of the several patches of each cover type that may exist within the study area. Statistical tests are presented for hypotheses about disproportional use of cover types and patches within cover types, These tests require that use of individual patches is recorded, as well as the size of individual patches. Different designs are considered in which there are (1) single or multiple samples of use, and (2) equal or unequal habitat availability. Formulas for calculating Type II statistical errors of the tests are presented and Monte Carlo simulation is used to assess the accuracy of the formulas and to check the Type I error rates of the proposed test statistics. With adequate sample sizes, Type II error formulas can be a useful tool for planning of habitat selection studies. An example analysis is presented of a hypothetical study. of habitat selection by ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in a Midwestern landscape. The proposed tests also represent a contribution toward bringing together concepts of landscape ecology and wildlife habitat selection. C1 Clemson Univ, USGS BRD, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Otis, DL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, USGS BRD, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1016 EP 1022 DI 10.2307/3802098 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200003 ER PT J AU Haight, RG Mech, LD AF Haight, RG Mech, LD TI Computer simulation of vasectomy for wolf control SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; Lake Superior region; management; modeling; population control; population simulation; productivity; pups; reproduction; sterilization; vasectomy; wolf ID MINNESOTA; WOLVES; POPULATIONS AB Recovering gray wolf (Canis lupus) populations in the Lake Superior region of the United States are prompting state management agencies to consider strategies to control population growth. In addition to wolf removal, vasectomy has been proposed. To predict the population effects of different sterilization and removal strategies, we developed a simulation model of wolf dynamics using simple rules for demography and dispersal. Simulations suggested that the effects of vasectomy and removal in a disjunct population depend largely on the degree of annual immigration. With low immigration, periodic sterilization reduced pup production and resulted in lower rates of territory recolonization. Consequently, average pack size, number of packs, and population size were significantly less than those for an untreated population. Periodically removing a proportion of the population produced roughly the same trends as did sterilization; however, more than twice as many wolves had to be removed than sterilized. With high immigration, periodic sterilization reduced pup production bid not territory recolonization and produced only moderate reductions in population size relative to an untreated population. Similar reductions in population size were obtained by periodically removing large numbers of wolves. Our analysis does not address the possible effects of vasectomy on larger wolf populations, but it suggests that the subject should be considered through modeling or field testing. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Haight, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1023 EP 1031 DI 10.2307/3802099 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200004 ER PT J AU Waller, JS Mace, RD AF Waller, JS Mace, RD TI Grizzly bear habitat selection in the Swan Mountains, Montana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE avalanche chute; geographic information system; GIS; grizzly bear; habitat selection; home range; Montana; movements; radiotelemetry; satellite; selection ratio; Swan Mountains; Ursus arctos; vegetation ID STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES; RESOURCE SELECTION AB In the contiguous United States grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) are classified as a threatened species, thus resource managers have a continuing interest in how grizzly bears use available habitats. We examined the use of satellite derived cover types by 19 individual radiomarked grizzly bears over 8 years and developed a hierarchial preference classification. We found that avalanche chutes were used in higher proportions than available during all seasons, along with slab rock. Shrub fields and timber harvest units were selected relative to availability during the summer and fall. Forested areas were among the least selected cover types during all seasons. Clear patterns of elevational movement were identified and were similar among most bears. C1 Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. RP Waller, JS (reprint author), Univ Montana, Grizzly Bear Recovery Off, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Univ Hall,Room 309, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1032 EP 1039 DI 10.2307/3802100 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200005 ER PT J AU Young, DD McCabe, TR AF Young, DD McCabe, TR TI Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; caribou; functional response; grizzly bear; kill rate; Porcupine Caribou Herd; predation; Rangifer tarandus; Ursus arctos ID PORCUPINE HERD; MORTALITY AB During June 1993 and 1994, 11 radiocollared and 7 unmarked grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were monitored visually (observation) from fixed-wing aircraft to document predation on calves of the Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Herd (PCH) in northeastern Alaska, Twenty-six (72%) grizzly bear observations were completed (greater than or equal to 60 min) successfully (median duration = 180 min; +/-95% CI = 136-181 min; range = 67-189 min) and 10 were discontinued (duration less than or equal to 24 min) due to disturbance to the bear, or unfavorable weather conditions. Of the 26 successfully completed observations, 15 (58%) included predatory activity (encounter) directed at caribou calves and 8 (31%) included kills. Of 32 encounters, 9 resulted in kills, for a success rate of 28%. The median duration of encounters was 1 minute (+/-95% CI = 1-2 min: range = 1-6 min: n = 32; ), and the median time spent at a kill was 14 minute (+/-95% CI = 9-23 min: range = 6-56 min; n = 9). Sows with young (n = 4) killed more frequently (75%; P = 0.0178) than barren sows, boars, and consorting pairs combined (17%; n = 18). Estimated kill rate was highest for sows with young (6.3 kills/bear/day; n = 4), followed by barren sows (4.6 kills/bear/day; n = 5), boars (1.9 kills/bear/day; n = 5), and, finally, consorting pairs (1.0 kills/bear/day; n = 8). Estimated kill rate obtained via conventional radiotracking point surveys (4.8 kills/bear/day) was higher than that obtained via concurrent bear observations (3.1 kills/bear/day). Our research provides baseline estimates of predation rates by grizzly bears on caribou calves that will enhance the capability of wildlife professionals in managing populations of both predators and their prey. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Young, DD (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 1300 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1056 EP 1066 DI 10.2307/3802102 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200007 ER PT J AU Heusmann, HW Sauer, JR AF Heusmann, HW Sauer, JR TI A survey for mallard pairs in the Atlantic Flyway SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; Atlantic Flyway; breeding pairs; census; ducks; ground survey; mallard; northeast; plots; populations; waterfowl ID WATERFOWL AB During 1989-92, spring surveys of randomly selected, 1-km(2) plots, stratified by physiographic strata, were conducted in the Atlantic Flyway from New Hampshire to Virginia, to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) pairs. All potential waterfowl habitat in each plot was checked by ground crews. The adjusted mean mallard pair estimate over the 4-year period was 300,849 (range 271,193-320,642, mean SE 22,455) for the region surveyed. Ground plot checks are a practical way to survey mallard pairs in the upper Atlantic Flyway. C1 Massachusetts Div Fisheries & Wildlife, Westboro, MA 01581 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Heusmann, HW (reprint author), Massachusetts Div Fisheries & Wildlife, Westboro, MA 01581 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1191 EP 1198 DI 10.2307/3802116 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200021 ER PT J AU Mora, MA Lee, MC Jenny, JP Schultz, TW Sericano, JL Clum, NJ AF Mora, MA Lee, MC Jenny, JP Schultz, TW Sericano, JL Clum, NJ TI Potential effects of environmental contaminants on recovery of the aplomado falcon in south Texas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aplomado falcon; birds; contaminants; endangered species; Falco femoralis; Lower Rio Grande Valley; organochlorines; recovery; Texas; trace metals; wildlife toxicology ID ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES; BREEDING SUCCESS; BIRDS; EGGS; DDE; MERCURY; REPRODUCTION; CADMIUM; MEXICO; PLASMA AB Efforts to reintroduce the aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis) into its former range in the southern part of Texas began in 1977. Not until 1993, however, were a significant number (26) of fledgling aplomado flacons released. The first nesting pair of aplomado falcons was reported near the Brownsville Ship Channel during 1995. Because of a long history of pesticide use in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, during 1993-94 we investigated the accumulation of environmental contaminants in plasma of aplomado falcons released at the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge. We also assessed the potential contribution of typical prey species to aplomado falcon contaminant burdens. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were below detection limits (wet wt basis) in plasma; however, some organochlorines including 1.75 and 1.41 mu g/g p,p'-DDE, and 0.49 and 1.52 mu g/g total PCBs were detected in addled eggs collected in 1995 and 1996. Mercury also was detected at 1.5 and 4.1 mu g/g dry weight in the addled eggs collected in 1995 and 1996. We detected DDE (range 0.02-0.25 mu g/g) in carcasses of potential prey of the aplomado falcon. Trace metals also were detected in potential prey at levels which are not of concern, except for Hg, which was high in a few meadowlarks. Low levels of DDE and most trace metals in potential prey, including mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) and eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), are not likely to result in adverse effects on the aplomado falcon in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. However, elevated Hg residues in meadowlarks (in a few cases) and potentially higher DDE levels in other prey species such as the great-tailed grackle. (Quiscalus mexicanus) could result in negative effects on reproduction and survival of some aplomado falcons in south Texas. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brazos Res Stn, Environm & Contaminats Res Ctr,US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID 83709 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Mora, MA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brazos Res Stn, Environm & Contaminats Res Ctr,US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Mora, Miguel/B-1344-2009; OI Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1288 EP 1296 DI 10.2307/3802128 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200033 ER PT J AU Steidl, RJ Kozie, KD Anthony, RG AF Steidl, RJ Kozie, KD Anthony, RG TI Reproductive success of bald eagles in interior Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; bald eagle; breeding success; Copper River; demography; Gulkana River; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; nesting; nesting success; prey abundance; productivity; reproductive success ID RATES; PRODUCTIVITY; SASKATCHEWAN; GROWTH; LAKE AB We compared productivity and nesting success of 2 adjacent populations of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) near the northern limits of their range in interior Alaska during 1989-94. Productivity ((x) over bar x +/- SE young fledged/occupied territory) and nesting success differed between populations; pairs in the Gulkana River basin had higher productivity (0.86 +/- 0.05, n = 274) and nesting success (59%) than those in the Copper River basin (0.71 +/- 0.04, 48%, n = 471; P < 0.02). Productivity varied both annually and spatially within each basin (P < 0.001). However, brood sizes of successful nests were identical for both basins (1.48 +/- 0.03), suggesting that variability in productivity resulted largely from differences in nesting success. Patterns of variability in reproductive success within a territory also were similar for both populations. Pairs that were successful one year hedged more offspring, were more Likely to be successful, were more likely to reoccupy the same territory and were less likely to change nest locations the following year compared to pairs that were unsuccessful the precious year (P < 0.025 for all comparisons). Most nesting failure (92%) occurred during incubation when weather conditions tend to be most severe. However, reproductive success was not negatively correlated with severity of spring weather (temp or rainfall) or strongly correlated with prey abundance during brood rearing. We hypothesize that annual and spatial variability in reproductive success of these northern bald eagle populations may be associated with variation in prey availability, especially before and during incubation. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Wrangell St Elias Natl Pk, Copper Ctr, AK 99588 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Steidl, RJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, 325 Biol Sci E, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1313 EP 1321 DI 10.2307/3802131 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200036 ER PT J AU Andres, BA AF Andres, BA TI The Exxon Valdez oil spill disrupted the breeding of black oystercatchers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; black oystercatcher; breeding; disturbance; Exxon Valdez; Haematopus bachmani; oil spill; populations; reproduction ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; SEABIRDS AB I evaluated the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) by comparing the breeding success of pairs inhabiting oiled and unoiled islands in Prince William Sound, Alaska. I hypothesized that direct and indirect consequences of shoreline oiling would disrupt the breeding and foraging behavior of oystercatchers. Fewer pairs occupied (36%) or maintained nests on (34%) oiled Green Island after the spill in 1989 than in 1991, whereas the number of pairs and nests remained similar on unoiled Montague Island than from nests on Montague Island; disturbance associated with cleanup operations also reduced productivity on Green Island in 1990. By 1991, productivity on Green Island (1.3 chicks/pair) exceeded that on Montague Island (0.6 chicks/pair). In 1989, mortality of bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) was significantly higher (P = 0.003), and feeding rates of oystercatchers were significantly lower (P = 0.0002), on Green Island than on Montague Island. I concluded that the breeding of black oystercatchers was disrupted during 1989 and 1990 but had substantially recovered by 1991. Additional, intensive restoration actions probably are not needed for black oystercatchers to recover in areas affected by the spill. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 29 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 BP 1322 EP 1328 DI 10.2307/3802132 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU626 UT WOS:000071737200037 ER PT J AU Knick, ST Rotenberry, JT AF Knick, ST Rotenberry, JT TI Landscape characteristics of disturbed shrubsteppe habitats in southwestern Idaho (USA) SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agriculture; Artemisia tridentata; Bromus tectorum; disturbance regime; exotic annual grassland; habitat fragmentation; landscape characteristics; military training; shrubsteppe; wildfire ID SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; FIRE; ENVIRONMENT; COEXISTENCE; VEGETATION; DIVERSITY AB We compared 5 zones in shrubsteppe habitats of southwestern Idaho to determine the effect of differing disturbance combinations on landscapes that once shared historically similar disturbance regimes. The primary consequence of agriculture, wildfires, and extensive fires ignited by the military during training activities was loss of native shrubs from the landscape. Agriculture created large square blocks on the landscape, and the landscape contained fewer small patches and more large shrub patches than non-agricultural areas. In contrast, fires left a more fragmented landscape. Repeated fires did not change the distribution of patch sizes, but decreased the total area of remaining shrublands and increased the distance between remaining shrub patches that provide seed sources. Military training with tracked vehicles was associated with a landscape characterized by small, closely spaced, shrub patches. Our results support the general model hypothesized for conversion of shrublands to annual grasslands by disturbance. Larger shrub patches in our region, historically resistant to fire spread and large-scale fires because of a perennial bunchgrass understory, were more fragmented than small patches. Presence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic annual, was positively related to landscape patchiness and negatively related to number of shrub cells. Thus, cheatgrass dominance can contribute to further fragmentation and loss of the shrub patch by facilitating spread of subsequent fires, carried by continuous fuels, through the patch. The synergistic processes of fragmentation of shrub patches by disturbance, invasion and subsequent dominance by exotic annuals, and fire are converting shrubsteppe in southwestern Idaho to a new state dominated by exotic annual grasslands and high fire frequencies. C1 US Geol Survey, Raptor Res & Tech Assistance Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Nat Reserve Syst, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Knick, ST (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raptor Res & Tech Assistance Ctr, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 44 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 12 IS 5 BP 287 EP 297 DI 10.1023/A:1007915408590 PG 11 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 150UN UT WOS:000077684100003 ER PT J AU Myster, RW Thomlinson, JR Larsen, MC AF Myster, RW Thomlinson, JR Larsen, MC TI Predicting landslide vegetation in patches on landscape gradients in Puerto Rico SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Luquillo Experimental Forest; rain forest; elevation; slope; age; area; aspect; volcaniclastic; diorite; road association ID DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; SHIFTING MOSAIC LANDSCAPE; LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; DISTURBANCE; FOREST; SUCCESSION; WOODLAND; PLANT AB We explored the predictive value of common landscape characteristics for landslide vegetative stages in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico using four different analyses. Maximum likelihood logistic regression showed that aspect, age, and substrate type could be used to predict vegetative structural stage. In addition it showed that the structural complexity of the vegetation was greater in landslides (1) facing the southeast (away from the dominant wind direction of recent hurricanes), (2) that were older, and (3) that had volcaniclastic rather than dioritic substrate. Multiple regression indicated that both elevation and age could be used to predict the current vegetation, and that vegetation complexity was greater both at lower elevation and in older landslides. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients showed that (1) the presence of volcaniclastic substrate in landslides was negatively correlated with aspect, age, and elevation, (2) that road association and age were positively correlated, and (3) that slope was negatively correlated with area. Finally, principal components analysis showed that landslides were differentiated on axes defined primarily by age, aspect class, and elevation in the positive direction, and by volcaniclastic substrate in the negative direction. Because several statistical techniques indicated that age, aspect, elevation, and substrate were important in determining vegetation complexity on landslides, we conclude that landslide succession is influenced by variation in these landscape traits. In particular, we would expect to find more successional; development on landslides which are older, face away from hurricane winds, are at lower elevation, and are on volcaniclastic substrate. Finally, our results lead into a hierarchical conceptual model of succession on landscapes where the biota respond first to either gradients or disturbance depending on their relative severity, and then to more local biotic mechanisms such as dispersal, predation and competition. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Myster, RW (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, POB 363682, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. NR 41 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 12 IS 5 BP 299 EP 307 DI 10.1023/A:1007942804047 PG 9 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 150UN UT WOS:000077684100004 ER PT J AU Fay, FH Eberhardt, LL Kelly, BP Burns, JJ Quakenbush, LT AF Fay, FH Eberhardt, LL Kelly, BP Burns, JJ Quakenbush, LT TI Status of the Pacific walrus population, 1950-1989 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pacific walrus; Odobenus rosmarus divergens; population changes; reproduction; harvests; Bering Sea; Chukchi Sea ID ODOBENUS-ROSMARUS; SEA AB The Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) population is an important ecological and economic resource of the Bering Sea region. We describe population change, beginning with a low in 1950, through a high in about 1980, and ending in 1989. Estimates of abundance for the years after 1989 were not attempted due to the lack of harvest data and other population parameters. Selective hunting practices resulted in biased data regarding population composition and reproductive performance. Rates of reproduction had to be estimated from ovarian data, which indicated a dramatic drop in the 1980s. High harvests in the 1980s likely contributed to a decline in the population, but uncertainties as to accuracy of population estimates and other data raise reasonable doubts, especially with respect to the number of males, for which the most recent (1985) population estimate suggests a sharp decline. Past population estimates were revised upwards to compensate for walruses underwater and not seen in aerial surveys. The weaknesses in the available data make it clear that effective management of the population will require many improvements in collection of data regarding harvests, population structure, reproduction, and population trend. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ECOL SERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. RP Fay, FH (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST MARINE SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 78 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 17 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 BP 537 EP 565 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00083.x PG 29 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YA660 UT WOS:A1997YA66000001 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA Curiale, JA AF Kvenvolden, KA Curiale, JA TI Organic geochemistry - Linking the biosphere and geosphere - From the Organic Geochemical Division (Geochemical Society) symposium, held on 27 October 1996 in Denver, Colorado - Introduction SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. UNOCAL Corp, Sugar Land, TX 77478 USA. RP Kvenvolden, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD OCT-NOV PY 1997 VL 27 IS 5-6 BP V EP VI PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YR796 UT WOS:000071531100001 ER PT J AU Holm, TM AF Holm, TM TI National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article RP Holm, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 63 IS 10 BP 1180 EP 1180 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XY995 UT WOS:A1997XY99500005 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J AF Gomberg, J TI Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID PEAK SURFACE STRAINS; SAN-FERNANDO VALLEY; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; GROUND-MOTION; AFTERSHOCK; WAVES AB A method of estimating the complete time-varying dynamic formation field from commonly available three-component single station seismic data has been developed and applied to study the relationship between dynamic deformation and ground failures and structural damage using observations from the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Estimates from throughout the epicentral region indicate that the horizontal strains exceed the vertical ones by more than a factor of two. The largest strains (exceeding similar to 100 mu strain) correlate with regions of greatest ground failure. There is a poor correlation between structural damage and peak strain amplitudes. The smallest strains, similar to 35 mu strain, are estimated in regions of no damage or ground failure. Estimates in the two regions with most severe and well mapped permanent deformation, Potrero Canyon and the Granada-Mission Hills regions, exhibit the largest strains; peak horizontal strains estimates in these regions equal similar to 139 and similar to 229 mu strain respectively. Of note, the dynamic principal strain axes have strikes consistent with the permanent failure features suggesting that, while gravity, sub-surface materials, and hydrologic conditions undoubtedly played fundamental roles in determining where and what types of failures occurred, the dynamic deformation field may have been favorably sized and oriented to initiate failure processes. These results support other studies that conclude that the permanent deformation resulted from ground shaking, rather than from static strains associated with primary or secondary faulting. They also suggest that such an analysis. either using data or theoretical calculations, may enable observations of paleo-ground failure to be used as quantitative constraints on the size and geometry of previous earthquakes. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), UNIV MEMPHIS,US GEOL SURVEY,CAMPUS BOX 526590,MEMPHIS,TN 38152, USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD OCT-DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 7-8 BP 471 EP 494 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00011-0 PG 24 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA YC618 UT WOS:A1997YC61800006 ER PT J AU Hawkins, SE Darlington, EH Murchie, SL Peacock, K Harris, TJ Hersman, CB Elko, MJ Prendergast, DT Ballard, BW Gold, RE Veverka, J Robinson, MS AF Hawkins, SE Darlington, EH Murchie, SL Peacock, K Harris, TJ Hersman, CB Elko, MJ Prendergast, DT Ballard, BW Gold, RE Veverka, J Robinson, MS TI Multi-Spectral Imager on the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID STATE IMAGING DATA; GALILEO ENCOUNTER; 433-EROS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; RECALIBRATION; HETEROGENEITY; REFLECTANCE; 951-GASPRA; SPACECRAFT; GEOLOGY AB A multispectral imager has been developed for a rendezvous mission with the near-Earth asteroid, 433 Eros. The Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) on the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft uses a five-element refractive optical telescope, has a held of view of 2.93 x 2.25 degrees, a focal length of 167.35 mm, and has a spatial resolution of 16.1 x 9.5 m at a range of 100 km. The spectral sensitivity of the instrument spans visible to near infrared wavelengths, and was designed to provide insight into the nature and fundamental properties of asteroids and comets. Seven narrow band spectral filters were chosen to provide multicolor imaging and to make comparative studies with previous observations of S asteroids and measurements of the characteristic absorption in Fe minerals near 1 mu m. An eighth filter with a much wider spectral passband will be used for optical navigation and for imaging faint objects, down to visual magnitude of +10.5. The camera has a fixed 1 Hz frame rate and the signal intensities are digitized to 12 bits. The detector, a Thomson-CSF TH7866A Charge-Coupled Device, permits electronic shuttering which effectively varies the dynamic range over an additional three orders of magnitude. Communication with the NEAR spacecraft occurs via a MIL-STD-1553 bus interface, and a high speed serial interface permits rapid transmission of images to the spacecraft solid state recorder. Onboard image processing consists of a multi-tiered data compression scheme. The instrument was extensively tested and calibrated prior to launch; some inflight calibrations have already been completed. This paper presents a detailed overview of the Multi-Spectral Imager and its objectives, design, construction, testing and calibration. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Hawkins, SE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RI Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015 OI Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751 NR 52 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 82 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 100 DI 10.1023/A:1005099211710 PG 70 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YX814 UT WOS:000072082300003 ER PT J AU Konikow, LF Sanford, WE Campbell, PJ AF Konikow, LF Sanford, WE Campbell, PJ TI Constant-concentration boundary condition: Lessons from the HYDROCOIN variable-density groundwater benchmark problem SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DISPERSIVE TRANSPORT DYNAMICS; BRINE FLOW SYSTEM AB In a solute-transport model, if a constant-concentration boundary condition is applied at a node in an active flow field, a solute flux can occur by both advective and dispersive processes. The potential for advective release is demonstrated by reexamining the Hydrologic Code Intercomparison (HYDROCOIN) project case 5 problem, which represents a salt dome overlain by a shallow groundwater system. The resulting flow field includes significant salinity and fluid density variations. Several independent teams simulated this problem using finite difference or finite element numerical models. We applied a method-of-characteristics model (MOCDENSE). The previous numerical implementations by HYDROCOIN teams of a constant-concentration boundary to represent salt release by lateral dispersion only (as stipulated in the original problem definition) was flawed because this boundary condition allows the release of salt into the flow field by both dispersion and advection. When the constant-concentration boundary is modified to allow salt release by dispersion only, significantly less salt is released into the flow field. The calculated brine distribution for case 5 depends very little on which numerical model is used, as long as the selected model is solving the proper equations. Instead, the accuracy of the solution depends strongly on the proper conceptualization of the problem, including the detailed design of the constant-concentration boundary condition. The importance and sensitivity to the manner of specification of this boundary does not appear to have been recognized previously in the analysis of this problem. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22091. RADIAN CORP,HERNDON,VA 22071. NR 15 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2253 EP 2261 DI 10.1029/97WR01926 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XY632 UT WOS:A1997XY63200004 ER PT J AU Walder, JS OConnor, JE AF Walder, JS OConnor, JE TI Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OUTBURST FLOODS; LAKE; MAGNITUDE; DRAINAGE AB Floods from failures of natural and constructed darns constitute a widespread hazard to people and property. Expeditious means of assessing hood hazards are necessary, particularly in the case of natural dams, which may form suddenly and unexpectedly. We revise statistical relations (derived from data for past constructed and natural dam failures) between peak discharge (Q(p)) and water volume released (V-0) or drop in lake level (d) but assert that such relations, even when cast into a dimensionless form, are of limited utility because they fail to portray the effect of breach-formation rate. We then analyze a simple, physically based model of dam-breach formation to show that the hydrograph at the breach depends primarily on a dimensionless parameter eta = kV(0)/g(1/2)d(7/2), where k is the mean erosion rate of the breach and g is acceleration due to gravity. The functional relationship between Q(p) and eta takes asymptotically distinct forms depending on whether eta less than or equal to 1 (relatively slow breach formation or small lake volume) or eta much greater than 1 (relatively fast breach formation or large lake volume). Theoretical predictions agree well with data from dam failures for which k, and thus eta, can be estimated. The theory thus provides a rapid means of predicting the plausible range of values of peak discharge at the breach in an earthen dam as long as the impounded water volume and the water depth at the dam face can be estimated. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PORTLAND,OR 97216. RP Walder, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 37 TC 126 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2337 EP 2348 DI 10.1029/97WR01616 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XY632 UT WOS:A1997XY63200011 ER PT J AU Gomez, B Troutman, BM AF Gomez, B Troutman, BM TI Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a dune model SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BEDLOAD TRANSPORT RATES; TEMPORAL VARIATIONS; RIVER AB Reliable estimates of the streamwide bed load discharge obtained using sampling devices are dependent upon good at-a-point knowledge across the full width of the channel. Using field data and information derived from a model that describes the geometric features of a dune train in terms of a spatial process observed at a fixed point in time, we show that sampling errors decrease as the number of samples collected increases, and the number of traverses of the channel over which the samples are collected increases. It also is preferable that bed load sampling be conducted at a pace which allows a number of bed forms to pass through the sampling cross section. The situations we analyze and simulate pertain to moderate transport conditions in small rivers. In such circumstances, bed load sampling schemes typically should involve four or five traverses of a river, and the collection of 20-40 samples at a rate of five or six samples per hour. By ensuring that spatial and temporal variability in the transport process is accounted for, such a sampling design reduces both random and systematic errors and hence minimizes the total error involved in the sampling process. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Gomez, B (reprint author), INDIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG & GEOL,TERRE HAUTE,IN 47809, USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2387 EP 2398 DI 10.1029/97WR01711 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XY632 UT WOS:A1997XY63200015 ER PT J AU Thrush, SF Pridmore, RD Bell, RG Cummings, VJ Dayton, PK Ford, R Grant, J Green, MO Hewitt, JE Hines, AH Hume, TM Lawrie, SM Legendre, P McArdle, BH Morrisey, D Schneider, DC Turner, SJ Walters, RA Whitlatch, RB Wilkinson, MR AF Thrush, SF Pridmore, RD Bell, RG Cummings, VJ Dayton, PK Ford, R Grant, J Green, MO Hewitt, JE Hines, AH Hume, TM Lawrie, SM Legendre, P McArdle, BH Morrisey, D Schneider, DC Turner, SJ Walters, RA Whitlatch, RB Wilkinson, MR TI The sandflat habitat: scaling from experiments to conclusions SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Ecology of Soft-Bottom Habitats - Matching Spatial Patterns with Dynamic Processes CY 1994 CL HAMILTON, NEW ZEALAND SP Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res ID INTERTIDAL SANDFLATS; NEW-ZEALAND; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; MANUKAU-HARBOR; BIVALVES; DISTURBANCE; PATTERNS; IMPACT C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. UNIV OTAGO,DEPT MARINE SCI,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,HALIFAX,NS B3H 4J1,CANADA. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONM RES CTR,EDGEWATER,MD 21037. UNIV ABERDEEN,CULTERTY FILED STN,NEWBURGH AB4 0AA,SCOTLAND. UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT SCI BIOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3J7,CANADA. UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH BIOL SCI,BIOSTAT UNIT,AUCKLAND 1,NEW ZEALAND. MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,CTR OCEAN SCI,ST JOHNS,NF ALC 5ST,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,TACOMA,WA 98402. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT MARINE SCI,GROTON,CT 06340. RP Thrush, SF (reprint author), NATL INST WATER & ATMOSPHER RES,POB 11-115,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND. OI Thrush, Simon/0000-0002-4005-3882 NR 50 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 30 PY 1997 VL 216 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00087-7 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YA487 UT WOS:A1997YA48700002 ER PT J AU Bell, RG Hume, TM Dolphin, TJ Green, MO Walters, RA AF Bell, RG Hume, TM Dolphin, TJ Green, MO Walters, RA TI Characterisation of physical environmental factors on an intertidal sandflat, Manukau Harbour, New Zealand SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Ecology of Soft-Bottom Habitats - Matching Spatial Patterns with Dynamic Processes CY 1994 CL HAMILTON, NEW ZEALAND SP Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res DE hydrodynamics; sandflat; sediment transport; sediments; tidal currents; waves ID UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENTS; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; SEDIMENT MOTION; THRESHOLD; TRANSPORT; DEPOSIT; FLOW; SEA AB Physical environmental factors, including sediment characteristics, inundation time, tidal currents and wind waves, likely to influence the structure of the benthic community at meso-scales (1-100 m) were characterised for a sandflat off Wiroa Island (Manukau Harbour, New Zealand). In a 500x250 m study site, sediment characteristics and bed topography were mostly homogenous apart from patches of low-relief ridges and runnels. Field measurements and hydrodynamic modelling portray a complex picture of sediment or particulate transport on the intertidal flat, involving interactions between the larger scale tidal processes and the smaller scale wave dynamics (1-4 s; 1-15 m). Peak tidal currents in isolation are incapable of eroding bottom sediments, but in combination with near-bed orbital currents generated by only very small wind waves, sediment transport can be initiated. Work done on the bed integrated over an entire tidal cycle by prevailing wind waves is greatest on the elevated and flatter slopes of the study site, where waves shoal over a wider surf zone and water depths remain shallow enough for wave-orbital currents to disturb the bed. The study also provided physical descriptors quantifying static and hydrodynamic (tidal and wave) factors which were used in companion studies on ecological spatial modelling of bivalve distributions and micro-scale sediment reworking and transport. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV WAIKATO,DEPT EARTH SCI,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND. US GEOL SURVEY,TACOMA,WA 98402. RP Bell, RG (reprint author), NATL INST WATER & ATMOSPHER RES,POB 11-115,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND. NR 39 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 30 PY 1997 VL 216 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00088-9 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YA487 UT WOS:A1997YA48700003 ER PT J AU Schneider, DC Walters, R Thrush, S Dayton, P AF Schneider, DC Walters, R Thrush, S Dayton, P TI Scale-up of ecological experiments: Density variation in the mobile bivalve Macomona liliana SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Ecology of Soft-Bottom Habitats - Matching Spatial Patterns with Dynamic Processes CY 1994 CL HAMILTON, NEW ZEALAND SP Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res DE intertidal sands; marine invertebrates; Macomona; multiscale analysis; New Zealand; spatial scaling ID INTERTIDAL SANDFLATS; WATER COLUMN; NEW-ZEALAND; MACROINVERTEBRATES; MACROBENTHOS; AGGREGATION; RECRUITMENT; COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; FRACTALS AB At present the problem of scaling up from controlled experiments (necessarily at a small spatial scale) to questions of regional or global importance is perhaps the most pressing issue in ecology. Most of the proposed techniques recommend iterative cycling between theory and experiment. We present a graphical technique that facilitates this cycling by allowing the scope of experiments, surveys, and natural history observations to be compared to the scope of models and theory. We apply the scope analysis to the problem of understanding the population dynamics of a bivalve exposed to environmental stress at the scale of a harbour. Previous lab and field experiments were found not to be 1:1 scale models of harbour-wide processes. Scope analysis allowed small scale experiments to be linked to larger scale surveys and to a spatially explicit model of population dynamics. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TACOMA,WA 98402. NATL INST WATER & ATMOSPHER RES,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. RP Schneider, DC (reprint author), MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,CTR OCEAN SCI,ST JOHNS,NF A1B 3X7,CANADA. OI Thrush, Simon/0000-0002-4005-3882 NR 54 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 30 PY 1997 VL 216 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00093-2 PG 24 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YA487 UT WOS:A1997YA48700008 ER PT J AU LaPerriere, JD AF LaPerriere, JD TI Limnology of two lake systems of Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska: physical and chemical profiles, major ions, and trace elements SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE subarctic; coastal; oligotrophic; polymictic; anions; aluminum AB Six large lakes in the Naknek River drainage and four in the Alagnak River drainage were sampled once a summer for three summers, 1990-1992, in a baseline water quality study of Katmai National Park and Preserve. These pristine lakes are discontinuous cold polymictic, mixing to great depths occasionally through the ice-free season due to frequent winds of coastal storms. Cation proportions were similar among lakes with sodium somewhat overrepresented, most likely due to the location at the base of the Alaska Peninsula in proximity to the influences of the Pacific Ocean. Anion proportions varied. Six Naknek lakes and one Alagnak lake were typical calcium carbonate lakes. Chloride and sulfate were proportionally high in the others, resulting in the extreme in a 'triple water' lake (Kulik Lake) and a calcium sulfate lake (Battle Lake). The high chloride proportions were, like sodium, probably due to the influences of ocean spray on precipitation. The high sulfate of Naknek Lake was probably due to volcanic influence, and there was some evidence of local geothermal imputs to Kulik Lake. Iron Springs Lake and Creek, which form one of Battle Lake's inlets, are known to be strongly influenced by sulfur minerals. The very low alkalinity of Battle Lake was associated with elevated concentrations of aluminum. These aluminum concentrations exceeded the freshwater chronic criterion for the protection of aquatic life. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP LaPerriere, JD (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 26 PY 1997 VL 354 BP 89 EP 99 DI 10.1023/A:1003067525783 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YU856 UT WOS:000071762900009 ER PT J AU Richardson, WB Bartsch, LA AF Richardson, WB Bartsch, LA TI Effects of zebra mussels on food webs: interactions with juvenile bluegill and water residence time SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Dreissena; mesocosm; seston; fish; food web; manipulation ID WESTERN LAKE ERIE; BENTHIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; MYTILUS-EDULIS-L; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; TIDAL RESUSPENSION; SEASONAL-CHANGES; HATCHERY BAY; BUZZARDS BAY; CHLOROPHYLL; DEPLETION AB We evaluated how water residence time mediated the impact of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha and bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus on experimental food webs established in 1100-1 outdoor mesocosms. Water residence time was manipulated as a surrogate for seston resupply - a critical variable affecting growth and survival of suspension-feeding invertebrates. We used a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experimental design with eight treatment combinations (3 replicates/treatment) including the presence or absence of Dreissena (2000 per m(2)), juvenile bluegill (40 per mesocosm), and short (1100 1 per d) or long (220 1 per d) water residence time. Measures of seston concentration (chlorophyll a, turbidity and suspended solids) were greater in the short-compared to long water-residence mesocosms, but intermediate in short water-residence mesocosms containing Dreissena. Abundance of rotifers (Keratella and Polyarthra) was reduced in Dreissena mesocosms and elevated in short residence time mesocosms. Cladocera abundance, in general, was unaffected by the presence of Dreissena; densities were higher in short-residence time mesocosms, and reduced in the presence of Lepomis. The growth of juvenile Lepomis were unaffected by Dreissena because of abundant benthic food. The final total mass of Dreissena was significantly greater in short-than long-residence mesocosms. Impacts of Dreissena on planktonic food webs may not only depend on the density of zebra mussels but also on the residence time of the surrounding water and the resupply of seston. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Richardson, WB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 49 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 26 PY 1997 VL 354 BP 141 EP 150 DI 10.1023/A:1003048431234 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YU856 UT WOS:000071762900014 ER PT J AU Naftz, DL Peterman, ZE Spangler, LE AF Naftz, DL Peterman, ZE Spangler, LE TI Using delta Sr-87 values to identify sources of salinity to a freshwater aquifer, Greater Aneth Oil Field, Utah, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE isotopes; strontium; Utah; ground water; salinity ID STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; RIVER SYSTEM; EVOLUTION; SR-87/SR-86; WATER; CONSTRAINTS; CHEMISTRY; FLUXES AB Salinity increases in water from the freshwater Navajo aquifer in the Aneth area have been documented in recent years. Previous studies during the 1980s in the Aneth area suggested that brines associated with oil production and their subsequent re-injection were the probable source of salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Differences in the delta strontium-87 (delta(87)Sr) composition of ground-water samples from southeastern Utah were used to determine if oil-field brine or water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer is a plausible source of salinity to the Navajo aquifer. The delta(87)Sr values of the oil-field brine samples (mean = -0.95 parts per thousand, range = -1.06 to -0.79 parts per thousand, n = 5) are substantially more negative than the values in water samples from wells completed in the Navajo aquifer (mean = 0.73, range = -0.85 to 2.02 parts per thousand, n = 48), indicating that oil-field brine is not a source of salinity. The delta(87)Sr values in water samples from wells completed in the upper Paleozoic aquifer (mean = 0.80 parts per thousand, range = 0.34 to 1.10 parts per thousand, n = 4) are similar to the mean isotopic composition of the more saline water from the Navajo aquifer, The delta(87)Sr values in water from the Navajo aquifer confirm that two distinct flow areas are present. Mixing models using the delta(87)Sr values and Sr concentrations of non-saline water from the Navajo aquifer and saline water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer indicate that water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer is a plausible source of saline water to the Navajo aquifer, Most Navajo aquifer wells that contain water with a delta(87)Sr signature similar to water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer are located within or adjacent to an area where the hydraulic gradient is favorable for upward movement of water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer into the Navajo aquifer. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Naftz, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1745 W 1700 S,1016 ADM BLDG,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84104, USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 25 PY 1997 VL 141 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 209 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00063-6 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YG488 UT WOS:A1997YG48800004 ER PT J AU Mastin, LG AF Mastin, LG TI Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LAVA FOUNTAINS; BASALTIC MAGMA; ASH MEMBER; VESICULATION; GEOMETRY; DEPOSITS; BEHAVIOR; ASCENT; AD AB In 1790 a major hydromagmatic eruption at the summit of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, deposited up to 10 m of pyroclastic fall and surge deposits and killed several dozen Hawaiian natives who were crossing the island. Previous studies have hypothesized that the explosivity of this eruption was due to the influx of groundwater into the conduit and mixing of the groundwater with ascending magma. This study proposes that surface water, not groundwater, was the agent responsible for the explosiveness of the eruption. That is, a lake or pond may have existed in the caldera in 1790 and explosions may have taken place when magma ascended into the lake from below. That assertion is based on two lints of evidence: (1) high vesicularity (averaging 73% of more than 3000 lapilli) and high vesicle number density (10(5)-10(7) cm(-3) melt) of pumice clasts suggest that some phases of the eruption involved vigorous, sustained magma ascent; and (2) numerical calculations suggest that under most circumstances, hydrostatic pressure would not be sufficient to drive water into the eruptive conduit during vigorous magma ascent unless the water table were above the ground surface. These results are supported by historical data on the rate of infilling of the caldera floor during the early 1800s. When extrapolated back to 1790, they suggest that the caldera floor was below the water table. RP Mastin, LG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV, 5400 MACARTHUR BLVD, VANCOUVER, WA 98661 USA. NR 57 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20093 EP 20109 DI 10.1029/97JB01426 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000003 ER PT J AU Mukasa, SB Wilshire, HG AF Mukasa, SB Wilshire, HG TI Isotopic and trace element compositions of upper mantle and lower crustal xenoliths, Cima volcanic field, California: Implications for evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLOOD-BASALT GENESIS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; UNITED-STATES; ND-ISOTOPE; NEW-MEXICO; SR; BENEATH; ORIGIN; CONSTRAINTS; LAVAS AB Ultramafic and mafic xenoliths from the Cima volcanic field, southern California, provide evidence of episodic modification of the upper mantle and underplating of the crust beneath a portion of the southern Basin and Range province. The upper mantle xenoliths include spinel peridotite and anhydrous and hydrous pyroxenite, some cut by igneous-textured pyroxenite-gabbro veins and dikes and some by veins of amphibole+/-plagioclase. Igneous-textured pyroxenites and gabbros like the dike rocks also occur abundantly as isolated xenoliths inferred to represent underplated crust. Mineral and whole rock trace element compositions among and within the different groups of xenoliths are highly variable, reflecting multiple processes that include magma-mantle wall rock reactions, episodic intrusion and infiltration of basaltic melts of varied sources into the mantle wall rock, and fractionation. Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions mostly of clinopyroxene and plagioclase mineral separates show distinct differences between mantle xenoliths (E-Nd=-5.7 to +3.4; Sr-87/Sr-86=0.7051-0.7073; Pb-206/Pb-204=19.045-19.195) and the igneous-textured xenoliths (E-Nd=+7.7 to +11.7; Sr-87/Sr-86=0.7027-0.7036 with one carbonate-affected outlier at 0.7054; and Pb-206/Pb-204=18.751-19.068), so that they cannot be related. The igneous-textured pyroxenites and gabbros are similar in their isotopic compositions to the host basaltic rocks, which have E-Nd of +5.1 to +9.3; Sr-87/Sr-86 Of 0.7028-0.7050, and Pb-206/Pb-204 Of 18.685-21.050. The igneous-textured pyroxenites and gabbros are therefore inferred to be related to the host rocks as earlier cogenetic intrusions in the mantle and in the lower crust. Two samples of peridotite, one modally metasomatized by amphibole and the other by plagioclase, have isotopic compositions intermediate between the igneous-textured xenoliths and the mantle rock, suggesting mixing, but also derivation of the metasomatizing magmas from two separate and distinct sources. Sm-Nd two-mineral ''isochrons'' yield apparent ages for petrographically identical rocks believed to be coeval ranging from similar to 0 to 113+/-26 Ma, indicating the unreliability of dating these rocks with this method. Amphibole and plagioclase megacrysts are isotopically like the host basalts and probably originate by mechanical breakup of veins comagmatic with the host basaltic rocks. Unlike other Basin and Range localities, Cima Cr-diopside group isotopic compositions do not overlap with those of the host basalts. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Mukasa, SB (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT GEOL SCI, 2534 CC LITTLE BLDG, 425 E UNIV, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. NR 42 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20133 EP 20148 DI 10.1029/97JB01518 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000006 ER PT J AU Bahr, DB Meier, MF Peckham, SD AF Bahr, DB Meier, MF Peckham, SD TI The physical basis of glacier volume-area scaling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ICE-SHEET AB Ice volumes are known for only a few of the roughly 160,000 glaciers worldwide but are important components of many climate and sea level studies which require water flux estimates. A scaling analysis of the mass and momentum conservation equations shows that glacier volumes can be related by a power law to more easily observed glacier surface areas. The relationship requires four closure choices for the scaling behavior of glacier widths, slopes, side drag and mass balance. Reasonable closures predict a volume-area scaling exponent which is consistent with observations, giving a physical and practical basis for estimating ice volumes. Glacier volume is insensitive to perturbations in the mass balance scaling, but changes in average accumulation area ratios reflect significant changes in the scaling of both mass balance and ice volume. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP Bahr, DB (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, CAMPUS BOX 450, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 26 TC 183 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20355 EP 20362 DI 10.1029/97JB01696 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000019 ER PT J AU Plafker, G Mooney, WD AF Plafker, G Mooney, WD TI Introduction to special section: The Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) across Arctic Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Editorial Material RP Plafker, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 901, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20639 EP 20643 DI 10.1029/97JB01048 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000040 ER PT J AU Moore, TE Wallace, WK Mull, CG Adams, KE Plafker, G Nokleberg, WJ AF Moore, TE Wallace, WK Mull, CG Adams, KE Plafker, G Nokleberg, WJ TI Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; SCHIST BELT; THRUST BELT; EXTENSIONAL ORIGIN; DUCTILE FABRICS; SEISMIC IMAGES; FISSION-TRACK; ARCTIC ALASKA; FOLD; METAMORPHISM AB Geologic mapping of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project along the Dalton Highway in northern Alaska indicates that the Endicott Mountains allochthon and the Hammond terrane compose a combined allochthon that was thrust northward at least 90 km in the Early Cretaceous. The basal thrust of the combined allochthon climbs up section in the hanging wall from a ductile shear zone in the south through lower Paleozoic rocks of the Hammond terrane and into Upper Devonian rocks of the Endicott Mountains allochthon at the Mount Doonerak antiform, culminating in Early Cretaceous shale in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Footwall rocks north of the Mount Doonerak antiform are everywhere parautochthonous Permian and Triassic shale of the North Slope terrane rather than Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Colville Basis as shown in most other tectonic models of the central Brooks Range. Stratigraphic and structural relations suggest that this thrust was the basal detachment for Early Cretaceous deformation. Younger structures, such as the Tertiary Mount Doonerak antiform, deform the Early Cretaceous structures and are cored by thrusts that root at a depth of about 10 to 30 km along a deeper detachment than the Early Cretaceous detachment. The Brooks Range, therefore, exposes (1) an Early Cretaceous thin-skinned deformational belt developed during arc-continent collision and (2) a mainly Tertiary thick-skinned orogen that is probably the northward continuation of the Rocky Mountains orogenic belt. A down-to-the-south zone of both ductile and brittle normal faulting along the southern margin of the Brooks Range probably formed in the mid-Cretaceous by extensional exhumation of the Early Cretaceous contractional deformation. C1 ALASKA DIV GEOL & GEOPHYS SURVEYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99709 USA. UNIV ALASKA, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. RP Moore, TE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MAIL STOP 904, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 92 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20645 EP 20684 DI 10.1029/96JB03733 PG 40 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000041 ER PT J AU Cole, F Bird, KJ Toro, J Roure, F OSullivan, PB Pawlewicz, M Howell, DG AF Cole, F Bird, KJ Toro, J Roure, F OSullivan, PB Pawlewicz, M Howell, DG TI An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FISSION-TRACK; FORELAND BASINS; NORTH SLOPE; HISTORY; APATITE; MOUNTAINS; FRAMEWORK; OPHIOLITE AB We present a kinematic model for the sequence of deformation and sedimentation in the frontal Brooks Range and adjacent Colville Basin in the Etivluk River region, 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT). The model is based on a tectonic subsidence analysis of the foreland basin, combined with structural, stratigraphic, and thermal studies of the northern edge of the Brooks Range thrust belt. We interpret six discrete tectonic events that led to the present-day configuration of the thrust belt in this area: (1) emplacement of ophiolitic allochthons over the distal continental margin rocks in Valanginian time, hundreds of kilometers south of this study, (2) Hauterivian uplift of the Barrow Arch rift margin, affecting the northern part of the Colville Basin, (3) Barremian contraction involving emplacement of distal continental margin and ophiolitic allochthons onto the Endicott Mountains allochthon and creation of a southward dipping flexural basin on the North Slope autochthon, (4) mid-Cretaceous exhumation of imbricated rocks in the Brooks Range during northward propagation of the thrust front into the foreland, (5) minor thrusting in Late Cretaceous-Paleocene in the northern foreland to the northern limit of contractional structures, and (6) regional exhumation of the orogen and the foreland in Paleocene-Eocene time. This sequence of deformation agrees well with a simple model of a forward propagating thrust system. C1 LA TROBE UNIV, SCH EARTH SCI, DEPT GEOL, BUNDOORA, VIC 3083, AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. INST FRANCAIS PETR, F-92506 RUEIL MALMAISON, FRANCE. STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. RP Cole, F (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 969, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 81 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20685 EP 20706 DI 10.1029/96JB03670 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000042 ER PT J AU Dumoulin, JA Watts, KF Harris, AG AF Dumoulin, JA Watts, KF Harris, AG TI Stratigraphic contrasts and tectonic relationships between Carboniferous successions in the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect corridor and adjacent areas, northern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID BROOKS RANGE; SEISMIC IMAGES; ARCTIC ALASKA AB The Carboniferous succession along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) corridor in the Atigun Gorge area of the central Brooks Range consists of the Kayak Shale (Kinderhookian) and the Lisburne Group (Kinderhookian through Chesterian). The Kayak Shale is at least 210 m thick; it is chiefly black, noncalcareous shale with several limestone beds of pelmatozoan-bryozoan packstone and formed in an open-marine setting. The Lisburne Group is a carbonate rock succession about 650 m thick and consists mainly of skeletal packstone, wackestone, and mudstone which contain locally abundant calcispheres, ostracodes, algae, and sponge spicules; it accumulated largely in a shallow water platform environment with restricted circulation. This restriction was probably produced by a coeval belt of skeletal sand shoals recognized 70 km to the west in the Shainin Lake area. Significant and apparently abrupt shifts in the age and lithofacies of Carboniferous strata occur across the central and eastern Brooks Range. These shifts are most marked in a zone roughly coincident with what is interpreted by many workers to be the leading edge of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Notable lithologic contrasts are also observed, however, between sections in the northern and southern parts of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. This suggests that considerable tectonic shortening has taken place within the allochthon, as well as between it and parautochthonous rocks to the northeast. The Carboniferous section near Mount Doonerak is more similar in age and lithofacies to coeval sections in the central Brooks Range that are considered allochthonous than to parautochthonous sections to the northeast. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS, INST GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. RP Dumoulin, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 4200 UNIV DR, ANCHORAGE, AK 99508 USA. NR 53 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20707 EP 20726 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000043 ER PT J AU Wallace, WK Moore, TE Plafker, G AF Wallace, WK Moore, TE Plafker, G TI Multistory duplexes with forward dipping roofs, north central Brooks Range, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC IMAGES; ARCTIC ALASKA; GEOMETRY; KINEMATICS AB The Endicott Mountains allochthon has been thrust far northward over the North Slope parautochthon in the northern Brooks Range. Progressively younger units are exposed northward within the allochthon. To the south, the incompetent Hunt Fork Shale has thickened internally by asymmetric folds and thrust faults, Northward, the competent Kanayut Conglomerate forms a duplex between a floor thrust in Hunt Fork and a roof thrust in the Kayak Shale. To the north, the competent Lisburne Group forms a duplex between a floor thrust in Kayak and a roof thrust in the Siksikpuk Formation. Both duplexes formed from north vergent detachment folds whose steep limbs were later truncated by south dipping thrust faults that only locally breach immediately overlying roof thrusts. Within the parautochthon, the Kayak, Lisburne, and Siksikpuk-equivalent Echooka Formation form a duplex identical to that in the allochthon. This duplex is succeeded abruptly northward by detachment folds in Lisburne, These folds are parasitic to an anticlinorium interpreted to reflect a fault-bend folded horse in North Slope ''basement,'' with a roof thrust in Kayak and a floor thrust at depth. These structures constitute two northward tapered, internally deformed wedges that are juxtaposed at the base of the allochthon. Within each wedge, competent units have been shortened independently between detachments, located mainly in incompetent units. The basal detachment of each wedge cuts upsection forward (northward) to define a wedge geometry within which units dip regionally forward. These dips reflect forward decrease in internal structural thickening by forward vergent folds and hindward dipping thrust faults. C1 UNIV ALASKA, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Wallace, WK (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA, INST GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20773 EP 20796 DI 10.1029/96JB02682 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000046 ER PT J AU Moore, TE Aleinikoff, JN Harris, AG AF Moore, TE Aleinikoff, JN Harris, AG TI Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FISSION-TRACK; SCHIST BELT; THRUST BELT; GEOCHRONOLOGY; EVOLUTION; ISOTOPE; FOLD AB New paleontologic and isotopic data from the Emma Creek and Marion Creek schists of the Coldfoot terrane, Arctic Alaska superterrane, central Brooks Range, suggest Devonian and possibly younger ages of deposition for their sedimentary protoliths. Conodonts from marble of the Emma Creek schist, intruded by a roughly 392 Ma orthogneiss, are late Lochkovian (early Early Devonian, between about 408 and 396 Ma) and Silurian to Devonian at two other locations. Spherical to oblong detrital zircons from quartz-mica schist of the overlying Marion Creek schist yield mostly discordant U-Pb data suggestive of provenance ages of 3.0, 2.0-1.8, and 1.5-1.4 Ga; however, several euhedral grains of zircon from Marion Creek quartz-mica schist have concordant U-Pb ages from 370 to 360 Ma. The Marion Creek schist in our study area therefore is st least 26 m.y. younger than the Emma Creek schist. The age data imply that the protolith of the Emma Creek schist is age correlative with Devonian carbonate rocks in the Hammond and North Slope terranes, whereas the Marion Creek schist is age correlative with Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian elastic sedimentary rocks of the Endicott Group in the Endicott Mountains terrane and shale and carbonate units in the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes. Consequently, tectonic models restoring the entire Coldfoot terrane beneath partly or wholly coeval rocks of the Hammond, Endicott Mountains, De Long Mountains, and Sheenjek River terranes of the Arctic Alaska superterrane require revision. Alternative reconstructions, including restoration of the Coldfoot terrane inboard of the Endicott Mountains terrane or outboard of the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes are plausible but require either larger amounts of shortening than previously suggested or indicate problematic facies relations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. RP Moore, TE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS-904, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 82 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20797 EP 20820 DI 10.1029/96JB02351 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000047 ER PT J AU OSullivan, PB Murphy, JM Blythe, AE AF OSullivan, PB Murphy, JM Blythe, AE TI Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution of the central Brooks Range and adjacent North Slope foreland basin, Alaska: Including fission track results from the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; RUBY GEANTICLINE; SEISMIC IMAGES; VICTORIA-LAND; ARCTIC ALASKA; THRUST BELT; APATITE; HISTORY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; OPHIOLITES AB Apatite fission track data are used to evaluate the thermal and tectonic history of the central Brooks Range and the North Slope foreland basin in northern Alaska along the northern leg of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT). Fission track analyses of the detrital apatite grains in most sedimentary units resolve the timing of structures and denudation within the Brooks Range, ranging in scale from the entire mountain range to relatively small-scale folds and faults. Interpretation of the results indicates that rocks exposed within the central Brooks Range cooled rapidly from paleotemperatures 110 degrees to 50 degrees C during discrete episodes at similar to 100+/-5 Ma, similar to 60+/-4 Ma, and similar to 24+/-3 Ma, probably in response to kilometer-scale denudation. North of the mountain front, rocks in the southern half of the foreland basin were exposed to maximum paleotemperatures 110 degrees C in the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene as a result of burial by Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Rapid cooling from these elevated paleotemperatures also occurred due to distinct episodes of kilometer-scale denudation at similar to 60+/-4 Ma, 46+/-3 Ma, 35+/-2 Ma, and similar to 24+/-3 Ma. Combined, the apatite analyses indicate that rocks exposed along the TACT line through the central Brooks Range and foreland basin experienced episodic rapid cooling throughout the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic in response to at least three distinct kilometer-scale denudation events. Future models explaining orogenic events in northern Alaska must consider these new constraints from fission track thermochronology. C1 UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT EARTH SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. UNIV WYOMING, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, LARAMIE, WY 82071 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP OSullivan, PB (reprint author), LA TROBE UNIV, SCH EARTH SCI, BUNDOORA, VIC 3083, AUSTRALIA. NR 80 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20821 EP 20845 DI 10.1029/96JB03411 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000048 ER PT J AU Fuis, GS Murphy, JM Lutter, WJ Moore, TE Bird, KJ Christensen, NI AF Fuis, GS Murphy, JM Lutter, WJ Moore, TE Bird, KJ Christensen, NI TI Deep seismic structure and tectonics of northern Alaska: Crustal-scale duplexing with deformation extending into the upper mantle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; BROOKS RANGE FOLD; ARCTIC ALASKA; THRUST BELT; IMAGES; ALPS AB Seismic reflection and refraction and laboratory velocity data collected along a transect of northern Alaska (including the east edge of the Koyukuk basin, the Brooks Range, and the North Slope) yield a composite picture of the crustal and upper mantle structure of this Mesozoic and Cenozoic compressional orogen. The following observations are made: (1) Northern Alaska is underlain by nested tectonic wedges, most with northward vergence (i.e., with their tips pointed north). (2) High reflectivity throughout the crust above a basal decollement, which deepens southward from about 10 km depth beneath the northern front of the Brooks Range to about 30 km depth beneath the southern Brooks Range, is interpreted as structural complexity due to the presence of these tectonic wedges, or duplexes. (3) Low reflectivity throughout the crust below the decollement is interpreted as minimal deformation, which appears to involve chiefly bending of a relatively rigid plate consisting of the parautochthonous North Slope crust and a 10- to 15-km-thick section of mantle material. (4) This plate is interpreted as a southward verging tectonic wedge, with its tip in the lower crust or at the Moho beneath the southern Brooks Range. In this interpretation the middle and upper crust, or all of the crust, is detached in the southern Brooks Range by the tectonic wedge, or indentor: as a result, crust is uplifted and deformed above the wedge, and mantle is depressed and underthrust beneath this wedge. (5) Underthrusting has juxtaposed mantle of two different origins (and seismic velocities), giving rise to a prominent sub-Moho reflector. C1 PURDUE UNIV, DEPT GEOSCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA. RP Fuis, GS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. OI Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B9 BP 20873 EP 20896 DI 10.1029/96JB03959 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX120 UT WOS:A1997XX12000050 ER PT J AU Robbins, EI AF Robbins, EI TI Hands on AMD: Science experiments for children living where creeks are red and yellow. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192. US DOE,PITTSBURGH,PA 15236. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 4 EP CHED PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700553 ER PT J AU Robbins, EI AF Robbins, EI TI Chemical and microbial oxidation of manganese at the Queens Fork surface coal mine, Wayne County, Western West Virginia. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 956,RESTON,VA 20192. PEN COAL CORP,DUNLOW,WV 25511. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 5 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701757 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Rees, TF Daniel, SR Noyes, TI AF Rostad, CE Rees, TF Daniel, SR Noyes, TI TI Particle sizes of colloids in the Mississippi River. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 20 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701507 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Thorn, KA Noyes, TI AF Rostad, CE Thorn, KA Noyes, TI TI Organic carbon associated with colloids from ground water impacted by reclaimed water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 31 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701518 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Rostad, CE Noyes, TI AF Thorn, KA Rostad, CE Noyes, TI TI Spectroscopic characterization of colloids in a ground recharge system for treated sewage effluent. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 32 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701519 ER PT J AU Harnish, RA Ranville, JF Thorn, KA AF Harnish, RA Ranville, JF Thorn, KA TI Size fractionation and chemical characterization of colloidal organic matter from a Sphagnum bog. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 33 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701520 ER PT J AU Taylor, HE Alpers, CN AF Taylor, HE Alpers, CN TI The study of the transport and fate of trace elements, associated with suspended colloidal material, in large river systems using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric techniques. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. US GEOL SURVEY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95819. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 34 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701521 ER PT J AU Schimmelmann, A Wintsch, RP Lewan, MD AF Schimmelmann, A Wintsch, RP Lewan, MD TI From modern chitin to thermally mature kerogen: Lessons from nitrogen isotope ratios. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 INDIANA UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 37 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701789 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Reitmeyer, R AF Waychunas, GA Reitmeyer, R TI GIXAFS analysis of Fe3+ sorption on natural quartz r(101) and m(100) surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT RES,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 45 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701797 ER PT J AU ODay, P Carroll, S Newville, M Fuller, C Villinski, J AF ODay, P Carroll, S Newville, M Fuller, C Villinski, J TI Techniques and applications of synchrotron XAS to metal bonding in contaminated sediments and soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 51 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701803 ER PT J AU Bevans, HE Goodbred, SL Miesner, JF AF Bevans, HE Goodbred, SL Miesner, JF TI Synthetic organic compounds and endocrine disruption in Lake Mead. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95819. US GEOL SURVEY,CARSON CITY,NV 89706. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,RENO,NV 89702. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 88 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701575 ER PT J AU Amjad, Z Pugh, J Reddy, M AF Amjad, Z Pugh, J Reddy, M TI Kinetic inhibition of calcium carbonate crystal growth in the presence of natural and synthetic organic inhibitors SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. BF GOODRICH CO,BRECKSVILLE,OH 44141. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 143 EP COLL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701165 ER PT J AU Amjad, Z Reddy, M AF Amjad, Z Reddy, M TI Influence of humic compounds on the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite (HAP) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. BF GOODRICH CO,BRECKSVILLE,OH 44141. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 156 EP COLL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701178 ER PT J AU Evans, HT AF Evans, HT TI Memorial of George E. Ericksen - 1920-1996 SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Evans, HT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 82 IS 9-10 BP 1046 EP 1048 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA XX500 UT WOS:A1997XX50000024 ER PT J AU Coates, JD Woodward, J Allen, J Philp, P Lovley, DR AF Coates, JD Woodward, J Allen, J Philp, P Lovley, DR TI Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING CONDITIONS; SOIL-WATER SYSTEMS; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; AQUIFER MICROORGANISMS; REDOX CONDITIONS; IRON REDUCTION; FLOODED SOIL; CRUDE-OIL; OXIDATION AB Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have usually been found to persist under strict anaerobic conditions, in a previous study an unusual site was found in San Diego Bay in which two PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were oxidized to carbon dioxide under sulfate-reducing conditions. Further investigations with these sediments revealed that methylnaphthalene, fluorene, and fluoranthene were also anaerobically oxidized to carbon dioxide in these sediments, while pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were not. Studies with naphthalene indicated that PAH oxidation was sulfate dependent. Incubating the sediments with additional naphthalene for 1 month resulted in a significant increase in the oxidation of [C-14]naphthalene. In sediments from a less heavily contaminated site in San Diego Bay where PAHs were not readily degraded, naphthalene degradation could be stimulated through inoculation with active PAH-degrading sediments from the more heavily contaminated site. Sediments from the less heavily contaminated site that had been adapted for rapid anaerobic degradation of high concentrations of benzene did not oxidize naphthalene, suggesting that the benzene-and naphthalene-degrading populations were different. When fuels containing complex mixtures of alkanes were added to sediments from the two sites, there was significant degradation of the alkanes. [C-14] hexadecane was also anaerobically oxidized to (CO2)-C-14 in these sediments. Molybdate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate reduction, inhibited hexadecane oxidation. These results demonstrate that a wide variety of hydrocarbon contaminants can be degraded under sulfate-reducing conditions in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments, and they suggest that it mag be possible to use sulfate reduction rather than aerobic respiration as a treatment strategy for hydrocarbon-contaminated dredged sediments. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV OKLAHOMA,DEPT GEOL SCI,NORMAN,OK 73019. NR 34 TC 249 Z9 270 U1 7 U2 65 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 63 IS 9 BP 3589 EP 3593 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XV510 UT WOS:A1997XV51000039 PM 9341091 ER PT J AU SnyderConn, E Garbarino, JR Hoffman, GL Oelkers, A AF SnyderConn, E Garbarino, JR Hoffman, GL Oelkers, A TI Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE snow; Prudhoe Bay; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; trace element concentrations; point sources ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; AEROSOL CHEMICAL-COMPONENTS; ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; GASEOUS TRACERS; AIR-POLLUTION; POLAR SNOW; HAZE; METALS; TRANSPORT AB Ultraclean field and laboratory procedures were used to examine trace element concentrations in northern Alaskan snow. Sixteen soluble trace elements and total mercury were determined in snow core samples representing the annual snowfall deposited during the 1993-94 season at two sites in the Prudhoe Bay oil field and nine sites in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR). Results indicate there were two distinct point sources for trace elements in the Prudhoe Bay oil field - a source associated with oil and gas production and a source associated with municipal solid-waste incineration. Soluble trace element concentrations measured in snow from the Arctic NWR resembled concentrations of trace elements measured elsewhere in the Arctic using clean sample-collection and processing techniques and were consistent with deposition resulting from widespread arctic atmospheric contamination. With the exception of elements associated with sea salts, there were no orographic or east-west trends observed in the Arctic NWR data, nor were there any detectable influences from the Prudhoe Bay oil field, probably because of the predominant easterly and northeasterly winds on the North Slope of Alaska. However, regression analysis on latitude suggested significant south-to-north increases in selected trace element concentrations, many of which appear unrelated to the sea salt contribution. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO ALASKA ECOL SERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. MACALESTER COLL,ST PAUL,MN 55105. NR 89 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY AB T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD SEP PY 1997 VL 50 IS 3 BP 201 EP 215 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA YA445 UT WOS:A1997YA44500002 ER PT J AU May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH Brumbaugh, WG Schmitt, CJ AF May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH Brumbaugh, WG Schmitt, CJ TI The determination of metals in sediment pore waters and in 1N HCl-extracted sediments by ICP-MS SO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; CLARK-FORK RIVER; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; MONTANA; CADMIUM AB Concentrations of metals in sediment interstitial water (pore water) and those extractable from sediment with weak acids can provide important information about the bioavailability and toxicological effects of such contaminants. The highly variable nature of metal concentrations in these matrices requires instrumentation with the detection limit capability of graphite furnace atomic absorption and the wide dynamic linear range capability of ICP-OES. These criteria are satisfied with ICP-MS instrumentation. We investigated the performance of ICP-IMS in the determination of certain metals from these matrices. The results for three metals were compared to those determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was concluded that ICP-MS was an excellent instrumental approach for the determination of metals in these matrices. RP May, TW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,ENVIRONM & CONTAMINANTS RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65202, USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERKIN-ELMER CORP PI NORWALK PA 761 MAIN AVE, NORWALK, CT 06859-0105 SN 0195-5373 J9 ATOM SPECTROSC JI Atom. Spectrosc. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 18 IS 5 BP 133 EP 139 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA YC966 UT WOS:A1997YC96600001 ER PT J AU Collett, TS AF Collett, TS TI Gas hydrate resources of northern Alaska SO BULLETIN OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SLOPE; STABILITY; AREA AB Large amounts of natural gas, composed mainly of methane, can occur in arctic sedimentary basins in the form of gas hydrates under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. Gas hydrates are solids, composed of rigid cages of water molecules that trap molecules of gas. These substances are regarded as a potential unconventional source of natural gas because of their enormous gas-storage capacity. Most published gas hydrate resource estimates are highly simplified and based on limited geological data. The gas hydrate resource assessment for northern Alaska presented in this paper is based on a ''play analysis'' scheme, in which geological factors controlling the accumulation and preservation of gas hydrates are individually evaluated and risked for each hydrate play. This resource assessment identified two gas hydrate plays; the in-place gas resources within the gas hydrates of northern Alaska are estimated to range from 6.7 to 66.8 trillion cubic metres of gas (236 to 2,357 trillion cubic feet of gas), at the 0.50 and 0.05 probability levels respectively. The mean in-place hydrate resource estimate for northern Alaska is calculated to be 16.7 trillion cubic metres of gas (590 trillion cubic feet of gas). If this assessment is valid, the amount of natural gas stored as gas hydrates in northern Alaska could be almost seven times larger then the estimated total remaining recoverable conventional natural gas resources in the entire United States. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS-939,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SOC PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI CALGARY PA 505, 206 - 7TH AVE SW, CALGARY AB T2P 0W7, CANADA SN 0007-4802 J9 B CAN PETROL GEOL JI Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3 BP 317 EP 338 PG 22 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Geology GA XY279 UT WOS:A1997XY27900004 ER PT J AU Rattner, BA Jehl, JR AF Rattner, BA Jehl, JR TI Dramatic fluctuations in liver mass and metal content of eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) during autumnal migration SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 HUBBS SEA WORLD RES INST,SAN DIEGO,CA 92109. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,12011 BEECH FOREST RD,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3 BP 337 EP 343 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XN745 UT WOS:A1997XN74500001 PM 9256384 ER PT J AU Foster, NR Berlin, WH AF Foster, NR Berlin, WH TI Fertilization of eggs of Lake Michigan lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in lake water: Effect of PCBs (Aroclor 1254) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; SURVIVAL; FRY RP Foster, NR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV BIOL RESOURCES,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3 BP 460 EP 466 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XN745 UT WOS:A1997XN74500018 PM 9256401 ER PT J AU Gromme, S Deino, AM Best, MG Hudson, MR AF Gromme, S Deino, AM Best, MG Hudson, MR TI Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence defining the relationship between the Miocene Hiko and Racer canyon tuffs, eccentric outflow lobes from the Caliente caldera complex, southeastern Great Basin, USA SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ash-flow tuff; welded tuff; caldera; geochronology; paleomagnetism; Great Basin, US ID NEVADA; MAGMATISM; EXTENSION AB Outflow sheets of the Hike tuff and the Racer Canyon tuff, which together extend over approximately 16 000 km(2) around the Caliente caldera complex in southeastern Nevada, have long been considered to be products of simultaneous or near-simultaneous eruptions from inset calderas in the west and east ends, respectively, of the caldera complex. New high-precision Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology and paleomagnetic data demonstrate that emplacement of the uppermost part of the Racer Canyon tuff at 18.33+/-0.03 Ma was nearly synchronous with emplacement of the single outflow cooling unit of the much larger overlying Hike tuff at 18.32+/-0.04 Ma. Based on comparison with the geomagnetic polarity time scale derived from the sea-floor spreading record, we conclude that emplacement of the first of several outflow cooling units of the Racer Canyon tuff commenced approximately 0.5 m.y. earlier. Only one paleomagnetic polarity is found in the Hike tuff, but at least two paleomagnetic reversals have been found in the Racer Canyon tuff. The two formations overlap in only one place, at and near Panaca Summit northeast of the center of the Caliente caldera complex; here the Hike tuff is stratigraphically above the Racer Canyon tuff. This study demonstrates the power of combining Ar-40/Ar-39 and paleomagnetic data in conjunction with phenocryst compositional modes to resolve problematic stratigraphic correlations in complex ash-flow sequences where use of one method alone might not eliminate ambiguities. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. BERKLEY GEOCHRONOL CTR, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT GEOL, PROVO, UT 84602 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 EI 1432-0819 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 59 IS 1 BP 21 EP 35 DI 10.1007/s004450050172 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XZ880 UT WOS:A1997XZ88000003 ER PT J AU Saiki, MK AF Saiki, MK TI Survey of small fishes and environmental conditions in Mugu Lagoon, California, and tidally influenced reaches of its tributaries SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB From September to November 1993, 7,641 fishes representing 16 species were captured at 14 sampling sites in or immediately upstream from Mugu Lagoon, a 1,073-ha estuarine lagoon in Ventura County, California. Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis; California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis; arrow goby, Clevelandia ios;. and western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, were the most abundant species. Cluster analysis and association analysis using fish presence-absence data identified two major fish species assemblages, one typified by marine species and the other by freshwater species. Simple discriminant analysis of selected environmental variables indicated that salinity contributed the most towards separating the two assemblages, followed by temperature and dissolved oxygen. These findings support the generally accepted view that estuarine fish species assemblages are structured primarily by the tolerance of individual species to environmental variables such as salinity and temperature. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Saiki, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD FAL PY 1997 VL 83 IS 4 BP 153 EP 167 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA ZL539 UT WOS:000073444000003 ER PT J AU Dodd, CK AF Dodd, CK TI Population structure and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism and sex ratios in an insular population of Florida box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CHRYSEMYS-PICTA; LONG; DEMOGRAPHY; MATURITY; ECOLOGY; SURVIVORSHIP; SELECTION; PATTERNS; GROWTH; TESTS AB Hypotheses in the chelonian literature suggest that in species with sexual size dimorphism, the smaller sex will mature at a smaller size and a younger age than the larger sex, sex ratios should be biased in favor of the earlier maturing sex, and deviations from a 1:1 sex ratio result from maturation of the smaller sex at a younger age. I tested these hypotheses using data collected from 1991 to 1995 on an insular (Egmont Key) population of Florida box turtles, Terrapene carolina bauri. Contrary to predictions, the earlier maturing sex (males) grew to larger sizes than the late maturing sex. Males were significantly larger than females in mean carapace length but not mean body mass. Sex ratios were not balanced, favoring the earlier maturing sex (1.6 males: 1 female), but the sex-ratio imbalance did not result from faster maturation of the smaller sex. The imbalance in the sex ratio in Egmont Key's box turtles is not the result of sampling biases; it may result from nest placement. Size-class structure and sex ratios can provide valuable insights into the status and trends of populations of long-lived turtles. RP Dodd, CK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32653, USA. NR 64 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 1495 EP 1507 DI 10.1139/z97-773 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XX041 UT WOS:A1997XX04100013 ER PT J AU Lins, HF Wolock, DM McCabe, GJ AF Lins, HF Wolock, DM McCabe, GJ TI Scale and modeling issues in water resources planning SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SIMULATION AB Resource planners and managers interested in utilizing climate model output as part of their operational activities immediately confront the dilemma of scale discordance. Their functional responsibilities cover relatively small geographical areas and necessarily require data of relatively high spatial resolution. Climate models cover a large geographical, i.e. global, domain and produce data at comparatively low spatial resolution. Although the scale differences between model output and planning input are large, several techniques have been developed for disaggregating climate model output to a scale appropriate for use in water resource planning and management applications, With techniques in hand to reduce the limitations imposed by scale discordance, water resource professionals must now confront a more fundamental constraint on the use of climate models-the inability to produce accurate representations and forecasts of regional climate. Given the current capabilities of climate models, and the likelihood that the uncertainty associated with long-term climate model forecasts will remain high for some years to come, the water resources planning community may find it impractical to utilize such forecasts operationally. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66046. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Lins, HF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,415 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD SEP PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 63 EP 88 DI 10.1023/A:1005357530360 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XV604 UT WOS:A1997XV60400005 ER PT J AU Godfrey, LV Lee, DC Sangrey, WF Halliday, AN Salters, VJM Hein, JR White, WM AF Godfrey, LV Lee, DC Sangrey, WF Halliday, AN Salters, VJM Hein, JR White, WM TI The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE hafnium; lead; isotope ratios; ferromanganese composition; nodules; hydrothermal processes; mineral deposits ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; COLLECTOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPES; BARENTS SEAS; SR ISOTOPES; ISLAND ARCS; VENT FIELD AB We present Hf and Pb isotopic data, and chemical compositions of the outermost layers of marine ferromanganese deposits of different types (hydrogenous and hydrothermal) with a worldwide distribution. The Hf isotopic compositions display a broad range and refine previously reported regional differences as follows: Atlantic Ocean epsilon(Hf) = -4 to +2, Indian Ocean epsilon(Hf) = +2 to +4, Pacific Ocean epsilon(Hf) = +3 to + 10. The most radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions in the Pacific samples are for hydrothermal manganese deposits that also have low Pb-207/Pb-204, demonstrating that this signature reflects a contribution from hydrothermal venting of Hf leached from oceanic volcanic rocks rather than from riverine inputs, volcanic ash, or eolian dust. Hafnium concentrations in the deposits increase from 20 ppb to 20 ppm with decreasing epsilon(Hf). The Hf and Pb isotopic compositions for ferromanganese crusts define an apparent mixing trend between literature values of average continental crust and MORB. The range in epsilon(Hf) for ferromanganese crusts is narrower than it is for Pb-206/Pb-204 compared to the differences in isotopic composition of the sources of Hf and Pb. This is consistent with Hf having a longer residence time than Pb. The concentration of Hf in ferromanganese crusts has been found to co-vary with growth rate, and inversely correlates with Hf isotopic compositions. Hf isotope ratios may be used to determine not only the source of Hf, but possibly the source of Fe and Mn. Measurements of epsilon(Hf) and Hf concentrations in nodule tops, bottoms and associated sediments show that the epsilon(Hf) of nodules is sensitive to sedimentary oxic and sub-oxic diagenetic processes and thus most nodules may not reliably reflect the isotopic composition of Hf in seawater. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT GEOL SCI, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. FLORIDA STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOL, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA. FLORIDA STATE UNIV, NATL HIGH MAGNET FIELD LAB, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Godfrey, LV (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, SNEE HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RI Lee, Der-Chuen/N-9225-2013; Salters, Vincent/F-9792-2014; White, William/N-3231-2014 OI Salters, Vincent/0000-0002-5669-7869; White, William/0000-0001-9024-7039 NR 63 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 151 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00106-4 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YD487 UT WOS:A1997YD48700007 ER PT J AU Larsen, MC Parks, JE AF Larsen, MC Parks, JE TI How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass-wasting in a forested montane environment SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE mass-wasting; landslides; disturbance; forests; GIS; highways; humid topics ID PUERTO-RICO; LANDSLIDE AB A spatial data base of 1609 landslides was analysed using a geographic information system to determine landslide frequency in relation to highways. A 126 km long transportation network in a 201 km(2) area of humid-tropical, mountainous, forested terrain in Puerto Rico was used in conjunction with a series of 20 buffer (disturbance) zones varying from 5 to 400m in length, measured perpendicular to the highways. Average landslide frequency in the study area at distances greater than 85m from roads was about six landslides per square kilometre. At distances of 85m or less on either side of a highway, landslide frequency was about 30 landslides per square kilometre. On average, this elevated disturbance rate affected 330 m(2) km(-2) a(-1) within the 170m swath. The mass-wasting rate outside of the disturbance zone affected 40 m(2) km(-2) a(-1). These results indicate that the rate of mass-wasting disturbance is increased from five to eight times in a 170m wide swath along road corridors. The lateral extent of the environmental impact of roads in the study area is greater than is commonly perceived. The approach described herein demonstrates a simple method to assess the spatial association of mass-wasting with highways. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP Larsen, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, GSA CTR, 651 FED BLVD, GUAYNABO, PR 00965 USA. NR 41 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 9 BP 835 EP 848 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA XW825 UT WOS:A1997XW82500003 ER PT J AU Ozturk, H Hein, JR AF Ozturk, H Hein, JR TI Mineralogy and stable isotopes of black shale-hosted manganese ores, southwestern Taurides, Turkey SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL; DEPOSITS; ORIGIN C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. ISTANBUL UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ISTANBUL,TURKEY. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 92 IS 6 BP 733 EP 744 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YK730 UT WOS:A1997YK73000006 ER PT J AU Bowles, DE Stanford, R AF Bowles, DE Stanford, R TI A new distributional record for Haideoporus texanus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), a stygobiontic beetle from the Edwards Aquifer, Texas SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID GENUS AB Haideoporus texanus recently was collected from the Edwards Aquifer at Comal Springs, New Braunfels, Texas. This is a significant new distributional record for this rare subterranean beetle formerly known only from an artesian well in San Marcos, Texas, suggesting the species may be more widely distributed in the Edwards Aquifer than previously thought. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,AUSTIN,TX 78758. RP Bowles, DE (reprint author), TEXAS PARKS & WILDLIFE DEPT,300 CM ALLEN PKWY,BLDG B,SAN MARCOS,TX 78666, USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 108 IS 4 BP 297 EP 299 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XW861 UT WOS:A1997XW86100010 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Chafin, DT Banta, ER Szabo, BJ AF Zielinski, RA Chafin, DT Banta, ER Szabo, BJ TI Use of U-234 and U-238 isotopes to evaluate contamination of near-surface groundwater with uranium-mill effluent: a case study in south-central Colorado, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE uranium isotopes; uranium mill wastes; uranium contamination ID DEPOSITS AB The U-234/U-238 alpha activity ratio (AR) was determined in 47 samples of variably uraniferous groundwater from the vicinity of a uranium mill near Canon City, Colorado. The results illustrate that uranium isotopes can be used to determine the distribution of uranium contamination in groundwater and to indicate processes such as mixing and chemical precipitation that affect uranium concentrations, Highly to moderately contaminated groundwater samples collected from the mill site and land immediately downgradient from the mill site contain more than 100 mu g/l of dissolved uranium and typically have AR values in the narrow range of 1.0-1.06. Other samples from the shallow alluvial aquifer farther downgradient from the mill contain 10-100 mu g/l uranium and plot along a broad trend of increasing AR (1.06-1.46) with decreasing uranium concentration. The results are consistent with mixing of liquid mill waste (AR approximate to 1.0) with alluvial groundwater of small, but variable, uranium concentrations and AR of 1.3-1.5. In the alluvial aquifer, the spatial distribution of wells with AR values less than 1.3 is consistent with previous estimates of the probable distribution of contamination, based on water chemistry and hydrology. Wells more distant from the area of probable contamination have AR values that are consistently greater than 1.3 and are indicative of little or no contamination. The methodology of this study can be extended usefully to similar sites of uranium mining, milling, or processing provided that local geohydrologic settings promote uranium, mobility and that introduced uranium contamination is isotopically distinct from that of local groundwater. RP Zielinski, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 32 IS 2 BP 124 EP 136 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA XX876 UT WOS:A1997XX87600006 ER PT J AU Lowrance, R Altier, LS Newbold, JD Schnabel, RR Groffman, PM Denver, JM Correll, DL Gilliam, JW Robinson, JL Brinsfield, RB Staver, KW Lucas, W Todd, AH AF Lowrance, R Altier, LS Newbold, JD Schnabel, RR Groffman, PM Denver, JM Correll, DL Gilliam, JW Robinson, JL Brinsfield, RB Staver, KW Lucas, W Todd, AH TI Water quality functions of Riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Riparian forest buffers; Chesapeake Bay; nonpoint source pollution; nitrogen; phosphorus; sediment ID VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; NEAR-STREAM ZONE; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; DELMARVA PENINSULA; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; SHALLOW AB Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, USA, have agreed to reduce nutrient loadings to Chesapeake Bay by 40% by the year 2000. This requires control of nonpoint sources of nutrients, much of which comes from agriculture. Riparian forest buffer systems (RFBS) provide effective control of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in some types of agricultural watersheds. Control of NPS pollution is dependent on the type of pollutant and the hydrologic connection between pollution sources, the RFBS, and the stream. Water quality improvements are most likely in areas of where most of the excess precipitation moves across, in, or near the root zone of the RFBS. In areas such as the Inner Coastal Plain and Piedmont watersheds with thin soils, RFBS should retain 50%-90% of the total loading of nitrate in shallow groundwater, sediment in surface runoff, and total N in both surface runoff and groundwater. Retention of phosphorus is generally much less. In regions with deeper soils and/or greater regional groundwater recharge (such as parts of the Piedmont and the Valley and Ridge), RFBS water quality improvements are probably much less. The expected levels of pollutant control by RFBS are identified for each of nine physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Issues related to of establishment, sustainability, and management are also discussed. C1 STROUD WATER RES CTR, AVONDALE, PA 19311 USA. USDA ARS, NE WATERSHED & PASTURE RES LAB, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. INST ECOSYST STUDIES, MILLBROOK, NY 12545 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DOVER, DE 19901 USA. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONM RES CTR, EDGEWATER, MD 21037 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT SOIL SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. USDA, NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV, FT WORTH, TX 76115 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, WYE RES & EDUCAT CTR, QUEENSTOWN, MD 21658 USA. INTEGRATED LAND MANAGEMENT, MALVERN, PA 19355 USA. USDA FOREST SERV, CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21403 USA. RP Lowrance, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE WATERSHED RES LAB, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. OI Goforth, Reuben/0000-0001-6891-3146 NR 64 TC 276 Z9 297 U1 22 U2 143 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 21 IS 5 BP 687 EP 712 DI 10.1007/s002679900060 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ079 UT WOS:A1997XQ07900004 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Kinetics of DCE and VC mineralization under methanogenic and Fe(III)-reducing conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; AEROBIC MINERALIZATION; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; ABSENCE; ETHENE AB The kinetics of anaerobic mineralization of DCE and VC under methanogenic and Fe(III)-reducing conditions as a function of dissolved contaminant concentration were evaluated. Microorganisms indigenous to creek bed sediments, where groundwater contaminated with chlorinated ethenes continuously discharges, demonstrated significant mineralization of DCE and VC under methanogenic and Fe(III)-reducing conditions. Over 37 days,the recovery of [1,2-C-14]VC radioactivity as (CO2)-C-14 ranged from 5% to 44% and from 8% to 100% under methanogenic and Fe(III)-reducing conditions, respectively. The recovery of [1,2-C-14]DCE radioactivity as (CO2)-C-14 ranged from 4% to 14% and did not vary significantly between methanogenic and Fe(III)-reducing conditions. VC mineralization was described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Under methanogenic conditions, V-max was 0.19 +/- 0.01 mu mol L-1 d(-1) and the half-saturation constant, k(m), was 7.6 +/- 1.7 mu M. Under Fe(III)-reducing conditions, V-max was 0.76 +/- 0.07 mu mol L-1 d(-1) and k(m) was 1.3 +/- 0.5 mu M. In contrast, DCE mineralization could be described by first-order kinetics. The first-order degradation rate constant for DCE mineralization was 0.6 +/- 0.2% d(-1) under methanogenic and Fe(III)-reducing conditions. The results indicate that the kinetics of chlorinated ethene mineralization can vary significantly with the specific contaminant and the predominant redox conditions under which mineralization occurs. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,720 GRACERN RD,SUITE 129,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 31 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 9 BP 2692 EP 2696 DI 10.1021/es970110e PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU118 UT WOS:A1997XU11800063 ER PT J AU Callender, E vanMetre, PC AF Callender, E vanMetre, PC TI Reservoir sediment cores show US lead declines SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; TRACE-METALS; HEAVY-METALS; DRY DEPOSITION; GREENLAND ICE; SURFACE OCEAN; WATER; ELEMENTS; FLUXES; SOILS AB As a result of the Clean Air Act, lead (Pb) emissions to the atmosphere have been greatly reduced since the mid-1970s. As part of its National Water Quality Assessment, the U.S. Geological Survey has been using paleolimnological techniques to assess past trends in hydrophobic contaminants. In urban-suburban environments, reservoir sediment cores show prominent peaks in Pb distributions that correlate well with the rise and fall of leaded gasoline. However, Pb concentrations in sediments are approximately double those of baseline values prior to the 1950s and 1960s, It is apparent that significant concentrations of anthropogenic Pb still exist in soils and aquatic sediments and that it will take many years to reduce these concentrations to prepollution values, even if there are no new sources of Pb pollution. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,AUSTIN,TX 78754. RP Callender, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 432,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 49 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 9 BP A424 EP A428 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU118 UT WOS:A1997XU11800027 ER PT J AU Squillace, PJ Pankow, JF Korte, NE Zogorski, JS AF Squillace, PJ Pankow, JF Korte, NE Zogorski, JS TI Review of the environmental behavior and fate of methyl tert-butyl ether SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE methyl tert-butyl ether; fuel oxygenate; behavior; fate; water quality ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; GASOLINE OXYGENATE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOLVENT MIXTURES; CONSTITUENTS; DISSOLUTION; GROUNDWATER; SOLUBILITY; PREDICTION AB A review of pertinent equations and current research indicates that when gasoline oxygenated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) comes into contact with water, large amounts of MTBE can dissolve. At 25 degrees C, the water solubility of MTBE is about 5.000 mg/L for a gasoline that is 10% MTBE by weight, whereas for a nonoxygenated gasoline, the total hydrocarbon solubility in water is typically about 120 mg/L. Methyl tert-butyl ether sorbs only weakly to subsurface solids; therefore, sorption dues not substantially retard the transport of MTBE by ground water. In addition, MTBE generally resists biodegradation in ground water. The half-life of MTBE in the atmosphere can be as short as 3 d in a regional airshed. In the air, MTBE tends to partition into atmospheric water, including precipitation. However, the washing out of gas-phase MTBE by precipitation will not, by itself, greatly alter the gas-phase concentration of the compound in the air. The partitioning of MTBE to precipitation can nevertheless result in concentrations as high as 3 mu g/L or more in urban precipitation and can contribute to the presence of MTBE in surface and ground water. C1 OREGON GRAD INST SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN, BEAVERTON, OR 97006 USA. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV ENVIRONM SCI, GRAND JCT, CO 81503 USA. RP Squillace, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 1608 MT VIEW RD, RAPID CITY, SD 57702 USA. NR 64 TC 161 Z9 178 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1836 EP 1844 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1836:ROTEBA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XT305 UT WOS:A1997XT30500011 ER PT J AU Munn, MD Gruber, SJ AF Munn, MD Gruber, SJ TI The relationship between land use and organochlorine compounds in streambed sediment and fish in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE land use; organochlorines; DDT; sediment; fish tissue ID PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; CALIFORNIA; CHEMICALS; RIVER AB We analyzed streambed sediment and fish in the Central Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington and Idaho for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (Sigma PCB). Our objective was to assess the effects of land use on the occurrence and distribution of these compounds; land uses in the study area included forest, dryland and irrigated farming, and urban. We detected 16 organochlorine compounds in streambed sediment and fish tissue; fish usually had more compounds and a greater frequency of detection. The most frequently detected compound was Sigma DDT (sum of six isomers), which was found in 52% of bed sediment samples and 94% of whole fish composite samples. The other commonly detected compounds were dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, and Sigma chlordane (sum of cis-and trans-chlordane, cis-and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide). Forest was the only land use with no detections of organochlorine compounds in either fish or bed sediment. Hexachlorobenzene was the only organochlorine pesticide detected at concentrations that differed significantly among land uses: concentrations were higher in the dryland farming areas than in the irrigated farming or urban areas. In agricultural areas irrigated by surface water, Sigma DDT concentrations in both streambed sediment and fish tissue were related to the percentage of land irrigated by water delivered via furrows (gravity irrigation), although Sigma DDT was not detectable in bed sediments until gravity irrigation exceeded 30%. Because of the relation between gravity irrigation and soil erosion, our study supports the importance of controlling soil erosion in order to reduce the overall loading of organochlorine compounds to surface waters. RP Munn, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, 1201 PACIFIC AVE, SUITE 600, TACOMA, WA 98402 USA. NR 35 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1877 EP 1887 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1877:TRBLUA>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XT305 UT WOS:A1997XT30500017 ER PT J AU Cope, WG Bartsch, MR Marking, LL AF Cope, WG Bartsch, MR Marking, LL TI Efficacy of candidate chemicals for preventing attachment of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE zebra mussel; Dreissena polymorpha; antioxidant; toxicity ID MYTILUS-EDULIS; L-DOPA; BYSSUS; IDENTIFICATION; BIVALVES; ADHESIVE AB Forty-seven chemicals having potential for preventing the attachment of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha were identified and tested. For each chemical, 15 zebra mussels (5-8-mm shell length) in each of two replicates and six treatments were exposed for 48 h followed by a 48-h postexposure period in untreated water. Eleven of the chemicals inhibited the reattachment of zebra mussels after the 48-h exposure. eight had EC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 5.4 mg/L, and three had EC50 values ranging from 19.4 to 29.0 mg/L. Based on an analysis of chemical cost, solubility in water, anticipated treatment concentrations, and potential hazards to humans or the environment, three of the most promising chemicals, all antioxidants, (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], tert-butylhydroquinone, and tannic acid) were tested on nontarget fish (bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). These chemicals were not selectively toxic to zebra mussels: only the tests with bluegill and BHA and with channel catfish and tannic acid had 48-h LC50 values greater than the concentrations effective for preventing the reattachment of zebra mussels. Although the attachment of zebra mussels can be prevented with selected antioxidants, an alternative formulation should be investigated to minimize effects on nontarget organisms, such as fish. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564 NR 29 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1930 EP 1934 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1930:EOCCFP>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XT305 UT WOS:A1997XT30500023 ER PT J AU Bridges, CM AF Bridges, CM TI Tadpole swimming performance and activity affected by acute exposure to sublethal levels of carbaryl SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE activity; amphibian; behavior; carbaryl; sprint speed ID BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; PREDATION RISK; METAMORPHOSIS; TOXICITY; WATER; PESTICIDES; LARVAE; GROWTH; SIZE AB General activity and swimming performance (i.e., sprint speed and distance) of plains leopard frog tadpoles (Rana blairi) were examined after acute exposure to three sublethal concentrations of carbaryl (3.5, 5.0, and 7.2 mg/L). Both swimming performance and spontaneous swimming activity are important for carrying out life history functions (e.g., growth and development) and for escaping from predators. Measured tadpole activity diminished by nearly 90% at 3.5 mg/L carbaryl and completely ceased at 7.2 mg/L. Sprint speed and sprint distance also decreased significantly following exposure. Carbaryl affected both swimming performance and activity after just 24 h, suggesting that 24 h may be an adequate length of exposure to determine behavioral effects on tadpoles. Slight recovery of activity levels was noted at 24 and 48 h post-exposure; no recovery of swimming performance was observed. Reduction in activity and swimming performance may result in increased predation rates and, because activity is closely associated with feeding, may result in slowed growth leading to a failure to emerge before pond drying or an indirect reduction in adult fitness. Acute exposure to sublethal toxicants such as carbaryl may not only affect immediate survival of tadpoles but also impact critical life history functions and generate changes at the local population level. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP Bridges, CM (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DIV BIOL SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 39 TC 129 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 15 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1935 EP 1939 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1935:TSPAAA>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XT305 UT WOS:A1997XT30500024 ER PT J AU Zile, MH Summer, C Aulerich, R Bursian, SJ Tillitt, DE Giesy, JP Kubiak, TJ AF Zile, MH Summer, C Aulerich, R Bursian, SJ Tillitt, DE Giesy, JP Kubiak, TJ TI Retinoids in eggs and embryos of birds fed fish from the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE retinoids; chick embryo; PCB ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYHALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WHITE LEGHORN HENS; VITAMIN-A; EATING BIRDS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; CONTAMINATED CARP; HERRING GULL; FOOD-CHAINS AB Retinoids were analyzed in 11-day chick embryos and eggs from white Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus) fed environmentally-derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Saginaw Bay. The yolks and the embryos contained all-trans-retinol, 3,4-didehydroretinol and retinyl esters. There was no significant difference in the total retinoid content in the yolks of 11-day incubated eggs among hens fed for 7 weeks diets containing 0.5-6.6 mg PCB/kg diet. However, the proportional amount of retinols in the high (6.6 mg) PCB group was significantly less than that in low (0.5 mg) PCB controls, while the amount of retinyl palmitate in the high PCB group was significantly greater than that in the controls. Retinoids in the embryos were not affected by any of the PCB levels fed to hens for 7 weeks prior to laying the eggs. The 50% reduction in the molar ratio of retinols to retinyl palmitate in the yolks of eggs as the result of the high PCB level fed to hens for 7 weeks can serve as an indicator for chronic exposure to PCB contamination at the level of 6.6 mg or higher PCB/kg diet. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,USDI,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Zile, MH (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 277 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)00028-8 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XY288 UT WOS:A1997XY28800006 PM 21781788 ER PT J AU Gough, LP AF Gough, LP TI 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry - Vail, Colorado, USA - October 5-10 1997 SO EPISODES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mineral Resources Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gough, LP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mineral Resources Program, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI KEYWORTH PA C/O BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, KEYWORTH, NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND NG12 5GG SN 0705-3797 J9 EPISODES JI Episodes PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 200 EP 200 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YQ126 UT WOS:000071351100012 ER PT J AU Lenz, AC Edwards, LE Pratt, BR AF Lenz, AC Edwards, LE Pratt, BR TI Revision of the "Biostratigraphic units" section of the North American Stratigraphic Code SO EPISODES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 970, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geol Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. RP Lenz, AC (reprint author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. EM aclenz@julian.uwo.ca; leedward@usgs.gov; Brian.Pratt@sask.usask.ca NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC INDIA PI BANGALORE PA NO 63, 12TH CORSS, BASAPPA LAY OUT, GAVIPURAM PO, PO BOX 1922, BANGALORE, 560-019, INDIA SN 0705-3797 J9 EPISODES JI Episodes PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 203 EP 204 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YQ126 UT WOS:000071351100015 ER PT J AU Portnoy, JW Valiela, I AF Portnoy, JW Valiela, I TI Short-term effects of salinity reduction and drainage on salt-marsh biogeochemical cycling and Spartina (cordgrass) production SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND; SEDIMENT OXIDATION; FRESH-WATER; GROWTH; ALTERNIFLORA; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; NITROGEN; SULFIDE; ESTUARY AB To assess the biogeochemical effects of tidal restrictions on salt-marsh sulfur cycling and plant growth, cores of short-form Spartina alterniflora peat were desalinated and kept either waterlogged or drained in greenhouse microcosms, Changes in net Spartina production, and porewater and solid phase chemistry of treated cores were compared to natural conditions in the field collection site over a 21-mo period. Net production among treatments increased significantly in drained and waterlogged peat compared to field conditions during the first growing season. Constantly high sulfide in waterlogged cores accompanied reduced plant growth. Aeration invigorated growth in drained cores but led to oxidization of sulfide minerals and to lowered pH. During the second growing season, growth declined in the drained treatment, probably because of acidification and decreased dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Results are pertinent to the success of current wetland protection and restoration activities in the coastal zone. C1 BOSTON UNIV,MARINE PROGRAM,MARINE BIOL LAB,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Portnoy, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CAPE COD NATL SEASHORE,99 MARCONI RD,WELLFLEET,MA 02667, USA. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 7 U2 18 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 569 EP 578 DI 10.2307/1352615 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XT910 UT WOS:A1997XT91000009 ER PT J AU Foote, AL Reynolds, KA AF Foote, AL Reynolds, KA TI Decomposition of saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) in Louisiana coastal marshes SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH; ORGANIC-MATTER; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; SOIL FORMATION; FRESH; RAREFACTION; SUBSIDENCE; ECOSYSTEMS; ACCRETION; RESPONSES AB In Louisiana, plant production rates and associated decomposition rates may be important in offsetting high rates of land loss and subsidence in organic marsh soils. Decomposition of Spartina patens shoot and leaf material was studied by using litter bags in mesohaline marshes in the Barataria and Terrebonne basins of coastal Louisiana. Spartina patens decomposed very slowly with an average decay constant of 0.0007, and approximately 50% of the material remained after 2 years in the held. Material at the Barataria site decomposed faster than did Terrebonne material with trend differences apparent during the first 150 days. This difference might be explained by the higher content of phosphorus in the Barataria material or a flooding period experienced by the Barataria bags during their first 10 days of deployment. Nitrogen and carbon content of the plant material studied did not differ between the two basins. We detected no consistent significant differences in decomposition above, at, or below sediment/water level. Because S. patens is the dominant plant in these marshes, and because it is so slow to decompose, we believe that S. patens shoots are an important addition to vertical accretion and, therefore, marsh elevation. RP Foote, AL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 41 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 3 BP 579 EP 588 DI 10.2307/1352616 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XT910 UT WOS:A1997XT91000010 ER PT J AU Jassby, AD Cole, BE Cloern, JE AF Jassby, AD Cole, BE Cloern, JE TI The design of sampling transects for characterizing water quality in estuaries SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sampling design; spatial structure; water quality; chlorophyll distribution; suspended particulate matter; salinity; geostatistics; San Francisco Bay ID SAN-FRANCISCO-BAY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; VARIABILITY; CALIFORNIA; VARIABLES; BIOMASS; SCALES; USA AB The high spatial variability of estuaries poses a challenge for characterizing estuarine water quality. This problem was examined by conducting monthly high-resolution transects for several water quality variables (chlorophyll a, suspended particulate matter and salinity) in San Francisco Bay (California, U.S.A.). Using these data, six different ways of choosing station locations along a transect, in order to estimate mean conditio:ns, were compared. In addition, Il approaches to estimating the variance of the transect mean when stations are equally spaced were compared, and the relationship between variance of the estimated transect mean and number of stations was determined. The results provide guidelines for sampling along the axis of an estuary: (I) choose as many equally-spaced stations as practical; (2) estimate the variance of the mean (y) over bar by var (y) over bar=(1/10n(2))Sigma(j=2)(n) (y(j)-y(j-1))(2), where y(1),..., y(n) are the measurements at the n stations; and (3) attain the desired precision by adjusting the number of stations according to var (y) over bar proportional to 1/n(2). The inverse power of 2 in the last step is a consequence of the underlying spatial correlation structure in San Francisco Bay; more studies of spatial structure at other estuaries are needed to determine the generality of this relationship. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Jassby, AD (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV ENVIRONM STUDIES,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3 BP 285 EP 302 DI 10.1006/ecss.1996.0199 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XV970 UT WOS:A1997XV97000001 ER PT J AU Chabaux, F ONions, RK Cohen, AS Hein, JR AF Chabaux, F ONions, RK Cohen, AS Hein, JR TI U-238-U-234-Th-230 disequilibrium in hydrogenous oceanic Fe-Mn crusts: Palaeoceanographic record or diagenetic alteration? SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MANGANESE NODULES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; THORIUM ISOTOPES; FERROMANGANESE DEPOSITS; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; NUCLIDE BEHAVIOR; GROWTH-RATES; DEEP-SEA; TH-230 AB A detailed TIMS study of (U-234(exc)/U-238), (Th-230/Th-232), and Th/U ratios have been performed on the outermost margin of ten hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts from the equatorial Pacific Ocean and west-central Indian Ocean. Th/U concentration ratios generally decrease from the crust's surface down to 0.5-1 mm depth and growth rates estimated by uranium and thorium isotope ratios are significantly different in Fe-Mn crusts from the Peru Basin and the west-central Indian Ocean. Fe-Mn crusts from the same geographical area define a single trend in plots of Ln(U-234(exc)/U-238) vs. Ln(Th-230/Th-232) and Th/U ratios vs. age of the analysed fractions. Results suggest that (1) hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts remain closed-systems after formation, and consequently (2) the discrepancy observed between the Th-230 and U-234 chronometers in Fe-Mn crusts, and the variations of the Th/U ratios through the margin of Fe-Mn crusts, are not due to redistribution of uranium and thorium isotopes after oxyhydroxide precipitation, but rather to temporal variations of both Th/U and initial thorium activity ratios recorded by the Fe-Mn layers. Implications of these observations for determination of Fe-Mn crust growth-rates are discussed. Variations of both Th/U and initial Th activity ratios in Fe-Mn crusts might be related to changes in particle input to seawater and/or changes in ocean circulation during the last 150 ka. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CNRS, CTR GEOCHIM SURFACE, F-67084 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. UNIV OXFORD, DEPT EARTH SCI, OXFORD OX1 3PR, ENGLAND. OPEN UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA, BUCKS, ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94024 USA. RP UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT EARTH SCI, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ, ENGLAND. NR 56 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1997 VL 61 IS 17 BP 3619 EP 3632 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00187-7 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB034 UT WOS:A1997YB03400007 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD AF Lewan, MD TI Experiments on the role of water in petroleum formation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Review ID TEMPERATURE MUTUAL SOLUBILITIES; PHOSPHORIA RETORT SHALE; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; OIL-SHALE; ORGANIC-MATTER; METASTABLE EQUILIBRIUM; THERMAL MATURATION; AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY; KEROGEN PYROLYSIS; CARBON ISOTOPES AB Pyrolysis experiments were conducted on immature petroleum source rocks under various conditions to evaluate the role of water in petroleum formation. At temperatures less than 330 degrees C for 72 h, the thermal decomposition of kerogen to bitumen was not significantly affected by the presence or absence of liquid water in contact with heated gravel-sized source rock. However, at 330 and 350 degrees C for 72 h, the thermal decomposition of generated bitumen was significantly affected by the presence or absence of liquid water. Carbon-carbon bond cross linking resulting in the formation of an insoluble bitumen (i.e., pyrobitumen) is the dominant reaction pathway in the absence of liquid water. Conversely, thermal cracking of carbon-carbon bonds resulting in the generation of saturate-enriched oil, which is similar to natural crude oils, is the dominant reaction pathway in the presence of liquid water. This difference in reaction pathways is explained by the availability of an exogenous source of hydrogen, which reduces the rate of thermal decomposition, promotes thermal cracking, and inhibits carbon-carbon bond cross linking. The distribution of generated n-alkanes is characteristic of a free radical mechanism, with a broad carbon-number distribution (i.e., C-5 to C-35) and only minor branched alkanes from known biological precursors (i.e., pristane and phytane). The generation of excess oxygen in the form of CO2 in hydrous experiments and the high degree of hydrocarbon deuteration in a D2O experiment indicate that water dissolved in the bitumen is an exogenous source of hydrogen. The lack of an effect on product composition and yield with an increase in H+ activity by five orders of magnitude in a hydrous experiment indicates that an ionic mechanism for water interactions with thermally decomposing bitumen is not likely. Several mechanistically simple and thermodynamically favorable reactions that are consistent with the available experimental data are envisaged for the generation of exogenous hydrogen and excess oxygen as CO2. One reaction series involves water oxidizing existing carbonyl groups to form hydrogen and carboxyl groups, with the latter forming CO2 by decarboxylation with increasing thermal stress. Another reaction series involves either hydrogen or oxygen in dissolved water molecules directly interacting with unpaired electrons to form a hydrogen-terminated free-radical site or an oxygenated functional group, respectively. The latter is expected to be susceptible to oxidation by other dissolved water molecules to generate additional hydrogen and CO2. In addition to water acting as an exogenous source of hydrogen, it is also essential to the generation of an expelled saturate-enriched oil that is similar to natural crude oil. This role of water is demonstrated by the lack of an expelled oil in an experiment where a liquid Ga-In alloy is substituted for liquid water. Experiments conducted with high salinity water and high water/rock ratios indicate that selective aqueous solubility of hydrocarbons is not responsible for the expelled oil generated in hydrous pyrolysis experiments. Similarly, a hydrous pyrolysis experiment conducted with isolated kerogen indicates that expelled oil in hydrous pyrolysis is not the result of preferential sorption of polar organic components by the mineral matrix of a source rock. It is envisaged that dissolved water in the bitumen network of a source rock causes an immiscible saturate-enriched oil to become immiscible with the thermally decomposing polar-enriched bitumen. The overall geochemical implication of these results is that it is essential to consider the role of water in experimental studies designed to understand natural rates of petroleum generation, expulsion mechanisms of primary migration, thermal stability of crude oil, reaction kinetics of biomarker transformations, and thermal maturity indicators in sedimentary basins. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 AMOCO PROD CO,RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80202. RP Lewan, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS977,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 162 TC 253 Z9 304 U1 10 U2 77 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1997 VL 61 IS 17 BP 3691 EP 3723 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00176-2 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB034 UT WOS:A1997YB03400011 ER PT J AU Phillips, RL Grantz, A AF Phillips, RL Grantz, A TI Quaternary history of sea ice and paleoclimate in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, as recorded in the cyclical strata of Northwind ridge SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTATION; RATES; SHEET; TIME AB The 19 middle-early Pleistocene to Holocene bipartite lithostratigraphic cycles observed in high-resolution piston cores from North-wind Ridge in the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean, provide a detailed record of alternating glacial and interglacial climatic and oceanographic conditions and of correlative changes in the character and thickness of the sea-ice cover in the Amerasia Basin. Glacial conditions in each cycle are represented by gray pelagic muds that are suboxic, laminated, and essentially lacking in microfossils, macrofossils, trace fossils, and generally in glacial erratics. Interglacial conditions are represented by ochre pelagic muds that are oxic and bioturbated and contain rare to abundant microfossils and abundant glacial erratics. The synglacial laminated gray muds were deposited when the central Amerasia Basin was covered by a floating sheet of sea ice of sufficient thickness and continuity to reduce downwelling solar irradiance and oxygen to levels that precluded photosynthesis, maintenance of a biota, and strong oxidation of the pelagic sediment. Except during the early part of 3 of the 19 synglacial episodes, when it was periodically breached by erratic-bearing glacial icebergs, the floating Arctic Ocean sea-ice sheet was sufficiently thick to block the circulation of icebergs over Northwind Ridge and presumably other areas of the central Arctic Ocean. Interglacial conditions were initiated by abrupt thinning and breakup of the floating sea-ice sheet at the close of glacial time, which permitted surges of glacial erratic-laden icebergs to reach Northwind Ridge and the central Arctic Ocean, where they circulated freely and deposited numerous, and relatively thick, erratic clast-rich beds. Breakup of the successive synglacial sea-ice sheets initiated deposition of the interglacial ochre mud units under conditions that allowed sunlight and increased amounts of oxygen to enter the water column, resulting in photosynthesis and biologic productivity, and strong oxidization of the pelagic sediment. The lithostratigraphy of Northwind Ridge suggests that during at least late Pleistocene time, glacial conditions in the Arctic Ocean were initiated abruptly and continued unabated until terminated, also abruptly, by onset of the succeeding interglacial warming. Variations in abundance of glacial erratics within the interglacial units of the late Pleistocene indicate that during at least most interglacial episodes northern North America was glaciated, but with generally diminishing severity, until onset of the succeeding continental glaciation. Magnetostratigraphy suggests that the glacial-interglacial cycles on Northwind Ridge had an average periodicity of approximately 93.5 k.y. during the Brunhes normal and approximately 105 k.y. during the latter part of the Matuyama reverse polarity zone. These average periodicities are close to the 100 k.y. temperature cycles found in North Atlantic deep-water sediments of the Brunhes normal polarity chron, which have been ascribed to forcing by a Milankovitch eccentricity cycle. They are also close, however, to the average interval (101 k.y.) between the aperiodic glacial terminations in the 500 k.y. Pleistocene continental climate record from Devil's Hole, Nevada, which have been ascribed to nonlinear feedbacks within the Earth's atmosphere-ice sheet-ocean system. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 910,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 68 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 109 IS 9 BP 1101 EP 1115 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XX223 UT WOS:A1997XX22300004 ER PT J AU Delaney, PT Gartner, AE AF Delaney, PT Gartner, AE TI Physical processes of shallow mafic dike emplacement near the San Rafael Swell, Utah SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ECHELON CRACKS; PROPAGATION; MAGMA; PATTERNS; FRACTURE; PLATEAU; ROCKS; DYKES AB Some 200 shonkinite dikes, sills, and breccia bodies on the western Colorado Plateau of south-central Utah were intruded from approximately 3.7 to 4.6 Ma, contemporaneous with mafic volcanism along the nearby plateau margin. Thicknesses of dikes range to about 6 m; the log-normal mean thickness is 85 cm. Despite the excellent exposures of essentially all dikes in strata of the Jurassic San Rafael Group, their number is indeterminate from their outcrop and spacing because they are everywhere greatly segmented. By our grouping of almost 2000 dike segments, most dikes are less than 2 km in outcrop length; the longest is 9 km. Because the San Rafael magmas were primitive and probably ascended directly from the mantle, dike lengths in outcrop are much less than their heights. The present exposures probably lie along the irregular upper peripheries of dikes that lengthen and merge with depth. Orientations of steps on dike contacts record local directions of dike-fracture propagation; about half of the measurements plunge less than 30 degrees, showing that lateral propagation at dike peripheries is as important as the vertical propagation ultimately responsible for ascent. The San Rafael dikes, now exposed after erosion of about 0.5-1.5 km, appear to thicken and shorten upward, probably because near-surface vesiculation enhanced magmatic driving pressures. Propagation likely ceased soon after the first dike segments began to feed nearby sills or vented to initiate small-volume eruptions. Most of the dikes are exposed in elastic strata of the Jurassic San Rafael Group. They probably acquired their strikes, however, while ascending along well-developed joints in massive sandstones of the underlying Glen Canyon Group. Rotation of far-field stresses during the emplacement interval cannot account for disparate strikes of the dikes, which vary through 110 degrees, most lying between north and N25 degrees W. Rather, the two regional horizontal principal stresses were probably nearly equal, and so the dominant N75 degrees E direction of dike opening was not strongly favored. Across the center of the swarm, about 10 to 15 dikes overlap and produce 15-20 m of dilation. Many are in sufficient proximity that later dikes should be thinner than earlier ones if neither the magma pressures nor regional stresses were changing during the emplacement interval. However, dike thicknesses vary systematically neither along the length of the swarm nor in proportion to the number of neighboring dikes. It appears that crustal extension during the magmatic interval relieved compressive stresses localized by intrusion. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Delaney, PT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 2255 N GEMINI DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 109 IS 9 BP 1177 EP 1192 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1177:PPOSMD>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XX223 UT WOS:A1997XX22300009 ER PT J AU Holcomb, RT Reiners, PW Nelson, BK Sawyer, NLE AF Holcomb, RT Reiners, PW Nelson, BK Sawyer, NLE TI Evidence for two shield volcanoes exposed on the island of Kauai, Hawaii SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASALTS; ORIGIN; PATHS; AGE AB The island of Kauai has always been interpreted as a single shield volcano, but lavas of previously correlated reversed-to-normal magnetic-polarity transitions on opposite sides of the island differ significantly in isotopic composition. Samples from west Kauai have Sr-87/Sr-86 < 0.7037, epsilon(Nd) greater than or equal to 6.14, and Pb-206/Pb-204 > 18.25; samples from east Kauai have Sr-87/Sr-86 > 0.7037, epsilon(Nd) less than or equal to 6.14, and Pb-206/Pb-204 < 18.25. Available data suggest that a younger eastern shield grew on the collapsed flank of an older western one. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Holcomb, RT (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 25 IS 9 BP 811 EP 814 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0811:EFTSVE>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA XX221 UT WOS:A1997XX22100011 ER PT J AU Coe, JA Glancy, PA Whitney, JW AF Coe, JA Glancy, PA Whitney, JW TI Volumetric analysis and hydrologic characterization of a modern debris flow near Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE photogrammetry; digital elevation models; sediment budget; Yucca Mountain; debris flow; hillslope ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY; EROSION THRESHOLDS; MORPHOLOGY; MAPS AB On July 21 or 22, 1984, debris flows triggered by rainfall occurred on the southern hillslope of Jake Ridge, about 6 km east of the crest of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Rain gages near Jake Ridge recorded 65 mm and 69 mm on July 21, and 20 mm and 17 mm on July 22. Rates of rainfall intensity ranged up to 73 mm/h on the twenty-first, and 15 mm/h on the twenty-second. Digital elevation models with 2.0 m grid-node spacing, measured from pre-storm and post-storm aerial stereo-photographs, were used to map hillslope erosion and the downslope distribution of debris. Volumetric calculations indicate that about 7040 m(3) of debris was redistributed on the 49,132 m(2) hillslope study area during the two-day storm period. About 4580 m(3) (65%) of the eroded sediment was deposited within the study area and the remaining 35% was deposited outside the study area in a short tributary to Fortymile Wash and in the wash itself The maximum and mean depths of erosion in the study area were about 1.8 m and 5 cm, respectively. The mean depths of erosion on the upper and middle hillslope were 27 cm and 4 cm, respectively. The mean depth of deposition on the lower hillslope was 16 cm. Analysis of the values of cumulative precipitation in the context of the precipitation-frequency atlas of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration indicates that precipitation from the main storm on July 21 was more than double that expected, on average, once during a 100-year period. The relations of precipitation intensity/duration, developed from data recorded at a nearby precipitation gage, indicate a storm interval of 500 years or greater. The amount of erosion caused by such a storm is primarily dependent on three variables: storm intensity, development of the drainage network on the hillslope, and the amount of available colluvium. Additionally, the erosive ability of successive storms of equal intensity will decrease because such storms would tend to progressively isolate and reduce the amount of colluvium available. The preservation of Pleistocene deposits on hillslopes of Yucca Mountain, in general, indicates that erosional events that strip 5% of the available hillslope colluvium must be quite rare. We conclude that the recurrence interval of an erosional event comparable to the July, 1984 event is probably much longer than 500 years. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CARSON CITY,NV 89706. RP Coe, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI Coe, Jeffrey/0000-0002-0842-9608 NR 52 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00008-1 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA XX077 UT WOS:A1997XX07700002 ER PT J AU Hill, BR Fuller, CC DeCarlo, EH AF Hill, BR Fuller, CC DeCarlo, EH TI Hillslope soil erosion estimated from aerosol concentrations, North Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hillslope erosion; sediment ''fingerprints''; denudation; tropical geomorphology; sediment sources ID CESIUM-137; TRANSPORT; ISLANDS; QUARTZ; RATES AB Concentrations of aerosolic quartz and Cs-137 were used to estimate rates of hillslope soil erosion during 1990-91 in the North Halawa Valley on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Fluvial transport of quartz was estimated to be 6.1 Mg in 1990 and 14.9 Mg in 1991. Fluvial transport of Cs-137 from North Halawa Valley was estimated to be 1.29 x 10(9) pCi in 1991. Results were used with quartz contents, Cs-137 activities, and bulk densities of hillslope soils to compute rates of basinwide hillslope soil erosion ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mm yr(-1). These rates are within the range of previous estimates of denudation computed for drainage basins on Oahu. The aerosol-concentration approach, therefore, is a useful method for assessing basinwide soil erosion. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI TECHNOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Hill, BR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,677 ALA MOANA BLVD,SUITE 415,HONOLULU,HI 96813, USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(96)00053-0 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA XX077 UT WOS:A1997XX07700005 ER PT J AU Cooley, RL AF Cooley, RL TI Confidence intervals for ground-water models using linearization, likelihood, and bootstrap methods SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR-REGRESSION; FLOW MODELS; HYDROGEOLOGIC INFORMATION; PREDICTION INTERVALS; UNCERTAINTY; PARAMETERS; RELIABILITY; CALIBRATION; OUTPUT AB Four methods were applied to obtain confidence intervals for selected dependent variables from a nonlinear regression formulation of a ground-water flow model. The methods examined are (1) the linearization method, (2) the likelihood method, (3) a simple, percentile bootstrap method, and (4) a regression-based percentile bootstrap method that is a generalization of the first one. The methods were applied to a highly nonlinear regression model of a hypothetical ground-water system involving an infiltrating stream crossing a heterogeneous aquifer. Confidence intervals were computed for a hydraulic head and a parameter that is proportional to the streamflow infiltration rate. All confidence intervals computed by the likelihood method are virtually exact. Confidence intervals for hydraulic head by the linearization, likelihood, and the second bootstrap methods are similar, but confidence intervals by the first bootstrap method are very different and highly inaccurate. Confidence intervals for the streamflow infiltration parameter by the linearization and first bootstrap methods are identical and inaccurate; confidence intervals by the second bootstrap method lie between those by the likelihood and the other two methods. These characteristics of the confidence intervals result because (1) the regression model is highly nonlinear, and (2) much of the nonlinearity can be removed by some transformation of model parameters. RP Cooley, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOX 25046,MS 413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 869 EP 880 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00155.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XV140 UT WOS:A1997XV14000016 ER PT J AU Fenske, JP Leake, SA Prudic, DE AF Fenske, JP Leake, SA Prudic, DE TI Simulating reservoir leakage in ground-water models SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; LAKES AB Leakage to ground water resulting from the expansion and contraction of reservoirs cannot be easily simulated by most ground-water flow models. An algorithm, entitled the Reservoir Package, was developed for the United States Geological Survey (USGS) three-dimensional finite-difference modular ground-water flow model MODFLOW. The Reservoir Package automates the process of specifying head-dependent boundary cells, eliminating the need to divide a simulation into many stress periods while improving accuracy in simulating changes in ground-water levels resulting from transient reservoir stage. Leakage between the reservoir and the underlying aquifer is simulated for each model cell corrresponding to the inundated area by multiplying the head difference between the reservoir and the aquifer with the hydraulic conductance of the reservoir-bed sediments. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TUCSON,AZ 85700. US GEOL SURVEY,CARSON CITY,NV 89701. RP Fenske, JP (reprint author), US CORP ENGINEERS,HYDROL ENGN CTR,609 2ND ST,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 895 EP 897 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00158.x PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XV140 UT WOS:A1997XV14000019 ER PT J AU Greene, EA AF Greene, EA TI Tracing recharge from sinking streams over spatial dimensions of kilometers in a karst aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID WATER; GROUNDWATER; EXCHANGE; RIVER; O-18 AB Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were used to trace the sources of recharge from sinking streams to wells and springs several kilometers downgradient in the karst Madison aquifer near Rapid City, South Dakota. Temporal sampling of streamflow above the swallets identified a distinct isotopic signature that was used to define the spatial dimensions of recharge to the aquifer. When more than one sinking stream was determined to be recharging a well or spring, the proportions were approximated using a two-component mixing model. From the isotopic analysis, it is possible to link sinking stream recharge to individual wells or springs in the Rapid City area and illustrate there is significant lateral movement of ground water across surface drainage basins. These results emphasize that well-head protection strategies developed for carbonate aquifers that provide industrial and municipal water supplies need to consider lateral movement of ground-water flow from adjacent surface drainage basins. RP Greene, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 431,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 898 EP 904 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00159.