FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Carlson, PR Chin, JL Wong, FL AF Carlson, PR Chin, JL Wong, FL TI Bedrock knobs, San Francisco Bay: Do navigation hazards outweigh other environmental problems? SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE San Francisco Bay; hazardous bedrock; knobs; deep-draft vessels; environmental conflicts; potential oil spills; transitory fish habitats; multibeam imagery; seismic-reflection profiles AB Three bedrock knobs (Arch, Harding, and Shag rocks) rise above the unconsolidated sediment of central San Francisco Bay to a water depth of less than -12 m (< -39.4 ft MLLW), These rocks are within the westbound vessel traffic area, and the northernmost, Harding Rock, is similar to 300 m (984 ft) from the two-way deep water traffic lane. The rocks pose a hazard to deep-draft vessels. Large ships with drafts deeper than -17 m (-55.8 ft) cross central San Francisco Bay bound for and returning from major port cities of the Bay estuary. Acoustic profiling data show that bedrock extends at a gentle to moderate slope away from the knobs. These data also show that two of the knobs, Harding and Shag, may be part of a bedrock ridge that extends to Alcatraz Island and perhaps southeast to Blossom Rock. The tops of these rocks should be lowered to a depth of -17 m (-55.8 ft), with a total volume of as much as 245,000 m(3) (320,460 yd(3)), at an estimated cost of nearly 27 million dollars, to eliminate the possibility that a tanker would strike one and rupture. A resulting large oil spill would likely cost many times more than the 10 million dollars needed to clean up a small 1996 spill. If the rocks were removed, local habitat for striped bass and other game fish would be altered, with potential negative impact on sport fishing. Currently, public officials are studying the benefits to the Bay environment of lowering the rock knobs. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Carlson, PR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 6 IS 1 BP 41 EP 55 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 346CW UT WOS:000088853900003 ER PT J AU McMahon, PB Bruce, BW Becker, MF Pope, LM Dennehy, KF AF McMahon, PB Bruce, BW Becker, MF Pope, LM Dennehy, KF TI Occurrence of nitrous oxide in the central High Plains aquifer, 1999 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER; EMISSIONS; N2O; WATER AB Nitrogen-enriched groundwater has been proposed as an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), yet few measurements of N2O in large aquifer systems have been made. Concentrations of N2O in water samples collected from the 124 000 km(2) central High Plains aquifer in 1999 ranged from < 1 to 940 nM, with a median concentration of 29 nM (n = 123). Eighty percent of the N2O concentrations exceeded the aqueous concentration expected from equilibration with atmospheric N2O. Measurements of N2O, NO3-, and H-3 in unsaturated-zone sediments, recently recharged groundwater, and older groundwater indicate that concentrations of N2O in groundwater increased over time and will likely continue to increase in the future as N-enriched water recharges the aquifer. Large concentrations of O-2 and NO3- and small concentrations of NH4+ and dissolved organic carbon in the aquifer indicate that N2O in the central High Plains aquifer was produced primarily by nitrification. Calculations indicate that the flux of N2O from the central High Plains aquifer to the atmosphere from well pumping and groundwater discharge to streams was not a significant source of atmospheric N2O. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK 73116 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 23 BP 4873 EP 4877 DI 10.1021/es001233t PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 378EN UT WOS:000165572200020 ER PT J AU Marvin-DiPasquale, M Agee, J McGowan, C Oremland, RS Thomas, M Krabbenhoft, D Gilmour, CC AF Marvin-DiPasquale, M Agee, J McGowan, C Oremland, RS Thomas, M Krabbenhoft, D Gilmour, CC TI Methyl-mercury degradation pathways: A comparison among three mercury-impacted ecosystems SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; METHYLMERCURY DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; SULFATE REDUCTION; CARSON RIVER; SEDIMENTS; WATER AB We examined microbial methylmercury(MeHg) degradation in sediment of the Florida Everglades, Carson River (NV), and San Carlos Creek (CA), three freshwater environments that differ in the extent and type of mercury contamination and sediment biogeochemistry. Degradation rate constant (k(deg)) values increased with total mercury(Hg,) contamination both among and within ecosystems. The highest k(deg)'s (2.8-5.8 d(-1)) were observed in San Carlos Creek, at acid mine drainage impacted sites immediately downstream of the former New Idria mercury mine, where Hg-t ranged from 4.5 to 21.3 ppm (dry wt). A reductive degradation pathway (presumably mer-detoxification) dominated degradation at these sites, as indicated by the nearly exclusive production of (CH4)-C-14 from C-14-MeHg, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. At the upstream control site, and in the less contaminated ecosystems (e.g, the Everglades), k(deg)'s were low (less than or equal to0.2 d(-1))and oxidative demethylation(OD) dominated degradation, as evident from (CO2)-C-14 production. k(deg) increased with microbial CH4 production, organic content, and reduced sulfur in the Carson River system and increased with decreasing pH in San Caries Creek. OD associated CO2 production increased with pore-water SO42- in Everglades samples but was not attributable to anaerobic methane oxidation, as has been previously proposed. This ecosystem comparison indicates that severely contaminated sediments tend to have microbial populations that actively degrade MeHg via mer-detoxification, whereas OD occurs in heavily contaminated sediments as well but dominates in those less contaminated. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Toxicol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Acad Nat Sci, Estuarine Res Ctr, St Leonard, MD 20685 USA. RP Marvin-DiPasquale, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 NR 52 TC 107 Z9 112 U1 13 U2 53 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 23 BP 4908 EP 4916 DI 10.1021/es0013125 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 378EN UT WOS:000165572200025 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CG Ivey, CD Brunson, EL Hardesty, DK Kemble, NE AF Ingersoll, CG Ivey, CD Brunson, EL Hardesty, DK Kemble, NE TI Evaluation of toxicity: Whole-sediment versus overlying-water exposures with amphipod Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicity; sediment; overlying water; amphipod; Hyalella azteca ID INVERTEBRATES; BIOACCUMULATION; AMMONIA; METALS; TESTS AB A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of whole-sediment versus overlying-water exposures to the amphipod Hyalella azteca using field-collected sediments. Severe toxic effects (5-63% survival) were observed with amphipods exposed for 10 d in direct contact with sediment. In contrast, amphipods exposed only to overlying water in these sediment exposures did not exhibit any toxic effects. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2906 EP 2910 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2906:EOTWSV>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 389CU UT WOS:000166221700009 ER PT J AU Roman, CT Jaworski, N Short, FT Findlay, S Warren, RS AF Roman, CT Jaworski, N Short, FT Findlay, S Warren, RS TI Estuaries of the northeastern United States: Habitat and land use signatures SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID EELGRASS ZOSTERA-MARINA; SALT-MARSH VEGETATION; NEW-ENGLAND ESTUARY; SEA-LEVEL RISE; RHODE-ISLAND; TIDAL MARSHES; CAPE-COD; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; COASTAL EMBAYMENT; NARRAGANSETT BAY AB Geographic signatures are physical, chemical, biotic, and human-induced characteristics or processes that help define similar or unique features of estuaries along latitudinal or geographic gradients. Geomorphologically, estuaries of the northeastern U.S., from the Hudson River estuary and northward along the Gulf of Maine shoreline, are highly diverse because of a complex bedrock geology and glacial history. Back-barrier estuaries and lagoons occur within the northeast region, but the domiant type is the drowned-river valley, often with rocky shores. Tidal range and mean depth of northeast estuaries are generally greater when compared to estuaries of the more southern U.S. Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico. Because of small estuarine drainage basins, low riverine hows, a bedrock substrate, and dense forest cover, sediment loads in northeast estuaries are generally quite low and water clarity is high. Tidal marshes, seagrass meadows, intertidal mudflats, and rocky shores represent major habitat types that fringe northeast estuaries, supporting commercially-important fauna, forage nekton and benthos, and coastal bird communities, while also serving as links between deeper estuarine waters and habitats through detritus-based pathways. Regarding land use and water quality trends, portions of the northeast have a history of over a century of intense urbanization as reflected in increased total nitrogen and total phosphorus loadings to estuaries, with wastewater treatment facilities and atmospheric deposition being major sources. Agricultural inputs are relatively minor throughout the northeast with relative importance increasing for coastal plain estuaries. Identifying geographic signatures provides an objective means for comparing the structure, function, and processes of estuaries along latitudinal gradients. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Roman, CT (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 176 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 4 U2 45 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2000 VL 23 IS 6 BP 743 EP 764 DI 10.2307/1352997 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 400BF UT WOS:000166848200001 ER PT J AU Emmett, R Llanso, R Newton, J Thom, R Hornberger, M Morgan, C Levings, C Copping, A Fishman, P AF Emmett, R Llanso, R Newton, J Thom, R Hornberger, M Morgan, C Levings, C Copping, A Fishman, P TI Geographic signatures of North American West Coast estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY; CLAM POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; PUGET-SOUND; REMARKABLE INVASION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; STANDING STOCK; SALT MARSHES; CALIFORNIA; WASHINGTON AB West Coast estuaries are geologically young and composed of a variety of geomorphological types. These estuaries range from large fjords to shallow lagoons; from large to low freshwater flows. Natural hazards include El Ninos, strong Pacific storms, and active tectonic activity. West Coast estuaries support a wide range of living resources: five salmon species, harvestable shellfish, waterfowl and marine birds, marine mammals, and a variety of algae and plants. Although populations of many of these living resources have declined (salmonids), others have increased (marine mammals). West Coast estuaries are also centers of commerce and increasingly large shipping traffic. The West Coast human population is rising faster than most other areas of the U.S. and Canada, and is distributed heavily in southern California, the San Francisco Bay area, around Puget Sound, and the Fraser River estuary. While water pollution is a problem in many of the urbanized estuaries, most estuaries do not suffer from poor water quality. Primary estuarine problems include habitat alterations, degradation, and loss; diverted freshwater flows; marine sediment contamination; and exotic species introductions. The growing West Coast economy and population are in part related to the quality of life, which is dependent on the use and enjoyment of abundant coastal natural resources. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97330 USA. Washington Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Battelle Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA 98382, Australia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Canadian Dept Fisheries Oceans, Pacific Environm Sci Ctr, N Vancouver, BC V7H 1V2, Canada. Univ Washington, Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Fishman Environm Serv, Portland, OR 97209 USA. RP Emmett, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97330 USA. EM Robert.Emmett@noaa.gov NR 169 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 35 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2000 VL 23 IS 6 BP 765 EP 792 DI 10.2307/1352998 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 400BF UT WOS:000166848200002 ER PT J AU Pajak, P AF Pajak, P TI Sustainability, ecosystem management, and indicators: Thinking globally and acting locally in the 21st century SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN-FISHERIES-SOCIETY AB Sustainability is widely recognized as the capacity of an area to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Humans ultimately depend on natural ecosystems to meet most of their basic needs. However, compelling scientific evidence indicates that ecological and societal health is threatened worldwide, especially aquatic ecosystems. Our population densities, consumption, and technology are among the pervasive pressures connecting and affecting sustainability at every level. These complexities are also overwhelming most local decision-makers capacity to assess such problems or respond with effective solutions. To address these challenges, many agencies and organizations are pursuing the goal of sustainability through more ecologically and socially inclusive "ecosystem-based managment" approaches. These approaches generally encompass the broad domains of environment, society, and related institutions. Numerous conceptual frameworks and hundreds of indicators are being proposed to quantify and simplify these more comprehensive methods. However, none of the frameworks bring together a universal, but relatively small, set of components needed to ensure the integrity of all ecosystems, societies, and decision-making processes-at all levels. This paper attempts to provide such a framework. To do this, widely accepted principles from ecology, human health, and management science were identified and integrated into a single, operational framework to help manage for sustainability. The flexible framework includes 13 core components believed necessary for "integrity": ecosystem diversity, productivity, chemical cycling, and disturbance; societies that provide for physiological needs, safety 'security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization; and decision-making processes and institutions that are results-oriented, truth-seeking, consent-based, and adaptable. Also presented are: (1) candidate indicators from global, national, and local efforts, (2) important indicator selection criteria, (3) "amoeba plots" to diagnose and illustrate sustainability; (4) an adaptive management cycle using indicators; and (5) recommendations to expedite sustainability indicator development and use The consummate role of human conscience in achieving sustainability is emphasized. RP Pajak, P (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fish & Wildlife Managment Assistance, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 53 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 12 BP 16 EP 30 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0016:SEMAIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 378RR UT WOS:000165597900003 ER PT J AU Patino, R Xia, ZF Gale, WL Wu, CF Maule, AG Chang, XT AF Patino, R Xia, ZF Gale, WL Wu, CF Maule, AG Chang, XT TI Novel transcripts of the estrogen receptor alpha gene in channel catfish SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish; teleost; channel catfish; estrogen receptor; variants; antisense mRNA; in situ hybridization; tissue distribution ID BETA-MESSENGER-RNA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; BREAST-CANCER; IN-VITRO; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; ISOFORMS; PITUITARY; PROTEIN; DUPLICATION AB Complementary DNA libraries from liver and ovary of an immature female channel catfish were screened with a homologous ER alpha cDNA probe. The hepatic library yielded two new channel catfish ER cDNAs that encode N-terminal ER alpha variants of different sizes. Relative to the catfish ER alpha (medium size; 581 residues) previously reported, these new cDNAs encode Long-ER alpha (36 residues longer) and Short-ER alpha (389 residues shorter). The 5'-end of Long-ER alpha cDNA is identical to that of Medium-ER alpha but has an additional 503-bp segment with an upstream, in-frame translation-start codon. Recombinant Long-ER alpha binds estrogen with high affinity (K-d = 3.4 nM), similar to that previously reported for Medium-ER alpha but lower than reported for catfish ER beta. Short-ER alpha cDNA encodes a protein that lacks most of the receptor protein and does not bind estrogen. Northern hybridization confirmed the existence of multiple hepatic ER alpha RNAs that include the size range of the ER alpha cDNAs obtained from the libraries as well as additional sizes. Using primers for RT-PCR that target locations internal to the protein-coding sequence, we also established the presence of several ER alpha cDNA variants with in-frame insertions in the ligand-binding and DNA-binding domains and in-frame or out-of-frame deletions in the ligand-binding domain. These internal variants showed patterns of expression that differed between the ovary and liver. Further, the ovarian library yielded a full-length, ER alpha antisense cDNA containing a poly(A) signal and tail. A limited survey of histological preparations from juvenile catfish by in situ hybridization using directionally synthesized cRNA probes also suggested the expression of ER alpha antisense RNA in a tissue-specific manner. In conclusion, channel catfish seemingly have three broad classes of ER alpha mRNA variants: those encoding N-terminal truncated variants, those encoding internal variants (including C-terminal truncated variants), and antisense mRNA. The sense variants may encode functional ER alpha or related proteins that modulate ER alpha or ER beta activity. The existence of ER antisense mRNA is reported in this study for the first time. Its role may be to participate in the regulation of ER gene expression. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 42 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 120 IS 3 BP 314 EP 325 DI 10.1006/gcen.2000.7566 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 388XB UT WOS:000166207400007 PM 11121296 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y Anderson, RF van Geen, A Kuwabara, J AF Zheng, Y Anderson, RF van Geen, A Kuwabara, J TI Authigenic molybdenum formation in marine sediments: A link to pore water sulfide in the Santa Barbara Basin SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SAANICH INLET SEDIMENTS; BLACK-SEA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; TRACE-METALS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; VARVE FORMATION; CARIACO TRENCH; CALIFORNIA; URANIUM; FLUXES AB Pore water and sediment Mo concentrations were measured in a suite of multicores collected at four sites along the northeastern flank of the Santa Barbara Basin to examine the connection between authigenic Mo formation and pore water sulfide concentration. Only at the deepest site (580 m), where pore water sulfide concentrations rise to >0.1 muM right below the sediment water interface, was there active authigenic Mo formation. At shallower sites (550, 430, and 340 m), where pore water sulfide concentrations were consistently <0.05 M, Mo precipitation was not occurring at the time of sampling. A sulfide concentration of similar to0.1 muM appears to be a threshold for the onset of Mo-Fe-S co-precipitation. A second threshold sulfide concentration of similar to 100 muM is required for Mo precipitation without Fe, possibly as Mo-S or as particle-bound Mo. Mass budgets for Mo were constructed by combining pore water and sediment results for Mo with analyses of sediment trap material from Santa Barbara Basin as well as sediment accumulation rates derived from (210)Pb. The calculations show that most of the authigenic Mo in the sediment at the deepest site is supplied by diffusion From overlying bottom waters. There is, however, a non-lithogenic particulate Mo associated with sinking particles that contributes less than or equal to 15% to the total authigenic Mo accumulation. Analysis of sediment trap samples and supernant brine solutions indicates the presence of non-lithogenic particulate Mo, a large fraction of which is easily remobilized and, perhaps, associated with Mn-oxides. Our observations show that even with the very high flux of organic carbon reaching the sediment of Santa Barbara Basin, active formation of sedimentary authigenic Mo requires a bottom water oxygen concentration below 3 muM. However, small but measurable rates of authigenic Mo accumulation were observed at sites where bottom water oxygen ranged between 5 and 23 muM, indicating that the formation of authigenic Mo occurred in the recent past, but not at the time of sampling. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM yan.zheng@qc.edu OI Kuwabara, James/0000-0003-2502-1601; Anderson, Robert/0000-0002-8472-2494 NR 55 TC 211 Z9 231 U1 1 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 2000 VL 64 IS 24 BP 4165 EP 4178 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00495-6 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 382ZK UT WOS:000165857100006 ER PT J AU Lipman, PW Sisson, TW Ui, T Naka, J AF Lipman, PW Sisson, TW Ui, T Naka, J TI In search of ancestral Kilauea volcano SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; Kilauea; alkalic basalt; slumps ID MAUNA-LOA; HAWAII AB Submersible observations and samples show that the lower south flank of Hawaii, offshore from Kilauea volcano and the active Hilina slump system, consists entirely of compositionally diverse volcaniclastic rocks; pillow lavas are confined to shallow slopes. Submarine-erupted basalt clasts have strongly variable alkalic and transitional basalt compositions (to 41% SiO2, 10.8% alkalies), contrasting with present-day Kilauea tholeiites. The volcaniclastic rocks provide a unique record of ancestral alkalic growth of an archetypal hotspot volcano, including transition to its tholeiitic shield stage, and associated slope-failure events. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Lipman, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 IS 12 BP 1079 EP 1082 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1079:ISOAKV>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 384ZQ UT WOS:000165977500006 ER PT J AU McNamara, DE AF McNamara, DE TI Frequency dependent Lg attenuation in south-central Alaska SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SHEAR-WAVES; UNITED-STATES; LITHOSPHERE; EARTHQUAKES; SCATTERING; ENERGY; CRUST; CODA AB The characteristics of seismic energy attenuation are determined using high frequency Lg waves from 27 crustal earthquakes, in south-central Alaska. Lg time-domain amplitudes are measured in five pass-bands and inverted to determine a frequency-dependent quality factor, Q(f) model for south-central Alaska. The inversion in this study yields the frequency-dependent quality factor, in the form of a power law: Q(f) = Q(0) f(1) = 220(+/-30)f(0.66(+/-0.09)) (0.75 less than or equal tof less than or equal to 12Hz). The results from this study are remarkably consistent with frequency dependent quality factor estimates, using local S-wave coda, in south-central Alaska. The consistency between S-coda Q(f) and Lg Q(f) enables constraints to be placed on the mechanism of crustal attenuation in south-central Alaska. For the range of frequencies considered in this study both scattering and intrinsic attenuation mechanisms likely play an equal role. C1 USGS, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP McNamara, DE (reprint author), USGS, 1711 Illinois, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 23 BP 3949 EP 3952 DI 10.1029/2000GL011732 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 379MQ UT WOS:000165646700048 ER PT J AU Fleming, MD Chapin, FS Cramer, W Hufford, GL Serreze, MC AF Fleming, MD Chapin, FS Cramer, W Hufford, GL Serreze, MC TI Geographic patterns and dynamics of Alaskan climate interpolated from a sparse station record SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate; Alaska; global change; temperature; precipitation AB Data from a sparse network of climate stations in Alaska were interpolated to provide 1-km resolution maps of mean monthly temperature and precipitation-variables that are required at high spatial resolution for input into regional models of ecological processes and resource management. The interpolation model is based on thin-plate smoothing splines, which uses the spatial data along with a digital elevation model to incorporate local topography. The model provides maps that are consistent with regional climatology and with patterns recognized by experienced weather forecasters. The broad patterns of Alaskan climate are well represented and include latitudinal and altitudinal trends in temperature and precipitation and gradients in continentality. Variations within these broad patterns reflect both the weakening and reduction in frequency of low-pressure centres in their eastward movement across southern Alaska during the summer, and the shift of the storm tracks into central and northern Alaska in late summer. Not surprisingly, apparent artifacts of the interpolated climate occur primarily in regions with few or no stations. The interpolation model did not accurately represent low-level winter temperature inversions that occur within large valleys and basins. Along with well-recognized climate patterns, the model captures local topographic effects that would not be depicted using standard interpolation techniques. This suggests that similar procedures could be used to generate high-resolution maps for other high-latitude regions with a sparse density of data. C1 USGS EROS Field Off, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Natl Weather Serv, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fleming, MD (reprint author), USGS EROS Field Off, 4230 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RI Cramer, Wolfgang/B-8221-2008 OI Cramer, Wolfgang/0000-0002-9205-5812 NR 33 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 49 EP 58 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06008.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 399FA UT WOS:000166799900004 ER PT J AU Clein, JS Kwiatkowski, BL McGuire, AD Hobbie, JE Rastetter, EB Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW AF Clein, JS Kwiatkowski, BL McGuire, AD Hobbie, JE Rastetter, EB Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW TI Modelling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: a comparison of a plot and a global-scale ecosystem model to identify process-based uncertainties SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon storage; climate change; general ecosystem model; net ecosystem production; terrestrial ecosystem model; tundra ecosystems ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ARCTIC TUNDRA; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; AIR-TEMPERATURE; TUSSOCK TUNDRA; HIGH-LATITUDES; UNITED-STATES; STORAGE AB We are developing a process-based modelling approach to investigate how carbon (C) storage of tundra across the entire Arctic will respond to projected climate change. To implement the approach, the processes that are least understood, and thus have the most uncertainty, need to be identified and studied. In this paper, we identified a key uncertainty by comparing the responses of C storage in tussock tundra at one site between the simulations of two models - one a global-scale ecosystem model (Terrestrial Ecosystem Model, TEM) and one a plot-scale ecosystem model (General Ecosystem Model, GEM). The simulations spanned the historical period (1921-94) and the projected period (1995-2100). In the historical period, the model simulations of net primary production (NPP) differed in their sensitivity to variability in climate. However, the long-term changes in C storage were similar in both simulations, because the dynamics of heterotrophic respiration (R(H)) were similar in both models. In contrast, the responses of C storage in the two model simulations diverged during the projected period. In the GEM simulation for this period, increases in R(H) tracked increases in NPP, whereas in the TEM simulation increases in RH lagged increases in NPP. We were able to make the long-term C dynamics of the two simulations agree by parameterizing TEM to the fast soil C pools of GEM. We concluded that the differences between the long-term C dynamics of the two simulations lay in modelling the role of the recalcitrant soil C. These differences, which reflect an incomplete understanding of soil processes, lead to quite different projections of the response of pan-Arctic C storage to global change. For example, the reference parameterization of TEM resulted in an estimate of cumulative C storage of 2032 gC m(-2) for moist tundra north of 50 degreesN, which was substantially higher than the 463 g C m(-2) estimated for a parameterization of fast soil C dynamics. This uncertainty in the depiction of the role of recalcitrant soil C in long-term ecosystem C dynamics resulted from our incomplete understanding of controls over C and N transformations in Arctic soils. Mechanistic studies of these issues are needed to improve our ability to model the response of Arctic ecosystems to global change. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Clein, JS (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM fnjsc4@uaf.edu NR 63 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 127 EP 140 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06009.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 399FA UT WOS:000166799900009 ER PT J AU McGuire, AD Clein, JS Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW Meier, RA Vorosmarty, CJ Serreze, MC AF McGuire, AD Clein, JS Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW Meier, RA Vorosmarty, CJ Serreze, MC TI Modelling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: sensitivity of pan-Arctic carbon storage to temporal and spatial variation in climate SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon storage; climate change; net ecosystem production; pan-Arctic; Terrestrial Ecosystem Model; tundra ecosystems ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; TUSSOCK TUNDRA; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; EDDY COVARIANCE; ENERGY FLUXES; LAII FLUX; DIOXIDE AB Historical and projected climate trends for high latitudes show substantial temporal and spatial variability. To identify uncertainties in simulating carbon (C) dynamics for pan-Arctic tundra, we compare the historical and projected responses of tundra C storage from 1921 to 2100 between simulations by the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) for the pan-Arctic and the Kuparuk River Basin, which was the focus of an integrated study of C dynamics from 1994 to 1996. In the historical period from 1921 to 1994, the responses of net primary production (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (R(H)) Simulated for the Kuparuk River Basin and the pan-Arctic are correlated with the same factors; NPP is positively correlated with net nitrogen mineralization (NMIN) and R(H) is negatively correlated with mean annual soil moisture. In comparison to the historical period, the spatially aggregated responses of NPP and R(H) for the Kuparuk River Basin and the pan-Arctic in our simulations for the projected period have different sensitivities to temperature, soil moisture and NMIN. In addition to being sensitive to soil moisture during the projected period, R(H) is also sensitive to temperature and there is a significant correlation between R(H) and NMIN. We interpret the increases in NPP during the projected period as being driven primarily by increases in NMIN, and that the correlation between NPP and temperature in the projected period is a result primarily of the causal linkage between temperature, R(H), and NMIN. Although similar factors appear to be controlling simulated regional-and biome-scale C dynamics, simulated C dynamics at the two scales differ in magnitude with higher increases in C storage simulated for the Kuparuk River Basin than for the pan-Arctic at the end of the historical period and throughout the projected period. Also, the results of the simulations indicate that responses of C storage show different climate sensitivities at regional and pan-Arctic spatial scales and that these sensitivities change across the temporal scope of the simulations. The results of the TEM simulations indicate that the scaling of C dynamics to a region of arctic tundra may not represent C dynamics of pan-Arctic tundra because of the limited spatial variation in climate and vegetation within a region relative to the pan-Arctic. For reducing uncertainties, our analyses highlight the importance of incorporating the understanding gained from process-level studies of C dynamics in a region of arctic tundra into process-based models that simulate C dynamics in a spatially explicit fashion across the spatial domain of pan-Arctic tundra. Also, efforts to improve gridded datasets of historical climate for the pan-Arctic would advance the ability to assess the responses of C dynamics for pan-Arctic tundra in a more realistic fashion. A major challenge will be to incorporate topographic controls over soil moisture in assessing the response of C storage for pan-Arctic tundra. C1 Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McGuire, AD (reprint author), Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ffadm@uaf.edu NR 78 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 38 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 141 EP 159 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06017.x PG 19 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 399FA UT WOS:000166799900010 ER PT J AU Harden, JW Trumbore, SE Stocks, BJ Hirsch, A Gower, ST O'Neill, KP Kasischke, ES AF Harden, JW Trumbore, SE Stocks, BJ Hirsch, A Gower, ST O'Neill, KP Kasischke, ES TI The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boreal; carbon; decomposition; fire; forest; soil ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SOIL CARBON; FOREST; PERMAFROST; ATMOSPHERE; PEATLANDS; BALANCE; CYCLE; CO2 AB To reconcile observations of decomposition rates, carbon inventories, and net primary production (NPP), we estimated long-term averages for C exchange in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba. Soil drainage as defined by water table, moss cover, and permafrost dynamics, is the dominant control on direct fire emissions. In upland forests, an average of about 10-30% of annual NPP was likely consumed by fire over the past 6500 years since these landforms and ecosystems were established. This longterm, average fire emission is much larger than has been accounted for in global C cycle models and may forecast an increase in fire activity for this region. While over decadal to century times these boreal forests may be acting as slight net sinks for C from the atmosphere to land, periods of drought and severe fire activity may result in net sources of C from these systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. Nat Resources Canada, Sault St Marie, ON, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. ERIM Int, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA. RP Harden, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013 NR 45 TC 235 Z9 248 U1 4 U2 71 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 174 EP 184 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 399FA UT WOS:000166799900012 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS McGuire, AD Randerson, J Pielke, R Baldocchi, D Hobbie, SE Roulet, N Eugster, W Kasischke, E Rastetter, EB Zimov, SA Running, SW AF Chapin, FS McGuire, AD Randerson, J Pielke, R Baldocchi, D Hobbie, SE Roulet, N Eugster, W Kasischke, E Rastetter, EB Zimov, SA Running, SW TI Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arctic; boreal forest; carbon balance; energy exchange; methane flux; vegetation change ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-CYCLE; FORESTS; TUNDRA; SINK; PLEISTOCENE; EXCHANGE; BALANCE; ALASKA; BUDGET AB Synthesis of results from several Arctic and boreal research programmes provides evidence for the strong role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system. Average surface air temperature has increased 0.3 degreesC per decade during the twentieth century in the western North American Arctic and boreal forest zones. Precipitation has also increased, but changes in soil moisture are uncertain. Disturbance rates have increased in the boreal forest; for example, there has been a doubling of the area burned in North America in the past 20 years. The disturbance regime in tundra may not have changed. Tundra has a 3-6-fold higher winter albedo than boreal forest, but summer albedo and energy partitioning differ more strongly among ecosystems within either tundra or boreal forest than between these two biomes. This indicates a need to improve our understanding of vegetation dynamics within, as well as between, biomes. If regional surface warming were to continue, changes in albedo and energy absorption would likely act as a positive feedback to regional warming due to earlier melting of snow and, over the long term, the northward movement of treeline. Surface drying and a change in dominance from mosses to vascular plants would also enhance sensible heat flux and regional warming in tundra. In the boreal forest of western North America, deciduous forests have twice the albedo of conifer forests in both winter and summer, 50-80% higher evapotranspiration, and therefore only 30-50% of the sensible heat flux of conifers in summer. Therefore, a warming-induced increase in fire frequency that increased the proportion of deciduous forests in the landscape, would act as a negative feedback to regional warming. Changes in thermokarst and the aerial extent of wetlands, lakes, and ponds would alter high-latitude methane flux. There is currently a wide discrepancy among estimates of the size and direction of CO2 flux between high-latitude ecosystems and the atmosphere. These discrepancies relate more strongly to the approach and assumptions for extrapolation than to inconsistencies in the underlying data. Inverse modelling from atmospheric CO2 concentrations suggests that high latitudes are neutral or net sinks for atmospheric CO2, whereas field measurements suggest that high latitudes are neutral or a net CO2 source. Both approaches rely on assumptions that are difficult to verify. The most parsimonious explanation of the available data is that drying in tundra and disturbance in boreal forest enhance CO2 efflux. Nevertheless, many areas of both tundra and boreal forests remain net sinks due to regional variation in climate and local variation in topographically determined soil moisture. Improved understanding of the role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system requires a concerted research effort that focuses on geographical variation in the processes controlling land-atmosphere exchange, species composition, and ecosystem structure. Future studies must be conducted over a long enough time-period to detect and quantify ecosystem feedbacks. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. Univ Bern, Inst Geog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. ERIM Int Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48113 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NE Sci Stn, Cherskii 678830, Sakha Yakutia, Russia. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Chapin, FS (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Eugster, Werner/E-5116-2010; OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Eugster, Werner/0000-0001-6067-0741; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910; Hobbie, Sarah/0000-0001-5159-031X NR 61 TC 307 Z9 317 U1 18 U2 207 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 211 EP 223 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 399FA UT WOS:000166799900015 ER PT J AU Erdman, JA Christenson, S AF Erdman, JA Christenson, S TI Elements in cottonwood trees as an indicator of ground water contaminated by landfill leachate SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Ground water at the Norman Landfill Research Site is contaminated by a leachate plume emanating from a closed, unlined landfill formerly operated by the city of Norman, Oklahoma. Ground water contaminated by the leachate plume is known to be elevated in the concentration of many organic and inorganic constituents. Specific conductance, alkalinity, chloride, dissolved organic carbon. boron, sodium, strontium, and deuterium in ground water are considered to be indicators of the leachate plume at this site. Leaf samples of broad-leafed cottonwood, Populus deltoides, were collected from 57 sites around the closed landfill. Cottonwood, a phreatophyte or "well plant," functions as a surrogate well and serves as a ground water quality sampler The leaf samples were combusted to ash and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation for 35 elements and by prompt-gamma instrumental neutron activation for boron. A monitoring well was located within a few meters of a sampled cottonwood tree at 15 of the 57 sites, and ground water samples were collected from these monitoring wells simultaneously with a leaf sample. The chemical analyses of the ground mater and leaf samples from these 15 sites indicated that boron, bromine. sodium, and strontium concentrations in leaves were significantly correlated with leachate-indicator constituents in ground water. A point-plot map of selected percentiles indicated high concentrations of boron, bromine, and sodium in leaf ash from sites downgradient of the most recent landfill and from older landfills nearby Data from leaf analysis greatly extended the known areal extent of the leachate plume previously determined from a network of monitoring wells and geophysical surveys. This phyto-geochemical study provided a cost-effective method for assessing the extent of a leachate plume from an old landfill. Such a method may be useful as a preliminary sampling tool to guide the design of hydrogeochemical and geophysical studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK 73116 USA. RP Erdman, JA (reprint author), POB 721, Crestone, CO 81131 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 120 EP 126 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00258.x PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 309HF UT WOS:000086761900011 ER PT J AU Foley, AM Peck, SA Harman, GR Richardson, LW AF Foley, AM Peck, SA Harman, GR Richardson, LW TI Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting habitat on low-relief mangrove islands in southwest Florida and consequences to hatchling sex ratios SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Florida; loggerhead; Caretta caretta; nesting sites; incubation temperatures; nest depredation; hatchling sex ratios ID LEATHERBACK; SURINAME; FAILURE; BEACH; EGG AB A four-year (1991-1994) survey documented regular nesting by loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) on the narrow, discontinuous beaches of low relief mangrove islands in the northern half of the Ten Thousand Islands in southwest Florida. The nesting habitat differed from that on beaches where loggerhead nesting has been well documented such as the barrier-island beaches of the southeastern United States. In the Ten Thousand Islands, turtles emerged and nested on open beaches, but they also crawled through mangroves to reach nesting sites that were within dense vegetation, sometimes 10-15 m within maritime forests. We estimate that at least 240-480 loggerhead nests were made each year along approximately 16 km of shoreline in the Ten Thousand Islands. This nest density (15-30 nests/km) was similar to that on nearby barrier-island beaches. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) depredated 80.1% of loggerhead nests in the survey area, and several patterns of depredation were noted. Among nests that were protected with screens or cages, 68.6% of eggs produced hatchlings that emerged from the nest. Sand temperatures at clutch depth were lowest at nest sites that were near the water or were shaded. Based on the results of previous research on loggerhead hatchling sex ratios and incubation temperatures, the mean incubation temperatures in the northern half of the Ten Thousand Islands from 1992-1994 (approximately 29 C) may have resulted in an overall hatchling sex ratio of about 1:1. Therefore, because many loggerhead nesting beaches in the southern half of Florida are believed to produce a highly female-biased hatchling sex ratio, the production of equal proportions of male and female hatchlings may make the nesting of loggerheads in the Ten Thousand Islands important in ensuring the production of some male hatchlings by the south Florida nesting population. On other loggerhead nesting beaches in south Florida, nests that are nearest the water may have the best chance of producing some male hatchlings. Conservation activities that involve moving loggerhead clutches from sites that are near the water (where hatching success and incubation temperatures are lower) to sites that are farther from the water (where hatching success and incubation temperatures are higher) may counteract the benefits of a nesting pattern that reduces the risk of overly skewed hatchling sex ratios by exposing clutches to a variety of incubation temperatures. C1 Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Clearwater Marine Aquarium, Clearwater, FL 33767 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Florida Panther Natl Wildlife Refuge, Naples, FL 34114 USA. RP Foley, AM (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 12 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD DEC PY 2000 VL 56 IS 4 BP 433 EP 445 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 390RX UT WOS:000166311200003 ER PT J AU Lieb, DA Carline, RF AF Lieb, DA Carline, RF TI Effects of urban runoff from a detention pond on water quality, temperature and caged Gammarus minus (Say) (Amphipoda) in a headwater stream SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE urban runoff; in situ bioassay; Gammarus minus; heavy metals; water quality; temperature ID PULEX L; MACROINVERTEBRATES; INSECTS; COPPER; TESTS AB Thompson Run, a headwater stream in central Pennsylvania (U.S.A.), supports an impaired macroinvertebrate community downstream of the outlet of a detention pond that receives urban runoff. To determine if toxicity from the metals or other pollutants in urban runoff contributed to impairment, we exposed adult, male Gammarus minus to urban runoff during a 42-day in situ bioassay that included 12 rain events. Test animals were collected from a site upstream of the detention pond outlet using two methods: precopula pair separation and sieving. Water quality, temperature and tissue metal concentrations were measured during the bioassay. The survival of precopula G. minus was lower (p=0.048) at a site downstream of the detention pond outlet compared to a site upstream of it, but the survival of sieved G. minus was not different between sites (p=0.803). Large hourly increases in temperature (up to 6.6 degreesC) and major reductions in water quality including order of magnitude increases in suspended materials (measured as turbidity) and the concentrations of copper, zinc and lead occurred downstream of the detention pond outlet during stormflow (i.e. following rain events). In contrast, changes in temperature and water quality were minor upstream of the pond outlet throughout the bioassay. Copper and cadmium concentrations in leaf samples and copper, zinc and lead concentrations in G. minus samples were significantly higher downstream of the pond outlet than they were upstream of it. Despite harsh conditions downstream of the pond outlet (i.e. metal contamination, inputs of suspended materials and rapid temperature increases), the in situ bioassay did not convincingly demonstrate that urban runoff was toxic to adult, male G. minus. C1 Stroud Water Res Ctr, Avondale, PA 19311 USA. Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, Merkle Lab 113, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Lieb, DA (reprint author), Stroud Water Res Ctr, 970 Spencer Rd, Avondale, PA 19311 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD DEC PY 2000 VL 441 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 116 DI 10.1023/A:1017550321076 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 417WT UT WOS:000167859000010 ER PT J AU Voss, CI Wilson, WE Skinner, A AF Voss, CI Wilson, WE Skinner, A TI Untitled SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material DE editorial; organizations; Hydrogeology Journal; history C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Voss, CI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 6 BP 577 EP 578 DI 10.1007/PL00010981 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 386RY UT WOS:000166076400001 ER PT J AU Mellon, MT Jakosky, BM Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR AF Mellon, MT Jakosky, BM Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR TI High-resolution thermal inertia mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MARTIAN SURFACE; DEPOSITS; ALBEDO; SOIL; TEMPERATURES; REGION; FINES; SITES AB High-resolution thermal inertia mapping results are presented, derived from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of the surface temperature of Mars obtained during the early portion of the MGS mapping mission. Thermal inertia is the key property controlling the diurnal surface temperature variations, and is dependent on the physical character of the top few centimeters of the surface. It represents a complex combination of particle size, rock abundance, exposures of bedrock, and degree of induration. In this work we describe the derivation of thermal inertia from TES data, present global scale analysis, and place these results into context with earlier work. A global map of nighttime thermal-bolometer-based thermal inertia is presented at 1/4 degrees per pixel resolution, with approximately 63% coverage between 50 degreesS and 70 degreesN latitude. Global analysis shows a similar pattern of high and low thermal inertia as seen in previous Viking low-resolution mapping. Significantly more detail is present in the high-resolution TES thermal inertia. This detail represents horizontal small-scale variability in the nature of the surface. Correlation with albedo indicates the presence of a previously undiscovered surface unit of moderate-to-high thermal inertia and intermediate albedo. This new unit has a modal peak thermal inertia of 180-250 J m(-2) K-1 s(-1/2) and a narrow range of albedo near 0.24. The unit, covering a significant fraction of the surface, typically surrounds the low thermal inertia regions and may comprise a deposit of indurated fine material. Local 3-km-resolution maps are also presented as examples of eolian, fluvial, and volcanic geology. Some impact crater rims and intracrater dunes show higher thermal inertias than the surrounding terrain; thermal inertia of aeolian deposits such as intracrater dunes may be related to average particle size. Outflow channels and valleys consistently show higher thermal inertias than the surrounding terrain. Generally, correlations between spatial variations in thermal inertia and geologic features suggest a relationship between the hundred-meter-scale morphology and the centimeter-scale surface layer. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Mellon, MT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Mellon, Michael/C-3456-2016 NR 56 TC 304 Z9 307 U1 4 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD DEC PY 2000 VL 148 IS 2 BP 437 EP 455 DI 10.1006/icar.2000.6503 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 391EA UT WOS:000166340100009 ER PT J AU Hu, Q Willson, GD AF Hu, Q Willson, GD TI Effects of temperature anomalies on the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the central United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE central united states; interpreting reconstructed PDSI; observation; Palmer Drought Severity Index; precipitation; temperature; theoretical analysis ID SENSITIVITY AB The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of temperature and precipitation effects on the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Both theoretical and observational analyses were applied to separate and compare temperature and precipitation effects on PDSI. The results showed that because of the dependence of PDSI on the 'climatologically appropriate rainfall', which is a function of time and varies with surface air temperature, the PDSI can be equally affected by temperature and precipitation, when both have similar magnitudes of anomalies. Calculations using observational data further illustrated the temperature influence on PDSI in different climate regions in the central United States. The temperature effect on PDSI complicates the usage of the index in interpreting precipitation anomalies and its application in inferring precipitation variations, particularly from reconstructed PDSI. Copyright (C) 2000 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Missouri, USGS, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO USA. RP Hu, Q (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, 237 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 19 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 15 BP 1899 EP 1911 DI 10.1002/1097-0088(200012)20:15<1899::AID-JOC588>3.0.CO;2-M PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 387BC UT WOS:000166099400002 ER PT J AU Rachold, V Grigoriev, MN Are, FE Solomon, S Reimnitz, E Kassens, H Antonow, M AF Rachold, V Grigoriev, MN Are, FE Solomon, S Reimnitz, E Kassens, H Antonow, M TI Coastal erosion vs riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic Shelf seas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Laptev Sea; Beaufort Sea; coastal erosion; fluvial sediment discharge; sediment budget ID CANADIAN BEAUFORT SEA; LAPTEV SEA; ICE; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; PERMAFROST; TOPOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; NUTRIENTS; TRANSPORT AB This article presents a comparison of sediment input by rivers and by coastal erosion into both the Laptev Sea and the Canadian Beaufort Sea (CBS). New data on coastal erosion in the Laptev Sea, which are based on field measurements and remote sensing information, and existing data on coastal erosion in the CBS as well as riverine sediment discharge into both the Laptev Sea and the CBS are included. Strong regional differences in the percentages of coastal erosion and riverine sediment supply are observed. The CBS is dominated by the riverine sediment discharge (64.45x10(6) t a(-1)) mainly of the Mackenzie River, which is the largest single source of sediments in the Arctic. Riverine sediment discharge into the Laptev Sea amounts to 24.10x10(6) t a(-1), more than 70% of which an related to the Lena River. In comparison with the CBS, the Laptev Sea coast on average delivers approximately twice as much sediment mass per kilometer, a result of higher erosion rates due to higher cliffs and seasonal ice melting. Ln the Laptev Sea sediment input by coastal erosion (58.4x10(6) t a(-1)) is therefore more important than in the CBS and the ratio between riverine and coastal sediment input amounts to 0.4. Coastal erosion supplying 5.6x10(6) t a(-1) is less significant for the sediment budget of the CBS where riverine sediment discharge exceeds coastal sediment input by a factor of ca. 10. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Res Unit Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Russian Acad Sci, Permafrost Inst, Yakutsk 677018, Russia. Petersburg State Univ Means Commun, St Petersburg 190031, Russia. Geol Survey Canada Atlantic, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Geomar Res Ctr, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. Freiberg Acad Min & Technol, Inst Geol, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany. RP Rachold, V (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Res Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A43, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. NR 54 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 6 U2 33 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1437-3254 J9 INT J EARTH SCI JI Int. J. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 89 IS 3 BP 450 EP 460 DI 10.1007/s005310000113 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 385TW UT WOS:000166020600002 ER PT J AU Meade, RH Bobrovitskaya, NN Babkin, VI AF Meade, RH Bobrovitskaya, NN Babkin, VI TI Suspended-sediment and fresh-water discharges in the Ob and Yenisey rivers, 1960-1988 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE suspended sediment; sediment storage and remobilization; water discharge; Siberian rivers; Arctic Ocean basin ID ARCTIC-OCEAN AB Of the world's great rivers, the Ob and Yenisey rank among the largest suppliers of fresh water and among the smallest suppliers of suspended sediment to the coastal ocean. Sediment in the middle reaches of the rivers is mobilized from bordering terraces and exchanged between channels and flood plains. Sediment in the lower reaches of these great rivers is deposited and stored (permanently, on a millennial time scale) in flood plains. Sediment discharges, already small under natural conditions, are diminished further by large manmade reservoirs that trap significant proportions of the moving solids. The long winter freeze and sudden spring breakup impose a peakedness in seasonal water runoff and sediment discharge that contrasts markedly with that in rivers of the tropics and more temperate climates. Very little sediment from the Ob and Yenisey rivers is being transported to the open waters of the Arctic Ocean under present conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg 199053, Russia. RP Meade, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1437-3254 J9 INT J EARTH SCI JI Int. J. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 89 IS 3 BP 461 EP 469 DI 10.1007/s005310000107 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 385TW UT WOS:000166020600003 ER PT J AU Schraer, SM Shaw, DR Boyette, M Coupe, RH Thurman, EM AF Schraer, SM Shaw, DR Boyette, M Coupe, RH Thurman, EM TI Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography procedures for the detection of cyanazine and metolachlor in surface water samples SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE immunoassay validation; ELISA; gas chromatography; cyanazine; metolachlor ID PARTICLE-BASED ELISA; SOIL AB Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data from surface water reconnaissance were compared to data from samples analyzed by gas chromatography for the pesticide residues cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5 -triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile) and metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-B-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy -1-methylethyl)acetamide). When ELISA analyses were duplicated, cyanazine and metolachlor detection was found to have highly reproducible results; adjusted R(2)s were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. When ELISA results for cyanazine were regressed against gas chromatography results, the models effectively predicted cyanazine concentrations from ELISA analyses (adjusted R2s ranging from 0.76 to 0.81). The intercepts and slopes for these models were not different from 0 and 1, respectively. This indicates that cyanazine analysis by ELISA is expected to give the same results as analysis by gas chromatography. However, regressing ELISA analyses for metolachlor against gas chromatography data provided more variable results (adjusted R(2)s ranged from 0.67 to 0.94). Regression models for metolachlor analyses had two of three intercepts that were not different from 0. Slopes for all metolachlor regression models were significantly different from 1. This indicates that as metolachlor concentrations increase, ELISA will over- or under-estimate metolachlor concentration, depending on the method of comparison. ELISA can be effectively used to detect cyanazine and metolachlor in surface water samples. However, when detections of metolachlor have significant consequences or implications it may be necessary to use other analytical methods. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Geol Survey, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Shaw, DR (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 5881 EP 5886 DI 10.1021/jf991130y PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900017 PM 11312764 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Ramsay, RT AF Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Ramsay, RT TI Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control parasitic infestations on hatchery-reared fish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL GILL DISEASE; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; TOXICITY; SALAR; INFECTIONS; MONOGENEA; EPIDERMIS AB The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control external parasitic infestations on juvenile (10-33-g) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was evaluated in three clinical field trials. Fish were exposed to hydrogen peroxide concentrations ranging from 0 to 560 mg/L for 30 min once every other day for a total of three treatments. Pre- and posttreatment skin scrapes and gill wet mounts of test fish were microscopically examined to identify and enumerate external parasites. Infestation severity was classified as nonexistent (0 organisms), low (1-10 organisms), moderate (11-20 organisms), or high (greater than or equal to 21 organisms). In trial 1, pretreatment skin examinations revealed a severe infestation of the protozoan Ambiphrya on all fish examined. Posttreatment skin examinations conducted within 24 h of the last treatment indicated that all hydrogen peroxide treatments eliminated Ambiphrya, whereas control fish remained severely infested with the protozoan. In trial 2, pretreatment examinations of skin and gill samples indicated a high infestation of the trematode Gyrodactylus (skin) and the protozoan Trichodina (gills) on all fish. Posttreatment examinations conducted within 24 h of the last treatment indicated that Gyrodactylus was eliminated from the skin of all treated fish; however, the high infestation of Trichodina remained on the gills of the test fish. All control fish had high infestation levels of bath parasites. A high infestation of Ambiphrya was found on the skin of test fish before treatment (trial 3). Posttreatment examinations conducted 14 d after the last treatment revealed that 56% of the fish were parasite free, whereas the remaining test fish had low infestation levels. Control fish remained severely infested with the parasite. Based on the efficacy data, all hydrogen peroxide treatment regimens were efficacious in the control of Ambiphrya and Gyrodactylus. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 4 BP 267 EP 273 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0267:EOHPTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 414CM UT WOS:000167648400002 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Salmon, MJ Huffman, DG Goodwin, AE Brandt, TM AF Mitchell, AJ Salmon, MJ Huffman, DG Goodwin, AE Brandt, TM TI Prevalence and pathogenicity of a heterophyid trematode infecting the gills of an endangered fish, the fountain darter, in two central Texas spring-fed rivers SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SNAIL MELANOIDES-TUBERCULATA; GASTROPODA AB Gills of 194 fountain darters Etheostoma fonticola collected from the Comal River in Texas from May 1997 through May 1998 were found to be parasitized with 8-1,524 metacercarial cysts of a heterophyid trematode tentatively identified as Centrocestus formosanus. The intensity of infection Varied among three sites on the Comal River. In contrast, of 130 darters from the nearby San Marcos River that were examined, only 4 (3%) were infected, and these had 1-2 cysts per fish. Of 2,279 Melanoides tuberculata snails from the Comal River that were examined, 139 (6.1%) were infected with the trematode. Only 1 snail in 2,241 from the San Marcos River that were examined was infected. The presence of metacercariae in darters was associated with flared opercula, shortened or thickened gill filaments, epithelial hyperplasia, and engorged lamellae. The normal cartilage support of the filaments was distorted and displaced, leading to severe deformities of filament structure. Gill damage was severe and possibly life threatening for the darters with more than 800 cysts per fish (9% of examined fish). We suspect that fountain darter deaths were caused by the parasite in the Comal River during this study. C1 ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, Aquat Stn, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture & Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 13 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 4 BP 283 EP 289 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0283:PAPOAH>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 414CM UT WOS:000167648400004 ER PT J AU Thieler, ER Pilkey, OH Young, RS Bush, DM Chai, F AF Thieler, ER Pilkey, OH Young, RS Bush, DM Chai, F TI The use of mathematical models to predict beach behavior for US coastal engineering: A critical review SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE analytical model; Bruun Rule; coastal processes; equilibrium profile; GENESIS; numerical model; SBEACH; sediment transport; shoreline change ID SHORELINE CHANGE GENESIS; INNER CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-LEVEL RISE; LONGSHORE SAND TRANSPORT; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; GENERALIZED-MODEL; SHOREFACE PROFILE; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS AB A number of assumed empirical relationships (e.g., the Bruun Rule, the equilibrium shoreface profile, longshore transport rate equation, beach length:durability relationship, and the renourishment factor) and deterministic numerical models leg., GENESIS, SBEACH) have become important tools for investigating coastal processes and for coastal engineering design in the U.S. They are also used as the basis for making public policy decisions, such as the feasibility of nourishing recreational beaches. A review of the foundations of these relationships and models, however, suggests that they are inadequate for the tasks for which they are used. Many of the assumptions used in analytical and numerical models are not valid in the context of modern oceanographic and geologic principles. We believe the models are oversimplifications of complex systems that are poorly understood. There are several reasons for this, including: (1) poor assumptions and important omissions in model formulation; (2) the use of relationships of questionable validity to predict the morphologic response to physical forcing; (3) the lack of hindsighting and objective evaluation of beach behavior predictions for engineering projects; (4) the incorrect use of model calibration and verification as assertions of model veracity; and (5) the fundamental inability to predict coastal evolution quantitatively at the engineering and planning time and space scales our society assumes and demands. It is essential that coastal geologists, beach designers and coastal modelers understand these model limitations. Each important model assumption must be examined in isolation; incorporating them into a model does not improve their validity. It is our belief that the models reviewed here should not be relied on as a design tool until they have been substantially modified and proven in real-world situations. The "solution," however, is not to increase the complexity of a model by increasing the number of variables. What is needed is a thoughtful review of what beach behavior questions should or could be answered by modeling. Viable alternatives to the use of models do exist to predict the behavior of beaches. Three such alternatives to models are discussed far nourished beach design. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geosci & Nat Resource Management, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. State Univ W Georgia, Dept Geol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Oceanog, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Thieler, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI thieler, e/0000-0003-4311-9717 NR 207 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 33 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 48 EP 70 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 291QN UT WOS:000085747700006 ER PT J AU Morton, RA Gonzalez, JL Lopez, GI Correa, ID AF Morton, RA Gonzalez, JL Lopez, GI Correa, ID TI Frequent non-storm washover of barrier islands, Pacific coast of Colombia SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE barrier islands; Pacific coast; Colombia; El Nino AB Barrier islands of the Pacific coast of Colombia repeatedly experience severe washover even when breaking waves in the eastern Pacific are low and onshore winds are calm. On the barrier island of El Choncho, recent non-storm washover events have breached a new inlet, caused rapid beach retreat, destroyed a shoreline protection structure, and flooded a small village of indigenous people so Frequently that it had to be relocated. Barrier washover may be augmented by lowered land elevations associated with earthquake-induced subsidence or long-term beach retreat, but temporally it is most closely associated with a 20 to 30 cm regional increase in sea level caused by El Nino. The contradiction of a tranquil tropical island scene simultaneously disturbed by hostile turbulent washover may be unique at present, but it exemplifies how coastal plains throughout the world would be affected if sea level were to rise rapidly as a result of global warming. C1 Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Univ EAFIT, Dept Geol, Medellin, Colombia. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Lopez, Gloria I./0000-0002-7884-6204 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 82 EP 87 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 291QN UT WOS:000085747700008 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Soileau, DM DeBosier, AS AF Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Soileau, DM DeBosier, AS TI Growth and nutrition of baldcypress families planted under varying salinity regimes in Louisiana, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE salt tolerance; restoration; provenance testing; coastal swamp forests; reforestation; forest tree improvement; wetland; Taxodium distichum ID TAXODIUM-DISTICHUM; SALT TOLERANCE; BALD CYPRESS; GULF-COAST; SEEDLINGS; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL; FOREST; STRESS AB Saltwater intrusion from the Gulf of Mexico is one important factor in the destruction of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) swamps along the Louisiana Gulf Coast, USA. Recent restoration efforts have focused on identification of baldcypress genotypes with greater tolerance to saline conditions than previously reported. To date, salt tolerance investigations have not been conducted under saline field conditions. In 1996, therefore, three plantations mere established with 10 half-sib genotype collections of baldcypress in mesohaline wetlands. Tree survival and growth were measured at the end of two growing seasons, and foliar ion concentrations of Na, Cl, K, and Ca and available soil nutrients were measured during the 1996 growing season. In general, soil nutrient concentrations exceeded averages found in other baldcypress stands in the southeastern United States. Seedlings differed among sites in all parameters measured, with height, diameter, foliar biomass, and survival decreasing as site salinity increased. Average seedling height at the end of two years, for example, was 196.4 cm on the lowest salinity site and 121.6 cm on the highest. Several half-sib families maintained greater height growth increments (ranging from 25.5 to 54.5 cm on the highest salinity site), as well as lower foliar ion concentrations of K, Cl, and Ca. Results indicate that genotypic screening of baldcypress may improve growth and vigor of seedlings planted within wetlands impacted by saltwater intrusion. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Islands Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Rm 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 53 TC 23 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 153 EP 163 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 291QN UT WOS:000085747700015 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Barrows, EM Perry, SA AF Griffith, MB Barrows, EM Perry, SA TI Effect of diflubenzuron on flight of adult aquatic insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera) following emergence during the second year after aerial application SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plecoptera; Trichoptera; Lymantria dispar; diflubenzuron; aquatic insects; steams ID MONONGAHELA-NATIONAL-FOREST; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; STREAM ECOSYSTEMS; HEADWATER STREAMS; WEST-VIRGINIA; CATCHMENTS; COMMUNITY; DIMILIN AB With Malaise traps, we monitored the flight of adult Plecoptera and Trichoptera following emergence from headwater streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV, during the second year after application of diflubenzuron. We placed five traps at various distances from each stream during May through September of 1991, 1992, and 1993. We collected pretreatment samples during the first year. In May 1992, diflubenzuron was applied to two watersheds, and the other two watersheds were used as untreated references. The 1992 study tested the effects of diflubenzuron that fell directly into the streams or were washed into the stream during the first year. For 1993, we tested the hypothesis that diflubenzuron affected adult flight following emergence during the year following abscission and possible ingestion of the treated leaves. The analysis compared the regressions of the number of adults caught in each trap versus distance of the trap from the stream among years and between treatments for each species. The night of the stonefly Leuctra ferruginea (Walker) was reduced in the treatment watersheds compared with the reference watersheds during the year following abscission of the treated leaves. Adult flight of other species did not decrease in the treatment watersheds during 1993. These results show a relatively small effect of diflubenzuron on these aquatic insects; however, our study involved only a single application of diflubenzuron. Additional research may be needed to predict the possible effects of multiple applications of diflubenzuron over several years as often occurs during actual efforts to suppress gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). C1 W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Serv Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Georgetown Univ, Lab Entomol & Anim Behav, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MS-642,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1695 EP 1700 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400019 PM 11142300 ER PT J AU Lopes, TJ Fallon, JD Rutherford, DW Hiatt, MH AF Lopes, TJ Fallon, JD Rutherford, DW Hiatt, MH TI Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNITED-STATES; AIR; ATMOSPHERE; EMISSIONS; MTBE AB A mass balance approach was used to determine the most important nonpoint source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in storm water from an asphalt parking lot without obvious point sources (e.g., gasoline stations). The parking lot surface and atmosphere are important nonpoint sources of VOCs, with each being important for different VOCs. The atmosphere is an important source of soluble, oxygenated VOCS (e.g., acetone), and the parking lot surface is an important source for the more hydrophobic VOCs(e.g, benzene). VOCs on the parking lot surface appear to be concentrated in oil and grease and organic material in urban particles (e.g., vehicle soot). Except in the case of spills, asphalt does not appear to be an important source of VOCs. The uptake isotherm of gaseous methyl tert-butyl ether on urban particles indicates a mechanism for dry deposition of VOCs from the atmosphere. This study demonstrated that a mass balance approach is a useful means of understanding non-point-source pollution, even for compounds such as VOCs, which are difficult to sample. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Nat Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Envir Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Lopes, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2000 VL 126 IS 12 BP 1137 EP 1143 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374QZ UT WOS:000165357000011 ER PT J AU Lusk, MR Bruner, P Kessler, C AF Lusk, MR Bruner, P Kessler, C TI The avifauna of Farallon de Medinilla, Mariana Islands SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Farallon de Medinilla is a small island in the western Pacific that is leased by the U.S. military from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands as an impact area for training exercises. We spent 5.5 h on the island surveying its avifauna on 4 Nov. 1996 and observed a total of 17 species including seabirds, migratory shorebirds, and resident landbirds. Of special interest was the first island record of the endangered Micronesian Megapode (Megapodius laperouse) and breeding colonies of Great Frigatebirds (Fregata minor) and Masked Boobies (Sula dactylatra). Locations of individual megapodes and seabird colonies were mapped and breeding information recorded. Historical records and photographs indicate that since the island has been used as an impact area its vegetative structure has changed fi om a medium-height, relatively closed canopy forest, to primarily open areas with intermittent patches of low forest. Alterations of native vegetation likely resulted in changes in the density, distribution, and species composition of the island's avifauna, although these changes are difficult to quantify. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Ecoreg, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Biol, Laie, HI 96762 USA. Div Fish & Wildlife, Lower Base, Saipan, CM 96950 USA. RP Lusk, MR (reprint author), Piedmont Natl Wildlife Refuge, 718 Juliette Rd, Round Oak, GA 31038 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 22 EP 33 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500003 ER PT J AU Haramis, GM Kearns, GD AF Haramis, GM Kearns, GD TI A radio transmitter attachment technique for Soras SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT; DESIGN; RAILS AB We modified a figure-8 leg-loop harness designed for small passerines to attach successfully 1.8-g radio transmitters over the synsacrum of migrant Soras (Porzana carolina). Because of the short caudal region of Soras, addition of a waist loop was critical to securing the transmitter while leg loops were maintained to center the package. Thin gauge (0.6-mm diameter) elastic thread proved ideal for transmitter attachment and allowed for freedom of movement and girth expansion associated with fattening during a 6-10-wk stopover. Of 110 Soras radio tagged during three field seasons, only a single mortality was observed and only a single bird last its transmitter. Migration from the study area was confirmed for 76 (69%) and suspected for another 25 birds (total 92%). C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Maryland Natl Capital Pk & Planning Commiss, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 USA. RP Haramis, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11410 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 135 EP 139 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500012 ER PT J AU Thome, DM Zabel, CJ Diller, LV AF Thome, DM Zabel, CJ Diller, LV TI Spotted Owl turnover and reproduction in managed forests of north-coastal California SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHEARWATERS PUFFINUS-TENUIROSTRIS; PAIR-BOND; FULMARUS-GLACIALIS; AGE; EXPERIENCE; SUCCESS; RETENTION; DIVORCE; ORKNEY; BIRDS AB Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) reproduction and turnover (when an owl died or shifted territories, and was replaced by another owl) were monitored at 51 locations on Simpson Timber Company lands, northwestern California, from 1991-1995. We tested for differences in proportions of five stand age classes and reproductive success between Sported Owl pair sites with (greater than or equal to 1 turnover) and without turnovers. Owl pairs at sites without turnovers fledged more young, showed more consistent reproductive success, and were surrounded by a greater percentage of 21-40-yr-old stands than were owl pairs at sires with turnovers. We hypothesize that pairs with high mate fidelity and survival were more reproductively successful because those pairs had previous breeding experience together. By investigating turnover along with habitat features, we now have an indication of the relative quality of various habitats for Spotted Owls on managed, coastal forests of northern California. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Simpson Timber Co, Korbel, CA 95550 USA. RP Thome, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2321 W Royal Palm Rd,Suite 103, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 140 EP 146 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500013 ER PT J AU White, DH Seginak, JT AF White, DH Seginak, JT TI Nest box use and productivity of Great Crested Flycatchers in prescribed-burned longleaf pine forests SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT AB Managing for the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) on federal lands requires burning large tracts of mature pine forests every 3-5 yr. Many cavity trees that serve as potential nest sites for primary and secondary hole-nesting birds are destroyed by fire. We assessed the efficacy of a nest box program for the Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) at Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge, an area intensively managed for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. During 1996-1998, we installed and monitored 330 (30 in each of 11 sites) nest boxes in mature (>60 yr) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) tracts that were burned either in April-June (warm season) or December-March (cool season). Prescribed-burned, sites were nearly devoid of snags; we estimated only 0.8/ ha in cool-season burns and 1.7/ha in warm-season burns. Great Crested Flycatchers built nests in 20% of the boxes available to them. Clutch sizes were larger in warm-season burns than in cool-season burns, but fledging success (fledglings/nest hatching greater than or equal to 1 egg) was lower. Twenty-two of 59 Great Crested Flycatcher nests were depredated and the proportions in each burn class were similar. We recommend the installation of nest boxes for Great Crested Flycatchers in prescribed-burned pine forests, but additional research is needed in these habitats on nest depredation rates and causes. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP White, DH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500014 ER PT J AU Harrison, MK Haramis, GM Jorde, DG Stotts, DB AF Harrison, MK Haramis, GM Jorde, DG Stotts, DB TI Capturing American Black Ducks in tidal waters SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We modified conventional, funnel-entrance dabbling duck bait traps to increase captures for banding of American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in tidal saltmarsh habitats of Smith Island, Maryland, one of the few remaining strongholds for breeding Black Ducks in the Chesapeake Bay. Traps and trapping techniques were adapted to tidal creeks and refined to improve capture rate, reduce mortality, and minimize interference by gulls. Best results were achieved by synchronizing trapping with predawn, low-tide foraging patterns of Black Ducks. Trap entrances were critical to retaining ducks, and use of leafing platforms reduced overall mortality to 3% of captures per year. We captured 3071 Black Ducks during the 14-year period, 1984-1997. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Martin Natl Wildlife Refuge, Ewell, MD 21824 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Harrison, MK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Martin Natl Wildlife Refuge, Ewell, MD 21824 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500015 ER PT J AU James, WF Barko, JW Davis, M Eakin, HL Rogala, JT Miller, AC AF James, WF Barko, JW Davis, M Eakin, HL Rogala, JT Miller, AC TI Filtration and excretion by zebra mussels: Implications for water quality impacts in Lake Pepin, upper Mississippi River SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; SAGINAW BAY; HATCHERY BAY; ERIE; HURON; NITROGEN; SESTON AB Filtration and soluble nutrient excretion were examined over a range of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) shell lengths (range = 6 to 32 mm) in experimental laboratory systems and combined with in situ shell length frequency distribution and areal estimates of zebra mussel population density to make predictions of overall areal filtration and soluble nutrient excretion rates in Lake Pepin, upper Mississippi River, USA. Zebra mussels removed seston and excreted ammonia and soluble phosphorus in laboratory systems. When normalized with respect to ash-free dry mass (i.e., mug g(-1) AFD mass d(-1)), smaller zebra mussels filtered seston and excreted soluble nutrients at a higher rate than larger zebra mussels. Although overall zebra mussel density is currently very low in Lake Pepin (similar to 150 ind. m(-2)), lakewide chlorophyll filtration rates of similar to7 mg m(-2) d(-1) were equivalent to chlorophyll loading into Lake Pepin via external sources and represented a turnover of 11 days for chlorophyll standing crop in the lake. Lakewide estimates of excretion of soluble phosphorus of similar to3 mg m(-2) d(-1) by zebra mussels in Lake Pepin were comparable to internal phosphorus loading from anoxic sediments in other eutrophic freshwater aquatic systems. Our results suggest that zebra mussels are currently having a modest impact on phytoplankton dynamics and P and N recycling in this system. C1 USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Eau Galle Aquat Ecol Lab, Spring Valley, WI 54767 USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Lake City, MN 55041 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. RP James, WF (reprint author), USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Eau Galle Aquat Ecol Lab, POB 237, Spring Valley, WI 54767 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 20 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 429 EP 437 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663764 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 375YW UT WOS:000165431900001 ER PT J AU Long, JM Fisher, WL AF Long, JM Fisher, WL TI Inter-annual and size-related differences in the diets of three sympatric black bass in an Oklahoma reservoir SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LARGEMOUTH BASS; FOOD AB We quantified the diets of juvenile and adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M dolomieu), and spotted bass (M, punctulatus) in Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma in 1997 and 1999 to assess inter-annual and size-related differences in food resource use. The diets of juvenile and adult largemouth bass consisted mainly of fish, but juveniles consumed a significant number of dipterans during both years. Smallmouth bass and spotted bass adult diets were similar to each other in both years; crayfish and fish were the predominant food items. Juvenile smallmouth bass and spotted bass were mainly insectivorous with fish and crayfish also making up a proportion of the diet. Mean diet overlap was greater in 1999 compared to 1997. These findings are consistent with the expanding population hypothesis that predicts increased niche overlap. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Long, JM (reprint author), N Carolina Dept Nat Resources Freshwater Fisherie, 1921 VanBoklen Rd, Eastover, SC 29044 USA. RI Long, James/C-5999-2009 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 465 EP 474 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663768 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 375YW UT WOS:000165431900005 ER PT J AU Loftus, WF Reid, JW AF Loftus, WF Reid, JW TI Copepod (crustacea) emergence from soils from everglades marshes with different hydroperiods SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATERS AB During a severe drought period in the winter and spring of 1989, we made three collections of dried marsh soils from freshwater sloughs in Everglades National Park, Florida, at sites characterized by either long or intermediate annual periods of flooding (hydroperiod). After rehydrating the soils in aquaria, we documented the temporal patterns of copepod emergence over two-week periods. The species richness of copepods in the rehydrated soils was lower than in predrought samples from the same slough sites. Only six of the 16 species recorded from the Everglades emerged in the aquarium tests. The long hydroperiod site had a slightly different assemblage and higher numbers of most species than the intermediate-hydroperiod sites. More individuals and species emerged from the early dry-season samples compared with samples taken later in the dry season. The harpacticoid, Cletocamptus deirersi, and the cyclopoid, Microcyclops rubellus, were abundant at most sites. The cyclopoids - Ectocyclops phaleratus, Homocyclops ater, and Paracyclops chiltoni - are new records for the Everglades. We infer that 1) only a subset of Everglades copepod species can survive drought by resting in soils; and that 2) survival ability over time differs by species. C1 US Geol Survey, Everglades Natl Pk Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Invertebrate Zool, MRC 163, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Loftus, WF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Everglades Natl Pk Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, 40001 State Rd 9336, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 515 EP 523 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663774 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 375YW UT WOS:000165431900011 ER PT J AU Tyus, HM Brown, CW Saunders, JF AF Tyus, HM Brown, CW Saunders, JF TI Movements of young Colorado pikeminnow and razorback sucker in response to water flow and light level SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREEN RIVER BASIN; SQUAWFISH; UTAH; GROWTH AB We studied the effects of three flow regimes on the activity patterns and movements of one-, three-, six-, and 36-week old Colorado pikeminnows (Ptychocheilus lucius) and two-week old razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) in an experimental tank under light and dark conditions. The seven-chambered tank simulated a system of backwater habitats, which are used by the young fishes in nature. Water flows through the tank were slow, and velocities were discernable only in the vicinity of surface ports that connected each chamber. Fish movements were related to light or dark condition and activity tended to increase with age. Larvae, relatively active in daylight, moved little at night with no flow, but flow stimulated night activity and downstream movement. Older fish also had a diminished response to flow direction during daylight, but responded at night. The tendency for night movement may be a predator avoidance mechanism, but the tendency to move downstream with flow is likely a response to life in backwater habitat. With inflow and backwater filling "downstream" larval movements would access expanding habitat. With outflow and backwater draining, downstream movement would avoid stranding and potential death in a shrinking habitat. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Limnol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Red Bluff, CA 96080 USA. RP Tyus, HM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Limnol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 525 EP 535 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663775 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 375YW UT WOS:000165431900012 ER PT J AU Hyatt, MH Hubert, WA AF Hyatt, MH Hubert, WA TI Proposed standard-weight (W-s) equations for kokanee, golden trout and bull trout SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REVISION AB We developed standard-weight (Ws) equations for kokanee (lacustrine Oncorhynchus nerka), golden trout (O. aguabonita), and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) using the regression-line-percentile technique. The W-s equation for kokanee of 120-550 mm TL is log(10)W(s) = -5.062 + 3.033 log(10) TL, when W-s is in grams and TL is total length in millimeters; the English-unit equivalent is log(10) W-s = -3.458 + 3.033 log(10) TL, when W-s is in pounds and TL is total length in inches. The W-s equation for golden trout of 120-530 mm TL is log(10)W(s) = -5.088 + 3.041 log(10)TL, with the English-unit equivalent being log(10)W(s) = -3.473 + 3.041 log(10)TL. The W-s equation for bull trout of 120-850 mm TL is log(10)W(s) = -5.327 + 3.115 log(10)TL, with the English-unit equivalent being log(10)W(s) = -3.608 + 3.115 log(10)TL. C1 Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hyatt, MH (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 559 EP 563 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663778 PG 5 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 375YW UT WOS:000165431900015 ER PT J AU Troyer, RM LaPatra, SE Kurath, G AF Troyer, RM LaPatra, SE Kurath, G TI Genetic analyses reveal unusually high diversity of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout aquaculture SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISH RHABDOVIRUS; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; RABIES VIRUS; EVOLUTION; SUBSTITUTIONS; NUCLEOPROTEIN; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; STRAINS AB Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the most significant virus pathogen of salmon and trout in North America. Previous studies have shown relatively low genetic diversity of IHNV within large geographical regions. In this study, the genetic heterogeneity of 84 IHNV isolates sampled from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over a 20 year period at four aquaculture facilities within a 12 mile stretch of the Snake River in Idaho, USA was investigated. The virus isolates were characterized using an RNase protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequence analyses. Among the 84 isolates analysed, 46 RPA haplotypes were found and analyses revealed a high level of genetic heterogeneity relative to that detected in other regions. Sequence analyses revealed up to 7.6% nucleotide divergence, which is the highest level of diversity reported for IHNV to date. Phylogenetic analyses identified four distinct monophyletic clades representing four virus lineages. These lineages were distributed across facilities, and individual facilities contained multiple lineages. These results suggest that co-circulating IHNV lineages of relatively high genetic diversity are present in the IHNV populations in this rainbow trout culture study site. Three of the four lineages exhibited temporal trends consistent with rapid evolution. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Clear Springs Foods Inc, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. RP Troyer, RM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 36 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 81 BP 2823 EP 2832 PN 12 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 381LR UT WOS:000165764800001 PM 11086112 ER PT J AU Enge, KM Percival, HF Rice, KG Jennings, ML Masson, GR Woodward, AR AF Enge, KM Percival, HF Rice, KG Jennings, ML Masson, GR Woodward, AR TI Summer nesting of turtles in alligator nests in Florida SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We examined summer use of American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) nests by nesting turtles, principally Florida redbelly turtles (Pseudemys nelsoni), in lakes Okeechobee, Apopka, Griffin, and Jesup during 1986-1991 and in three other wetlands in peninsular Florida for greater than or equal to3 yr. Other turtle species recorded using alligator nests were Apalone ferox; Kinosfernon sp, and Sternotherus odoratus. In the seven wetlands, 26.6% of 1586 occupied (i.e, active) alligator nests contained I? nelsoni eggs. Of the four lakes sampled for 6 yr, Lake Okeechobee had the highest incidence of use of occupied nests by nesting I! nelsoni and the most turtle clutches per occupied nest Nesting P. nelsoni used occupied nests more frequently in Lake Apopka than in Lake Jesup Nesting P. nelsoni used vacant alligator nests (63.6%) more often than occupied nests (36.1%) at Lake Okeechobee, which suggests that attending female alligators may deter nesting turtles. Annual incidence of nest use by nesting turtles was correlated positively with June-July mean water levels in lakes Okeechobee and Jesup, where emergent marsh was the principal habitat and alternative nest sites were probably limited during high-water conditions. In the four lakes combined, turtles did not preferentially select alligator nests in a particular habitat type. Use of 1330 occupied nests by turtles in the four lakes was significantly lower in 1990 (13.5%) than in other years (21.9%-29.3%). We hypothesize that observed differences among lakes in turtle use of alligator nests resulted from differences in (1) water-level fluctuations, (2) availability of alternative nesting sites (i.e, distance to upland habitat), and (3) turtle population sizes. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conserv Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Enge, KM (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, 5300 High Bridge Rd, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 34 IS 4 BP 497 EP 503 DI 10.2307/1565262 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 384QL UT WOS:000165956300001 ER PT J AU Garmestani, AS Percival, HF Portier, KM Rice, KG AF Garmestani, AS Percival, HF Portier, KM Rice, KG TI Nest-site selection by the loggerhead sea turtle in Florida's Ten Thousand Islands SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; GREEN TURTLE; COSTA-RICA; LEATHERBACK; TEMPERATURE; TORTUGUERO; BEACH AB Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) nest in numerous substrate and beach types within the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI) of southwest Florida. Nest-site selection was analyzed on 12 islands within this archipelago. Physical characteristics of beaches were recorded to identify the relatedness of these variables and to determine their importance for nest-site selection in C. caretta. These characteristics included ordinal aspect, beach length height of canopy, beach width, overall slope (beach slope and slope of offshore approach), and sand samples analyzed far pH, water content, organic content, shelliness (% of calcium carbonate content), and particle size (8 size classes). AII physical variables, as well as nesting densities and locations, were included in a tree regression model to examine nest-site selection. In the TTI, loggerheads use wide beaches (>8.5 m) that inherently have less slope and, secondarily wide beaches that have less shells (low amounts of calcium carbonate; >8.5 m) in the nesting substrate In addition, C. caretta nest sites were located within or in close proximity to the supra-littoral vegetation zone of beaches in the TTI. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Garmestani, AS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 34 IS 4 BP 504 EP 510 DI 10.2307/1565263 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 384QL UT WOS:000165956300002 ER PT J AU Pandey, GR Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD Georgakakos, KP AF Pandey, GR Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD Georgakakos, KP TI A hybrid orographic plus statistical model for downscaling daily precipitation in northern California SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A hybrid (physical-statistical) scheme is developed to resolve the finescale distribution of daily precipitation over complex terrain. The scheme generates precipitation by combining information from the upper-air conditions and From sparsely distributed station measurements: thus, it proceeds in two steps. First, an initial estimate of the precipitation is made using a simplified orographic precipitation model. It is a steady-state, multilayer, and two-dimensional model following the concepts of Rhea, The model is driven by the 2.5 degrees x 2.5 degrees gridded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Centers for Environmental Prediction upper-air profiles, and its parameters are tuned using the observed precipitation structure of the region, Precipitation is generated assuming a forced lifting of the air parcels as they cross the mountain barrier following a straight trajectory. Second, the precipitation is adjusted using errors between derived precipitation and observations from nearby sites. The study area covers the northern half of California, including coastal mountains, central valley, and the Sierra Nevada. The model is run for a 5-km rendition of terrain for days of January-March over the period of 1988-95. A jackknife analysis demonstrates the validity of the approach. The spatial and temporal distributions of the simulated precipitation field agree well with the observed precipitation, Further, a mapping of model performance indices (correlation coefficients, model bias, root-mean-square error, and threat scores) from an array of stations from the region indicates that the model performs satisfactorily in resolving daily precipitation at 5-km resolution. C1 Calif Dept Water Resources, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Hydrol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. RP Pandey, GR (reprint author), Dept Water Resource, Delta Modeling Sect, 1416 9th St,Room 215-15, Sacramento, CA 95481 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 1 IS 6 BP 491 EP 506 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0491:AHOPSM>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 397NF UT WOS:000166701200002 ER PT J AU Choudhury, A Nelson, PA AF Choudhury, A Nelson, PA TI Redescription of Crepidostomum opeongoensis Caira, 1985 (Trematoda : Allocreadiidae) from fish hosts Hiodon alosoides and Hiodon tergisus (Osteichthyes : Hiodontidae) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Crepidostomum opeongoensis Caira, 1985 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) is redescribed from fish hosts Hiodon alosoides and Hiodon tergisus in southern Manitoba. The redescription adds details regarding the surface morphology and reproductive structures of the parasite not described previously. These include the characteristic tegumental papillae around the oral opening, paired papillae on the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the body, and tegumental bosses on the dorsal surface of the forebody. Crepidostomum opeongoensis co-occurred with its hypothesized sister species, Crepidostomum illinoiense, in all host individuals harboring the former, and both species are characteristic of hiodontids. The association of C. opeongoensis with hiodontids and the absence of hiodontids in Lake Opeongo where C. opeongoensis was originally reported indicate that the Algonquin Park region may have had hiodontids in the past and that the life cycle may be completed at present without the original fish host. C1 USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Nelson, PA (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1305 EP 1312 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1305:ROCOCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 388MF UT WOS:000166184200022 PM 11191908 ER PT J AU Lehman, RN Steenhof, K Carpenter, LB Kochert, MN AF Lehman, RN Steenhof, K Carpenter, LB Kochert, MN TI Turnover and dispersal of Prairie Falcons in southwestern Idaho SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Prairie Falcon; Falco mexicanus; banding and marking; breeding dispersal; natal dispersal; nestsite fidelity; population turnover ID BREEDING DISPERSAL; PREY ABUNDANCE; BALD EAGLES; POPULATION; FIDELITY; PEREGRINUS; HABITAT; BIRDS; MATE; AREA AB We studied Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) breeding dispersal, natal dispersal, and turnover at nesting areas inn the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) from 1971-95. Of 61 nesting areas where falcons identified one year were known to be present or absent the following year, 57% had a different falcon. This turnover rate was 2-3 times higher than that reported elsewhere for large falcons, and may have been related to high nesting densities in the NCA. Turnover at nesting areas was independent of nesting success in the previous year, but was significantly higher for females nesting on large cliffs. Mean distance between natal and breeding locations for 26 falcons banded as nestlings and later encountered as nesting adults was 8.9 km. Natal dispersal distances were similar for males and females, but more than twice as many males marked as nestlings were later encountered nesting in the NCA. Fourteen adult falcons found on different nesting areas in successive years moved an average of 1.5 km between nesting areas; males dispersed significantly farther than females. Natal and breeding dispersal distances in the NCA were lower than those reported for Prairie Falcons in other study areas. Only four falcons banded as nestlings were found outside NCA boundaries during the breeding period, and only one of these birds was known to be occupying a nesting area. We encountered no falcons banded outside the NCA occupying nesting areas in the NCA during this study. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. RP Lehman, RN (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 34 IS 4 BP 262 EP 269 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 395UY UT WOS:000166600700002 ER PT J AU Lellis, WA Plerhoples, TA Lellis, KA AF Lellis, WA Plerhoples, TA Lellis, KA TI Evaluation of potential anesthetics for the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE freshwater mussels; Elliptio complanata; anesthetics; relaxants ID DICHLORVOS; METOMIDATE; BIVALVES; TRICAINE; FISH AB A series of experiments was conducted to develop a safe. rapid, and reliable method to relax and anesthetize freshwater mussels for collection of biological samples and assessment of reproductive status. Various concentrations and combinations of eight potential anesthetic agents were administered by bath, slow drip, or injection into the foot or incurrent aperture of 10-40 Elliptio complanata per treatment group. Mussels were considered relaxed when the foot extended 2 cm beyond the shell and anesthetized when the valves gaped, and the animal became impervious to touch. Buffered MS-222 (pH 7) produced relaxation within 60 min at concentrations greater than 50 ppm and anesthesia within 3 h at 500-1,000 ppm. Mussels exposed to unbuffered MS-222 at concentrations greater than 250 ppm (pH 3-4) ceased siphoning and closed tightly. Phenoxyethanol at 1.5-3.0% produced anesthesia within 20-50 min bat had associated mortality. The effective dose of phenoxyethanol could be reduced to 0.25% with no mortality if mussels were first relaxed with MS-222. Injection of 0.5-5.0 mg succinylcholine chloride into the foot produced rapid immobilization that lasted 20-30 min. Dichlorvos at concentrations of 25-50 ppm induced anesthesia in 3-5 h, bur mussels were extremely slow to recover. Clove oil at 0.25-1.00 mL/L anesthetized 65-95% of the mussels tested but proved difficult to work with in confined spaces. Magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and menthol crystals had no apparent affect on Elliptio complanata. This study identified several anesthetic agents for freshwater mussels, each differing in induction time, duration of effect, and degree of foot relaxation. We recommend 500 ppm buffered MS-222 for general laboratory use on Elliptio complanata because of ease of handling and safety for both humans and animals. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Lellis, WA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Appalachian Res Lab, RD 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 983 EP 990 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 391WW UT WOS:000166380100040 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Cuffney, TF AF McMahon, G Cuffney, TF TI Quantifying urban intensity in drainage basins for assessing stream ecological conditions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE urban intensity; gradient; environmental framework; water quality; ecology ID BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; ASSEMBLAGES; PATTERNS; QUALITY; RIVERS; URBANIZATION; VARIABILITY; INDICATORS AB Three investigations are underway, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, to study the relation between varying levels of urban intensity in drainage basins and in-stream water quality, measured by physical, chemical, and biological factors. These studies are being conducted in the vicinities of Boston (Massachusetts), Salt Lake City (Utah), and Birmingham (Alabama), areas where rapid urbanization is occurring. For each study, water quality will be sampled in approximately 30 drainage basins that represent a gradient of urban intensity. This paper focuses on the methods used to characterize and select the basins used in the studies. It presents a methodology for limiting the variability of natural landscape characteristics in the potential study drainage basins and for ranking the magnitude of human influence, or urbanization, based on land cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic data in potential study basins. Basin characterization efforts associated with the Boston study are described for illustrative purposes. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 63 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1247 EP 1261 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05724.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700004 ER PT J AU Haberstock, AE Nichols, HG DesMeules, MP Wright, J Christensen, JM Hudnut, DH AF Haberstock, AE Nichols, HG DesMeules, MP Wright, J Christensen, JM Hudnut, DH TI Method to identify effective riparian buffer widths for Atlantic salmon habitat protection SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE riparian buffer; watershed management; buffer width; buffer function; Atlantic salmon; declining species management; water quality; modeling ID PIEDMONT; FORESTS; ZONES AB Successful restoration of declining anadromous species is dependent upon effective riparian buffer zone management. Natural resource managers, policy developers and local conservation groups require science-based information concerning the width at which a given buffer will be effective for its stated purpose. This paper summarizes a method developed in 1999 to determine effective riparian buffer widths for Atlantic salmon habitat protection as part of the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Plan for Seven Maine Rivers. A major assumption of the method is that no two buffers are alike with respect to their effectiveness and that various buffer characteristics dictate the required width for a given level of effectiveness. The method uses a predictive model that generates suggested riparian buffer widths as a function of specific, measurable buffer characteristics (such as slope, soil characteristics, and plant community structure and density) that affect buffer function. The method utilizes a variable-width, two-zone approach and specifies land uses that are consistent with desired buffer function within the two zones. C1 Kleinschmidt Associates, Consulting Engineers Scientists & Planners, Pittsfield, ME 04967 USA. Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Maine Atlantic Salmon Conservat Plan, State House Stn 172, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Maine State Planning Off, Natl Resources Policy, State House Stn 38, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gulf Maine Program, Falmouth, ME 04105 USA. JW Sewall Co, Old Town, ME 04468 USA. RP Haberstock, AE (reprint author), Kleinschmidt Associates, Consulting Engineers Scientists & Planners, 75 Main St,POB 576, Pittsfield, ME 04967 USA. NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1271 EP 1286 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05726.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700006 ER PT J AU Bidlake, WR AF Bidlake, WR TI Evapotranspiration from a bulrush-dominated wetland in the Klamath Basin, Oregon SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; wetlands; surface energy balance; water balance; eddy covariance; Priestley-Taylor equation; Penman-Monteith equation ID EDDY-CORRELATION; PENMAN-MONTEITH; FLUXES AB Growing-season evapotranspiration and surface energy and water balances were investigated for an extensive, bulrush-dominated wetland in the Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge of south-central Oregon, a semi-arid region with competing demands for scarce water resources. Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured by eddy covariance for 1.2 to 1.9 days during each of four site visits during late-May to mid-October 1997. Mean daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio ranged from 148 to 178 W m(-2) and from 0.38 to 0.51, respectively, during late May, mid-July, and late August site visits. By mid-October, when the plant canopy had senesced, daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio averaged 46 W m(-2) and 2.8, respectively. An hourly Penman-Monteith (PM) model that was fitted to the surface-flux data provided values for the surface resistance to water-vapor diffusion that ranged from 78 s m(-1) during late August to 206 s m(-1) during mid-October. Similarly, a Priestley-Taylor (PT) model provided values for the PT multiplier (alpha) that ranged from 0.96 during late August to 0.37 during mid-October The PM and PT models predicted evapotranspiration totals of 560 and 480 mm, respectively, for May 28 to October 12, 1997. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM wbidlake@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1093-474X EI 1752-1688 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1309 EP 1320 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05728.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700008 ER PT J AU Lapham, WW Moran, MJ Zogorski, JS AF Lapham, WW Moran, MJ Zogorski, JS TI Enhancements of nonpoint source monitoring of volatile organic compounds in ground water SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; nonpoint source pollution; ground water; volatile organic compounds; occurrence assessment; ancillary data; data enhancements ID VALLEY AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a national retrospective data set of analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water of the United States. The data are from Federal, State, and local nonpoint-source monitoring programs, collected between 1985-95. This data set is being used to augment data collected by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAmTQA) Program to ascertain the occurrence of VOCs in ground water nationwide. Eleven attributes of the retrospective data set were evaluated to determine the;suitability of the data to augment NAWQA data in answering occurrence questions of varying complexity. These II attributes are the VOC analyte list and the associated reporting levels for each VOC, well type, well-casing material, type of openings in the interval (screened interval or open hole), well depth, depth to the top-and bottom of the open interval(s), depth to-water level in the well, aquifer type (confined or unconfined), and aquifer lithology. VOCs frequently analyzed included solvents, industrial reagents, and refrigerants, but other VOCs of current interest were not frequently analyzed. About 70 percent of the sampled wells have the type of well documented in the data set, and about 74 percent have well depth documented. However, the data set generally lacks documentation of other characteristics, such as well-casing material, information about the screened or open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, and aquifer type and lithology. For example, only about 20 percent of the wells include information on depth to water level in the well and only about 14 percent of the wells include information about aquifer type. The three most important enhancements to VOC data collected in nonpoint-source monitoring programs for use in a national assessment of VOC occurrence in ground water would be an expanded VOC analyte List, recording the reporting level for each analyte for every analysis, and recording key ancillary information about each well. These enhancements would greatly increase the usefulness of VOC data in addressing complex occurrence questions, such as those that seek to explain the reasons for VOC occurrence and nonoccurrence in ground water of the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, NAWQA Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, NAWQA Program, VOC Natl Synth, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Lapham, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, NAWQA Program, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1321 EP 1334 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05729.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700009 ER PT J AU Delin, GN Healy, RW Landon, MK Bohlke, JK AF Delin, GN Healy, RW Landon, MK Bohlke, JK TI Effects of topography and soil properties on recharge at two sites in an agricultural field SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE focused recharge; chlorofluorocarbon age dating; hydrograph analysis; ground water ID NATURAL GROUNDWATER-RECHARGE; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; VADOSE-ZONE; WATER; FLOW; SAND; SASKATCHEWAN; TRACERS; AQUIFER AB Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1995 to estimate ground water recharge rates at two sites located within a 2.7-hectare agricultural field. The field lies in a sand plain setting in central Minnesota and is cropped continuously in field corn. The sites are located at a topographically high (upland) site and a topographically low (lowland) site in an effort to quantify the effects of depression focusing of recharge. Three site-specific methods were used to estimate recharge rates: well hydrograph analysis, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and an unsaturated zone water balance. All three recharge methods indicated that recharge rates at the lowland site (annual average of all methods of 29 cm) exceeded those at the upland site (annual average of 18 cm). On an annual basis, estimates by the individual methods ranged from 12 to 44 percent of precipitation at the upland site and from 21 to 83 percent at the lowland site. The difference in recharge rates between the sites is primarily attributed to depression focusing of surface water runon at the lowland site. However, two other factors were also important: the presence of thin lamellae at the upland site, and coarser textured soils below a depth of 1.5 m at the lowland site. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Delin, GN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 65 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1401 EP 1416 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05735.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700015 ER PT J AU Klein, R Ozaki, V Bundros, G Madej, MA AF Klein, R Ozaki, V Bundros, G Madej, MA TI "Erosion on logging roads in Redwood Creek, northwestern California," by Raymond M Rice - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Redwood Natl & State Pk, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Klein, R (reprint author), Redwood Natl & State Pk, 1655 Heindon Rd, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1439 EP 1440 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05740.x PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700020 ER PT J AU Sewalk, CJ Brewer, GL Hoffman, DJ AF Sewalk, CJ Brewer, GL Hoffman, DJ TI Effects of diquat, an aquatic herbicide, on the development of mallard embryos SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARAQUAT; PROTEIN; GLUTATHIONE; RATS; HEPATOCYTES; DUCKLINGS; RESPONSES; TOXICITY; SURVIVAL AB Bipyridylium herbicides produce embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in dipteran, amphibian, avian, and mammalian organisms. Diquat dibromide, a bipyridylium compound, is commonly used as an aquatic herbicide. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs were exposed to diquat by immersing the eggs for 10 s in solutions of 0.88, 3.5, 7, 14, or 56 g/L on either d 4 or 21 of incubation. Application of diquat on d 4 yielded an estimated LC50 of 19.5 g/L through 18 d of incubation, and 9.6 g/L through hatching. Body and organ weights, and bone lengths of hatchlings did not differ between control and treatment groups with the exception of a slight increase in brain weight in the 14 g/L group. Malformations in diquat-treated embryos included defects of the brain, eye, bill, limb, and pelvis; skeletal scoliosis; and incomplete ossification. Subcutaneous edema was also present. Significant manifestations of oxidative stress were apparent in hatchlings and included increased hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) (lipid peroxidation) and decreased brain reduced glutathione (GSH). Brain protein-bound sulfhydryls (PBSH) increased. Diquat applied on d 21 of incubation yielded an estimated LC50 of 12.6 g/L through hatching. Exposure at this late stage of development did not produce deformities. Body and organ weights and, bone lengths of hatchlings did not differ between control and treatment groups. Significant manifestations of oxidative stress in hatchlings included decreased brain GSH, increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and ratio of GSSG to GSH. This study suggests that concentrations of diquat commonly used for aquatic weed control, when based upon the dilution effect of average water depth of the application area, would probably have little impact on mallard embryos. However, concentrations applied above ground to weeds and cattails along ditches could adversely affect the survival and development of mallard embryos, and presumably other avian species nesting in such habitats. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Frostburg State Univ, Dept Biol, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. RP Hoffman, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM david_hoffman@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD DEC PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 33 EP 45 DI 10.1080/00984100050201659 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 380HT UT WOS:000165695500004 ER PT J AU Manies, KL Mladenoff, DJ AF Manies, KL Mladenoff, DJ TI Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the US public land survey records SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest landscape; hemlock-hardwoods; interpolation; kriging; Sylvania Wilderness Area; Michigan; US Public Land Survey ID PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT; OLD-GROWTH; SPATIAL PATTERN; FOREST; FIRE AB The U.S. Public Land Survey (PLS) notebooks are one of the best records of the pre-European settlement landscape and are widely used to recreate presettlement vegetation maps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative ability of several interpolation techniques to map this vegetation, as sampled by the PLS surveyors, at the landscape level. Field data from Sylvania Wilderness Area, MI (U.S.A.), sampled at the same scale as the PLS data, were used for this test. Sylvania is comprised of a forested landscape similar to that present during presettlement times. Data were analyzed using two Arc/Info interpolation processes and indicator kriging. The resulting maps were compared to a 'correct' map of Sylvania, which was classified from aerial photographs. We found that while the interpolation methods used accurately estimated the relative forest composition of the landscape and the order of dominance of different vegetation types, they were unable to accurately estimate the actual area occupied by each vegetation type. Nor were any of the methods we tested able to recreate the landscape patterns found in the natural landscape. The most likely cause for these inabilities is the scale at which the field data (and hence the PLS data) were recorded. Therefore, these interpolation methods should not be used with the PLS data to recreate pre-European settlement vegetation at small scales (e.g., less than several townships or areas < 10(4) ha). Recommendations are given for ways to increase the accuracy of these vegetation maps. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Manies, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 8 BP 741 EP 754 DI 10.1023/A:1008115200471 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 375BM UT WOS:000165379700005 ER PT J AU Garcia-Rodriguez, AI Moraga-Amador, D Farmerie, W McGuire, P King, TL AF Garcia-Rodriguez, AI Moraga-Amador, D Farmerie, W McGuire, P King, TL TI Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and their application in selected Sirenian species SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dugong dugong; microsatellite DNA; Trichechus inunguis; Trichechus manatus ID LOCI C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Educ & Training Core, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Mol Serv Core, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 9 IS 12 BP 2161 EP 2163 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.10534.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 387FR UT WOS:000166112700026 PM 11123632 ER PT J AU Cam, E Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR AF Cam, E Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR TI Inferences about nested subsets structure when not all species are detected SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; OCCURRENCE PATTERNS; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; RICHNESS; EXTINCTION; HABITAT; COLONIZATION; BIOGEOGRAPHY; ASSEMBLAGES; POPULATION AB Comparisons of species composition among isolated ecological communities of different size have often provided evidence that the species in communities with lower species richness form nested subsets of the species in larger communities. In the vast majority of studies, the question of nested subsets has been addressed using information on presence-absence, where a "0" is interpreted as the absence of a given species from a given location. Most of the methodological discussion in earlier studies investigating nestedness concerns the approach to generation of model-based matrices corresponding to the null hypothesis of a nonnested pattern. However, it is most likely that in many situations investigators cannot detect all the species present in the location sampled. The possibility that zeros: in incidence matrices reflect nondetection rather than absence of species has not been considered in studies addressing nested subsets, even though the position of zeros in these matrices forms the basis of earlier inference methods. These sampling artifacts are likely to lead to erroneous conclusions about both variation over space in species richness, and the degree of similarity of the various locations. Here we propose an approach to investigation of nestedness, based on statistical inference methods explicitly incorporating species detection probability, that take into account the probabilistic nature of the sampling process. We use presence-absence data collected under Pollock's robust capture-recapture design, and resort to an estimator of species richness originally developed for closed populations to assess the proportion of species shared by different locations. We develop testable predictions corresponding to the null hypothesis of a nonnested pattern, and an alternative hypothesis of perfect nestedness. We also present an index for assessing the degree of nestedness of a system of ecological communities. We illustrate our approach using avian data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey collected in Florida Keys. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Biol Lab, F-29285 Brest, France. EM ecam@univ-brest.fr NR 42 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD DEC PY 2000 VL 91 IS 3 BP 428 EP 434 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910303.x PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 398VQ UT WOS:000166777500003 ER PT J AU Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM AF Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM TI Factors influencing movement probabilities of a nomadic food specialist: proximate foraging benefits or ultimate gains from exploration? SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID SNAIL-KITES; NATAL DISPERSAL; BREEDING DISPERSAL; PREY AVAILABILITY; EVERGLADE KITE; WATER LEVELS; FLORIDA; BIRDS; CONSERVATION; DEMOGRAPHY AB We examined the factors that influenced movement probabilities of snail kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida, USA, based on birds with radio transmitters (n = 282) during a three-year period from April 1992 through April 1995. We focused on the hypotheses that increased movement probabilities were in response to low food availability or low water levels; the latter also implying low food availability for this species. An alternative hypothesis was that snail kites exhibit exploratory behavior, and corresponding increased movement probabilities, during periods of high food availability. Movement probabilities were not consistent with the hypotheses that low water levels or low food availability were the proximate cues to initiate movement from one wetland to another. Movement probabilities were higher during periods of relatively high food availability and were not associated with water levels; thus were consistent with the hypothesis that snail kites exhibited exploratory behavior juring times of food abundance. However, we do not believe that our results are in conflict with previous reports of increased movement during extreme food scarcity; rather, that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and reflect different resource levels. During extreme drying events, food becomes virtually unavailable and birds must either move or die, but during times of food abundance there may be an advantage of exploratory behavior. Given that local drying events occur at frequencies of approximately every 5-10 yr in this environment, having explored wetlands throughout their range reduces the need for "blind" searching for suitable alternative habitats when such events do occur. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Bennetts, RE (reprint author), Stn Biol Tour Valat, Le Sambuc, F-13200 Arles, France. EM bennetts@tour-du-valat.com NR 61 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD DEC PY 2000 VL 91 IS 3 BP 459 EP 467 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910306.