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XV140 UT WOS:A1997XV14000020 ER PT J AU Stute, M Deak, J Revesz, K Bohlke, JK Deseo, E Weppernig, R Schlosser, P AF Stute, M Deak, J Revesz, K Bohlke, JK Deseo, E Weppernig, R Schlosser, P TI Tritium/He-3 dating of river infiltration: An example from the Danube in the Szigetkoz area, Hungary SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; TRITIOGENIC HE-3; COASTAL-PLAIN; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; HELIUM; RECHARGE; AQUIFER; WATER AB H-3, He-3, He-4, and Ne data were obtained from a shallow ground-water system being recharged by bank infiltration from the Danube River in northwestern Hungary. After correting for excess air,He-4 and Ne concentrations reflect a recharge temperature of about 9 degrees C, close to the mean annual temperature of the Danube (10.4 degrees C). Values of H-3 plus He-3(trit) (''initial tritium'') as a function of the tritium/He-3 age are consistent with time series measurements of tritium in the Danube. Tritium/He-3 ages increase linearly as a function of distance from the Danube along ground-water flow lines. A horizontal flow velocity of about 530 m yr(-1) was derived from the age gradient. Most of the deviations between measured Danube tritium data and ground-water tritium/He-3 data can be explained by dispersive mixing. C1 VITUKI,WATER RESOURCES RES CTR,H-1095 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027. COLUMBIA UNIV BARNARD COLL,NEW YORK,NY 10027. RP Stute, M (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA. RI Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012 OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203 NR 56 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 905 EP 911 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00160.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XV140 UT WOS:A1997XV14000021 ER PT J AU Lapham, WW Neitzert, KM Moran, MJ Zogorski, JS AF Lapham, WW Neitzert, KM Moran, MJ Zogorski, JS TI USGS compiles data set for national assessment of VOCs in ground water SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Lapham, WW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL ASSESSMENT PROGRAM,MS 413,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb01275.x PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA YG709 UT WOS:A1997YG70900018 ER PT J AU Markgraf, V Betancourt, J Rylander, KA AF Markgraf, V Betancourt, J Rylander, KA TI Late-Holocene rodent middens from Rio Limay, Neuquen Province, Argentina SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE rodent middens; pollen analysis; forest-steppe ecotone; caves; late-Holocene; Patagonia; Argentina ID NORTHERN PATAGONIA; HISTORY; MACROFOSSILS; POLLEN; FOSSIL; FOREST AB Pollen analysis of late-Holocene amberat deposits from two caves near the forest-steppe ecotone in northern Patagonia documents a major shift from Austrocedrus-Nothofagus forest to steppe shrub assemblages some time after 1800 and before 1300 BP. The probable explanation of the reduction of tree taxa calls for either drier summers or intensified land use or a combination of both. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DESERT LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85745. RP Markgraf, V (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 11 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 3BH SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 325 EP 329 DI 10.1177/095968369700700308 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YB599 UT WOS:A1997YB59900008 ER PT J AU Corbett, DG Lefevre, C SiegelCausey, D AF Corbett, DG Lefevre, C SiegelCausey, D TI The western Aleutians: Cultural isolation and environmental change SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; subarctic; cultural exchange; Holocene; environmental change; maritime adaptations ID PREHISTORY; ALASKA; ISLAND AB Recent research in the western Aleutians addresses two primary issues: the nature and extent of cultural exchange along the Aleutian chain, and Holocene environmental change and its effects on the development of Aleut culture. Cultural isolation is a major paradigm of researchers working in the Aleutians. Review of the distribution of several cultural traits suggests the Aleuts adopted many cultural elements originating outside the chain, but the distribution of these to the western islands was uneven. C1 MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT,ANAT COMPAREE LAB,URA 1415 CNRS,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE. UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68588. RP Corbett, DG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 66 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0300-7839 J9 HUM ECOL JI Hum. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 459 EP 479 DI 10.1023/A:1021875626928 PG 21 WC Anthropology; Environmental Studies; Sociology SC Anthropology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Sociology GA XY253 UT WOS:A1997XY25300005 ER PT J AU Conroy, MJ Nichols, JD Asanza, ER AF Conroy, MJ Nichols, JD Asanza, ER TI Contemporary quantitative methods to understand and manage animal populations and communities SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Review ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; MODEL SELECTION; MARK-RECAPTURE; BAND-RECOVERY; TRAPPING WEB; BREEDING PROBABILITIES; VERTEBRATE POPULATIONS; DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS; DENSITY-ESTIMATION; EXTINCTION RATES AB Quantitative methods are needed to objectively determine the status of ecosystems, populations, and communities, and to understand key functional relationships. In turn this information is needed by policy makers to predict and evaluate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on biodiversity, and to rationally evaluate tradeoffs between conservation goals and other societal objectives. To fulfill these needs, quantitative methods are needed to provide estimates that are relevant to decision making, are reliable, that is, are unbiased (or at least comparable) and precise, and use resources (time, money) efficiently. Methods of data gathering and analysis that do not follow these principles may provide data of some academic interest, and incidentally may provide information of use to conservation, but will in all likelihood be wasteful of resources and not lead to optimal and timely decision making. We review statistical sampling procedures and estimation principles behind quantitative methods appropriate for design and analysis of research and monitoring in conservation. We describe current methods for estimating parameters and testing hypotheses about populations and communities, discuss recent advances in these methods, and describe areas where work is ongoing or needed. Finally, rue describe an adaptive management paradigm in which management, research, and monitoring are complementary components, leading to more rapid achiever ment of conservation goals than if these are pursued separately. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. UNIV GEORGIA, INST ECOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. FDN CUYABENO, QUITO, ECUADOR. RP Conroy, MJ (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA, DB WARNEL SCH FOREST RESOURCES, GEORGIA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 117 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 22 IS 5 BP 247 EP + PG 1 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YC819 UT WOS:A1997YC81900005 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Laine, SC Kirkman, RG Topham, W AF Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Laine, SC Kirkman, RG Topham, W TI Generation of coastal marsh topography with radar and ground-based measurements SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE micro elevation detection; flooding; remote sensing; surface gridding model; coastal marsh; wetland ID SEDIMENTATION; STORMS; BAY AB A topographic surface of a low lying coastal marsh was created by using three flood extent vectors digitized from ERS-1 SAR images and two elevation contours from U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles. Point measurement of water depth at the times of the SAR collections allowed conversion of the radar measured flood extent vectors to topographic contours. Generation of the topographic surface was accomplished with a surface gridding algorithm, SAR and on-site measures. Errors in the generated topography were mainly associated with the lack of input contours covering narrow to broad plateaus and topographic highs and lows. The misplacement of SAR derived flood extent vectors also caused errors in sparsely vegetated high marsh, at convoluted marsh forest boundaries, and at topographic depressions. Overall, the standard deviation of differences between measured and predicted elevations at 747 points was 19 cm. Excluding the above mentioned abrupt boundaries and topographic highs and lows outside the range of available contours, standard deviation differences averaged about 14 cm, but most often averaged about 8 cm. This suggested a 5 to 9 factor improvement over the 150 cm topographic resolution currently available for this area. C1 JOHNSON CONTROLS WORLD SERV INC,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 BP 1335 EP 1342 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XZ999 UT WOS:A1997XZ99900037 ER PT J AU Komor, SC AF Komor, SC TI Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID STABLE ISOTOPES; GROUNDWATER; MARINE; FRACTIONATION; IRRADIATION; ADSORPTION; CARBONATES; NITRATE; BRINES; SEA AB Boron-isotope (delta(11)B) values may be useful as surrogate tracers of contaminants and indicators of water mixing in agricultural settings. This paper characterizes the B contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure and selected fertilizers, and presents delta(11)B data for ground and surface water from two agricultural areas, Boron concentrations in dry hog manure averaged 61 mg/kg and in commercial fertilizers ranged from below detection limits in some brands of ammonium nitrate and urea to 382 mg/kg in magnesium sulfate, Values of delta(11)B of untreated hog manure ranged from 7.2 to 11.2 parts per thousand and of N fertilizers were -2.0 to 0.7 parts per thousand. In 22 groundwater samples from a sand-plain aquifer in east-central Minnesota, B concentrations averaged 0.04 mg/L and delta(11)B values ranged from 2.3 to 41.5 parts per thousand. Groundwater beneath a hog feedlot and a cultivated field where hog manure was applied had B-isotope compositions consistent with the water containing hog-manure leachate, In a 775-km(2) watershed with silty-loam soils in southcentral Minnesota: 18 samples of subsurface drainage from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine maw L. Merr.) fields had average B concentrations of 0.06 mg/L and delta(11)B values of 5.3 to 15.1 parts per thousand; 27 stream samples had average B concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and delta(11)B values of 1.0 to 19.0 parts per thousand; and eight groundwater samples had average B concentrations of 0.09 mg/L and delta(11)B values of -0.3 to 23.0 parts per thousand. Values of delta(11)B and B concentrations, when plotted against one another, define a curved miro ng trend that suggests subsurface drainage and stream water contain mixtures of B From shallow and deep groundwater. RP Komor, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,903 HANSHAW RD,ITHACA,NY 14850, USA. NR 37 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1212 EP 1222 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200012 ER PT J AU Mueller, DK Ruddy, BC Battaglin, WA AF Mueller, DK Ruddy, BC Battaglin, WA TI Logistic model of nitrate in streams of the upper-midwestern United States SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER; HERBICIDES; RIVER AB Nitrate in surface water can have adverse effects on aquatic Life and, in drinking-water supplies, can be a risk to human health. As part of a regional study, nitrate as N (NO3-N) vies analyzed in water samples collected from streams throughout 10 iMidwestern states during synoptic surveys in 1989, 1990, and 1994. Data from the period immediately following crop planting at 124 sites were analyzed using logistic regression to relate discrete categories of NO3-N concentrations to characteristics of the basins upstream from the sites. The NO3-N data were divided into three categories representing probable background concentrations (<3 mg L-1), elevated concentrations (3-10 mg L-1), and concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water (>10 mg L-1). Nitrate-N concentrations were positively correlated to streamflow, upstream area planted in corn (Zea mays L.), and upstream N-fertilizer application rates. Elevated NO3-N concentrations were associated with poorly drained soils and were weakly correlated with population density, Nitrate-N and streamflow data collected during 1989 and 1990 were used to calibrate the model, and data collected during 1994 were used for verification, The model correctly estimated NO3-N concentration categories for 79% of the samples in the calibration data set and 60% of the samples in the verification data set. The model was used to indicate where NO3-N concentrations might be elevated or exceed the NO3-N MCL in streams throughout the study area, The potential for elevated NO3-N concentrations was predicted to be greatest for streams in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and western Ohio. RP Mueller, DK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1223 EP 1230 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200013 ER PT J AU Seto, NWH Jansen, P AF Seto, NWH Jansen, P TI A miniature camera system for examining Petrel burrows SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Studies on burrow-nesting seabirds are hampered by difficulties associated with access to and direct observation of nesting chambers. During a 2-yr study examining the effect of rat predation on Bonin Petrels (Pterodroma hypoleuca) on Midway Atoll, we developed a miniature camera system that enabled us to view the contents of burrows, assess the status of the petrels' breeding activity, and search for evidence of rat predation. We successfully entered burrows and examined 65% of all attempts. Nine percent of burrows encountered were either too long or contained sharp turns. The remaining 26% contained rigid roots that prevented passage of the camera head. In addition to being small and inexpensive, the system limited disturbance to birds by using infrared lights and was easy for one person to carry and use efficiently. C1 DEPT CONSERVAT,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND. RP Seto, NWH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MIDWAY ATOLL NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,POB 660099,LIHUE,HI 96766, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 68 IS 4 BP 530 EP 536 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF314 UT WOS:A1997YF31400005 ER PT J AU Miranda, L Collazo, JA AF Miranda, L Collazo, JA TI A modified throw-trap to sample prey for wading bird studies SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERONS AB We studied the foraging ecology of wading birds in shallow-water mangrove swamps in southwestern Puerto Rico in 1994-1995. We needed reliable estimates of prey availability. Kushlan's (1981) 1-m(2) throw-trap is useful to obtain such estimates in various shallow-water habitats. However, its heavy, box-like frame made it difficult to work in our study area. Here, we describe a modification to and use of the throw-trap, evaluate its performance, and give an example of its application to wading bird foraging studies. The modified trap retained its basic sampling unit (i.e., 1-m(2)), but was lighter, easy to use, and suitable for sampling prey in areas of uneven bottom contours in a standardized fashion. We found that the correlation between estimates of prey abundance and number of successful foraging attempts by focal wading birds was significant (Spearman Rho = 0.34, P < 0.001), suggesting that data provided an estimate of prey availability. Thus, data collected with the modified trap were suitable to test whether patterns of prey availability influenced wading bird distribution. We found that the mean number of prey/m(2) in used sites (i.e., greater than or equal to two foraging birds) (131.28 +/- 16.53[SD]) was significantly higher;han random sites (26.28 +/- 6.66). Significant differences were also true when tests were conducted by individual prey items like Poecilia and Xiphocaris, important in the diet of wading birds in our study area. RP Miranda, L (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 68 IS 4 BP 602 EP 606 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF314 UT WOS:A1997YF31400012 ER PT J AU Sedgwick, JA Klus, RJ AF Sedgwick, JA Klus, RJ TI Injury due to leg bands in Willow Flycatchers SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We report an apparently unusually high incidence of leg injury in Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) as a result of banding and color banding. Color bands and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) bands applied to Willow Flycatchers from 1988-1995 resulted in an overall leg injury rate of 9.6% to birds returning to our study areas in subsequent Fears. Most injuries occurred on legs with only color band(s) (58.3%) or on legs with both a USFWS band and a color band (35%); only 6.7% of injuries (4/60) were due to USFWS bands alone, yielding an overall USFWS band injury rate of only 0.6%. Injuries ranged from severe (swollen, bleeding legs; a missing foot) to relatively minor (irritations on the tarsus). Amputation of the foot occurred in 33.9% of the cases. Return rates of adult injured birds in the year(s) following injury were significantly lower than for the population at large. RP Sedgwick, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDCONTINENT ECOL SCI CTR,4512 MCMURRY,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 10 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 68 IS 4 BP 622 EP 629 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF314 UT WOS:A1997YF31400015 ER PT J AU Sogge, MK AF Sogge, MK TI Primary song by a juvenile willow flycatcher SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The timing of song development in suboscines, in which song appears not to be learned from other adults is poorly known. The Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) is a suboscine with a primary song typically referred to as fitz-bew. I report here an instance of very early singing by a 6-8-wk-old Willow Flycatcher, which sang in an aggressive context in response to a recording of adult flycatcher song. This is exceptionally early development of primary song, even among suboscines. Early song development may assist in the defense of winter territories. RP Sogge, MK (reprint author), NO ARIZONA UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,COLORADO PLATEAU RES STN,POB 5614,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 68 IS 4 BP 630 EP 631 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF314 UT WOS:A1997YF31400016 ER PT J AU Johnson, JH Dropkin, DS AF Johnson, JH Dropkin, DS TI Food and prey selection of recently released American shad (Alosa sapidissima) larvae SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We examined the diet composition and prey selection of 1,875 recently released American shad (Alosa sapidissima) larvae (approximately 18-d old). Larvae were collected in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania, during rune in 1991 and 1992. Chironomid pupae were selected by shad larvae and were the major component in the diet in 1991 (50%) and 1992 (96%). Chironomid larvae, the second-ranked prey in the diet, were less preferred both years. Less than one percent of the shad larvae contained riverine prey 2 to 3 hr after release, and only about 4% contained natural food 24 to 30 hr following release. At least for the 30 hr following release, feeding activity of stocked shad appears to be much reduced compared to that of wild populations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RES & DEV LAB,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,WELLSBORO,PA 16901. RP Johnson, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,TUNISON LAB AQUAT SCI,3075 GRACIE RD,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 12 IS 3 BP 355 EP 358 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663545 PG 4 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XT959 UT WOS:A1997XT95900002 ER PT J AU French, JRP AF French, JRP TI Pharyngeal teeth of the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) a predator of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUNFISHES AB The morphology of pharyngeal teeth of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) was studied to determine changes that occur during growth of drum that may relate to consumption of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) by larger fish. Pharyngeal teeth were of three types. Cardiform teeth were replaced by villiform teeth, which were replaced by molariform teeth as the size class of drum increased. Molariform teeth comprised over 85% of total surface area of dentition in fish 265 mm long. RP French, JRP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 6 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 12 IS 3 BP 495 EP 498 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663561 PG 4 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XT959 UT WOS:A1997XT95900018 ER PT J AU Muths, E Corn, PS AF Muths, E Corn, PS TI Basking by adult boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas) during the breeding season SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION; TEMPERATURE C1 US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Muths, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, 4512 McMurray Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 EI 1937-2418 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 426 EP 428 DI 10.2307/1565673 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YM990 UT WOS:000071122100015 ER PT J AU Battaglin, WA Goolsby, DA AF Battaglin, WA Goolsby, DA TI Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WATER-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE-WATER; HERBICIDES; TRANSPORT; DRAINAGE AB Agricultural chemicals in surface water may constitute a human health risk or have adverse effects on aquatic life. Recent research on unregulated rivers in the midwestern USA documents that elevated concentrations of herbicides occur for 1-4 months following application in late spring and early summer, In contrast, nitrate concentrations in unregulated rivers are elevated during fall, winter, and spring months. Natural and anthropogenic variables of river drainage basins, such as soil permeability, amount of agricultural chemicals applied, or percentage of land planted in corn, affect agricultural chemical concentration and mass transport in rivers. Presented is an analysis of selected data on agricultural chemicals collected for three regional studies conducted by the US Geological Survey. Statistical techniques such as multiple linear and logistic regression were used to identify natural and anthropogenic variables of drainage basins that have strong relations to agricultural chemical concentrations and mass transport measured in rivers. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to manage and analyze spatial data, Statistical models were developed that estimated the concentration, annual transport, and annual mean concentration of selected agricultural chemicals in midwestern rivers. Multiple linear regression models were not very successful (R-2 from 0.162 to 0.517) in explaining the variance in observed agricultural chemical concentrations during post-planting runoff. Logistic regression models were somewhat more successful, correctly matching the observed concentration category in 61-80% of observations. Linear and multiple linear regression models were moderately successful (R-2 from 0.522 to 0.995) in explaining the variance in observed annual transport and annual mean concentration of agricultural chemicals. Explanatory variables that were commonly significant in the regression models include estimates of agricultural chemical use, crop acreage, soil characteristics, and basin topography. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Battaglin, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DFC,BOX 25046,MS 406,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 196 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5 PG 25 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XM706 UT WOS:A1997XM70600001 ER PT J AU Webb, GE Sando, WJ Raymond, A AF Webb, GE Sando, WJ Raymond, A TI Mississippian coral latitudinal diversity gradients (western interior United States): Testing the limits of high resolution diversity data SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLIMATE AB Analysis of high resolution diversity data for Mississippian corals in the western interior United States yielded mild latitudinal diversity gradients despite the small geographic area covered by samples and a large influence on diversity patterns by geographic sampling intensity (sample bias). Three competing plate tectonic reconstructions were tested using the diversity patterns. Although none could be forcefully rejected, one reconstruction proved less consistent with diversity patterns than the other two and additional coral diversity data from farther north in Canada would better discriminate the two equivalent reconstructions. Despite the relatively high sampling intensity represented by the analyzed database, diversity patterns were greatly affected by sample abundance and distribution. Hence, some effort at recognizing and accounting for sample bias should be undertaken in any study of latitudinal diversity gradients. Small-scale geographic lumping of sample localities had only small effects on geographic diversity patterns. However, large-scale (e.g., regional) geographic lumping of diversity data may not yield latitudinally sensitive diversity patterns. Temporal changes in coral diversity in this region reflect changes in eustacy, local tectonism, and terrigenous sediment flux, far more than they do shifting latitude. Highest regional diversity occurred during the interval when the studied region occupied the highest latitude. Therefore, diversity data from different regions may not be comparable, in terms of latitudinal inference. Small-scale stratigraphic lumping of the data caused a nearly complete loss of the latitudinal diversity patterns apparent prior to lumping. Hence, the narrowest possible stratigraphic resolution should be maintained in analyzing latitudinal diversity gradients. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RI Webb, Gregory/B-4481-2011 OI Webb, Gregory/0000-0002-9206-978X NR 40 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 71 IS 5 BP 780 EP 791 PG 12 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA YA583 UT WOS:A1997YA58300003 ER PT J AU Neuman, RB AF Neuman, RB TI Famatinorthis cf. f. turneri Levy and Nullo, 1973 (Brachiopoda, Orthida) from the Shin Brook Formation (Ordovician, Arenig) in Maine SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARGENTINE PRECORDILLERA; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; LAURENTIA; TERRANE; IAPETUS AB Famatinorthis cf. F. turneri Levy and Nullo, 1973, is an abundant component of a poorly preserved brachiopod assemblage in volcaniclastic rocks at one locality in the Arenig age Shin Brook Formation in northeastern Maine. The brachiopod assemblage of the Shin Brook Formation has been classed as a Celtic biogeographic assemblage that is interpreted to have lived in cool water at mid-to high peri-Gondwanan latitudes. Famatinorthis turneri sensu stricto is one of the six brachiopod species known from coeval volcanics-rich rocks of continental margin affinities in the Famatina Range of northwestern Argentina; the presence of its congener in Maine supports the Celtic affinities of the Famatina assemblage, but its Ordovician location remains cryptic. RP Neuman, RB (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST, NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST, MRC 137, DEPT PALEOBIOL, US GEOL SURVEY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-3360 EI 1937-2337 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 71 IS 5 BP 812 EP 815 PG 4 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA YA583 UT WOS:A1997YA58300005 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB AF Coplen, TB TI Atomic weights of the elements 1995 (Reprinted from International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry from Pure Appl. Chem. vol 68, pg 2339, 1996) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Reprint DE atomic weight; critical evaluation; elements; isotopic composition ID ABSOLUTE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; MASS EVALUATION; HALF-LIVES; ABUNDANCES; METEORITES; NUCLIDES; CERIUM; GRAINS; RATIOS AB The biennial review of atomic weight, A(r)(E), determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weight of 21 elements. The five most significant changes are: boron from 10.811+/-0.005 to 10.811+/-0.007; carbon from 12.011+/-0.001 to 12.0107+/-0.0008; arsenic from 74.92159+/-0.00002 to 74.92160+/-0.00002; cerium from 140.115+/-0.004 to 140.116+/-0.001; and platinum 195.08+/-0.03 to 195.078+/-0.002. An annotation for potassium has been changed in the Table of Standard Atomic Weights. To eliminate possible confusion in the reporting of relative lithium isotope-ratio data, the Commission recommends that such data be expressed using Li-7/Li-6 ratios and that reporting using Li-6/Li-7 ratios be discontinued. Because relative isotope-ratio data for sulfur are commonly being expressed on noncorresponding scales, the Commission recommends that such isotopic data be expressed relative to VCDT (Vienna Canon Diablo Troilite) on a scale such that S-34/S-32 Of IAEAS-1 silver sulfide is 0.9997 times that of VCDT. Many elements have a different isotopic composition in some nonterrestrial materials. Some recent data on oxygen are included in this article for the information of the interested scientific community. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 63 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1239 EP 1253 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA YA867 UT WOS:A1997YA86700004 ER PT J AU Marzluff, JM Vekasy, MS Kochert, MN Steenhof, K AF Marzluff, JM Vekasy, MS Kochert, MN Steenhof, K TI Productivity of golden eagles wearing backpack radiotransmitters SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Aquila chrysaetos; Golden Eagle; productivity; radio-tagging; weather ID RADIO; BEHAVIOR; WEIGHT AB We examined the association between the presence of backpack radiotransmitters and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) reproduction (percentage of occupied territories producing young, and number of nestlings produced) over three years. The association between radio-tagging and nesting success and the number of nestlings produced varied significantly among years. A negative association with tagging was observed in one of three years, which coincided with low prey (jackrabbit) populations and a cold spring. However, small sample size and breeding by subadults may confound this result. C1 GREENFALK CONSULTANTS,BOISE,ID 83709. US GEOL SERV,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOL SCI CTR,RAPTOR RES FIELD STN,BOISE,ID 83706. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 223 EP 227 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XY964 UT WOS:A1997XY96400004 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Ellis, MH Tsengeg, P AF Ellis, DH Ellis, MH Tsengeg, P TI Remarkable Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) breeding records for Mongolia SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Saker Falcon; Falco cherrug; proximal nesting; Mongolian birds; nesting situations; Upland Buzzard; Buteo hemilasius AB During 1994-95 surveys, we located over 80 Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) breeding sites in Mongolia. Over half of the sites had features that were in some way remarkable or previously undescribed in the scientific literature. Ten were on utility poles, two on bridges, three on abandoned buildings and one was on a truck tire on a pole. Seven sites were very near buzzard nests and two more were in buzzard nests that were used the same season. Five sites were on cliff tops accessible by walking. Four were on very short cliffs, two were on broken/sloping cliffs and one was at the base of a cliff. Five were on the tops of stone pillars. Six were in very short elm trees. Nest composition was also sometimes remarkable: one was a suspended uric acid (excrement) platform without underlying support, three were trash nests and two were composed largely of bones. C1 INST RAPTOR STUDIES,ORACLE,AZ 85623. MONGOLIAN STATE UNIV,ULAANBAATAR,MONGOL PEO REP. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 234 EP 240 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XY964 UT WOS:A1997XY96400006 ER PT J AU Steenhof, K Peterson, BE AF Steenhof, K Peterson, BE TI Double brooding by American Kestrels in Idaho SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Falco sparverius; American Kestrel; renesting; Idaho; double brooding RP Steenhof, K (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,SNAKE RIVER FIELD STN,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,BOISE,ID 83706, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 274 EP 276 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XY964 UT WOS:A1997XY96400012 ER PT J AU Garces, MA McNutt, SR AF Garces, MA McNutt, SR TI Theory of the airborne sound field generated in a resonant magma conduit SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcano acoustics; explosions; volcano seismology; volcanic tremor; eruption mechanisms ID VOLCANIC TREMOR; EXCITATION AB Explosive sources triggered inside a magma conduit may excite the conduit into acoustic resonance. The acoustic field in the conduit can propagate into the atmosphere through an open vent and ensonify the overlying atmosphere. The character of the airborne sound field is determined by a combination of propagation and source effects: the resonance of the magmatic conduit and the diffraction of the sound field at the volcanic vent are acoustic propagation effects, whereas the explosion pressure signature and the firing rate of the explosions define the source characteristics. For wavelengths larger than the conduit radius, only the longitudinal resonances of the magmatic conduit are relevant, and the open vent radiates like a piston surrounded by an infinite baffle. In this case, the fluid particle velocities are directed along the axis of the conduit and the sound field may propagate into the surrounding bedrock through the conduit wall displacement induced by the fluid overpressure. This coupling may produce seismic signals with banded spectra, such as volcanic tremor and long-period events. The airborne pressure field retains the modal structure of the sound field in the magmatic conduit, which contains information on the conduit geometry and gee-acoustic properties of the magma. The seismic wavefield is driven by the acoustic field in the magma and also contains this information, although it may be filtered by propagation effects in the bedrock. The theoretical sound field in the magma conduit is used to interpret seismic tremor signals recorded at Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska. Rapid variations in the acoustic impedance of the magma conduit terminations can create systematic changes in the tremor spectra, which can be used to monitor changes in the magmatic system. The results of the modelling illustrate the difference between source effects and conduit resonance, as well as the value of seismoacoustic measurements in volcanic environments. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP UNIV ALASKA, INST GEOPHYS, ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. NR 32 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 78 IS 3-4 BP 155 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00018-8 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YD518 UT WOS:A1997YD51800001 ER PT J AU Signell, RP List, JH AF Signell, RP List, JH TI Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay SO JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; WIND; MODEL; CURRENTS; HARBOR AB Massachusetts Bay is a shallow (35 m average depth) semienclosed embayment, roughly 100 X 50 km, which opens into the Gulf of Maine at its eastern boundary. Surface waves associated with winter storm winds from the northeast cause large sediment resuspension events, and wave and circulation fields during these events have a quasi-steady response to the wind stress. Coupled wave, circulation, and boundary layer models indicate that wave-enhanced bottom friction has a significant damping effect on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay. The simulated response exhibits significant three-dimensional structure, but still can be fundamentally understood using idealized models. The depth-integrated momentum balance is dominated by along-bay stress, pressure gradient, and bottom stress. The effective bottom drag coefficient during typical storm conditions is increased by a factor of 2-5 when wave effects are included, but the mean bottom stress is relatively unaffected by wave effects due to a reduction in bottom currents by 30-50%. The vertical mixing is also relatively unaffected by the waves, and the result is that the increased drag causes a nearly depth-independent offset of the vertical current profiles. The alongshore transport in the bay is reduced 10-50%, depending on wind direction. RP Signell, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,384 WOODS HOLE RD,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-950X J9 J WATERW PORT C-ASCE JI J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 5 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:5(233) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XR752 UT WOS:A1997XR75200003 ER PT J AU Reinfelder, JR Wang, WX Luoma, SN Fisher, NS AF Reinfelder, JR Wang, WX Luoma, SN Fisher, NS TI Assimilation efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine bivalves: a comparison of oysters, clams and mussels SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC FOOD-CHAINS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; MACOMA-BALTHICA; METALS; ACCUMULATION; BIOKINETICS; RETENTION; AMERICIUM; COPEPODS AB Assimilation efficiencies (AEs) and physiological turnover-rate constants (k) of six trace elements (Ag, Am, Cd, Co, Se, Zn)in four marine bivalves (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, Macoma balthica Linnaeus, Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus, and Mytilus edulis Linnaeus) were measured in radiotracer-depuration experiments. Egestion rates of unassimilated elements were highest during the first 24 h of depuration and declined thereafter. Significant egestion of unassimilated Co, however, continued for up to 5d in Macoma balthica, Mercenaria mercenaria and Mytilus edulis. With the exception of the extremely low values for Ag-110m, Cd-109, and Zn-65 in C. virginica, physiological turnover-rate constants (ii) showed no general pattern of variation among elements, bivalve species or food types, and were relatively invariant. Values from less than or equal to 0.001 to 0.1 d(-1) were observed, but excluding those for Co, most values were less than or equal to 0.04 d(-1). In all four species, the AEs of Ag, Am, and Co were generally lower than those of Cd, Se, and Zn. The AEs of Ag, Cd, Se, and Zn in these bivalves are directly related to the proportion of each element in the cytoplasmic fraction of ingested phytoplankton, indicating that >80% of elements in a prey alga's cytoplasm was assimilated. C. virginica, Macoma balthica, and Mercenaria mercenaria assimilated similar to 36% of the Ag and Cd associated with the noncytoplasmic (membrane/organelle) fraction of ingested cells in addition to the cytoplasmic fraction. The ratio of AE:k, which is proportional to the consumer-prey trace-element bioaccumulation factor (concentration in consumer:concentration in prey) was generally greater for Cd, Se, and Zn than for Ag, Am, and Co. This ratio was lowest in Mytilus edulis, suggesting that this bivalve, the most widely employed organism in global biomonitoring, is relatively inefficient at accumulating important elements such as Ag, Cd, and Zn from ingested phytoplankton. C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,MARINE SCI RES CTR,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Reinfelder, JR (reprint author), RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,POB 231,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903, USA. RI Wang, Wen-Xiong/E-7254-2011; Reinfelder, John/C-7214-2016 OI Reinfelder, John/0000-0002-3737-604X NR 40 TC 105 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 129 IS 3 BP 443 EP 452 DI 10.1007/s002270050185 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YA969 UT WOS:A1997YA96900006 ER PT J AU Calvin, WM King, TVV AF Calvin, WM King, TVV TI Spectral characteristics of iron-bearing phyllosilicates: Comparison to Orgueil (CI1), Murchison and Murray (CM2) SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; MU-M; MINERALS; MATRIX; METEORITES; INDICATORS; ASTEROIDS; UV AB Phyllosilicate alteration minerals are commonly found in low petrologic types of carbonaceous chondrites. Previous spectral studies have examined Mg-bearing phyllosilicates with limited success in matching the spectral properties of CM and CI chondrites. Transmission electron microscope and other analytical techniques suggest that Fe-bearing clays are more abundant in CI and CM chondrites than magnesian varieties. Here, we present the results of an examination of the reflectance spectra of Fe-phyllosilicates, including serpentines and berthierines, of which the latter were formerly known as septechlorites. We have measured the diffuse reflectance spectra of powdered samples from 0.3 to 25 mu m. We find that these minerals provide a better spectral match to many of the features seen in CI and CM chondrites, and simple linear combinations of the spectra of both Fe-and Mg-phyllosilicates closely approximate the spectra of CM and CI chondrites. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Calvin, WM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 44 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 693 EP 701 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XX828 UT WOS:A1997XX82800011 ER PT J AU Orem, WH Colman, SM Lerch, HE AF Orem, WH Colman, SM Lerch, HE TI Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: application to paleoenvironmental studies SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT V M Goldschmidt Conference on Organic Geochemistry of Paleoclimatic Markers - Production, Preservation and Modeling CY MAY 25, 1995 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PENNSYLVANIA SP Geochem Soc, Organ Geochem Div, Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem HO PENN STATE UNIV DE lignin; Lake Baikal; sediments; paleoclimate; organic carbon; total nitrogen ID SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; BIOGENIC SILICA; RIFT-ZONE; GEOCHEMISTRY; COASTAL; SOIL AB Sediments from three cores obtained from distinct depositional environments in Lake Baikal, Siberia were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and lignin phenol concentration and composition. Results were used to examine changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during climatic cycles of the late Quaternary (<125 ka). Average organic carbon, and total nitrogen concentrations, atomic C/N ratios and organic carbon accumulation rates were significantly higher in the Holocene compared with the late Pleistocene, reflecting overall warmer temperatures and increased runoff during the Holocene. A Holocene maximum in organic carbon was observed at about 6 ka, and may represent the warmest/wettest period of the Holocene. At one site (Academician Ridge) pronounced late Pleistocene maxima in organic carbon and biogenic silica were observed at about 80-85 ka, probably indicative of an interstadial period with enhanced aquatic productivity. Total sedimentary lignin phenol contents were generally lower in the late Pleistocene compared to the Holocene, but with several peaks in concentration during the late Pleistocene. These late Pleistocene peaks in total sedimentary lignin content (dated at about 80, 50 and 30 ka) directly precede or occur during peaks in sedimentary biogenic silica contents. These periods likely represent relatively warm interstadial times, with increased precipitation producing the observed increase in terrestrial runoff and aquatic productivity. Lignin phenol ratios (S/V, C/V and P/V) were used to examine changes in terrestrial vegetation type resulting from changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during the late Pleistocene. A degree of caution must be used in the interpretation of these ratios with regard to vegetation sources and paleoenvironmental conditions, because of potential compositional changes in lignin resulting from biodegradation. Nevertheless, results show that long glacial periods were characterized by terrestrial vegetation composed of a mix of non-woody angiosperm vegetation and minor gymnosperm forest. Shorter interstadial periods are defined by a change to dominant gymnosperm forest and were observed at about 80, 75, 63, 50 and 30 ka, ranging from about 2-6 kyr in duration. These interstadial periods of the late Pleistocene defined by lignin phenol ratios generally occur during longer periods of enhanced sedimentary biogenic silica content (about 10-15 ka in duration), providing corroborative evidence of these warm interstadial periods. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Orem, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 61 TC 30 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 153 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00079-X PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ252 UT WOS:000071366700006 ER PT J AU Winograd, IJ Landwehr, JM Ludwig, KR Coplen, TB Riggs, AC AF Winograd, IJ Landwehr, JM Ludwig, KR Coplen, TB Riggs, AC TI Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HOLE CALCITE VEIN; DEVILS-HOLE; MILANKOVITCH THEORY; SEA-LEVEL; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; CLIMATIC RECORD; ANTARCTIC ICE; GREAT-BASIN; CORALS; NEVADA AB Reanalysis and additional dating of the Devils Hole delta(18)O paleotemperature record confirm that the last interglaciation in the Great Basin (the continental analog of marine isotopic substage 5e) lasted similar to 22,000 yr, consistent with the Vostok paleotemperature record which suggests a duration of similar to 19,000 yr for this event in Antarctica. The three preceding interglaciations in the Devils Hole record (analogs of marine isotopic substages 7e, 9c, and 11c) range from 20,000 to 26,000 yr in duration. A similar to 20,000-yr duration for the last interglaciation is consistent with TIMS uranium-series dated sea-level high stands. Thus, the widely held view that interglaciations were of 11,000- to 13,000-yr duration and constituted only about 10% of mid-to-late Pleistocene climatic cycles needs reexamination. The warmest portion of each interglaciation in the Devils Hole time series is marked by a delta(18)O plateau, signifying apparent climatic stability for periods of 10,000- to 15,000-yr duration. (C) 1997 University of Washington. C1 BERKELEY GEOCHRONOL CTR,BERKELEY,CA 94709. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP Winograd, IJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 432,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 68 TC 175 Z9 188 U1 4 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 48 IS 2 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1918 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YD930 UT WOS:A1997YD93000001 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Stafford, TW Swinehart, JB Cowherd, SD Mahan, SA Bush, CA Madole, RF Maat, PB AF Muhs, DR Stafford, TW Swinehart, JB Cowherd, SD Mahan, SA Bush, CA Madole, RF Maat, PB TI Late Holocene eolian activity in the mineralogically mature Nebraska sand hills SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PRECISION BIDECADAL CALIBRATION; RADIOCARBON TIME SCALE; GREAT-PLAINS; NORTH-AMERICA; USA; DEPOSITION; SEDIMENTS; PATTERNS; COLORADO; CARBON AB The age of sand dunes in the Nebraska Sand Hills has been controversial, with some investigators suggesting a full-glacial age and others suggesting that they were last active in the late Holocene. New accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages of unaltered bison bones and organic-rich sediments suggest that eolian sand deposition occurred at least twice in the past 3000 C-14 yr B.P. in three widely separated localities and as many as three times in the past 800 C-14 Yr at three other localities, These late Holocene episodes of eolian activity are probably the result of droughts more intense than the 1930s ''Dust Bowl'' period, based on independent Great Plains climate records from lake sediments and tree rings, However, new geochemical data indicate that the Nebraska Sand Hills are mineralogically mature, Eolian sands in Nebraska have lower K-feldspar (and K2O, Rb, and Pa) contents than most possible source sediments and lower K-feldspar contents than dunes of similar age in Colorado, The most likely explanation for mineralogical maturity is reduction of sand-sized K-feldspar to silt-sized particles via ballistic impacts due to strong winds over many cycles of eolian activity. Therefore, dunes of the Nebraska Sand Hills must have had a long history, probably extending over more than one glacial-interglacial cycle, and the potential for reactivation is high, with or without a future greenhouse warming, (C) 1997 University of Washington. C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,CTR GEOCHRONOL RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV NEBRASKA,CONSERVAT & SURVEY DIV,LINCOLN,NE 68588. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 980,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 60 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 48 IS 2 BP 162 EP 176 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1913 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YD930 UT WOS:A1997YD93000003 ER PT J AU Fullerton, DS AF Fullerton, DS TI Sangamon and Sangamonian time divisions, chronostratigraphic unit, and Geosol - Clarification of terminology SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS; ILLINOIS; ABSENCE RP Fullerton, DS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 913,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 48 IS 2 BP 247 EP 248 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1915 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YD930 UT WOS:A1997YD93000011 ER PT J AU Curry, BB Pavich, MJ AF Curry, BB Pavich, MJ TI Untitled - Response SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID UNITED-STATES; ILLINOIS; STRATIGRAPHY; GLACIATIONS; VEGETATION; ABSENCE; CLIMATE; BP C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Curry, BB (reprint author), ILLINOIS STATE GEOL SURVEY,615 E PEABODY DR,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820, USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 48 IS 2 BP 249 EP 250 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1914 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YD930 UT WOS:A1997YD93000012 ER PT J AU Johnston, MJS AF Johnston, MJS TI Review of electric and magnetic fields accompanying seismic and volcanic activity SO SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE earthquakes; volcanoes; electric fields; magnetic fields; mechanics; prediction ID LA-FOURNAISE VOLCANO; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; LONG VALLEY CALDERA; OSHIMA VOLCANO; ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS; STATISTICAL EVALUATION; REUNION-ISLAND; LATEST ASPECTS; ROCK FRACTURE; UNZEN VOLCANO AB New observations of magnetic, electric and electromagnetic field variations, possibly related to recent volcanic and seismic events, have been obtained on Mt. Unzen in Japan, Reunion Island in Indian Ocean, the Long Valley volcanic caldera in California, and for faults in China and Russia, California and several other locations. For volcanic events, contributions from different physical processes can be identified during the various eruption stages. Slow processes (weeks to months) include near-surface thermal demagnetization effects, piezomagnetic effects, and effects from rotation/displacement of magnetized material. Rapid processes (seconds to days) include piezomagnetic effects from instantaneous stress redistribution with explosive eruptions and electrokinetic effects from rupture of high pressure fluid compartments commonly encountered in volcanic regions. For seismic events, the observed coseismic offsets are instantaneous, provided care has been taken to ensure sensors are insensitive to seismic shaking and are in regions of low magnetic field gradient, Simple piezomagnetic dislocation models based on geodetically and seismically determined fault parameters generally match the observed signals in size and sign. Electrokinetic effects resulting from rupture of fluid filled compartments at hydrostatic to lithostatic pore pressures can generate transient signals in the frequency band 100 Hz to 0.01 Hz. However, large-scale fluid driven processes are not evident in near-field measurements in the epicentral region minutes to weeks before large earthquakes. The subset of ionospheric disturbances generated by trapped atmospheric pressure waves (also termed gravity waves and/or acoustic waves, traveling ionospheric disturbances or TID's) that are excited by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common and propagate to great distances. These are known and expected consequences of earthquakes, volcanic explosions (and other atmospheric disturbances), that must be identified and their effects removed from VLF/ULF electromagnetic field records before associating new observations of ionospheric disturbances with earthquake activity. RP Johnston, MJS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94035 USA. NR 147 TC 162 Z9 171 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-3298 J9 SURV GEOPHYS JI Surv. Geophys. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 18 IS 5 BP 441 EP 475 DI 10.1023/A:1006500408086 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB552 UT WOS:A1997YB55200001 ER PT J AU Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA AF Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA TI Factors influencing behavior and transferability of habitat models for a benthic stream fish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VIRGINIA STREAMS; SYSTEMS; TEMPLET AB We examined the predictive power and transferability of habitat-based models by comparing associations of tangerine darter Percina aurantiaca and stream habitat at local and regional scales in North Fork Holston River (NFHR) and Little River, Virginia. Our models correctly predicted the presence or absence of tangerine darters in NFHR for 64% (local model) and 78% (regional model) of the sampled habitat-units (i.e., pools, runs, riffles). The distribution of tangerine darters apparently was influenced more by regional variables than local variables. Data from Little River and 37 historical records from Virginia were used to assess transferability of our models developed from NFHR data. In general, the models did not transfer well to Little River; all models predicted that either no (regional model) or few (local model) habitat-units in Little River would contain tangerine darter even though the species was observed in 83% of the habitat-units sampled. Conversely, the regional model correctly predicted presence of tangerine darters for 95% of the historical records. Principal components analysis showed extensive overlap in NFHR and Little River habitat which suggests that the two streams are ecologically similar. The suitability of Little River for tangerine darters was shown more clearly by principal components analysis than by our models. Because different limiting factors may apply in different systems, the elimination of potentially important ecological variables may compromise model transferability. A hierarchical approach to habitat modeling, with regard to variable retention, may improve transferability of habitat models. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Ctr Aquat Technol Transfer, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Coldwater Fisheries Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Leftwich, KN (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Ctr Aquat Technol Transfer, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 34 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 126 IS 5 BP 725 EP 734 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0725:FIBATO>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM628 UT WOS:000071083800001 ER PT J AU Fleischer, GW Argyle, RL Curtis, GL AF Fleischer, GW Argyle, RL Curtis, GL TI In situ relations of target strength to fish size for great lakes pelagic planktivores SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LINEAR REGRESSIONS; INDIVIDUAL FISH; MICHIGAN; DISTRIBUTIONS; DEPENDENCE; ACOUSTICS; FREQUENCY; FISHERIES; BLOATER; MODELS AB We found mean target strength to be a reliable in situ predictor of fish weight, which allows direct estimation of the pelagic planktivore fish biomass from target strength measurements. Fish were collected by midwater trawling concurrent with target strength measurements (120-kHz frequency) in Lake Michigan. The mean weight of fish caught ranged from 2 to 71 g and mean target strength ranged from -54.9 to -38.0 decibels. Changes in mean target strength explained 73% of the variability in mean weight for combinations of various planktivore species, principally rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, bloaters Coregonus hoyi, and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus. Bloaters were found to be less acoustically reflective than the other pelagic species, and a linear repression model with a classification variable was used to predict weight from target strength for bloaters and for the other species. We demonstrated that variations in the backscattering properties of different fish species must be considered to obtain accurate acoustic-based estimates of fish biomass. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Fleischer, GW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 47 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 126 IS 5 BP 786 EP 794 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0786:ISROTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM628 UT WOS:000071083800006 ER PT J AU Cole, MB Moring, JR AF Cole, MB Moring, JR TI Relation of adult size to movements and distribution of smallmouth bass in a central Maine lake SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURES; HABITAT; FISHES; RIVER AB Forty-four smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu of three size-classes were radiotracked in Green Lake, Maine, during summer 1993 (10 June-1 September) to determine whether adult size influenced distribution and movement. Large smallmouth bass (>406 mm) used deep water (>8 m) more often than did small (248-279 mm) or medium-sized (305-356 mm) smallmouth bass during the late summer (15 July-1 September). Large smallmouth bass also were found at middepths (4-8 m) significantly more often than were small individuals during late summer. Small fish used cover more frequently than large ones during early summer (10 June-13 July). Both small and medium-sized individuals were associated with cover more frequently than large smallmouth bass were during the late summer. Small smallmouth bass exhibited significantly smaller summer total ranges than did large individuals, and mean active displacement differed among all three size-classes. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Cole, MB (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 113 Merkle Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 126 IS 5 BP 815 EP 821 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0815:ROASTM>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM628 UT WOS:000071083800009 ER PT J AU Gray, EV Boltz, JM Kellogg, KA Stauffer, JR AF Gray, EV Boltz, JM Kellogg, KA Stauffer, JR TI Food resource partitioning by nine sympatric darter species SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ETHEOSTOMA-FLABELLARE; SELECTIVE PREDATION; FEEDING CHRONOLOGY; STREAM FISHES; RIVER SYSTEM; PERCIDAE; OVERLAP; RAINBOW; FANTAIL; ECOLOGY AB We compared the diets among members of the diverse darter community of French Creek, Pennsylvania, in relation to seasonal prey availability, feeding ontogeny, and sex. Prey taxa and size attributes were characterized for nine syntopic darter species; taxon, size, and availability of macroinvertebrate prey were also analyzed from Surber samples. In general, darters fed opportunistically on immature insects; few taxa were consumed in greater proportions than they were found in the environment. Some variation in diet composition was expressed, however, among different life stages and species. Juvenile darters consumed smaller prey and more chironomids than did adults. Etheostoma blennioides and E. zonale consumed the fewest taxa (2-3), whereas E. maculatum, E. variatum, and Percina evides had the most diverse diets (7-10 taxa). Etheostoma maculatum, E. flabellare, E. variatum, and P. evides consumed larger prey (1-13 mm in standard length), whereas E. blennioides, E. caeruleum, E. camurum, E. tippecanoe, and E. zonale rarely consumed prey longer than 6 mm. Percina evides fed on larger prey, fewer chironomids, and more fish eggs than Etheostoma species. Females consumed more prey than males and overlapped less in diet composition with males during the spawning season than afterwards. Fish diets did not seem related to habitat use. Greater trophic partitioning was observed in April, when prey resources were scarce, than in July, when prey were abundant. Darter species fed opportunistically when prey were dense, whereas they partitioned food resources mainly through the prey size dimension when prey were less abundant. The divergence of darter diets during a period of low food availability may be attributed to interspecific competition. Alternatively, the greater abundance of large prey in April may have facilitated better prey size selectivity, resulting in less overlap among darter species. C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EA Engn Sci & Technol, Hunt Valley, MD 21031 USA. RP Gray, EV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Route 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 47 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 126 IS 5 BP 822 EP 840 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0822:FRPBNS>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM628 UT WOS:000071083800010 ER PT J AU Katupitiya, A Eisenhauer, DE Ferguson, RB Spalding, RF Roeth, FW Bobier, MW AF Katupitiya, A Eisenhauer, DE Ferguson, RB Spalding, RF Roeth, FW Bobier, MW TI Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on residual nitrate in the crop root zone and nitrate accumulation in the intermediate vadose zone SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE tillage; crop rotation; root zone; nitrates; intermediate vadose zone; leaching ID NITROGEN; SOILS; NITRIFICATION; SEDIMENT; MOVEMENT; SYSTEMS; LOSSES; CORN AB Tillage influences the physical and biological environment of soil. Rotation of crops with a legume affects the soil N status. A furrow irrigated site was investigated for long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on leaching of nitrate from the root zone and accumulation in the intermediate vadose zone (IVZ). The investigated tillage systems were disk plant (DP), ridge-till (RT) and slot-plant (SP). These tillage treatments have been maintained on the Hastings silt loam (Udic Argiustoll) and Crete silt loam (Pachic Argiustoll) soils since 1976. Continuous corn (CC) and corn soybean (CS) rotations were the subtreatments. Since 1984, soybeans have been grown in CS plots in even calendar years. All tillage treatments received the same N rate. The N rate varied annually depending on the root zone residual N. Soybeans were not fertilized with N-fertilizer. Samples for residual nitrate in the root zone were taken in 8 of the 15 year study while the IVZ was only sampled at the end of the study. In seven of eight years, root zone residual soil nitrate-N levels were greater with DP than RT and SP. Residual nitrate-N amounts were similar in RT and SP in all years. Despite high residual nitrate-N with DP and the same N application rate, crop yields were higher in RT and SP except when DP had an extremely high root zone nitrate level. By applying the same N rates on all tillage treatments, DP may have been fertilized in excess of crop need. Higher residual nitrate-N in DP was most likely due to a combination of increased mineralization with tillage and lower yield compared to RT and SP. Because of higher nitrate availability with DP, the potential for nitrate leaching from the root zone was greater with DP as compared to the RT and SP tillage systems. Spring residual nitrate-N contents of DP were larger than RT and SP in both crop rotations. Ridge till and SP systems had greater nitrate-N with CS than CC rotations. Nitrate accumulation in IVZ at the upstream end of the field was twice as high with DP compared to RT and SP. At the downstream end, it was 2.4 and 1.6 times greater with DP than RT and ST: respectively. Nitrate concentration was greater in the IVZ of DP compared to RT and SP tillage systems. Nitrate accumulations in IVZ of RT and SP were not different. Continuous corn had slightly higher nitrate levels in NZ than CS. The depth of nitrate penetration at the upstream end was greater than that of the downstream end. Estimated rates of nitrate movement ranged from 0.87 to 0.92 m yr(-1) at the upstream end and 0.73 to 0.78 m yr(-1) at the downstream end. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. US GEOL SURVEY,IOWA CITY,IA. CHARLES STURT UNIV,BATHURST,NSW 2795,AUSTRALIA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1321 EP 1327 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YD156 UT WOS:A1997YD15600012 ER PT J AU Lent, RM Alexander, CR AF Lent, RM Alexander, CR TI Mercury accumulation in Devils Lake, North Dakota - Effects of environmental variation in closed-basin lakes on mercury chronologies SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE mercury; mercury accumulation; mercury deposition; North Dakota; saline lakes; sediment cores ID SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION; DEPOSITION; WATER; MINNESOTA; LOADINGS; ONTARIO; PB-210; CANADA; RATES; FISH AB Sediment cores were collected from lakes in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota to determine if mercury (Hg) accumulation chronologies from sediment-core data are good indicators of variations in Hg accumulation rates in saline lakes. Sediment cores from Creel Bay and Main Bay, Devils Lake were selected for detailed analysis and interpretation. The maximum Hg concentration in the Creel Bay core was 0.15 micrograms per gram at 8 to 9 centimeters. The maximum Hg concentration in the Main Bay core was 0.07 micrograms per gram at 5 to 7 centimeters. The general decreases in Hg concentrations with depth are attributed to historic variations in atmospheric Hg deposition rate. Hg stratigraphies combined with Pb-210 and (CS)-C-137 dating analyses yield Hg chronologies that indicate a general increase in Hg accumulation rates in Devils Lake since the middle of the 19th century. Mean modern Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 4.9 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.8 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Mean preindustrial Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 1.2 nanograms per square centimeter per year, acid rates in Main Bay were 1.6 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Relatively low Hg concentrations in recent sediments in the Devils Lake Basin, along with similarities in Hg accumulation rates between lakes in the Devils Lake Basin and other lakes in the northern interior of North America, indicate that local sources of Hg are not important sources of Hg. Results of the study indicate that accurate Hg chronologies are discernible in sediment cores collected from saline lakes. However, spatial and temporal variations in lake level and water chemistry common to saline lakes make interpretation of radioisotopic and geochemical chronologies difficult. Hg geochemistry in Devils Lake, and presumably in other saline lakes, is dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the absolute amount of sediment transported to Devils Lake, along with the associated Hg and total organic carbon, and the distribution of sedimentation patterns in Devils Lake may be affected by changing lake levels. C1 SKIDAWAY INST OCEANOG,SAVANNAH,GA 31411. RP Lent, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,821 E INTERSTATE AVE,BISMARCK,ND 58501, USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 98 IS 3-4 BP 275 EP 296 DI 10.1007/BF02047039 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA XT023 UT WOS:A1997XT02300006 ER PT J AU Cohn, TA Lane, WL Baier, WG AF Cohn, TA Lane, WL Baier, WG TI An algorithm for computing moments-based flood quantile estimates when historical flood information is available SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY WEIGHTED MOMENTS; ASYMPTOTIC STANDARD ERROR; FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; PEARSON TYPE-3; CENSORED-DATA; PALEOFLOOD INFORMATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; HYDROLOGY; SAMPLES AB This paper presents the expected moments algorithm (EMA), a simple and efficient method for incorporating historical and paleoflood information into flood frequency studies. EMA can utilize three types of at-site flood information: systematic stream gage record; information about the magnitude of historical floods; and knowledge of the number of years in the historical period when no large flood occurred. EMA employs an iterative procedure to compute method-of-moments parameter estimates. Initial parameter estimates are calculated from systematic stream gage data. These moments are then updated by including the measured historical peaks and the expected moments, given the previously estimated parameters, of the below-threshold floods from the historical period. The updated moments result in new parameter estimates, and the last two steps are repeated until the algorithm converges. Monte Carlo simulations compare EMA, Bulletin 17B's [United States Water Resources Council, 1982] historically weighted moments adjustment, and maximum likelihood estimators when fitting the three parameters of the log-Pearson type III distribution. These simulations demonstrate that EMA is more efficient than the Bulletin 17B method, and that it is nearly as efficient as maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The experiments also suggest that EMA has two advantages over MLE when dealing with the log-Pearson type III distribution: It appears that EMA estimates always exist and that they are unique, although neither result has been proven. EMA can be used with binomial or interval-censored data and with any distributional family amenable to method-of-moments estimation. C1 US BUR RECLAMAT,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Cohn, TA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,MS 415,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 41 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 33 IS 9 BP 2089 EP 2096 DI 10.1029/97WR01640 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XU473 UT WOS:A1997XU47300004 ER PT J AU Schroeder, RL Vangilder, LD AF Schroeder, RL Vangilder, LD TI Tests of wildlife habitat models to evaluate oak-mast production SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE acorn; habitat; mast; model; oak; Quercus spp.; wildlife AB We measured oak-mast production and forest structure and composition in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and tested the accuracy of oak-mast prediction variables from 5 Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) species models. Acorn production was positively associated with several measures of abundance and canopy cover of oak trees, and with an index of mast production for all 5 HSI models. We developed 2 modified oak-mast models, based on inputs related to either oak tree density or oak canopy cover and diversity of oak tree species, The revised models accounted for 22-32% of the variance associated with acorn abundance. Future tests of HSI models should consider: (1) the concept of upper limits imposed by habitat and the effects of nonhabitat factors; (2) the benefits of a top-down approach to model development; and (3) testing models across broad geographic regions. C1 MISSOURI DEPT CONSERVAT,FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP Schroeder, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,MIDCONTINENT ECOL SCI CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 639 EP 646 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300015 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Portwood, J AF Twedt, DJ Portwood, J TI Bottomland hardwood reforestation for Neotropical migratory birds: Are we missing the forest for the trees SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bottomland hardwood forests; cottonwood; economics; Neotropical migratory birds; oak; Populus deltoides; Quercus; reforestation ID ENERGY; CROPS C1 CROWN VANTAGE,FITLER MANAGED FOREST,ROLLING FORK,MS 39159. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,MISSISSIPPI VALLEY RES FIELD STN,2524 S FRONTAGE RD,VICKSBURG,MS 39180, USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 46 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 647 EP 652 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300016 ER PT J AU Williams, BK AF Williams, BK TI Approaches to the management of waterfowl under uncertainty SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; uncertainty; waterfowl ID ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; MALLARD SURVIVAL; OPTIMIZATION; POPULATIONS; HARVESTS RP Williams, BK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,N AMER WATERFOWL & WETLANDS OFF,4401 N FAIRFAX DR,ROOM 110,ARLINGTON,VA 22201, USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 714 EP 720 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300027 ER PT J AU Wilson, KA Wilson, MH Field, R AF Wilson, KA Wilson, MH Field, R TI Behavior of Puerto Rican parrots during failed nesting attempts SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB We compared patterns of nesting behavior of four pairs of Puerto Rican Parrots (Amazona vittata) that experienced failed nesting attempts to behavior of four pairs of parrots that experienced no substantial nest problems and successfully fledged young without management intervention. Only changes in female parrots' behavior were clearly associated with nest failure. During incubation, decreases in nest attendance, increases in duration of recesses, and increases in frequency of nest entries by female parrots were associated with imminent abandonment of nests. During early chick rearing, similar behavior was associated with the loss of broods. Low nest attendance and long recesses by female parrots during incubation were also associated with successful hatching of eggs followed by death of young several days later. The behavior patterns and changes in Puerto Rican Parrot nesting behavior described in this paper may alert biologists to nest problems that might be mitigated by management intervention. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,PUERTO RICO RES GRP,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MASSACHUSETTS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,AMHERST,MA 01003. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 109 IS 3 BP 490 EP 503 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XY843 UT WOS:A1997XY84300010 ER PT J AU Meese, DA Reimnitz, E Tucker, WB Gow, AJ Bischof, J Darby, D AF Meese, DA Reimnitz, E Tucker, WB Gow, AJ Bischof, J Darby, D TI Evidence for radionuclide transport by sea ice SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium and International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL OSLO, NORWAY DE sea ice; sediment; radionuclides; contaminants; AOS-94 ID ENTRAINMENT; SEDIMENTS; ALASKA AB Ice and ice-borne sediments were collected across the Arctic Basin during the Arctic Ocean Section, 1994 (AOS-94), a recent US/Canada trans-Arctic expedition. Sediments were analysed for Cs-137, clay mineralogy and carbon. Concentrations of Cs-137 ranged from 5 to 73 Bq kg(-1) in the ice-borne sediments. Concentrations of ice samples without sediment were all less than 1 Bq m(-3). The sediment sample with the highest Cs-137 concentration (73 Bq kg(-1)) was collected in the Beaufort Sea. This concentration was significantly higher than in bottom sediments collected in the same area, indicating an ice transport mechanism from an area with correspondingly higher concentrations. Recent results from the application of ice transport models and sediment analyses indicate that it is very likely that sediments are transported by ice, from the Siberian shelf areas to the Beaufort Sea. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. OLD DOMINION UNIV, APPL MARINE RES LAB, NORFOLK, VA 23529 USA. RP Meese, DA (reprint author), USA, COLD REG RES & ENGN LAB, 72 LYME RD, HANOVER, NH 03755 USA. RI Darby, Dennis/A-9219-2010 OI Darby, Dennis/0000-0002-3112-9072 NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 25 PY 1997 VL 202 IS 1-3 BP 267 EP 278 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00121-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XL739 UT WOS:A1997XL73900022 ER PT J AU Barg, E Lal, D Pavich, MJ Caffee, MW Southon, JR AF Barg, E Lal, D Pavich, MJ Caffee, MW Southon, JR TI Beryllium geochemistry in soils: evaluation of Be-10/Be-9 ratios in authigenic minerals as a basis for age models SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beryllium geochemistry; authigenic minerals; age models; Be-10/Be-9 ratios; soil ID EROSION; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; PARTITION; PARTICLES; TERRACES; VALLEY AB Soils contain a diverse and complex set of chemicals and minerals. Being an 'open system', both in the chemical and nuclear sense, soils have defied quantitative nuclear dating. However, based on the published studies of the cosmogenic atmospheric Be-10 in soils, its relatively long half-life (1.5 Ma), and the fact that Be-10 gets quickly incorporated in most soil minerals, this radionuclide appears to be potentially the most useful for soil dating. We therefore studied the natural variations in the specific activities of Be-10 with respect to the isotope Be-9 in mineral phases in eight profiles of diverse soils from temperate to tropical climatic regimes and evaluated the implications of the data for determining the time of formation of soil minerals, following an earlier suggestion [Lal et al., 1991. Development of cosmogenic nuclear methods for the study of soil erosion and formation rates. Current Sci. 61, 636-639.]. We find that the Be-10/Be-9 ratios in both bulk soils and in the authigenic mineral phases are confined within a narrower range than in Be-10 concentrations. Also, the highest Be-10/Be-9 ratios in authigenic minerals are observed at the soil-rock interface as predicted by the model. We present model Be-10/Be-9 ages of the B-horizon and the corresponding soil formation rates for several soil profiles. The present study demonstrates that the Be-10/Be-9 ratios in the authigenic phases, e.g. clay and Fe-hydroxides, can indeed be used for obtaining useful model ages for soils younger than 10-15 Ma. However, the present work has to be pushed considerably further, to take into account more realistic age models in which, for instance, downward transport of Be-10 and clays, and in-situ dissolution of clay minerals at depths, altering the Be-10/Be-9 ratios of the acidic solutions, are included. We show that in the case of younger soils (< 1 Ma) studied here, their Be-10 inventories and Be-10/Be-9 ratios have been significantly disturbed possibly by mixing with transported soils. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV GEOL RES,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. RI Caffee, Marc/K-7025-2015 OI Caffee, Marc/0000-0002-6846-8967 NR 44 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 140 IS 3-4 BP 237 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00051-X PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XZ471 UT WOS:A1997XZ47100006 ER PT J AU Basset, A DeAngelis, DL Diffendorfer, JE AF Basset, A DeAngelis, DL Diffendorfer, JE TI The effect of functional response on stability of a grazer population on a landscape SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE stability; functional response; grazer population; landscape model; spatially-explicit model; individual-based model AB The dynamics of interacting consumer and resource populations is one of the most thoroughly studied problems of theoretical population biology. Among the key results from the study of simple mathematical models of interacting populations is that the Holling Type 2 functional response tends to be unstable for a wide range of realistic parameters. Functional responses such as Holling Type 3, which might be thought of as implicitly incorporating the existence of consumer refuges, are more stable than the Type 2. We studied consumer-resource models with these different functional responses on a landscape level by modeling grazers that can disperse across a space of patchily distributed grass resources. For certain assumptions concerning the movement of grazers on the landscape, the effect of these functional responses on stability is reversed; the Holling Type 2 functional response confers greater stability. The reason for this apparently paradoxical result is that the Holling Type 2 functional response allows grazers to graze individual grass patches to lower levels than Type 3, as the energy balance remains favorable for grazing at lower grass biomasses. However, this local overexploitation leads the grazers to be slower in reaching areas of the landscape where resource densities are higher. It decreases the likelihood that the resource will be overexploited over the whole landscape simultaneously, which results in a stronger tendency towards system stability. It appears, then, that consumer overexploitation of resources locally may contribute to lower stability. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV CAGLIARI,DIPARTIMENTO BIOL ANIM & ECOL,CAGLIARI,ITALY. UNIV MIAMI,DEPT BIOL,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,CORAL GABLES,FL 33124. UNIV MIAMI,DEPT BIOL,CORAL GABLES,FL 33124. OI Diffendorfer, James/0000-0003-1093-6948 NR 4 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 2-3 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(97)01975-3 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT774 UT WOS:A1997XT77400002 ER PT J AU Dolan, JF Pratt, TL AF Dolan, JF Pratt, TL TI High-resolution seismic reflection profiling of the Santa Monica Fault Zone, West Los Angeles, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB High-resolution seismic reflection data obtained across the Santa Monica fault in west Los Angeles reveal the near-surface geometry of this active, oblique-reverse-left-lateral fault. Although near-surface fault dips as great as 55 degrees cannot be ruled out, we interpret the fault to dip northward at 30 degrees to 35 degrees in the upper few hundred meters, steepening to greater than or equal to 65 degrees at 1 to 2 km depth. A total of similar to 180 m of near-field thrust separation (fault slip plus drag folding) has occurred on the fault since the development of a prominent erosional surface atop similar to 1.2 Ma strata. In the upper 20 to 40 m strain is partitioned between the north-dipping main thrust strand and several closely spaced, near-vertical strike-slip faults observed in paleoseismologic trenches. The main thrust strand can be traced to within 20 m of the ground surface, suggesting that it breaks through to the surface in large earthquakes. Uplift of a similar to 50,000-year-old alluvial fan surface indicates a short-term, dip-slip rate of similar to 0.5 mm/yr, similar to the similar to 0.6 mm/yr dip-slip rate derived from vertical separation of the oxygen isotope stage 5e marine terrace 3 km west of the study site. If the 0.6 mm/yr minimum, dip-slip-only rate characterizes the entire history of the fault, then the currently active strand of the Santa Monica fault probably began moving within the past similar to 300,000 years. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Dolan, JF (reprint author), UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089, USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 16 BP 2051 EP 2054 DI 10.1029/97GL01940 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XR464 UT WOS:A1997XR46400022 ER PT J AU Christensen, JN Halliday, AN Godfrey, LV Hein, JR Rea, DK AF Christensen, JN Halliday, AN Godfrey, LV Hein, JR Rea, DK TI Climate and ocean dynamics and the lead isotopic records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC; DEEP-SEA; EVOLUTION; SEAWATER; ELEMENTS; NEOGENE; GEOCHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTS; PB-210; BASALT AB As hydrogenous iron-manganese crusts grow, at rates of millimeters per million years, they record changes in the lead isotopic composition of ambient seawater. Time-resolved lead isotopic data for cut slabs of two central Pacific iron-manganese crusts that have been growing since about 50 million years ago were measured in situ by laser ablation, multiple-collector, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The lead isotopic compositions have remained remarkably uniform over the past 30 million years, but the record of small variations corresponds with other paleoceanographic indicators of climate change, including weathering and glaciation. This implies that despite the short residence time of lead in the oceans, global mechanisms may influence lead isotopic compositions in the central Pacific, far from continental inputs, because of changes in weathering, ocean circulation, and degree of mixing. Thus lead isotopic data could be used to probe climate-driven changes in ocean circulation through time. C1 CORNELL UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Christensen, JN (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT GEOL SCI, 2534 CC LITTLE BLDG, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. RI Christensen, John/D-1475-2015 NR 58 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 5328 BP 913 EP 918 DI 10.1126/science.277.5328.913 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XQ985 UT WOS:A1997XQ98500030 ER PT J AU Ponomarev, AV Zavyalov, AD Smirnov, VB Lockner, DA AF Ponomarev, AV Zavyalov, AD Smirnov, VB Lockner, DA TI Physical modeling of the formation and evolution of seismically active fault zones SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IUGG 21st General Assembly, Symposium S JS1 Earthquake Generation Processes - Environmental Aspects and Physical Modelling CY JUL 02-14, 1995 CL BOULDER, CO DE failure; acoustic emission; fractal structure; earthquake ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; B-VALUE; FRACTAL STRUCTURE; SHEAR FRACTURE; ROCK FRACTURE; EARTHQUAKES; GRANITE; STRESS; GROWTH; DIMENSION AB Acoustic emission (AE) in rocks is studied as a model of natural seismicity. A special technique for rock loading has been used to help study the processes that control the development of AE during brittle deformation. This technique allows us to extend to hours fault growth which would normally occur very rapidly. In this way, the period of most intense interaction of acoustic events can be studied in detail. Characteristics of the acoustic regime (AR) include the Gutenberg-Richter b-value, spatial distribution of hypocenters with characteristic fractal (correlation) dimension d, Hurst exponent H, and crack concentration parameter P-c. The fractal structure of AR changes with the onset of the drop in differential stress during sample deformation. The change results from the active interaction of microcracks. This transition of the spatial distribution of AE hypocenters is accompanied by a corresponding change in the temporal correlation of events and in the distribution of event amplitudes as signified by a decrease of b-value. The characteristic structure that develops in the low-energy background AE is similar to the sequence of the strongest microfracture events. When the AR fractal structure develops, the variations of d and b are synchronous and d = 3b. This relation which occurs once the fractal structure is formed only holds for average values of d and b. Time variations of d and b are anticorrelated. The degree of temporal correlation of AR has time variations that are similar to d and b variations. The observed variations in laboratory AE experiments are compared with natural seismicity parameters. The close correspondence between laboratory-scale observations and naturally occurring seismicity suggests a possible new approach for understanding the evolution of complex seismicity patterns in nature. C1 MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV, FAC PHYS, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 91425 USA. RP Ponomarev, AV (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, UIPE, INST SEISMOL, BOL GRUZINSKAYA 10, MOSCOW 123810, RUSSIA. RI Zavyalov, Alexey/G-1231-2013; Ponomarev, Alexander/J-7767-2013; OI Zavyalov, Alexey/0000-0003-3358-4674 NR 80 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 EI 1879-3266 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 81 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00078-4 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YA679 UT WOS:A1997YA67900005 ER PT J AU Wennerberg, L Sharp, RV AF Wennerberg, L Sharp, RV TI Bulk-friction modeling of afterslip and the modified Omori law SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IUGG 21st General Assembly, Symposium S JS1 Earthquake Generation Processes - Environmental Aspects and Physical Modelling CY JUL 02-14, 1995 CL BOULDER, CO DE bulk-friction modelling; modified Omori law; rate-and-state-variable models; afterslip; earthquake prediction ID SUPERSTITION HILLS FAULT; 24 NOVEMBER 1987; STATE DEPENDENT FRICTION; ROCK FRICTION; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; CONSTITUTIVE LAW; ASEISMIC SLIP; SINGLE DEGREE; SURFACE SLIP; CALIFORNIA AB Afterslip data from the Superstition Hills fault in southern California, a creep event on the same fault, the modified Omori law, and cumulative moments from aftershocks of the 1957 Aleutian Islands earthquake all indicate that the original formulation by Dieterich (1981) [Constitutive properties of faults with simulated gouge. AGU, Geophys. Monogr. 24, 103-120] for friction evolution is more appropriate for systems far from instability than the commonly used approximation developed by Ruina (1983) [Slip instability and state variable friction laws. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10359-10370] to study instability The mathematical framework we use to test the friction models is a one-dimensional, massless spring-slider under the simplifying assumption, proposed by Scholz (1990) [The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press] and used by Marone et al. (1991) [On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 8441-8452], that the state variable takes on its velocity-dependent steady-state value throughout motion in response to a step in stress. This assumption removes explicit state-variable dependence from the model, obviating the need to consider state-variable evolution equations. Anti-derivatives of the modified Omori law fit our data very well and are very good approximate solutions to our model equations. A plausible friction model with Omori-law solutions used by Wesson (1988) [Dynamics of fault creep. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8929-8951] to model fault creep and generalized by Rice (1983) [Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities. Pure Appl. Geophys. 121, 443-475] to a rate-and-state-variable friction model yields exactly Omori's law with exponents greater than 1, but yields unstable solutions for Omori exponents less than 1. We estimate from the Dieterich formulation the dimensionless parameter a, which is equal to the product of the nominal coefficient of friction and the more commonly reported friction parameter a. We fmd that a, is typically positive, qualitatively consistent with laboratory observations, although our observations are considerably larger than laboratory values. However, we also find good model fits for a, < 0 when data correspond to Omori exponents less than 1. A modification of the stability analysis by Rice and Ruina (1983) [Stability of steady frictional slipping. J. Appl. Mech. 50, 343-349] indicates that a* < 0 is not a consequence of our assumption regarding state-variable evolution. A consistent interpretation of a* < 0 in terms of laboratory models appears to be that the data are from later portions of processes better characterized by two-state-variable friction models. a* < 0 is explained by assuming that our data cannot resolve the co-seismic evolution of a short-length-scale state variable to a velocity-weakening state; our parameterization leads to an apparent negative instantaneous viscosity. We estimate the largest critical slip distance associated with afterslip to be similar to 1-10 cm, consistent with other estimates for near-surface materials. We assume that our observed large values for a* reflect the fact that our model ignores the geometrical complexities of three-dimensional stresses in fractured crustal materials around a fault zone with frictional stresses that vary on a fault surface. Our one-dimensional model parameters reflect spatially averaged, bulk, stress and frictional properties of a fault zone, where we clearly cannot specify the details of the averaging process. Our analysis of Omori's law suggests that bulk-frictional properties of a fault zone are well described by our simple laboratory-based models, but they would need to change during the seismic cycle for a mainshock instability to recur, unless a mainshock-aftershock sequence were characterized by a process similar to the arrested instabilities possible in two-state-variable systems. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 95050 USA. NR 55 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 EI 1879-3266 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 1-3 BP 109 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00081-4 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YA679 UT WOS:A1997YA67900008 ER PT J AU Miller, KC Keller, GR Gridley, JM Luetgert, JH Mooney, WD Thybo, H AF Miller, KC Keller, GR Gridley, JM Luetgert, JH Mooney, WD Thybo, H TI Crustal structure along the west flank of the Cascades, western Washington SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC-REFRACTION; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; MARGIN; FAULT; ARC; METAMORPHISM; CONDUCTIVITY; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; TECTONICS AB Knowledge of the crustal structure of the Washington Cascades and adjacent Puget Lowland is important to both earthquake hazards studies and geologic studies of the evolution of this tectonically active region. We present a model for crustal velocity structure derived from analysis of seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection data collected in 1991 in western Washington. The 280-km-long north-south transect skirts the west flank of the Cascades as it crosses three tectonic provinces including the Northwest Cascades Thrust System (NWCS), the Puget Lowland, and the volcanic are of the southern Cascades. Within the NWCS, upper crustal velocities range from 4.2 to 5.7 km s(-1) and are consistent with the presence of a diverse suite of Mesozoic and Paleozoic metasediments and metavolcanics. In the upper 2-3 km of the Puget Lowland velocities drop to 1.7-3.5 km s(-1) and reflect the occurrence of Oligocene to recent sediments within the basin. In the southern Washington Cascades, upper crustal velocities range from 4.0 to 5.5 km s(-1) and are consistent with a large volume of Tertiary sediments and volcanics. A sharp change in velocity gradient at 5-10 km marks the division between the upper and middle crust. From approximately 10 to 35 km depth the velocity field is characterized by a velocity increase from similar to 6.0 to 7.2 km s(-1). These high velocities do not support the presence of marine sedimentary rocks at depths of 10-20 km beneath the Cascades as previously proposed on the basis of magnetotelluric data. Crustal thickness ranges from 42 to 47 km along the profile. The lowermost crust consists of a 2 to 8-km-thick transitional layer with velocities of 7.3-7.4 km s(-1). The upper mantle velocity appears to be an unusually low 7.6-7.8 km s(-1). When compared to velocity models from other regions, this model most closely resembles those found in active continental arcs. Distinct seismicity patterns can be associated with individual tectonic provinces along the seismic transect. In the NWCS and Puget Lowland, most of the seismicity occurs below the base of the upper crust as defined by a seismic boundary at 5-10 km depth and continues to 20-30 km depth. The region of transition between the NWCS and the Puget Lowland appears as a gap in seismicity with notably less seismic activity north of the boundary between the two. Earthquakes within the Cascades are generally shallower (0-20 km) and are dominated by events associated with the Rainier Seismic Zone. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. UNIV COPENHAGEN, INST GEOL, DK-1350 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK. RP Miller, KC (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS, DEPT GEOL SCI, EL PASO, TX 79968 USA. RI Miller, Kate/E-6800-2012; Thybo, Hans/B-9292-2008 OI Thybo, Hans/0000-0002-3945-8065 NR 55 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B8 BP 17857 EP 17873 DI 10.1029/97JB00882 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XQ830 UT WOS:A1997XQ83000015 ER PT J AU Simpson, RW AF Simpson, RW TI Quantifying Anderson's fault types SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL STRESS; TECTONIC STRESS; FIELD DATA; ORIENTATION; DEFORMATION; INVERSION AB Anderson [1905] explained three basic types of faulting (normal, strike-slip, and reverse) in terms of the shape of the causative stress tensor and its orientation relative to the Earth's surface. Quantitative parameters can be defined which contain information about both shape and orientation [Celerier, 1995], thereby offering a way to distinguish fault-type domains on plots of regional stress fields and to quantify, for example, the degree of normal-faulting tendencies within strike-slip domains. This paper offers a geometrically motivated generalization of Angelier's [1979, 1984, 1990] shape parameters phi and psi to new quantities named A phi and A psi. In their simple forms, A phi varies from 0 to 1 for normal, 1 to 2 for strike-slip, and 2 to 3 for reverse faulting, and A psi ranges from 0 degrees to 60 degrees, 60 degrees to 120 degrees, and 120 degrees to 180 degrees, respectively. After scaling, A phi and A psi agree to within 2% (or 1 degrees), a difference of little practical significance, although Aw has smoother analytical properties. A formulation distinguishing horizontal axes as well as the vertical axis is also possible, yielding an A phi ranging from -3 to +3 and A psi from -180 degrees to +180 degrees. The geometrically motivated derivation in three-dimensional stress space presented here may aid intuition and offers a natural link with traditional ways of plotting yield and failure criteria. Examples are given, based on models of Bird [1996] and Bird and Kong [1994], of the use of Anderson fault parameters A phi and A psi for visualizing tectonic regimes defined by regional stress fields. RP Simpson, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B8 BP 17909 EP 17919 DI 10.1029/97JB01274 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XQ830 UT WOS:A1997XQ83000020 ER PT J AU Forte, AM Woodward, RL AF Forte, AM Woodward, RL TI Seismic-geodynamic constraints on three-dimensional structure, vertical flow, and heat transfer in the mantle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC SURFACE-TOPOGRAPHY; ENDOTHERMIC PHASE-CHANGE; LAYERED CONVECTION; EARTHS MANTLE; SYSTEM MG2SIO4-FE2SIO4; CHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY; MGSIO3 PEROVSKITE; HIGH-PRESSURE; MODELS; TOMOGRAPHY AB Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamic data are carried out in which we simultaneously constrain global-scale seismic heterogeneity in the mantle as well as the amplitude of vertical mantle flow across the 670 km seismic discontinuity. These inversions reveal the existence of a family of three-dimensional (3-D) mantle models that satisfy the data while at the same time yielding predictions of layered mantle flow. The new 3-D mantle models we obtain demonstrate that the buoyancy forces due to the undulations of the 670 km phase-change boundary strongly inhibit the vertical flow between the upper and lower mantle. The strong stabilizing effect of the 670 km topography also has an important impact on the predicted dynamic topography of the Earth's solid surface and on the surface gravity anomalies. The new 3-D models that predict strongly or partially layered mantle flow provide essentially identical fits to the global seismic data as previous models that have, until now, predicted only whole-mantle flow. The convective vertical transport of heat across the mantle predicted on the basis of the new 3-D models shows that the heat flow is a minimum at 1000 km depth. This suggests the presence at this depth of a globally defined horizon across which the pattern of lateral heterogeneity changes rapidly. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, ALBUQUERQUE SEISMOL LAB, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87115 USA. RP Forte, AM (reprint author), INST PHYS GLOBE, CNRS,URA 195,DEPT SISMOL,4 PL JUSSIEU, TOUR 24, ETG 4, F-75252 PARIS 05, FRANCE. NR 83 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B8 BP 17981 EP 17994 DI 10.1029/97JB01276 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XQ830 UT WOS:A1997XQ83000025 ER PT J AU Bock, Y Wdowinski, S Fang, P Zhang, J Williams, S Johnson, H Behr, J Genrich, J Dean, J vanDomselaar, M Agnew, D Wyatt, F Stark, K Oral, B Hudnut, K King, R Herring, T Dinardo, S Young, W Jackson, D Gurtner, W AF Bock, Y Wdowinski, S Fang, P Zhang, J Williams, S Johnson, H Behr, J Genrich, J Dean, J vanDomselaar, M Agnew, D Wyatt, F Stark, K Oral, B Hudnut, K King, R Herring, T Dinardo, S Young, W Jackson, D Gurtner, W TI Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 28 JUNE 1992; PHASE AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION; BASE-LINE INTERFEROMETRY; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; LOMA-PRIETA; INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; CENTRAL JAPAN AB The southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array (PGGA) was established in 1990 across the Pacific-North America plate boundary to continuously monitor crustal deformation. We describe the development of the array and the time series of daily positions estimated for its first 10 sites in the 19-month period between the June 28, 1992 (M-W = 7.3), Landers and January 17, 1994 (M-W = 6.7), Northridge earthquakes. We compare displacement rates at four site locations with those reported by Feigl et al. [1993], which were derived from an independent set of Global Positioning System (GPS) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements collected over nearly a decade prior to the Landers earthquake. The velocity differences for three sites 65-100 km from the earthquake's epicenter are of order of 3-5 mm/yr and are systematically coupled with the corresponding directions of coseismic displacement. The fourth site, 300 km from the epicenter, shows no significant velocity difference. These observations suggest large-scale postseismic deformation with a relaxation time of at least 800 days. The statistical significance of our observations is complicated by our incomplete knowledge of the noise properties of the two data sets; two possible noise models fit the PGGA data equally well as described in the companion paper by Zhang et al. [this issue]; the pre-landers data are too sparse and heterogeneous to derive a reliable noise model. Under a fractal white noise model for the PGGA data we find that the velocity differences for all three sites are statistically different at the 99% significance level. A white noise plus flicker noise model results in significance levels of only 94%, 43%, and 88%. Additional investigations of the pre-landers data, and analysis of longer spans of PGGA data, could have an important effect on the significance of these results and will be addressed in future work. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA. RIVERSIDE CTY FLOOD CONTROL & WATER CONSERV DIST, RIVERSIDE, CA 92502 USA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. RP UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, CECIL H & IDA M GREEN INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PH, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. RI Wdowinski, Shimon/A-4118-2008; Jackson, David/A-9828-2008; Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010; Williams, Simon/C-7214-2011 OI Jackson, David/0000-0001-7913-5714; Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Williams, Simon/0000-0003-4123-4973 NR 108 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B8 BP 18013 EP 18033 DI 10.1029/97JB01379 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XQ830 UT WOS:A1997XQ83000027 ER PT J AU Denlinger, RP AF Denlinger, RP TI A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PUU-OO; DEFORMATION; STORAGE; SYSTEMS AB The dynamic balance between magma supply and vent output at Kilauea volcano is used to estimate both the volume of magma stored within Kilauea volcano and its magma supply rare. Throughout most oi. 1991 a linear decline in volume flux from the Kupaianaha vent on Kilauea's east rift zone was associated with a parabolic variation in the elevation of Kilauea's summit as vent output initially exceeded then lagged behind the magma supply to the volcano. The correspondence between summit elevation and tilt established with over 30 years of data provided daily estimates of summit elevation in terms of summit tilt. The minimum in the parabolic variation in summit tilt and elevation (or zero elevation change) occurs when the magma supply to the reservoir from below the volcano equals the magma output from the reservoir to the surface, so that the magma supply rate is given by vent flux on that day. The measurements of vent flux and tilt establish that the magma supply rate to Kilauea volcano on June 19, 1991, was 217,000 +/- 10,000 m(3)/d (or 0.079 +/- 0.004 km(3)/yr). This is close to the average eruptive rate of 0.08 km(3)/yr between 1958 and 1984. In addition, the predictable response of summit elevation and tilt to each east rift zone eruption near Puu Oo since 1983 shows that summit deformation is also a measure of magma reservoir pressure. Given this, the correlation between the elevation of the Puu Oo lava lake (4 km uprift of Kupaianaha and 18 km from the summit) and summit tilt provides an estimate for magma pressure changes corresponding to summit tilt changes. The ratio of the change in volume to the change in reservoir pressure (dV/dP) during vent activity may be determined by dividing the ratio of volume erupted to change in summit tilt (dVid(tilt)) by the ratio of pressure change to change in summit tilt (dP/d(tilt)). This measure of dV/dP, when combined with laboratory measurements of the bulk modulus of tholeitic melt, provides an estimate of 240 +/- 50 km(3) for the volume of Kilauea's magma reservoir. This estimate is much larger than traditional estimates but consistent with seismic tomographic imaging and geophysical modeling of Kilauea's magma system. RP Denlinger, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV, 5400 MACARTHUR BLVD, VANCOUVER, WA 98661 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B8 BP 18091 EP 18100 DI 10.1029/97JB01071 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XQ830 UT WOS:A1997XQ83000031 ER PT J AU Robinson, JW McCabe, PJ AF Robinson, JW McCabe, PJ TI Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt Wash Sandstone Member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID COLORADO PLATEAU; CANYON MEMBER; DEPOSITS; RESERVOIR; BASIN; RIVER; SEDIMENTATION; ARCHITECTURE; GEOMETRY; CANADA AB Excellent three-dimensional exposures of the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Sandstone Member of the Morrison Formation in the Henry Mountains area of southern Utah allow measurement of the thickness and width of fluvial sandstone and shale bodies from extensive photomosaics. The Salt Wash Sandstone Member is composed of fluvial channel fill, abandoned channel fill, and overbank/floodplain strata that were deposited on a broad alluvial plain of low-sinuosity, sandy, braided streams flowing northeast. A hierarchy of sandstone and shale bodies in the Salt Wash Sandstone Member includes, in ascending order, trough cross-bedding, fining-upward units/mudstone intraclast conglomerates, single-story sandstone bodies/basal conglomerate, abandoned channel fill, multistory sandstone bodies, and overbank/flood-plain heterolithic strata. Trough cross-beds have an average width:thickness ratio (W:T) of 8.5:1 in the lower interval of the Salt Wash Sandstone Member and 10.4:1 in the upper interval. Fining-up ward units are 0.5-3.0 m thick and 3-11 m wide. Single-story sandstone bodies in the upper interval are wider and thicker than their counterparts in the lower interval, based on average W:T, linear regression analysis, and cumulative relative frequency graphs. Multistory sandstone bodies are composed of two to eight stories, range up to 30 m thick and over 1500 m wide (W:T > 50:1), and are also larger in the upper interval. Heterolithic units between sandstone bodies include abandoned channel fill (W:T = 33:1) and overbank/flood-plain deposits (W:T = 70:1). Understanding W:T ratios from the component parts of an ancient, sandy, braided stream deposit can be applied in several ways to similar strata in other basins; for example, to (I) determine the width of a unit when only the thickness is known, (2) create correlation guidelines and maximum correlation lengths, (3) aid in interpreting the controls on fluvial architecture, and (4) place additional constraints on input variables to stratigraphic and fluid-flow modeling. The usefulness of these types of data demonstrates the need to develop more data sets from other depositional environments. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Robinson, JW (reprint author), SNYDER OIL CORP,1625 BROADWAY,SUITE 2200,DENVER,CO 80202, USA. NR 95 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 1267 EP 1291 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XT068 UT WOS:A1997XT06800003 ER PT J AU Reed, B AF Reed, B TI Applications of the US Geological Surveys global land cover product SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th International-Astronautical-Federation Congress on Developing Business CY OCT 04-10, 1997 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Int Astronaut Federat, Int Acad Astronaut, Int Inst Space Law, Assoc Italiana Aeronaut & Astronaut ID UNITED-STATES; DATA SET AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with several international agencies and universities, has produced a global land cover characteristics database. The land cover data were created using multitemporal analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite images in conjunction with other existing geographic data A translation table permits the conversion of the land cover classes into several conventional land cover schemes that are used by ecosystem modelers, climate modelers, land management agencies, and other user groups. The alternative classification schemes include Global Ecosystems, the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, the Simple Biosphere, the USGS Anderson Level 2, and the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme. The distribution system for these data is through the World Wide Web(the web site address is: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html) or by magnetic media upon special request. The availability of the data over the World Wide Web, in conjunction with the flexible database structure, allows easy data access to a wide range of users. The web site contains a user registration form that allows analysis of the diverse applications of large-area land cover data. Currently, applications are divided among mapping (20 percent), conservation (30 percent), and modeling (35 percent). C1 Hughes STX Corp, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Reed, B (reprint author), Hughes STX Corp, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Mundt Fed Bldg, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD AUG-NOV PY 1997 VL 41 IS 4-10 BP 671 EP 680 DI 10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA ZX277 UT WOS:000074499200049 ER PT J AU Loveland, TR Belward, AS AF Loveland, TR Belward, AS TI The International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System global land cover data set (DISCover) SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th International-Astronautical-Federation Congress on Developing Business CY OCT 04-10, 1997 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Int Astronaut Federat, Int Acad Astronaut, Int Inst Space Law, Assoc Italiana Aeronaut & Astronaut ID SATELLITE DATA; CLASSIFICATION; VEGETATION; IMAGERY; MODELS; MAP AB The International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS), through the mapping expertise of the U.S. Geological Survey and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, recently guided the completion of a 1-km resolution global land cover data set from advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data. The l-km resolution land cover product, 'DISCover,' was based on monthly normalized difference vegetation index composites from 1992 and 1993. The development of DISCover was coordinated by the IGBP-DIS Land Cover Working Group as part of the IGBP-DIS Focus 1 activity. DISCover is a 17-class land cover data set based on the scientific requirements of IGBP elements. The mapping used unsupervised classification and postclassification refinement using ancillary data The development of this data set was motivated by the need for global land cover data with higher spatial resolution, improved temporal specificity, and known classification accuracy. The completed DISCover data set will soon be validated to determine the accuracy of the global classification. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EC Joint Res Inst, Space Applicat Inst, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. RP Loveland, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Mundt Fed Bldg, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD AUG-NOV PY 1997 VL 41 IS 4-10 BP 681 EP 689 DI 10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00050-2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA ZX277 UT WOS:000074499200050 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE Logan, DT Wilson, HT AF Pinkney, AE Logan, DT Wilson, HT TI Mercury concentrations in pond fish in relation to a coal-fired power plant SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAKES; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; DEPOSITION; WATER; ACID AB Many studies have reported that atmospheric mercury is the primary cause for bioaccumulation in fish from remote lakes. Few data, however, are available on the possible effects of near-field mercury deposition on mercury concentrations in fish from local waters. Mercury concentrations were surveyed in fish from 23 ponds in the vicinity of a 543-megawatt coal-fired power plant located at Dickerson, Maryland. A stratified random sampling design was used to select ponds within zones delineated by concentric area mapped at 3, 7, 10, and 15 km from the plant. For each pond, mercury concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in sunfish (bluegill or green sunfish) in all ponds, and largemouth bass, which were present in 14 of the ponds. Mean mercury concentrations in the ponds ranged from 0.01 to 0.38 ppm for sunfish and 0.04 to 0.43 ppm for bass. Stepwise multiple regression identified variables related to tissue concentrations. Differences between strata were tested with analysis of covariance, after adjusting the concentrations to account for differences in water quality. The observed pattern of mercury bioaccumulation did not match the pattern predicted by a wet deposition model. C1 COASTAL ENVIRONM SERV INC,LINTHICUM HTS,MD 21090. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CHESAPEAKE BAY FIELD OFF,177 ADMIRAL COCHRANE DR,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21401, USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 222 EP 229 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XX320 UT WOS:A1997XX32000017 PM 9294253 ER PT J AU Nellemann, C Reynolds, PE AF Nellemann, C Reynolds, PE TI Predicting late winter distribution of muskoxen using an index of terrain ruggedness SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY; CARIBOU; ALASKA; SNOW; ECOLOGY AB We tested the hypothesis that occurrence of rugged terrain would affect distribution patterns of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in late winter through expected higher availability of forage. Indices of terrain ruggedness (TRI) based on contour characteristics from topographical maps were found to be correlated with occurrence of muskoxen in late winter 1982-1990 in northeastern Alaska. Rugged terrain (TRI > 2.5) constituted less than half of the study area, but contained 83% of all muskoxen observed during 1982-1990. Occurrence of rugged terrain partly explained differences in density of muskox among 12 major drainages in the study area. Within 7 of 8 drainages having >30% rugged quadrats, density of muskoxen was correlated to terrain ruggedness. The study corresponds well with studies of snow characteristics, terrain ruggedness and forage availability. The results indicate, that availability of rugged terrain likely affects distribution patterns of muskox by influencing local vegetation and snow characteristics. Analysis of terrain structure may thus in combination with data on snow and vegetation patterns improve bur understanding of distribution patterns of this arctic grazer during winter. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. RP Nellemann, C (reprint author), NORWEGIAN INST LAND INVENTORY,DROBAKVEIEN 11,N-1430 AS,NORWAY. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 334 EP 338 DI 10.2307/1552148 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA XU113 UT WOS:A1997XU11300009 ER PT J AU Harmsen, SC AF Harmsen, SC TI Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; SAN-FRANCISCO-BAY; LOCAL GEOLOGY; GROUND MOTION; CALIFORNIA; WAVE AB The amplification of strong ground motion sit sites in the greater Los Angeles, California, region is determined using the generalized-inverse method of Andrews (1986). Site-amplification estimates are determined at 281 strong-motion sites that provided horizontal-component accelerograms from the 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, 1991 Sierra Madre, or 1994 Northridge mainshocks. The estimates are determined relative to the spectral level recorded at a single reference site. In a second inversion, a source-site interaction term is added to Andrews's (1986) model to quantify the effect selected mainshock records have on site-amplification estimates. The source-site interaction term is applied to the San Fernando Valley sites' records of the Northridge earthquake and to three Los Angeles basin sites' records of the Whittier Narrows mainshock. Site-amplification spectra are averaged within two frequency bands: the intermediate-frequency band (IFB) from 0.5 to 1.5 Hz and the high-frequency band (HFB) from 2 to 6 Hz. Results are displayed on maps of surficial geology. Average spectral levels are correlated with average shear-wave velocity in the uppermost 30 m, a geotechnical parameter used by the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) to characterize site amplification. Statistically significant correlation is found in both frequency bands. Average spectral amplification levels for NEHRP class B, C, and D sites in the LA urban area are determined. These averages display an expected increase in spectral amplification with category, with a more pronounced variation in the IFB than in the HFB. Considerable overlap in the one-standard-deviation range of the C and D site levels is found in both IFB and HFB, suggesting that sita-specific spectral amplification is influenced by more than just near-surface shear-wave velocity. Average site-amplification levels are compared with those obtained from Northridge aftershock records at 28 collocated sites and are found to be in reasonably good agreement in both frequency bands. Some interesting outliers, that is, sites for which the mainshock- and aftershock-determined amplifications differ significantly, are identified as sites that experienced ground failure during the Northridge mainshock. RP Harmsen, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 966,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 54 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 87 IS 4 BP 866 EP 887 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XT251 UT WOS:A1997XT25100007 ER PT J AU Harmsen, SC AF Harmsen, SC TI Estimating the diminution of shear-wave amplitude with distance: Application to the Los Angeles, California, urban area SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; GROUND MOTION; SITE RESPONSE; GREAT-BASIN; CODA-Q; EARTHQUAKES; ATTENUATION; MAGNITUDE; ACCELERATION; SPECTRA AB The rate of decay with distance of shear-wave amplitude, computed from 20-sec S-wave spectra, is determined from TERRAscope records of small earthquakes in the greater Los Angeles area. Piecewise log-linear interpolation functions and traditional diminution functions are used to fit spectral decay to a maximum distance of 150 km. Simultaneously, isotropic source and receiver terms are determined, Separate branches or the spectral decay function are found for two categories of source depth: greater than 10 km and less than 10 km. In the hypocentral distance range of 20 to 150 km and in the frequency range of 0.5 to 8.0 Hz, an important result of the investigation is that the horizontal-component decay rate associated with deeper-crustal sources is generally greater than that associated with shallower sources and is greater than that which is estimated using more traditional models of spectral decay with distance. The same behavior generally holds for vertical-component spectra. The Variation in apparent attenuation rate with source depth should affect seismic-hazard estimates associated with the rupture of blind thrust faults in the Los Angeles basin and vicinity. The results of the inversions suggest that interpolation function representations of spectral decay are sensitive to perturbations of S-wave amplitude due to crustal reflectors, such as post-critical S-wave arrivals from mid-crustal to deep-crustal velocity interfaces. RP Harmsen, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 966, POB 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 87 IS 4 BP 888 EP 903 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XT251 UT WOS:A1997XT25100008 ER PT J AU Rutherford, DW Chiou, CT Eberl, DD AF Rutherford, DW Chiou, CT Eberl, DD TI Effects of exchanged cation on the microporosity of montmorillonite SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE exchanged cation; interlayer accessibility; microporosity; montmorillonite; surface ID ADSORPTION; SURFACE AB The micropore volumes of 2 montmorillonites (SAz-1 and SWy-1), each exchanged with Ca, Na, K, Cs and tetramethylammonium (TMA) ions, were calculated from the measured vapor adsorption data of N-2 and neo-hexane by use of t- and alpha(s)-plots. The corresponding surface areas of the exchanged clays were determined from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) plots of N-2 adsorption data. Micropore volumes and surface areas of the samples increased with the size of exchanged cation: TMA > Cs > K > Ca > Na. The SAz-1 exchanged clays showed generally greater micropore volumes and surface areas than the corresponding SWy-1 clays. The vapor adsorption data and d(001) measurements for dry clay samples were used together to evaluate the Likely locations and accessibility of clay micropores, especially the relative accessibility of their interlayer spacing. For both source clays exchanged with Na, Ca and K ions, the interlayer spacing appeared to be too small to admit nonpolar gases and the accessible micropores appeared to have dimensions greater than 5.0 Angstrom, the limiting molecular dimension of neo-hexane. In these systems, there was a good consistency of micropore volumes detected by N-2 and neo-hexane. When the clays were intercalated with relatively large cations (TMA and possibly Cs), the large layer expansion created additional microporosity, which was more readily accessible to small N-2 than to relatively large neo-hexane. Hence, the micropore volume as detected by N-2 was greater than that detected by neo-hexane. The micropore volumes with pore dimensions greater than 5 Angstrom determined for clays exchanged with Na, Ca and K likely resulted from the pores on particle edges and void created by overlap regions of layers. The increase in micropore volumes with pore dimensions less than 5 Angstrom determined for clays exchanged with TMA and possibly Cs could be caused by opening of the interlayer region by the intercalation of these large cations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Rutherford, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 408,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 17 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 25 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 4 BP 534 EP 543 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450405 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA YC096 UT WOS:A1997YC09600005 ER PT J AU Smyth, JR Dyar, MD May, HM Bricker, OP Acker, JG AF Smyth, JR Dyar, MD May, HM Bricker, OP Acker, JG TI Crystal structure refinement and Mossbauer spectroscopy of an ordered, triclinic clinochlore SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE cation ordering; chlorite; clinochlore; crystal structure; Mossbauer ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; CHLORITES; MINERALS; OXIDATION; FE-57; TEMPERATURE; CHEMISTRY; PRODUCTS AB The crystal structure of a natural, ordered IIb-4 triclinic clinochlore has been refined in space group C (1) over bar from 4282 unique X-ray intensity measurements of which 3833 are greater than 3 times the statistical counting error (3 sigma). Unit cell parameters are a = 5.3262(6) Angstrom; b = 9.226(1) Angstrom; c = 14.334(3) Angstrom; alpha = 90.56(2)degrees; beta = 97.47(2)degrees; and gamma = 89.979(9)degrees, which represents the greatest deviation from monoclinic symmetry yet recorded for a triclinic chlorite. The final weighted R is 0.059 for reflections with I > 3 sigma and 0.064 for all reflections. The chemical formula is (Mg0.966Fe0.034)(M1)(Mg0.962Fe0.038)(M2)(2)(Si2.96Al1.04)O-10 (OH)(2)(Mg0.996Fe0.004)(M3)(2)((Al0.841Fe0.102Cr0.004Ti0.004)-Cr-III)(M4)(OH)(6), which is consistent with electron microprobe (EMP), wet chemical analyses, Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray structure refinement. The high degree of ordering of the divalent versus trivalent octahedral cations in the interlayer is noteworthy, with Fe-III and Al in M4 and virtually no Fe in M3. In the 2:1 layer, M1 and M2 each contain similar amounts of Fe. The 2 tetrahedral sites have nearly identical mean oxygen distances and volumes, and thus show no evidence of long-range cation ordering. C1 W CHESTER UNIV, DEPT GEOL & ASTRON, W CHESTER, PA 19383 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RP Smyth, JR (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 EI 1552-8367 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 4 BP 544 EP 550 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450406 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA YC096 UT WOS:A1997YC09600006 ER PT J AU Farmer, AH Parent, AH AF Farmer, AH Parent, AH TI Effects of the landscape on shorebird movements at spring migration stopovers SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE migration; stopover; shorebird; landscape; foraging behavior; conservation; Calidris melanotos ID MALLARDS; HABITAT AB We monitored the inter-wetland movements of 115 radio-tagged Pectoral Sandpipers (Calidris melanotos) at three migration stopovers in the Great Plains of North America during April and May from 1992 to 1995. While resident at a stopover, individuals were very localized in their movements. Over 40% of the birds made no inter-wetland movements, and over 90% of individuals moved less than 10 km from their original release site. Characteristics of wetlands where birds were released did not affect bird movements. However, the structure of the surrounding landscape explained up to 46% of variation in individual bird movements. As the distance between wetlands decreased, and the proportion of the landscape composed of wetlands increased, individual birds moved between wetlands more frequently and moved longer distances from their release site. These movement patterns indicate that a more connected landscape allows shorebirds to exploit more feeding sites with reduced searching costs; a result consistent with foraging theory. We estimate a degree of landscape connectivity at which a wetland complex functions as a single large wetland as measured by sandpiper feeding patterns. Our data provide support for the idea that complexes of small, closely spaced wetlands can be important migration stopovers and may have significant conservation value. RP Farmer, AH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 32 TC 76 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 17 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1997 VL 99 IS 3 BP 698 EP 707 DI 10.2307/1370481 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XQ301 UT WOS:A1997XQ30100012 ER PT J AU Mulvey, M Lydeard, C Pyer, DL Hicks, KM BrimBox, J Williams, JD Butler, RS AF Mulvey, M Lydeard, C Pyer, DL Hicks, KM BrimBox, J Williams, JD Butler, RS TI Conservation genetics of North American freshwater mussels Amblema and Megalonaias SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; BIVALVIA; UNIONIDAE; SPECIATION; DIVERGENCE; POPULATION AB Freshwater bivalves are among the most endangered groups of organisms in North America. Efforts to protect the declining mussel fauna are confounded by ambiguities associated with recognition of distinct evolutionary entities or species. This, in part, is due to the paucity of reliable morphological characters for differentiating taxa. We have employed allozymes and DNA sequence data to search for diagnosably distinct evolutionary entities within two problematic genera of unionid mussels, Amblema and Megalonaias. Within the genus Amblema three species are recognized based on our DNA sequence data for themitochondrial 16S rRNA and allozyme data (Amblema neislerii, A. plicata, and A. elliotti). Only one taxonomically distinct entity is recognized within the genus Megalonaias-M. nervosa. Megalonaias boykiniana of the Apalachicolan Region is not diagnosable and does not warrant specific taxonomic status. Interestingly, Megalonaias from wet of the Mississippi River, including the Mississippi, exhibited an allozyme and mtDNA haplotype frequency shift suggestive of an east-west dichotomy. The results of this study eliminate one subspecies of Amblema and increase the range of A. plicata. This should not affect the conservation status of ''currently stable'' assigned to A. plicata by Williams et at. (1993). The conservation status of A. elliotti needs to be reexamined because its distribution appears to be limited to the Coosa River System in Alabama and Georgia. C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT BIOL SCI,TUSCALOOSA,AL 35487. USGS,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GAINESVILLE,FL 32606. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ASHEVILLE FIELD OFF,ASHEVILLE,NC 28801. RP Mulvey, M (reprint author), SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,DRAWER E,AIKEN,SC 29802, USA. NR 58 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 868 EP 878 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95487.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XR571 UT WOS:A1997XR57100011 ER PT J AU Freeman, S Redman, RS Grantham, G Rodriguez, RJ AF Freeman, S Redman, RS Grantham, G Rodriguez, RJ TI Characterization of a linear DNA plasmid from the filamentous fungal plant pathogen Glomerella musae [Anamorph: Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) Arx.] SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE mitochondria; TIR; PCR; banana pathogen ID MITOCHONDRIAL PLASMIDS; CLAVICEPS-PURPUREA; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; RNA-POLYMERASE; SEQUENCES; FAMILY; TRANSFORMATION; CHROMOSOME; NEUROSPORA AB A 7.4-kilobase (kb) DNA plasmid was isolated from Glomerella musae isolate 927 and designated pGML1. Exonuclease treatments indicated that pGML1 was a linear plasmid with blocked 5' termini, Cell-fractionation experiments combined with sequence-specific PCR amplification revealed that pGML1 resided in mitochondria. The pGML1 plasmid hybridized to cesium chloride-fractionated nuclear DNA but not to A + T-rich mitochondrial DNA. An internal 7.0-kb section of pGML1 was cloned and did not hybridize with either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA from G. musae. Sequence analysis revealed identical terminal inverted repeats (TIR) of 520 bp at the ends of the cloned 7,0-kb section of pGML1. The occurrence of pGML1 did not correspond with the pathogenicity of G. musae on banana fruit, Four additional isolates of G. musae possessed extrachromosomal DNA fragments similar in size and sequence to pGML1. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NW BIOL SCI CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98115. AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 2 BP 152 EP 156 DI 10.1007/s002940050260 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA XZ244 UT WOS:A1997XZ24400010 PM 9294264 ER PT J AU Eby, LA Stow, CA Hesselberg, RJ Kitchell, JF AF Eby, LA Stow, CA Hesselberg, RJ Kitchell, JF TI Modeling changes in growth and diet on polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in Coregonus hoyi SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; contaminants; Coregonus hoyi; diet changes; growth rates; Lake Michigan; PCBs; polychlorinated biphenyls ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; AQUATIC FOOD-CHAINS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; PCB CONCENTRATIONS; RAINBOW SMELT; MYSIS-RELICTA; YELLOW PERCH; FISH; BIOENERGETICS; DYNAMICS AB Restrictions on the release of PCBs into the environment began in the early 1970s, resulting in reduced PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan bloaters (Coregonus hoyi). However, since 1980, PCB concentrations in bloater have declined only slightly. The bloater population also increased 40-fold during 1970 through 1984, resulting in a diet shift and a density-dependent decline in growth. Our goal was to determine how these changes in diet and growth may have affected PCB accumulation in Lake Michigan bloater. We evaluated the consequences of these two changes on bloater PCB concentrations by developing a bioenergetics-based PCB bioaccumulation model. Bloater PCB concentrations increased little when we increased the amount of Diporeia hoyi, the most contaminated prey, in the bloater diet. By comparing constant growth (similar to those of the 1970s) to observed decline in growth rates, we found that lower growth rates during the 1980s placed older, more contaminated bloaters in the size range most vulnerable to predators and in the size range sampled by PCB monitoring programs. Bloater PCB concentration trends may be influenced by the sampling methodology of the United States Geological Survey. If fish PCB trends are to be used as an indicator of system-level PCB trends, sampling should include a representative sample of fish of known age from the population. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, CTR LIMNOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA. OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855 NR 51 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 981 EP 990 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ081 UT WOS:A1997XQ08100019 ER PT J AU Portnoy, JW Giblin, AE AF Portnoy, JW Giblin, AE TI Biogeochemical effects of seawater restoration to diked salt marshes SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE acid sulfate soils; Cape Cod; coastal wetland subsidence; diking; eutrophication; salt marsh restoration; salt water intrusion; Spartina alterniflora; sulfur cycling ID VEGETATION CHANGE; ACCRETION RATES; COASTAL MARSH; CAPE-COD; MARINE; GROWTH; SEDIMENT; SALINITY; ENVIRONMENT; LIMITATION AB We conducted greenhouse microcosm experiments to examine the biogeochemical effects of restoring seawater to historically diked Cape Cod salt marshes. Feat cores from both seasonally flooded and drained diked marshes were waterlogged with seawater, and porewater chemistry was subsequently monitored for 21 mo. The addition of seawater to highly organic, seasonally flooded peat caused the death of freshwater wetland plants, 6-8 cm of sediment subsidence, and increased N and P mineralization. Also, sulfides and alkalinity increased 10-fold, suggesting accelerated decomposition by sulfate reduction. Addition of seawater to the low-organic-content acidic peat from the drained marsh increased porewater pH, alkalinity, PO4-P, and Fe(II), which we attribute to the reestablishment of SO4 and Fe(III) mineral reduction. Increased cation exchange contributed to 6-fold increases in dissolved Fe(II) and Al and 60-fold increases in NH4-N within 6 mo of salination. Seawater reintroductions to seasonally flooded diked marshes will cause porewater sulfides to increase, likely reducing the success of revegetation efforts. Sulfide toxicity is of less concern in resalinated drained peats because of the abundance of Fe(II) to precipitate sulfides, and of NH4-N to offset sulfide inhibition of N uptake. Restoration of either seasonally flooded or drained diked marshes could stimulate potentially large nutrient and Fe(II) releases, which could in turn increase primary production and lower oxygen in receiving waters. These findings suggest that tidal restoration be gradual and carefully monitored. C1 MARINE BIOL LAB,CTR ECOSYST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Portnoy, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,CAPE COD NATL SEASHORE,99 MARCONI RD,WELLFLEET,MA 02667, USA. NR 54 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 33 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 1054 EP 1063 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ081 UT WOS:A1997XQ08100027 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Chong, GW Kalkhan, MA Schell, LD AF Stohlgren, TJ Chong, GW Kalkhan, MA Schell, LD TI Multiscale sampling of plant diversity: Effects of minimum mapping unit size SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Jaccard's coefficients; keystone ecosystems; minimum mapping unit; modified-Whittaker plot; species-area curves; species overlap; vascular plant diversity ID BIODIVERSITY; INVENTORIES; VEGETATION; PROGRAM; SCALE AB Only a small portion of any landscape can be sampled for vascular plant diversity because of constraints of cost (salaries, travel time between sites, etc.). Often, the investigator decides to reduce the cost of creating a vegetation map by increasing the minimum mapping unit (MMU), and/or by reducing the number of vegetation classes to be considered. Questions arise about what information is sacrificed when map resolution is decreased. We compared plant diversity patterns from vegetation maps made with 100-ha, 50-ha, 2-ha, and 0.02-ha MMUs in a 754-ha study area in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, United States, using four 0.025-ha and 21 0.1-ha multiscale vegetation plots. We developed and tested species-log(area) curves, correcting the curves for within-vegetation type heterogeneity with Jaccard's coefficients. Total species richness in the study area was estimated from vegetation maps at each resolution (MMU), based on the corrected species-area curves, total area of the vegetation type, and species overlap among vegetation types. With the 0.02-ha MMU, six vegetation types were recovered, resulting in an estimated 552 species (95% CI = 520-583 species) in the 754-ha study area (330 plant species were observed in the 25 plots). With the 2-ha MMU, five vegetation types were recognized, resulting in an estimated 473 species for the study area. With the 50-ha MMU, 439 plant species were estimated for the four vegetation types recognized in the study area. With the 100-ha MMU, only three vegetation types were recognized, resulting in an estimated 341 plant species for the study area. Locally rare species and keystone ecosystems (areas of high or unique plant diversity) were missed at the 2-ha, 50-ha, and 100-ha scales. To evaluate the effects of minimum mapping unit size requires: (1) an initial stratification of homogeneous, heterogeneous, and rare habitat types; and (2) an evaluation of within-type and between-type heterogeneity generated by environmental gradients and other factors. We suggest that at least some portions of vegetation maps created at a coarser level of resolution be validated at a higher level of resolution. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 33 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 1064 EP 1074 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ081 UT WOS:A1997XQ08100028 ER PT J AU Ebert, SW Rye, RO AF Ebert, SW Rye, RO TI Secondary precious metal enrichment by steam-heated fluids in the Crofoot-Lewis hot spring gold-silver deposit and relation to paleoclimate SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID METEORIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; ACID-SULFATE ALTERATION; CREEDE MINING DISTRICT; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; ORE DEPOSITION; CLAY-MINERALS; GREAT-BASIN; WATER; GEOLOGY AB The Crofoot-Lewis deposit is an adularia-sericite-type (low-sulfidation) epithermal Au-Ag deposit, whose well-preserved paleosurface includes abundant opaline sinters, widespread and intense silicification, bedded hydrothermal eruption breccias, and a large zone of acid sulfate alteration. Radiogenic isotope ages indicate that the system was relatively long-lived, with hydrothermal activity starting around 4 Ma and extending, at least intermittently, for the next 3 m.y. Field evidence indicates that the surficial zone of acid sulfate alteration formed in a steam-heated environment within an active geothermal system. A drop in the water table enabled descending acid sulfate waters to leach Au and Ag from zones of low-grade disseminated mineralization, resulting in the redistribution and concentration of Au and Ag into ore-grade concentrations. These zones of secondary Au-Ag enrichment are associated with opal + alunite + kaolinite + montmorillonite +/- hematite and were deposited in open space fractures at, and within a few tens of meters below the paleowater table. The stable isotope systematics of alunite and kaolinite in the steam-heated environment are relatively complex, due to variations in the residence time of aqueous SO4 that formed from the oxidation of H2S prior to precipitation of alunite, and the susceptibility of fine-grained kaolinites to hydrogen isotope exchange with later waters. Most of the alunites are enriched in S-34 relative to early sulfide minerals, reflecting partial S isotope exchange between aqueous SO4 and H2S. About half of the alunites give reasonable calculated Delta(18)O(SO4-OH) temperatures for a steam-heated environment indicating O isotope equilibrium between aqueous SO4 and water. The delta D-H2O values of the hydrothermal fluids varied by almost 60 per mil over the life of the meteoric water-dominated system, suggesting significant climate changes. Mineralization is believed to have resulted from large-scale convection of meteoric water controlled largely by basin and range fractures and a high geothermal gradient with H2S for Au complexing derived from organic matter in basin sediments. A wet climate resulted in the formation of a large inland lake which provided abundant recharge water for the hydrothermal system. A fluctuating water table controlled by changing climatic conditions enabled steam-heated acid sulfate fluids to overprint lower grade mineralization resulting in ore-grade precious metal enrichment. C1 UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,KEY CTR STRATEG MINERAL DEPOSITS,NEDLANDS,WA 6907,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 85 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 92 IS 5 BP 578 EP 600 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YB513 UT WOS:A1997YB51300005 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT Ruddy, BC Hitt, KJ Helsel, DR AF Nolan, BT Ruddy, BC Hitt, KJ Helsel, DR TI Risk of nitrate in groundwaters of the United States - A national perspective SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN; LONG-ISLAND AB Nitrate contamination of groundwater occurs in predictable patterns, based on findings of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The NAWQA Program was begun in 1991 to describe the quality of the Nation's water resources, using nationally consistent methods. Variables affecting nitrate concentration in groundwater were grouped as ''input'' factors (population density and the amount of nitrogen contributed by fertilizer, manure, and atmospheric sources) and ''aquifer vulnerability'' factors (soil drainage characteristic and the ratio of woodland acres to cropland acres in agricultural areas) and compiled in a national map that shows patterns of risk for nitrate contamination of groundwater. Areas with high nitrogen input, well-drained soils, and low woodland to cropland ratio have the highest potential for contamination of shallow groundwater by nitrate. Groundwater nitrate data collected through 1992 from wells less than 100 ft deep generally verified the risk patterns shown on the national map. Median nitrate concentration was 0.2 mg/L in wells representing the low-risk group, and the maximum contaminant level (MCL) was exceeded in 3% of the wells. In contrast, median nitrate concentration was 4.8 mg/L in wells representing the high-risk group, and the MCL was exceeded in 25% of the wells. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,413 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22090, USA. NR 33 TC 170 Z9 186 U1 10 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2229 EP 2236 DI 10.1021/es960818d PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN758 UT WOS:A1997XN75800038 ER PT J AU VanMetre, PC Callender, E Fuller, CC AF VanMetre, PC Callender, E Fuller, CC TI Historical trends in organochlorine compounds in river basins identified using sediment cores from reservoirs SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; ACCUMULATION; DIAGENESIS; RECORDS; INPUTS; FLUXES; LAKES AB This study used chemical analyses of dated sediment cores from reservoirs to define historical trends in water quality in the influent river basins. This work applies techniques from paleolimnology to reservoirs, and in the process, highlights differences between sediment-core interpretations for reservoirs and natural lakes. Sediment cores were collected from six reservoirs in the central and southeastern United States, sectioned, and analyzed for Cs-137 and organochlorine compounds. Cs-137 analyses were used to demonstrate limited post-depositional mixing, to indicate sediment deposition dates, and to estimate sediment focusing factors. Relative lack of mixing, high sedimentation rates, and high focusing factors distinguish reservoir sediment cores from cores collected in natural lakes. Temporal trends in concentrations of PCBs, total DDT (DDT + DDD + DDE), and chlordane reflect historical use and regulation of these compounds and differences in land use between reservoir drainages. PCB and total DDT core burdens, normalized for sediment focusing, greatly exceed reported cumulative regional atmospheric fallout of PCBs and total DDT estimated using cores from peat bogs and natural lakes, indicating the dominance of fluvial inputs of both groups of compounds to the reservoirs. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP VanMetre, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,8011 CAMERON RD,AUSTIN,TX 78754, USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074; Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 30 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2339 EP 2344 DI 10.1021/es960943p PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN758 UT WOS:A1997XN75800054 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CM Stromborg, KL AF Custer, TW Custer, CM Stromborg, KL TI Distribution of organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorant eggs and sibling embryos SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organochlorines; double-crested cormorant; PCB congeners; contaminants; sample egg method ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; METABOLISM; EXPOSURE; RESIDUES AB Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) fresh eggs and sibling embryos at pipping were collected from a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated colony in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Egg contents were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) contaminants, including 15 arylhydrocarbon-active PCB congeners. In order to determine the significance of tissue removal on the subsequent estimate of contaminant burden, embryos were decapitated and the heads, yolk sac, liver, fecal sac (allantois), and carcass remainder were analyzed separately. The distribution of contaminant concentration in the embryos was yolk sac > liver > carcass > head > fecal sac. The distribution of contaminant mass in the embryos was yolk sac > carcass > liver > head > fecal sac. For example, mass of total PCBs (TPCB) was yolk sac = 58%, carcass = 31%, liver = 5%, head = 3%, and fecal sac = 1%. Eighteen additional OCs, including 13 PCB congeners, had distribution patterns similar to that of TPCB concentration and mass. Excluding the head of the embryo from the chemical analysis overestimated TPCB concentrations by 15% (16 vs 14 mu g/g). In contrast, excluding the liver from the chemical analysis underestimated TPCB concentration by only 4% (13.5 vs 14 mu g/g). Mean concentrations of OCs were not significantly different between fresh eggs and sibling embryos. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GREEN BAY,WI 54311. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1646 EP 1649 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1646:DOOCID>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XP511 UT WOS:A1997XP51100012 ER PT J AU Cole, MB Moring, JR AF Cole, MB Moring, JR TI Potential error with in situ surveys of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, as determined by radio-telemetry SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE smallmouth bass; Micropterus dolomieu; scuba surveys; sampling error; Maine (USA) AB In situ surveys using scuba are important tools in the management of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in boreal, clear lakes of North America. Population estimates that are derived from such surveys may be erroneous if the size composition of the fish observed by divers differs from that of the entire population. Forty-four adult smallmouth bass of three size classes were radio-tagged and tracked during the summer of 1993 (mid June to early September) in Green Lake, Maine, USA, to investigate possible site-related error from observations by divers being towed along the lake shore. Our results indicate that scuba divers may fail to count a significant portion of large smallmouth bass during late summer (mid July to early September), compared to small-or medium-sized fish. The results suggest that scuba surveys should be conducted during early summer (mid June to mid July) to derive more accurate population estimates. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,MAINE COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US GEOL SURVEY,ORONO,ME 04469. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 269 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00047-7 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YB737 UT WOS:A1997YB73700009 ER PT J AU Henry, CD Kunk, MJ Muehlberger, WR McIntosh, WC AF Henry, CD Kunk, MJ Muehlberger, WR McIntosh, WC TI Igneous evolution of a complex laccolith-caldera, the Solitario, Trans-Pecos Texas: Implications for calderas and subjacent plutons SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; SOUTHWESTERN NEW-MEXICO; ASH-FLOW CALDERAS; GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS; ERUPTIVE HISTORY; HENRY MOUNTAINS; GRANITIC MAGMA; VOLCANIC FIELD; BISHOP TUFF; EMPLACEMENT AB The Solitario is a large, combination laccolith and caldera (herein termed ''laccocaldera''), with a 16-km-diameter dome over which developed a 6 x 2 km caldera. This laccocaldera underwent a complex sequence of predoming sill, laccolith, and dike intrusion and concurrent volcanism; doming with emplacement of a main laccolith; ash-flow eruption and caldera collapse; intracaldera sedimentation and volcanism; and late intrusion, Detailed geologic mapping and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating reveal that the Solitario evolved over an interval of approximately 1 m.y, in three distinct pulses at 36.0, 35.4, and 35.0 Ma, The size, duration, and episodicity of Solitario magmatism are more typical of large ash-flow calderas than of most previously described laccoliths. Small volumes of magma intruded as abundant rhyolitic to trachytic sills and small laccoliths and extruded as lavas and tuffs during the first pulse at 36.0 Ma, Emplacement of the main laccolith, doming, ash-flow eruption, and caldera collapse occurred at 35.4 Ma during the most voluminous pulse, A complex sequence of debris-flow and debris-avalanche deposits, megabreccia, trachyte lava, and minor ash-flow tuff subsequently filled the caldera. The final magmatic pulse at 35.0 Ma consisted of several small laccoliths or stocks and numerous dikes in caldera fill and along the ring fracture, Solitario rocks appear to be part of a broadly cogenetic, metaluminous suite. Peralkaline rhyolite lava domes were emplaced north and west of the Solitario at approximately 35.4 Ma, contemporaneous with laccolith emplacement and the main pulse in the Solitario, The spatial and temporal relation along with sparse geochemical data suggest that the peralkaline rhyolites are crustal melts related to the magmatic-thermal flux represented by the main pulse of Solitario magmatism. Current models of laccolith emplacement and evolution suggest a continuum from initial sill emplacement through growth of the main laccolith. Although the Solitario laccocaldera followed this sequence of events, our field and Ar-40/Ar-39 data demonstrate that it developed through repeated, episodic magma injections, separated by 0.4 to 0.6 m.y. intervals of little or no activity, This evolution requires a deep, long-lived magma source, well below the main laccolith. Laccoliths are commonly thought to be small, shallow features that are not representative of major, silicic magmatic systems such as calderas and batholiths. In contrast, we suggest that magma chambers beneath many ashflow calderas are tabular, floored intrusions, including laccoliths. Evidence for this conclusion includes the following: (1) many large plutons are recognized to be laccoliths or at least tabular, (2) the Solitario and several larger calderas are known to have developed over laccoliths, and (3) magma chambers beneath calderas, which are as much as 80 km in diameter, cannot be as deep as they are wide or some would extend into the upper mantle, The Solitario formed during a tectonically neutral period following Laramide deformation and preceding Basin and Range extension. Therefore, space for the main laccolith was made by uplift of its roof and possibly subsidence of the floor, not by concurrent faulting. Laccolith-type injection is probably a common way that space is made for magma bodies of appreciable areal extent in the upper crust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. UNIV TEXAS, DEPT GEOL SCI, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA. NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOSCI, SOCORRO, NM 87801 USA. RP Henry, CD (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA, NEVADA BUR MINES & GEOL, RENO, NV 89557 USA. NR 116 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 109 IS 8 BP 1036 EP 1054 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1036:IEOACL>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XR323 UT WOS:A1997XR32300007 ER PT J AU Barrash, W Morin, RH AF Barrash, W Morin, RH TI Recognition of units in coarse, unconsolidated braided-stream deposits from geophysical log data with principal components analysis SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUIFERS AB Returns from drilling in unconsolidated cobble and sand aquifers commonly do not identify lithologic changes that may be meaningful for hydrogeologic investigations. Vertical resolution of saturated, Quaternary, coarse braided-stream deposits is significantly improved by interpreting natural gamma (G), epithermal neutron (N), and electromagnetically induced resistivity (IR) logs obtained from wells at the Capital Station site in Boise, Idaho. Interpretation of these geophysical logs is simplified because these sediments are derived largely from high-gamma-producing source rocks (granitics of the Boise River drainage), contain few clays, and have undergone little diagenesis. Analysis of G, N, and IR data from these deposits with principal components analysis provides an objective means to determine if units can be recognized within the braided-stream deposits. In particular, performing principal components analysis on G, N,and IR data from eight wells at Capital Station (1) allows the variable system dimensionality to be reduced from three to two by selecting the two eigenvectors with the greatest variance as axes for principal component scatterplots, (2) generates principal components with interpretable physical meanings, (3) distinguishes sand from cobble-dominated units, and (4) provides a means to distinguish between cobble-dominated units. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Barrash, W (reprint author), BOISE STATE UNIV,CTR GEOPHYS INVEST SHALLOW SUBSURFACE,BOISE,ID 83725, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1997 VL 25 IS 8 BP 687 EP 690 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0687:ROUICU>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA XR322 UT WOS:A1997XR32200004 ER PT J AU Michael, AJ AF Michael, AJ TI Testing prediction methods: Earthquake clustering versus the Poisson model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Testing earthquake prediction methods requires statistical techniques that compare observed success to random chance. One technique is to produce simulated earthquake catalogs and measure the relative success of predicting real and simulated earthquakes. The accuracy of these tests depends on the validity of the statistical model used to simulate the earthquakes. This study tests the effect of clustering in the statistical earthquake model on the results. Three simulation models were used to produce significance levels for a VLF earthquake prediction method. As the degree of simulated clustering increases, the statistical significance drops. Hence, the use of a seismicity model with insufficient clustering can lead to overly optimistic results. A successful method must pass the statistical tests with a model that fully replicates the observed clustering. However, a method can be rejected based on tests with a model that contains insufficient clustering. RP Michael, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DEPT INTERIOR,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 16 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 15 BP 1891 EP 1894 DI 10.1029/97GL01928 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XP337 UT WOS:A1997XP33700013 ER PT J AU Eaton, GP AF Eaton, GP TI Disinformation, misinformation, or myths? SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Eaton, GP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,100 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD AUG PY 1997 VL 42 IS 8 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YK098 UT WOS:A1997YK09800006 ER PT J AU Wood, JA Brett, R AF Wood, JA Brett, R TI Comment on ''The rate of pyrite decomposition on the surface of Venus'' SO ICARUS LA English DT Article AB Fegley et al. (1995, B. Fegley Jr., K. Lodders, A. H. Treiman, and G. Klingelhoffer. Icarus 115, 159-180,) describe a series of furnace experiments in which the mineral pyrite was decomposed in various gas environments, They use these data to estimate the rate of pyrite decomposition on the surface of Venus, The issue of the presence or absence of pyrite on the Venus surface is of significance because pyrite has an important potential effect on the electromagnetic properties of planetary surface materials sensed by radar (1997, J. A. Wood. In Venus II (S. Bougher, D. M. Hunten, and R. Phillips, Eds.). Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, in press). We argue that the decomposition rates found by Fegley et al. are not applicable to the surface of Venus, because none of the gas environments used by those authors accurately reproduced the atmospheric composition at the Venus surface. (C) Academic Press. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Wood, JA (reprint author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,60 GARDEN ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD AUG PY 1997 VL 128 IS 2 BP 472 EP 473 DI 10.1006/icar.1997.5743 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA XT893 UT WOS:A1997XT89300016 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Davis, R Hess, N Peake, D AF Ribic, CA Davis, R Hess, N Peake, D TI Distribution of seabirds in the northern Gulf of Mexico in relation to mesoscale features: initial observations SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES International Symposium on Seabirds in the Marine Environment CY NOV 22-24, 1996 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Int Council Explorat Sea DE eddies; freshwater plume; Gulf of Mexico; mesoscale; productivity; seabirds ID STREAM FRONTAL EDDIES; MARINE BIRDS; OCEAN; SEA AB The presence of seabirds was related to offshore surface eddies and the freshwater plume of the Mississippi River in the northern Gulf of Mexico during autumn, winter, spring, and summer 1992-1993. Skuas (Stercorarius spp.) were the most common bird seen in autumn, whereas skuas and gulls (Larus spp.) were the most common in winter. Few birds were seen in the spring, and terns (Sterna spp.) were the most common birds seen in late summer. During summer, terns were associated with the freshwater plume of the Mississippi River. In the winter, herring (Larus argentatus) and laughing gulls (L. artricilla) were associated with areas with steep thermoclines, while pomarine skuas (Srercorarius pomarinus) were found in areas of low productivity. Herring and laughing gulls in the winter, all birds in the spring, and terns in the summer were more common outside eddies. Only pomarine skuas in the winter were seen more commonly inside warm-core eddies. (C) 1997 US Government. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT MARINE BIOL,GALVESTON,TX 77553. RP Ribic, CA (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL,USGS,BRD,RUSSELL LABS 226,1630 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 54 IS 4 BP 545 EP 551 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0251 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XU448 UT WOS:A1997XU44800005 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Ainley, DG AF Ribic, CA Ainley, DG TI The relationships of seabird assemblages to physical habitat features in Pacific equatorial waters during spring 1984-1991 SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES International Symposium on Seabirds in the Marine Environment CY NOV 22-24, 1996 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Int Council Explorat Sea DE assemblages; habitat choice; physical features; seabirds ID CLASSIFICATION TREES; TROPICAL PACIFIC; MARINE BIRDS; OCEAN; DISTRIBUTIONS; ANTARCTICA; ABUNDANCE; REGION; MODELS; SUMMER AB The association of seabird species groups with physical habitat was investigated in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, far from any breeding colonies. This avoided birds that commute between colony and feeding habitat, behaviour that confuses associations with specific water types and current systems. Seabirds were counted on duplicate tracks in the eastern tropical Pacific each spring from 1984-1991. On each cruise, seabird habitat was measured on the basis of six factors and focused on three species groups: (A) black-winged petrel and white-winged petrel, (B) Juan Fernandez petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, and sooty tern, and (C) Leach's storm-petrel and wedge-rumped storm-petrel. Group A was associated with the South Equatorial Current, particularly in cooler waters (median of 26.4 degrees C); both petrel species followed this assemblage association with current. Group B was associated with areas characterized by deep thermoclines (median of 60 m) and low salinities (median of 34.33). Within Group B, two of the three species' responses were consistent with the group pattern; Juan Fernandez petrel differed by occurring more often where thermocline slopes were steep (median of 9.8 deg C m(-1)). Group C was not associated with any physical habitat variable. This was due to species in the group being associated with different habitats: Leach's storm-petrel with the tropical and equatorial surface water masses and wedge-rumped storm-petrel with waters having shallower thermocline depths (median of 22 m). Overall, two of the three assemblages appeared to be associated with physical habitat during spring with consistency among the species in the group. An association with thermocline depth may indicate that productivity was an important predictor of assemblage presence. (C) 1997 US Government. C1 HT HARVEY & ASSOCIATES,ALVISO,CA 95002. RP Ribic, CA (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL,USGS,BRD,RUSSELL LABS 226,1630 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 54 IS 4 BP 593 EP 599 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0244 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XU448 UT WOS:A1997XU44800009 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Reinhart, DP AF Mattson, DJ Reinhart, DP TI Excavation of red squirrel middens by grizzly bears in the whitebark pine zone SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE avoidance of humans; diet selection; foraging strategies; habitat relationships; Yellowstone National Park ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TAMIASCIURUS; ECOLOGY AB 1, Whitebark pine seeds Pinus albicaulis are all important food of grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis bears wherever whitebark pine is abundant in the contiguous United States of America: availability of seeds affect the distribution of bears, and the level of conflict between bears and humans. Almost all of the seeds consumed by bears are excavated from middens where red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus have-cached whitebark pine cones. 2, Relationships among the occupancy of middens by squirrels, the excavation of middens by bears, and site features were investigated in this study, Data were collected from radio-marked bears and from middens located from line transects on two study sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 3, Densities of active middens were positively related to lodgepole pine Pinus contorta basal area and negatively related to steepness of slope. 4, The probability that a midden was occupied by a squirrel (i.e. active) was positively related to lodgepole pine basal area in the surrounding stand, size of the midden and size of the whitebark pine cone crop, and negatively related to elevation and to bear excavation during the previous 2-12 months. 5, The probability that a midden had been excavated by a bear during the previous 12 months was positively related to size of the midden, and to whitebark pine basal area and cone crop, and negatively related to nearness of roads and town sites, 6, The influence of midden size on bear use was attributable to a positive relationship with the number of excavated cones. The positive association between bear excavations and whitebark pine basal area or cone crops was attributable to availability of pine seeds. 7, Grizzly bears would benefit from the minimization of roads and other human facilities in the whitebark pine zone and from increases in the availability of whitebark: pine seeds, potentially achieved by increasing the numbers of cone-producing whitebark pine trees, especially in lower elevations of the whitebark pine zone where red squirrels are more abundant. C1 NATL PK SERV, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, YELLOWSTONE NATL PK, WY 82190 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO, USGS, DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES, FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR, MOSCOW 83844, RUSSIA. NR 65 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 34 IS 4 BP 926 EP 940 DI 10.2307/2405283 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT348 UT WOS:A1997XT34800009 ER PT J AU Reid, ME AF Reid, ME TI Slope instability caused by small variations in hydraulic conductivity SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID DRIVEN GROUNDWATER-FLOW; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; STABILITY ANALYSIS; FAILURE; SAND AB Variations in hydraulic conductivity can greatly modify hillslope ground-water flow fields, effective-stress fields, and slope stability. In materials with uniform texture, hydraulic conductivities can vary over one to two orders of magnitude, yet small variations can be difficult to determine. The destabilizing effects caused by small (one order of magnitude or less) hydraulic conductivity variations using ground-water flow modeling, finite-element deformation analysis, and limit-equilibrium analysis are examined here. Low hydraulic conductivity materials that impede downslope ground-water flow can create unstable areas with locally elevated pore-water pressures. The destabilizing effects of small hydraulic heterogeneities can be as great as those induced by typical variations in the frictional strength (approximately 4 degrees-8 degrees) of texturally similar materials. Common ''worst-case'' assumptions about ground-water flow, such as a completely saturated ''hydrostatic'' pore-pressure distribution, do not account for locally elevated pore-water pressures and may not provide a conservative slope stability analysis. In site characterization, special attention should be paid to any materials that might impede downslope ground-water flow and create unstable regions. RP Reid, ME (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 910,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 50 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 123 IS 8 BP 717 EP 725 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(717) PG 9 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA XM219 UT WOS:A1997XM21900005 ER PT J AU Bischoff, JL Fitzpatrick, JA Leon, L Arsuaga, JL Falgueres, C Bahain, JJ Bullen, T AF Bischoff, JL Fitzpatrick, JA Leon, L Arsuaga, JL Falgueres, C Bahain, JJ Bullen, T TI Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos chamber, Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain SO JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Sima de Huesos; radiometric dating; hominids; U-series; ESR; cave infilling ID TOOTH ENAMEL; FOSSIL BONES; RESONANCE; AGE AB Sediments of the Sima de los Huesos vary greatly over distances of a few meters. This is typical of interior cave facies, and caused by cycles of cut and fill. Mud breccias containing human bones, grading upwards to mud containing bear bones, fill an irregular surface cut into basal marls and sands. The lack of bedding and the chaotic abundance of fragile speleothem clasts in the fossiliferous muds suggests that the deposit was originally a subterranean pond facies, and that after emplacement of the human remains, underwent vigorous post-depositional rotation and collapse and brecciation, caused by underlying bedrock dissolution and undermining. The fossiliferous deposits are capped by flowstone and guano-bearing muds which lack large-mammal fossils. U-series and radiocarbon dating indicates the capping flowstones formed from about 68 ka to about 25 ka. U-series analyses of speleothem clasts among the human fossils indicate that all are at, or close to, isotopic equilibrium (>350 ka). The distribution of U-series dates for 25 bear bones (154 +/- 66 ka) and for 16 human bones (148 +/- 34 ka) is similar and rather broad. Because the human bones seem to be stratigraphically older than those of the bears, the results would indicate that most of the bones have been accumulating uranium irregularly with time. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses of six selected bear bones indicates dates of 189 +/- 28 ka, for which each is concordant with their corresponding U-series date (181 +/- 41 ka). Combined ESR and U-series dates for these samples yielded 200 +/- 4 ka. Such agreement is highly suggestive that uranium uptake in these bones was close to the early-uptake (EU) model, and the dates are essentially correct. Another three selected samples yielded combined ESR-U-series dates of 320 +/- 4 ka with a modeled intermediate-mode of uranium uptake. The dating results, therefore, seem to provide a firm minimum age of about 200 ka for the human entry; and suggestive evidence of entry before 320 ka. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID,DEPT PALEONTOL,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN. INST PALEONTOL HUMAINE,F-75013 PARIS,FRANCE. RP Bischoff, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 33 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0047-2484 J9 J HUM EVOL JI J. Hum. Evol. PD AUG-SEP PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2-3 BP 129 EP 154 DI 10.1006/jhev.1997.0130 PG 26 WC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology SC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology GA XM029 UT WOS:A1997XM02900003 PM 9300339 ER PT J AU Folger, PF Poeter, E Wanty, RB Day, W Frishman, D AF Folger, PF Poeter, E Wanty, RB Day, W Frishman, D TI Rn-222 transport in a fractured crystalline rock aquifer: Results from numerical simulations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TENSOR; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; FIELD DETERMINATION; ANISOTROPIC MEDIA; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SINGLE FRACTURE; POROUS-MEDIA; FLOW; WATER; RADON AB Dissolved Rn-222 concentrations in ground water from a small wellfield underlain by fractured Middle Proterozoic Pikes Peak Granite southwest of Denver, Colorado range from 124 to 840 kBq m(-3) (3360-22700 pCi L-1). Numerical simulations of flow and transport between two wells show that differences in equivalent hydraulic aperture of transmissive fractures, assuming a simplified two-fracture system and the parallel-plate model, can account for the different Rn-222 concentrations in each well under steady-state conditions. Transient flow and transport simulations show that Rn-222 concentrations along the fracture profile are influenced by Rn-222 concentrations in the adjoining fracture and depend on boundary conditions, proximity of the pumping well to the fracture intersection, transmissivity of the conductive fractures, and pumping rate, Non-homogeneous distribution (point sources) of Rn-222 parent radionuclides, uranium and Ra-222, can strongly perturb the dissolved Rn-222 concentrations in a fracture system. Without detailed information on the geometry and hydraulic properties of the connected fracture system, it may be impossible to distinguish the influence of factors controlling Rn-222 distribution or to determine location of Rn-222 point sources in the field in areas where ground water exhibits moderate Rn-222 concentrations. Flow and transport simulations of a hypothetical multifracture system consisting of ten connected fractures, each 10 m in length with fracture apertures ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mm, show that Rn-222 concentrations at the pumping well can vary significantly over time, Assuming parallel-plate Bow, transmissivities of the hypothetical system vary over four orders of magnitude because transmissivity varies with the cube of fracture aperture, The extreme hydraulic heterogeneity of the simple hypothetical system leads to widely ranging Rn-222 values, even assuming homogeneous distribution of uranium and Ra-226 along fracture walls, Consequently, it is concluded that Rn-222 concentrations vary, not only with the geometric and stress factors noted above, but also according to local fracture aperture distribution, local groundwater residence time, and flux of Rn-222 from parent radionuclides along fracture walls. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Folger, PF (reprint author), US SENATE,OFF SENATOR PETE V DOMENICI,WASHINGTON,DC 20510, USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 195 IS 1-4 BP 45 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03243-X PG 33 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XM204 UT WOS:A1997XM20400003 ER PT J AU Callahan, EV Drobney, RD Clawson, RL AF Callahan, EV Drobney, RD Clawson, RL TI Selection of summer roosting sites by Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in Missouri SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Myotis sodalis; Indiana bat; maternal colony; Missouri; roost tree AB Slimmer roosting sites were studied at four maternity colonies of Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in northern Missouri. Colonies of Indiana bats used two types of roosts, primary and alternate, that differed in intensity of use, number, and probable function. Primary roosts were defined as roosts where use by >30 bats on more than one occasion was observed. The number of primary roosts per colony ranged from one to three. All primary roosts were in standing dead trees situated in trees exposed to direct sunlight. Alternate roosts were used by smaller numbers of bats. These roosts included both living and dead trees that typically were located within the shaded forest interior. Differences in patterns of use between types of roosts seemed to be influenced by weather conditions in that use of alternate roost trees increased during periods of elevated temperature and precipitation. Indiana bats have specific requirements for roost sites, but also must be able to relocate when loss of bark, tree fall, or other events render their current roost sites unusable. Practices of forest management within the summer range of Indiana bats should favor retention of large-diameter, mature, and senescent trees. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,US GEOL SURVEY,MISSOURI COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. MISSOURI DEPT CONSERVAT,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 13 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 78 IS 3 BP 818 EP 825 DI 10.2307/1382939 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XU243 UT WOS:A1997XU24300010 ER PT J AU Fong, DA Geyer, WR Signell, RP AF Fong, DA Geyer, WR Signell, RP TI The wind-forced response on a buoyant coastal current: Observations of the western Gulf of Maine plume SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Liege Colloguium on Ocean Hydrodynamics CY MAY 08-12, 1995 CL LIEGE, BELGIUM SP Minist Educ & Res, Belgium, Natl Sci Bdn Belgium, Univ Liege, ICSU, Sci Comm Oceanog Res, Int Assoc Phys Sci Ocean, UNESCO, Intergovt Oceanog Commiss, European Union, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Sci Fdn, US DE Gulf of Maine; upwelling; continental shelf; freshwater; buoyancy currents; longshore currents ID ESTUARINE PLUMES AB The freshwater plume in the western Gulf of Maine is being studied as part of an interdisciplinary investigation of the physical transport of a toxic alga. A field program was conducted in the springs of 1993 and 1994 to map the spatial and temporal patterns of salinity, currents and algal toxicity. The observations suggest that the plume's cross-shore structure varies markedly as a function of fluctuations in alongshore wind forcing. Consistent with Ekman drift dynamics, upwelling favorable winds spread the plume offshore, at times widening it to over 50 km in offshore extent, while downwelling favorable winds narrow the plume width to as little as 10 km. Using a simple slab model, we find qualitative agreement between the observed variations of plume width and those predicted by Ekman theory for short time scales of integration, Near surface current meters show significant correlations between cross-shore currents and alongshore wind stress, consistent with Ekman theory. Estimates of the terms in the alongshore momentum equation calculated from moored current meter arrays also indicate a dominant Ekman balance within the plume. A significant correlation between alongshore currents and winds suggests that interfacial drag may be important, although inclusion of a Raleigh drag term does not significantly improve the alongshore momentum balance. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Fong, DA (reprint author), MIT,WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,JOINT PROGRAM OCEANOG,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 12 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 81 DI 10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00089-9 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YB095 UT WOS:A1997YB09500006 ER PT J AU Julius, ML Stoermer, EF Colman, SM Moore, TC AF Julius, ML Stoermer, EF Colman, SM Moore, TC TI A preliminary investigation of siliceous microfossil succession in late Quaternary sediments from Lake Baikal, Siberia SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lake Baikal; Russia; paleolimnology; diatoms; chrysophyte cysts; climate change ID BIOGENIC SILICA; REJUVENATION; RECORDS; DIATOMS; BASINS; CORES AB Siliceous microfossil assemblage succession was analyzed in a 100 m sediment core from Lake Baikal, Siberia. The core was recovered from the lake's central basin at a water depth of 365 m. Microfossil abundance varied greatly within the intervals sampled, ranging from samples devoid of siliceous microfossils to samples with up to 3.49 x 10(11) microfossils g(-1) sediment. Fluctuations in abundance appear to reflect trends in the marine delta(18)O record, with peak microfossil levels generally representing climate optima. Microfossil taxa present in sampled intervals changed considerably with core depth. Within each sample a small number of endemic diatom species dominated the assemblage. Changes in dominant endemic taxa between sampled intervals ranged from extirpation of some taxa, to shifts in quantitative abundance. Differences in microfossil composition and the association of variations in abundance with climate fluctuations suggest rapid speciation in response to major climatic excursions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Julius, ML (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,CTR GREAT LAKES & AQUAT SCI,2200 BONISTEEL BLVD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. RI Moore, Theodore/N-8848-2014 OI Moore, Theodore/0000-0003-4121-1325 NR 59 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 187 EP 204 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XU353 UT WOS:A1997XU35300007 ER PT J AU Work, TM Rameyer, RA AF Work, TM Rameyer, RA TI Description and epizootiology of Babesia poelea n. sp in brown boobies (Sula leucogaster (Boddaert)) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, central Pacific SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PIROPLASMS AB We describe a new species of piroplasm from brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, central Pacific. Mean parasitemia in adults and chicks was less than 1%, with the parasitemia in chicks significantly greater than in adults. There was no significant relation between the age of chicks and the degree of parasitemia. Parasitized red cells and red cell nuclei were significantly smaller than those of unparasitized cells, and infected birds appeared clinically normal. Prevalence of the parasite in chicks (54%) was significantly greater than in adults (13%), and the geographic distribution of parasitized chicks was skewed toward the eastern end of Sand Island. On the basis of morphologic characteristics, we named it Babesia poelea. The specific name is a concatenation of the Hawaiian names for dark (po'ele) and booby ('a). This is the second documentation of an endemic avian hemoparasite in seabirds from the central Pacific. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH CTR,HONOLULU FIELD STN,POB 50167,HONOLULU,HI 96850, USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 83 IS 4 BP 734 EP 738 DI 10.2307/3284253 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XR150 UT WOS:A1997XR15000029 PM 9267418 ER PT J AU Herrmann, R AF Herrmann, R TI Long-term watershed research and monitoring to understand ecosystem change in parks and equivalent reserves SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed research; ecosystems; parks; reserves; long-term studies ID BOREAL FOREST STANDS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; NATIONAL-PARK; MOUNTAINS; MICHIGAN AB Integrated watershed ecosystem studies in National Parks or equivalent reserves suggest that effects of external ?recesses on ''protected'' resources are subtle, chronic, and long-term. Ten years of data from National Park watersheds suggests that temperature and precipitation changes are linked to nitrogen levels in lakes and streams. We envision measurable biotic effects in these remote watersheds, if expected climate trends continue. The condition of natural resources within areas set aside for preservation are difficult to ascertain, but gaining this knowledge is the key to understanding ecosystem change and of processes operating among biotic and abiotic ecosystem components. There is increasing evidence that understanding the magnitude of variation within and between such processes can provide an early indication of environmental change and trends attributable to human-induced stress. The following four papers are case studies of how this concept has been implemented.* These long-term studies have expand ed our knowledge of ecosystem response to natural and human-induced stress. The existence of these sites with a commitment to gathering ''long-term'' ecosystem-level data permits research activities aimed at testing more important hypotheses on ecosystem processes and structure. RP Herrmann, R (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 747 EP 753 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04102.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100004 ER PT J AU Fagre, DB Comanor, PL White, JD Hauer, FR Running, SW AF Fagre, DB Comanor, PL White, JD Hauer, FR Running, SW TI Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wildland hydrology; ecological modeling; snow and ice hydrology; climate change; RHESSys model; watershed monitoring; aquatic ecosystems ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; GENERAL-MODEL AB We have developed an approach which examines ecosystem function and the potential effects of climatic shifts. The Lake McDonald watershed of Glacier National Park was the focus for two linked research activities: acquisition of baseline data on hydrologic, chemical and aquatic organism attributes that characterize this pristine northern rocky mountain watershed, and further developing the Regional Hydro-Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys), a collection of integrated models which collectively provide spatially explicit, mechanistically-derived outputs of ecosystem processes, including hydrologic outflow, soil moisture, and snowpack water equivalence. In this unique setting field validation of RHESSys, outputs demonstrated that reasonable estimates of SWE and streamflow are being produced. RHESSys was used to predict annual stream discharge and temperature. The predictions, in conjunction with the field data, indicated that aquatic resources of the park may be significantly affected. Utilizing RHESSys to predict potential climate scenarios and response of other key ecosystem components can provide scientific insights as well as proactive guidelines for national park management. C1 USGS, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, WESTERN REG OFF, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA. UNIV MONTANA, SCH FORESTRY, NTSG, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. UNIV MONTANA, FLATHEAD LAKE BIOL STN, POLSON, MT 59860 USA. RP Fagre, DB (reprint author), USGS, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, GLACIER FIELD STN, W GLACIER, MT 59936 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 755 EP 765 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100005 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R AF Stottlemyer, R TI Stream water chemistry in watersheds receiving different atmospheric inputs of H+, NH4+, NO3-, and SO42-1 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed; stream water chemistry; precipitation chemistry; input-output budgets; nitrate; sulfate ID NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION PATTERNS; NATIONAL-PARK; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; NORTHERN MICHIGAN; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; UNITED-STATES; ALPINE BASIN; ISLE-ROYALE AB Weekly precipitation and stream water samples were collected from small watersheds in Denali National Park, Alaska, the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, and the Calumet watershed on the south shore of Lake Superior, Michigan. The objective was to determine if stream water chemistry at the mouth and upstream stations reflected precipitation chemistry across a range of atmospheric inputs of H+, NH4+, NO3-, and SO42-. Volume-weighted precipitation H+, NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- concentrations varied 4 to 8 fold with concentrations highest at Calumet and lowest in Denali. Stream water chemistry varied among sites, but did not reflect precipitation chemistry. The Denali watershed, Rock Creek, had the lowest precipitation NO3- and SO42- concentrations, but the highest stream water NO3- and SO42- concentrations. Among sites, the ratio of mean monthly upstream NO3- concentration to precipitation NO3- concentration declined (p < 0.001, R-2 = 0.47) as precipitation NO3- concentration increased. The ratio of mean monthly upstream to precipitation SO42- concentration showed no significant relationship to change in precipitation SO42-. concentration. Watersheds showed strong retention of inorganic N (> 90 percent inputs) across inputs ranging from 0.12 to > 6 kg N ha(-1) y(-1). Factors possibly accounting for the weak or non-existent signal between stream water and precipitation ion concentrations include rapid modification of meltwater and precipitation chemistry by soil processes, and the presence of unfrozen soils which permits winter mineralization and nitrification to occur. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 52 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 767 EP 779 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04104.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100006 ER PT J AU Thorsteinson, LK Taylor, DL AF Thorsteinson, LK Taylor, DL TI A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed management wildland hydrology; watershed ecosystem; protocol; monitoring; environmental change; Alaska; Denali National Park ID SCALE; USA AB The National Park Service and the National Biological Service initiated research in Denali National Park and Preserve, a 2.4 million-hectare park in southcentral Alaska, to develop ecological monitoring protocols for national parks in the Arctic/Subarctic biogeographic area. We are focusing pilot studies on design questions, on scaling issues and regionalization, ecosystem structure and function, indicator selection and evaluation, and monitoring technologies. Rock Creek, a headwater stream near Denali headquarters, is the ecological scale for initial testing of a watershed ecosystem approach. Our conceptual model embraces principles of the hydrological cycle, hypotheses of global climate change, and biological interactions of organisms occupying intermediate, but poorly studied, positions in Alaskan food webs. The field approach includes hydrological and depositional considerations and a suite of integrated measures linking key aquatic and terrestrial biota, environmental variables, or defined ecological processes, in order to establish ecological conditions and detect, track, and understand mechanisms of environmental change. Our sampling activities include corresponding measures of physical, chemical, and biological attributes in four Rock Creek habitats believed characteristic of the greater system diversity of Denali. This paper gives examples of data sets, program integration and scaling, and research needs. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. RP Thorsteinson, LK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, 909 1ST AVE, SUITE 800, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1093-474X EI 1752-1688 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 795 EP 810 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100008 ER PT J AU Seramur, KC Powell, RD Carlson, PR AF Seramur, KC Powell, RD Carlson, PR TI Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: an example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glacial retreat; seismic facies analysis; glacitectonic; grounding-line fan; tidewater glacier; Glacier Bay; Southeast Alaska ID SEDIMENTATION; MORAINES; FJORDS AB In the marine environment, stability of the glacier terminus and the location of subglacial streams are the dominant controls on the distribution of grounding-line deposits within morainal banks. A morainal bank complex in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, SE Alaska, is used to develop a model of terminus stability and location of subglacial streams along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers. This model can be used to interpret former grounding-line conditions in other glacimarine settings from the facies architecture within morainal bank deposits. The Muir Inlet morainal bank complex was deposited between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D., and historical observations provide a record of terminus positional glacial retreat rates and sedimentary sources. These data are used to reconstruct the depositional environment and to develop a correlation between sedimentary facies and conditions along the grounding line. Four seismic facies identified on the high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles are used to interpret sedimentary facies within the morainal bank complex. Terminus stability is interpreted from the distribution of sedimentary facies within three distinct submarine geomorphic features, a grounding-line fan, stratified ridges, and a field of push ridges. The grounding-line fan was deposited along a stable terminus and is represented on seismic-reflection profiles by two distinct seismic facies, a proximal and a distal fan facies. The proximal fan facies was deposited at the efflux of subglacial streams and indicates the location of former glacifluvial discharges into the sea. Stratified ridges formed as a result of the influence of a quasi-stable terminus on the distribution of sedimentary facies along the grounding line. A field of push ridges formed along the grounding line of an unstable terminus that completely reworked the grounding-line deposits through glacitectonic deformation. Between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D. (39 years), 8.96 x 10(8) m(3) of sediment were deposited within the Muir Inlet morainal bank complex at an average annual sediment accumulation rate of 2.3 x 10(7) m(3)/a. This rate represents the annual sediment production capacity of the glacier when the Muir Inlet drainage basin is filled with glacial ice. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DE KALB,IL 60115. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Seramur, KC (reprint author), APPALACHIAN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,BOONE,NC 28608, USA. NR 51 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 140 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA XZ781 UT WOS:A1997XZ78100006 ER PT J AU List, JH Sallenger, AH Hansen, ME Jaffe, BE AF List, JH Sallenger, AH Hansen, ME Jaffe, BE TI Accelerated relative sea-level rise and rapid coastal erosion: testing a causal relationship for the Louisiana barrier islands SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea-level rise; Bruun rule; shoreline change; erosion; equilibrium profile; Louisiana ID SHOREFACE PROFILE; BRUUN RULE; SHORELINE; EVOLUTION; OVERWASH; PLAIN; MODEL AB The role of relative sea-level rise as a cause for the rapid erosion of Louisiana's barrier island coast is investigated through a numerical implementation of a modified Bruun rule that accounts for the low percentage of sand-sized sediment in the eroding Louisiana shoreface. Shore-normal profiles from 150 km of coastline west of the Mississippi delta are derived from bathymetric surveys conducted during the 1880s, 1930s and 1980s. An RMS difference criterion is employed to test whether an equilibrium profile form is maintained between survey years. Only about half the studied profiles meet the equilibrium criterion; this represents a significant limitation on the potential applicability of the Bruun rule. The profiles meeting the equilibrium criterion, along with measured rates of relative sea-level rise, are used to hindcast shoreline retreat rates at 37 locations within the study area. Modeled and observed shoreline retreat rates show no significant correlation. Thus, in terms of the Bruun approach, relative sea-level rise has no power for hindcasting (and presumably forecasting) rates of coastal erosion for the Louisiana barrier islands. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP List, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,384 WOODS HOLE RD,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 NR 44 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 140 IS 3-4 BP 347 EP 365 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00035-2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA XZ781 UT WOS:A1997XZ78100008 ER PT J AU Dickens, GR Barron, JA AF Dickens, GR Barron, JA TI A rapidly deposited pennate diatom ooze in Upper Miocene Lower Pliocene sediment beneath the North Pacific polar front SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE productivity; Pacific Ocean; biogeochemical cycles; diatoms ID NEOGENE; OCEAN; PHOSPHORUS AB Rapidly deposited Thalassionema-Thalassiothrix pennate diatom oozes previously have been described in Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene sediment beneath the frontal boundary of the eastern equatorial Pacific. Here we document a new occurrence of Thalassionema-Thalassiothrix ooze in Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene sediment beneath the frontal boundary of the subarctic North Pacific. The ooze is a 6 m interval of siliceous sediment at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites 885/886 that was rapidly deposited between approximately 5.0 and 5.9 Ma. Bulk sediment in this interval may contain greater than 85% pennate diatom tests. There are also abundant laminae and pockets that are composed entirely of Thalassionema and Thalassiothrix diatoms. The presence of a rapidly deposited ooze dominated by pennate diatoms indicates unusual past conditions in the overlying surface waters. Time coincident deposition of such oozes at two distinct frontal boundary locations of the Pacific suggests that the unusual surface water conditions were causally linked to large-scale oceanographic change. This same oceanographic change most likely involved (1) addition of nutrients to the ocean, or (2) redistribution of nutrients within the ocean. The occurrence and origin of pennate diatom oozes may be a key component to an integrative understanding of late Neogene paleoceanography and biogeochemical cycling. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. RP Dickens, GR (reprint author), JAMES COOK UNIV N QUEENSLAND,DEPT EARTH SCI,TOWNSVILLE,QLD 4811,AUSTRALIA. RI Dickens, Gerald/G-1222-2011 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3-4 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1016/S0377-8398(97)00003-0 PG 6 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA XX484 UT WOS:A1997XX48400004 ER PT J AU Bennett, K Wenk, HR Durham, WB Stern, LA Kirby, SH AF Bennett, K Wenk, HR Durham, WB Stern, LA Kirby, SH TI Preferred crystallographic orientation in the ice I->II transformation and the flow of ice II SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE A-PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER STRUCTURE DEFECTS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES LA English DT Article ID SELF-CONSISTENT THEORY; TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; STRAIN; ROCKS AB The preferred crystallographic orientation developed during the ice I --> II transformation and during the plastic flow of ice II was measured in polycrystalline deuterium oxide (D2O) specimens using low-temperature neutron diffraction. Samples partially transformed from ice I to II under a non-hydrostatic stress developed a preferred crystallographic orientation in the ice II. Samples of pure ice II transformed from ice I under a hydrostatic stress and then when compressed axially, developed a strong preferred orientation of compression axes parallel to (10 (1) over bar 0). A match to the observed preferred orientation using the viscoplastic self-consistent theory was obtained only when (10 (1) over bar 0) [0001] was taken as the predominant slip system in ice II. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0141-8610 J9 PHILOS MAG A JI Philos. Mag. A-Phys. Condens. Matter Struct. Defect Mech. Prop. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 2 BP 413 EP 435 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA XP232 UT WOS:A1997XP23200010 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM AF Iverson, RM TI The physics of debris flows SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID MASS-CHANGE MODEL; MOUNT-ST-HELENS; WATER-GRANULE MIXTURE; SLOW PARALLEL FLOWS; SPHERICAL-PARTICLES; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; NEW-ZEALAND; RAPID FLOW; MT THOMAS AB Recent advances in theory and experimentation motivate a thorough reassessment of the physics of debris flows. Analyses of flows of dry, granular solids and solid-fluid mixtures provide a foundation for a comprehensive debris flow theory, and experiments provide data that reveal the strengths and limitations of theoretical models. Both debris flow materials and dry granular materials can sustain shear stresses while remaining stat ic; both can deform in a slow, tranquil mode characterized by enduring, frictional grain contacts; and both can flow in a more rapid, agitated mode characterized by brief, inelastic grain collisions. In debris flows, however, pore fluid that is highly viscous and nearly incompressible, composed of water with suspended silt and clay, can strongly mediate intergranular friction and collisions. Grain friction, grain collisions, and viscous fluid flow may transfer significant momentum simultaneously. Both the vibrational kinetic energy of solid grains (measured by a quantity termed the granular temperature) and the pressure of the intervening pore fluid facilitate motion of grains past one another, thereby enhancing debris flow mobility. Granular temperature arises from conversion of flow translational energy to grain vibrational energy, a process that depends on shear tares, grain properties, boundary conditions, and the ambient fluid viscosity and pressure. Pore fluid pressures that exceed static equilibrium pressures result from local or global debris contraction. Like larger, natural debris flows, experimental debris flows of similar to 10 m(3) of poorly sorted, water-saturated sediment invariably move as an unsteady surge or series of surges. Measurements at the base of experimental flows show that coarse-grained surge fronts have little or no pore fluid pressure. In contrast, finer-grained, thoroughly saturated debris behind surge fronts is nearly liquefied by high pore pressure, which persists owing to the great compressibility and moderate permeability of the debris. Realistic models of debris flows therefore require equations that simulate inertial motion of surges in which high-resistance fronts dominated by solid forces impede the motion of low-resistance tails more strongly influenced by fluid forces. Furthermore, because debris flows characteristically originate as nearly rigid sediment masses, transform at least partly to liquefied flows, and then transform again to nearly rigid deposits, acceptable models must simulate an evolution of material behavior without invoking preternatural changes in material properties. A simple model that satisfies most of these criteria uses depth-averaged equations of motion patterned after those of the Savage-Hutter theory for gravity-driven flow of dry granular masses but generalized to include the effects of viscous pore fluid with varying pressure. These equations can describe a spectrum of debris flow behaviors intermediate between those of wet rock avalanches and sediment-laden water floods. With appropriate pore pressure distributions the equations yield numerical solutions that successfully predict unsteady, nonuniform motion of experimental debris flows. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 200 TC 1099 Z9 1143 U1 39 U2 269 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 3 BP 245 EP 296 DI 10.1029/97RG00426 PG 52 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XN901 UT WOS:A1997XN90100002 ER PT J AU Dvorak, JJ Dzurisin, D AF Dvorak, JJ Dzurisin, D TI Volcano geodesy: The search for magma reservoirs and the formation of eruptive vents SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LONG-VALLEY-CALDERA; MOUNT ST-HELENS; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; LOW-VELOCITY ZONE; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; IZU-OSHIMA VOLCANO; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; SURFACE DEFORMATION AB Routine geodetic measurements are made at only a few dozen of the world's 600 or so active volcanoes, even though these measurements have proven to be a reliable precursor of eruptions. The pattern and rate of surface displacement reveal the depth and rate of pressure increase within shallow magma reservoirs. This process has been demonstrated clearly at Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Long Valley caldera, California; Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy; Rabaul caldera, Papua New Guinea; and Aira caldera and nearby Sakurajima, Japan. Slower and lesser amounts of surface displacement at Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming, are attributed to changes in a hydrothermal system that overlies a crustal magma body. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of eruptive fissures, as well as the amount of widening, have been determined at Kilauea, Hawaii; Etna, Italy; Tolbachik, Kamchatka; Krafla, Iceland; and Asal-Ghoubbet, Djibouti, the last a segment of the East Africa Rift Zone. Continuously recording instruments, such as tiltmeters, extensometers, and dilatometers, have recorded horizontal and upward growth of eruptive fissures, which grew at rates of hundreds of meters per hour, at Kilauea; Izu-Oshima, Japan; Teishi Knell seamount, Japan; and Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island. In addition, such instruments have recorded the hour or less of slight ground movement that preceded small explosive eruptions at Sakurajima and presumed sudden gas emissions at Galeras, Colombia. The use of satellite geodesy, in particular the Global Positioning System, offers the possibility of revealing changes in surface strain both local to a volcano and over a broad region that includes the volcano. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, VANCOUVER, WA 98661 USA. RP Dvorak, JJ (reprint author), INST ASTRON, POB 4729, HILO, HI 96720 USA. NR 273 TC 176 Z9 179 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 EI 1944-9208 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 3 BP 343 EP 384 DI 10.1029/97RG00070 PG 42 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XN901 UT WOS:A1997XN90100005 ER PT J AU Oyarzabal, FR Jacobson, CE Haxel, GB AF Oyarzabal, FR Jacobson, CE Haxel, GB TI Extensional reactivation of the Chocolate Mountains subduction thrust in the Gavilan Hills of southeastern California SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PELONA SCHIST; NORTHEASTWARD MOVEMENT; SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA; ROCKS; EVOLUTION; GEOLOGY; FAULT AB The NE vergent Chocolate Mountains fault of southeastern California has been interpreted as either a subduction thrust responsible for burial and prograde metamorphism of the ensimatic Orocopia Schist or as a normal fault involved in the exhumation of the schist. Our detailed structural analysis in the Gavilan Hills area provides new evidence to confirm the latter view. A zone of deformation is present at the top of the Orocopia Schist in which lineations are parallel to those in the upper plate of the Chocolate Mountains fault but oblique to ones at relatively deep levels in the schist. Both the Orocopia Schist and upper plate contain several generations of shear zones that show a transition from crystalloblastic through mylonitic to cataclastic textures. These structures formed during retrograde metamorphism and are considered to record the exhumation of the Orocopia Schist during early Tertiary time as a result of subduction return flow. The Gatuna fault, which places low-grade, supracrustal metasediments of the Winterhaven Formation above the gneisses of the upper plate, also seems to have been active at this time. Final unroofing of the Orocopia Schist occurred during early to middle Miocene regional extension and may have involved a second phase of movement on the Gatuna fault. Formation of the Chocolate Mountains fault during exhumation indicates that its top-to-the-NE sense of movement provides no constraint on the polarity of the Orocopia Schist subduction zone. This weakens the case for a previous model involving SW dipping subduction, while providing support for the view that the Orocopia Schist is a correlative of the Franciscan Complex. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & ATMOSPHER SCI,AMES,IA 50011. NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 650 EP 661 DI 10.1029/97TC01415 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XR626 UT WOS:A1997XR62600006 ER PT J AU Andraski, BJ AF Andraski, BJ TI Soil-water movement under natural-site and waste-site conditions: A multiple-year field study in the Mojave Desert, Nevada SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; THERMOCOUPLE PSYCHROMETERS; VADOSE-ZONE; HEAT FLUXES; RECHARGE; PLANT; CALIBRATION; SIMULATIONS; MOISTURE; REGIONS AB Soil-water movement under natural-site and simulated waste-site conditions were compared by monitoring four experimental sites in the Mojave Desert, Nevada, during a 5-year period: one vegetated soil profile, one soil profile where vegetation was removed, and two nonvegetated test trenches. Precipitation ranged from 14 to 162 mm/yr. Temporal changes in water content measured by neutron probe were limited to the upper 0.5-1 m; values ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 m(3)/m(3). Water potential and temperature were measured by thermocouple psychrometers; 77% remained operable for greater than or equal to 4.5 years. For vegetated soil, precipitation that accumulated in the upper 0.75 m of soil was removed by evapotranspiration: water potentials decreased seasonally by 4 to >8 MPa. During 2 years with below-average precipitation, water potentials below the apparent root zone decreased by 2.3 (1.2-m depth) to 0.4 MPa (5-m depth), and the gradients became predominantly upward. Water potentials then rebounded during 2 years with near- and above-average precipitation, and seasonally variant water potential gradients were reestablished above the 4.2-m depth. Under nonvegetated waste-site conditions, data indicated the long-term accumulation and shallow, but continued, penetration of precipitation: water potentials showed moisture penetration to depths of 0.75-1.85 m. The method of simulated-waste drum placement (stacked versus random) and the associated differences in subsidence showed no measurable influence on the water balance of the trenches: subsidence totaled less than or equal to 13 mm during the study. Water potentials below the trenches and below the 2-m depth for the nonvegetated soil remained low (approximate to-5.5 to -7.5 MPa) and indicated the persistence of typically upward driving forces for isothermal water flow. Water fluxes estimated from water potential and temperature data suggested that isothermal liquid, isothermal vapor, and nonisothermal vapor flow need to be considered in the conceptualization of unsaturated flow at the field sites. Below the depth of temporal water content change, the estimated liquid fluxes ranged from 10(-10) to 10(-15) cm/s, isothermal vapor fluxes ranged from 10(-10) to 10(-13) cm/s, and the nonisothermal vapor fluxes ranged from 10(-8) to 10(-10) cm/s. RP Andraski, BJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,333 W NYE LANE,ROOM 203,CARSON CITY,NV 89706, USA. NR 45 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1901 EP 1916 DI 10.1029/97WR01502 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XP366 UT WOS:A1997XP36600014 ER PT J AU Parkhurst, DL AF Parkhurst, DL TI Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS AB Geochemical mole-balance models are sets of chemical reactions that quantitatively account for changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of water along a flow path. A revised mole-balance formulation that includes an uncertainty term for each chemical and isotopic datum is derived. The revised formulation is comprised of mole-balance equations for each element or element redox state, alkalinity, electrons, solvent water, and each isotope; a charge-balance equation and an equation that relates the uncertainty terms for pH, alkalinity, and total dissolved inorganic carbon for each aqueous solution; inequality constraints on the size of the uncertainty terms; and inequality constraints on the sign of the mole transfer of reactants. The equations and inequality constraints are solved by a modification of the simplex algorithm combined with an exhaustive search for unique combinations of aqueous solutions and reactants for which the equations and inequality constraints can be solved and the uncertainty terms minimized. Additional algorithms find only the simplest mole-balance models and determine the ranges of mixing fractions for each solution and mole transfers for each reactant that are consistent with specified limits on the uncertainty terms. The revised formulation produces simpler and more robust mole-balance models and allows the significance of mixing fractions and mole transfers to be evaluated. In an example from the central Oklahoma aquifer, inclusion of up to 5% uncertainty in the chemical data can reduce the number of reactants in mole-balance models from seven or more to as few as three, these being cation exchange, dolomite dissolution, and silica precipitation. In another example from the Madison aquifer, inclusion of the charge-balance constraint requires significant increases in the mole transfers of calcite, dolomite, and organic matter, which reduce the estimated maximum carbon 14 age of the sample by about 10,000 years, from 22,700 years to 12,600 years. RP Parkhurst, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 413,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1957 EP 1970 DI 10.1029/97WR01125 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XP366 UT WOS:A1997XP36600019 ER PT J AU Durham, WB Kirby, SH Stern, LA AF Durham, WB Kirby, SH Stern, LA TI Creep of water ices at planetary conditions: A compilation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; MANTLE CONVECTION; GANYMEDE; DEFORMATION; SATELLITES; EVOLUTION; RHEOLOGY; CALLISTO AB Many constitutive laws for the flow of ice have been published since the advent of the Voyager explorations of the outer solar system. Conflicting data have occasionally come from different laboratories, and refinement of experimental techniques has led to the publication of laws that supersede earlier ones. In addition, there are unpublished data from ongoing research that also amend the constitutive laws. Here we compile the most current laboratory-derived flow laws for water ice phases I, II, III, V, and VI, and ice I mixtures with hard particulates. The rheology of interest is mainly that of steady state, and the conditions reviewed are the pressures and temperatures applicable to the surfaces and interiors of icy moons of the outer solar system. Advances in grain-size-dependent creep in ices I and II as well as in phase transformations and metastability under differential stress are also included in this compilation. At laboratory strain rates the several ice polymorphs are theologically distinct in terms of their stress, temperature, and pressure dependencies but, with the exception of ice III, have fairly similar strengths. Hard particulates strengthen ice I significantly only at high particulate volume fractions. Ice III has the potential for significantly affecting mantle dynamics because it is much weaker than the other polymorphs and its region of stability, which may extend metastably well into what is nominally the ice II field, is located near likely geotherms of large icy moons. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Durham, WB (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 38 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUL 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E7 BP 16293 EP 16302 DI 10.1029/97JE00916 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XN540 UT WOS:A1997XN54000001 ER PT J AU Elliott, DG McKibben, CL AF Elliott, DG McKibben, CL TI Comparison of two fluorescent antibody techniques (FATs) for detection and quantification of Renibacterium salmoninarum in coelomic fluid of spawning chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; broodstock screening; fluorescent antibody technique; (FAT); BKD detection ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; INTRA-OVUM INFECTION; CHAIN-REACTION PCR; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; EGGS; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; PREVALENCE; PATHOGEN; PROGENY AB Two versions of the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) were compared for detection and quantification of Renibacterium salmoninarum in coelomic fluid samples from naturally infected spawning chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. For the membrane filtration-FAT (MF-FAT), trypsin-treated samples were passed through 0.2 mu m polycarbonate filters to concentrate bacteria for direct enumeration by immunofluorescence microscopy. For the smear-FAT (S-FAT), samples were centrifuged at 8800 x g for 10 min and the pelleted material was smeared on slides for immunofluorescence staining. Detected prevalences of Renibacterium salmoninarum were 1.8 to 3.4 limes higher by the MF-FAT than by the S-FAT; differences were significant at p less than or equal to 0,0002. The S-FAT consistently detected R. salmoninarum only in samples with calculated bacterial concentrations greater than or equal to 2.4 x 10(3) cells ml(-1) by MF-FAT testing. Increasing the area examined on a filter or slide from 50 to 100 microscope fields at 1000x magnification resulted in the detection of a maximum of 4 % additional positive samples by the MF-FAT and 7 % additional positive samples by the S-FAT. In individual samples for which bacterial counts were obtained by both the MF-FAT and the S-FAT, the counts averaged from 47 times (+/-30 SD) to 175 times (+/-165 SD) higher by the MF-FAT. Centrifugation of samples at 10000 x g for 10 min resulted in a 4-fold increase in mean bacterial counts by the S-FAT compared with a 10-min centrifugation at 2000 x g, but the highest calculated bacterial concentration obtained by S-FAT testing was more than 6-fold lower than that obtained for the same sample by MF-FAT testing. Because of its greater sensitivity, the MF-FAT is preferable to the S-FAT for use in critical situations requiring the detection of low numbers of R. salmoninarum. RP Elliott, DG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,NW BIOL SCI CTR,6505 NE 65TH ST,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JUL 24 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.3354/dao030037 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA XV101 UT WOS:A1997XV10100005 ER PT J AU Benson, L Burdett, J Lund, S Kashgarian, M Mensing, S AF Benson, L Burdett, J Lund, S Kashgarian, M Mensing, S TI Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID YOUNGER-DRYAS; CORALS; AGES; CIRCULATION; RECORD AB The climate of the North Atlantic region underwent a series of abrupt cold/warm oscillations when the ice sheets of the Northern Hemisphere retreated during the last glacial termination (17.7-11.5 kyr ago). Evidence for these oscillations, which are recorded in European terrestrial sediments as the Oldest Dryas/Bolling/ Older Dryas/Allerod/Younger Dryas vegetational sequence(1,2), has been found in Greenland ice cores(3,4). The geographical extent of many of these oscillations is not well known(5,6), but the last major cold event (the Younger Dryas) seems to have been global in extent(7-10). Here we present evidence of four major oscillations in the hydrological balance of the Owens basin, California, that occurred during the last glacial termination. Dry events in western North America occurred at approximately the same time as cold events recorded in Greenland ice, with transitions between climate regimes in the two regions taking place within a few hundred years of each other. Our observations thus support recent climate simulations which indicate that cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean results in cooling of the North Pacific Ocean(11) which, in turn, leads to a drier climate in western North America(12). C1 CORNELL UNIV,BOYCE THOMPSON INST 125,CORNELL LAB STABLE ISOTOPE ANAL,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT GEOG,RENO,NV 89557. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 34 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 13 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 17 PY 1997 VL 388 IS 6639 BP 263 EP 265 DI 10.1038/40838 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XL121 UT WOS:A1997XL12100047 ER PT J AU Liu, HP Hu, YG Dorman, J Chang, TS Chiu, JM AF Liu, HP Hu, YG Dorman, J Chang, TS Chiu, JM TI Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flood-plain deposit; ground motion; sediment; seismic velocities AB Vertical seismic compressional- and shear-wave (P- and S-wave) profiles were collected from three shallow boreholes in sediment of the upper Mississippi embayment. The site of the 60-m hole at Shelby Forest, Tennessee, is on bluffs forming the eastern edge of the Mississippi alluvial plain. The bluffs are composed of Pleistocene loess, Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial clay and sand deposits, and Tertiary deltaic-marine sediment. The 36-m hole at Marked Tree, Arkansas, and the 27-m hole at Risco, Missouri, are in Holocene Mississippi river floodplain sand, silt, and gravel deposits. At each site, impulsive P- and S-waves were generated by man-made sources at the surface while a three-component geophone was locked downhole at 0.91-m intervals. Consistent with their very similar geology, the two floodplain locations have nearly identical S-wave velocity (V-s) profiles. The lowest V-s values are about 130 m s(-1), and the highest values are about 300 m s(-1) at these sites. The shear-wave velocity profile at Shelby Forest is very similar within the Pleistocene loess(12 m thick); in deeper, older material, V-s exceeds 400 m s(-1). At Marked Tree, and at Risco, the compressional-wave velocity (V-p) values above the water table are as low as about 230 m s(-1), and rise to about 1.9 km s(-1) below the water table. At Shelby Forest, V-p,values in the unsaturated loess are as low as 302 m s(-1). V-p values below the water table are about 1.8 km s(-1). For the two floodplain sites, the V-p/V-s, ratio increases rapidly across the water table depth. For the Shelby Forest site, the largest increase in the V-p/V-s, ratio occurs at similar to 20-m depth, the boundary between the Pliocene-Pleistocene clay and sand deposits and the Eocene shallow-marine clay and silt deposits. Until recently, seismic velocity data for the embayment basin came from earthquake studies, crustal-scale seismic refraction and reflection profiles, sonic logs, and from analysis of dispersed earthquake surface waves. Since 1991, seismic data for shallow sediment obtained from reflection, refraction, crosshole and downhole techniques have been obtained for sites at the northern end of the embayment basin. The present borehole data, however, are measured from sites representative of large areas in the Mississippi embayment. Therefore, they fill a gap in information needed for modeling the response of the embayment to destructive seismic shaking. RP Liu, HP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 1997 VL 46 IS 3-4 BP 313 EP 330 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00009-4 PG 18 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA XH693 UT WOS:A1997XH69300008 ER PT J AU Moore, DE Lockner, DA Ma, SL Summers, R Byerlee, JD AF Moore, DE Lockner, DA Ma, SL Summers, R Byerlee, JD TI Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; FRICTIONAL BEHAVIOR; OCEANIC-CRUST; HEAT-FLOW; CALIFORNIA; STABILITY; LIZARDITE; STRESS; MONTMORILLONITE; EARTHQUAKES AB Serpentinite has been proposed as a cause of both low strength and aseismic creep of fault zones. To test these hypotheses, we have measured the strength of chrysotile-, lizardite-, and antigorite-rich serpentinite gouges under hydrothermal conditions, with emphasis on chrysotile, which has thus far received little attention. At 25 degrees C, the coefficient of friction, mu, of chrysotile gouge is roughly 0.2, whereas the lizardite- and antigorite-rich gouges are at least twice as strong. The very low room temperature strength of chrysotile is a consequence of its unusually high adsorbed water content. When the adsorbed water is removed, chrysotile is as strong as pure antigorite gouge at room temperature. Heating to similar to 200 degrees C causes the frictional strengths of all three gouges to increase. Limited data suggest that different polytypes of a given serpentine mineral have similar strengths; thus deformation-induced changes in polytype should not affect fault strength. At 25 degrees C, the chrysotile gouge has a transition from velocity strengthening at low velocities to velocity weakening at high velocities, consistent with previous studies. At temperatures up to similar to 200 degrees C, however, chrysotile strength is essentially independent of velocity at low velocities. Overall, chrysotile has a restricted range of velocity-strengthening behavior that migrates to higher velocities with increasing temperature. Less information on velocity dependence is available for the lizardite and antigorite gouges, but their behavior is consistent with that outlined for chrysotile. The marked changes in velocity dependence and strength of chrysotile with heating underscore the hazards of using room temperature data to predict fault behavior at depth. The velocity behavior at elevated temperatures does not rule out serpentinite as a cause of aseismic slip, but in the presence of a hydrostatic fluid pressure gradient, all varieties of serpentine are too strong to explain the apparent weakness of faults such as the San Andreas. C1 STATE SEISMOL BUR, INST GEOL, BEIJING 100029, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Moore, DE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 61 TC 123 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B7 BP 14787 EP 14801 DI 10.1029/97JB00995 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ831 UT WOS:A1997XJ83100005 ER PT J AU Mori, J Abercrombie, RE AF Mori, J Abercrombie, RE TI Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FAULT; SLIP AB Statistics of earthquakes in California show linear frequency-magnitude relationships in the range of M2.0 to M5.5 for various data sets. Assuming Gutenberg-Richter distributions, there is a systematic decrease in b value with increasing depth of earthquakes. We find consistent results for various data sets from northern and southern California that both include and exclude the larger aftershock sequences. We suggest that at shallow depth (similar to 0 to 6 km) conditions with more heterogeneous material properties and lower lithospheric stress prevail. Rupture initiations are more likely to stop before growing into large earthquakes, producing relatively more smaller earthquakes and consequently higher b values. These ideas help to explain the depth-dependent observations of foreshocks in the western United States. The higher occurrence rate of foreshocks preceding shallow earthquakes can be interpreted in terms of rupture initiations that are stopped before growing into the mainshock. At greater depth (9-15 km), any rupture initiation is more likely to continue growing into a larger event, so there are fewer foreshocks. If one assumes that frequency-magnitude statistics can be used to estimate probabilities of a small rupture initiation growing into a larger earthquake, then a small (M2) rupture initiation at 9 to 12 km depth is 18 times more likely to grow into a M5.5 or larger event, compared to the same small rupture initiation at 0 to 3 km. C1 UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT GEOL SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. RP Mori, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 525 S WILSON AVE, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. NR 35 TC 104 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B7 BP 15081 EP 15090 DI 10.1029/97JB01356 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ831 UT WOS:A1997XJ83100022 ER PT J AU Chouet, B Saccorotti, G Martini, M Dawson, P DeLuca, G Milana, G Scarpa, R AF Chouet, B Saccorotti, G Martini, M Dawson, P DeLuca, G Milana, G Scarpa, R TI Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; POLARIZATION ANALYSIS; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; NUMBER METHODS; DENSE ARRAY; DYNAMICS; SIGNALS; MOTION; MODELS AB The wave fields generated by Strombolian activity are investigated using data from small-aperture seismic arrays deployed on the north flank of Stromboli and data from seismic and pressure transducers set up near the summit crater, Measurements of slowness and azimuth as a function of time clearly indicate that the sources of tremor and explosions are located beneath the summit crater at depths shallower than 200 m with occasional bursts of energy originating from sources extending to a depth of 3 km. Slowness, azimuth, and particle motion measurements reveal a complex composition of body and surface waves associated with topography, structure, and source properties, Body waves originating at depths shallower than 200 m dominate the wave field at frequencies of 0.5-2.5 Hz, and surface waves generated by the surficial part of the source and by scattering sources distributed around the island dominate at frequencies above 2.5 Hz, The records of tremor and explosions are both dominated by SH motion. Far-field records from explosions start with radial motion, and near-field records from those events show dominantly horizontal motion and often start with a low-frequency (1-2 Hz) precursor characterized by elliptical particle motion, followed within a few seconds by a high-frequency radial phase (1-10 Hz) accompanying the eruption of pyroclastics. The dominant component of the near- and far-field particle motions from explosions, and the timing of air and body wave phases observed in the near field, are consistent with a gas-piston mechanism operating on a shallow (<200 m deep), vertical crack-like conduit. Models of a degassing fluid column suggest that noise emissions originating in the collective oscillations of bubbles ascending in the magma conduit may provide an adequate self-excitation mechanism for sustained tremor generation at Stromboli. C1 UNIV AQUILA, DIPARTIMENTO FIS, I-67010 COPPITO, ITALY. OSSERV VESUVIANO, I-80123 NAPLES, ITALY. SERV SISMICO NAZL, I-00185 ROME, ITALY. UNIV NAPLES FEDERICO II, DIPARTIMENTO GEOFIS & VULCANOL, NAPLES, ITALY. RP Chouet, B (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. OI Saccorotti, Gilberto/0000-0003-2915-1446 NR 48 TC 132 Z9 132 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B7 BP 15129 EP 15150 DI 10.1029/97JB00953 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ831 UT WOS:A1997XJ83100026 ER PT J AU Musacchio, G Mooney, WD Luetgert, JH Christensen, NI AF Musacchio, G Mooney, WD Luetgert, JH Christensen, NI TI Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from V-P/V-S ratios SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; NEW-YORK-STATE; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; REFRACTION DATA; POISSONS RATIO; ROCKS; PROFILE; WAVE AB We use the ratios between P and S wave velocities (V-P/V-S), derived from seismic refraction data, to infer the composition of the crust in the Grenville and the Appalachian Provinces of North America. The crust exhibits V-P/N-S increasing with depth from 1.64 to 1.84; there is a cleat distinction between the Grenville Province (average V-P/V-S = 1.81) and the Appalachian Province (average V-P/V-S = 1.73) which persists at all depths. The boundary between these provinces is east dipping extending for 100 km east of the Champlain thrust. In the Appalachian Province the increase in V-P/V-S ratios with depth from 1.67 to 1.74 +/- 0.02 may reflect a normal decrease of silica content in the continental crust. In the Grenville Province beneath the Central Granulite Terrane, an anomalous V-P/V-S ratio of 1.82 +/- 0.02 is observed extending to a depth of 10 km; this correlates with the abundance of Ca-plagioclase in the Marcy Anorthosite. At greater depth (15-20 km), where seismic lamination and high electrical conductivity is observed, V-P/V-S is 1.84 +/- 0.02 and correlates with the Tahawus Complex, a layered mafic intrusion. Within the 25-km-thick lower crust of the Grenville Province the V-P/V-S is 1.84 +/- 0.02 and P-velocity is 7.0 +/- 0.1 km/s, which are typical for plagioclase-bearing rocks (gabbro-norite). The high V-P/V-S ratio in the Grenville Province has not been reported in crust of any other age. Since the Grenville Province contains 75% of the world's known anorthosites, high V-P/V-S ratio is related to high plagioclase. We suggest that the composition of the Grenville lower crust was significantly modified by the emplacement of the anorthosites in the mid-Proterozoic. C1 PURDUE UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI & ATMOSPHER SCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN USA. RP Musacchio, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. OI Musacchio, Gemma/0000-0003-1509-2182 NR 71 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B7 BP 15225 EP 15241 DI 10.1029/96JB03737 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XJ831 UT WOS:A1997XJ83100032 ER PT J AU Ritter, JRR Evans, JR AF Ritter, JRR Evans, JR TI Deep structure of Medicine Lake volcano, California SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Stress and Stress Release in the Lithosphere CY MAR 07-11, 1996 CL UNIV KARLSRUHE, KARLSRUHE, GERMANY SP German Res Soc HO UNIV KARLSRUHE DE seismic tomography; lithosphere; volcano; Cascades ID COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SEISMIC-REFRACTION; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CASCADE RANGE; UPPER-MANTLE; NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; TELESEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; STRUCTURE BENEATH AB Medicine Lake volcano (MLV) in northeastern California is the largest-volume volcano in the Cascade Range. The upper-crustal structure of this Quaternary shield volcano is well known from previous geological and geophysical investigations. In 1981, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a teleseismic tomography experiment on MLV to explore its deeper structure. The images we present, calculated using a modern form of the AGH-inversion method, reveal that there is presently no hint of a large (>100 km(3)), hot magma reservoir in the crust. The compressional-wave velocity perturbations show that directly beneath MLV's caldera there is a zone of increased seismic velocity. The perturbation amplitude is +10% in the upper crust, +5% in the lower crust, and +3% in the lithospheric mantle. This positive seismic velocity anomaly presumably is caused by mostly subsolidus gabbroic intrusive rocks in the crust. Heat and melt removal are suggested as the cause in the upper mantle beneath MLV, inferred from petro-physical modeling. The increased seismic velocity appears to be nearly continuous to 120 km depth and is a hint that the original melts come at least partly from the lower lithospheric mantle. Our second major finding is that the upper mantle southeast of MLV is characterized by relatively slow seismic velocities (-1%) compared to the northwest side. This anomaly is interpreted to result from the elevated temperatures under the northwest Basin and Range Province. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Ritter, JRR (reprint author), UNIV KARLSRUHE, INST GEOPHYS, HERTZSTR 16, D-76187 KARLSRUHE, GERMANY. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUL 10 PY 1997 VL 275 IS 1-3 BP 221 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00022-X PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XZ032 UT WOS:A1997XZ03200013 ER PT J AU Huber, K Fuchs, K Palmer, J Roth, F Khakhaev, BN VanKin, LE Pevzner, LA Hickman, S Moos, D Zoback, MD Schmitt, D AF Huber, K Fuchs, K Palmer, J Roth, F Khakhaev, BN VanKin, LE Pevzner, LA Hickman, S Moos, D Zoback, MD Schmitt, D TI Analysis of borehole televiewer measurements in the Vorotilov drillhole, Russia - first results SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Stress and Stress Release in the Lithosphere CY MAR 07-11, 1996 CL UNIV KARLSRUHE, KARLSRUHE, GERMANY SP German Res Soc HO UNIV KARLSRUHE DE tectonic stress; borehole breakouts; Russian dep boreholes ID STRESS ORIENTATION; TECTONIC STRESS; INSITU STRESS; MAGNITUDE; BREAKOUTS; PATTERNS; EUROPE AB In the Eurasian part of the World Stress Map almost the whole region east of the Tornquist-Teisseyre line is terra incognita. The closure of this information gap is of fundamental importance to the understanding of the geodynamics of the Eurasian continent. A detailed analysis of stress-induced wellbore breakouts has been performed over a 4.1-km-long depth interval in the Vorotilov drillhole (VGS). The borehole is located in the central part of the Russian platform, right in the center of the Vorotilov meteorite impact crater 60 km to the NNE of the city of Nizni Novgorod, An ultrasonic borehole televiewer (BHTV) was used to obtain high-resolution acoustical images from the borehole wall. With an interactive system for analyzing BHTV data the azimuth and shape of borehole breakouts occurring in the depth range of 1.3-4.8 km were analyzed. A statistical analysis of the resulting orientation profile of the breakout azimuths yields an overall direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress S-H Of N 137 degrees E +/- 15 degrees. Variations of breakout orientation with depth ranging from a few degrees up to more than 90 degrees are seen on various depth scales. The observed stress direction of N 137 degrees E agrees very well with the average S-H Orientation of N 145 degrees E in Central Europe. If this measurement is taken as representative for the Russian platform, the stress field in Russia is only slightly rotated in comparison to Central Europe. This can possibly be interpreted as indicative for the stress field to be governed by broad scale tectonic forces, such as a strong contribution from the forces exerted by the collision zone in the Alpine-Himalayan belt and by the Mid-Atlantic ridge. C1 GEOFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM POTSDAM,DIV DISASTER RES,SECT BOREHOLE LOGGING,D-14473 POTSDAM,GERMANY. GNPP,YAROSLAVL 150013,RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT PHYS,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2J1,CANADA. RP Huber, K (reprint author), UNIV KARLSRUHE,INST GEOPHYS,D-76187 KARLSRUHE,GERMANY. RI Schmitt, Douglas/A-4091-2010 OI Schmitt, Douglas/0000-0001-6920-0658 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUL 10 PY 1997 VL 275 IS 1-3 BP 261 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00031-0 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XZ032 UT WOS:A1997XZ03200016 ER PT J AU Lyons, PC AF Lyons, PC TI Central-northern Appalachian coalbed methane flow grows SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Lyons, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD JUL 7 PY 1997 VL 95 IS 27 BP 76 EP 81 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XJ266 UT WOS:A1997XJ26600026 ER PT J AU Gries, RR Clayton, JL Leonard, C AF Gries, RR Clayton, JL Leonard, C TI Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan Sag, south-central Colorado SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CRUDE-OIL; PETROLEUM; MIGRATION; SEDIMENTS; PRISTANE; KEROGEN; HISTORY; PHYTANE AB The San Juan sag, concealed by the vast San Juan volcanic field of south-central Colorado, has only recently benefited from oil and gas wildcat drilling and evaluations. Sound geochemical analyses and maturation modeling are essential elements for successful exploration and development, Oil has been produced in minor quantities from an Oligocene sill in the Mancos Shale within the sag, and major oil and gas production occurs from stratigraphically equivalent rocks in the San Juan basin to the southwest and in the Denver basin to the northeast. The objectives of this study were to identify potential source rocks, assess thermal maturity, and determine hydrocarbon-source bed relationships, Source rocks are present in the San Juan sag in the upper and lower Mancos Shale (including the Niobrara Member), which consists of about 666 m (2184 ft) of marine shale with from 0.5 to 3.1 wt % organic carbon. Pyrolysis yields (S-1 + S-2 2000-6000 ppm) and solvent extraction yields (1000-4000 ppm) indicate that some intervals within the Mancos hale are good potential source rocks for oil, containing type II organic matter, according to Rock-Eval pyrolysis assay. Oils produced from the San Juan sag and adjacent part of the San juan basin are geochemically similar to rock extracts obtained from these potential source rock intervals. Based on reconstruction of the geologic history of the basin integrated with models of organic maturation, we conclude that most of the source rock maturation occurred in the Oligocene and Miocene, Little to no maturation took place during Laramide subsidence of the basin, when the Animas and Blanco Basin formations were deposited, The timing of maturation is unlike that of most Laramide basins in the Rocky Mountain region, where maturation occurred as a result of Paleocene and Eocene basin fill, The present geothermal gradient in the San Juan sag is slightly higher (average 3.5 degrees C/100 m; 1.9 degrees F/100 ft) than the regional average for southern Rocky Mountain basins; however, although the sag contains intrusives and a volcanic cover, the gradient is significantly lower than that reported for parts of the adjacent San Juan basin (4.7 degrees C/100 m; 2.6 degrees F/100 ft). Burial depth appears to be a more important controlling factor in the thermal history of the source rocks than local variations in the geothermal gradient due to volcanic activity, Interestingly, the thick overburden of volcanic rocks appears to have provided the necessary burial depth for maturation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. PLATTE RIVER ASSOCIATES INC,DENVER,CO 80234. RP Gries, RR (reprint author), PRIOR OIL & GAS LLC,633 17TH ST,SUITE 1520,DENVER,CO 80202, USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1133 EP 1160 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XL436 UT WOS:A1997XL43600007 ER PT J AU Roe, KJ Simons, AM Hartfield, P AF Roe, KJ Simons, AM Hartfield, P TI Identification of a fish host of the inflated heelsplitter Potamilus inflatus (Bivalvia: Unionidae) with a description of its glochidium SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB A survey of the fishes of the Black Warrior River was undertaken to determine fish host(s) of the federally threatened inflated heelsplitter, Potanilus inflatus. Seven hundred-twenty individual fishes representing 30 species were examined; mussel glochidia were found on 10 individual fishes representing nine species. Potamilus inflatus glochidia were only found infesting one freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), which is concordant with previous findings for the genus Potamilus. The morphology of P. inflatus glochidia is described and compared to P. purpuratus. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ENDANGERED SPECIES OFF,JACKSON,MS 39213. RP Roe, KJ (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT BIOL SCI,AQUAT BIOL PROGRAM,BOX 870344,TUSCALOOSA,AL 35487, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 138 IS 1 BP 48 EP 54 DI 10.2307/2426653 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XR338 UT WOS:A1997XR33800005 ER PT J AU Squires, JR Anderson, SH AF Squires, JR Anderson, SH TI Changes in trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) activities from winter to spring in the greater Yellowstone area SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; CANADA GEESE; SELECTION; BEHAVIOR AB Trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator), in the winter, primarily, slept 42% of the time, fed 30%, swam 12%; and preened 7%. Comparisons of swan activities among diel periods during the winter indicated they increased feeding throughout the day into night, when they fed at their highest rate. Swans spent more time sleeping as winter temperatures decreased; feeding mostly ceased when temperatures fell below approximately -17 C. Dominant activities in spring included feeding (45%), sleeping (17%), swimming (13%); and preening (12%). During spring, swans fed at a high rate throughout day and night, suggesting that spring use-areas may be important to swans depositing endogenous reserves before nesting. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Squires, JR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,222 S 22ND ST,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 138 IS 1 BP 208 EP 214 DI 10.2307/2426667 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XR338 UT WOS:A1997XR33800019 ER PT J AU Waller, DL Lasee, BA AF Waller, DL Lasee, BA TI External morphology of spermatozoa and spermatozeugmata of the freshwater mussel Truncilla truncata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CHILENSIS-CHILENSIS MOLLUSCA; ULTRASTRUCTURE; SPERM AB Truncilla truncata males release spherical aggregates of spermatozoa, called spermatozeugmata, at spawning. Sperm aggregates from other bivalve species have been described, but few detailed studies exist of the morphology of unionid spermatozeugmata and spermatozoa. We provide the first description of the external morphology of spermatozeugmata and spermatozoa of T. truncata. The spermatozeugmata had an inside diameter of 76 mu m and contained 8000-9000 spermatozoa. Heads of spermatozoa were directed toward the center of the sphere into a translucent shell; tails were arranged radially and caused the spermatozeugmata to rotate. Spermatozoa of T. truncata measured 3.3 mu m in length (excluding tail) and each had a head, a midpiece and a flagellum. We also documented the release of spermatozeugmata in two additional unionid species, Lampsilis cardium and Amblema plicata plicata. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LA CROSSE FISH HLTH CTR,ONLASKA,WI 54650. RP Waller, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 138 IS 1 BP 220 EP 223 DI 10.2307/2426669 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XR338 UT WOS:A1997XR33800021 ER PT J AU Queralt, I Julia, R Plana, F Bischoff, JL AF Queralt, I Julia, R Plana, F Bischoff, JL TI A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID DIFFRACTION PATTERNS; CALCITE; AUSTRALIA; DOLOMITE; SPECTRA AB Sediments of playa Lake Salines, SE, Spain, contain a carbonate mineral characterized by X-ray diffraction peaks very similar to, but systematically shifted from those of pure magnesite. Analyses (SEM, IR and Raman spectroscopy, DTA, TGA, and ICP) indicate the mineral is a hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate with the chemical formula (Mg-0.92,Ca-0.08)CO3.3H(2)O. Thermal characteristics of the mineral are similar to those of other known hydrated magnesium carbonates. X-ray and electron diffraction data suggests a monoclinic system (P21/n space group) with unit-cell parameters of a = 6.063(6), b = 10.668(5), and c = 6.014(4) Angstrom and beta = 107.28 degrees. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Queralt, I (reprint author), CSIC,INST EARTH SCI JAUME ALMERA,SOLE SABARIS S-N,BARCELONA 08028,SPAIN. RI Queralt, Ignasi/F-5693-2014 OI Queralt, Ignasi/0000-0002-8790-8382 NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 82 IS 7-8 BP 812 EP 819 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA XP271 UT WOS:A1997XP27100020 ER PT J AU Muffler, LJP AF Muffler, LJP TI Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Medal for 1996 to Robert I. Tilling SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Muffler, LJP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 910,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 82 IS 7-8 BP 833 EP 833 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA XP271 UT WOS:A1997XP27100026 ER PT J AU Tilling, RI AF Tilling, RI TI Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Medal for 1996 SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Tilling, RI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 82 IS 7-8 BP 834 EP 835 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA XP271 UT WOS:A1997XP27100027 ER PT J AU Matheson, LJ Jahnke, LL Oremland, RS AF Matheson, LJ Jahnke, LL Oremland, RS TI Inhibition of methane oxidation by Methylococcus capsulatus with hydrochlorofluorocarbons and fluorinated methanes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHANOTROPHIC BACTERIA; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTS; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; CELL-SUSPENSIONS; METHYL-FLUORIDE; MIXED CULTURE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DEGRADATION; ACETYLENE AB The inhibition of methane oxidation by cell suspensions of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) exposed to hydrochlorofluorocarbon 21 (HCFC-21; difluorochloromethane [CHF2CI]), HCFC-22 (fluorodichloromethane [CHFCI2]), and various fluorinated methanes was investigated. HCFC-21 inhibited methane oxidation to a greater extent than HCFC-22, for both the particulate and soluble methane monooxygenases. Among the fluorinated methanes, both methyl fluoride (CH3F) and difluoromethane (CH2F2) were inhibitory while fluoroform (CHF3) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) were not. The inhibition of methane oxidation by HCFC-21 and HCFC-22 was irreversible, while that by methyl fluoride was reversible. The HCFCs also proved inhibitory to methanol dehydrogenase, which suggests that they disrupt other aspects of C-1 catabolism in addition to methane monooxygenase activity. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NASA,AMES RES CTR,EXOBIOL DIV,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. NR 35 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 63 IS 7 BP 2952 EP 2956 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XJ182 UT WOS:A1997XJ18200072 PM 16535662 ER PT J AU Lee, RW AF Lee, RW TI Effects of carbon dioxide variations in the unsaturated zone on water chemistry in a glacial-outwash aquifer SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GAS-TRANSPORT; CLIMATE; CO2 AB The research site at Otis Air Base, Cape God, Massachusetts, has been developed for hydrogeological and geochemical studies of sewage-effluent contaminated groundwater since 1982. Research of hydrologic properties, transport, and chemical and biological processes is ongoing, but the origin of background water chemistry has not been determined. The principal geochemical process giving rise to the observed background water chemistry is CO2-controlled hydrolysis of Na feldspar. Geochemical modeling demonstrated that CO2 sources could vary over the project area. Analyses of unsaturated zone gases showed variations in CO2 which were dependent on land use and vegetative cover in the area of groundwater recharge. Measurements of CO2 in unsaturated-zone gases showed that concentrations of total inorganic C in recharge water should range from about 0.035 to 1.0 mmoles/L in the vicinity of Otis Air Base. Flux of CO2 from the unsaturated zone varied for 4 principal land uses, ranging from 86 gC/m(2)/yr for low vegetated areas to 1630 gC/m(2)/yr for a golf course. Carbon dioxide flux from woodlands was 220 gC/m(2)/yr, lower than reported fluxes of 500 to 600 gC/m(2)/yr for woodlands in a similar climate. Carbon dioxide flux from grassy areas was 540 gC/m(2)/yr, higher than reported fluxes of 230 to 490 gC/m(2)/yr for grasslands in a similar climate. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Lee, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,8011-A CAMERON RD,AUSTIN,TX 78754, USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 347 EP 366 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00001-2 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XP477 UT WOS:A1997XP47700001 ER PT J AU Kelley, KD Taylor, CD AF Kelley, KD Taylor, CD TI Environmental geochemistry of shale-hosted Ag-Pb-Zn massive sulfide deposits in northwest Alaska: natural background concentrations of metals in water from mineralized areas SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN BROOKS RANGE; GENESIS AB Red Dog, Lik and Drenchwater are shale-hosted stratiform Ag-Pb-Zn massive sulfide deposits in the northwestern Brooks Range. Natural background concentrations of metals in waters from the undisturbed (unmined) Drenchwater prospect and Lik deposit were compared to pre-mining baseline studies conducted at Red Dog. The primary factors affecting water chemistry are the extent of exposure of the deposits, the grade of mineralization, the presence of carbonate rocks in the section, and the proportion of Fe-sulfide in the ore. Surface water samples from the Drenchwater prospect, which has pyrite-dominant mineralization exposed in outcrop, have pH values as low as 2.8 and high disserved concentrations of metals including as much as 95 mg l(-1) Al, 270 mg l(-1) Fe, 8 mu l(-1) Cd, 10 mu l(-1) Pb, and 2600 mu l(-1) Zn, with As up to 26 mu gl(-1). Surface waters from the Red Dog deposit prior to mining were also acidic and metal-rich, however, dissolved metal concentrations in Red Dog waters were many times greater. The higher metal concentrations in Red Dog waters reflect the high Zn grades and the abundant sphalerite, pyrite, and galena that were present in outcrop prior to mining. In contrast, despite significant mineralization at the Lik deposit, carbonate rocks in the section buffer the system, resulting in less acidic, mostly near-neutral pH values with low concentrations of most metals except Zn. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Kelley, KD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,MS 973,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Taylor, Cliff/A-2833-2012; OI Taylor, Cliff/0000-0001-6376-6298 NR 33 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 397 EP 409 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00009-7 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XP477 UT WOS:A1997XP47700005 ER EF