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 398VQ UT WOS:000166777500006 ER PT J AU Zhu, ZL Yang, LM Stehman, SV Czaplewski, RL AF Zhu, ZL Yang, LM Stehman, SV Czaplewski, RL TI Accuracy assessment for the US Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey region SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID THEMATIC MAP ACCURACY; CLASSIFICATION AB The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with other government and private organizations, is producing a conterminous U.S. land-cover map using Landsat Thematic Mapper 30-meter data for the Federal regions designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accuracy assessment is to be conducted for each Federal region to estimate overall and class-specific accuracies. In Region 2, consisting of New York and New Jersey, the accuracy assessment was completed for 15 land-cover and land-use classes, using interpreted 1:40,000-scale aerial photographs as reference data. The methodology used for Region 2 features a two-stage, geographically stratified approach, with a general sample of all classes (1,033 sample sites), and a separate sample for rare classes (294 sample sites). A confidence index was recorded far each land-cover interpretation on the 1:40,000-scale aerial photography. The estimated overall accuracy for Region 2 was 63 percent (standard error 1.4 percent) using all sample sites, and 75.2 percent (standard error 1.5 percent) using only reference sites with a high-confidence index. User's and producer's accuracies for the general sample and user's accuracy for the sample of rare classes, as well as variance for the estimated accuracy parameters, were also reported. Narrowly defined land-use classes and heterogeneous conditions of land cover are the major causes of misclassification errors. Recommendations for modifying the accuracy assessment methodology for use in the other nine Federal regions are provided. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Zhu, ZL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 16 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 1425 EP 1435 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 381LJ UT WOS:000165764100005 ER PT J AU Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD AF Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD TI Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity 1999 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article DE moment-tensor solutions; optimal filter theory; earthquakes; seismicity ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; INVERSION AB Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory are listed for 271 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1999. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Sipkin, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 967,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 122 IS 3-4 BP 147 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(00)00193-X PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 390TN UT WOS:000166313000001 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Papouchis, CM Symonds, KK AF Singer, FJ Papouchis, CM Symonds, KK TI Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE bighorn sheep; Ovis canadensis nelsoni; O. c. canadensis; restoration; translocations ID MOUNTAIN SHEEP; OVIS-CANADENSIS; DOMESTIC SHEEP; CONSERVATION; PERSISTENCE; MANAGEMENT; PNEUMONIA; STRATEGY; REINTRODUCTION; EXPOSURE AB We analyzed factors that contributed to the success of 100 translocations of bighorn sheep within six western states between 1923 and 1997. We categorized the populations as unsuccessful (i.e., extirpated or remnant, <29 animals), moderately successful (30-99 animals), and successful (100-350 animals) by the end of the study period in 1997. Thirty of the translocated populations were unsuccessful (n = 13 were extirpated and n = 17 were remnant), 29 were moderately successful, and 41 were successful (21 +/- 1.3 [SE] years of information per translocation). Translocations were less successful when domestic sheep were located within 6 km of the known bighorn sheep use areas (logistic regression, p = 0.052). Grazing of cattle on the same range also negatively influenced success (p = 0.004). Use of indigenous versus previously translocated source stocks increased success (p = 0.084). The translocation was twice as likely to be successful when indigenous herds were used as sources (p = 0.043), but mixing genetic stocks (p = 0.381) or later additional augmentations did not influence success (p = 0.095). Annual migrations by newly established translocated populations increased success (p = 0.014). We recommend translocations of founder groups of bighorn sheep from indigenous sources into large patches of habitat that promote movements and migrations, and with no domestic sheep present in the area. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM francis@nrel.colostate.edu NR 107 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1061-2971 EI 1526-100X J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 6 EP 13 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600002 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Bleich, VC Gudorf, MA AF Singer, FJ Bleich, VC Gudorf, MA TI Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near western National Parks SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bighorn sheep; GIS; habitat evaluation procedure; mountain sheep; suitable habitat; Ovis canadensis; restoration ID MOUNTAIN SHEEP; DOMESTIC SHEEP; PERSISTENCE; POPULATIONS; CONSERVATION; CANADENSIS; STRATEGY; REINTRODUCTION; EXTINCTION; PNEUMONIA AB Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) once were ubiquitous in large areas, including lands now contained in the national parks of the Intermountain and Colorado Plateau regions of the United States. Due to catastrophic declines in the late 1800s and early 1900s, most extant populations now occur as small, isolated groups with a highly fragmented distribution. Three different subspecies of bighorn, sheep were extirpated from 14 of 18 areas that are now managed by the National Park Service. We describe an eight-year plan to restore bighorn sheep to currently suitable historic habitats in the national parks within a six-state intermountain region of the western United States, 1991-1998. A seven-point program was recommended for each park unit that included: (1) survey the existing populations; (2) conduct a GIS-based habitat assessment to identify suitable habitat; (3) convene scientific advisory panels to review results of habitat assessment; (4) convene interagency panels to discuss metapopulation management and to plan the restoration(s); (5) draft interagency restoration and management plans; (6) conduct translocation(s); and (7) monitor the populations. We evaluated 38,781 km(2) of area; 32% (12,329 km(2)) was potential habitat for bighorn sheep. The scientific advisory panels and the GIS modeling recommended bighorn restoration on 73 sites within these areas. By 1996, 36 of these sites (2,647 km(2) or 22% of the entire suitable area) were inhabited by bighorn sheep. By 1999, the translocated animals increased 25%, and restoration efforts will continue in many of the remaining sites. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 72 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 14 EP 24 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80062.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600003 ER PT J AU Gross, JE Singer, FJ Moses, ME AF Gross, JE Singer, FJ Moses, ME TI Effects of disease, dispersal, and area on bighorn sheep restoration SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bighorn sheep; corridor; disease; dispersal; extinction; fragmentation; Ovis canadensis; population model; viability analysis ID MOUNTAIN SHEEP; OVIS-CANADENSIS; DOMESTIC SHEEP; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FATAL PNEUMONIA; MASS MORTALITY; CONSERVATION; PERSISTENCE; SURVIVAL AB We simulated population dynamics of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) inhabiting six discrete habitat patches in the Badlands ecosystem, South Dakota. Modeled populations were subjected to a range of potential management actions and rates of disease-causing infection. Simulated disease varied in severity from mild (similar to 12% mortality) to severe (similar to 67% mortality), with infections imposed once, at regular intervals, or with a fixed probability each year. In the absence of disease, 200-year extinction rates were uniformly low and insensitive to changes in colonization rate or area of suitable habitat. A single infection, accompanied by change in the area of suitable habitat or colonization rate, resulted in extinction rates of up to 40%, and large changes in average population size (up to 10-fold with changes in area; 4-fold with changes in colonization rate). Simulations with multiple infections, which are probably most realistic, generally resulted in extinction rates that exceeded 20% over a 200-year period. Model results clearly showed that efforts directed toward reducing the frequency or severity of disease are of highest priority for improving the success of attempts to restore bighorn sheep populations. Increases in areas of suitable habitat or improvements to corridors between existing habitat patches were far less likely to improve persistence of simulated sheep populations than reductions in the impact of disease. Although theory predicts that enhanced movements may exacerbate effects of disease, increased colonization rates resulted in relatively small but consistent increases in persistence and average population size for all combinations of parameters we examined. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gross, JE (reprint author), CSIRO, Davies Lab, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. NR 76 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 14 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 25 EP 37 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80063.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600004 ER PT J AU Zeigenfuss, LC Singer, FJ Gudorf, MA AF Zeigenfuss, LC Singer, FJ Gudorf, MA TI Test of a modified habitat suitability model for bighorn sheep SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bighorn sheep; habitat model; habitat utilization; Ovis canadensis; GIS ID AVAILABILITY DATA AB Translocation of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is time, labor, and cost intensive and, therefore, high levels of success are desirable. We tested a widely used habitat suitability model against translocation success and then modified it to include additional factors which improved its usefulness in predicting appropriate translocation sites. The modified Smith habitat suitability model for bighorn sheep was 64% accurate in predicting success or failure of 32 translocations of bighorn sheep into the Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau desert, and prairie-badlands of six states. We had sheep location data for 13 populations, and the modified habitat model predicted the areas used by bighorn sheep with greater than 90% accuracy in eight populations, greater than 55% accuracy in four populations, and less than 55% accuracy in one population. Translocations were more successful when sheep were placed into discrete habitat patches containing a high proportion of lambing period habitat (>10% of suitable habitat, p = 0.05), where animals had a migratory tendency (p = 0.02), no contact with domestic sheep (p = 0.02), or greater distance to domestic sheep (>23 km, p = 0.02). Rate of population growth was best predicted by area of lambing period habitat, potential area of winter range, and distance to domestic sheep. We retested the model using these refined criteria and the refined model then predicted success or failure of these 32 translocated populations with 82% accuracy. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Intermt Reg, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. RP Zeigenfuss, LC (reprint author), 330 East 1500 North, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 38 EP 46 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80064.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600005 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Moses, ME Bellew, S Sloan, W AF Singer, FJ Moses, ME Bellew, S Sloan, W TI Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bighorn sheep; colonization; patch size; dispersal; corridor features; Ovis canadensis canadensis; O. c. nelsoni ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; CANADENSIS; CONSERVATION; EXTINCTION; DISPERSAL; DENSITY; EWES; AGE AB By 1950, bighorn sheep were extirpated from large areas of their range. Most extant populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the Intermountain West consist of <100 individuals occurring in a fragmented distribution across the landscape. Dispersal and successful colonizations of unoccupied habitat patches has been rarely reported, and, in particular, translocated populations have been characterized by limited population growth and limited dispersal rates. Restoration of the species is greatly assisted by dispersal and successful colonization of new patches within a metapopulation structure versus the existing scenario of negligible dispersal and fragmented, small populations. We investigated the correlates for the rate of colonizations of 79 suitable, but unoccupied, patches by 31 translocated populations of bighorn sheep released into nearby patches of habitat. Population growth rates of bighorn sheep in the release patches were correlated to N-e of the founder group, and early contact with a second released population in a nearby release patch (logistic regression, p = 0.08). Largest population size of all extant released populations in 1994 was correlated to potential N-e of the founder group, the number of different source populations represented in the founder, and early contact with a second released population (p = 0.016). Dispersal rates were 100% higher in rams than ewes (p = 0.001). Successful colonizations of unoccupied patches (n = 24 of 79 were colonized) were associated with rapid growth rates in the released population, years since release, larger area of suitable habitat in the release patch, larger population sizes, and a seasonal migratory tendency in the released population (p = 0.05). Fewer water barriers, more open vegetation and more rugged, broken terrain in the intervening habitat were also associated with colonizations (p = (0.05). We concluded that high dispersal rates and rapid reoccupation of large areas could occur if bighorn sheep are placed in large patches of habitat with few barriers to movements to other patches and with no domestic sheep present. Many restorations in the past that did not meet these criteria may have contributed to an insular population structure of bighorn sheep with limited observations of dispersal. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Dinosaur Natl Monument, CO 81610 USA. Canyonlands Natl Pk, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 69 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 66 EP 74 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80068.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600008 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Williams, E Miller, MW Zeigenfuss, LC AF Singer, FJ Williams, E Miller, MW Zeigenfuss, LC TI Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE epizootics; bighorn sheep; fecundity; Ovis canadensis; survivorship ID OVIS-CANADENSIS-CANADENSIS; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; DOMESTIC SHEEP; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; MANAGEMENT; PNEUMONIA; SURVIVAL; ALBERTA; DISEASE; ECOLOGY AB The single greatest obstacle to the restoration of large, healthy, populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the western United States is epizootic outbreaks of bronchopneumonia that may kill 20-100% of the animals in populations. Although the species is capable of rapid initial growth rates following restoration into new habitat (lambda = 1.23-1.30 have been observed), these rates of increase are typical only a few years following the release of a population, and then most populations either decline to extirpation or remnant status (<30 animals) or remain at <100 individuals. We studied the fecundity and survivorship of three increasing, and three declining and suspected diseased, populations of bighorn sheep (the latter were subjected to outbreaks of bronchopneumonia) located in or near several large national parks in the western United States from 1991 to 1996. Titers verified both population categories were exposed to the bacteria Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes 3; 4; and 3, 4, 10; Moraxella sp., and parainfluenza-3 and bluetongue (BT) viruses. Pregnancy rates of adult ewes were not different in increasing or decreasing populations (pooled rate = 0.93; p = 0.57), but pregnancy rates of yearlings were lower (0.00 for decreasing vs. 0.33 for increasing populations), initial production of lambs and annual recruitment of lambs was lower (0.14, decreasing vs. 0.66, p < 0.05). Adult survival was lower during: the first year of an epizootic, 0.62, in one population, but recovered to 0.85 by the second and subsequent years. Survival of adult rams was variable in diseased populations; in two populations rams appeared to be disproportionately impacted, but in a third population rams survived better during the epizootic. In all the increasing park (unhunted) populations, adult ram survival (0.94 +/- 0.01) was higher than adult ewe survival (0.89 +/- 0.02) (p = 0.10), in contrast to published information from hunted populations where ram survival was lower. Removal of about 20% of one population for restorations severely impacted one declining population. Removals of 12-20% appeared to be excessive and were not readily compensated for in the Canyonlands National Park desert bighorn population. Disease was a significant limiting factor to restoration of bighorn sheep in the study areas; six of 11 total recovering populations we monitored closely were negatively influenced by apparent disease at some time during our observations. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Vet Sci, Wyoming State Vet Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 72 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80067.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600009 ER PT J AU Ramey, RR Luikart, G Singer, FJ AF Ramey, RR Luikart, G Singer, FJ TI Genetic bottlenecks resulting from restoration efforts: The case of bighorn sheep in Badlands National Park SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic bottleneck; bighorn sheep; Ovis canadensis; reintroduction; heterozygosity excess; microsatellites ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; ALLELE FREQUENCY; MOLECULAR MARKERS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; DOMESTIC SHEEP; CONSERVATION; EXTINCTION; DEMOGRAPHY; PNEUMONIA AB Using the example of a reintroduced bighorn sheep population in Badlands National Park, South Dakota we demonstrate the usefulness of neutrality tests and demographic data for detecting a severe genetic bottleneck (Ne < 10). From demographic data the effective population size of the founding population at Badlands was estimated to be six, and a heterozygosity excess test revealed evidence of a severe population bottleneck. We discuss the criteria for intervention when there is evidence of a severe bottleneck, and propose methods of mitigating the potentially deleterious long-term consequences of such bottlenecks. These issues are presented in the context of bighorn sheep reintroductions, but the issues are also of general importance to restoration efforts involving other large vertebrates. C1 Denver Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Zool, Denver, CO 80205 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Biol Populat Altitude, CNRS, UMR 5553, F-38041 Grenoble 09, France. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Ramey, RR (reprint author), Denver Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Zool, 2001 Colorado Blvd, Denver, CO 80205 USA. OI Luikart, Gordon/0000-0001-8697-0582 NR 38 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 SU S BP 85 EP 90 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80069.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386TL UT WOS:000166077600010 ER PT J AU Labrenz, M Druschel, GK Thomsen-Ebert, T Gilbert, B Welch, SA Kemner, KM Logan, GA Summons, RE De Stasio, G Bond, PL Lai, B Kelly, SD Banfield, JF AF Labrenz, M Druschel, GK Thomsen-Ebert, T Gilbert, B Welch, SA Kemner, KM Logan, GA Summons, RE De Stasio, G Bond, PL Lai, B Kelly, SD Banfield, JF TI Formation of sphalerite (ZnS) deposits in natural biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Abundant, micrometer-scale, spherical aggregates of 2- to 5-nanometer-diameter sphalerite (ZnS) particles formed within natural biofilms dominated by relatively aerotolerant sulfate-reducing bacteria of the family Desulfobacteriaceae. The biofilm zinc concentration is about 10(6) times that of associated groundwater (0.09 to 1.1 parts per million line). Sphalerite also concentrates arsenic (0.01 weight %) and selenium (0.004 weight %). The almost monomineralic product results from buffering of sulfide concentrations at Low values by sphalerite precipitation. These results show how microbes control metal concentrations in groundwater- and wetland-based remediation systems and suggest biological routes for formation of some Low-temperature ZnS deposits. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Banfield, JF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Bond, Philip/C-6046-2009; Gilbert, Benjamin/E-3182-2010; Gilbert, Pupa/A-6299-2010; OI Gilbert, Pupa/0000-0002-0139-2099; Bond, Philip/0000-0002-9025-4797 NR 20 TC 312 Z9 340 U1 14 U2 129 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5497 BP 1744 EP 1747 DI 10.1126/science.290.5497.1744 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 379FY UT WOS:000165632400036 PM 11099408 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Clark, PU AF Hostetler, SW Clark, PU TI Tropical climate at the last glacial maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CORDILLERA BLANCA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PERU; PALEOCLIMATE; OCEAN; ATMOSPHERE; ANDES AB Model-derived equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) of former tropical glaciers support arguments, based on other paleoclimate data, for both the magnitude and spatial pattern of terrestrial cooling in the tropics at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Relative to the present, LGM ELAs were maintained by air temperatures that were 3.5 degrees to 6.6 degreesC Lower and precipitation that ranged from 63% wetter in Hawaii to 25% drier on Mt. Kenya, Africa. Our results imply the need for a similar to3 degreesC cooling of LGM sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool. Sensitivity tests suggest that LGM ELAs could have persisted until 16,000 years before the present in the Peruvian Andes and on Papua, New Guinea. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 39 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5497 BP 1747 EP 1750 DI 10.1126/science.290.5497.1747 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 379FY UT WOS:000165632400037 PM 11099409 ER PT J AU Kerrich, R Goldfarb, R Groves, D Garwin, S Jia, Y AF Kerrich, R Goldfarb, R Groves, D Garwin, S Jia, Y TI The characteristics, origins, and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces SO SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES D-EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE gold deposit; orogenic gold deposit; geodynamics; tectonic setting; supercontinent ID PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; PORPHYRY COPPER-GOLD; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CU-AU MINERALIZATION; QUARTZ VEIN SYSTEMS; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION AB There are six distinct classes of gold deposits, each represented by metallogenic provinces, having 100's to > 1000 tonne gold production. The deposit classes are: (1) orogenic gold; (2) Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits; (3) epithermal gold-silver deposits; (4) copper-gold porphyry deposits; (5) iron-oxide copper-gold deposits; and (6) gold-rich volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VMS) to sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. This classification is based on ore and alteration mineral assemblages; ore and alteration metal budgets; ore fluid pressure(s) and compositions; crustal depth or depth ranges of formation; relationship to structures and/or magmatic intrusions at a variety of scales; and relationship to the P-T-t evolution of the host terrane, These classes reflect distinct geodynamic settings. Orogenic gold deposits are generated at mid-crustal (4-16 km) levels proximal to terrane boundaries, in transpressional subduction-accretion complexes of Cordilleran style orogenic belts; other orogenic gold provinces form inboard by delamination of mantle lithosphere, or plume impingement. Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits develop at shallow crustal levels (< 4 km) in extensional convergent margin continental arcs or back arcs; some provinces may involve asthenosphere plume impingement on the base of the lithosphere. Epithermal gold and copper-gold porphyry deposits are sited at shallow crustal levels in continental margin or intraoceanic arcs. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits form at mid to shallow crustal levels; they are associated with extensional intracratonic anorogenic magmatism. Proterozoic examples are sited at the transition from thick refractory Archean mantle lithosphere to thinner Proterozoic mantle lithosphere. Gold-rich VMS deposits are hydrothermal accumulations on or near the seafloor in continental or intraoceanic back arcs. The compressional tectonics of orogenic gold deposits is generated by terrane accretion; high heat flow stems from crustal thickening, delamination of overthickened mantle lithosphere inducing advection of hot asthenosphere, or asthenosphere plume impingement. Ore fluids advect at lithostatic pressures. The extensional settings of Carlin, epithermal, and copper-gold porphyry deposits result from slab rollback driven by negative buoyancy of the subducting plate, and associated induced convection in asthenosphere below the oyer-riding lithospheric plate. Extension thins the lithosphere, advecting asthenosphere heat, promotes advection of mantle lithosphere and crustal magmas to shallow crustal levels, and enhances hydraulic conductivity. Siting of some copper-gold porphyry deposits is controlled by are parallel or orthogonal structures that in turn reflect deflections or windows in the slab. Ore fluids in Carlin and epithermal deposits were at near hydrostatic pressures, with unconstrained magmatic fluid input, whereas ore fluids generating porphyry copper-gold deposits were initially magmatic and lithostatic, evolving to hydrostatic pressures. Fertilization of previously depleted sub-are mantle lithosphere by fluids or melts from the subducting plate, or incompatible element enriched asthenosphere plumes, is likely a factor in generation of these gold deposits. tron oxide copper-gold deposits involve prior fertilization of Archean mantle lithosphere by incompatible element enriched asthenospheric plume liquids, and subsequent intracontinental anorogenic magmatism driven by decompressional extension from far-field plate forces. Halogen rich mantle lithosphere and crustal magmas likely are the causative intrusions for the deposits, with a deep crustal proximal to shallow crustal distal association, Gold-rich VMS deposits develop in extensional geodynamic settings, where thinned lithosphere extension drives high heat flow and enhanced hydraulic conductivity, as for epithermal deposits. Ore fluids induced hydrostatic convection of modified seawater, with unconstrained magmatic input. Some gold-rich VMS deposits with an epithermal metal budget may be submarine counterparts of terrestrial epithermal gold deposits. Real time analogs for all of these gold deposit classes are known in the geodynamic settings described, excepting iron oxide copper-gold deposits. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geol Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Strateg Mineral Resources, Dept Geol & Geophys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. Newmont Min Corp, Denver, CO 80203 USA. RP Kerrich, R (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geol Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. EM Robert.kerrich@usa.sk.cn; yij449@mail.usask.ca NR 309 TC 156 Z9 249 U1 11 U2 77 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1006-9313 J9 SCI CHINA SER D JI Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 SU S BP 1 EP 68 DI 10.1007/BF02911933 PG 68 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 416AM UT WOS:000167755800001 ER PT J AU Safak, E AF Safak, E TI Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineeting (SDEE'99) CY 1999 CL KAGAWA, JAPAN DE energy flux; seismic hazard; earthquakes; ground motion; structural response AB Seismic safety of structures depends on the structure's ability to absorb the seismic energy that is transmitted from ground to structure. One parameter that can be used to characterize seismic energy is the energy flax. Energy flux is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per unit time through a cross-section of a medium, and is equal to kinetic energy multiplied by the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The peak or the integral of energy flux can be used to characterize ground motions. By definition, energy flux automatically accounts for site amplification. Energy flux in a structure can be studied by formulating the problem as a wave propagation problem. For buildings founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically incident plane shear waves, energy Aux equations are derived by modeling the building as an extension of the layered soil medium, and considering each story as another layer. The propagation of energy flux in the layers is described in terms of the upgoing and downgoing energy flux in each layer, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients at each interface. The formulation results in a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. The upgoing and downgoing energy flux in the layers allows calculation of the energy demand and energy dissipation in each layer. The methodology is applicable to linear, as well as nonlinear structures. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1-4 SI SI BP 39 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 385DR UT WOS:000165987400004 ER PT J AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M TI Revelations from a single strong-motion record retrieved during the 27 June 1998 Adana (Turkey) earthquake SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (SDEE'99) CY 1999 CL KAGAWA, JAPAN DE earthquake; damage; strong-motion; spectrum; site-response; resonance; frequency; period; Turkey; Adana; Ceyhan AB During the 27 June 1998 Adana (Turkey) earthquake, only one strong-motion record was retrieved in the region where the most damage occurred. This single record from the station in Ceyhan, approximately 15 km from the epicenter of that earthquake, exhibits characteristics that are related to the dominant frequencies of the ground and structures. The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of the damage as inferred from both field observations and the characteristics of a single strong-motion record retrieved from the immediate epicentral area. In the town of Ceyhan there was considerable but selective damage to a significant number of mid-rise (7-12 stories high) buildings. The strong-motion record exhibits dominant frequencies that are typically similar for the mid-rise building structures. This is further supported by spectral ratios derived using Nakamura's method [QR of RTRI, 30 (1989) 25] that facilitates computation of a spectral ratio from a single tri-axial record as the ratio of amplitude spectrum of horizontal component to that of the vertical component [R = H(f)/V(f)]. The correlation between the damage and the characteristics exhibited from the single strong-motion record is remarkable. Although deficient construction practices played a significant role in the extent of damage to the mid-rise buildings, it is clear that sire resonance also contributed to the detrimental fate of most of the mid-rise buildings. Therefore, even a single record can be useful to explain the effect of site resonance on building response and performance. Such information can be very useful for developing zonation criteria in similar alluvial valleys. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 5-8 SI SI BP 283 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00061-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 402CV UT WOS:000166969200003 ER PT J AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M TI GPS in dynamic monitoring of long-period structures SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (SDEE'99) CY 1999 CL KAGAWA, JAPAN DE monitoring; GPS; strong-motion; building; structural response; frequency; displacement; acceleration; drift; bridge; long-period structure AB Global Positioning System (GPS) technology with high sampling rates (similar to 10 samples per second) allows scientifically justified and economically feasible dynamic measurements of relative displacements of long-period structures-otherwise difficult to measure directly by other means, such as the most commonly used accelerometers that require post-processing including double integration. We describe an experiment whereby the displacement responses of a simulated tall building are measured clearly and accurately in real-time. Such measurements can be used to assess average drift ratios and changes in dynamic characteristics, and therefore can be used by engineers and building owners or managers to assess the building performance during extreme motions caused by earthquakes and strong winds. By establishing threshold displacements or drift ratios and identifying changing dynamic characteristics, procedures can be developed to use such information to secure public safety and/or take steps to improve the performance of the building. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 11 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 5-8 SI SI BP 477 EP 483 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00094-4 PG 7 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 402CV UT WOS:000166969200021 ER PT J AU Leslie, DM Wood, GK Carter, TS AF Leslie, DM Wood, GK Carter, TS TI Productivity of endangered least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) below a hydropower and flood-control facility on the Arkansas River SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HABITAT AB We monitored breeding activities of endangered least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) to determine effects of hydropower and flood-control operations of Keystone Dam on the 94 km of the Arkansas River from Tulsa to Muskogee, Oklahoma. Our objectives were to determine numbers and productivity of least terns and flow management needs to reduce losses of nests and chicks from flooding and enhance nesting habitat. After breeding colonies of least terns were located, nest locations were mapped from 19 May to 26 August 1992 and 14 May to 30 August 1993. Both years had periodic high flows on the Arkansas River. Unlike 1992, bank-full flows in May 1993 reached a discharge of >140,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) through Keystone Dam before least terns initiated nesting. Flows in 1993 scoured and elevated existing sandbars and created new sandbars, resulting in an expansion of nesting habitat that was associated with an increase from 12 breeding colonies in 1992 to 20 colonies in 1993. Estimates of adult least terns increased from 125-166 breeding pairs in 1992 to 212-299 in 1993. Least terns produced 192 nests, 118 chicks, and 80 fledglings in 1992 compared with 345 nests, 285 chicks, and 143 fledglings in 1993. Loss of nests to flooding was greater in 1992 (46% of 77 nests lost) than 1993 (9% of 133 nests lost). Overall loss of chicks was greater in 1993 (50% than 1992 (32%). Benefit to nesting habitats by periodic high flows before the nesting period was exemplified by a larger population of least terns and fewer losses of nests and chicks to flooding in 1993 than 1992 along the Arkansas River below Keystone Dam. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Leslie, DM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 483 EP 489 DI 10.2307/3672597 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 395AA UT WOS:000166555500009 ER PT J AU Fellers, GM AF Fellers, GM TI Predation on Corynorhinus townsendii by Rattus rattus SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes, CA 94956 USA. RP Fellers, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes, CA 94956 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 524 EP 527 DI 10.2307/3672603 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 395AA UT WOS:000166555500015 ER PT J AU McCrory, PA AF McCrory, PA TI Upper plate contraction north of the migrating Mendocino triple junction, northern California: Implications for partitioning of strain SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GSA Penrose Conference CY JAN, 1999 CL PUERTO PLATA, DOMINICAN REP SP GSA Penrose ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION MARGIN; HUMBOLDT BASIN; CAPE-MENDOCINO; LATE NEOGENE; GORDA PLATE; FUCA PLATE; DEFORMATION; TECTONICS; ZONE; EARTHQUAKE AB Geologic measurement of permanent contraction across the Cascadia subduction margin constrains one component of the tectonic deformation along the convergent plate boundary, the component critical for the seismic hazard assessment of crustal faults. A comprehensive survey of active faults in onshore subduction margin rocks at the southern end of the Cascadia subduction zone indicates that these thrust faults accommodate similar to 10 mm/yr of convergence oriented 020 degrees -045 degrees. Seismotectonic models of subduction zones typically assign this upper plate strain to the estimate of aseismic slip on the megathrust. Geodetic models include this permanent crustal strain within estimates of elastic strain accumulation on the megathrust. Both types of models underestimate the seismic hazard associated with crustal faults. Subtracting the observed contraction from the plate convergence rate (40-50 mm/yr; directed 040 degrees -055 degrees) leaves 30-40 mm/yr of convergence to be partitioned between slip on the megathrust, contraction within the southern Juan de Fuca plate, and crustal contraction outside the subduction complex rocks. This simple estimate of slip partitioning neglects the discrepancy between the plate convergence and contraction directions in the vicinity of the Mendocino triple junction. The San Andreas and Cascadia limbs of the Mendocino triple junction are not collinear. The eastern edge of the broad San Andreas boundary is similar to 85 km east of the Cascadia subduction boundary, and across this zone the Pacific plate converges directly with the North America plate. The skewed orientation of crustal structures just north of the leading edge of the Pacific plate suggests that they are deforming in a hybrid stress field resulting from both Juan de Fuca-North America motion and Pacific-North America motion. The composite convergence direction (50 mm/yr; directed 023 degrees) is consistent with the compressive stress axis (020 degrees) inferred from focal mechanisms of crustal earthquakes in the Humboldt region. Deformation in such a hybrid stress field implies that the crustal faults are being loaded from two major tectonic sources. The slip on crustal faults north of the Mendocino triple junction may consume 4-5 mm/yr of Pacific-Humboldt convergence. The remaining 17-18 mm/yr of convergence may be consumed as distributed shortening expressed in the high rates of uplift in the Cape Mendocino region or as northward translation of the continental margin, north of the triple junction. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McCrory, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1144 EP 1160 DI 10.1029/1999TC001177 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 384RZ UT WOS:000165959800008 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO AF Rosenberry, DO TI Unsaturated-zone wedge beneath a large, natural lake SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SEEPAGE; UPLAND; WATER AB Lake Belie Taine (480 ha) in north central Minnesota receives on average 76,000 m(3) d(-1) of water from Little Sand Creek but has no outlet. Water seeps out of the lake, flows through glacial outwash, and discharges into three nearby lakes with stages 13-14 m lower than Belie Taine. Seepage-meter data indicate water is seeping out of Belie Taine at velocities up to 263 cm d(-1). Hydraulic-head measurements made in the lake bed indicate the sediments are unsaturated beneath a portion of the lake edge, and a wedge of unsaturated sediments extends beneath the lake bed as much as 20 m from the shoreline. At the shoreline the water table is as much as 6.7 m below the lake surface. Modeling results of a similar hypothetical setting indicate that the horizontal extent of an unsaturated zone beneath a lake depends on (1) the permeability contrast between the outwash and the lake bed, (2) anisotropy, (3) lake bed slope, and (4) thickness of the lower-permeability lake bed sediments. Although rarely documented, unsaturated sediments beneath a lake may not be extremely uncommon. Similar, much smaller unsaturated-zone areas also have been observed beneath two other lakes in Minnesota. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Box 25046,MS 413,Bldg 53, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 30 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3401 EP 3409 DI 10.1029/2000WR900213 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 382BT UT WOS:000165799100002 ER PT J AU Kent, DB Abrams, RH Davis, JA Coston, JA Leblanc, DR AF Kent, DB Abrams, RH Davis, JA Coston, JA Leblanc, DR TI Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TRACE-METAL SORPTION; CAPE-COD; REDOX ZONES; CHEMICAL CONDITIONS; NONIDEAL TRANSPORT; GRAVEL AQUIFER; GROUND-WATER; FIELD-SCALE AB Land disposal,of sewage effluent resulted in contamination of a sand and gravel aquifer (Cape God, Massachusetts) with zinc (Zn). The distribution of Zn was controlled by pH-dependent adsorption; the Zn extended 15 m into the 30-m-thick sewage plume within approximately 100 m of the source but only 2-4 m into the plume between 100 and 400 m downgradient. A two-dimensional vertical cross section model coupling groundwater flow with solute transport and equilibrium adsorption is used to simulate the influence of pH on Zn transport. Adsorption is described using semiempirical surface complexation models (SCM) by writing chemical reactions between dissolved Zn and mineral surface sites. SCM parameters were determined in independent laboratory experiments. A 59-year simulation with a one-site SCM. describes the influence of pH on Zn transport well, with greater mobility at the low pH values near the upper sewage plume boundary than at the higher pH values deeper in the sewage-contaminated zone. Simulation with a two-site SCM describes both the sharpness and approximate location of the leading edge of the Zn-contaminated region. Temporal variations in pH of incoming groundwater can result in large increases in Zn concentration and mobility. The influence of spatial and temporal Variability in pH on adsorption and transport of Zn was accomplished much more easily with the semiempirical SCM approach than could be achieved with distribution coefficients or adsorption isotherms. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Kent, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dbkent@usgs.gov NR 95 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3411 EP 3425 DI 10.1029/2000WR900244 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 382BT UT WOS:000165799100003 ER PT J AU Lisle, TE Nelson, JM Pitlick, J Madej, MA Barkett, BL AF Lisle, TE Nelson, JM Pitlick, J Madej, MA Barkett, BL TI Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel-bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT RATES; SURFACE-LAYER; SHEAR-STRESS; RIVERS; STREAMS; BAR; ENTRAINMENT; CALIFORNIA; BOUNDARY; MEANDER AB Local variations in boundary shear stress acting on bed-surface particles control patterns of bed load transport and channel evolution during varying stream discharges. At the reach scale a channel adjusts to imposed water and sediment supply through mutual interactions among channel form, local grain size, and local flow dynamics that govern bed mobility. In order to explore these adjustments, we used a numerical flow model to examine relations between model-predicted local boundary shear stress (tau (j)) and measured surface particle size (D-50) at bank-full discharge in six gravel-bed, alternate-bar channels with widely differing annual sediment yields. Values of tau (j) and D-50 were pearly correlated such that small areas conveyed large proportions of the total bed load, especially in sediment-poor channels with low mobility. Sediment-rich channels had greater areas of full mobility; sediment-poor channels had greater areas of partial mobility; and both types had significant areas that were essentially immobiIe. Two reach-mean mobility parameters (Shields stress and Q*) correlated reasonably well with sediment supply. Values which can be practicably obtained from carefully measured mean hydraulic variables and particle size would provide first-order assessments of bed mobility that would broadly distinguish the channels in this study according to their sediment yield and bed mobility. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lisle, TE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 50 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 3 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3743 EP 3755 DI 10.1029/2000WR900238 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 382BT UT WOS:000165799100028 ER PT J AU Naugle, DE Johnson, RR Estey, ME Higgins, KF AF Naugle, DE Johnson, RR Estey, ME Higgins, KF TI A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the prairie, pothole region of eastern South Dakota SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE habitat fragmentation; landscapes; nongame; Prairie Pothole Region; small wetlands; South Dakota; waterfowl; wetland birds; wetland protection ID CALL-RESPONSE SURVEYS; NORTH-DAKOTA; SPRING MIGRATION; DABBLING DUCK; ABUNDANCE; ECOLOGY; CONSERVATION; POPULATIONS; MOVEMENTS; MALLARDS AB Resource managers confronted with preserving ecosystems for prairie wetland birds in fragmented landscapes require landscape studies that direct conservation efforts over broad geographic regions. We investigated the role of local and landscape factors affecting habitat suitability by integrating remotely sensed wetland and land-cover data with wetland bird habitat models. We linked habitat models with locations of easement and-fee-title wetlands to evaluate spatial location and extent of protected, suitable habitat. We also simulated impacts of the loss of small wetlands on suitability of larger wetlands for mobile species that use multiple wetlands. Lastly, we evaluated the efficacy of waterfowl habitat programs in preserving suitable habitat for nongame wetland bird species to recommend strategies for maximizing regional landscape connectivity. Regional databases constructed for this study indicate that easement and fee-title tracts encompass 13.9% (1.2 million ha) of land area and protect 19.8% of the wetlands in eastern South Dakota, USA. Proportion of protected wetlands is highest for semi-permanent (32.3%), intermediate for seasonal (25.6%), and lowest for temporary wetlands (15.8%). A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select 834 semi-permanent and seasonal wetlands that were surveyed for birds in 1995 and 1996. Logistic analyses indicate that habitat suitability for some species (e.g., Virginia rail, pied-billed grebe) is related to local vegetation conditions within wetlands, while suitability for others (e.g., northern pintail, black tern) is related to landscape structure at larger scales. As a result, unfragmented prairie wetland landscapes (i.e., areas with wetland complexes embedded within upland grasslands) provide habitat for more species than isolated wetlands in tillage fields. Models developed from survey wetlands were used to classify habitat suitability for all semi-permanent and seasonal wetlands in eastern South Dakota. Small wetlands are critical components of the surrounding landscape that influence habitat suitability of larger wetlands. Models used to reclassify suitability of larger remaining wetlands after small wetlands (<0.5 ha) were removed indicate that species most vulnerable to loss of small wetlands are vagile species that exploit resources over broad spatial scales. Number of wetlands suitable for northern pintails, a mobile species that uses multiple wetlands within a season, decreased 20.7% when wetlands <0.5 ha were removed. Historic paradigms dictating waterfowl habitat protection efforts also have conserved habitat for nongame bird species. Modern paradigms that acknowledge the importance of small shallow wetlands to breeding waterfowl have shifted the focus of protection towards preserving habitat for species that occupy more abundant seasonal wetlands. Cessation of protection efforts would result in further fragmentation of regional wetland landscapes. We recommend that wetlands be acquired not only to consolidate suitable habitat within protected core areas but also to ensure that core areas coalesce to preserve connectivity among regional wetland landscapes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. S Dakota State Univ, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Naugle, DE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. NR 65 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 588 EP 604 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0588:ALATCW]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386XG UT WOS:000166089700003 ER PT J AU Austin, JE Sklebar, HT Guntenspergen, GR Buhl, TK AF Austin, JE Sklebar, HT Guntenspergen, GR Buhl, TK TI Effects of roadside transect width on waterfowl and wetland estimates SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE bias; North Dakota; roadside transect; sampling; waterfowl ID NORTH-AMERICA; NUMBER AB Strip transects located along roads are commonly used to estimate waterfowl populations and characterize associated wetland habitat. We used data collected in May and early June, 1995, on forty-five 40-km(2) plots in North Dakota to evaluate bias of 800-m and 400-m wide roadside transects for sampling wetlands relative to a larger (40-km(2)) scale and to compare duck abundance at the two widths. Densities of all basins combined and of seasonal basins considered alone were biased high for both transect widths, but mean bias did not differ from zero for temporary or semipermanent basins. Biases did not occur when excavated seasonal and temporary basins (i.e., road ditches) were excluded from the sample. Mean basin density was higher for the inner (400-m) transect width than for the outer transect width (area remaining of the 800-m transect, outside of center 400-m width) for all basins combined and for seasonal and temporary basins. We detected an area-related bias in the occurrence of basins in transects: smaller basins (0.08-1.6 ha) were over-represented in transect samples by 2.9-6.5%, and larger basins (greater than or equal to 11 ha) were under-represented in 800-m transects by 7.3% and in 400-m transects by 16.3%. We compared the distribution of ducks relative to water conditions in the inner and outer transect widths to evaluate whether they were affected by proximity to the road. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L.), northern pintails (A. acuta L.), and gadwall (A. strepera L.) responded to water conditions equally in the inner and outer transect widths, but northern shovelers (A. clypeata L.) and blue-winged teal (A, discors L.) responded more strongly to wetlands on the inner than the outer transect width, indicating that estimates of these species would be higher from a 400-m wide transect than from an 800-m wide transect. Differences in an adjustment index, used to account for the portion of basin obscured from view, were highly variable between inner and outer transect widths but did not indicate that use of wider transects was hampered by visibility. Biases of transect sampling need to be carefully considered when extrapolating wetland basin or duck densities from transects to larger landscape scales. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Austin, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 660 EP 670 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0660:EORTWO]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386XG UT WOS:000166089700008 ER PT J AU Smith, LK Sartoris, JJ Thullen, JS Andersen, DC AF Smith, LK Sartoris, JJ Thullen, JS Andersen, DC TI Investigation of denitrification rates in an ammonia-dominated constructed wastewater-treatment wetland SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE constructed wetlands; nitrogen removal; denitrification ID FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN; QUALITY; VOLATILIZATION; NITRIFICATION; EFFLUENT; REMOVAL; IMPACTS; PLANT AB Denitrification measurements were made under simulated field conditions using sediment cores and water collected from the Hemet/San Jacinto Multipurpose Demonstration Wetland (Riverside County, California, USA). The 9.9 ha constructed wetland is used to both polish ammonia-dominated secondary municipal effluent and provide migratory bird habitat. The wetland was originally constructed as a marsh-pond-marsh system in 1994. Over the period from January through March 1998, measured denitrification rates averaged 20.9 +/- 20.9 mu mol N m(-2) h(-1) within the emergent marsh portions of the wetland and 646 +/- 353 mu mol N m(-2) h(-1) in open water areas. The mean areal denitrification removal rate for this period was 0.70 kg N ha(-1) d(-1), which accounted for about 8% of the total N removed by the wetland. Internal retention was the main N-removal mechanism. Synoptic water quality surveys indicated that denitrification was limited by a lack of nitrification within the wetland. Between April 1998 and January 1999, the wetland was reconfigured as a hemi-marsh system, having equal areas of interspersed emergent marsh and deep open water. In May 1999, measured denitrification rates averaged 1414 +/- 298 mu mol N m(-2) h(-1) within the emergent marsh zones and 682 +/- 218 mu mol N m(-2) h(-1) in the open water areas. The mean areal denitrification removal rate was 3.58 kg N ha(-1) d(-1), which accounted for 40% of the total N removed by the wetland. A synoptic water quality survey indicated that nitrification within the wetland had been enhanced by the reduction of emergent macrophyte biomass and the increase in the area of interspersed deep open water. The modifications to the wetland shifted the nitrogen balance from a large internal storage component and a small denitrification component in 1998 to a more denitrifying system in 1999. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Limnol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Smith, LK (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Limnol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 26 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 684 EP 696 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0684:IODRIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 386XG UT WOS:000166089700010 ER PT J AU Organ, JF Fritzell, EK AF Organ, JF Fritzell, EK TI Trends in consumptive recreation and the wildlife profession SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE hunting; professional wildlife management; universities; wildlife agencies ID MANAGEMENT; ATTITUDES AB We explore how the wildlife management profession is being impacted by and impacting on the trends in consumptive recreation, specifically hunting. Hunters had prominent roles in forming wildlife conservation programs and the wildlife profession. A declining hunting subculture in wildlife management institutions and society, coupled with increased diversity of wildlife stakeholders, has reduced the influence of hunters and hunting on the profession. We surveyed senior faculty at 14 United States (U.S.) universities with major fisheries and wildlife programs across the 7 sections of The Wildlife Society to characterize academic changes relative to student interests and attitudes about consumptive uses. We summarized survey data on attitudes and values of wildlife professionals toward consumptive uses and American trends and attitudes toward hunting. Curricula and course content in the universities we surveyed have adapted to changing expectations in academia and the profession over the past 2 decades by incorporating changes in pedagogy and adding subjects such as conservation biology and human dimensions. A corresponding reduction in emphasis on other subjects, most notably species harvest manage ment, also has occurred. The proportion of the U.S, population who hunts has declined in recent decades and the stakeholder base of wildlife management agencies has been broadening, causing agencies and professionals to become more responsive to nonconsumptive societal wildlife interests. We suggest that as the influence of hunters on management agencies declines, hunting policies may become more aligned with broader societal mandates than with hunters' desires. Future public policies on consumptive uses may tend to restrict them more to management and subsistence purposes. We recommend that the wildlife management profession engage in dialogue and investigations to determine what the implications are to the profession and to wildlife conservation of a declining hunting subculture. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Organ, JF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 780 EP 787 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600003 ER PT J AU Batcheller, GR Decker, TA Hamilton, DA Organ, JF AF Batcheller, GR Decker, TA Hamilton, DA Organ, JF TI A vision for the future of furbearer management in the United States SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Best Management Practices for trapping; furbearers; furbearer management; traps ID WILDLIFE AB Furbearer management evolved during the past century and led to the restoration of many species, including those that were once bountied. Regulated fur trapping programs have been integral to furbearer management. Typically, such regulations were created and later modified to allow trapping to meet the goals of population management. Societal changes have placed furbearer management in the midst of contention, with the foothold trap as a centerpiece. Furbearer managers must adopt a shared vision for the future and collectively strive to achieve it. We suggest such a vision. Key components are the development of Best Management Practices for trapping; cost-effective, reliable innovations to maintain scientific rigor and leadership in assessment of furbearer populations; and an effective, integrated, internal outreach program designed to build and maintain support for hunting and trapping as sustainable uses of natural resources and management tools within state fish and wildlife agencies. C1 New York State Div Fish Wildlife & Marine Resourc, Delmar, NY 12054 USA. Vermont Dept Fish & Wildlife, St Johnsbury, VT 05819 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA USA. RP Batcheller, GR (reprint author), New York State Div Fish Wildlife & Marine Resourc, 108 Game Farm Rd, Delmar, NY 12054 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 833 EP 840 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600009 ER PT J AU Thogmartin, WE Schaeffer, BA AF Thogmartin, WE Schaeffer, BA TI Landscape attributes associated with mortality events of wild turkeys in Arkansas SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; habitat; Meleagris gallopavo; mortality; patch size; poaching; refugia; wild turkey ID NECKED PHEASANT HENS; SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN; NEST PREDATION; RUFFED GROUSE; SURVIVAL; POPULATION; MOVEMENTS; EDGE; FEATURES; SUCCESS AB Discerning relationships between landscape features and population dynamics is an increasingly important aspect of wildlife management and conservation biology. Although there is increasing knowledge of the influence of landscape elements on reproduction, specifically nesting success, wildlife scientists currently suffer from a paucity of data regarding landscape features that increase risk of mortality. We examined spatial attributes of 80 wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) mortality sites in Arkansas from 1993 to 1998 to determine landscape elements associated with mortality. We hypothesized that turkeys would be killed more often by predators in small parches, stream valleys, and other areas promoting predator use. We also suspected that habitat features differed between predation sites and where turkeys were harvested. With a geographic information system, we determined, for each kill site, cover-type, patch size and shape, measures of habitat diversity and interspersion, distances to United States Forest Service (USFS) roads and streams, terrain features (slope, elevation, aspect), and whether the kill occurred in edge or core habitat. We found that 59% of variation in mortality location could be explained by landscape characteristics. Predation occurred randomly across cover types, but more often in larger patches than were generally available in the study area. After excluding great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) predation, kill sites were located more frequently in stream valleys. Bobcat(Lynx rufus) and canid kills were segregated spatially in the landscape, with bobcat kills southwest of canid kills; 7 of 8 canid kills occurred in edge habitat, whereas bobcat kills were distributed equally in edge and core habitat. Harvest occurred in larger, more diverse patches situated on ridge tops and farther from well-traveled roads than did predation. These areas may provide refuge from predation when turkeys are not hunted, When possible, increased closings of logging roads and trails to vehicular traffic is recommended because it appears that poachers used these paths to access turkey habitat away from well-traveled roads. Also, we suggest that increased penalties, reward programs, and education may aid in reducing losses due to poaching. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Sci Biol, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Thogmartin, WE (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Cooperat Wildlife Res Lab, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 NR 48 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 865 EP 874 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600012 ER PT J AU Fox, TJ Knutson, MG Hines, RK AF Fox, TJ Knutson, MG Hines, RK TI Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE air photo; canopy; forest; gap; ground survey; map; remote sensing; wildlife habitat ID SCALE HABITAT DISTURBANCE; UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; WILDLIFE HABITAT; HARDWOOD FOREST; NESTING SUCCESS; DIVERSITY; EDGES; REGENERATION; ABUNDANCE; BIRDS AB Canopy gaps are important structural components of forested habitats for many wildlife species. Recent improvements in the spatial accuracy of geographic information system tools facilitate accurate mapping of small canopy features such as gaps. We compared canopy-gap maps generated using ground survey methods with those derived from air-photo interpretation. We found that maps created from high-resolution air photos were more accurate than those created from ground surveys. Errors of omission were 25.6% for the ground-survey method and 4.7% for the air-photo method. One variable of inter est in songbird research is the distance from nests to gap edges. Distances from real and simulated nests to gap edges were longer using the ground-survey maps versus the air-photo maps, indicating that gap omission could potentially bias the assessment of spatial relationships. If research or management goals require location and size of canopy gaps and specific information about vegetation structure, we recommend a 2-fold approach. First, canopy gaps can be located and the perimeters defined using 1:15,000-scale or larger aerial photographs and the methods we describe. Mapped gaps can then be field-surveyed to obtain detailed vegetation data. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Fox, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 882 EP 889 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600014 ER PT J AU Murphy, MA Waits, LP Kendall, C AF Murphy, MA Waits, LP Kendall, C TI Quantitative evaluation of fecal drying methods for brown bear DNA analysis SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE DNA extraction; DNA preservation; molecular scatology; noninvasive genetic sampling; PCR; Ursus arctos ID MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; NUCLEAR-DNA; FECES; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; PCR AB DNA analysis of fecal samples is rapidly becoming an important tool in molecular ecology, conservation genetics, and wildlife management. Large-scale studies using fecal samples are rare due to difficulties associated with low DNA quality and quantity. To improve DNA amplification success of brown bear (Ursus arctos) DNA from fecal samples, we compared 4 drying methods: freeze-drying, oven drying, silica desiccant, and microwave drying. We assessed drying performance for 61 fecal samples by PCR amplification of 2 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci (150 bp, 700 bp) and a nuclear DNA (nDNA) microsatellite locus (200 bp). The method of drying affected mtDNA and nDNA amplification success rates. Freeze-drying and oven drying produced the greatest DNA amplification success rates. Success rates were high (oven-dried 95%, freeze-dried 98%) For mtDNA amplification required for species identification but relatively low (oven-dried 59%, freeze-dried 89%) for nDNA amplification required for individual identification from fecal samples. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USGS, Glacier Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, Glacier Natl Pk, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. RP Murphy, MA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM lwaits@uidaho.edu RI Murphy, Melanie/D-2605-2009 NR 23 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 951 EP 957 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600024 ER PT J AU Diefenbach, DR Riegner, CF Hardisky, TS AF Diefenbach, DR Riegner, CF Hardisky, TS TI Harvest and reporting rates of game-farm ring-necked pheasants SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE band; harvest rate; Pennsylvania; Phasianus colchicus; reporting rate; reward; ring-necked pheasant; survival ID SURVIVAL AB Many state natural resource agencies release ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) for hunting, but the effectiveness of these programs has never been evaluated on a statewide basis. We conducted a reward-band study to estimate harvest, reporting, and survival rates of pheasants raised and released by the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) for the fall 1998 hunting season. We banded 6,770 of 199,613 released pheasants with leg bands worth $0-$400. Rewards > $75 produced 100% reporting rates. Hunters reported 71.0% of harvested pheasants banded with standard bands (no reward). Cocks had an estimated 62.3% harvest rate when released on public land and a 46.8% harvest rate on private land. Hens had an estimated 50.4% harvest rate when released on public land and a 31.1% harvest rate on private land. Estimated harvest rate for hen pheasants released in September in the either-sex zone was 15.5%. In the late season, pheasants released on public land had a 33.6% harvest rate and a 23.5% harvest rate on private land. We found that few pheasants (<6%) survived > 30 days and birds released on public land had reduced survival rates primarily because of greater harvest rates. In fiscal year 1998-99, the net cost to raise and release 199,613 pheasants was $2,813,138 ($14.09 per bird). The average cost per harvested pheasant was $29.10, but ranged from $22.63 to $90.74 depending on the date and location of release. We estimated that 49.9% (82,017 birds) of pheasants stocked immediately prior to and during the regular and late seasons (excluding September releases of hens) were harvested by hunters. Percentage of pheasants harvested by hunters could be increased by expanding the either-sex zone in Pennsylvania so that more hens could be legally killed by hunters and by allocating releases to seasons and locations with greater harvest rates. However, before such changes are implemented, we recommend a survey of Pennsylvania pheasant hunters to ascertain their opinions and desires regarding releases of game-farm pheasants. C1 Penn Game Commiss, Harrisburg, PA 17110 USA. RP Diefenbach, DR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 113 Merkle Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1050 EP 1059 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600037 ER PT J AU Duguay, JP Wood, PB Miller, GW AF Duguay, JP Wood, PB Miller, GW TI Effects of timber harvests on invertebrate biomass and avian nest success SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE insect biomass; nest predation; nest survival; silviculture; timber management ID THROATED BLUE WARBLERS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS; BREEDING SUCCESS; PARENTAL CARE; CLUTCH SIZE; CLEAR-CUT; PREDATION; FOOD; POPULATION AB Concerns over declining songbird populations have led to investigations of effects of various timber management practices on breeding songbirds. We assessed the influence of 2 types of practices, two-age and clearcutting, on invertebrate biomass and avian daily nest survival in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia during summers of 1995 and 1996. We also examined relationships between invertebrate biomass, avian daily nest survival, and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nestling growth rates. Mean total invertebrate biomass collected per sample day and litter-dwelling invertebrates collected per sample day were 0.0614 g and 0.0254 g greater (P less than or equal to0.10), respectively in the unharvested than clearcut treatment late in the season (2 jun to 12 jul) when most birds had young in the nest; whereas invertebrates that hide under tree bark during the day had greatest biomass (P=0.003) in the two-age treatment during this same time period (0.1355 g greater than clearcut and 0.0616 g greater than unharvested). In addition, daily nest survival rates (216 nests) were greater in the unharvested than two-age treatment (P less than or equal to0.05). The lesser daily nest survival rates of birds breeding in the harvested treatments may be due to increased predator activity within these areas and/or reduced food supplies. Significant positive correlations between invertebrate biomass and daily nest survival rates of breeding birds and faster growth rates of wood thrush nestlings in stands with a greater invertebrate biomass suggest that changes in invertebrate biomass caused by silvicultural practices have an influence on breeding birds within these areas. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Duguay, JP (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI Liu, Yi-Chun/H-5463-2012 NR 58 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1123 EP 1131 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 395LV UT WOS:000166582600044 ER PT J AU Young, JR Braun, CE Oyler-McCance, SJ Hupp, JW Quinn, TW AF Young, JR Braun, CE Oyler-McCance, SJ Hupp, JW Quinn, TW TI A new species of sage-grouse (Phasianidae : Centrocercus) from southwestern Colorado SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEXUAL SELECTION; SPECIATION; TRAITS AB The Gunnison Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus minimus) is described as a new species from southwestern Colorado and contrasted with the Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) from northern Colorado and western North America. Gunnison Sage-Grouse differ from all other described sage-grouse (C. u. urophasianus. C. u. phaios) in morphological measurements, plumage, courtship display, and generics. The species currently is limited to 8 isolated populations in southwestern Colorado and adjacent San Juan County, Utah. Total estimated spring breeding population is fewer than 5000 individuals with the largest population (<3000) in the Gunnison Basin (Gunnison and Saguache counties), Colorado. C1 Western State Coll Colorado, Dept Nat & Environm Sci, Gunnison, CO 81231 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, Mid Continent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Denver, CO 80208 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Young, JR (reprint author), Western State Coll Colorado, Dept Nat & Environm Sci, Gunnison, CO 81231 USA. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 112 IS 4 BP 445 EP + DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0445:ANSOSG]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 388EQ UT WOS:000166164800001 ER PT J AU McCracken, KG Paton, DC Afton, AD AF McCracken, KG Paton, DC Afton, AD TI Sexual size dimorphism of the Musk Duck SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN DABBLING DUCKS; BIRDS; EVOLUTION; SELECTION; HANDICAP; LEKKING; ECOLOGY AB We examined sexual size dimorphism of a lek-displaying diving duck from Australia, the Musk Duck (Biziura lobata). Like other lek-displaying species. Musk Ducks exhibit extreme sexual size dimorphism in addition to structural dimorphism. Body mass ratios (male:female) for Musk Ducks are among the highest reported for birds (more than 3:1). Multivariate analyses of 16 anatomical measurements indicated that body plans of male and female Musk Ducks have diverged isometrically except for the addition of a pendant lobe on lower mandibles of males. Within males, pendant lobe length. depth, and breadth were positively correlated with center rectrix length and bill width. Lobe area also was positively related to bill width, but not to center rectrix length. Lobe breadth and center rectrix length were positively related to overall body mass. Our results suggested that information about male physical quality may be conveyed to other Musk Ducks by parts of the anatomy most conspicuously exposed during sexual advertising displays. In contrast, anatomical features that function in foraging activity showed no sexual differences in anatomical shape relative to other parts of the anatomy that do not serve obvious foraging functions. We argue that foraging niche divergence or use of different food resources, if they have occurred, probably are secondary consequences of sexual size dimorphism. C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Environm Biol, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP McCracken, KG (reprint author), Univ Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 112 IS 4 BP 457 EP 466 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0457:SSDOTM]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 388EQ UT WOS:000166164800003 ER PT J AU Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR AF Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR TI Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BREEDING BIOLOGY; NEST SUCCESS; CONSERVATION; HAWAII AB The endangered Maul Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is an excavating, insectivorous Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the high elevation rain forests of east Maul, Hawaii. From March 1994 to June 1997. we studied various aspects of their breeding ecology. We color-banded 18 individuals, located and monitored 9 active nests, and took behavioral data during 440 hrs of nest observation. Both members of a pair maintained a year-round, all-purpose territory that included nest sites and food resources. Maul Parrotbill were monogamous within and between years: we found no evidence of polyandry, polygyny, or helpers at the nest. Nests were cup-shaped, composed mainly of lichen interlaced with small twigs, and positioned in the outer canopy forks of mature ohia (Metrasideros polymorpha) trees. Modal clutch size was one. Females performed most nest construction and all incubation and brooding: males provisioned females and assisted in feeding nestlings after their fourth day. Fledglings depended on parental care for 5-8 months, during which their bill strength increased and foraging skills improved. We calculated the overall nest success rate by the Mayfield Method as 0.42 for the 1995/1996 and 1996/1997 breeding seasons combined. Nest failure and fledgling disappearance coincided with events of high rainfall. Their breeding ecology most closely resembled the Akiapolaau (Hemignathus munroi), another excavating, insectivorous Hawaiian honeycreeper found on Hawaii Island. As with the Akiapolaau. the threat of extinction is persistent and results from both the constraints of inherent life history traits and artificial ecological changes. We advocate the protection and expansion of habitable forest areas and an ongoing program to monitor and mitigate the effects of invasive species. C1 USGS Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Kowalsky, JR (reprint author), USGS Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 112 IS 4 BP 482 EP 490 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0482:REOTMP]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 388EQ UT WOS:000166164800006 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB Persing, HM Wooden, JL Lanphere, M Donnelly-Nolan, J Grove, TL AF Lowenstern, JB Persing, HM Wooden, JL Lanphere, M Donnelly-Nolan, J Grove, TL TI U-Th dating of single zircons from young granitoid xenoliths: new tools for understanding volcanic processes SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE zircon; U-238/Th-230; geochronology; ion probe data; SHRIMP data; Medicine Lake; California; granites xenolith ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; NEW-ZEALAND; RESIDENCE TIMES; CALIFORNIA; AGES; IGNIMBRITES; CALDERA; ZONE AB Multiple U-Th isotopic analyses of individual zircon crystals by ion microprobe define isochrons that discriminate between different crystallization ages of granitoid xenoliths in lavas erupted 1065 and 2000 years ago from Medicine Lake volcano, CA, USA. Zircon ages indicate at least two intrusive episodes, similar to 25 and similar to 90 ka, at times when silicic volcanism was rare, but basaltic volcanism was prevalent. Ar-Ar spectra require that the granitoids were completely crystalline thousands of years prior to their mobilization and eruption. These techniques demonstrate that individual zircon crystals can form rapidly enough to provide unique U-Th ages, and allow dating of <300 ka xenoliths from volcanic eruptions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013; OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969; Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 28 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD NOV 30 PY 2000 VL 183 IS 1-2 BP 291 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00273-9 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 377PD UT WOS:000165521200023 ER PT J AU Mehta, S Fryar, AE Brady, RM Morin, RH AF Mehta, S Fryar, AE Brady, RM Morin, RH TI Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ogallala aquifer; salinization; Southern High Plains; modeling; Texas ID VARIABLE-DENSITY FLOW; PALO-DURO BASIN; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TEXAS PANHANDLE; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; SALT-DISSOLUTION; GROUNDWATER; BRINE; SIMULATION; ORIGIN AB Two extensive plumes (combined area >1000 km(2)) have been delineated within the Ogallala aquifer in the Southern High Plains, TX, USA. Salinity varies within the plumes spatially and increases with depth; Cl ranges from 50 to >500 mg l(-1) Variable-density flow modeling using SUTRA has identified three broad regions of upward cross-formational flow from the underlying evaporite units. The upward discharge within the modeled plume area is in the range of 10(-4)-10(-5) m(3) day(-1), and the TDS concentrations are typically >3000 mg l(-1). Regions of increased salinity, identified within the Whitehorse Group (evaporite unit) underlying the Ogallala aquifer, are controlled by the structure and thickness variations relative to the recharge areas. Distinct flow paths, on the order of tens of km to >100 km in length, and varying flow velocities indicate that the salinization of the Ogallala aquifer has been a slow, ongoing process and may represent circulation of waters recharged during Pleistocene or earlier times. On-going pumping has had negligible impact on the salinity distribution in the Ogallala aquifer, although simulations indicate that the velocity distribution in the underlying units may have been affected to depths of 150 m after 30 years of pumping. Because the distribution of saline ground water in this region of the Ogallala aquifer is heterogeneous, careful areal and vertical characterization is warranted prior to any well-field development. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Geol Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Panhandle Ground Water Conservat Dist No 3, White Deer, TX 79097 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mehta, S (reprint author), Duke Engn & Serv, 1180 Town Ctr Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89144 USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 30 PY 2000 VL 238 IS 1-2 BP 44 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 378NT UT WOS:000165591000004 ER PT J AU Kilb, D Gomberg, J Bodin, P AF Kilb, D Gomberg, J Bodin, P TI Triggering of earthquake aftershocks by dynamic stresses SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LINK CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; 28 JUNE 1992; STATIC STRESS; STRAIN CHANGES; CALIFORNIA; LANDERS; SEISMICITY; TRANSIENT; SEQUENCE; FAULTS AB It is thought that small 'static' stress changes due to permanent fault displacement can alter the likelihood of, or trigger, earthquakes on nearby faults(1). Many studies of triggering in the nearfield, particularly of aftershocks, rely on these static changes as the triggering agent(2-4) and consider them only in terms of equivalent changes in the applied load on the fault(3-6). Here we report a comparison of the aftershock pattern of the moment magnitude M-w = 7.3 Landers earthquake, not only with static stress changes but also with transient, oscillatory stress changes transmitted as seismic waves (that is, 'dynamic' stresses). Dynamic stresses do not permanently change the applied load and thus can trigger earthquakes only by altering the mechanical state or properties of the fault zone. These dynamically weakened faults may fail after the seismic waves have passed by, and might even cause earthquakes that would not otherwise have occurred. We rnd similar asymmetries in the aftershock and dynamic stress patterns, the latter being due to rupture propagation, whereas the static stress changes lack this asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that dynamic stresses can promote failure at remote distances(7-12), but here we show that they can also do so nearby. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave,Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 25 TC 157 Z9 179 U1 0 U2 15 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 30 PY 2000 VL 408 IS 6812 BP 570 EP 574 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 377WE UT WOS:000165548600114 PM 11117741 ER PT J AU Barlow, NG Boyce, JM Costard, FM Craddock, RA Garvin, JB Sakimoto, SEH Kuzmin, RO Roddy, DJ Soderblom, LA AF Barlow, NG Boyce, JM Costard, FM Craddock, RA Garvin, JB Sakimoto, SEH Kuzmin, RO Roddy, DJ Soderblom, LA TI Standardizing the nomenclature of Martian impact crater ejecta morphologies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID WIND EROSION; MARS; DEPOSITS; DEGRADATION; VOLATILES; HIGHLANDS; LATITUDE; REGIONS; BASIN; WATER AB The Mars Crater Morphology Consortium recommends the use of a standardized nomenclature system when discussing Martian impact crater ejecta morphologies. The system utilizes nongenetic descriptors to identify the various ejecta morphologies seen on Mars. This system is designed to facilitate communication and collaboration between researchers. Crater morphology databases will be archived through the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, where a comprehensive catalog of Martian crater morphologic information will be maintained. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NASA, Headquarters, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. CNRS, Lab Geol Dynam Terre & Planetes, UMR 8616, F-91405 Orsay, France. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Vernadsky Inst, Moscow 117975, Russia. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Barlow, NG (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, MAP 310, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RI Craddock, Robert/B-3884-2013 NR 42 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E11 BP 26733 EP 26738 DI 10.1029/2000JE001258 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 376AL UT WOS:000165435600003 ER PT J AU Dieterich, J Cayol, V Okubo, P AF Dieterich, J Cayol, V Okubo, P TI The use of earthquake rate changes as a stress meter at Kilauea volcano SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLANK; HAWAII; DEFORMATION; MAGMA; FAULT; SEISMICITY; FRICTION; BENEATH AB Stress changes in the Earth's crust are generally estimated from model calculations that use near-surface deformation as an observational constraint. But the widespread correlation of changes of earthquake activity with stress(1-5) has led to suggestions that stress changes might be calculated from earthquake occurrence rates obtained from seismicity catalogues. Although this possibility has considerable appeal, because seismicity data are routinely collected and have good spatial and temporal resolution, the method has not yet proven successful, owing to the nonlinearity of earthquake rate changes with respect to both stress and time. Here, however, we present two methods for inverting earthquake rate data to infer stress changes, using a formulation for the stress- and time-dependence of earthquake rates(6). Application of these methods at Kilauea volcano, in Hawaii, yields good agreement with independent estimates, indicating that earthquake rates can provide a practical remote-sensing stress meter. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Blaise Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France. US Geol Survey, Hawaii Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Dieterich, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 21 TC 111 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 10 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 23 PY 2000 VL 408 IS 6811 BP 457 EP 460 DI 10.1038/35044054 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 375YD UT WOS:000165429800044 PM 11100724 ER PT J AU Martin, TE Scott, J Menge, C AF Martin, TE Scott, J Menge, C TI Nest predation increases with parental activity: separating nest site and parental activity effects SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE parental provisioning rates; nest predation; Skutch's hypothesis; nest site effects ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; CLUTCH SIZE VARIATION; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; BIRDS; SUCCESS; SELECTION; HYPOTHESIS; FEMALES; MALES; RISK AB Alexander Skutch hypothesized that increased parental activity can increase the risk of nest predation. We tested this hypothesis using ten open-nesting bird species in Arizona, USA. Parental activity was greater during the nestling than incubation stage because parents visited tho nest frequently to feed their young during the nestling stage. However, nest predation did not generally increase with parental activity between nesting stages across the ten study species. Previous investigators have found similar results. We tested whether nest site effects might yield higher predation during Incubation because the most obvious sites are depredated most rapidly: We conducted experiments using nest sites from the previous year to remove parental activity. Our results showed that nest sites have highly repeatable effects on nest predation risk, poor nest sites: incurred rapid predation and caused predation rates to be greater during the incubation than nestling stage. This pattern also was exhibited in a bird species with similar (i.e. controlled) parental activity between nesting stages. Once nest site effects are taken into account, nest predation shows a strong proximate increase with parental activity during the nestling stage within and across species. Parental activity and nest sites exert antagonistic influences on current estimates of nest predation between nesting stages and both must be considered in order to understand current patterns of nest predation, which is an important source of natural selection. C1 Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Avian Studies Program, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Prescott Coll, Environm Studies Program, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA. RP Martin, TE (reprint author), Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM tmartin@selway.umt.edu RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 40 TC 348 Z9 363 U1 16 U2 113 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD NOV 22 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 1459 BP 2287 EP 2293 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 375MB UT WOS:000165402100008 PM 11413645 ER PT J AU Brown, CJ Schoonen, MAA Candela, JL AF Brown, CJ Schoonen, MAA Candela, JL TI Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; aquifer; coastal plain; iron; sulfur; groundwater ID ORGANIC-MATTER MINERALIZATION; FERRIC IRON; AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; GROUND-WATER; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; SULFATE; BACTERIA; PYRITE AB Fe(LII) reduction in the Magothy aquifer of Long Island, NY, results in high dissolved-iron concentrations that degrade water quality. Geochemical modeling was used to constrain iron-related geochemical processes and redox zonation along a flow path. The observed increase in dissolved inorganic carbon is consistent with the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter coupled to the reduction of O-2 and SO42- in the aerobic zone, and to the reduction of SO42- in the anaerobic zone; estimated rates of CO2 production through reduction of Fe(III) were relatively minor by comparison. The rates of CO2 production calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon mass transfer (2.55 x 10(-4) to 48.6 x 10(-4) mmol l(-1) yr(-1)) generally were comparable to the calculated rates of CO2 production by the combined reduction of O-2, Fe(III) and SO (1.31 x 10(-4) to 15 x 10(-4) mmol l(-1) yr(-1)). The overall increase in SO(4)(2-)concentrations along the flow path, tooether with the results of massbalance calculations, and variations in delta S-34 values along the flow path indicate that SO42- loss through microbial reduction is exceeded by SO42- gain through diffusion from sediments and through the oxidation of FeS2. Geochemical and microbial data on cores indicate that Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings on sediment grains in local, organic carbon- and SO42- -rich zones have been depleted by microbial reduction and resulted in localized SO42- -reducing zones in which the formation of iron disulfides decreases dissolved iron concentrations. These localized zones of SO42- reduction, which are important for assessing zones of low dissolved iron for water-supply development, could be overlooked by aquifer studies that rely only on groundwater data from well-water samples for geochemical modeling. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Long Isl Groundwater Res Inst, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US Geol Survey, Coram, NY 11727 USA. RP Brown, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. RI Schoonen, martin/E-7703-2011 OI Schoonen, martin/0000-0002-7133-1160 NR 47 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 21 PY 2000 VL 237 IS 3-4 BP 147 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1 PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 375PX UT WOS:000165411400002 ER PT J AU Goodrich, DC Chehbouni, A Goff, B MacNish, B Maddock, T Moran, S Shuttleworth, WJ Williams, DG Watts, C Hipps, LH Cooper, DI Schieldge, J Kerr, YH Arias, H Kirkland, M Carlos, R Cayrol, P Kepner, W Jones, B Avissar, R Begue, A Bonnefond, JM Boulet, G Branan, B Brunel, JP Chen, LC Clarke, T Davis, MR DeBruin, H Dedieu, G Elguero, E Eichinger, WE Everitt, J Garatuza-Payan, J Gempko, VL Gupta, H Harlow, C Hartogensis, O Helfert, M Holifield, C Hymer, D Kahle, A Keefer, T Krishnamoorthy, S Lhomme, JP Lagouarde, JP Lo Seen, D Luquet, D Marsett, R Monteny, B Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Pinker, R Peters, C Pool, D Qi, J Rambal, S Rodriguez, J Santiago, F Sano, E Schaeffer, SM Schulte, M Scott, R Shao, X Snyder, KA Sorooshian, S Unkrich, CL Whitaker, M Yucel, I AF Goodrich, DC Chehbouni, A Goff, B MacNish, B Maddock, T Moran, S Shuttleworth, WJ Williams, DG Watts, C Hipps, LH Cooper, DI Schieldge, J Kerr, YH Arias, H Kirkland, M Carlos, R Cayrol, P Kepner, W Jones, B Avissar, R Begue, A Bonnefond, JM Boulet, G Branan, B Brunel, JP Chen, LC Clarke, T Davis, MR DeBruin, H Dedieu, G Elguero, E Eichinger, WE Everitt, J Garatuza-Payan, J Gempko, VL Gupta, H Harlow, C Hartogensis, O Helfert, M Holifield, C Hymer, D Kahle, A Keefer, T Krishnamoorthy, S Lhomme, JP Lagouarde, JP Lo Seen, D Luquet, D Marsett, R Monteny, B Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Pinker, R Peters, C Pool, D Qi, J Rambal, S Rodriguez, J Santiago, F Sano, E Schaeffer, SM Schulte, M Scott, R Shao, X Snyder, KA Sorooshian, S Unkrich, CL Whitaker, M Yucel, I TI Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE interdisciplinary; semi-arid; land-surface-atmosphere; SALSA; water balance; energy balance; ecological diversity AB The Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere Program (SALSA) is a multi-agency, multi-national research effort that seeks to evaluate the consequences of natural and human-induced environmental change in semi-arid regions. The ultimate goal of SALSA is to advance scientific understanding of the semi-arid portion of the hydrosphere-biosphere interface in order to provide reliable information for environmental decision making. SALSA approaches this goal through a program of long-term, integrated observations, process research, modeling, assessment, and information management that is sustained by cooperation among scientists and information users. In this preface to the SALSA special issue, general program background information and the critical nature of semi-arid regions is presented. A brief description of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, the initial location for focused SALSA research follows. Several overarching research objectives under which much of the interdisciplinary research contained in the special issue was undertaken are discussed. Principal methods, primary research sites and data collection used by numerous investigators during 1997-1999 are then presented. Scientists from about 20 US, five European (four French and one Dutch), and three Mexican agencies and institutions have collaborated closely to make the research leading to this special issue a reality. The SALSA Program has served as a model of interagency cooperation by breaking new ground in the approach to large scale interdisciplinary science with relatively limited resources. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. USDA ARS, Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. AUW, Wageningen, Netherlands. CNRS, CEFE, Montpellier, France. USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. INRA, Bordeaux, France. USGS, WRD, Tucson, AZ USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Audubon Res Ranch, Elgin, AZ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Goodrich, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Schaeffer, Sean/G-5071-2012; Elguero, Eric/J-3014-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; Lhomme, Jean Paul /G-7236-2015; Boulet, Gilles/C-3067-2013; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839; sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Boulet, Gilles/0000-0002-3905-7560; Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382; Schaeffer, Sean/0000-0002-9684-2952 NR 56 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800002 ER PT J AU Goodrich, DC Scott, R Qi, J Goff, B Unkrich, CL Moran, MS Williams, D Schaeffer, S Snyder, K MacNish, R Maddock, T Pool, D Chehbouni, A Cooper, DI Eichinger, WE Shuttleworth, WJ Kerr, Y Marsett, R Ni, W AF Goodrich, DC Scott, R Qi, J Goff, B Unkrich, CL Moran, MS Williams, D Schaeffer, S Snyder, K MacNish, R Maddock, T Pool, D Chehbouni, A Cooper, DI Eichinger, WE Shuttleworth, WJ Kerr, Y Marsett, R Ni, W TI Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in situ measurements SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE riparian evapotranspiration; Penman-Monteith model; cottonwood/willow transpiration; SALSA program; interdisciplinary; water balance ID TROPICAL FOREST; CANOPY AB In many semi-arid basins during extended periods when surface snowmelt or storm runoff is absent, groundwater constitutes the primary water source for human habitation, agriculture and riparian ecosystems. Utilizing regional groundwater models in the management of these water resources requires accurate estimates of basin boundary conditions. A critical groundwater boundary condition that is closely coupled to atmospheric processes and is typically known with little certainty is seasonal riparian evapotranspiration (ET), This quantity can often be a significant factor in the basin water balance in semi-arid regions yet is very difficult to estimate over a large area. Better understanding and quantification of seasonal, large-area riparian ET is a primary objective of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program. To address this objective, a series of interdisciplinary experimental campaigns were conducted in 1997 in the San Pedro Basin in southeastern Arizona. The riparian system in this basin is primarily made up of three vegetation communities: mesquite (Prosopis velutina), sacaton grasses (Sporobolus wrightii), and a cottonwood (Populus fremontii)/willow (Salix goodingii) forest gallery. Micrometeorological measurement techniques were used to estimate ET from the mesquite and grasses. These techniques could not be utilized to estimate fluxes from the cottonwood/willow (C/W) forest gallery due to the height (20-30 m) and non-uniform linear nature of the forest gallery. Short-term (2-4 days) sap flux measurements were made to estimate canopy transpiration over several periods of the riparian growing season. Simultaneous remote sensing measurements were used to spatially extrapolate tree and stand measurements. Scaled C/W stand level sap flux estimates were utilized to calibrate a Penman-Monteith model to enable temporal extrapolation between synoptic measurement periods. With this model and set of measurements, seasonal riparian vegetation water use estimates for the riparian corridor were obtained. To validate these models, a 90-day pre-monsoon water balance over a 10 km section of the river was carried out. All components of the water balance, including riparian ET, were independently estimated. The closure of the water balance was roughly 5% of total inflows. The ET models were then used to provide riparian ET estimates over the entire corridor for the growing season. These estimates were approximately 14% less than those obtained from the most recent,groundwater model of the basin for a comparable river reach. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ USA. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. RP Goodrich, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Schaeffer, Sean/G-5071-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Schaeffer, Sean/0000-0002-9684-2952 NR 55 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 281 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00197-0 PG 29 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800020 ER PT J AU Zobrist, J Dowdle, PR Davis, JA Oremland, RS AF Zobrist, J Dowdle, PR Davis, JA Oremland, RS TI Mobilization of arsenite by dissimilatory reduction of adsorbed arsenate SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; STRAIN SES-3; FERRIHYDRITE; ADSORPTION; SEDIMENTS; ARSENIC(III); RESPIRATION; SPECIATION; BACTERIUM; OXIDATION AB Sulfurospirillum barnesii is capable of anaerobic growth using ferric iron or arsenate as electron accepters. Cell suspensions of S. barnesii were able to reduce arsenate to arsenite when the former oxyanion was dissolved in solution, or when it was adsorbed onto the surface of ferrihydrite, a common soil mineral, by a variety of mechanisms (e.g., coprecipitation, presorption). Reduction of Fe(lll) in ferrihydrite to soluble Fe(ll) also occurred, but dissolution of ferrihydrite was not required in order for adsorbed arsenate reduction to be achieved. This was illustrated by bacterial reduction of arsenate coprecipitated with aluminum hydroxide, a mineral that does not undergo reductive dissolution, The rate of arsenate reduction was influenced by the method in which arsenate became associated with the mineral phases and may have been strongly coupled with arsenate desorption rates. The extent of release of arsenite into solution was governed by adsorption of arsenite onto the ferrihydrite or alumina phases. The results of these experiments have interpretive significance to the mobilization of arsenic in large alluvial aquifers, such as those of the Ganges in India and Bangladesh, and in the hyporheic zones of contaminated streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 41 TC 232 Z9 244 U1 10 U2 92 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 22 BP 4747 EP 4753 DI 10.1021/es001068h PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 373XT UT WOS:000165315900014 ER PT J AU Murray, MH Lisowski, M AF Murray, MH Lisowski, M TI Strain accumulation along the Cascadia subduction zone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN WASHINGTON; DISLOCATION MODEL; GEODETIC DATA; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES AB We combine triangulation, trilateration, and GPS observations to determine horizontal strain rates along the Cascadia subduction zone from Cape Mendocino to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Shear-strain rates are significantly greater than zero (95% confidence) in all forearc regions (26-167 nanoradians/yr), and are not significant in the are and backarc regions. The deformation is primarily uniaxial contraction nearly parallel to Juan de Fuca-North America plate convergence (N55 degrees -80 degreesE). The strain rates are consistent with an elastic dislocation model for interseismic slip with a shallow 100-km wide locked zone and a deeper 75-km transition zone along the entire megathrust, except along the central Oregon coast where relatively lower strain rates are consistent with 30-40 km wide locked and transition zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Murray, MH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 22 BP 3631 EP 3634 DI 10.1029/1999GL011127 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 375TW UT WOS:000165418200007 ER PT J AU Owen, TW Gallo, KP AF Owen, TW Gallo, KP TI Updated population metadata for United States historical climatology network stations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID COVER AB The United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) serial temperature dataset is comprised of 1211 high-quality, long-term climate observing stations. The HCN dataset is available in several versions, one of which includes population-based temperature modifications to adjust urban temperatures for the "heat-island" effect. Unfortunately, the decennial population metadata file is not complete as missing values are present for 17.6% of the 12 210 population values associated with the 1221 individual stations during the 1900-90 interval. Retrospective grid-based populations; within a fixed distance of an HCN station, were estimated through the use of a gridded population density dataset and historically available U.S. Census county data. The grid-based populations for the HCN stations provide values derived from a consistent methodology compared to the current HCN populations that can vary as definitions of the area associated with a city change over time. The use of grid-based populations may minimally be appropriate to augment populations for HCN climate stations that lack any population data, and are recommended when consistent and complete population data are required. The recommended urban temperature adjustments based on the HCN and grid-based methods of estimating station population can be significantly different for individual stations within the HCN dataset. C1 Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. NESDIS, NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Gallo, KP (reprint author), USGS EROS Data Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 13 IS 22 BP 4028 EP 4033 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)013<4028:UPMFUS>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 375ZK UT WOS:000165433200008 ER PT J AU Ozturk, H Koral, H Geist, EL AF Ozturk, H Koral, H Geist, EL TI Intra-basinal water movements induced by faulting: the August 17, 1999, Golcuk (Izmit Bay) earthquake (M-W=7.4) SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intra-basin; Tsunami generation; earthquake; North Anatolian Fault; Izmit Bay ID TSUNAMI AB A strong earthquake (M-w = 7.4) occurred near the town of Golcuk, Izmit Bay, Western Turkey, at 00:01 GMT on August 17, 1999. Izmit Bay is a E-W trending pull-apart basin with a surface area of about 300 km(2) along the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAF), in the eastern extension of the Sea of Marmara. The earthquake was caused by a westerly movement of the Anatolian plate along NAF and was accompanied by isolated, chaotic water movements along the northern and southern shores of the bay. At localities along the shoreline a sudden drop in sea level, and a subsequent rise was prominent. The mode of observed sealevel movements rules out the occurrence of a basin-wide tsunami, sensu stricto. Instead, the water movements are attributed to localized sudden dip-slip movements of fault blocks in this pull-apart basin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Istanbul Univ, Dept Geol Engn, TR-34850 Istanbul, Turkey. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Koral, H (reprint author), Istanbul Univ, Dept Geol Engn, Avcilar Kampusu, TR-34850 Istanbul, Turkey. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 170 IS 3-4 BP 263 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00090-6 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 380XE UT WOS:000165728500002 ER PT J AU Storlazzi, CD Field, ME AF Storlazzi, CD Field, ME TI Sediment distribution and transport along a rocky, embayed coast: Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rocky coastline; sediment distribution; shoreface morphology; sediment transport ID INNER CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; BOTTOM; WAVE AB Field measurements of beach morphology and sedimentology were made along the Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California, in the spring and summer of 1997. These data were combined with low-altitude aerial imagery, high-resolution bathymetry, and local geology to understand how coastal geomorphology, lithology, and tectonics influence the distribution and transport of littoral sediment in the nearshore and inner shelf along a rocky shoreline over the course of decades. Three primary modes of sediment distribution in the nearshore and on the inner shelf off the Monterey Peninsula and in Carmel Bay were observed. Along stretches of the study area that were exposed to the dominant wave direction, sediment has accumulated in shore-normal bathymetric lows interpreted to be paleo-stream channels. Where the coastline is oriented parallel to the dominant wave direction and streams channels trend perpendicular to the coast, sediment-filled paleo-stream channels occur in the nearshore as well, but here they are connected to one another by shore-parallel ribbons of sediment at depths between 2 and 6 m. Where the coastline is oriented parallel to the dominant wave direction and onshore stream channels are not present, only shore-parallel patches of sediment at depths greater than 15 m are present. We interpret the distribution and interaction or transport of littoral sediment between pocket beaches along this coastline to be primarily controlled by the northwest-trending structure of the region and the dominant oceanographic regime. Because of the structural barriers to littoral transport, peaks in wave energy appear to be the dominant factor controlling the timing and magnitude of sediment transport between pocket beaches, more so than along long linear coasts. Accordingly, the magnitude and timing of sediment transport is dictated by the episodic nature of storm activity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, USGS, Coastal Geol & Imaging Lab Cooperat, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Coastal Geol & Imaging Lab Cooperat, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Storlazzi, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, USGS, Coastal Geol & Imaging Lab Cooperat, A-360 Earth & Marine Sci Bldg,1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 52 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 170 IS 3-4 BP 289 EP 316 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00100-6 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 380XE UT WOS:000165728500004 ER PT J AU Chen, MF Yun, S Marty, GD McDowell, TS House, ML Appersen, JA Guenther, TA Arkush, KD Hedrick, RP AF Chen, MF Yun, S Marty, GD McDowell, TS House, ML Appersen, JA Guenther, TA Arkush, KD Hedrick, RP TI A Piscirickettsia salmonis-like bacterium associated with mortality of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE rickettsia-like; seabass; Piscirickettsia salmonis ID RICKETTSIA-LIKE ORGANISM; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH WALBAUM; FARMED ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; DISEASE; SALAR; FISH; INFECTION; VIRULENCE AB Mortality among hatchery-reared juvenile white seabass Atractoscion nobilis in southern California, USA, was associated with infections by a Piscirickettsia salmonis-like organism (WSPSLO). Infected fish had no consistent external signs other than pale gills, lethargy and impaired swimming behavior. Internally, the kidney and spleen were enlarged, and some fish had livers with multiple pale foci. Smears from infected kidney, liver, and spleen stained with Wright-Giemsa had intracytoplasmic coccoid organisms, often in pairs, that ranged in size from 0.5 to 1.0 mum. Microscopic lesions included multifocal hepatic, renal, and splenic necrosis, and intralesional macrophages often contained the WSPSLO. The bacterium was isolated from infected fish on cell lines of salmonid (CHSE-214) and white seabass (WSBK) origin. The WSPSLO induced plague formation and destroyed the cell monolayers within 10 to 14 d incubation at temperatures of 15 and 20 degreesC. The bacterium retained infectivity for cell lines up to 14 d at 4 and 13 degreesC, up to 7 d at 20 degreesC, but it was inactivated at 37 and 56 degreesC within 24 and 1 h, respectively. Freezing at -20 degreesC reduced infectivity by 100-fold. Dehydration and resuspension in distilled water completely inactivated the bacterium. In contrast, the WSPSLO retained nearly all of its infectivity for CHSE-214 cells following a 72 h period in seawater at 20 degreesC. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies made to the WSPSLO reacted specifically in indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) with the bacterium in cell cultures and smears from infected fish tissues. Tissue smears from infected salmon or CHSE-214 cells with P. salmonis reacted weakly with the anti-WSPSLO serum. Conversely, polyclonal anti-P. salmonis serum produced a weakly positive reaction with the WSPSLO from infected CHSE-214 cells. The WSPSLO as propagated in CHSE-214 cells was highly virulent for juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, inducing 80% mortality within 10 d of intraperitoneal injection of 10(2.5) 50% tissue culture infectious doses per fish. We conclude that the bacterium from white seabass possesses antigenic differences from P. salmonis yet possesses virulence for salmon equal to known strains of P. salmonis. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Oceanside, CA 92054 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. RP Hedrick, RP (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Med & Epidemiol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 47 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 14 PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.3354/dao043117 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 389PG UT WOS:000166246500005 PM 11145452 ER PT J AU Harris, RA AF Harris, RA TI Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; 1946 NANKAIDO EARTHQUAKES; DIXIE VALLEY EARTHQUAKES; COUPLED SUBDUCTION ZONES; NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT; STATIC STRESS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; FAILURE STRESS AB Many aspects of earthquake mechanics remain an enigma at the beginning of the twenty-first century. One potential bright spot is the realization that simple calculations of stress changes may explain some earthquake interactions, just as previous and ongoing studies of stress changes have begun to explain human-induced seismicity. This paper, which is an update of Harris' reviews many published works and presents a compilation of quantitative earthquake-interaction studies from a stress change perspective. This synthesis supplies some clues about certain aspects of earthquake mechanics. It also demonstrates that much work remains to be done before we have a complete story of how earthquakes work. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 132 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1215 EP 1225 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 386QP UT WOS:000166073300021 ER PT J AU Roeloffs, E AF Roeloffs, E TI The Parkfield, California earthquake experiment: An update in 2000 SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; WATER-LEVEL CHANGES; PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; 1992-1994 PARKFIELD; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; SLIP RATES; DEFORMATION; SEISMICITY AB The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with other institutions, continues to monitor the San Andreas Fault (SAF) near Parkfield, California, hoping to capture high resolution records of continuous deformation before, during and after a magnitude 6 earthquake, as well as the details of its rupture initiation and strong ground motion. Despite the failure of the prediction that the nest M 6 Parkfield earthquake would occur before 1993, Parkfield still has a higher known probability (1 to 10% per year) than anywhere else in the US of a M 6 or greater earthquake. Parkfield instrumentation is still largely in place, although there have been losses due to attrition as well as improvements made possible by new technology. Most Parkfield data sets are now available via the Internet, and all others may be obtained upon request from individual investigators. Detailed seismic monitoring has shown that events with identical seismograms, recurring in exactly the same Locations, account for a high proportion of the background seismicity at Parkfield. Geophysical studies have revealed that fault zone seismic and electrical properties are consistent with high fluid content. The rate of interseismic slip on the SAF changed significantly in late 1992 or early 1993, during a period of relatively high seismic activity. The strain-rate change, measured by borehole tensor strainmeters and the two-colour electronic distance-measuring network, was also manifested as shortened recurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes. Whether or not the accelerated deformation turns out to be an intermediate-term precursor to the next M 6 Parkfield earthquake, documenting the variation of interseismic strain rates with time has important implications for fault dynamics and seismic hazard estimation. Two possible instances of pre-earthquake signals have been recorded at Parkfield: water-level and strain changes over a period of three days prior to the nearby 1985 M-w 6.1 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake and anomalous electromagnetic signals prior to the M 5 earthquake near Parkfield on 20 December 1994. Future work planned at Parkfield includes a National Science Foundation proposal to construct an SAF Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), as part of the Earthscope initiative, The Observatory will consist of a 4-km-deep borehole to penetrate the SAF and a shallow microearthquake cluster on Middle Mountain, directly above the hypocenter of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Roeloffs, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 47 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1226 EP 1236 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 386QP UT WOS:000166073300022 ER PT J AU Kumagai, H Chouet, BA AF Kumagai, H Chouet, BA TI Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LONG-PERIOD EVENTS; EARTHS FREE OSCILLATIONS; BAND SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS; LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM; VOLCANIC TREMOR; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; SOURCE MECHANISM; DRIVEN CRACK; STROMBOLI VOLCANO; HARMONIC TREMOR AB We estimate the acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids to quantify the source properties of long-period (LP) events observed in volcanic areas assuming that a crack-like str structure is the source of LP events. The tails of synthetic waveforms obtained from a model of a fluid-driven crack are analyzed by the Sompi method to determine the: complex frequencies of one of the modes of crack resonance over a wide range of the model parameters alpha /a and rho (f)/rho (s) where alpha is the P wave velocity of the rock matrix, a is the sound speed of the fluid, and rho (f) and rho (s) are the densities of the fluid and rock matrix, respectively. The quality factor due to radiation loss (Q(r)) for the selected mode almost monotonically increases with increasing alpha /a, while the dimensionless frequency (nu) of the mode decreases with increasing alpha /a and rho (f)/rho (s) These results are used to estimate Q and nu for a crack containing various types of fluids (gas-gas mixtures, liquid-gas mixtures, and dusty and misty gases) for values of a, rho (f), and quality factor due to intrinsic losses (Q(i)) appropriate for these types of fluids, in which Q is given by Q(-1) = Q(r)(-1) + Q(i)(-1). For a crack containing such fluids, we obtain Q ranging front almost unity to several hundred, which consistently explains the wide variety of quality factors measured in LP events observed at various volcanoes. We underscore the importance of dusty and misty gases containing small-size particles with radii around 1 mum to explain long-lasting oscillations with Q significantly larger than 100. Our results may provide a basis for the interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the observed complex frequencies of LP events in terms of fluid compositions beneath volcanoes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Nagoya Univ, Res Ctr Seismol & Volcanol, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. RP Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. EM kumagai@geo.bosai.go.jp; chouet@chouet.wr.usgs.gov NR 62 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B11 BP 25493 EP 25512 DI 10.1029/2000JB900273 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372XA UT WOS:000165258300006 ER PT J AU Savage, JC AF Savage, JC TI Viscoelastic-coupling model for the earthquake cycle driven from below SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LITHOSPHERE; FAULT AB In a linear system the earthquake cycle can be represented as the sum of a solution which reproduces the earthquake cycle itself (viscoelastic-coupling model) and a solution that provides the driving force. We consider two cases, one in which the earthquake cycle is driven by stresses transmitted along the schizosphere and a second in which the cycle is driven from below by stresses transmitted along the upper mantle (i.e., the schizosphere and upper mantle, respectively, act as stress guides in the lithosphere). In both cases the driving stress is attributed to steady motion of the stress guide, and the upper crust is assumed to be elastic. The surface deformation that accumulates during the interseismic interval depends solely upon the earthquake-cycle solution (viscoelastic-coupling model) not upon the driving source solution. Thus geodetic observations of interseismic deformation are insensitive to the source of the driving forces in a linear system. In particular, the suggestion of Bourne et al. [1998] that the deformation that accumulates across a transform fault system in the interseismic interval is a replica of the deformation that accumulates in the upper mantle during the same interval does not appear to be correct for linear systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jasavage@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B11 BP 25525 EP 25532 DI 10.1029/2000JB900276 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372XA UT WOS:000165258300008 ER PT J AU Beeler, NM Simpson, RW Hickman, SH Lockner, DA AF Beeler, NM Simpson, RW Hickman, SH Lockner, DA TI Pore fluid pressure, apparent friction, and Coulomb failure SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STATIC STRESS CHANGES; ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; SEISMICITY; INSTABILITY; EVOLUTION; DILATANCY AB Many recent studies of stress-triggered seismicity rely on a fault failure model with a single free parameter, the apparent coefficient of friction, presumed to be a material constant with possible values 0 less than or equal to mu' less than or equal to 1. These studies may present a misleading view of fault strength and the role of pore fluid pressure in earthquake failure. The parameter mu' is intended to incorporate the effects of both friction and pore pressure, but is a material constant only if changes in pore fluid pressure induced by changes in stress are proportional to the normal stress change across the potential failure plane. Although specific models of fault zones permit such a relation, neither is it known that fault zones within the Earth behave this way, nor is this behavior expected in all cases. In contrast, For an isotropic homogeneous poroelastic model the pore pressure changes are proportional to changes in mean stress, mu' is not a material constant, and -infinity less than or equal to mu' less than or equal to + infinity. Analysis of the change in Coulomb failure stress for tectonically loaded reverse and strike-slip faults shows considerable differences between these two pore pressure models, suggesting that such models might be distinguished from one another using observations of triggered seismicity (e.g., aftershocks). We conclude that using the constant apparent friction model exclusively in studies of Coulomb failure stress is unwise and could lead to significant errors in estimated stress change and seismic hazard. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Beeler, NM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM nbeeler@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 50 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B11 BP 25533 EP 25542 DI 10.1029/2000JB900119 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372XA UT WOS:000165258300009 ER PT J AU Geist, EL Andrews, DJ AF Geist, EL Andrews, DJ TI Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE; COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS; PLATE BOUNDARY; HAYWARD FAULT; SHEAR ZONES; STRESS; TEMPERATURE; MODEL AB Long-term slip rates on major faults in the San Francisco Bay area are predicted by modeling the anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere in response to regional relative plate motion. The model developed by Bird and Kong [1994] is used to simulate lithospheric deformation according to a Coulomb frictional rheology of the upper crust and a dislocation creep rheology at depth. The focus of this study is the long-term motion of faults in a region extending from the creeping section of the San Andreas fault to the south up to the latitude of Cape Mendocino to the north. Boundary conditions are specified by the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra Nevada - Great Valley microplate [Argus and Gordon, 2000], Rheologic-frictional parameters are specified as independent variables, and prediction errors are calculated with respect to geologic estimates of slip rates and maximum compressive stress directions. The model that best explains the region-wide observations is one in which the coefficient of friction on all of the major faults is less than 0.15, with the coefficient of friction for the San Andreas fault being approximately 0.09, consistent with previous inferences of San Andreas fault friction. Prediction error increases with lower fault friction on the San Andreas, indicating a lower bound of mu (SAF) > 0.08. Discrepancies with respect to previous slip rate estimates include a higher than expected slip rate along the peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault and a slightly lower than expected slip rate along the San Gregorio fault. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM geist@octopus.wr.usgs.gov; jandrews@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B11 BP 25543 EP 25552 DI 10.1029/2000JB900254 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372XA UT WOS:000165258300010 ER PT J AU O'Shea, TJ AF O'Shea, TJ TI Cause of seal die-off in 1988 is still under debate SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP O'Shea, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5494 BP 1097 EP 1097 DI 10.1126/science.290.5494.1097 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 372HL UT WOS:000165228200024 PM 11185006 ER PT J AU Perry, CA Hsu, KJ AF Perry, CA Hsu, KJ TI Geophysical, archaeological, and historical evidence support a solar-output model for climate change SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEA AB Although the processes of climate change are not completely understood, an important causal candidate is variation in total solar output. Reported cycles in various climate-proxy data show a tendency to emulate a fundamental harmonic sequence of a basic solar-cycle length (11 years) multiplied by 2(N) (where N equals a positive or negative integer). A simple additive model for total solar-output variations was developed by superimposing a progression of fundamental harmonic cycles with slightly increasing amplitudes. The timeline of the model was calibrated to the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary at 9,000 years before present. The calibrated model was compared with geophysical. archaeological. and historical evidence of warm or cold climates during the Holocene. The evidence of periods of several centuries of cooler climates worldwide called "little ice ages," similar to the period anno Domini (A.D.) 1280-1860 and reoccurring approximately every 1,300 years, corresponds well with fluctuations in modeled solar output. A more detailed examination of the climate sensitive history of the last 1,000 years further supports the model. Extrapolation of the model into the future suggests a gradual cooling during the next few centuries with intermittent minor warmups and a return to near little-ice-age conditions within the next 500 years. This cool period then may be followed approximately 1,500 years from now by a return to altithermal conditions similar to the previous Holocene Maximum. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Tarim Associates, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Perry, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 40 TC 63 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 14 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 7 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 23 BP 12433 EP 12438 DI 10.1073/pnas.230423297 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 372GK UT WOS:000165225800017 PM 11050181 ER PT J AU Evans, HT Konnert, JA Ross, M AF Evans, HT Konnert, JA Ross, M TI The crystal structure of tetranatrolite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, and its chemical and structural relationship to paranatrolite and gonnardite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; NATROLITE; MINERALS; 20-K AB The structure of tetranatrolite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec (U.S. National Museum sample R1830) with a = 13.197(7) Angstrom, c = 6.630(9) Angstrom, and space group I (4) over bar 2d, was refined using single-crystal X-ray data. A representative formula of tetranatrolite determined from electron microprobe analysis is Na12.50K0.01Ca2.93Sr0.11Al19.09Si20.91O79.74.nH(2)O. The structure has the basic natrolite Si-Al-O framework configuration with Na, Ca, Sr, and K residing within inter-framework cages. Aluminum is disordered over the T1 and T2 tetrahedral sites, with T2 > T1. Water molecules O4 and O5 coordinate the intercage atoms and have high displacement parameters, indicating disorder within the cages. The Mont Saint-Hilaire tetranatrolite structure is compared to four previously determined structures, two tetranatrolite samples from Khibiny and Lovozero, Russia and two "gonnardite" samples from Tvedalen, Norway and Gignat, France. Observations are given to indicate that the Norwegian sample deduced to be tetranatrolite rather than gonnardite. Although the crystal structures of tetranatrolite and gonnardite are very similar, it is shown that the tetranatrolite compositions differ significantly from those of gonnardite. The tetranatrolite composition series varies along the join Na(16)A(16)Si(24)O(80)-Na12Ca4Al20Si20O80, and is represented by the formula Na16-xCaxAl16+xSi24-x O-80.nH(2)O, where x extends from approximately 2.4 to 3.9. In contrast, gonnardites from Arkansas and Austria have compositions that vary along the join Na16Al16Si24O80-Na4Ca8Al20Si20O80, which are represented by the formula square xNa16-3xCa2xAl16+xSi24-xO80.nH(2)O and where square indicates vacant intercage cation sites and x varies from approximately 0.3 to 3.2. Tetranatrolite is a dehydration product of paranatrolite and probably does not have a true stability field. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ross, M (reprint author), 1608 44th St NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 85 IS 11-12 BP 1808 EP 1815 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 372EF UT WOS:000165220800025 ER PT J AU Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Heymans, MJ AF Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Heymans, MJ TI Transient calcite fracture fillings in a welded tuff, Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; ENVIRONMENT; ORIGIN AB The core from two boreholes (13.1 and 19.2 m depth) drilled 500 m apart in the fractured, welded tuff near the summit of the Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado (47 degrees 30'N, 106 degrees 55'W) had unique petrographic and hydrodynamic properties. Borehole SM-4 had highly variable annual water levels, in contrast to SM-1a, whose water level remained near the land surface. Core samples from both boreholes (n = 10 and 11) were examined petrographically in thin sections impregnated with epoxy containing rhodamine to mark the pore system features, and were analyzed for matrix porosity and permeability. Core from the borehole sampling the vadose zone was characterized by open fractures with enhanced porosity around phenocrysts due to chemical weathering. Fractures within the borehole sampling the phreatic zone were mineralized with calcite and had porosity characteristics similar to unweathered and unfractured rock, At the top of the phreatic zone petrography indicates that calcite is dissolving, thereby changing the hydrogeochemical character of the ruck (i.e. permeability, porosity, reactive surface area, and mineralogy). Radiocarbon ages and C and O stable isotopes indicate that calcite mineralization occurred about 30 to 40 ka ago and that there was Inert than one mineralization event. Results of this study also provide some relationships between primary porosity development from 3 types of fracture in a welded tuff. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Precis Core Anal, Denver, CO 80223 USA. RP Hoch, AR (reprint author), Lawrence Univ, Dept Geol, Appleton, WI 54912 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1495 EP 1504 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00009-3 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 344FQ UT WOS:000088748900005 ER PT J AU Kemble, NE Hardesty, DG Ingersoll, CG Johnson, BT Dwyer, FT MacDonald, DD AF Kemble, NE Hardesty, DG Ingersoll, CG Johnson, BT Dwyer, FT MacDonald, DD TI An evaluation of the toxicity of contaminated sediments from Waukegan Harbor, Illinois, following remediation SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPHIPOD HYALELLA-AZTECA; CLARK-FORK RIVER; QUALITY GUIDELINES; ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS; TESTS; MONTANA; MARINE; WATER AB Waukegan Harbor in Illinois was designated as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to high concentrations of sediment-associated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of 20 sediment samples collected after remediation (primarily dredging) of Waukegan Harbor for PCBs. A 42-day whole sediment toxicity test with the amphipod Hyalella azteca (28-day sediment exposure followed by a 14-day reproductive phase) and sediment toxicity tests with Microtox(R) were conducted to evaluate sediments from Waukegan Harbor. Endpoints measured were survival, growth, and reproduction (amphipods) and luminescent light emission (bacteria). Survival of amphipods was significantly reduced in 6 of the 20 sediment samples relative to the control. Growth of amphipods (either length or weight) was significantly reduced relative to the control in all samples. However, reproduction of amphipods identified only two samples as toxic relative to the control. The Microtox basic test. conducted with organic extracts of sediments identified only one site as toxic. In contrast, the Microtox solid-phase test identified about 50% of the samples as toxic. A significant negative correlation was observed between reproduction and the concentration of three polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) normalized to total organic carbon. Sediment chemistry and toxicity data were evaluated using sediment quality guidelines (consensus-based probable effect concentrations, PECs). Results of these analyses indicate that sediment samples from Waukegan Harbor were toxic to H. azteca contaminated at similar contaminant concentrations as sediment samples that were toxic to H. azteca from other areas of the United States. The relationship between PECs and the observed toxicity was not as strong for the Microtox test. The results of this study indicate that the first phase of sediment remediation in Waukegan Harbor successfully lowered concentrations of PCBs at the site. Though the sediments were generally not lethal, there were still sublethal effects of contaminants in sediments at this site observed on amphipods in long-term exposures (associated with elevated concentrations of metals, PCBs, and PAHs). C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1W5, Canada. RP Kemble, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 39 IS 4 BP 452 EP 461 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 368HM UT WOS:000090111700006 PM 11031305 ER PT J AU Lydy, MJ Crawford, CG Frey, JW AF Lydy, MJ Crawford, CG Frey, JW TI A comparison of selected diversity, similarity, and biotic indices for detecting changes in benthic-invertebrate community structure and stream quality SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; WHITE RIVER; POLLUTION; INDEXES; INDICATOR; RECOVERY; INDIANA AB Implementation of advanced wastewater treatment at the two municipal wastewater-treatment plants for Indianapolis, Indiana, resulted in substantial improvement in the quality of the receiving stream and significant changes in the benthic-invertebrate community. Diversity, similarity, and biotic indices were compared to determine which indices best reflected changes in the composition of the biota in the river. None of the indices perfectly reflected the changes in river quality or community structure. Similarity indices, especially percentage similarity, exhibit the most promise of the three classes of indices. Diversity indices were least useful, wrongly indicating that water quality deteriorated after the upgrade of the wastewater-treatment plants. The most descriptive tool in analyzing the data was the percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa present. Using a mixture of indices and other analytical tools, such as EPT, in the analysis of biological data will ensure the most effective investigations of water quality. C1 Wichita State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. RP Lydy, MJ (reprint author), Wichita State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. OI Crawford, Charles/0000-0003-1653-7841 NR 36 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 39 IS 4 BP 469 EP 479 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 368HM UT WOS:000090111700008 PM 11031307 ER PT J AU Lydy, MJ Strong, AJ Simon, TP AF Lydy, MJ Strong, AJ Simon, TP TI Development of an index of biotic integrity for the Little Arkansas River Basin, Kansas SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISH COMMUNITIES; ASSEMBLAGES AB An index of biotic integrity (IBI) was developed for the Little Arkansas River Basin (LARB) in south-central Kansas by establishing a reference condition for the watershed. Twelve metrics, in six categories, were chosen for use in the IBI. Fish assemblages from 30 sites were selected to represent the highest quality sites (reference sites) remaining in the LARB. In addition, 20 historical sites were used to show changes in the watershed over the last century. The modified IBI was then tested at 10 sites within the basin to assess the affects of urban and agricultural disturbances on fish community structure in the Wichita area. IBI scores were statistically lower for the urban versus the agricultural sites. Overall, IBI scores rated from poor to fair, supporting the contention that the fish communities within the LARB are impaired. C1 Wichita State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. RP Lydy, MJ (reprint author), Wichita State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 39 IS 4 BP 523 EP 530 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 368HM UT WOS:000090111700015 PM 11031314 ER PT J AU Droegemeier, KK Smith, JD Businger, S Doswell, C Doyle, J Duffy, C Foufoula-Georgiou, E Graziano, T James, LD Krajewski, V LeMone, M Lettenmaier, D Mass, C Pielke, R Ray, P Rutledge, S Schaake, J Zipser, E AF Droegemeier, KK Smith, JD Businger, S Doswell, C Doyle, J Duffy, C Foufoula-Georgiou, E Graziano, T James, LD Krajewski, V LeMone, M Lettenmaier, D Mass, C Pielke, R Ray, P Rutledge, S Schaake, J Zipser, E TI Hydrological aspects of weather prediction and flood warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the US Weather Research Program SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FLASH-FLOOD; RADAR; SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB Among the many natural disasters that disrupt human and industrial activity in the United States each year, including tornadoes, hurricanes, extreme temperatures, and lightning, floods are among the most devastating and rank second in the loss of life. Indeed, the societal impact of floods has increased during the past few years and shows no sign of abating. Although the scientific questions associated with flooding and its accurate prediction are many and complex, an unprecedented opportunity now exists-in light of new observational and computing systems and infrastructures, a much improved understanding of small-scale meteorological and hydrological processes, and the availability of sophisticated numerical models and data assimilation systems-to attack the flood forecasting problem in a comprehensive manner that will yield significant new scientific insights and corresponding practical benefits. The authors present herein a set of recommendations for advancing our understanding of floods via the creation of natural laboratories situated in a variety of local meteorological and hydrological settings. Emphasis is given to floods caused by convection and cold season events, fronts and extratropical cyclones, orographic forcing, and hurricanes and tropical cyclones following landfall. Although the particular research strategies applied within each laboratory setting will necessarily vary, all will share the following principal elements: (a) exploitation of those couplings important to flooding that exist between meteorological and hydrological processes and models; (b) innovative use of operational radars, research radars, satellites, and rain gauges to provide detailed spatial characterizations of precipitation fields and rates, along with the use of this information in hydrological models and for improving and validating microphysical algorithms in meteorological models; (c) comparisons of quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms from both research (especially multiparameter) and operational radars against gauge data as well as output produced by meso- and storm-scale models; (d) use of data from dense, temporary river gauge networks to trace the fate of rain from its starting location in small basins to the entire stream and river network; and (e) sensitivity testing in the design and implementation of separate as well as coupled meteorological and hydrologic models, the latter designed to better represent those nonlinear feedbacks between the atmosphere and land that are known to play an important role in runoff prediction. Vital to this effort will be the creation of effective and sustained linkages between the historically separate though scientifically related disciplines of meteorology and hydrology, as well as their observational infrastructures and research methodologies. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN USA. Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Droegemeier, KK (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Sakeys Energy Ctr Suite 1310,100 E Boyd St, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011 OI lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327 NR 31 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2665 EP 2680 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2665:HAOWPA>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 370BB UT WOS:000165101300007 ER PT J AU Milner, AM Knudsen, EE Soiseth, C Robertson, AL Schell, D Phillips, IT Magnusson, K AF Milner, AM Knudsen, EE Soiseth, C Robertson, AL Schell, D Phillips, IT Magnusson, K TI Colonization and development of stream communities across a 200-year gradient in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STABLE ISOTOPES; COHO SALMON; INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; EXPERIMENTAL DISTURBANCE; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; PACIFIC SALMON; RIVER; DIVERSITY; DISPERSAL; PATTERNS AB In May 1997, physical and biological variables were studied in 16 streams of different ages and contrasting stages of development following glacial recession in Glacier Bay National Park, southeast Alaska. The number of microcrustacean and macroinvertebrate taxa and juvenile fish abundance and diversity were significantly greater in older streams. Microcrustacean diversity was related to the amount of instream wood and percent pool habitat, while the number of macroinvertebrate taxa was related to bed stability, amount of instream wood, and percent pool habitat. The percent contribution of Ephemeroptera to stream benthic communities increased significantly with stream age and the amount of coarse benthic organic matter. Juvenile Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were dominant in the younger streams, but juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) abundance was greater in older streams associated with increased pool habitat. Upstream lakes significantly influenced channel stability, percent Chironomidae, total macroinvertebrate and meiofaunal abundance, and percent fish cover. Stable isotope analyses indicated nitrogen enrichment from marine sources in macroinvertebrates and juvenile fish in older streams with established salmon runs. The findings are encapsulated in a conceptual summary of stream development that proposes stream assemblages to be determined by direct interactions with the terrestrial, marine, and lake ecosystems. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Glacier Bay Natl Pk, Gustavus, AK 99826 USA. Univ Surrey Roehampton, Sch Life Sci, London SW15 3SN, England. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Milner, AM (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. NR 59 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 21 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 57 IS 11 BP 2319 EP 2335 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-11-2319 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 376GZ UT WOS:000165451000015 ER PT J AU Sandercock, BK Lank, DB Lanctot, RB Kempenaers, B Cooke, F AF Sandercock, BK Lank, DB Lanctot, RB Kempenaers, B Cooke, F TI Ecological correlates of mate fidelity in two Arctic-breeding sandpipers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM; NEST-SITE TENACITY; SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPERS; HAEMATOPUS-OSTRALEGUS; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; CALIDRIS-MAURI; MONOGAMOUS OYSTERCATCHER; DIVORCE RATES; CLUTCH SIZE; MIGRATION AB Monogamous birds exhibit considerable interspecific variation in rates of mate fidelity between years, but the reasons for this variation are still poorly understood. In a 4-year study carried out in western Alaska, mate-fidelity rates in Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla; mate fidelity was 47% among pairs where at least one mate returned and 94% among pairs where both mates returned) were substantially higher than in Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri; 25 and 67%, respectively), despite the similar breeding biology of these sibling species. Divorce was not a response to nesting failure in Western Sandpipers, and mate change had no effect on the reproductive performance of either species. Nor were mate-fidelity rates related to differential rates of breeding dispersal, because the species did not differ in site fidelity. Reunited pairs and males that changed mates showed strong site tenacity, while females that changed mates moved farther. Differences in local survival rates or habitat are also unlikely to explain mate fidelity, since the two species did not differ in local survival rates, phi (Western Sandpipers: <()over cap> = 0.57 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SE), Semipalmated Sandpipers: <()over cap> = 0.66 +/- 0.06), and they bred in the same area, sometimes using the same nest cups. Although we were able to reject the above explanations, it was not possible to determine whether mate retention was lower in Western Sandpipers than in Semipalmated Sandpipers because of interspecific differences in mating tactics, time constraints imposed by migration distance, or a combination of these factors. Western Sandpipers exhibited greater sexual size dimorphism, but also migrated for shorter distances and tended to nest earlier and more asynchronously than Semipalmated Sandpipers. Finally, we show that conventional methods underestimate divorce rates, and interspecific comparisons may be biased if breeding-dispersal and recapture rates are not considered. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Max Planck Soc, Res Ctr Ornithol, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany. RP Sandercock, BK (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Ctr Appl Conservat Biol, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RI Sandercock, Brett/L-1644-2016 OI Sandercock, Brett/0000-0002-9240-0268 NR 68 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1948 EP 1958 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-11-1948 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 366QQ UT WOS:000090016400009 ER PT J AU Bowerman, WW Best, DA Grubb, TG Sikarskie, JG Giesy, JP AF Bowerman, WW Best, DA Grubb, TG Sikarskie, JG Giesy, JP TI Assessment of environmental endocrine disruptors in bald eagles of the Great Lakes SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; Haliacetus leucocephalus; endocrine disruptors; teratogen ID BIRDS; PRODUCTIVITY; CONTAMINANTS; ABNORMALITIES; DEFORMITIES; REGION; TERNS; EGGS AB Environmental endocrine disruption in wildlife has primarily focused on estrogenic/androgenic end points and their antagonists. We describe here the work that has occurred within the Great Lakes of North America that has used the bald eagle (Halineetus leucocephalus) as a sentinel species of the effects of environmental toxicants, including endocrine disruption. Our data suggests that population level effects of hormone disrupting chemicals, not necessarily estrogen/androgen mimics and their antagonists, have been associated with reproductive and teratogenic effects observed in the bald eagle population within the Great Lakes Basin. Additional laboratory and field studies are necessary to further clarify the role of environmental endocrine disrupters on reproduction in avian populations. The use of sea eagles (Halineetus spp.) as biosentinels of pollution in other regions of the world is also discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendelton, SC 29670 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing Field Off, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bowerman, WW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, POB 709, Pendelton, SC 29670 USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2000 VL 41 IS 10 BP 1569 EP 1574 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00014-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340HB UT WOS:000088526100009 PM 11057683 ER PT J AU Irons, DB Kendall, SJ Erickson, WP McDonald, LL Lance, BK AF Irons, DB Kendall, SJ Erickson, WP McDonald, LL Lance, BK TI Nine years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Effects on marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE loans; oil spill; oiling impacts; oystercatchers; seabirds; waterfowl ID PACIFIC; PERSISTENCE; SEABIRDS; BEACHES; IMPACT AB We compared post Exxon Valdez oil-spill densities of marine birds in Prince William Sound from 1989-1991, 1993, 1996, and 1998 to pre-spill densities from 1984-1985. Post-spill densities of several species of marine birds were lower than expected in the oiled area of Prince William Sound when compared to densities in the unoiled area. These negative effects continued through 1998 for five taxa: cormorants, goldeneyes, mergansers Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba), and murres. Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) and Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) exhibited negative effects in 1990 and 1991. Loons showed a weak negative effect in 1993. Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) showed relative decreases in 1989, 1996, and 1998 which may have been caused by shifts in foraging distribution rather than declines in populations. Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) showed positive effects in most post-spill years. Murrelets and terns showed relative increases in 1993, 1996, and 1998. Generally, taxa that dive for their food were negatively affected, whereas taxa that feed at the surface were not. Effects for some taxa were dependent upon the spatial scale at which they were analyzed. Movements of birds and the mosaic pattern of oiling reduced our ability to detect oil-spill effects, therefore our results may be conservative. Several marine bird species were negatively affected at the population level and have not recovered to pre-spill levels nine years after the oil spill. The reason for lack of recovery may be related to persistent oil remaining in the environment and reduced forage fish abundance. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. West Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Irons, DB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 49 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 7 U2 44 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 4 BP 723 EP 737 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0723:NYATEV]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 376NV UT WOS:000165464400001 ER PT J AU Powell, BF Steidl, RJ AF Powell, BF Steidl, RJ TI Nesting habitat and reproductive success of southwestern riparian birds SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Bell's Vireos; bird community; habitat structure; Molothrus ater; nesting habitat; Platanus wrightii; reproductive success ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS; COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; AVIAN COMMUNITY; BREEDING BIRDS; PARASITISM; ATTRIBUTES; SELECTION; RATES; HOST AB Vegetation structure and floristic composition strongly influence the structure of bird communities. To assess the influence of vegetation and other environmental characteristics on songbirds, we quantified nest-site characteristics and reproductive success of a riparian songbird community in Arizona. Although we found interspecific variation in characteristics associated with nest sites, we identified two suites of species that chose sites with similar characteristics. These "nest groups" were explained largely by nest height and characteristics of nest trees. Overall, nest success was low for songbirds in this community, and averaged 23%. The most common cause of nest failure was predation (81%), although brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was highest at nests of Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii) (29%). No vegetation or environmental features were associated with the likelihood of cowbird parasitism for any species; nest success for Bell's Vireos was negatively associated with the amount of netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata) in the understory. Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) and netleaf hackberry trees contained 41% and 17% of all nests, respectively, and therefore provide critically important nesting substrates for birds in this rare yet diverse vegetation community. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Powell, BF (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sonoran Desert Field Stn, USGS, 125 Biol Sci E, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 20 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 4 BP 823 EP 831 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0823:NHARSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 376NV UT WOS:000165464400010 ER PT J AU Esler, D Bowman, TD Dean, TA O'Clair, CE Jewett, SC McDonald, LL AF Esler, D Bowman, TD Dean, TA O'Clair, CE Jewett, SC McDonald, LL TI Correlates of Harlequin Duck densities during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE density; Exxon Valdez oil spill; food; habitat; Harlequin Duck; Histrionicus histrionicus; population recovery ID EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; SURVIVAL; SPILL; BIRDS; SIZE; FOOD AB We evaluated relationships of Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) densities to habitat attributes, history of habitat contamination by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, and prey biomass density and abundance during winters 1995-1997 in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Habitat features that explained variation in duck densities included distance to streams and reefs, degree of exposure to wind and wave action, and dominant substrate type. After accounting for these effects, densities were lower in oiled than unoiled areas, suggesting that population recovery from the oil spill was not complete, due either to lack of recovery from initial oil spill effects or continuing deleterious effects. Prey biomass density and abundance were not strongly related to duck densities after accounting for habitat and area effects. Traits of Harlequin Ducks that reflect their affiliation with naturally predictable winter habitats, such as strong site fidelity and intolerance of increased energy costs, may make their populations particularly vulnerable to chronic oil spill effects and slow to recover from population reductions, which may explain lower densities than expected on oiled areas nearly a decade following the oil spill. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Coastal Resources Assoc Inc, Vista, CA 92083 USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 4 BP 920 EP 926 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0920:COHDDD]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 376NV UT WOS:000165464400023 ER PT J AU Pietz, PJ Krapu, GL Buhl, DA Brandt, DA AF Pietz, PJ Krapu, GL Buhl, DA Brandt, DA TI Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of Mallards and Gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; Anas strepera; clutch size; duckling mass; egg size; Prairie Pothole Region; water conditions ID REPRODUCTION; QUALITY; WEIGHT AB We examined the relationship between local water conditions (measured as the percent of total area of basins covered by water) and clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Gadwalls (A. strepera) on four study Dakota and Minnesota, 1988-1994. We also examined the relationship between pond density and clutch size of Mallards and Gadwalls, using data collected at another North Dakota site, 1966-1981. For Mallards, we found no relationships to be significant. For Gadwalls, clutch size increased with percent basin area wet and pond density; hatchling mass marginally increased with percent basin area wet. These species differences may reflect, in part, that Mallards acquire Lipid reserves used to produce early clutches before they reach the breeding grounds, whereas Gadwalls acquire lipid reserves locally; thus Gadwall clutches are more likely to be influenced by local food resources. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Pietz, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 4 BP 936 EP 940 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0936:EOWCOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 376NV UT WOS:000165464400026 ER PT J AU Coombs, ML Eichelberger, JC Rutherford, MJ AF Coombs, ML Eichelberger, JC Rutherford, MJ TI Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953-1974 eruptions of Southwest Trident Volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FE-TI OXIDES; CRYSTALLIZATION HISTORY; H2O CONTENTS; ROCKS; MG; PLAGIOCLASE; OLIVINE; ORIGIN; JAPAN; VESICULATION AB Between 1953 and 1974, approximately 0.5 km(3) of andesite and dacite erupted from a new vent on the southwest flank of Trident volcano in Katmai National Park, Alaska, forming an edifice now known as Southwest (or New) Trident. Field, analytical, and experimental evidence shows that the eruption commenced soon after mixing of dacite and andesite magmas at shallow crustal levels. Four lava flows (58.3-65.5 wt% SiO2) are the dominant products of the eruption; these contain discrete andesitic enclaves (55.8-58.9 wt% SiO2) as well as micro- and macro-scale compositional banding. Tephra from the eruption spans the same compositional range as lava flows; however, andesite scoria (56-58.1 wt% SiO2) is more abundant relative to dacite tephra, and is the explosively erupted counterpart to andesite enclaves. Fe-Ti oxide pairs from andesite scoria show a limited temperature range, clustered around 1000 degreesC. Temperatures from grains found in dacite lavas possess a wider range; however, cores from large (>100 mum) magnetite and coexisting ilmenite give temperatures of similar to 890 degreesC, taken to represent a pre-mixing temperature for the dacite. Water contents from dacite phenocryst melt inclusions and phase equilibria experiments on the andesite imply that the two magmas last resided at a water pressure of 90 MPa, and contained similar to3.5 wt% H2O, equivalent to 3 km depth if saturated. Unzoned pyroxene and sodic plagioclase in the dacite suggest that it likely underwent significant crystallization at this depth; highly resorbed anorthitic plagioclase from the andesite suggests that it originated at greater depths and underwent relatively rapid ascent until it reached 3 km, mixed with dacite, and erupted. Diffusion profiles in phenocrysts suggest that mixing preceded eruption of earliest lava by approximately one month. The lack of a compositional gap in the erupted rock suite indicates that thorough mixing of the andesite and dacite occurred quickly, via disaggregation of enclaves, phenocryst transfer from one magma to another, and direct mixing of compositionally distinct melt phases. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Coombs, ML (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 57 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 140 IS 1 BP 99 EP 118 DI 10.1007/s004100000166 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 376MP UT WOS:000165461600008 ER PT J AU Symons, DTA Lewchuk, MT Taylor, CD Harris, MJ AF Symons, DTA Lewchuk, MT Taylor, CD Harris, MJ TI Age of the Sherman-type Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Mosquito Range, Colorado SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID STRATABOUND ORE-DEPOSITS; APPARENT POLAR WANDER; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; NORTH-AMERICA; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; ROCKS; GENESIS; REMAGNETIZATION; HYPOTHESIS AB lThe Sherman-type Zn-Pb-Ag dolomite deposits in central Colorado are hosted in dolostones of the Early Mississippian Leadville Formation. Paleomagnetic analysis, using progressive alternating field and thermal demagnetization and isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition methods, was performed on specimens from samples at 37 sites in the Sherman-type Continental Chief, Peerless, Ruby, Sacramento, and Sherman deposits, in their host rocks, in the 72 Ma Pando Porphyry sill(s) and in the similar to 40 Ma Leadville-type Black Cloud massive sulfide deposit. Paleomagnetic fold, contact, and breccia tests were performed to test for the antiquity of the magnetizations. The results are interpreted to indicate that the Leadville carbonates were regionally dolomitized at similar to 308 +/- 6 (1 sigma) Ma in the Early Pennsylvanian and that the Sherman-type deposits were emplaced at similar to 272 +/- 18 (1 sigma) Ma during the Early Permian after northeast-trending block faulting, karstification, and similar to4 +/- 1 km of sedimentary burial, possibly as the result of subsurface gravity-driven fluid flow related to the Ouachita-Marathon orogen. Following late Ouachita-Marathon or earliest Laramide (Late Cretaceous) folding, the remanence in the Sherman-type deposits and the Leadville dolostone rocks within the contact alteration zone of the 72 Ma Pando Porphyry sill(s) was reset to acquire a Late Cretaceous normal characteristic remanent magnetization. Thereafter the Black Cloud Leadville-type massive sulfide deposit was magnetized in the Eocene to acquire a reversed polarity characteristic remanent magnetization that nas not found in the Sherman-type deposits. C1 Univ Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Cent Mineral Resources Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Symons, DTA (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM dsymons@uwindsor.ca NR 59 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 95 IS 7 BP 1489 EP 1504 DI 10.2113/95.7.1489 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 382HY UT WOS:000165817900006 ER PT J AU Kitchell, JF Cox, SP Harvey, CJ Johnson, TB Mason, DM Schoen, KK Aydin, K Bronte, C Ebener, M Hansen, M Hoff, M Schram, S Schreiner, D Walters, CJ AF Kitchell, JF Cox, SP Harvey, CJ Johnson, TB Mason, DM Schoen, KK Aydin, K Bronte, C Ebener, M Hansen, M Hoff, M Schram, S Schreiner, D Walters, CJ TI Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE fishes; fisheries; ecosystem; food web; Lake Superior; Great Lakes; modeling; Ecosim; Ecopath; trophic interactions ID MICHIGAN; ECOSYSTEM; PREDATION AB The restoration and rehabilitation of the native fish communities is a long-term goal for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Superior, the ongoing restoration of the native lake trout populations is now regarded as one of the major success stories in fisheries management. However, populations of the deepwater morphotype (siscowet rake trout) have increased much more substantially than those of the nearshore morphotype (lean lake trout), and the ecosystem now contains an assemblage of exotic species such as sea lamprey, rainbow smelt, and Pacific salmon (chinook, coho, and steelhead). Those species play an important role in defining the constraints and opportunities for ecosystem management. We combined an equilibrium mass balance model (Ecopath) with a dynamic food web model (Ecosim) to evaluate the ecological consequences of future alternative management strategies and the interaction of two different sets of life history characteristics for fishes at the top of the food web. Relatively rapid turnover rates occur among the exotic forage fish, rainbow smelt, and its primary predators, exotic Pacific salmonids. Slower turnover rates occur among the native lake trout and burbot and their primary prey-lake herring, smelt, deepwater cisco, and sculpins. The abundance of forage fish is a key constraint for all salmonids in Lake Superior. Smelt and Mysis play a prominent role in sustaining the current trophic structure. Competition between the native lake trout and the exotic salmonids is asymmetric. Reductions in the salmon population yield only a modest benefit for the stocks of lake trout, whereas increased fishing of lake trout produces substantial potential increases in the yields of Pacific salmon to recreational fisheries. The deepwater or siscowet morphotype of lake trout has become very abundant. Although it plays a major role in the structure of the food web it offers little potential for the restoration of a valuable commercial or recreational fishery. Even if a combination of strong management actions is implemented, the populations of lean (nearshore) lake trout cannot be restored to pre-fishery and pre-lamprey levels. Thus, management strategy must accept the ecological constraints due in part to the presence of exotics and choose alternatives that sustain public interest in the resources while continuing the gradual progress toward restoration. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI USA. Chippewa Ottawa Treaty Fishery Management Author, Sault St Marie, MI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Duluth, MN USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Kitchell, JF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012; Cox, Sean/I-5374-2012; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Hansen, Michael/0000-0001-8522-3876 NR 42 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 9 U2 78 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 3 IS 6 BP 545 EP 560 DI 10.1007/s100210000048 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 388QJ UT WOS:000166192700006 ER PT J AU Schlekat, CE Dowdle, PR Lee, BG Luoma, SN Oremland, RS AF Schlekat, CE Dowdle, PR Lee, BG Luoma, SN Oremland, RS TI Bioavailability of particle-associated Se to the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; TRACE-ELEMENTS; ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCIES; MACOMA-BALTHICA; MARINE BIVALVES; SELENIUM; SEDIMENTS; RATES; RESPIRATION AB Elemental selenium, Se(0), is a prevalent chemical form in sediments, but little is known about its bioavailability. We evaluated the bioavailability of two forms of Se(0) by generating radioisotopic Se-75(0) through bacterial dissimilatory reduction of (75)Se0(3)(2-) by pure bacterial cultures (SES) and by an anaerobic sediment microbial consortium (SED). A third form was generated by reducing (75)Se0(3)(2-) with ascorbic acid (AA). Speciation determinations showed that AA and SES were >90% Se(0), but SED showed a mixture of Se(0), selenoanions, and a residual fraction. Pulse-chase techniques were used to measure assimilation efficiencies (AE) of these particulate Se forms by the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis. Mean AE values were 3 +/- 2% for AA, 7 +/- 1% for SES, and 28 +/- 15% for SED, showing that the bioavailability of reduced, particle-associated Se is dependent upon its origin. To determine if oxidative microbial processes increased Se transfer, SES Se-75(0) was incubated with an aerobic sediment microbial consortium. After 113 d of incubation, 36% of SES Se(0) was oxidized to Se0(3)(2-). Assimilation of total particulate Se was unaffected however (mean AE = 5.5%). The mean AE from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was 58 +/- 8%, verifying the importance of Se associated with biogenic particles. Speciation and AE results from SED suggest that selenoanion reduction in wetlands and estuaries produces biologically available reduced selenium. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. RP Schlekat, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 29 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 21 BP 4504 EP 4510 DI 10.1021/es001013f PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370JV UT WOS:000165120800026 ER PT J AU Lee, JS Lee, BG Luoma, SN Choi, HJ Koh, CH Brown, CL AF Lee, JS Lee, BG Luoma, SN Choi, HJ Koh, CH Brown, CL TI Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; ANOXIC MARINE-SEDIMENTS; CLARK-FORK RIVER; TRACE-METALS; NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; QUALITY CRITERIA; CHRONIC TOXICITY AB The influence of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) on the partitioning of Cd, Ni, and Zn in porewater (PW) and sediment as reactive metals (SEM, simultaneously extracted metals) was investigated in laboratory microcosms. Two spiking procedures were compared, and the effects of vertical geochemical gradients and infaunal activity were evaluated. Sediments were spiked with a Cd-Ni-Zn mixture (0.06, 3, 7.5 mu mol/g, respectively) containing four levels of AVS (0.5, 7.5, 15, 35 mu mol/g). The results were compared to sediments spiked with four levels of Cd-Ni-Zn mixtures at one AVS concentration 17.5 mu mol/g). A vertical redox gradient was generated in each treatment by an 18-d incubation with an oxidized water column. [AVS] in the surface sediments decreased by 65-95% due to oxidation during incubation; initial [AVS] was maintained at 0.5-7.5 cm depth. PW metal concentrations were correlated with [SEM - AVS] among all data. But PW metal concentrations were variable, causing the distribution coefficient, Kd(pw) (the ratio of [SEM] to PW metal concentrations) to vary by 2-3 orders of magnitude at a given [SEM - AVS]. One reason for the variability was that vertical profiles in PW metal concentrations appeared to be influenced by diffusion as well as [SEM - AVS]. The presence of animals appeared to enhance the diffusion of at least Zn. The generalization that PW metal concentrations are controlled by [SEM - AVS] is subject to some important qualifications if vertical gradients are complicated, metal concentrations vary, or equilibration times differ. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Seoul, South Korea. RP Lee, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bglee@usgs.gov RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 53 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 21 BP 4511 EP 4516 DI 10.1021/es001034+ PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370JV UT WOS:000165120800027 ER PT J AU Lee, BG Lee, JS Luoma, SN Choi, HJ Koh, CH AF Lee, BG Lee, JS Luoma, SN Choi, HJ Koh, CH TI Influence of acid volatile sulfide and metal concentrations on metal bioavailability to marine invertebrates in contaminated sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIVALVES POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; DEPOSIT-FEEDING POLYCHAETE; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CLARK-FORK RIVER; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; TRACE-METALS; CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; HYALELLA-AZTECA AB An 18-day microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal additions on bioaccumulation from sediments of Cd, Ni, and Zn in two clams (Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis) and three marine polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Heteromastus filiformis, and Spiophanes missionensis). Manipulation of AVS by oxidation of naturally anoxic sediments allowed use of metal concentrations typical of nature and evaluation of processes important to chronic metal exposure. A vertical sediment column similar to that often found in nature was used to facilitate realistic biological behavior. Results showed that AVS or porewater (PW) metals controlled bioaccumulation in only 2 of 15 metal-animal combinations. Bioaccumulation of all three metals by the bivalves was related significantly to metal concentrations extracted from sediments (SEM) but not to [SEM - AVS] or PW metals. SEM predominantly influenced bioaccumulation of Ni and Zn in N. arenaceodentata, but Cd bioaccumulation followed PW Cd concentrations. SEM controlled tissue concentrations of all three metals in H. filiformis and S. missionensis, with minor influences from metal-sulfide chemistry. Significant bioaccumulation occurred when SEM was only a small fraction of AVS in several treatments. Three factors appeared to contribute to the differences between these bioaccumulation results and the results from toxicity tests reported previously: differences in experimental design, dietary uptake, and biological attributes of the species, including mode and depth of feeding. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Seoul, South Korea. RP Lee, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bglee@usgs.gov RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 56 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 21 BP 4517 EP 4523 DI 10.1021/es001033h PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370JV UT WOS:000165120800028 ER PT J AU Voltura, MB French, JB AF Voltura, MB French, JB TI Effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on energetics of white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Peromyscus; polychlorinated biphenyls; bioenergetics; metabolic rate ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; METABOLISM; MICE; CONSUMPTION; ALLOCATION; INGESTION; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; PCBS; RATS AB Energy budgets have provided physiological ecologists with a vital link between environmental variables and individual performance and should also prove useful to ecotoxicologists in understanding the effects of sublethal exposure in the field. Exposure to toxic compounds is likely to be metabolically expensive and may result in a trade-off between energy spent to detoxify and excrete contaminants and energy allocated to growth or reproduction. To quantify the energetic cost of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure, we fed captive white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) diets containing PCBs (2:1 Aroclor(R) 1242:1254) at levels of 0, 0.1, 10, and 25 ppm (mg PCBs/kg food). After six weeks on the diets, there were no differences in food intake (g/d), diet digestibility (%), or body mass related to the level of dietary PCBs. This indicated that short-term exposure to PCBs did not cause a detectable increase in energy need as measured by voluntary food intake. We continued to feed mice the PCB-containing diets for one year, at which time we repeated the food intake trial, and also measured oxygen consumption at 20 and 30 degreesC. After one year, all mice had gained mass, but mice on the 25-ppm diet tended to be heavier than mice in the other groups. Compared to the control group, mice on the 25-ppm diet had higher food intake (4.1 vs 3.7 g/d; p = 0.06)and higher oxygen consumption at 30 degreesC (40.1 vs 36.6 ml O-2/h; p = 0.01). These results suggest that there is an energetic cost to long-term contaminant exposure that, when combined with other environmental stresses, may influence patterns of energy acquisition and allocation. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Voltura, MB (reprint author), SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Biol Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2757 EP 2761 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2757:EODPBE>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BQ UT WOS:000165268900021 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW AF Custer, CM Custer, TW TI Organochlorine and trace element contamination, in wintering and migrating diving ducks in the southern Great Lakes, USA, since the zebra mussel invasion SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; HEAVY-METALS; AQUATIC BIRDS; NEW-YORK; ACCUMULATION; CADMIUM; RIVER; BIOACCUMULATION; CALIFORNIA AB Because of the potential for increased trophic transfer of contaminants by zebra mussels (Dreissena sp.) to higher trophic levels, we collected four species of waterfowl (n = 65 ducks) from four locations in Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan, USA, between 1991 and 1993 for organochlorine contaminant and trace element analyses. Geometric mean concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were 1.35 and 0.15 mug/g wet weight in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) carcasses and were below known effect levels. Total PCBs in 80% of carcasses, however, were above the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's threshold of 3.0 mug/g lipid weight for consumption of poultry. With the exception of selenium; trace elements were also at background or no-effect levels. Selenium concentrations in livers of 95% of lesser scaup, 90% of bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), and 72% of common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) were in the elevated (>10 mug/g dry wt) or potentially harmful range (>33 mug/g dry wt). The effects of these high,selenium concentrations are unknown but should be investigated further based on reproductive effects observed in field and laboratory studies of dabbling ducks and because lesser scaup populations are declining. Concentrations of total PCBs in dreissenid mussels in western Lake Erie were 10 times higher than in the upper Mississippi River but were similar to concentrations in other industrialized rivers in Europe and the United States. Metal concentrations were similar to other industrialized sites where zebra mussels have been sampled. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 64 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 19 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2821 EP 2829 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2821:OATECI>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BQ UT WOS:000165268900029 ER PT J AU Herbel, MJ Johnson, TM Oremland, RS Bullen, TD AF Herbel, MJ Johnson, TM Oremland, RS Bullen, TD TI Fractionation of selenium isotopes during bacterial respiratory reduction of selenium oxyanions SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SELENATE REDUCTION; THAUERA-SELENATIS; STRAIN SES-3; SP-NOV; MICROORGANISMS; SPECTROMETRY; CALIFORNIA; METABOLISM; SEDIMENTS; GROWTH AB Reduction of selenium oxyanions by microorganisms is an important process in the biogeochemical cycling of selenium. Numerous bacteria can reduce Se oxyanions, which are used as electron accepters during the oxidation of organic matter in anoxic environments. In this study, we used a double spike (Se-82 and Se-74) thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique to quantify the isotopic fractionation achieved by three different species of anaerobic bacteria capable of accomplishing growth by respiratory reduction of selenate [SeO42- or Se(VI)] or selenite [SeO32- or Se(IV)] to Se(IV) or elemental selenium [Se(0)] coupled with the oxidation of lactate. Isotopic discrimination in these closed system experiments was evaluated by Rayleigh fractionation equations and numerical models. Growing cultures of Bacillus selenitireducens, a haloalkaliphile capable of growth using Se(IV) as an electron acceptor, induced a Se-80/Se-76 fractionation of -8.0 +/- 0.4 parts per thousand (instantaneous epsilon value) during reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0). With Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, a haloalkaliphile capable of growth using Se(VI) as an electron acceptor, fractionations of -5.0 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand and -6.0 +/- 1.0 parts per thousand were observed for reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0), respectively. In growing cultures of Sulfurospirillum barnesii, a freshwater species capable of growth using Se(VI), fractionation was small initially, but near the end of the log growth phase, it increased to -4.0 +/- 1.0 parts per thousand and -8.4 +/- 0.4 parts per thousand for reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0), respectively. Washed cell suspensions of S. barnesii induced fractionations of -1.1 +/- 0.4 parts per thousand during Se(VI) reduction, and -9.1 +/- 0.5% for Se(IV) reduction, with some evidence for smaller values (e.g., -1.7 parts per thousand) in the earliest-formed Se(0) results. These results demonstrate that dissimilatory reduction of selenate or selenite induces significant isotopic fractionation, and suggest that significant Se isotope ratio variation will be found in nature. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Herbel, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 49 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 5 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 2000 VL 64 IS 21 BP 3701 EP 3709 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00456-7 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 371FZ UT WOS:000165169300007 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, S Stanislavsky, E Lyakhovsky, V Gvirtzman, H AF Hurwitz, S Stanislavsky, E Lyakhovsky, V Gvirtzman, H TI Transient groundwater-lake interactions in a continental rift: Sea of Galilee, Israel SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Dead Sea rift; groundwater; numerical model; paleohydrology; Sea of Galilee; solute transport ID VARIABLE-DENSITY FLOW; DEAD-SEA; CARBONATE PLATFORMS; FLUID-FLOW; BASIN; BRINE; EVOLUTION; SALINE; VALLEY; TRANSFORM AB The Sea of Galilee, located in the northern part of the Dead Sea rift, is currently an intermediate fresh-water lake, It is postulated that during a short highstand phase of former Lake Lisan in the late Pleistocene, saline water percolated into the subsurface. Since its recession from the Kinarot basin and the instantaneous formation of the fresh-water lake (the Sea of Galilee), the previously intruded brine has been flushed backward toward the take. numerical simulations solving the coupled equations of fluid how and of solute and heat transport are applied to examine the feasibility of this hypothesis. A sensitivity analysis shows that the major parameters controlling basin hydrodynamics are lake-water salinity, aquifer permeability, and aquifer anisotropy, Results show that a highstand period of 3000 yr in Lake Lisan was sufficient for saline water to percolate deep into the subsurface. Because of different aquifer permeabilities on both sides of the rift, brine percolated into aquifers on the western margin, whereas percolation was negligible on the eastern side, In the simulation, after the occupation of the basin by the Sea of Galilee, the invading saline water was leached backward by a topography-driven flow, It is suggested that the percolating brine an the western side reacted with limestone at depth to form epigenetic dolomite at elevated temperatures. Therefore, groundwater discharging along the western shores of the Sea of Galilee has a higher calcium to magnesium ratio than groundwater on the eastern side. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Hurwitz, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 439, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 65 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 112 IS 11 BP 1694 EP 1702 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1694:TGLIIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 373FR UT WOS:000165278100005 ER PT J AU Reynolds, JH Galli, CI Hernandez, RM Idleman, BD Kotila, JM Hilliard, RV Naeser, CW AF Reynolds, JH Galli, CI Hernandez, RM Idleman, BD Kotila, JM Hilliard, RV Naeser, CW TI Middle Miocene tectonic development of the Transition Zone, Salta Province, northwest Argentina: Magnetic stratigraphy from the Metan Subgroup, Sierra de Gonzalez SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Argentine Andes; magnetostratigraphy; Neogene; Salta Argentina; tectonics; transition zones ID LA-RIOJA PROVINCE; CENTRAL ANDES; NORTHERN ARGENTINA; NAZCA PLATE; BOLIVIA; DEFORMATION; CHRONOLOGY; PAMPEANAS; GEOMETRY; FORELAND AB Magnetostratigraphy, isotopic dating, and sandstone petrography establish age limits on the depositional history of similar to 2100 m of foreland basin strata in the Neogene Metan Subgroup of northwest Argentina. The strata were deposited:between ca. 15.1 and 9.7 Ma in the eastern Sistema de Santa Barbara. The region is positioned above the Cretaceous Salta rift basin, in the Transition Zone between modern relatively steep and flat subducting segments of the Nazca plate. Formations within the subgroup are shown to be diachronous over a 60 km distance; the younger ages are in the east, Changes in paleocurrent how directions and the lithic clast component of sandstones collected from the Arroyo Gonzalez section suggest that basal fluvial strata were derived from the craton to the east beginning in middle Miocene time, just prior to 15.1 Ma, By ca, 14.5 Ma, the paleocurrent flowed from a source in the west and sediment accumulation rates increased dramatically, These changes correlate with contemporaneous tectonism in the west. A local increase in basin accommodation may be partly related to a zone of weakness near the eastern boundary of the Salta rift. Uplift in the western Cordillera Oriental apparently began by 13.7 Ma and thrusting rapidly-migrated eastward, The eastern Cordillera Oriental ranges began to rise between 25 degrees and 26 degreesS ca, 10 Ma. As thrusting migrated eastward, low-energy depositional environments mere overwhelmed ca, 13.7 Ma, Above an erosional unconformity that removed strata to an age of ca, 9.7 Ma, basal strata from the overlying Jujuy Subgroup were deposited beginning after 9 Ma. Sandstones from Rio Yacones suggest that the Cordillera Oriental uplift continued for several million years longer between 24 degrees and 25 degreesS, Uplift of the Sistema de Santa Barbara, in the distal portion of the foreland, did not begin until after ca, 9 Ma. C1 Brevard Coll, Div Environm Studies Math & Nat Sci, Brevard, NC 28712 USA. Magstrat LLC, Webster, NC 28788 USA. XR Exploracionistas & Serv Reg SRL, RA-4400 Salta, Argentina. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geosci & Nat Resources Management, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Reynolds, JH (reprint author), Brevard Coll, Div Environm Studies Math & Nat Sci, Brevard, NC 28712 USA. NR 54 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 112 IS 11 BP 1736 EP 1751 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1736:MMTDOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 373FR UT WOS:000165278100008 ER PT J AU Messina, P Stoffer, P AF Messina, P Stoffer, P TI Terrain analysis of the Racetrack Basin and the sliding rocks of Death Valley SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GIS; geomorphometry; Death Valley; surficial geology; Quaternary geology; Playa ID STREET CANYON AB The Racetrack Playa's unusual surface features known as sliding rocks have been the subject of an ongoing debate and several mapping projects for half a century, although the causative mechanism remains unresolved. Clasts ranging in volume from large pebbles to medium boulders have, unwitnessed, maneuvered around the nearly flat dry lake over considerable distances. The controversy has persisted partly because eyewitness accounts of the phenomenon continue to be lacking, and the earlier mapping missions were limited in method and geographic range. In July 1996, we generated the first complete map of all observed sliding rock trails by submeter differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) mapping technology. The resulting map shows 162 sliding rocks and associated trails to an accuracy of approximately 30 cm. Although anemometer data are not available in the Racetrack wilderness, wind is clearly a catalyst for sliding rock activity; an inferred wind rose was constructed from DGPS trail segment data. When the entire trail network is examined in plan, some patterns emerge, although other (perhaps expected relations) remain elusive: terrain analysis of the surrounding topography demonstrates that the length and morphology of trails are more closely related to where rocks rested at the onset of motion than to any physical attribute of the rocks themselves. Follow-up surveys in May 1998, May 1999, August 1999, and November 1999 revealed little modification of the July, 1996 sliding rock configuration. Only four rocks were repositioned during the El Nino winter of 1997-1998, suggesting that activity may not be restricted to winter storms. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Messina, P (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 35 IS 3-4 BP 253 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00042-8 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 372BE UT WOS:000165213100006 ER PT J AU Dohm, JM Anderson, RC Baker, VR Ferris, JC Hare, TM Strom, RG Rudd, LP Rice, JW Casavant, RR Scott, DH AF Dohm, JM Anderson, RC Baker, VR Ferris, JC Hare, TM Strom, RG Rudd, LP Rice, JW Casavant, RR Scott, DH TI System of gigantic valleys northwest of Tharsis, Mars: latent catastrophic flooding, northwest watershed, and implications for northern plains ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN OUTFLOW CHANNELS; ANCIENT OCEANS; GEOLOGY AB Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) reveals a system of gigantic valleys to the northwest of the huge martian shield volcano, Arsia Mons, in the western hemisphere of Mars. These newly identified northwestern slope valleys (NSVs) potentially signify previously undocumented martian catastrophic floods and may corroborate the northern ocean hypotheses. These features, which generally correspond spatially to gravity lows, were previously obscured in Mariner and Viking Orbiter imagery by veneers of materials, including volcanic lava flows and air fall deposits. Geologic investigations of the Tharsis region suggest that the NSVs were mainly carved prior to the construction of Arsia Mons and its associated Late Hesperian and Amazonian age lava flows, concurrent with the early development of the outflow channels that debouch into Chryse Planitia. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ USA. RP Dohm, JM (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 33 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 21 BP 3559 EP 3562 DI 10.1029/2000GL011728 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 369JW UT WOS:000165063000033 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Barbash, JE Gilliom, RJ AF Kolpin, DW Barbash, JE Gilliom, RJ TI Pesticides in ground water of the United States, 1992-1996 SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; HERBICIDES; METABOLITES; MIDWESTERN; TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE; IMPACT AB During the first cycle of the National Water Quality Assessment (1992-1996), ground water in 20 of the nation's major hydrologic basins was analyzed for 90 pesticide compounds (pesticides and degradates). One or more of the pesticide compounds examined were detected at 48.4% of the 2485 ground water sites sampled. However, approximately 70% of the sites where pesticides were detected, two or more pesticide compounds analyzed were present-documenting the prevalence of pesticide mixtures in ground water. The pesticide concentrations encountered were generally low, with the median total concentration (summation of concentrations for the 90 pesticide compounds) being 0.046 mug/L. Pesticides were commonly detected in shallow ground water beneath both agricultural (60.4%) and urban (48.5%) areas. This is an important finding because, although agricultural activities have long been associated with pesticide contamination, urban areas have only recently been recognized as a potential source of these types of compounds. Pesticides with higher frequencies of detection were generally those with more extensive use greater environmental persistence, and greater mobility in ground water (lower soil-water partition coefficients). C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 35 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 18 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 858 EP 863 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00684.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 371GA UT WOS:000165169400015 ER PT J AU Lane, JW Buursink, ML Haeni, FP Versteeg, RJ AF Lane, JW Buursink, ML Haeni, FP Versteeg, RJ TI Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks - Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities. C1 US Geol Survey, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Investigat Shallow Subsurface, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Lane, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 11 Sherman Pl,U-5015, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 929 EP 938 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 371GA UT WOS:000165169400024 ER PT J AU Burton, TM Uzarski, DG Stelzer, RS Eggert, SL Sobczak, WV Mullen, DM AF Burton, TM Uzarski, DG Stelzer, RS Eggert, SL Sobczak, WV Mullen, DM TI The impact of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on stream periphyton: an eleven-year study SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE ELF electromagnetic fields; stream periphyton; electric fields; algal communities; algae; electromagnetic fields ID MAGNETOTACTIC BACTERIA; DIATOM MOBILITY; MAGNETITE; MODEL AB Potential effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields on periphyton were studied from 1983 to 1993 using a Before, After, Control and Impact design. The study was conducted at two sites on the Ford River, a fourth-order brown water trout stream in Dickinson County, Michigan. The Reference site received 4.9-6.5 times less exposure to ground electric fields and from 300 to 334 times less exposure to magnetic flux from 1989 to 1993 when the antenna was operational at 76 Hz than did the Antenna site. The objective of the study was to determine if ELF electromagnetic fields had caused changes in structure and/or function of algal communities in the Ford River. Significant differences in chlorophyll a standing crop and daily accumulation rate (a surrogate for primary productivity), and organic matter standing crop and daily accumulation rate were observed between the Reference and Antenna site after the antenna became operational. These four related community function variables all increased at the Antenna site with largest and most consistent increases occurring for chlorophyll measures. Compared to pre-operational data, the increase in chlorophyll at the Antenna site also occurred during a period of low amperage testing in 1986-1988, and did not increase further when the antenna became fully operational in 1989, indicating a low threshold for response. There was no significant differences between the Antenna and Reference sites in community structure variables such as diversity, evenness and the relative abundance of dominant diatoms. Thus, 76 Hz ELF electromagnetic radiation apparently did not change the basic makeup of the diatom community but did increase accumulation rates and standing crops of chlorophyll a and organic matter. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol Athens, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. RP Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2000 VL 439 IS 1-3 BP 61 EP 76 DI 10.1023/A:1004101719678 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 394AJ UT WOS:000166501600007 ER PT J AU Gurnell, AM Hupp, CR Gregory, SV AF Gurnell, AM Hupp, CR Gregory, SV TI Preface - Linking hydrology and ecology SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE; RIPARIAN ZONES; RIVERS C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gurnell, AM (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 2813 EP 2815 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2813::AID-HYP120>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700001 ER PT J AU Osterkamp, WR Friedman, JM AF Osterkamp, WR Friedman, JM TI The disparity between extreme rainfall events and rare floods - with emphasis on the semi-arid American West SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE rare floods; probable maximum precipitation; extreme events; semi-arid; vegetation; surficial geology; curve number; drainage density ID INFILTRATION AB Research beginning 40 years ago suggested that semi-arid lands of the USA have higher unit discharges for a given recurrence interval than occur in other areas. Convincing documentation and Br arguments for this suspicion, however, were not presented. Thus, records of measured rainfall intensities for specified durations and recurrence intervals, and theoretical depths of probable maximum precipitation for specified recurrence intervals and areal scales an considered here for comparing extreme rainfalls of semi-arid areas with those of other climatic areas. Runoff from semi-arid lands, as peaks of rare floods, is compared with that of other areas using various published records. Relative to humid areas, semi-arid parts of the conterminous USA have lower 100-year, 6-h rainfall intensities and smaller depths of 100-year probable maximum precipitation for 26-km(2) areas. Nonetheless, maximum flood peaks, flash-flood potentials, and runoff potentials are generally larger in semi-arid areas than in more humid parts of the nation. Causes of this disparity between rainfall and runoff appear to be results of soil and vegetation that in humid areas absorb and intercept rainfall and attenuate runoff, but in semi-arid areas limit infiltration and enhance runoff from bare, crusted surfaces. These differences in soil and vegetation conditions are indicated by the relatively high curve numbers and drainage densities that are typical of semi-arid areas. Owing to soil and vegetation conditions, rare floods in semi-arid areas are more likely to cause landform change than are floods of similar magnitude elsewhere. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Osterkamp, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 2817 EP 2829 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2817::AID-HYP121>3.0.CO;2-B PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700002 ER PT J AU Bendix, J Hupp, CR AF Bendix, J Hupp, CR TI Hydrological and geomorphological impacts on riparian plant communities SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE riparian vegetation; flood impacts; disturbance; scale; diversity ID COTTONWOOD SEEDLING RECRUITMENT; SUB-ALPINE RIVER; MISSOURI RIVER; PASSAGE-CREEK; GRAVEL BARS; VEGETATION PATTERNS; FOREST SUCCESSION; SPECIES RICHNESS; ANIMAS RIVER; STREAM POWER AB Riparian vegetation is affected by both flood processes and the characteristics of landforms that are shaped by floods. In many instances, species occurrence can be linked directly to specific fluvial landforms. These spatial relationships are largely due to the role of floods in the differential destruction of vegetation, in the determination of substrate characteristics, and in the transport of propagules. Major floods may, depending on the climatic context, allow for the establishment of stands of vegetation, or restart processes of plant community change. Disturbance by floods can also affect biodiversity: species richness in some watersheds is greatest where steep valley floor gradients allow for high-energy floods. The recognition and analysis of hydrogeomorphological influences on riparian vegetation are complicated by multiple scales of environmental interactions, by the covariance of some environmental variables, and by feedbacks between vegetation and flood regimes. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Geog, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Bendix, J (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Geog, 144 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. NR 85 TC 214 Z9 222 U1 4 U2 68 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 2977 EP 2990 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2977::AID-HYP130>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700011 ER PT J AU Hupp, CR AF Hupp, CR TI Hydrology, geomorphology and vegetation of Coastal Plain rivers in the south-eastern USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE coastal plain; meandering rivers; fluvial geomorphology; fluvial landforms; sediment deposition; woody vegetation ID RIPARIAN VEGETATION; SEDIMENT DEPOSITION; CHICKAHOMINY RIVER; FORESTED WETLANDS; WATER-QUALITY; BLACK SWAMP; CACHE RIVER; ARKANSAS; PERSPECTIVE; RETENTION AB Rivers of the coastal plain of the south-eastern USA are characteristically low-gradient meandering systems that develop broad floodplains subjected to frequent and prolonged flooding. These floodplains support a relatively unique forested wetland (bottomland hardwoods), which have received considerable ecological study, but distinctly less hydrogeomorphological study. The hydroperiod, or annual period of inundation, largely controls the development of characteristic fluvial landforms, sediment deposition and vegetation distribution patterns. Order-of-magnitude differences in wetted perimeter, width/depth, suspended sediment load and hydraulic roughness may exist between 'dry' in-channel seasons and the hydroperiod. Substantial sediment (and adsorbed contaminants) retention and storage through lateral and vertical accretion is common (where not heavily impacted by flow regulation) along these Coastal Plain rivers. The present chapter summarizes our current understanding of the hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, general and local sedimentation patterns, and related plant ecological patterns of these Coastal Plain bottomlands. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hupp, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 63 TC 128 Z9 136 U1 6 U2 58 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 2991 EP 3010 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2991::AID-HYP131>3.0.CO;2-H PG 20 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700012 ER PT J AU Dorava, JM Alexander, AM AF Dorava, JM Alexander, AM TI Role of lake regulation on glacier-fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: the Cook Inlet watershed, south-central Alaska, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE glacier-fed rivers; lake regulation; salmon production; Cook Inlet Alaska ID HABITAT AB Rivers fed by glaciers constitute a major part of the freshwater runoff into the Cook Inlet basin of south-central Alaska. This basin is very important to the economy of the State of Alaska because it is home to more than half of the population and it supports multi-million dollar commercial, subsistence and sport fisheries. Hence an understanding of how glacial runoff influences biological productivity is important for managing rivers that drain into Cook Inlet. This paper examines the ways in which the regulation of glacier-fed rivers by proglacial lakes affects salmon productivity, with particular reference to the Kenai River. Salmon escapement per unit channel length on the Kenai River is between two and ten times that found for rain-and-snowmelt dominated rivers and glacier-fed rivers lacking lake regulation. Lakes are shown to influence biological processes in glacier-fed rivers by attenuating peak flows, sustaining high flows throughout the summer, supplementing winter low flows, settling suspended sediment, and increasing river temperatures. Downstream from large lakes, glacier-fed rivers are less disturbed, channels are relatively stable and have well-developed salmonid habitats. The positive influences are indicated by the high diversity and abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates, which are important food resources for juvenile salmonids. High summer hows allow access for up-river salmon runs and lakes also provide both overwintering and rearing habitat. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Dorava, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16-17 BP 3149 EP 3159 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 387EY UT WOS:000166110700020 ER PT J AU Kargel, JS Kaye, JZ Head, JW Marion, GM Sassen, R Crowley, JK Prieto Ballesteros, O Grant, SA Hogenboom, DL AF Kargel, JS Kaye, JZ Head, JW Marion, GM Sassen, R Crowley, JK Prieto Ballesteros, O Grant, SA Hogenboom, DL TI Europa's crust and ocean: Origin, composition, and the prospects for life SO ICARUS LA English DT Review DE Europa; ocean, Europa; cryovolcanism, Europa; spectroscopy, Europa; Europa, prebiotic chemistry ID MEXICO CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; IO PLASMA TORUS; INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; ANHYDRITE-BEARING PUMICES; PLAYA EVAPORITE MINERALS; SUBGLACIAL LAKE VOSTOK; CONAMARA CHAOS REGION; EL-CHICHON VOLCANO; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; GALILEAN SATELLITES AB We have considered a wide array of scenarios for Europa's chemical evolution in an attempt to explain the presence of ice and hydrated materials on its surface and to understand the physical and chemical nature of any ocean that may lie below, We postulate that, following formation of the jovian system, the europan evolutionary sequence has as its major links: (a) initial carbonaceous chondrite rock, (b) global primordial aqueous differentiation and formation of an impure primordial hydrous crust, (c) brine evolution and intracrustal differentiation, (d) degassing of Europa's mantle and gas venting, (e) hydrothermal processes, and (f) chemical surface alteration, Our models were developed in the context of constraints provided by Galileo imaging, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and gravity and magnetometer data. Low-temperature aqueous differentiation from a carbonaceous CI or CM chondrite precursor, without further chemical processing, would result in a crust/ocean enriched in magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate, consistent with Galileo spectroscopy. Within the bounds of this simple model, a wide range of possible layered structures may result; the final state depends on the details of intracrustal differentiation. Devolatilization of the rocky mantle and hydrothermal brine reactions could have produced very different ocean/crust compositions, e,g,, an ocean/crust of sodium carbonate or sulfuric acid, or a crust containing abundant clathrate hydrates, Realistic chemical-physical evolution scenarios differ greatly in detailed predictions, but they generally call for a highly impure and chemically layered crust.. Some of these models could lead also to lateral chemical hetero geneities by diapiric upwellings and/or cryovolcanism. We describe some plausible geological consequences of the physical-chemical structures predicted from these scenarios. These predicted consequences and observed aspects of Europa's geology may serve as a basis for further analysis and discrimination among several alternative scenarios. Most chemical pathways could support viable ecosystems based on analogy with the metabolic and physiological versatility of terrestrial microorganisms. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ San Pablo, CEU, Fac CC, Dept Quim Inorgan & Mat, Madrid 28668, Spain. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 308 TC 220 Z9 226 U1 24 U2 119 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2000 VL 148 IS 1 BP 226 EP 265 DI 10.1006/icar.2000.6471 PG 40 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 375UV UT WOS:000165420400019 ER PT J AU Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bibring, JP Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Bussoletti, E Capaccioni, F Cerroni, P Clark, RN Coradini, A Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Formisano, V Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL McCord, TB Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Hansen, GB Aiello, JJ Amici, S AF Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bibring, JP Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Bussoletti, E Capaccioni, F Cerroni, P Clark, RN Coradini, A Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Formisano, V Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL McCord, TB Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Hansen, GB Aiello, JJ Amici, S TI Detection of sub-micron radiation from the surface of venus by Cassini/VIMS SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Venus; spectrophotometry; surfaces; Planets; Venus; surface; minerology ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; NIGHT-SIDE; DEEP ATMOSPHERE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; CLOUD STRUCTURE; DARK SIDE; GALILEO; SPECTRA; ABUNDANCE; FEATURES AB We report the first detection and profile characterization of thermal emission from the surface of Venus at 0.85 and 0.90 mum, observed in the first planetary spectrum acquired by the Visual-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer onboard the Cassini spacecraft en route to the Saturn system. The strength and shape of these two newly observed nightside emissions agree with theoretical predictions based on the strength of the strong emission observed at 1.01 mum, These emissions, together with previously-reported surface emission features at 1,01, 1,10, and 1.18 mum, potentially provide a new technique for remotely mapping the mineralogical composition of the venusian surface. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Area Ric Tor Vergatia, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00198 Rome, Italy. IAS, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Naples, Ist Navale, I-80138 Naples, Italy. Area Ric Tor Vergatia, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00133 Rome, Italy. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Area Ric Tor Vergatia, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00198 Rome, Italy. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Observ Paris, DESPA, CNRS, UMR 8632, F-92195 Meudon, France. DLR, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. IAS, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Observ Paris Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France. Univ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. Univ Nantes, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44322 Nantes 3, France. Univ Hawaii, Dept Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Baines, KH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 183-601, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Cerroni, Priscilla/0000-0003-0239-2741; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2000 VL 148 IS 1 BP 307 EP 311 DI 10.1006/icar.2000.6519 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 375UV UT WOS:000165420400023 ER PT J AU Zodrow, EL Mastalerz, M Orem, WH Simunek, Z Bashforth, AR AF Zodrow, EL Mastalerz, M Orem, WH Simunek, Z Bashforth, AR TI Functional groups and elemental analyses of cuticular morphotypes of Cordaites principalis (Germar) Geinitz, Carboniferous Maritimes Basin, Canada SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cordaites compression leaves; cuticles; Carboniferous; FTIR; elemental analyses ID FT-IR; COALS; COALIFICATION; FLUORESCENCE; PYROLYSIS; POLYMER; SPECTRA AB Well-preserved cuticles were isolated from Cordaites principalis (Germar) Geinitz leaf compressions, i.e., foliage from extinct gymnosperm trees Coniferophyta: Order Cordaitales. The specimens were collected from the Sydney, Stellarton and Bay St. George subbasins of the once extensive Carboniferous Maritimes Basin of Atlantic Canada. Fourier transformation of infrared spectra (FTIR) and elemental analyses indicate that the ca. 300-306-million-year-old fossil cuticles share many of the functional groups observed in modern cuticles. The similarities of the functional groups in each of the three cuticular morphotypes studied support the inclusion into a single cordaite-leaf taxon, i.e., C. principalis (Germar), confirming previous morphological investigations. Vitrinite reflectance measurements on coal seams in close proximity to the fossil-bearing sediments reveal that the Bay St. George sample site has the lowest thermal maturity, whereas the sites in Sydney and Stellarton are mon mature. IR absorption and elemental analyses of the cordaite compressions corroborate this trend, which suggests that the coalified mesophyll in the leaves follows a maturation path similar to that of vitrinite. Comparison of functional groups of the cordaite cuticles with those from certain pteridosperms previously studied from the Sydney Subbasin shows that in the cordaite cuticles highly conjugated C-O (1632 cm(-1)) bands dominate over carbonyl stretch that characterizes the pteridosperm cuticles. The differences demonstrate the potential of chemotaxonomy as a valuable tool to assist distinguishing between Carboniferous plant-fossil groups. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Coll Cape Breton, Dept Earth Sci, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada. Indiana Univ, Indiana Geol Survey, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Czech Geol Survey, Prague 11821 1, Czech Republic. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Earth Sci, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. RP Zodrow, EL (reprint author), Univ Coll Cape Breton, Dept Earth Sci, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada. RI Bashforth, Arden/H-6057-2013 OI Bashforth, Arden/0000-0003-3050-7032 NR 44 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00018-5 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 389UM UT WOS:000166257100001 ER PT J AU Jordan, F Babbitt, KJ McIvor, CC Miller, SJ AF Jordan, F Babbitt, KJ McIvor, CC Miller, SJ TI Contrasting patterns of habitat use by prawns and crayfish in a headwater marsh of the St. Johns River, Florida SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS; PROCAMBARUS-ALLENI; ECOLOGY; WETLAND; FISHES; PREDATION; LANDSCAPE; JUVENILE; TRAPS; SWAMP AB We compared seasonal patterns of habitat use by the prawn Palaemonetes paludosus and the crayfish Procambarus alleni in Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area, Florida. Prawn densities were similar to those found in other oligotrophic wetlands of southern Florida, whereas crayfish densities were much greater than reported previously for other wetlands in the area. Prawns and crayfish had strikingly different patterns of habitat use. Prawn density and biomass were similar in wet prairies and sloughs, whereas crayfish density and biomass were significantly higher in wet prairies. Within habitats, the abundance of prawns and crayfish generally increased with increasing structural complexity and the abundance of crayfish generally decreased with increasing water depth. Differences in risk of predation, frequency of agonistic encounters, food availability, and other factors likely contributed to observed patterns of habitat use. Because of differences in their ability to burrow and avoid concentration into dry-season refugia, prawns and crayfish responded very differently to seasonal variation in hydrologic conditions. Prawn densities were initially low (following a severe drought) and then increased during much of the study period, whereas crayfish densities were relatively stable throughout the study period. Overall, it appears that prawns are more responsive to antecedent hydrologic conditions and crayfish are more responsive to the availability of suitable habitats such as wet prairies. C1 Loyola Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. St John River Water Management Dist, Div Environm Sci, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. RP Jordan, F (reprint author), Loyola Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 6 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 769 EP 776 DI 10.1651/0278-0372(2000)020[0769:CPOHUB]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 370RL UT WOS:000165136000016 ER PT J AU Andersen, DC Wilson, KR Miller, MS Falck, M AF Andersen, DC Wilson, KR Miller, MS Falck, M TI Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aridland river; behavior; Dipodomys ordii; flooding; floodplain; Microtus montanus; Peromyscus maniculatus; riparian ID GREEN RIVER; FORESTS; ESTABLISHMENT; POPULATION; DYNAMICS; MOUSE AB We monitored movements of small mammals resident on floodplains susceptible to spring floods to assess whether and how these animals respond to habitat inundation. The 2 floodplains were associated with 6th order river segments in a semiarid landscape; each was predictably inundated each year as snowmelt progressed in headwater areas of the Rocky Mountains. Data from live trapping, radiotelemetry, and microtopographic surveys indicated that Peromyscus maniculatus, Microtus montanus, and Dipodomys ordii showed different responses to inundation, but all reflected a common tendency to remain in the original home range until "forced" to leave. The reluctance of Dipodomys ordii to abandon the home burrow often resulted in death in situ, whereas individual P. maniculatus and M, montanus moved to nearby higher ground but not necessarily toward upland. This behavior could lead to occupancy of an island that disappeared as floodwaters rose. Peromyscus maniculatus climbed into sapling cottonwood, but the quality of such arboreal refuges was unclear. We found only weak support for the hypothesis that displacement was temporary; most floodplain residents, including P. maniculatus, disappeared over the flood period. No secondary effect from flooding on adjacent upland small-mammal assemblages was detected. Our data suggest populations of facultatively riparian, nonarboreal small mammals such as M. montanus and D. ordii generally experience habitat inundation as a catastrophy, Terrestrial species capable of using an arboreal refuge, such as P. maniculatus, face a more variable risk, determined in part by timing and duration of the flood event. River regulation can affect both sets of risks. C1 US Bur Reclamat, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Andersen, DC (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, D-8220,POB 25007, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 44 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 81 IS 4 BP 1087 EP 1099 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:MPORSM>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 379JA UT WOS:000165637900017 ER PT J AU Smith, DW Mech, LD Meagher, M Clark, WE Jaffe, R Phillips, MK Mack, JA AF Smith, DW Mech, LD Meagher, M Clark, WE Jaffe, R Phillips, MK Mack, JA TI Wolf-bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Bison bison; Canis lupus; Cervus elaphus; mortality; predation; restoration; wolf; Yellowstone National Park ID CENTRAL IDAHO; ELK AB We studied interactions of reintroduced wolves (Canis lupus) with bison (Bison bison) in Yellowstone National Park. Only 2 of 41 wolves in this study had been exposed to bison before their translocation. Wolves were more successful killing elk (Cervus elaphus) than bison, and elk were more abundant than bison, so elk were the primary prey of wolves. Except for a lone emaciated bison calf killed by 8 1-year-old wolves 21 days after their release, the 1st documented kill occurred 25 months after wolves were released. Fourteen bison kills were documented from April 1995 through March 1999. All kills were made in late winter when bison were vulnerable because of poor condition or of bison that were injured or young. Wolves learned to kill bison and killed more bison where elk were absent or scarce. We predict that wolves that have learned to kill bison will kill them more regularly, at least in spring. The results of this study indicate how adaptable wolves are at killing prey species new to them. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59807 USA. RP Smith, DW (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Ctr Resources, POB 168, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. NR 32 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 5 U2 28 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 81 IS 4 BP 1128 EP 1135 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1128:WBIIYN>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 379JA UT WOS:000165637900021 ER PT J AU Armstrong, TR Tracy, RJ AF Armstrong, TR Tracy, RJ TI One-dimensional thermal modelling of Acadian metamorphism southern vermont, USA SO JOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acadian; metamorphism; tectonic; thermal modelling; Vermont ID TEMPERATURE TIME PATHS; WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; REGIONAL METAMORPHISM; HISTORY AB One-dimensional thermal (1DT) modelling of an Acadian (Devonian) tectonothermal regime in southern Vermont, USA, used measured metamorphic pressures and temperatures and estimated metamorphic cooling ages based on published thermobarometric and geochronological studies to constrain thermal and tectonic input parameters. The area modelled lies within the Vermont Sequence of the Acadian orogen and includes: (i) a western domain containing garnet-grade pre-Silurian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks from the eastern flank of an Acadian composite dome structure (Rayponda-Sadawga Dome); and (ii) an eastern domain containing similar, but staurolite- or kyanite-grade, rocks from the western flank of a second dome structure (Athens Dome), approximately 10 km farther east. Using reasonable input parameters based on regional geological, petrological and geochronological constraints, the thermal modelling produced plausible P-T paths, and temperature-time (T-t) and pressure-time (P-t) curves. Information extracted from P-T-t modelling includes values of maximum temperature and pressure on the P-T paths, pressure at maximum temperature, predicted Ar closure ages for hornblende, muscovite and K-feldspar, and integrated exhumation and cooling rates for segments of the cooling history. The results from thermal modelling are consistent with independently obtained pressure, temperature and Ar cooling age data on regional metamorphism in southern Vermont. Modelling results provide some important bounding limits on the physical conditions during regional metamorphism, and indicate that the pressure contemporaneous with the attainment of peak temperature was probably as-much as 2.5 kbar lower than the actual maximum pressure experienced by rocks along various particle paths. In addition, differences in peak metamorphic grade (garnet-grade versus staurolite-grade or kyanite-grade) and peak temperature for rocks initially loaded to similar crustal depths, differences in calculated exhumation rates, and differences in Ar-40/Ar-39 closure ages are likely to have been consequences of variations in the duration of isobaric heating (or 'crustal residence periods') and tectonic unroofing rates. Modelling results are consistent with a regional structural model that suggests west to east younging of specific Acadian deformational events, and therefore diachroneity of attainment of peak metamorphic conditions and subsequent Ar-40/Ar-39 closure during cooling. Modelling is consistent with the proposition that regional variations in timing and peak conditions of metamorphism are the result of the variable depths to which rocks were loaded by an eastward-thickening thrust-nappe pile rooted to the east (New Hampshire Sequence), as well as by diachronous structural processes within the lower plate rocks of the Vermont Sequence. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Geol Sci, Blacktown, NSW 20192, Australia. RP Armstrong, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Tracy, Robert/A-2016-2009 NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0263-4929 J9 J METAMORPH GEOL JI J. Metamorph. Geol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 18 IS 6 BP 625 EP 638 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00284.x PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 371BU UT WOS:000165158500002 ER PT J AU Quiroz-Barroso, SA Pojeta, J Sour-Tovar, F Morales-Soto, S AF Quiroz-Barroso, SA Pojeta, J Sour-Tovar, F Morales-Soto, S TI Pseudomulceodens: A Mississippian rostroconch from Mexico SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Ciencias, Museo Paleontol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Smithsonian Inst, Museum Nat Hist, US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Autonoma Guerrero, Escuela Reg Ciencias Tierra, Taxco Viejo 40280, Guerrero, Mexico. RP Quiroz-Barroso, SA (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Ciencias, Museo Paleontol, Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. OI Sour-Tovar, Francisco/0000-0002-8864-6329 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1184 EP 1186 DI 10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1184:PAMRFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 387YW UT WOS:000166151500017 ER PT J AU Tiampo, KF Rundle, JB Fernandez, J Langbein, JO AF Tiampo, KF Rundle, JB Fernandez, J Langbein, JO TI Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanic processes; Long Valley caldera; modeling; magma chambers; point sources; nonpoint sources ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; MONO-COUNTY; DEFORMATION; ATTENUATION; LOCATION; CRUST AB We model the second inflation period at Long Valley caldera, California using a genetic algorithm technique and high quality geodetic measurements of elevation changes and baseline extensions. We compare two source inversions for both spherical Mogi point sources and the finite prolate ellipsoid of Yang and Davis. A sensitivity analysis for the genetic algorithm is performed based upon synthetic data set inversions on similar sources in order to better constrain the areal location, orientation, and volume of the potential sources. The spherical sources are well constrained, the larger located at 9.9 km beneath the resurgent dome, with a volume of 0.036 km(3), while the second, at only 0.008 km(3), is located at a depth of 7.3 km beneath the south moat. The depths to the ellipsoidal sources are switched, with the larger source at a depth of 9.6 km and the smaller at 11.8 km, with volumes of 0.037 and 0.002 km(3), respectively. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Inst Astron & Geodesia, Madrid, Spain. USGS, Menlo Park, CA USA. RP Tiampo, KF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol, Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Fernandez, Jose/K-1669-2014; Tiampo, Kristy/I-1355-2015 OI Fernandez, Jose/0000-0001-5745-3527; Tiampo, Kristy/0000-0002-5500-7600 NR 44 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3-4 BP 189 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00185-2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 389FJ UT WOS:000166227700001 ER PT J AU Arciniega-Ceballos, A Valdes-Gonzalez, C Dawson, P AF Arciniega-Ceballos, A Valdes-Gonzalez, C Dawson, P TI Temporal and spectral characteristics of seismicity observed at Popocatepetl volcano, central Mexico SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE popocatepetl volcano; long-period events; tremor; volcano-tectonic earthquakes; Mexico ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; LONG-PERIOD EVENTS; REDOUBT-VOLCANO; SOURCE MODEL; TREMOR; ALASKA; EXCITATION; MECHANISM; FREQUENCY; ERUPTION AB Popocatepetl volcano entered an eruptive phase from December 21, 1994 to March 30, 1995, which was characterized by ash and fumarolic emissions. During this eruptive episode, the observed seismicity consisted of volcano-tectonic (VT) events, long-period (LP) events and sustained tremor. Before the initial eruption on December 21, VT seismicity exhibited no increase in number until a swarm of VT earthquakes was observed at 01:31 hours local time. Visual observations of the eruption occurred at dawn the next morning. LP activity increased from an average of 7 events a day in October 1994 to 22 events per day in December 1994. At the onset of the eruption, LP activity peaked at 49 events per day. LP activity declined until mid-January 1995 when no events were observed. Tremor was first observed about one day after the initial eruption and averaged 10 h per episode. By late February 1995, tremor episodes became more intermittent, lasting less than 5 min, and the number of LP events returned to pre-eruption levels (7 events per day). Using a spectral ratio technique, low-frequency oceanic microseismic noise with a predominant peak around 7 s was removed from the broadband seismic signal of tremor and LP events. Stacks of corrected tremor episodes and LP events show that both tremor and LP events contain similar frequency features with major peaks around 1.4 Hz. Frequency analyses of LP events and tremor suggest a shallow extended source with similar radiation pattern characteristics. The distribution of VT events (between 2.5 and 10 km) also points to a shallow source of the tremor and LP events located in the first 2500 m beneath the crater. Under the assumption that the frequency characteristics of the signals are representative of an oscillator we used a fluid-filled-crack model to infer the length of the resonator. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Arciniega-Ceballos, A (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Apartado Postal 70-296, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3-4 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00188-8 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 389FJ UT WOS:000166227700002 ER PT J AU Nunez, R Miller, B Lindzey, F AF Nunez, R Miller, B Lindzey, F TI Food habits of jaguars and pumas in Jalisco, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Panthera onca; Puma concolor; diet; scat analysis; habitat; Mexico ID PANTHERA-ONCA; TROPICAL FORESTS; PREY; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY; AMERICA; LEOPARD; REGION; BELIZE AB Jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) are sympatric over much of their geographic range in Mexico and South and Central America. We investigated diets of these fields in and around the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in western Jalisco, Mexico. Diets were determined from seat analyses and documentation of prey cadavers. Relative biomass of each prey species consumed by pumas and jaguars was estimated from analysing 65 puma and 50 jaguar seats collected from 1995 to 1998. Both jaguars and pumas fed mainly on mammals, with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) dominating the biomass of the diet of each species (54% and 66% respectively). There was a high degree of overlap between jaguar and puma diets, but pumas had a broader food niche than jaguars, and their ability to exploit smaller prey may give them an advantage over jaguars when faced with human-induced habitat changes. C1 Denver Zool Fdn, Denver, CO 80205 USA. Fdn Ecol Cuixmala, Melaque 48980, Jalisco, Mexico. Univ Wyoming, USGS, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY USA. RP Miller, B (reprint author), Denver Zool Fdn, 2300 Steele St, Denver, CO 80205 USA. NR 54 TC 72 Z9 84 U1 9 U2 34 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 252 BP 373 EP 379 DI 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00632.x PN 3 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 373YX UT WOS:000165318600011 ER PT J AU Fonseca, DM LaPointe, DA Fleischer, RC AF Fonseca, DM LaPointe, DA Fleischer, RC TI Bottlenecks and multiple introductions: population genetics of the vector of avian malaria in Hawaii SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE A plus T-rich region; Culex quinquefasciatus; microsatellites; vector-mediated parasite-host interactions ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE GENES; MOSQUITO CULEX-PIPIENS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MICROSATELLITE; EVOLUTION; DROSOPHILA; FLOW; QUINQUEFASCIATUS; DIFFERENTIATION; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Avian malaria has had a profound impact on the demographics and behaviour of Hawaiian forest birds since its vector, Culex quinquefasciatus the southern house mosquito, was first introduced to Hawaii around 1830. In order to understand the dynamics of the disease in Hawaii and gain insights into the evolution of vector-mediated parasite-host interactions in general we studied the population genetics of Cx. Quinquefasciatus in the Hawaiian Islands. We used both microsatellite and mitochondrial loci. Not surprisingly we found that mosquitoes in Midway, a small island in the Western group, are quite distinct from the populations in the main Hawaiian Islands. However, we also found that in general mosquito populations are relatively isolated even among the main islands, in particular between Hawaii (the Big Island) and the remaining Hawaiian Islands. We found evidence of bottlenecks among populations within the Big Island and an excess of alleles in Maul, the site of the original introduction. The mitochondrial diversity was typically low but higher than expected. The current distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes combined with the microsatellite information lead us to conclude that there have been several introductions and to speculate on some processes that may be responsible for the current population genetics of vectors of avian malaria in Hawaii. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Mol Genet Lab, Washington, DC 20008 USA. USGS, Wildlife Dis Lab, BRD, PIERC, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Fonseca, DM (reprint author), MSC Smithsonian Inst, Walter Reed Biosystemat Unit, 4210 Silver Hill Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RI Fonseca, Dina/B-9951-2011; OI Fonseca, Dina/0000-0003-4726-7100; LaPointe, Dennis/0000-0002-6323-263X NR 52 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1803 EP 1814 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01070.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 375MX UT WOS:000165404800011 PM 11091316 ER PT J AU Cade, BS Guo, QF AF Cade, BS Guo, QF TI Estimating effects of constraints on plant performance with regression quantiles SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID SELF-THINNING RELATIONSHIPS; MODELS; COMPETITION; LINES; TESTS; RULE AB Rates of change in final summer densities of two desert annuals, Eriogunum abertianum and Haplopappus gracilis, as constrained by their initial winter germination densities were estimated with regression quantiles and compared with mechanistic fits based on a self-thinning rule proposed by Guo et al. (1998); Oikos 83: 237-245). The allometric relation used was equivalent to S = N-f (N-i)(-1) = c(f) (N-l)(-1), where S is the ratio of final to initial densities (survivorship), c(f) is a constant that is a final density specific to the species and environment. N-i is the initial plant density, and N-f is final plant density. We used regression quantiles to estimate c(f) assuming the exponent of -1 was fixed (model 1, N-f (N-i)(-1) = c(f) (N-i)(-1)) and also obtained estimates by treating the exponent as a parameter to estimate (model 2, N-f (N-i)(-1) = c(f) (N-i)(lambda)). Regression quantiles allow rates of change to be estimated through any part of a data distribution conditional on some linear function of covariates. We focused on estimates for upper (90-99th) quantiles near the boundary of the summer density distributions where we expected effects of self-thinning to operate as the primary constraint on plant performance. Allometric functions estimated with regression quantiles were similar to Functions fit by Guo et al. (1998) when the exponent was constrained to - 1. However, the data were more consistent with estimates for model (2), where exponents were closer to - 0.4 than - 1, although model fit was not as good at higher initial plant densities as when the exponent was fixed at - 1. An exponential form (model 3, N-f (N-i)(-1) = c(f) (N-i)(lambda)e(gamma Ni)) that is a generalization of the discrete logistic growth function, where estimates of lambda were - 0.23 to - 0.28 and estimates of gamma were - 0.003 to - 0.006, provided better lit from low to high initial germination densities. Model 3 predictions were consistent with an interpretation that final summer densities were constrained by initial germination densities when these were low ( < 40 per 0.25 m(2) for Eriogonum and < 100 per 0.25 m(2) for Haplopappus) and were constrained by the self-thinning process at higher germination densities. Our exponential model(3) estimated with regression quantiles had similar form to the mechanistic relation of Guo et al. (1998) when plotted as a survivorship function, but avoided the unrealistic assumption that all populations attained a similar final density, and was based on a statistical model that has formal rules for estimation and inference. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68483 USA. RP Cade, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurray Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 30 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 13 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD NOV PY 2000 VL 91 IS 2 BP 245 EP 254 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910205.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 385RQ UT WOS:000166017800005 ER PT J AU Larsen, MC AF Larsen, MC TI Analysis of 20th century rainfall and streamflow to characterize drought and water resources in Puerto Rico SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE drought; streamflow; water resources; Caribbean; Puerto Rico; rainfall; water supply ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; ATLANTIC HURRICANES; CLIMATE; INTENSE AB During the period from 1990 to 1997, annual rainfall accumulation averaged 87% of normal at the 12 stations with the longest period of record in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island with a 1999 population of 3.8 million. Streamflow in rivers supplying the La Plata and Loiza reservoirs, the principal water supply of the San Juan metropolitan area, was at or below the 10th flow percentile for 27% to 50% of the time between December 1993 and May 1996. Diminished reservoir levels in 1994 and 1995 affected more than 1 million people in the San Juan metropolitan area. Water rationing was implemented during this period and significant agricultural losses, valued at $165 million, were recorded in 1994. The public endured a year of mandatory water rationing in which sections of the city had their water-distribution networks shut off for 24 to 36 hours on alternate days. During the winter and spring of 1997-1998, water was rationed to more than 200,000 people in northwestern Puerto Rico because water level in the Guajataca reservoir was well below normal for two years because of rainfall deficits. The drought period of 1993-1996 was comparable in magnitude to a drought in 1966-1968, but water rationing was more severe during the 1993-1996 period, indicating that water management issues such as demand, storage capacity, water production and losses, and per capita consumption are increasingly important as population and development in Puerto Rico expand. C1 US Geol Survey, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Larsen, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 651 Fed Dr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. EM mclarsen@usgs.gov NR 63 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU BELLWETHER PUBL LTD PI COLUMBIA PA 8640 GUILFORD RD, STE 200, COLUMBIA, MD 21046 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 494 EP 521 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 441XC UT WOS:000169254000002 ER PT J AU Sherrod, BL Bucknam, RC Leopold, EB AF Sherrod, BL Bucknam, RC Leopold, EB TI Holocene relative sea level changes along the Seattle fault at Restoration Point, Washington SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE relative sea level; Holocene; earthquakes; diatoms; seeds ID PUGET-SOUND; CALIBRATION; TSUNAMI AB At a marsh on the hanging wall of the Seattle fault, fossil brackish water diatom and plant seed assemblages show that the marsh lay near sea level between similar to 7500 and 1000 cal yr B.P. This marsh is uniquely situated for recording environmental changes associated with past earthquakes on the Seattle fault. Since 7500 cal yr B.P., changes in fossil diatoms and seeds record several rapid environmental changes. In the earliest of these, brackish conditions changed to freshwater similar to 6900 cal yr B.P., possibly because of coseismic uplift or beach berm accretion. If coseismic uplift produced the freshening similar to 6900 cal yr B.P., that uplift probably did not exceed 2 m. During another event about 1700 cal yr B.P., brackish plant and diatom assemblages changed rapidly to a tidal flat assemblage because of either tectonic subsidence or berm erosion. The site then remained a tideflat until the most recent event, when an abrupt shift from tideflat diatoms to freshwater taxa resulted from similar to7 m of uplift during an earthquake on the Seattle fault similar to 1000 cal yr B.P. Regardless of the earlier events, no Seattle fault earthquake similar to the one similar to 1000 cal yr B.P. occurred at any other time in the past 7500 years. (C) 2000 University of Washington. C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sherrod, BL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 30 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 54 IS 3 BP 384 EP 393 DI 10.1006/qres.2000.2180 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 388ER UT WOS:000166164900009 ER PT J AU Loope, WL Arbogast, AF AF Loope, WL Arbogast, AF TI Dominance of an similar to 150-year cycle of sand-supply change in late Holocene dune-building along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; lake-level; dunes; Holocene paleosols ID BEACH-RIDGE DEVELOPMENT; AGE CALIBRATION; LEVEL AB Outcrops of buried soils on lake-plains and glacial headlands along Lake Michigan's eastern shore suggest that periodic dune-building has occurred there after relatively long (greater than or equal to 100 yr) periods of low sand supply. We located, described, and radiocarbon dated 75 such buried soils that crop out in 32 coastal dune fields beside the lake. We assume that peaks in probability distributions of calibrated C-14 ages obtained from wood, charcoal, and other organic matter from buried A horizons approximate the time of soil burial by dunes. Plotted against a late Holocene lake-level curve for Lake Michigan, these peaks are closely associated with many similar to 150-yr lake highstands previously inferred from beach ridge studies. Intervening periods of lower lake levels and relative sand starvation apparently permitted forestation and soil development at the sites we studied. While late Holocene lake-level change led to development and preservation of prominent foredunes along the southern and southwestern shores of Lake Michigan, the modern dune landscape of the eastern shore is dominated by perched dunes formed during similar to 150-yr lake highstands over the past 1500 yr (C) 2000 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Munising, MI 49862 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Loope, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Munising, MI 49862 USA. NR 48 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 54 IS 3 BP 414 EP 422 DI 10.1006/qres.2000.2168 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 388ER UT WOS:000166164900012 ER PT J AU Colman, SM King, JW Jones, GA Reynolds, RL Bothner, MH AF Colman, SM King, JW Jones, GA Reynolds, RL Bothner, MH TI Holocene and recent sediment accumulation rates in Southern Lake Michigan SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION; SECULAR VARIATION; MAGNETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY; NORTH-AMERICA; MINNESOTA; SUPERIOR; SAMPLES; RECORDS; FLUCTUATIONS; HISTORY AB Rates of sediment accumulation in Lake Michigan are a key component of its geologic history and provide important data related to societal concerns such as shoreline erosion and the fate of anthropogenic pollutants. Previous attempts to reconstruct Holocene rates of sediment accumulation in Lake Michigan, as well as in the other Laurentian Great Lakes, have been bedeviled by the effect of refractory terrestrial material on radiocarbon ages from total organic carbon samples of lake sediments. AMS radiocarbon ages on small samples of biogenic carbonate (ostracodes and mollusks) in Lake Michigan provide accurate Holocene ages. The present bicarbonate reservoir effect is estimated from shells of mollusks collected live before atmospheric nuclear testing to be 250 yr. From paired samples of biogenic carbonate and terrestrial macrofossils, the past reservoir effect is thought to be less than 500 yr. The radiocarbon ages indicate a distinct decrease in sediment accumulation rates throughout the southern basin of Lake Michigan at about 5 ka, about the time when lake level stabilized at the Nipissing level after rising rapidly for several thousand years. Average rates of sediment accumulation for the historic period (the last 150 yr) can be estimated from radioisotopes (Pb-210 and Cs-137), pollen stratigraphy, and changes in sediment properties associated with human activity. Multiple methods are necessary because at any given site, problems arise in the assumptions or applicability of one or more methods. In general, the mass accumulation calculations suggest that sediments were deposited 4 to 11 times faster in the historic period than before human settlement. The character of the sediment did not change in a dramatic way, but sediment magnetic properties suggest shifts in the sources of sediment. The data suggest that some of the changes in sources and (or) character of the sediment occurred just before human settlement and were probably related to climatic changes associated with the Little Ice Age. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 63 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 16 BP 1563 EP 1580 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00007-X PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 364WA UT WOS:000089915900001 ER PT J AU Barrow, WC Hamilton, RB Powell, MA Ouchley, K AF Barrow, WC Hamilton, RB Powell, MA Ouchley, K TI Contribution of landbird migration to the biological diversity of the Northwest Gulf Coastal Plain SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Big Thicket Science Conference CY OCT 07-10, 1999 CL BEAUMONT, TX SP Big Thicket Assoc, Big Thicket Conservat Assoc, Natl Pks & Conservat Assoc, SW Pks & Momuments Assoc, Nat Conservancy Texas, Temple Inland Inc, Entergy Inc, William Marsh Rice Univ, Texas Pks & Wildlife Dept, Natl Pk Serv (Big Thicket Natl Preserve), US Geol Survey (Natl Wetlands Res Ctr), USDA Forest Serv (Natl Forests & Grasslands Texas), Beaumont Convent & Visitors Bur ID LOUISIANA; BIRDS AB This study examined seasonal diversity and feeding behavior of those avian species utilizing that region of the Northwest Gulf Coastal Plain known as the Chenier plain. Field observations were conducted at three forested locations on coastal cheniers for three years (1993-95) in the spring and at one: location for three years (1996-98) in autumn to determine species presence and diet. One hundred and twenty-eight species were present during the spring and 103 species in autumn. The majority of these species were migrants (103 species in spring and 89 species in autumn) and the majority of these: were Nearctic/Neotropical species (73 species in sprint: and 66 species in autumn). The diet of these migrants was more variable than expected. Many insectivorous species were observed to consume seeds, fruit and nectar as well as insects. Because of these varied diets, many species serve as seed dispersers, occasional pollinators and important predators of herbivorus insects. Wooded areas were found to be important in providing food, cover and water for migrating species. A review of historical changes in the landscape of this area is presented and management practices designed to restore wooded habitat to this area are proposed. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Barrow, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM wylie_barrow@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI KERRVILLE PA CMB 6252, SCHREINER UNIV, KERRVILLE, TX 78028-5697 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 52 IS 4 SU S BP 151 EP 172 PG 22 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 404JK UT WOS:000167094100012 ER PT J AU Wildhaber, ML Tabor, VM Whitaker, JE Allert, AL Mulhern, DW Lamberson, PJ Powell, KL AF Wildhaber, ML Tabor, VM Whitaker, JE Allert, AL Mulhern, DW Lamberson, PJ Powell, KL TI Ictalurid populations in relation to the presence of a main-stem reservoir in a midwestern warmwater stream with emphasis on the threatened Neosho madtom SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NOTURUS-PLACIDUS; REGULATED RIVERS; FISH ASSEMBLAGE; WINTER SURVIVAL; RECOVERY; DISTURBANCE; HABITAT; DOWNSTREAM; ECOSYSTEMS AB Ictalurid populations, including those of the Neosho madtom Noturus placidus, have been monitored in the Neosho River basin since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sel vice listed the Neosho madtom as threatened in 1991. The Neosho madtom presently occurs only in the Neosho River basin, whose hydrologic regime, physical habitat, and water quality have been altered by the construction and operation of reservoirs. Our objective was to assess changes in ictalurid densities, habitat, water quality, and hydrology in relation to the presence of a main-stern reservoir in the Neosho River basin. Study sites were characterized using habitat quality as measured by substrate size, water quality as measured by standard physicochemical measures, and indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) as calculated from stream gauge information from the U.S. Geological Survey. Site estimates of ictalurid densities were collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service annually from 1991 to 1998, with the exception of 1993. Water quality and habitat measurements documented reduced turbidity and altered substrate composition in the Neosho River basin below John Redmond Dam. The effects of the dam on flow were indicated by changes in the short- and long-term minimum and maximum flows. Positive correlations between observed Neosho madtom densities and increases in minimum flow suggest that increased minimum flows could be used to enhance Neosho madtom populations. Positive correlations between Neosho madtom densities and increased flows in the winter and spring months as well as the date of the l-d annual minimum flow indicate the potential importance of the timing of increased flows to Neosho madtoms. Because of the positive relationships that we found between the densities of Neosho madtoms and those of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, stonecats Noturus flavus, and other catfishes, alterations in flow that benefit Neosho madtom populations will probably benefit other members of the benthic fish community of the Neosho River. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Kjolhaug Environm Serv Co, Mound, MN 55364 USA. RP Wildhaber, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM mark_wildhaber@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1264 EP 1280 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1264:IPIRTT>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400004 ER PT J AU Bjorgo, KA Isely, JJ Thomason, CS AF Bjorgo, KA Isely, JJ Thomason, CS TI Seasonal movement and habitat use by striped bass in the Combahee River, South Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-CAROLINA AB Adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (N = 30, 656-906 mm total length) were captured by electrofishing during January-March 1998 in the Combahee River, South Carolina, and fitted with radio transmitters. Their exact locations were recorded biweekly through December. From January to early April, striped bass were located in the tidally influenced lower region of the river in water temperatures ranging from 9 degreesC to 18 degreesC. The fish then moved an average of 38.5 km upstream from late April to the end of May when water temperatures ranged from 18 degreesC to 26 degreesC. Striped bass remained in the upper region of the river from late May to September when water temperatures were as much as 5 degreesC lower than in the river's lower regions. Striped bass began to move downstream and were spread throughout the river during September and October in water temperatures ranging from 19 degreesC to 27 degreesC. Combahee River striped bass appear to follow a migratory pattern typical of other southern striped bass stocks. Habitat preference appears to be strongly influenced by temperature. Combahee River temperatures are stable and remain close to the preferred temperatures of striped bass during summer extremes. Therefore, unlike northern populations, southern populations are more likely to remain within riverine habitat during the summer months. Discrete thermal refugia, such as springs, apparently are not used or are absent in the Combahee River. It is possible that striped bass in the Combahee River depend on the entire upper region of the river as a thermal refuge. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Barnwell, SC 29812 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1281 EP 1287 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1281:SMAHUB>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400005 ER PT J AU Beasley, CA Hightower, JE AF Beasley, CA Hightower, JE TI Effects of a low-head dam on the distribution and characteristics of spawning habitat used by striped bass and American shad SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALBEMARLE SOUND; NORTH-CAROLINA; ROANOKE RIVER AB Striped bass Morone saxatilis and American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Neuse River, North Carolina, historically migrated up to 435 km upriver to spawn. However, migration was impeded in 1952 by the construction of Quaker Neck Dam at river kilometer 225 (measured from the point where the Neuse River enters Pamlico Sound). To determine the fraction of tagged fish that migrated upstream of this low-head dam and the characteristics of selected spawning habitat, we implanted sonic transmitters in 25 striped bass and 25 American shad during 1996 and 1997. We determined preferred depth, water velocity, and substrate composition by measuring those characteristics at both randomly selected sites and sites where spawning was observed. Of 13 striped bass and 8 American shad with transmitters that migrated to the base of Quaker Neck Dam, only 3 striped bass passed the structure, indicating that the dam was an impediment to migration. Striped bass spawning was observed only in the area directly below (within 1.5 km of) Quaker Neck Dam. Although none of the telemetered American shad passed Quaker Neck Dam, American shad spawning was observed from the base of the dam to 1.5 km downstream as well as 3 km above the dam. Striped bass spawned at sites with significantly higher water velocity and significantly larger substrate than on average was found at randomly sampled locations. American shad spawned at sites that were significantly shallower and had significantly larger substrate than was found in random samples. The type of spawning habitat selected by both species is more abundant above than below Quaker Neck Dam, indicating that improved access to upstream reaches would benefit both species. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Beasley, CA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 44 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1316 EP 1330 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1316:EOALHD>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400008 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Knight, RL Bur, MT Forney, JL AF Madenjian, CP Knight, RL Bur, MT Forney, JL TI Reduction in recruitment of white bass in Lake Erie after invasion of white perch SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW PERCH; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MORONE-AMERICANA; GREAT-LAKES; ONEIDA LAKE; NEW-YORK; FISH; PREY; PREDATION; WALLEYE AB Recruitment to the adult population of white bass Morone chrysops in Lake Erie sharply declined during the early 1980s. To explain this phenomenon, we formulated the following four hypotheses: (1) the biological characteristics of adult spawners changed during the early 1980s, so that the ability to produce eggs decreased; (2) the decrease in phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie during the 1970s resulted in a lower abundance of crustacean zooplankton and thus in reduced survival of age-0 white bass; (3) the increase in the population of adult walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in Lake Erie during the 1970s and 1980s led to reduced survival of age-0 white bass; and (4) establishment of the white perch Morone americana population in Lake Erie during the early 1980s led to reduced survival of the early life stages of white bass. The growth, maturity, and fecundity of adults during the period 1981-1997 were compared with the same characteristics found by earlier studies. The mean length, weight, and condition factors that we calculated were higher than those reported for Lake Erie in 1927-1929 for all age groups examined, and white bass in Lake Erie matured at an earlier age during 1981-1997 than during 1927-1929. Fecundity estimates ranged from 128,897 to 1,049,207 eggs/female and were similar to estimates from other populations. Therefore, the first hypothesis was rejected. With respect to the second hypothesis, zooplankton surveys conducted during 1970 and 1983-1987 indicated that the abundance of crustacean zooplankton in Lake Erie did not change between the two time periods. However, these results were not conclusive because only a single-year survey was conducted before 1980. Based on walleye diet studies and estimates of walleye population size, walleye predation pressure on age-0 white bass in Lake Erie during 1986-1988 was just slightly higher than that during 1979-1981. Thus. such pressure can explain only a minor portion of the reduction in white bass recruitment. To test the fourth hypothesis, intervention analysis was applied to the long-term abundance series for white bass. The abundance of age-0 white bass in Lake Erie between 1982 and 1997 was significantly lower than that between 1969 and 1981. The catch per unit effort of adult white bass in commercial trap nets between 1987 and 1997 was significantly lower than it was before 1987. Moreover, the period of reduced recruitment for white bass in Oneida Lake, New York, which extends from 1955 to the present, coincides with occupation of the lake by white perch. Thus, of the four hypotheses entertained, the most plausible explanation for the reduction in white bass recruitment in Lake Erie is that white perch reduced the survival of white bass during its early life history. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Div Wildlife, Sandusky Fisheries Res Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Erie Biol Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. Cornell Univ, Cornell Biol Field Stn, Bridgeport, NY 13030 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 48 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1340 EP 1353 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1340:RIROWB>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400010 ER PT J AU Burrell, KH Isely, JJ Bunnell, DB Van Lear, DH Dolloff, CA AF Burrell, KH Isely, JJ Bunnell, DB Van Lear, DH Dolloff, CA TI Seasonal movement of brown trout in a southern Appalachian river SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; RAINBOW-TROUT; FOOD LIMITATION; STREAM; TRANSMITTERS; HABITAT; SUMMER; BROOK AB Radio telemetry was used to evaluate the seasonal movement, activity level, and home range size of adult brown trout Salmo trutta in the Chattooga River watershed, one of the southernmost coldwater stream systems in the United States. In all, 27 adult brown trout (262-452 mm total length) were successfully monitored from 16 November 1995 to 15 December 1996. During the day, adult brown trout were consistently found in small, well-established home ranges of less than 270 m in stream length. However, 8 of a possible 18 study fish made spawning migrations during a 2-week period in November 1996. The daytime locations of individual fish were restricted to a single pool or riffle-pool combination, and fish were routinely found in the same location over multiple sampling periods. Maximum upstream movement during spawning was 7.65 km, indicating that brown trout in the Chattooga River have the ability to move long distances. Spawning brown trout returned to their pres- pawning locations within a few days after spawning. Brown trout maintained larger home ranges in winter than in other seasons. When spawning-related movement was deleted from the analysis, brown trout moved more on a weekly basis in fall than in summer. Brown trout were more active in fall and winter than in spring and summer. Apart from spawning migrations, displacement from established home ranges was not observed for any fish in the study. Although summer water temperatures reached and exceeded reported upper thermal-preference levels, brown trout did not move to thermal refuge areas in nearby tributaries during the stressful summer periods. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Colwater Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1379 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1373:SMOBTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400014 ER PT J AU Tiffan, KF Rondorf, DW Garland, RD Verhey, PA AF Tiffan, KF Rondorf, DW Garland, RD Verhey, PA TI Identification of juvenile fall versus spring Chinook salmon migrating through the lower Snake River based on body morphology SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; COHO SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; POPULATIONS; KISUTCH; STREAM; SIZE AB We tested the use of body morphology to distinguish among subyearling fall-run, subyearling spring-run, and yearling spring-run smolts of chinook salmon Oncorhychus tshawytschn at two lower Snake River dams during the summer emigration. Based on principal-components analysis, subyearling fall-run chinook salmon had smaller heads and eyes, deeper bodies, and shorter caudal peduncles than yearling spring-run chinook salmon. Subyearling spring-run chinook salmon had characteristics of both subyearling fall-run and yearling spring-run chinook salmon. Subyearling fall-run and yearling spring-run chinook salmon were classified with more than 80% accuracy by means of discriminant analysis. Classification accuracy for subyearling spring-run chinook salmon was only 26%. We conclude that body morphology can be used to accurately identify the age of chinook salmon smolts but not the run. Therefore, genetic analyses are the only means of reliably determining the run composition of summer migrants in the lower Snake River. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Lower Granite Dam Juvenile Fish Facil, Pomeroy, WA 99347 USA. RP Tiffan, KF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1389 EP 1395 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1389:IOJFVS>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 405DB UT WOS:000167141400016 ER PT J AU Mayer, TD Jarrell, WM AF Mayer, TD Jarrell, WM TI Phosphorus sorption during iron(II) oxidation in the presence of dissolved silica SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; sorption; iron; oxidation; silica; ferrihydrite; lepidocrocite ID HYDROUS FERRIC-OXIDE; ADSORPTION PROPERTIES; PHOSPHATE SORPTION; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; FERRIHYDRITE; CRYSTALLIZATION; COPRECIPITATION; KINETICS; ARSENATE; CHARGE AB This study investigated the interactions of P and Si with ferrous-derived Fe oxides under conditions simulating natural systems. Iron oxides were formed from the oxidation of Fe(II) at pH 7.0 under a CO2/air mixture. Phosphate and/or silicate were either present during the oxidation of Fe(II) or added 24 h after the Fe(II) had oxidized and the solid had formed. Oxidation of Fe(II) in the presence of P resulted in very high initial P sorption densities; however,much of this sorbed P was subsequently released into solution, probably as a result of coagulation and crystallite growth of the Fe oxide. If Si was present as well during Fe(II) oxidation, initial P sorption densities were very high and almost all of the sorbed P remained in the solid phase. The formation of Fe(II)-derived Fe oxide in the presence of Si and P resulted in a very effective sink for P. This solid may have applications in wastewater treatment and important implications for P chemistry in the natural environment. The presence of Si during Fe(II) oxidation at molar ratios of 0.36 Si/Fe or higher promoted the formation of ferrihydrite, an Fe oxide with a high specific surface area and a high concentration of reactive surface sites. Coagulation and crystallite growth of the ferrihydrite were inhibited by the Si, thereby limiting the release of P over time. When P was added 24 h after solid formation, the sorption capacity of the mixed Fe-Si oxide was greater than the pure Fe oxide bur, in both cases, sorption densities were much less than when P and Si were both present during solid formation. Competition of Si and P for Fe oxide sorption sites appeared to be less important to P sorption than the influence of Si on Fe oxide mineralogy, at least under the experimental conditions studied. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Water Resources Branch, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Oregon Grad Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Portland, OR 97291 USA. RP Mayer, TD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Water Resources Branch, 911 NE 11th Ave, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 32 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 41 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 34 IS 16 BP 3949 EP 3956 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00158-5 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 362YR UT WOS:000089806300006 ER PT J AU Graham, DW Miley, MK Denoyelles, F Smith, VH Thurman, EM Carter, R AF Graham, DW Miley, MK Denoyelles, F Smith, VH Thurman, EM Carter, R TI Alachlor transformation patterns in aquatic field mesocosms under variable oxygen and nutrient conditions SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE alachlor; oxygen; nutrients; ethane sulfonic acid; oxanilic acid ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PARA-NITROPHENOL; ACID METABOLITE; CO-METABOLISM; LAKE WATER; METOLACHLOR; IDENTIFICATION; MINERALIZATION; GROUNDWATER AB Alachlor is one of the most commonly used herbicides in both Europe and North America. Because of its toxic properties, its fate and attenuation in natural waters is practically important. This paper assesses factors that affect alachlor decay rate in aquatic systems using field-scale experimental units. In particular, we used field mesocosms (11.3 m(3) outdoor fiberglass tanks) to examine the affect of oxygen level and other factors on decay rate in water columns, This is one of the first studies ever performed where diverse water column conditions have been successfully simulated using common mesocosm-scale facilities. Four treatments were assessed, including aerobic systems (aerobic); low nutrient, oxygen-stratified systems (stratified-LN); moderate nutrient, oxygen-stratified systems (stratified-HN); and anaerobic systems (anaerobic). The lowest half-lives were observed in the anaerobic units (9.7 days) followed by the aerobic (21 days), stratified-HN (22 days), and stratified-LN (46 days) units. Our results indicate that alachlor is transformed most rapidly under anaerobic conditions, although the ambient phosphorus level also appears to influence decay rate. In this study, two common alachlor breakdown products. ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid, were also monitored. Oxanilic acid was produced in greater quantities than ESA under all treatments with the highest levels being produced in the stratified-HN units. In general, our results suggest that previous laboratory data, which indicated that high rates of alachlor decay can occur under oxygen-free methanogenic conditions, is translatable to field-scale applications. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Dev Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Biol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Graham, DW (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 34 IS 16 BP 4054 EP 4062 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00147-0 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 362YR UT WOS:000089806300017 ER PT J AU Bencala, KE AF Bencala, KE TI Hyporheic zone hydrological processes SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID STREAM C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bencala, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 439,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010 NR 5 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 25 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 15 BP 2797 EP 2798 DI 10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2797::AID-HYP402>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 380EJ UT WOS:000165685800011 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM Reid, ME Iverson, NR LaHusen, RG Logan, M Mann, JE Brien, DL AF Iverson, RM Reid, ME Iverson, NR LaHusen, RG Logan, M Mann, JE Brien, DL TI Acute sensitivity of landslide rates to initial soil porosity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Some landslides move imperceptibly downslope, whereas others accelerate catastrophically. Experimental Landslides triggered by rising pore water pressure moved at sharply contrasting rates due to small differences in initial porosity. Wet sandy soil with porosity of about 0.5 contracted during slope failure, partially liquefied, and accelerated within 1 second to speeds over 1 meter per second. The same soil with porosity of about 0.4 dilated during failure and slipped episodically at rates averaging 0.002 meter per second. Repeated slip episodes were induced by gradually rising pore water pressure and were arrested by pore dilation and attendant pore pressure decline. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 17 TC 136 Z9 146 U1 4 U2 42 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 20 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5491 BP 513 EP 516 DI 10.1126/science.290.5491.513 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 365HN UT WOS:000089946000050 PM 11039931 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Brown, GE Rytuba, JJ AF Kim, CS Brown, GE Rytuba, JJ TI Characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes using X-ray absorption spectroscopy SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY MAY 23-28, 1999 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP Ctr Miner Technol, Canadian Int Dev Agcy, Brazilian Res Council, Elect Power Res Inst, Res Support Fdn DE mercury; mine; calcine; speciation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; extended X-ray absorption fine structure ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; LEAD; TAILINGS; EXAFS; SEDIMENTS AB Mining of mercury deposits located in the California Coast Range has resulted in the release of mercury to the local environment and water supplies. The solubility, transport, and potential bioavailability of mercury are controlled by its chemical speciation, which can be directly determined for samples with total mercury concentrations greater than 100 mg kg(-1) (ppm) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). This technique has the additional benefits of being non-destructive to the sample, element-specific, relatively sensitive at low concentrations, and requiring minimal sample preparation. In this study, Hg L-III-edge extended Xray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra were collected for several mercury mine tailings (calcines) in the California Coast Range. Total mercury concentrations of samples analyzed ranged from 230 to 1060 ppm. Speciation data (mercury phases present and relative abundances) were obtained by comparing the spectra from heterogeneous, roasted (calcined) mine tailings samples with a spectral database of mercury minerals and sorbed mercury complexes. Speciation analyses were also conducted on known mixtures of pure mercury minerals in order to assess the quantitative accuracy of the technique. While some calcine samples were found to consist exclusively of mercuric sulfide, others contain additional, more soluble mercury phases, indicating a greater potential for the release of mercury into solution. Also, a correlation was observed between samples from hot-spring mercury deposits, in which chloride levels are elevated, and the presence of mercury-chloride species as detected by the speciation analysis. The speciation results demonstrate the ability of XAS to identify multiple mercury phases in a heterogeneous sample, with a quantitative accuracy of +/-25% for the mercury-containing phases considered. Use of this technique, in conjunction with standard microanalytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis, is beneficial in the prioritization and remediation of mercury-contaminated mine sites. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 24 TC 114 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 16 PY 2000 VL 261 IS 1-3 BP 157 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00640-9 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 358ZN UT WOS:000089587200016 PM 11036987 ER PT J AU Pomes, ML Larive, CK Thurman, EM Green, WR Orem, WH Rostad, CE Coplen, TB Cutak, BJ Dixon, AM AF Pomes, ML Larive, CK Thurman, EM Green, WR Orem, WH Rostad, CE Coplen, TB Cutak, BJ Dixon, AM TI Sources and haloacetic acid/trihalomethane formation potentials of aquatic humic substances in the Wakarusa River and Clinton Lake near Lawrence, Kansas SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; FULVIC-ACIDS; NATURAL-WATERS; FRACTIONS; NMR; CHLORINATION; DEGRADATION; SOIL AB Gram quantities of aquatic humic substances (AHS) were extracted from the Wakarusa River-Clinton Lake Reservoir system, near Lawrence, KS, to support nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental studies, report concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and AHS, define sources of the AHS, and determine if the AHS yield sufficient quantities of haloacetic acids (HAAS) and trihalomethanes (THM4) that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) in drinking water. AHS from the Wakarusa River and Clinton Lake originated from riparian forest vegetation, reflected respective effects of soil organic matter and aquatic algal/bacterial sources, and bore evidence of biological degradation and photodegradation. AHS from the Wakarusa River showed the effect of terrestrial sources, whereas Clinton Lake humic acid also reflected aquatic algal/bacterial sources. Greater amounts of carbon attributable to tannin-derived chemical structures may correspond with higher HAAS and THM4 yields for Clinton Lake fulvic acid. Prior to appreciable leaf-fall from deciduous trees, the combined (humic and fulvic acid) THM4 formation potentials for the Wakarusa River approached the proposed EPA THM4 Stage I MCL of 80 mug/L, and the combined THM4 formation potential for Clinton Lake slightly exceeded the proposed THM4 Stage II MCL of 40 mug/L. Finally, AHS from Clinton Lake could account for most (>70%) of the THM4 concentrations in finished water from the Clinton Lake Water Treatment Plant based on September 23, 1996, THM4 results. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US Geol Survey, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 22192 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Pomes, ML (reprint author), Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Bur Environm Remediat, Forbes Field,BLDG 740, Topeka, KS 66620 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Larive, Cynthia/E-4640-2012; Dixon, Ann/I-3696-2012; OI Dixon, Ann/0000-0002-5261-304X; Larive, Cynthia/0000-0003-3458-0771 NR 57 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 20 BP 4278 EP 4286 DI 10.1021/es991376j PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365UZ UT WOS:000089970000004 ER PT J AU Anderson, SC Kupfer, JA Wilson, RR Cooper, RJ AF Anderson, SC Kupfer, JA Wilson, RR Cooper, RJ TI Estimating forest crown area removed by selection cutting: a linked regression-GIS approach based on stump diameters SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bottomland hardwood forest; crown area; GIS regression model; silvicultural treatments; stump diameters ID CANOPY COVER; BASAL AREA; EDGE AB The purpose of this research was to develop a model that could be used to provide a spatial representation of uneven-aged silvicultural treatments on forest crown area. We began by developing species-specific linear regression equations relating tree DBH to crown area for eight bottomland tree species at White River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas, USA. The relationships were highly significant for all species, with coefficients of determination (r(2)) ranging from 0.37 for Ulmus crassifolia to nearly 0.80 for Quercus nuttalliii and Taxodium distichum. We next located and measured the diameters of more than 4000 stumps from a single tree-group selection timber harvest. Stump locations were recorded with respect to an established gl id point system and entered into a Geographic Information System (ARC/INFO). The area occupied by the crown of each logged individual was then estimated by using the stump dimensions (adjusted to DBHs) and the regression equations relating tree DBH to crown area. Our model projected that the selection cuts removed roughly 300 m(2) of basal area from the logged sites resulting in the loss of approximate to 55 000 m(2) of crown area. The model developed in this research represents a tool that can be used in conjunction with remote sensing applications to assist in forest inventory and management, as well as to estimate the impacts of selective timber harvest on wildlife. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Geog & Planning, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Anderson, SC (reprint author), Ctr Res Dev & Engn, CEERC, ER, W, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RI Kupfer, John/H-4066-2011 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 137 IS 1-3 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00325-4 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 353HU UT WOS:000089269400016 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN AF Grossman, JN TI A meteorite falls on ice SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SOLAR C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 13 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5490 BP 283 EP + DI 10.1126/science.290.5490.283 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 363CW UT WOS:000089818100029 PM 17734110 ER PT J AU Zang, A Wagner, FC Stanchits, S Janssen, C Dresen, G AF Zang, A Wagner, FC Stanchits, S Janssen, C Dresen, G TI Fracture process zone in granite SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FAULT GROWTH; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; BRITTLE MATERIALS; WESTERLY GRANITE; CRACK-GROWTH; MODEL; NUCLEATION; STRENGTH; ROCKS AB In uniaxial compression tests performed on Aue granite cores (diameter 50 mm, length 100 mm), a steel loading plate was used to induce the formation of a discrete shear fracture. A zone of distributed microcracks surrounds the tip of the propagating fracture. This process zone is imaged by locating acoustic emission events using 12 piezoceramic sensors attached to the samples. Propagation velocity of the process zone is varied by using the rate of acoustic emissions to control the applied axial force. The resulting velocities range from 2 mm/s in displacement-controlled tests to 2 mu m/s in tests controlled by acoustic emission rate. Wave velocities and amplitudes are monitored during fault formation. P waves transmitted through the approaching process zone show a drop in amplitude of 26 dB, and ultrasonic velocities are reduced by 10%. The width of the process zone is similar to 9 times the grain diameter inferred from acoustic data but is only 2 times the grain size from optical crack inspection. The process zone of fast propagating fractures is wider than for slow ones. The density of microcracks and acoustic emissions increases approaching the main fracture. Shear displacement scales linearly with fracture length. Fault plane solutions from acoustic events show similar orientation of nodal planes on both sides of the shear fracture. The ratio of the process zone width to the fault length in Aue granite ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 inferred from crack data and acoustic emissions, respectively. The fracture surface energy is estimated from microstructure analysis to be similar to 2 J. A lower bound estimate for the energy dissipated by acoustic events is 0.1 J. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Zang, A (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM sstanchits@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov; dre@gfz-potsdam.de RI Janssen, Christoph/B-1873-2008 NR 45 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B10 BP 23651 EP 23661 DI 10.1029/2000JB900239 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 364MG UT WOS:000089895700020 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Armbruster, JG Seeber, L Hough, JF AF Hough, SE Armbruster, JG Seeber, L Hough, JF TI On the Modified Mercalli intensities and magnitudes of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC ZONE; DEFORMATION AB We reexamine original felt reports from the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes and determine revised isoseismal maps for the three principal mainshocks. In many cases we interpret lower values than those assigned by earlier studies. In some cases the revisions result from an interpretation of original felt reports with an appreciation for site response issues. Additionally, earlier studies had assigned modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) values of V-VII to a substantial number of reports that we conclude do not describe damage commensurate with intensities this high. Wi:investigate several approaches to contouring the MMI values using both analytical and subjective methods. For the first mainshock on 02:15 LT December 16, 1811, our preferred contouring yields M(w)7.2-7.3 using the area-moment regressions of Johnston [1996]. For the 08:00 LT on January 23, 1812, and 03:45 LT on February 7, 1812, mainshocks, we obtain M(w)7.0 and M(w)7.4-7.5, respectively. Our magnitude for the February mainshock is consistent with the established geometry of the Reelfoot fault, which all evidence suggests to have been the causative structure for this event. We note that the inference of lower magnitudes for the New Madrid events implies that site response plays a significant role in controlling seismic hazard at alluvial sites in the central and eastern United States. We also note that our results suggest that thrusting may have been the dominant mechanism of faulting associated with the 1811-1812 sequence. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. Duke Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM hough@gps.caltech.edu; armb@ldeo.columbia.edu; nano@ldeo.columbia.edu NR 40 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B10 BP 23839 EP 23864 DI 10.1029/2000JB900110 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 364MG UT WOS:000089895700034 ER PT J AU Gray, JE Theodorakos, PM Bailey, EA Turner, RR AF Gray, JE Theodorakos, PM Bailey, EA Turner, RR TI Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury; stream-sediment; stream-water; Alaska ID COLD-VAPOR AB Concentrations of total Hg, Hg (II), and methylmercury were measured in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected downstream from abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska to evaluate environmental effects to surrounding ecosystems. These mines are found in a broad belt covering several tens of thousands of square kilometers, primarily in the Kuskokwim River basin. Mercury ore is dominantly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury (Hg degrees) is present in ore at one mine and near retorts and in streams at several mine sites. Approximately 1400 t of mercury have been produced from the region, which is approximately 99% of all mercury produced from Alaska. These mines are not presently operating because of low prices and low demand for mercury. Stream-sediment samples collected downstream from the mines contain as much as 5500 mu g/g Hg. Such high Hg concentrations are related to the abundance of cinnabar, which is highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and is visible in streams below mine sites. Although total Hg concentrations in the stream-sediment samples collected near mines are high, Hg speciation data indicate that concentrations of Hg (II) are generally less than 5%, and methylmercury concentrations are less than 1% of the total Hg. Stream waters below the mines are neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.8-8.4), which is a result of the insolubility of cinnabar and the lack of acid-generating minerals such as pyrite in the deposits. Unfiltered stream-water samples collected below the mines generally contain 500-2500 ng/l Hg; whereas, corresponding stream-water samples filtered through a 0.45-mu m membrane contain less than 50 ng/l Hg. These stream-water results indicate that most of the Hg transported downstream from the mines is as finely-suspended material rather than dissolved Hg. Mercury speciation data show that concentrations of Hg (11) and methylmercury in stream-water samples are typically less than 22 ng/l, and generally less than 5% of the total Hg. Muscle samples of fish collected downstream from mines contain as much as 620 ng/g Hg (wet wt.), of which 90-100% is methylmercury. Although these Hg concentrations are several times higher than that in fish collected from regional baseline sites, the concentration of Hg in fish is below the 1000 ng/g action level for edible fish established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Salmon contain less than 100 ng/g Hg, which are among the lowest Hg contents observed for fish in the study, and well below the FDA action level. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Gray, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 76 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 9 PY 2000 VL 260 IS 1-3 BP 21 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 358ZL UT WOS:000089587000003 PM 11032113 ER PT J AU Rytuba, JJ AF Rytuba, JJ TI Mercury mine drainage and processes that control its environmental impact SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury; mine; mine drainage; adsorption; methylmercury; mine tailings ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CALIFORNIA; LEVEL AB Mine drainage from mercury mines in the California Coast Range mercury mineral belt is an environmental concern because of its acidity and high sulfate, mercury, and methylmercury concentrations. Two types of mercury deposits are present in the mineral belt, silica-carbonate and hot-spring type. Mine drainage is associated with both deposit types but more commonly with the silica-carbonate type because of the extensive underground workings present at these mines. Mercury ores consisting primarily of cinnabar were processed in rotary furnaces and retorts and elemental mercury recovered from condensing systems. During the roasting process mercury phases more soluble than cinnabar are formed and concentrated in the mine tailings, commonly termed calcines. Differences in mineralogy and trace metal geochemistry between the two deposit types are reflected in mine drainage composition. Silica-carbonate type deposits have higher iron sulfide content than hot-spring type deposits and mine drainage from these deposits may have extreme acidity and very high concentrations of iron and sulfate. Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in mine drainage are relatively low at the point of discharge from mine workings. The concentration of both mercury species increases significantly in mine drainage that flows through and reacts with calcines. The soluble mercury phases in the calcines are dissolved and sulfate is added such that methylation of mercury by sulfate reducing bacteria is enhanced in calcines that are saturated with mine drainage. Where mercury mine drainage enters and first mixes with stream water, the addition of high concentrations of mercury and sulfate generates a favorable environment for methylation of mercury. Mixing of oxygenated stream water with mine drainage causes oxidation of dissolved iron(II) and precipitation of iron oxyhydroxide that accumulates in the streambed. Both mercury and methylmercury are strongly adsorbed onto iron oxyhydroxide over the pH range of 3.2-7.1 in streams impacted by mine drainage. The dissolved fraction of both mercury species is depleted and concentrated in iron oxyhydroxide such that the amount of iron oxyhydroxide in the water column reflects the concentration of mercury species. In streams impacted by mine drainage, mercury and methylmercury are transported and adsorbed onto particulate phases. During periods of low stream flow, fine-grained iron hydroxide sediment accumulates in the bed load of the stream and adsorbs mercury and methylmercury such that both forms of mercury become highly enriched in the iron oxyhydroxide sediment. During high-flow events, mercury- and methylmercury-enriched iron hydroxide sediment is transported into larger aquatic systems producing a high flux of bioavailable mercury. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Rytuba, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 901, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 90 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 9 PY 2000 VL 260 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00541-6 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 358ZL UT WOS:000089587000006 PM 11032116 ER PT J AU Caldwell, CA Canavan, CM Bloom, NS AF Caldwell, CA Canavan, CM Bloom, NS TI Potential effects of forest fire and storm flow on total mercury and methylmercury in sediments of an arid-lands reservoir SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE total mercury; methylmercury; forest fire; storm runoff ID METHYL MERCURY; BOREAL FOREST; LAKES; RIVER; ECOSYSTEMS; ONTARIO; WATERS; CANADA; METALS; SOILS AB A study was conducted from July 1995 to June 1996 to examine the spatial and temporal changes of mercury concentrations in sediments of an arid-lands reservoir. Prior to the first sample collection in July, a forest fire burned 2930 ha of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine in the watershed of Caballo Reservoir in south-central New Mexico. The fire was eventually extinguished by summer rains and storm runoff resulting in the mobilization and transport of charred vegetative material into an intermittent tributary (Palomas Creek) that drains the watershed into Caballo Reservoir. Concentrations of total mercury (THg), monomethlymercury (MMHg), and total organic carbon (TOC) in surficial sediments revealed fire, followed by storm runoff, enhanced the transport of mercury and organic matter to the reservoir. Concentrations of THg in sediments increased from 7.5 eta g/g in July to 46.1 eta g/g by November 1995 at one site (Palomas) nearest the outflow of Palomas Creek. No other spatial or temporal trends were observed for THg at other sites throughout the remainder of the study. Concentrations of MMHg in sediments at the Palomas site increased from 0.428 eta g/g in July to 12.46 eta g/g by October 1995 compared to concentrations in sediments at the remaining sites which ranged from 0.11 to 1.50 eta g/g throughout the study. The ratio of MMHg to THg (a gross index of methylation activity) was greatest in sediments from the Palomas site (5.4-33.8%) compared to the remaining sites (0.01-3.60%). The ratio was mirrored by elevated TOC in sediments at the Palomas site (2.5-11.8%) that remained elevated throughout the study. Fire and subsequent late-summer rains may have had a twofold effect on mercury concentrations in Caballo Reservoir. The storm-driven runoff following the forest fire carried mercury complexed to organic matter which resulted in elevated levels of mercury as well as providing a carbon source for microbial methylation processes in sediment. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Blue Heron Environm, Las Cruces, NM 88005 USA. Frontier Geosci Inc, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Caldwell, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 300003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 9 PY 2000 VL 260 IS 1-3 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00554-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 358ZL UT WOS:000089587000011 PM 11032121 ER PT J AU Canavan, CM Caldwell, CA Bloom, NS AF Canavan, CM Caldwell, CA Bloom, NS TI Discharge of methylmercury-enriched hypolimnetic water from a stratified reservoir SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE methylmercury; reservoir; stratification; tailrace ID ONONDAGA LAKE; MERCURY; SPECIATION; METHYLATION; BACTERIA; COLUMN; LEVEL AB A study conducted from July 1995 to June 1996 examining spatial and temporal distribution of mercury (Hg) at the Caballo Reservoir, New Mexico, revealed that the highest levels of methylmercury (MMHg) occurred in both the inlet and the Rio Grande upstream of the reservoir. As a result, a second study was designed to identify possible sources of the elevated levels of MMHg, and to determine if water discharged from the Elephant Butte Reservoir upstream could be a primary source. In July 1996, as anoxia began to develop in the hypolimnion of the Elephant Butte Reservoir, surface water MMHg concentrations were below the MDL of 0.018 ng/l while water discharged into the tailrace was 0.149 ng/l MMHg. By September 1996, when the anoxic hypolimnion spanned 60% of the total reservoir depth, surface water MMHg was still below the MDL, while discharge water had increased to 1.144 ng/l MMHg. Following reservoir turnover in November 1996, surface water increased to 0.264 ng/l MMHg while discharge water decreased to 0.420 ng/l MMHg. By January 1997, MMHg in the tailrace decreased to pre-stratification levels, and both surface water and discharge water reached similar MMHg levels until the onset of summer stratification in July 1997. This trend was repeated the following year when MMHg concentrations in the tailrace increased from 0.190 ng/l in August 1997 to 1.240 ng/l in September 1997. In addition, vertical profile sampling of the reservoir from August 1997 to September 1997 showed a buildup of MMHg in the anoxic hypolimnion which coincided with increasing levels of MMHg discharged into the tailrace. During the course of this study the single largest contribution of MMHg to the river below the reservoir was from water released through the dam during the fall months of the year. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Blue Heron Environ, Las Cruces, NM 88005 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Nexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Canavan, CM (reprint author), Blue Heron Environ, 2357 W Union, Las Cruces, NM 88005 USA. EM ccanavan@zianet.com NR 24 TC 17 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 9 PY 2000 VL 260 IS 1-3 BP 159 EP 170 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00560-X PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 358ZL UT WOS:000089587000014 PM 11032124 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Cherry, B Edwin, B Kellachan, J Kulasekera, V Miller, J Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E Andreadis, T Carter, M Hadler, J Werner, B DeMaria, A Bandy, U Greenblatt, J AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Cherry, B Edwin, B Kellachan, J Kulasekera, V Miller, J Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E Andreadis, T Carter, M Hadler, J Werner, B DeMaria, A Bandy, U Greenblatt, J TI Update: West Nile virus activity - Northeastern United States, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 820-822, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Hlth, Providence, RI 02908 USA. New Hampshire Dept Hlth, Concord, NH 03301 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1643 EP 1644 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900010 ER PT J AU Graham, A Cozadd, D Areces-Mallea, A Frederiksen, NO AF Graham, A Cozadd, D Areces-Mallea, A Frederiksen, NO TI Studies in neotropical paleobotany. XIV. A palynoflora from the middle Eocene Saramaguacan formation of Cuba SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Cuba; Eocene; palynoflora; Saramaguacan formation ID CARIBBEAN PLATE; TECTONIC MODEL; COMMUNITIES; HISTORY; POLLEN; GULF AB An assemblage of 46 fossil pollen and spore types is described from a core drilled through the middle Eocene Saramaguacan Formation Camaguey Province. eastern Cuba. Many of the specimens represent unidentified or extinct taxa but several can be identified to family (Palmae, Bombacaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae) and some to genus (Pteris, Crudia, Lymingtonia?). The paleoclimate was warm-temperate to subtropical which is consistent with other fioras in the region of comparable age and with the global paleotemperature curve. Older plate tectonic models show a variety of locations for proto-Cuba during Late Cretaceous and later times, including alone the norther coast of South America. More recent models depict western and central Cuba as two separate parts until the Eocene, and eastern Cuba (joined to northern Hispaniola) docking to central Cuba also in the Eocene. All fragments are part of the North American Plate and none were directly connected with northern South America in late Mesozoic or Cenozoic time. The Saramaguacan flora supports this model because the assemblage is distinctly North American in affinities, with only one type (Retimonocolpites type 1) found elsewhere only in South America. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA. New York Bot Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Graham, A (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 87 IS 10 BP 1526 EP 1539 DI 10.2307/2656879 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 367RD UT WOS:000090074500014 PM 11034928 ER PT J AU Madden, EM Murphy, RK Hansen, AJ Murray, L AF Madden, EM Murphy, RK Hansen, AJ Murray, L TI Models for guiding management of prairie bird habitat in northwestern North Dakota SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NATIVE PRAIRIE; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY AB With grassland bird populations in the Great Plains exhibiting steep declines, grassland managers require information on bird habitat needs to optimally manage lands dedicated to wildlife. During 1993-1994, we measured bird occurrence and corresponding vegetation attributes on mixed-grass prairie in northwestern North Dakota. Three hundred and ten point-count locations over a wide range of successional stages were sampled. Ten grassland passerine species occurred commonly (i.e., at >10% of point count locations), including two species endemic to the northern Great Plains [Baird's sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii) and Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii)], and several species of management concern [bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida)]. Some species were ubiquitous and had generalized habitat associations [e.g., savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)]. Others exhibited more finely tuned, closely overlapping use of relatively short, sparse to moderately dense, grass- and forb-dominated habitat. We used logistic regression models to predict bird species' occurrence based on nine vegetation variables. Previously undefined limits of vegetation height and density were identified for Baird's sparrow and Sprague's pipit, and of shrub, cover for Baird's sparrow. Our findings underscore the need for a mosaic of successional types to maximize diversity of prairie bird species. Managers may reduce confusion created by generic treatment prescriptions for grasslands by focusing on absolute rather than relative measures of vegetation, and by integrating standard data from multiple bird habitat studies across regions. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Madden, EM (reprint author), Med Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, Med Lake, MT 59247 USA. EM elizabeth_madden@fws.gov NR 47 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 377 EP 392 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0377:MFGMOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370HY UT WOS:000165118500015 ER PT J AU Pietz, PJ Granfors, DA AF Pietz, PJ Granfors, DA TI White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NESTS AB White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were videotaped depredating four songbird nests in grassland habitats in southeastern and northcentral North Dakota, 1996-1999. Deer ate two Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), two grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), one clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), one red winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and three brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings. Deer removed nestlings quickly (5-19 sec/nest) at night (22:00 to 05:17 Central Daylight Time) and left no evidence of predation. Although probably opportunistic, deer predations clearly were deliberate and likely are more common than generally believed. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Pietz, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 419 EP 422 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370HY UT WOS:000165118500018 ER PT J AU Walters, J Annett, C Siegwarth, G AF Walters, J Annett, C Siegwarth, G TI Breeding ecology and behavior of Ozark bass Ambloplites constellatus SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MALE ROCK BASS; RUPESTRIS; SUCCESS AB Ozark bass (Ambloplites constellatus) are endemic to the White River drainage in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. Although they are assumed to be similar to rock bass (A. rupestris), little is known of their behavior or life history. We investigated the spawning behavior and ecology of Ozark bass by snorkeling and seining in the Buffalo National River, Arkansas, from 1990-1992. Most males nested on gravel or cobble substrates. In 1992 65% of nests occurred within 1 m downstream of cover. Egg deposition was asynchronous, but began when water temperatures reached 17 C. Embryos hatched in 5 d at a mean water temperature of 21 C and free-embryos remained in their nests for up to 9 d before swim-up. Predation and high water limit Ozark bass spawning success in the Buffalo River. No nests in our study area successfully produced dispersing young in 1991, while 10% of nests monitored in 1992 were successful. Young-of-year were difficult for divers to locate during the day in 1990-1992 and were caught in seine hauls at night, but not during the day, suggesting that they may be nocturnal at this stage. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Walters, J (reprint author), Idaho Dept Fish & Game, 2750 Kathleen Ave, Coeur DAlene, ID 83814 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 423 EP 427 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0423:BEABOO]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370HY UT WOS:000165118500019 ER PT J AU Merrill, SB Mech, LD AF Merrill, SB Mech, LD TI Details of extensive movements by minnesota wolves (Canis lupus) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; DISPERSAL; WOLF AB We used VHF, GPS and satellite radiocollars to study details of long distance movements by four Minnesota wolves (Canis lupus). Number of locations during our tracking ranged from 14 to 274. Farthest distances reached ranged from 183-494 km, and minimum distances traveled (sums of line segments) ranged from 490-4251 km. Numbers of times wolves crossed state, provincial or interstate highways ranged from 1 to 215. All four of the wolves returned to or near their natal territories after up to 179 d and at least two left again. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Camp Ripley Headquarters, Environm Off, Little Falls, MN 56345 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 428 EP 433 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0428:DOEMBM]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370HY UT WOS:000165118500020 ER PT J AU Handel, CM Gill, RE AF Handel, CM Gill, RE TI Mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity in a monogamous sandpiper, the black turnstone SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID NATAL PHILOPATRY; SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; NUMENIUS-AMERICANUS; HOLARCTIC WADERS; MATING SYSTEM; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; HYPOTHESES; EVOLUTION AB We examined the relationship between mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity during a 5-year study of the black turnstone, Arenaria melanocephala, a socially monogamous sandpiper breeding in subArctic Alaska. We tested the predictions of several hypotheses regarding the incidence of divorce and the benefits of fidelity to mate and breeding site. Interannual return rates to the breeding grounds (88% for males, 79% for females) were among the highest yet recorded for any scolopacid sandpiper, and 88% of returning birds nested on their previous year's territory. The annual divorce rate was only 11%, and mate fidelity was significantly linked to fidelity to territory but independent of sex and year. Males arrived in spring significantly earlier than their mates and interannual fidelity was influenced by the relative timing of arrival of pair members. Reunited pairs had significantly higher hedging success than new pairs formed after death or divorce. The incidence of divorce was unrelated to reproductive success the previous year, although birds nested significantly further away after failure than after a successful nesting attempt. Sightings of marked individuals suggested that members of pairs do not winter together, and breeding site tenacity provides a mechanism through which pair members can reunite. We reject the 'incompatibility' hypothesis for divorce in turnstones, and our data contradict predictions of the 'better option' hypothesis. Alternatively, we propose the 'bet-hedging' hypothesis to explain the occurrence of divorce, which transpires when an individual pairs with a new mate to avoid the cost of waiting for a previous mate to return. Such costs can include remaining unmated, if the former mate has died, or experiencing lower reproductive success because of delayed breeding. C1 USGS Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Handel, CM (reprint author), USGS Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; OI Handel, Colleen/0000-0002-0267-7408 NR 60 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 60 BP 471 EP 481 DI 10.1006/anbe.2000.1505 PN 4 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 368DA UT WOS:000090101400008 ER PT J AU Howard, RJ Mendelssohn, IA AF Howard, RJ Mendelssohn, IA TI Structure and composition of oligohaline marsh plant communities exposed to salinity pulses SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE flooding stress; plant community response; plant growth; salinity stress; species richness; wetlands ID ENGLAND SALT-MARSH; FRESH-WATER; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; SALTWATER INTRUSION; COASTAL LOUISIANA; GROWTH; VEGETATION; COMPETITION; ZONATION; SULFIDE AB The response of two oligohaline marsh macrophyte communities to pulses of increased salinity was studied over a single growing season in a greenhouse experiment. The plant communities were allowed a recovery period in freshwater following the pulse events. The experimental treatments included: (1) salinity influx rate (rate of salinity increase from 0 to 12 g l(-1)); (2) duration of exposure to elevated salinity; and (3) water depth. The communities both included Sagittaria lancifolia L,; the codominant species were Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer and J.A. Schultes in community 1 and Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz and R. Keller in community 2. Effects of the treatments on sediment chemical characteristics (salinity, pH, redox potential, and sulfide and ammonium concentrations) and plant community attributes (aboveground and belowground biomass, stem density, leaf tissue nutrients, and species richness) were examined. The treatment effects often interacted to influence sediment and plant communities characteristics following recovery in fresh water. Salinity influx rate per se, however, had little effect on the abiotic or biotic response variables; significant influx effects were found when the 0 g l(-1) (zero influx) treatment was compared to the 12 g l(-1) treatments, regardless of the rate salinity was raised. A salinity level of 12 g l(-1) had negative effects on plant community structure and composition; these effects were usually associated with 3 months of salinity exposure. Water depth often interacted with exposure duration, but increased water depth did independently decrease the values of some community response measures. Community 1 was affected more than community 2 in the most extreme salinity treatment (3 months exposure/15-cm water depth). Although species richness in both communities was reduced, structural changes were more dramatic in community 1. Biomass and stem density were reduced in community 1 overall and in both dominant species. Structural changes in community 2 consisted of reduced biomass and stem density in the community overall and in S. lancifolia; S. americanus was not affected by salinity. in this most extreme treatment, community 2 tended to change to a monospecific S. americanus stand while community 1 was reduced to a few surviving stems of secondary species. Our results suggest that vegetation recovery or establishment of new species following a temporary increase in soil water salinity will vary with exposure duration and water depth. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Ctr Coastal Energy & Environm Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Howard, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 44 TC 23 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 68 IS 2 BP 143 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(00)00108-X PG 22 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 365JP UT WOS:000089948400003 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Christie, JS AF Krementz, DG Christie, JS TI Clearcut stand size and scrub-successional bird assemblages SO AUK LA English DT Article ID POPULATION; PERSPECTIVE; MANAGEMENT; SHRUBLAND; RESPONSES; FORESTS; MAINE AB We investigated the effects of clearcut stand size on species richness, reproductive effort, and relative abundance of scrub-successional birds and the entire bird assemblage at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. We used standardized mist net grids to mark and recapture birds in clearcuts replanted with longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in stands of 2 to 57 ha that were two to six years old. Species richness for the entire bird assemblage was not explained by stand size (P = 0.67), stand age (P = 0.95), or the interaction of these two variables (P = 0.90). Similarly, species richness of scrub-successional birds was not explained by stand size (P = 0.63), stand age (P = 0.55), or the interaction of stand size and stand age (P = 0.35). Regressing species richness on clearcut stand size, we found a significant negative relationship between these variables for the entire bird assemblage (P = 0.01) and for scrub-successional birds (P = 0.02). The ratio of juveniles to adults in mist-net samples varied by year (P = 0.04), but neither clearcut size (P = 0.23) nor the interaction of clearcut size and year (P = 0.25) was related to the ratio of juveniles to adults in the sample. We found no relationship between the frequency of capture of any category of birds and stand size (scrub-successional, P = 0.52; woodland, P = 0.77; combined sample, P = 0.55). Neither bird-species richness, reproductive effort, nor relative abundance differed across clearcut stand sizes. Clearcut stand size does not appear to be an important management variable if variation in species richness, reproductive effort, or relative abundance are objectives. We suggest that even-aged forestry is a useful tool for managing birds in the southeastern United States. C1 Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Krementz, DG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2000 VL 117 IS 4 BP 913 EP 924 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0913:CSSASS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 367PK UT WOS:000090070500005 ER PT J AU Hahn, DC Price, RD Osenton, PC AF Hahn, DC Price, RD Osenton, PC TI Use of lice to identify Cowbird hosts SO AUK LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ECTOPARASITES; PARASITISM; ECOLOGY AB Brood-parasitic nestlings have a unique opportunity to encounter host-specific lice (Phthiraptera). Lice are permanent ectoparasites found strictly on the body of the host, and they are transferred almost exclusively by bodily contact during copulation and care of young. We investigated whether Brown-headed Cowbird (Malothrus ater) nestlings become infested with lice from their host parents and carry these after fledging, in effect bearing ectoparasite indicators of the species that raised them. Examining lice on cowbirds to identify foster parents would be less costly than determining parasitism patterns in the conventional way by finding many host nests. The 244 cowbird fledglings that we examined carried 11 species and 6 genera of lice, almost the entire spectrum of louse genera known from passerines. We also examined 320 songbirds from 30 species of hosts. As a group, the diversity of louse species on hosts was comparable to that on fledgling cowbirds: 13 species and 7 genera. In contrast, most individual host species yielded only one or two louse species, significantly fewer than on cowbird fledglings. Of 44 fledgling cowbirds with lice, 11 were linked with probable avian foster parents, and 18 other fledglings were linked with one of two possible foster parents. We conclude that cowbird fledglings carry away host lice and that our technique provides a partial assessment of parasitism patterns. The incomplete state of louse taxonomy requires that users of the technique obtain a reference collection of lice from host species in addition to the sample collection from cowbird fledglings. Lice from cowbird fledglings can be identified by a taxonomist and linked to particular host species, and the principal difficulty is the scarcity of skilled louse taxonomists. We also found an unusually rich louse fauna on 219 adult cowbirds, which supports the interpretation that lack of opportunity due to physical isolation has been the fundamental factor in the host specificity of lice in certain avian orders. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Hahn, DC (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11410 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM caldwell_hahn@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2000 VL 117 IS 4 BP 943 EP 951 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0943:UOLTIC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 367PK UT WOS:000090070500008 ER PT J AU McCarty, JP Secord, AL AF McCarty, JP Secord, AL TI Possible effects of PCB contamination on female plumage color and reproductive success in Hudson River Tree Swallows SO AUK LA English DT Article ID MALE GREAT TITS; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SEXUAL SELECTION; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; CONSPICUOUS PLUMAGE; BREEDING BIOLOGY; SUBADULT PLUMAGE; PASSERINE BIRDS; PARUS-MAJOR AB Chemical contaminants in the environment can influence both morphological and behavioral traits. Ornamental traits such as plumage color may be especially valuable in detecting the effects of toxic chemicals in the environment, although they have been little used to date. We examined patterns of plumage color in subadult female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding in an area on the Hudson River that had high levels of PCB contamination and compared them with specimens from other parts of the species' range and with data from two previous studies of plumage color. Tree Swallows are one of the few species of birds where females, but not males, have a distinctive subadult plumage during their first breeding season. Females from four breeding colonies in contaminated areas had significantly more adult-type blue-green coloring than females from the rest of the species' range. Subadult female plumage color at these sites formed a continuum between the normal dull brown plumage found elsewhere and the blue-green plumage of older females. Among these subadults, more colorful individuals bred earlier, and earlier breeding in turn led to larger clutches. The patterns of plumage anomalies described here are consistent with disruption of the endocrine system resulting in the early expression of an adult trait. This study supports recent suggestions that examining variation in ornamental traits of animals is an efficient means of detecting effects of chemical contaminants in the environment. C1 Cornell Univ, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New York Field Off, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McCarty, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 56 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2000 VL 117 IS 4 BP 987 EP 995 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0987:PEOPCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 367PK UT WOS:000090070500013 ER PT J AU Walters, JR Beissinger, SR Fitzpatrick, JW Greenberg, R Nichols, JD Pulliam, HR Winkler, DW AF Walters, JR Beissinger, SR Fitzpatrick, JW Greenberg, R Nichols, JD Pulliam, HR Winkler, DW TI The AOU Conservation Committee review of the biology, status, and management of cape sable seaside sparrows: Final report SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SNAIL KITE; POPULATION VIABILITY; EVOLUTION C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Walters, JR (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Beissinger, Steven/F-3809-2012 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2000 VL 117 IS 4 BP 1093 EP 1115 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[1093:TACCRO]2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 367PK UT WOS:000090070500033 ER PT J AU Gough, RE Hansen, WR AF Gough, RE Hansen, WR TI Characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from domestic geese in Australia SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; SEARCH AB A herpesvirus (GHV 552/89) associated with high mortality in a flock of domestic geese in Australia was compared with duck virus enteritis (DVE) herpesvirus by cross-protection studies in domestic geese, Muscovy ducks and commercial Pekin ducks. In DVE-vaccinated geese, Muscovy ducks and Pekin ducks, mortality levels of 100, 50 and 0%, respectively, were recorded following challenge with GHV 552/89. Conversely, in geese, Muscovy ducks and Pekin ducks immunized with inactivated GHV 552/89, 100% mortality was observed in the geese and Muscovy ducks, and 80% in the Pekin ducks following challenge with DVE virus. The isolate was also compared with six other avian herpesviruses using cross-neutralization tests in cell cultures. No detectable cross-neutralization occurred with any of the avian herpesviruses tested. Further characterization of GHV 552/89 was undertaken by comparing its genome with strains of DVE herpesvirus using restriction endonuclease analysis of the viral DNA and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Following digestion with HindIII, the DNA fragment pattern of GHV 552/89 was found to be completely different from the DVE viruses. Similarities were found between the digestion patterns of a UK and a US DVE isolate, but both mere distinguishable from a UK vaccine strain. The results of the PCR analysis and comparison using two DVE-specific primer sets did not produce specific amplification products of expected molecular weights (603 and 446 base pairs) from the GHV 552/89 genome. The PCR products derived from the DVE strains were similar to those derived from the DVE control DNA. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the goose herpesvirus GHV 552/89 is antigenically and genomically distinct from DVE herpesvirus. C1 VLA, Avian Virol, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Gough, RE (reprint author), VLA, Avian Virol, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 417 EP 422 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 382BU UT WOS:000165799200005 PM 19184833 ER PT J AU Blanco, JM Gee, G Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM AF Blanco, JM Gee, G Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM TI Species variation in osmotic, cryoprotectant, and cooling rate tolerance in poultry, eagle, and peregrine falcon spermatozoa SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE male sexual function; seasonal reproduction; sperm; sperm motility and transport ID ACTIVATION-ENERGY; CRYOPRESERVATION; GLYCEROL; CELLS; PERMEABILITY; SPERM; SEMEN; FOWL AB Potential factors influencing spermatozoa survival to cryopreservation and thawing were analyzed across a range of the following avian species: domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti, and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Studies focused on spermatozoa tolerance to the following: 1) osmotic stress, 2) different extracellular concentrations of the cryoprotectant dimethylacetamide (DMA), 3) equilibration times of 1 versus 4 h, 4) equilibration temperature of 4 versus 21 degrees C, and 5) rapid versus slow cooling before cryopreservation and standard thawing. Sperm viability was assessed with the live/dead stain (SYBR-14/propidium iodine). Sperm viability at osmolalities greater than or equal to 800 mOsm was higher (P < 0.05) in raptor than poultry semen. Return to isotonicity after exposure to hypertonicity (3000 mOsm) decreased (P < 0.05) number of viable spermatozoa in chicken, turkey, and golden and Bonelli's eagle spermatozoa but not in imperial eagle or peregrine falcon spermatozoa. Differences were found in spermatozoa resistance to hypotonic conditions, with eagle species demonstrating the most tolerance. Semen, equilibrated for 1 h (4 degrees C) in diluent containing DMA (greater than or equal to 2.06 M), experienced decreased (P < 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species, except the golden eagle and peregrine falcon. Number of surviving spermatozoa diminished progressively with increasing DMA concentrations in all species. Increased equilibration temperature (from 4 to 21 degrees C) markedly reduced (P ( 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species except the Bonelli's eagle and turkey. Rapid cooling was detrimental (P < 0.05) to spermatozoa from all species except the imperial eagle and the chicken. These results demonstrate that avian spermatozoa differ remarkably in response to osmotic changes, DMA concentrations, equilibration time, temperature, and survival after fast or slow freezing. These differences emphasize the need for species-specific studies in the development and enhancement of assisted breeding for poultry and endangered species. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Conservat & Res Ctr, Natl Zool Pk, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. CERI, Ctr Studies Iberian Raptors, Toledo, Spain. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, PPSR, ARS, USDA,Poultry Sci Ctr O304, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 38 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1164 EP 1171 DI 10.1095/biolreprod63.4.1164 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 357GC UT WOS:000089489300028 PM 10993841 ER PT J AU Petersen, MD Cramer, CH Reichle, MS Frankel, AD Hanks, TC AF Petersen, MD Cramer, CH Reichle, MS Frankel, AD Hanks, TC TI Discrepancy between earthquake rates implied by historic earthquakes and a consensus geologic source model for California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LOS-ANGELES; NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; ORANGE COUNTIES; DEFORMATION; MAGNITUDES; VENTURA; LENGTH AB We examine the difference between expected earthquake rates inferred from the historical earthquake catalog and the geologic data that was used to develop the consensus seismic source characterization for the state of California [California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Petersen et al., 1996; Frankel et al., 1996]. On average the historic earthquake catalog and the seismic source model both indicate about one M 6 or greater earthquake per year in the state of California. However, the overall earthquake rates of earthquakes with magnitudes (M) between 6 and 7 in this seismic source model are higher, by at least a factor of 2, than the mean historic earthquake rates for both southern and northern California. The earthquake rate discrepancy results from a seismic source model that includes earthquakes with characteristic (maximum) magnitudes that are primarily between M 6.4 and 7.1. Many of these faults are interpreted to accommodate high strain rates from geologic and geodetic data but have not ruptured in large earthquakes during historic time. Our sensitivity study indicates that the rate differences between magnitudes 6 and 7 can be reduced by adjusting the magnitude-frequency distribution of the source model to reflect more characteristic behavior, by decreasing the moment rate available for seismogenic slip along faults, by increasing the maximum magnitude of the earthquake on a fault, or by decreasing the maximum magnitude of the background seismicity. However, no single parameter can be adjusted, consistent with scientific consensus, to eliminate the earthquake rate discrepancy. Applying a combination of these parametric adjustments yields an alternative earthquake source model that is more compatible with the historic data. The 475-year return period hazard for peak ground and 1-sec spectral acceleration resulting from this alternative source model differs from the hazard resulting from the standard CDMG-USGS model by less than 10% across most of California but is higher (generally about 10% to 30%) within 20 km from some faults. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Calif Div Mines & Geol, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP US Geol Survey, POB 25046 DFC,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1117 EP 1132 DI 10.1785/0119990008 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372TR UT WOS:000165250600001 ER PT J AU Cassidy, JF Rogers, GC Waldhauser, F AF Cassidy, JF Rogers, GC Waldhauser, F TI Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WESTERN WASHINGTON; SOURCE PARAMETERS; PUGET LOWLAND; EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; VANCOUVER; REGIONS; SOUND AB Southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State are subject to megathrust earthquakes, deep intraslab events, and earthquakes in the continental crust. Of the three types of earthquakes, the most poorly understood are the crustal events. Despite a high level of seismicity, there is no obvious correlation between the historical crustal earthquakes and the mapped surface faults of the region. On 24 June 1997, a M-L = 4.6 earthquake occurred 3-4 km beneath the Strait of Georgia, 30 km to the west of Vancouver, British Columbia. This well-recorded earthquake was preceded by 11 days by a felt foreshock (M-L = 3.4) and was followed by numerous small aftershocks. This earthquake sequence occurred in one of the few regions of persistent shallow seismic activity in southwestern British Columbia, thus providing an ideal opportunity to attempt to characterize an active near-surface fault. We have computed focal mechanisms and utilized a waveform cross-correlation and joint hypocentral determination routine to obtain accurate relative hypocenters of the mainshock, foreshock, and 53 small aftershocks in an attempt to image the active fault and the extent of rupture associated with this earthquake sequence. Both P-nodal and CMT focal mechanisms show thrust faulting for the mainshock and the foreshock. The relocated hypocenters delineate a north-dipping plane at 2-4 km depth, dipping at 53 degrees, in good agreement with the fecal mechanism nodal plane dipping to the north at 47 degrees. The rupture area is estimated to be a 1.3-km-diameter circular area, comparable to that estimated using a Brune rupture model with the estimated seismic moment of 3.17 x 10(15) N m and the stress drop of 45 bars. The temporal sequence indicates a downdip migration of the seismicity along the fault plane. The results of this study provide the first unambiguous evidence for the orientation and sense of motion for active faulting in the Georgia Strait area of British Columbia. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cassidy, JF (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, POB 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1188 EP 1199 DI 10.1785/0120000044 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372TR UT WOS:000165250600006 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Carver, D Cranswick, E Frankel, A AF Hartzell, S Carver, D Cranswick, E Frankel, A TI Variability of site response in seattle, Washington SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND REGION; SOURCE PARAMETERS; EARTHQUAKE; SIMULATIONS; NOISE; WAVES AB Ground motion from local earthquakes and the SHIPS (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound) experiment is used to estimate site amplification factors in Seattle. Earthquake and SHIPS records are analyzed by two methods: (1) spectral ratios relative to a nearby site on Tertiary sandstone, and (2) a source/site spectral inversion technique. Our results show site amplifications between 3 and 4 below 5 Hz for West Seattle relative to Tertiary rock. These values are approximately 30% lower than amplification in the Duwamish Valley on artificial fill, but significantly higher than the calculated range of 2 to 2.5 below 5 Hz for the til-covered hills east of downtown Seattle. Although spectral amplitudes are only 30% higher in the Duwamish Valley compared to West Seattle, the duration of long-period ground motion is significantly greater on the artificial fill sites. Using a three-dimensional displacement response spectrum measure that includes the effects of ground-motion duration, values in the Duwamish Valley are 2 to 3 times greater than West Seattle. These calculations and estimates of site response as a function of receiver azimuth point out the importance of trapped surface-wave energy within the shallow, low-velocity, sedimentary layers of the Duwamish Valley. One-dimensional velocity models yield spectral amplification factors close to the observations for till sites east of downtown Seattle and the Duwamish Valley, but underpredict amplifications by a factor of 2 in West Seattle. A two-dimensional finite-difference model does equally well for the till sites and the Duwamish Valley and also yields duration estimates consistent with the observations for the Duwamish Valley. The two-dimensional model, however, still underpredicts amplification in West Seattle by up to a factor of 2. This discrepancy is attributed to 3D effects, including basin-edge-induced surface waves and basin-geometry-focusing effects, caused by the proximity of the Seattle thrust fault and the sediment-filled Seattle basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1237 EP 1250 DI 10.1785/0120000022 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372TR UT WOS:000165250600008 ER PT J AU Frankel, A Stephenson, W AF Frankel, A Stephenson, W TI Three-dimensional simulations of ground motions in the seattle region for earthquakes in the Seattle fault zone SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND REGION; SANTA-MONICA; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; SITE RESPONSE; SEISMIC-WAVES; WASHINGTON; RUPTURE; AREA; AMPLIFICATION; CALIFORNIA AB We used the 3D finite-difference method to model observed seismograms of two earthquakes (M-L 4.9 and 3.5) in the Seattle region and to simulate ground motions for hypothetical M 6.5 and M 5.0 earthquakes on the Seattle fault, for periods greater than 2 sec. A 3D velocity model of the Seattle Basin was constructed from studies that analyzed seismic-reflection surveys, borehole logs, and gravity and aeromagnetic data. The observations and the simulations highlight the importance of the Seattle Basin on long-period ground motions. For earthquakes occurring just south of the basin, the edge of the basin and the variation of the thickness of the Quaternary deposits in the basin produce much larger surface waves than expected from flat-layered models. The data consist of seismograms recorded by instruments deployed in Seattle by the USGS and the University of Washington (UW). The 3D simulation reproduces the peak amplitude and duration of most of the seismograms of the June 1997 Bremerton event (M-L 4.9) recorded in Seattle. We found the focal mechanism for this event that best fits the observed seismograms in Seattle by combining Green's functions determined from the 3D simulations for the six fundamental moment couples. The February 1997 event (ML 3.5) to the south of the Seattle Basin exhibits a large surface-wave arrival at UW whose amplitude is matched by the synthetics in our 3D velocity model, for a source depth of 9 km. The M 6.5 simulations incorporated a fractal slip distribution on the fault plane. These simulations produced the largest ground motions in an area that includes downtown Seattle. This is mainly caused by rupture directed up dip toward downtown, radiation pattern of the source, and the turning of S waves by the velocity gradient in the Seattle basin. Another area of high ground motion is located about 13 km north of the fault and is caused by an increase in the amplitude of higher-mode Rayleigh waves caused by the thinning of the Quaternary deposits. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1251 EP 1267 DI 10.1785/0119990159 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372TR UT WOS:000165250600009 ER PT J AU Williams, RA Stephenson, WJ Frankel, AD Cranswick, E Meremonte, ME Odum, JK AF Williams, RA Stephenson, WJ Frankel, AD Cranswick, E Meremonte, ME Odum, JK TI Correlation of 1-to 10-Hz earthquake resonances with surface measurements of S-wave reflections and refractions in the upper 50 m SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; SITE RESPONSE; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA AB Resonances observed in earthquake seismograms recorded in Seattle, Washington, the central United States and Sherman Oaks, California, are correlated with each site's respective near-surface seismic velocity profile and reflectivity determined from shallow seismic-reflection/refraction surveys. In all of these cases the resonance accounts for the highest amplitude shaking at the site above 1 Hz. These results show that imaging near-surface reflections from the ground surface can locate impedance structures that are important contributors to earthquake ground shaking. A high-amplitude S-wave reflection, recorded 250-m northeast and 300-m east of the Seattle Kingdome earthquake-recording station, with a two-way travel time of about 0.23 to 0.27 sec (about 18- to 22-m depth) marks the boundary between overlying alluvium (V-s < 180 m/sec) and a higher velocity material (V-s about 400 m/sec). This reflector probably causes a strong 2-Hz resonance that is observed in the earthquake data for the site near the Kingdome. In the central United States, S-wave reflections from a high-impedance boundary tan S-wave velocity increase from about 200 m/ sec to 2000 m/sec) at about 40-m depth corresponds to a strong fundamental resonance at about 1.5 Hz. In Sherman Oaks, strong resonances at about 1.0 and 4 Hz are consistently observed on earthquake seismograms. A strong S-wave reflector at about 40-m depth may cause the 1.0 Hz resonance. The 4.0-Hz resonance is possibly explained by constructive interference between the first overtone of the 1.0-Hz resonance and a 3.25- to 3.9-Hz resonance calculated from an areally consistent impedance boundary at about 10-m depth as determined by S-wave refraction data. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Williams, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1323 EP 1331 DI 10.1785/0120000009 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372TR UT WOS:000165250600016 ER PT J AU Atkinson, GM Boore, DM AF Atkinson, GM Boore, DM TI Reply to comment by R. A. W. Haddon on "Evaluation of models for earthquake source spectra in eastern North America" by Gail M. Atkinson and David M. Boore SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; RESPONSE SPECTRA; DELTA-SIGMA; ROCK SITES; ATTENUATION; CALIFORNIA; SIMULATION; PREDICTION; PARAMETERS; CANADA C1 Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Atkinson, GM (reprint author), Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 5 BP 1339 EP 1341 DI 10.1785/0120000088 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 372TR UT WOS:000165250600018 ER PT J AU Sovada, MA Telesco, DJ Roy, CC AF Sovada, MA Telesco, DJ Roy, CC TI Coyote, Canis latrans, use of commercial sunflower, Helianthus spp., seeds as a food source in western Kansas SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; Coyote; food habits; sunflower seeds; western Kansas ID SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO; NESTING SEASON; DIET AB Food habits of Coyotes (Canis latrans) were determined by analysis of seats collected in western Kansas in 1996. Mammals were the most frequently occurring food of Coyotes (100% of seats), followed by plants (39%), insects (30%) and birds (9%). Commercial sunflower (Helianthus spp.) seeds were found in 9 of 23 seats. When present, they composed a high volume of individual seats ((x) over bar = 31%). Substantial use of commercial sunflower seeds as a food source by Coyotes has not been previously documented. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Sovada, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 114 IS 4 BP 697 EP 699 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 431CG UT WOS:000168613900019 ER PT J AU Shrimpton, JM Bjornsson, BT McCormick, SD AF Shrimpton, JM Bjornsson, BT McCormick, SD TI Can Atlantic salmon smolt twice? Endocrine and biochemical changes during smolting SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PLASMA GROWTH-HORMONE; GILL CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTORS; K+ ATPASE ACTIVITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; CORTISOL TREATMENT; HYPOOSMOREGULATORY ABILITY; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SALAR AB Smolting is characterized by morphological and physiological changes, some of which are reversible if fish remain in freshwater. Whether fish that smolt in the first year will repeat physiological changes associated with smolting a second time is not known. To assess whether Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can smolt more than once, we sampled hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon at monthly intervals for 2 years beginning the fall after hatching. Fish showed differences in rate of growth and were easily differentiated by size into upper mode (UM) and lower mode (LM) by the first fall. In the first spring, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity of UM and LM fish increased six- and three-fold, respectively. Plasma growth hormone levels in spring were significantly elevated in UM fish but not in LM. Plasma cortisol levels changed little and gill corticosteroid receptor concentration did not differ between the groups. During the summer, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity declined in both groups and remained low until the next spring. The second spring, growth hormone levels did not increase significantly and cortisol levels increased. The increase in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and cortisol and high saltwater tolerance indicate that UM Atlantic salmon can smolt in two consecutive years. C1 US Geol Survey, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, Fish Endocrinol Lab, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Shrimpton, JM (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Biol Program, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008; Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756; Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 36 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 57 IS 10 BP 1969 EP 1976 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-10-1969 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 371PX UT WOS:000165188300002 ER PT J AU Burger, CV Scribner, KT Spearman, WJ Swanton, CO Campton, DE AF Burger, CV Scribner, KT Spearman, WJ Swanton, CO Campton, DE TI Genetic contribution of three introduced life history forms of sockeye salmon to colonization of Frazer Lake, Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; POPULATION SUBDIVISION; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; KODIAK ISLAND; NEW-ZEALAND; NERKA; DNA; DIFFERENTIATION AB Colonization of Frazer Lake (Kodiak Island, Alaska) by sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) represents a rare, successful introduction of this species into a new environment. Eggs, fry, and adults were introduced repeatedly into Frazer Lake from 1951 to 1971. Donors originated from three source populations, each with different life histories: late-run lake shoreline spawners (Karluk Lake), early-run inlet tributary spawners (Red Lake), and late-run lake outlet spawners (Ruth Lake). We used six nuclear DNA (nDNA) microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to determine which donor population(s) had colonized the principal spawning habitats of Frazer Lake: three shoreline areas and four inlet tributaries. Based on nDNA comparisons, two shoreline-spawning populations were most similar to the shoreline donor, and the four tributary-spawning populations were most similar to the tributary donor. However, five of the seven Frazer Lake populations appeared to be influenced genetically by more than one donor. Genetic distances based on mtDNA were independent of life histories with high (relative to nDNA) interpopulation variation, suggesting significant female founder effects and poststocking drift. Our data suggest that life history adaptations of donor populations were critically important for successful colonization of Frazer Lake, thus underscoring the need to consider life history traits in other introduction and recovery programs. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fishery Resources, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Burger, CV (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. NR 64 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 57 IS 10 BP 2096 EP 2111 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-10-2096 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 371PX UT WOS:000165188300014 ER PT J AU Wells, BK Bath, GE Thorrold, SR Jones, CM AF Wells, BK Bath, GE Thorrold, SR Jones, CM TI Incorporation of strontium, cadmium, and barium in juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) scales reflects water chemistry SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH OTOLITHS; OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STRIPED BASS; FRESH-WATER; CALCIUM; TEMPERATURE; RATIOS; MICROSTRUCTURE AB We investigated the hypothesis that strontium:calcium (Sr:Ca), cadmium:calcium (Cd:Ca), and barium:calcium (Ba:Ca) composition in scales reflects that of the ambient seawater in which fish were reared under controlled experimental conditions. Juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) were held in replicate tanks containing four different concentrations of Sr, Cd, and Ba maintained at either 20 or 25degreesC for a total of 42 days. The elemental composition of scales from these fish was analyzed at the termination of the experiment, using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sr, Cd, and Ba levels in the scales, expressed as ratios to Ca, were linearly related to environmental concentrations, indicating that the elements were incorporated inconstant proportions to levels in the ambient water. Temperature had no measurable effect on the uptake of Sr, Cd, or Ba into the scales. Finally, Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios in scales were highly correlated with levels in the otoliths from the same treatment. In all, Sr:Ca, Cd:Ca, and Ba:Ca signatures in scales appear to be representative of the ambient environment and, therefore, may be useful for quantifying life-history characteristics of individual fish. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Wells, BK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Maryland Fishery Resource Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RI Thorrold, Simon/B-7565-2012 OI Thorrold, Simon/0000-0002-1533-7517 NR 33 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 57 IS 10 BP 2122 EP 2129 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-10-2122 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 371PX UT WOS:000165188300016 ER PT J AU Klemens, JA Harper, RG Frick, JA Capparella, AP Richardson, HB Coffey, MJ AF Klemens, JA Harper, RG Frick, JA Capparella, AP Richardson, HB Coffey, MJ TI Patterns of organochlorine pesticide contamination in Neotropical migrant passerines in relation to diet and winter habitat SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE organochlorine; neotropical migrant; passerine; pesticide; diet; winter habitat ID FALCO-PEREGRINUS; TREE SWALLOWS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; UNITED-STATES; BIRDS; CANADA; PREY; RESIDUES; AMERICA; MEXICO AB Eleven species of Neotropical migrant passerines collected in Illinois (USA) during May 1996, were analyzed for the presence of organochlorine (OC) pesticides. At least one of five OC pesticide residues was detected in 66 of 72 birds, representing all species examined. The contaminants most frequently detected were p,p'-DDE, dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide, all of which were present in the 10-30 ng/g range. Insectivores had significantly higher levels of these compounds than did non-insectivores, while then was no significant main effect of winter habitat (forest and scrub). Future research on OC pesticide contamination in resident New World passerines may allow more accurate predictions regarding the sources of contamination in Neotropical migrants. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Illinois Wesleyan Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IL 61702 USA. Illinois Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IL 61702 USA. Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ecol Grp, Normal, IL 61790 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rock Isl Field Off, Rock Island, IL 61201 USA. RP Frick, JA (reprint author), Illinois Wesleyan Univ, Dept Chem, POB 2900, Bloomington, IL 61702 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 2000 VL 41 IS 7 BP 1107 EP 1113 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00561-5 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 322RD UT WOS:000087521800019 PM 10879830 ER PT J AU Crist, PJ AF Crist, PJ TI Animal-distribution modeling in gap analysis: an evolving science SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Gap Anal Program, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Crist, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Gap Anal Program, 530 S Asbury St,Suite 1, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 1224 EP 1224 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.01452.x PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363CL UT WOS:000089816800002 ER PT J AU Bridges, CM Semlitsch, RD AF Bridges, CM Semlitsch, RD TI Variation in pesticide tolerance of tadpoles among and within species of ranidae and patterns of amphibian decline SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FROG RANA-CLAMITANS; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; POPULATION DECLINES; SIERRA-NEVADA; TOXICITY; CALIFORNIA; DESICCATION; DISAPPEARANCE; METAMORPHOSIS; SENSITIVITY AB There a significant variation among and within amphibian species with respect to reports of population decline; declining species are often found in environments that are physiographically similar to environments where the same species is thriving. Because variability exists among organisms in their sensitivity to environmental stressors, it is important to determine the degree of this variation when undertaking conservation efforts. We conducted both lethal (time-to-death) and sublethal (activity change) assays to determine the degree of variation in the sensitivity of tadpoles to a pesticide, carbaryl, at three hierarchical levels: among ranid species, among several populations of a single ranid species (Rana sphenocephala), and within populations of R. sphenocephala We observed significant variation in time to death among the nine ranid species and among the 10 R. sphenocephala populations we tested Four out of eight R. sphenocephala populations exhibited significantly different times to death among families. The magnitude of the activity change in response to exposure to sublethal carbaryl levels was significantly different among species and within R. sphenocephala populations. Chemical contamination, at lethal or sublethal levels, can alter natural regulatory processes such as juvenile recruitment in amphibian populations and should be considered a contributing cause of declines in amphibian populations. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Bridges, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. OI Semlitsch, Raymond/0000-0002-7999-5762 NR 62 TC 126 Z9 139 U1 3 U2 34 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 1490 EP 1499 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99343.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363CL UT WOS:000089816800038 ER PT J AU Andersen, DC Cooper, DJ AF Andersen, DC Cooper, DJ TI Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: Effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE alluvial arid-land rivers; browsing; Dinosaur National Monument; Fremont cotton-wood growth; Green River; mammalian herbivory; Microtus montanus; plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions; population dynamics; Populus deltoids; regulated river; riparian vegetation; Yampa River ID RIPARIAN COTTONWOODS; RIVER FLOODPLAIN; SOUTHERN ALBERTA; GREEN RIVER; BIODIVERSITY; DOWNSTREAM; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS; SELECTION AB Floodplain plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions have received little attention despite their potential as determinants of floodplain structure and functioning. We used five types of exclosures to differentially exclude small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals from accessing Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. wizlizenii (Watson) Eckenwalder) seedlings and saplings growing naturally on four landform types at an alluvial reach on each of two rivers, the Green and Yampa, in Colorado and Utah. The two study reaches differed primarily as a result of flow regulation on the Green River, which began in 1962. Landforms were a rarely hooded portion of the alluvial plain, geomorphically active slow- and fast-water channel margin sites on the Yampa reach, and an aggrading side channel on the Green. Small-mammal live-trapping and observational data indicated that, with minor exceptions, the kinds of mammals rating cottonwood within each reach were identical. We monitored condition and fates of individual cottonwood plants from October 1993 through the 1997 growing season. Differences in survival and growth were noted both within and between reaches, and both due to, and independent of, mammalian herbivory. Comparisons of cottonwood growth and survivorship among exclosures and between exclosures and controls indicated that a small mammal, Microtus montanus, reduced seedling and sapling survivorship at the Green River reach, but to a lesser extent (seedlings) or not at all (saplings) on the Yampa reach. In contrast, reductions in sapling height increment attributable to medium- and large-sized herbivores were detected only at the Yampa site. We suggest that these differences are a result of (1) flow regulation allowing Microtus populations to escape the mortality normally accompanying the large, snowmelt-driven spring flood, as well as regulation promoting a herbaceous understory favorable to voles, and (2) greater browsing pressure from overwintering deer and elk at the Yampa reach, unrelated to flow regulation. Within areas used by foraging beaver, the probability of a sapling being cut by beaver was similar on the two reaches. This study suggests that changes in riparian plant-herbivore relationships due to shifts in river hydrology may be a common and important consequence of river regulation. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Andersen, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, D-8220,POB 25007, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 62 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 36 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1384 EP 1399 DI 10.2307/2641293 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361VK UT WOS:000089744800015 ER PT J AU McKenzie, D Peterson, DL Agee, JK AF McKenzie, D Peterson, DL Agee, JK TI Fire frequency in the interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE coarse scale; Columbia River Basin; cover types; fire effects; fire frequency; fire history; fire return interval; potential vegetation; semiqualitative methods; tree-based model ID MANAGING ECOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; CROWN FIRE; HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; FOREST; SCALE; DISTURBANCE; SUCCESSION; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS AB Fire frequency affects vegetation composition and successional pathways; thus it is essential to understand fire regimes in order to manage natural resources at broad spatial scales. Fire history data are lacking for many regions for which fire management decisions are being made, so models are needed to estimate past fire frequency where local data are not yet available. We developed multiple regression models and tree-based (classification and regression tree, or CART) models to predict fire return intervals across the interior Columbia River basin at l-km resolution, using georeferenced fire history, potential vegetation, cover type, and precipitation databases. The models combined semiqualitative methods and rigorous statistics. The fire history data are of uneven quality; some estimates are based on only one tree, and many are not cross-dated. Therefore, we weighted the models based on data quality and performed a sensitivity analysis of the effects on the models of estimation errors that are due to lack of cross-dating. The regression models predict fire return intervals from 1 to 375 yr for forested areas, whereas the tree-based models predict a range of 8 to 150 yr. Both types of models predict latitudinal and elevational gradients of increasing fire return intervals. Examination of regional-scale output suggests that, although the tree-based models explain more of the variation in the original data, the regression models are less likely to produce extrapolation errors. Thus, the models serve complementary purposes in elucidating the relationships among fire frequency, the predictor variables, and spatial scale. The models can provide local managers with quantitative information and provide data to initialize coarse-scale fire-effects models, although predictions for individual sites should be treated with caution because of the varying quality and uneven spatial coverage of the fire history database. The models also demonstrate the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods when requisite data for fully quantitative models are unavailable. They can be tested by comparing new, independent fire history reconstructions against their predictions and can be continually updated, as better fire history data become available. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP McKenzie, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 87 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1497 EP 1516 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1497:FFITIC]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361VK UT WOS:000089744800022 ER PT J AU Van Metre, PC Mahler, BJ Furlong, ET AF Van Metre, PC Mahler, BJ Furlong, ET TI Urban sprawl leaves its PAH signature SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENT CORES; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; LAKE; RESERVOIR; ACCUMULATION; ENVIRONMENT; TRENDS AB The increasing vehicle traffic associated with urban sprawl in the United States is frequently linked to degradation of air quality, but its effect on aquatic sediment is less well-recognized. This study evaluates trends in PAHs, a group of contaminants with multiple urban sources, in sediment cores from 10 reservoirs and lakes in six U.S. metropolitan areas. The watersheds chosen represent a range in degree and age of urbanization. Concentrations of PAHs in all 10 reservoirs and fakes increased during the past 20-40 years. PAH contamination of the most recently deposited sediment at all sites exceeded sediment-quality guidelines established by Environment Canada, in some cases by several orders of magnitude. These results add a new chapter to the story told by previous coring studies that reported decreasing concentrations of PAHs after reaching highs in the 1950s. Concurrent with the increase in concentrations is a change in the assemblage of PAHs that indicates the increasing trends are driven by combustion sources. The increase in PAH concentrations tracks closely with increases in automobile use, even in watersheds that have not undergone substantial changes in urban land-use levels since the 1970s. C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Van Metre, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552; Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 31 TC 240 Z9 242 U1 11 U2 62 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 19 BP 4064 EP 4070 DI 10.1021/es991007n PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359HB UT WOS:000089604500019 ER PT J AU Echols, KR Gale, RW Schwartz, TR Huckins, JN Williams, LL Meadows, JC Morse, D Petty, JD Orazio, CE Tillitt, DE AF Echols, KR Gale, RW Schwartz, TR Huckins, JN Williams, LL Meadows, JC Morse, D Petty, JD Orazio, CE Tillitt, DE TI Comparing polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and patterns in the Saginaw River using sediment, caged fish, and semipermeable membrane devices SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAKES FOOD-CHAINS; GREAT-LAKES; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; EATING BIRDS; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; WATER; CHEMICALS; CONGENERS; MICHIGAN AB Three techniques of assessing bioavailable polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Saginaw River, MI, were compared: sediments,caged fish, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). SPMDs and caged fish were placed in the river for 28 days at five sites where sediments were also sampled. The samples were analyzed for PCB congeners to determine concentrations and patterns. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 33 to 280 ng/g (dry weight) in sediments, 46 to 290 ng/g (wet weight) in caged fish, and 77 to 790 ng/g in SPMDs. Previously reported rates of PCB accumulation by SPMDs were used to estimate aqueous concentrations from the PCB concentrations detected in the SPMDs. Sediment-water partition coefficients were used to estimate aqueous PCB concentrations from sediment. Steady-state bioconcentration factors and depuration rate constants were used to estimate dissolved PCB concentrations from caged channel catfish. Relative PCB patterns from the SPMDs, caged fish, and sediment were compared using principal components analysis. SPMD and sediment samples provide complementary information. Sediments reflect long-term accumulation and weathering, while SPMDs integrate water concentrations only during the sampling period. Because of higher water solubilities of lower-chlorinated PCBs these predominate in the SPMDs as compared to in the fish and sediments. Contaminant profile differences between caged fish and SPMDs are likely due to metabolism and depuration of certain PCB congeners by fish. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Field Off, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan Dept Environm Qual, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. RP Echols, KR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 44 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 19 BP 4095 EP 4102 DI 10.1021/es001169f PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359HB UT WOS:000089604500023 ER PT J AU Vann, SL Sparling, DW Ottinger, MA AF Vann, SL Sparling, DW Ottinger, MA TI Effects of white phosphorus on mallard reproduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; reproductive effects; white phosphorus; teratogenesis ID WATERFOWL; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY AB Extensive waterfowl mortality involving thousands of ducks, geese, and swans has occurred annually at Eagle River Flats, Alaska, USA, since at least 1982. The primary agent for this mortality has been identified as white phosphorus. Although acute and subacute lethality have been described, sublethal effects are less well known. This study reports on the effects of white phosphorus on reproductive function in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)in captivity. Fertility, hatching success, teratogenicity, and egg laying frequency were examined in 70 adult female mallards who received up to seven daily doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg of white phosphorus. Measurements of fertility and hatchability were reduced by the white phosphorus. Teratogenic effects were observed in embryos from hens dosed at all treatment levels. Egg laying frequency was reduced even at the lowest treatment level; treated hens required a greater number of days to lay a clutch of 12 eggs than control hens. After two doses at 2.0 mg/kg, all females stopped laying completely for a minimum of 10 d, and laying frequency was depressed for at least 45 d. Fertility of 10 adult male mallards dosed with 1.0 mg/kg of white phosphorus did not differ from 10 controls, but plasma testosterone levels were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the treated males 1 d after dosing ended. These results provide evidence that productivity of free-ranging mallards may be impaired if they are exposed to white phosphorus at typical field levels. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 10 BP 2525 EP 2531 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2525:EOWPOM>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 360PN UT WOS:000089676600019 ER PT J AU Secor, DH Niklitschek, EJ Stevenson, JT Gunderson, TE Minkkinen, SP Richardson, B Florence, B Mangold, M Skjeveland, J Henderson-Arzapalo, A AF Secor, DH Niklitschek, EJ Stevenson, JT Gunderson, TE Minkkinen, SP Richardson, B Florence, B Mangold, M Skjeveland, J Henderson-Arzapalo, A TI Dispersal and growth of yearling Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus released into Chesapeake Bay SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SHORTNOSE STURGEONS; NORTH-AMERICA; RIVER; MOVEMENTS; SURVIVAL; BIOLOGY; WILD AB Significant fisheries for Chesapeake Bay Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus, have been absent for nearly a century, and there has been no evidence of recovery in the intervening years. Endangerment of Atlantic sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay has stimulated interest in aquaculture-based restoration programs. A critical and unknown issue is whether hatchery released fish would encounter habitats that support growth and survival. In July 1996, approximately three thousand Atlantic sturgeon yearlings were released into Nanticoke River (Maryland) and subsequently tracked to evaluate their growth and dispersal. Biotelemetry of 32 individuals showed down-estuary emigration into the Chesapeake mainstem habitat during summer and fall at average ground speeds below 0.5 km/d. During the first year after release, 262 yearlings were captured by commercial fishermen. All yearlings and two-year-old fish were determined to be of hatchery origin (8% capture rate). Yearlings were captured throughout the Chesapeake Bay mainstem and tributaries. Two released sturgeon were captured in the Albemarle Sound System (Chowan River, NC). Juveniles captured during summer and fall experienced ca. 1.5% daily specific growth rate. Diets comprised annelid worms, isopods, amphipods, and mysids. Wide dispersal, high incidence of feeding, and positive growth rates suggested that hatchery-produced juveniles dispersed to areas that supported consumption, growth, and survival. Because the Chesapeake Bay continues to support juvenile habitats, we propose that curtailed or absent spawning stock or spawning habitat, or both, are principal factors that have contributed to lack of Atlantic sturgeon recovery during the twentieth century. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Div Fisheries, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. MFRO, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Secor, DH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, 1 Williams St, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RI Niklitschek, Edwin/A-7066-2008; Secor, D/D-4367-2012 OI Niklitschek, Edwin/0000-0001-5561-3494; Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 98 IS 4 BP 800 EP 810 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 381EV UT WOS:000165750100013 ER PT J AU Persson, P Shrimpton, JM McCormick, SD Bjornsson, BT AF Persson, P Shrimpton, JM McCormick, SD Bjornsson, BT TI The presence of high-affinity, low-capacity estradiol-17 beta binding in rainbow trout scale indicates a possible endocrine route for the regulation of scale resorption SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RECEPTOR MESSENGER-RNA; HEPATIC ESTROGEN-RECEPTORS; FEMALE BROWN TROUT; SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; SALMO-TRUTTA-L; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CALCIUM-UPTAKE; CARASSIUS-AURATUS; CA-2+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; CYNOSCION-NEBULOSUS AB High-affinity, low-capacity estradiol-17 beta (E-2) binding is present in rainbow trout scale. The K-d and B-max of the scale E-2 binding are similar to those of the liver E-2 receptor (K-d is 1.6 +/- 0.1 and 1.4 +/- 0.1 nM, and B-max is 9.1 +/- 1.2 and 23.1 +/- 2.2 fmol x mg protein(-1), for scale and liver, respectively), but different from those of the high-affinity, low-capacity E-2 binding in plasma (K-d is 4.0 +/- 0.4 nM and B-max is 625.4 +/- 63.1 fmol x mg protein(-1)). The E-2 binding in scale was displaced by testosterone, but not by diethylstilbestrol. Hence, the ligand binding specificity is different from that of the previously characterized liver E-2 receptor, where E-2 is displaced by diethylstilbestrol, but not by testosterone. The putative scale E-2 receptor thus appears to bind both E-2 and testosterone, and it is proposed that the increased scale resorption observed during sexual maturation in both sexes of several salmonid species may be mediated by this receptor. No high-affinity, low-capacity E-2 binding could be detected in rainbow trout gill or skin. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, Fish Endocrinol Lab, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ No British Columbia, Biol Program, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. RP Persson, P (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, Fish Endocrinol Lab, Box 463, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756 NR 62 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 120 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1006/gcen.2000.7536 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 370GT UT WOS:000165115700006 PM 11042009 ER PT J AU Hildreth, W Fierstein, J AF Hildreth, W Fierstein, J TI Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912 SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE eruptions; Katmai National Park; Katmai volcanic cluster; magmatic differentiation; Novarupta; rhyolite magma; volcanology; zoned eruptions ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; TEN-THOUSAND-SMOKES; GRIZZLY PEAK TUFF; MAGMA CHAMBER; NATIONAL-PARK; CALDERA COLLAPSE; MOUNT KATMAI; 10000 SMOKES; CRATER LAKE; ALASKA AB In June 1912, the world's largest twentieth century eruption broke out through flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age near the base of Trident volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The 60 h ash-flow and Plinian eruptive sequence excavated and subsequently backfilled with ejecta a flaring funnel-shaped vent since called Novarupta, The vent is adjacent to a cluster of late Quaternary stratocones and domes that have released about 140 km(3) of magma in the past 150 k.y. Although the 1912 vent is closest to the Trident group and is also close to Mageik and Griggs volcanoes, it was the summit of Mount Katmai, 10 km east of Novarupta, that collapsed during the eruption to form a 5.5 km(3) caldera, Many earthquakes, including 14 in the range M 6-7, took place during and after the eruption, releasing 250 times more seismic energy than the 1991 caldera-forming eruption of the Philippine volcano, Pinatubo, The contrast in seismic behavior may reflect the absence of older caldera faults at Mount Katmai, lack of upward (subsidence opposing) magma flow owing to lateral magma withdrawal in 1912, and the horizontally stratified structure of the thick shale-rich Mesozoic basement. The Katmai caldera compensates for only 40% of the 13 km(3) of 1912 magma erupted, which included 7-8 km(3) of slightly zoned high-silica rhyolite and 4.5 km(3) of crystal-rich dacite that grades continuously into 1 km(3) of crystal-rich andesite. We have now mapped, sampled, and studied the products of all 20 components of the Katmai volcanic cluster. Pyroxene dacite and silicic andesite predominate at all of them, and olivine andesite is also common at Griggs, Katmai, and Trident volcanoes, but basalt and rhyodacite have erupted only at Mount Katmai. Rhyolite erupted only in 1912 and is otherwise absent among Quaternary products of the cluster. Pleistocene products of Mageik and Trident and all products of Griggs are compositionally distinguishable from those of 1912 at Novarupta. Holocene products of Mount Martin and Trident are closer in composition to the andesite-dacite array of 1912, but they reveal consistent differences. The affinity of the 1912 suite is closest with the array of products erupted by the Southwest Katmai cone, the edifice that had produced the only pre-1912 rhyodacite as well as the largest prehistoric Plinian eruption in the cluster. It is doubtful that any 1912 magma had been stored beneath Novarupta or Trident, and there is no evidence that more than one magma chamber erupted in 1912, Despite a compositional gap separating the largest aphyric rhyolite from the very crystal-rich andesite-dacite continuum, isotopic and chemical affinities linking all the 1912 ejecta and the continuity of all those ejecta in magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity suggest that the rhyolite originated principally by incremental upward expulsion of interstitial melt from subjacent andesite-dacite mush. A large reservoir of such hot crystal mush is required both as the residue of rhyolitic melt separation and as a proximate heat source to thermally sustain the nearly aphyric condition of the overlying rhyolite, A model is presented far a unitary zoned chamber beneath Mount Katmai. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hildreth, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hildreth@usgs.gov NR 71 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 20 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 112 IS 10 BP 1594 EP 1620 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 364KT UT WOS:000089892100009 ER PT J AU Johnson, TM Roback, RC McLing, TL Bullen, TD DePaolo, DJ Doughty, C Hunt, RJ Smith, RW Cecil, LD Murrell, MT AF Johnson, TM Roback, RC McLing, TL Bullen, TD DePaolo, DJ Doughty, C Hunt, RJ Smith, RW Cecil, LD Murrell, MT TI Groundwater "fast paths" in the Snake River Plain aquifer: Radiogenic isotope ratios as natural groundwater tracers SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE groundwater tracers; isotope ratios; Snake River Plain; aquifer properties; aqueous solutions ID IDAHO; ORIGIN AB Preferential flow paths are expected in many groundwater systems and must be located because they can greatly affect contaminant transport. The fundamental characteristics of radiogenic isotope ratios in chemically evolving waters make them highly effective as preferential now path indicators. These ratios tend to be more easily interpreted than solute-concentration data because their response to,vater-rock interaction is less complex. We demonstrate this approach with ground,vater Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios in the Snake River Plain aquifer within and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. These data reveal slow-flow zones as lower Sr-87/Sr-86 areas created by prolonged interaction with the host basalts and a relatively fast flowing zone as a high Sr-87/Sr-86 area. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Sci & Waste Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley Ctr Isotope Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Johnson, TM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, 245 Nat Hist Bldg,MC-102, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008; Doughty, Christine/G-2389-2015 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408; NR 23 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 28 IS 10 BP 871 EP 874 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0871:GFPITS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 364KV UT WOS:000089892300002 ER PT J AU Kauahikaua, J Hildenbrand, T Webring, M AF Kauahikaua, J Hildenbrand, T Webring, M TI Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; volcanoes; gravity surveys; magma chambers; rift zones; cumulates ID RIFT-ZONE; MAUNA-LOA; EVOLUTION; MAHUKONA; ISLAND AB A simplified three-dimensional model for the island of Hawaii, based on 3300 gravity measurements, provides new insights on magma pathways within the basaltic volcanoes, Gravity anomalies define dense cumulates and intrusions beneath the summits and known rift zones of every volcano. Linear gravity anomalies project southeast from Kohala and Mauna Kea summits and south from Hualalai and Mauna Loa; these presumably express dense cores of previously unrecognized rift zones lacking surface expression. The gravity-modeled dense cores probably define tholeiitic shield-stage structures of the older volcanoes that are now veneered by late alkalic lavas. The three-dimensional gravity method is valuable for characterizing the magmatic systems of basaltic oceanic volcanoes and for defining structures related to landslide and seismic hazards. C1 US Geol Survey, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Kauahikaua, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 26 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 28 IS 10 BP 883 EP 886 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 364KV UT WOS:000089892300005 ER PT J AU Pritchard, MJ Foulger, GR Julian, BR Fyen, J AF Pritchard, MJ Foulger, GR Julian, BR Fyen, J TI Constraints on a plume in the mid-mantle beneath the Iceland region from seismic array data SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE array; Iceland; mantle; plume; seismology ID TOMOGRAPHY; PARADOXES AB Teleseismic P waves passing through low-wave-speed bodies in the mantle are refracted, causing anomalies in their propagation directions that can be measured by seismometer arrays. Waves from earthquakes in the eastern Pacific and western North America arriving at the NORSAR array in Norway and at seismic stations in Scotland pass beneath the Iceland region at depths of similar to 1000-2000 km. Waves arriving at NORSAR have anomalous arrival azimuths consistent with a low-wave-speed body at a depth of similar to 1500 km beneath the Iceland-Faeroe ridge with a maximum diameter of similar to 250 km and a maximum wave-speed contrast of similar to 1.5 per cent. This agrees well with whole-mantle tomography results, which image a low-wave-speed body at this location with a diameter of similar to 500 km and a wave-speed anomaly of similar to 0.5 per cent, bearing in mind that whole-mantle tomography, because of its limited resolution, broadens and weakens small anomalies. The observations cannot resolve the location of the body, and the anomaly could be caused in whole or in part by larger bodies farther away, for example by a body imaged beneath Greenland by whole-mantle tomography. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NORSAR, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway. RP Pritchard, MJ (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM g.r.foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 143 IS 1 BP 119 EP 128 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00221.x PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 363CN UT WOS:000089817100009 ER PT J AU Shinn, EA Smith, GW Prospero, JM Betzer, P Hayes, ML Garrison, V Barber, RT AF Shinn, EA Smith, GW Prospero, JM Betzer, P Hayes, ML Garrison, V Barber, RT TI African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MASS MORTALITY; SAHARAN DUST; MINERAL DUST; SEA; TRANSPORT; IRON; DEPOSITION; NUTRIENTS; INFECTION; DISEASE AB The vitality of Caribbean coral reefs has undergone a continual state of decline since the late 1970s, a period of time coincidental with large increases in transatlantic dust transport. It is proposed that the hundreds of millions of tons/year of soil dust that have been crossing the Atlantic during the last 25 years could be a significant contributor to coral reef decline and may be affecting other ecosystems. Benchmark events, such as near synchronous Caribbean-wide mortalities of acroporid corals and the urchin Diadema in 1983, and coral bleaching beginning in 1987, correlate with the years of maximum dust flux into the Caribbean. Besides crustal elements, in particular Fe, Si, and aluminosilicate clays, the dust can serve as a substrate for numerous species of viable spores, especially the soil fungus Aspergillus. Aspergillus sydowii, the cause of an ongoing Caribbean-wide seafan disease, has been cultured from Caribbean air samples and used to inoculate sea fans. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ S Carolina, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. US Geol Survey, St John, NB 00831, Canada. RP Shinn, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160 NR 45 TC 211 Z9 221 U1 5 U2 55 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 19 BP 3029 EP 3032 DI 10.1029/2000GL011599 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 361FG UT WOS:000089711900001 ER PT J AU Almendros, J Barclay, AH Wilcock, WSD Purdy, GM AF Almendros, J Barclay, AH Wilcock, WSD Purdy, GM TI Seismic anisotropy of the shallow crust at the Juan de Fuca Ridge SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRACKS; ATTENUATION; ROCKS; WAVES AB Microearthquake data recorded on four ocean bottom seismometers are used to study shear-wave splitting on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The covariance matrix decomposition method is used to determine the sensor orientation from explosive shot data and to estimate the anisotropy parameters for 238 earthquake records. At three of the four sites, the results show a remarkably consistent fast direction parallel to the ridge axis. The time delays between the fast and the slow waves range from 40 to 200 ms, with an average of 90 ms. They are not clearly related to earthquake range, focal depth or source-receiver azimuth. The splitting of the shear waves is interpreted as an effect of structural anisotropy due to the presence of ridge-parallel cracks in the shallow crust. If we assume that anisotropy is concentrated in the upper 1-2 km, the splitting times require a high crack density of similar to 0.1. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Granada, Inst Andaluz Geofis, E-18071 Granada, Spain. RP Almendros, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Almendros, Javier/M-2468-2014 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Almendros, Javier/0000-0001-5936-6160 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 19 BP 3109 EP 3112 DI 10.1029/2000GL011535 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 361FG UT WOS:000089711900021 ER PT J AU Pojeta, J AF Pojeta, J TI The more eyes the better: Fossils and amateurs SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Pojeta, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD OCT PY 2000 VL 45 IS 10 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 362GR UT WOS:000089770700007 ER PT J AU Whitledge, GW Rabeni, CF AF Whitledge, GW Rabeni, CF TI Benthic community metabolism in three habitats in an Ozark stream SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE primary production; respiration; periphyton; in situ; Missouri ID PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; ORGANIC-MATTER; BIOMASS; RIVER; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS AB Benthic community metabolism was measured in three habitats (riffles, runs and pools) during spring (May), summer (July) and fall (October) in the Jacks Fork River, Missouri, using an in situ chamber technique. Net community productivity (NCP) and gross community productivity (GCP) were highest in riffles, lowest in pools and intermediate in runs. Rates of NCP and GCP during spring and fall were similar for both riffles and runs, but NCP and GCP increased significantly during summer in both habitats. Pool substrates were always heterotrophic and exhibited no significant seasonal changes in NCP or GCP. Community respiration (CR) was highest in riffles, intermediate in runs and lowest in pools, but interhabitat differences in CR were generally smaller than for NCP. Rates of CR during spring and fall were similar, but CR increased significantly during summer. Results indicate that the physical conditions associated with each habitat strongly affect benthic community metabolism in this stream and that the relative proportions of these habitats will influence the ratio of living algal:detrital organic matter potentially available for consumers. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2000 VL 437 IS 1-3 BP 165 EP 170 DI 10.1023/A:1026559008308 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 382JA UT WOS:000165818100014 ER PT J AU Fenton, LK Herkenhoff, KE AF Fenton, LK Herkenhoff, KE TI Topography and stratigraphy of the northern martian polar layered deposits using photoclinometry, stereogrammetry, and MOLA altimetry SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars; Mars, surface; Mars, climate; surfaces; planets ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; ASTRONOMICAL THEORY; MARS; PLANETS; REGION; ALBEDO; CAP AB We present two photoclinometric profiles across a trough in the martian northern polar layered terrain. Complications caused by albedo variations were avoided by using an early springtime Viking image with a thin cover of seasonal CO2 frost. The topographic profiles were constrained with stereogrammetric elevations derived from summertime Viking images of the same region. We find that the photoclinometric profiles are consistent with a nearby MOLA (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter) track crossing the same polar trough. The trough is asymmetric, with higher relief and a steeper slope on the equatorward-facing wall. Individual layers are subdued and difficult to observe in the profiles. A decrease in both relief and elevation toward the eastern end of the trough suggests that layers become thinner to the east. Declining equatorward slopes in the eastern portion of the trough imply that erosion rates have varied along the trough. The variation in erosion rate may be linked to the change in layer thickness along the trough. Layers have an average thickness of 19 +/- 8 m in the center of the trough and 59 +/- 32 m on the northern wall, The northern wall is most likely composed of thinner layers that are obscured. To first order, we find that a 19-m layer requires 16,000 years of deposition to form, Although this timescale does not coincide with orbital variation periods of 10(5) and 10(6) years, deposition rates may not be constant and thus the 16,000-year layer formation time does not preclude layer formation during part of each orbital oscillation. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Fenton, LK (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2000 VL 147 IS 2 BP 433 EP 443 DI 10.1006/icar.2000.6459 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 368NY UT WOS:000090125100008 ER PT J AU Simpson, MR Bland, R AF Simpson, MR Bland, R TI Methods for accurate estimation of net discharge in a tidal channel SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 6th Working Conference on Current Measurement CY MAR 11-13, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP IEEE DE acoustic applications; acoustic devices; acoustic velocity measurement; Doppler measurements; fluid flow measurement; tides; velocity measurement; water resources AB Accurate estimates of net residual discharge in tidally affected rivers and estuaries are possible because of recently developed ultrasonic discharge measurement techniques, Previous discharge estimates using conventional mechanical current meters and methods based on stage/discharge relations or mater slope measurements often yielded errors that were as great as or greater than the computed residual discharge, Ultrasonic measurement methods consist of: 1) the use of ultrasonic instruments for the measurement of a representative "index" velocity used for in situ estimation of mean mater velocity and 2) the use of the acoustic Doppler current discharge measurement system to calibrate the index velocity measurement data. Methods used to calibrate (rate) the index velocity to the channel velocity measured using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler are the most critical factors affecting the accuracy of net discharge estimation, The index velocity first must be related to mean channel velocity and then used to calculate instantaneous channel discharge, Finally, discharge is low-pass filtered to remove the effects of the tides. An ultrasonic velocity meter discharge-measurement site in a tidally affected region of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers was used to study the accuracy of the index velocity calibration procedure. Calibration data consisting of ultrasonic velocity meter index velocity and concurrent acoustic Doppler discharge measurement data were collected during three time periods. Two sets of data were collected during a spring tide (monthly maximum tidal current) and one of data collected during a neap tide (monthly minimum tidal current). The relative magnitude of instrumental errors, acoustic Doppler discharge measurement errors, and calibration errors were evaluated. Calibration error was found to be the most significant source of error in estimating net discharge. Using a comprehensive calibration method, net discharge estimates developed from the three sets of calibration data differed by less than an average of 4 cubic meters per second, or less than 0.5% of a typical peak tidal discharge rate of 750 cubic meters per second. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. RP Simpson, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1109/48.895351 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 395WD UT WOS:000166603500004 ER PT J AU Czamanske, GK Wooden, JL Walker, RJ Fedorenko, VA Simonov, ON Budahn, JR Siems, DF AF Czamanske, GK Wooden, JL Walker, RJ Fedorenko, VA Simonov, ON Budahn, JR Siems, DF TI Geochemical, isotopic, and SHRIMP age data for Precambrian basement rocks, Permian volcanic rocks, and sedimentary host rocks to the ore-bearing intrusions, Noril'sk-Talnakh district, Siberian Russia SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL FLOOD BASALTS; CRUSTAL CONTRIBUTIONS; SPATIAL EVOLUTION; TRACE-ELEMENT; MANTLE; PLUME; ORIGIN; LITHOSPHERE; CONSTRAINTS; MAGMATISM AB Petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data have been obtained for 33 samples selected to provide constraints on contamination models for the volcanic and intrusive components of the Late Permian to Early Triassic, Siberian flood-volcanic province. Twenty-one of these samples were carried from great depth in an explosive diatreme of Triassic age, whereas 12 were collected from drill core from depths of Lens to 2000 m, The studied diatreme xenoliths are: (1) fragments of the crystalline basement; and (2) fragments of a basaltic-to-rhyolitic volcanic suite. Prompted by an unexpected, Late Paleozoic, Rb-Sr isochron age for this compositionally diverse volcanic suite, a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of similar to 210 Ma was obtained for a rhyodacite xenotith, Previously, a SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of similar to 910 Ma had been determined for a leucogranite xenolith from the crystalline basement; this sample also contains substantial amounts of inherited, Early Proterozoic and Archean zircon. The presence of this volcanic suite, only similar to 20 m.y. older than the 251 Ma, flood-volcanic sequence, is an extremely provocative result, inasmuch as hundreds of exploration drill holes in the Noril'sk area, and throughout the Siberian platform, have encountered only Tungusskaya Series coal-bearing sedimentary rocks in this stratigraphic/time interval. These data support arguments that subduction/underthrusting from the West Siberian Lowland under the northwest margin of the Siberian craton took place in Late Permian time. The isotopic data obtained for the xenolith suite indicate that the upper part of the crystalline basement under the northwest margin of the Siberian craton is composed of Late Proterozoic (Riphean) rocks-alkaline granites, trondhjemites, crystalline schists, gneisses, and amphibolites-with much in common with rocks of the Central zone of the Taymyr folded area, which has been interpreted as an accretionary block formed and joined to Siberia in Late Riphean to Vendian time. Measured isotopic characteristics for the Precambrian crystalline basement, and the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that host the ore-bearing intrusions in the Noril'sk region, provide parameters for quantitative modeling of crustal contamination during evolution of the Siberian flood-volcanic rocks and related intrusions, both while en route to the surface and at the site of intrusion emplacement. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford USGS Microisotop Analyt Ctr, US Geol Survey, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Cent Res Inst Geol Prospecting base & Precious Me, Moscow 113545, Russia. Taymyrian Comm Nat Resources, Norilsk 663300, Russia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Czamanske, GK (reprint author), 750 W Greenwich Pl, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 50 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 42 IS 10 BP 895 EP 927 PG 33 WC Geology SC Geology GA 387VM UT WOS:000166142600002 ER PT J AU Thomas, MA AF Thomas, MA TI The effect of residential development on ground-water quality near Detroit, Michigan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE ground-water quality; NAWQA; Cl/Br ratios; hydrogeochemistry; residential development ID CHLORIDE/BROMIDE; GEOCHEMISTRY; RATIOS; BASIN AB Two water-quality studies were done on the outskirts of the Detroit metropolitan area to determine how recent residential development has affected ground-water quality. Pairs of monitor and domestic wells were sampled in areas where residential land use overlies glacial outwash deposits. Young, shallow waters had significantly higher median concentrations of nitrate, chloride, and dissolved solids than older, deeper waters. Analysis of chloride/bromide ratios indicates that elevated salinities are due to human activities rather than natural factors, such as upward migration of brine. Trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds were detected in samples from 97 percent of the monitor wells. Pesticides were detected infrequently even though they are routinely applied to lawns and roadways in the study area. The greatest influence on ground-water quality appears to be from septic-system effluent (domestic sewage, household solvents, water-softener backwash) and infiltration of stormwater runoff from paved surfaces (road salt, fuel residue). No health-related drinking-water standards were exceeded in samples from domestic wells. However, the effects of human activities are apparent in 76 percent of young waters, and at depths far below 25 feet, which is the current minimum well-depth requirement. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Thomas, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. NR 40 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1023 EP 1038 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05707.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 366VQ UT WOS:000090027300007 ER PT J AU McNutt, SR Davis, CM AF McNutt, SR Davis, CM TI Lightning associated with the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mt. Spurr Volcano; ash clouds; volcanic lightning ID CHARGE SEPARATION; APRIL AB Lightning occurred associated with the ash clouds of all three eruptions of Mt. Spurr Volcano in 1992. Lightning was detected on seismograms as simultaneous spikes and simultaneous gain-ranging (a feature that normally lowers the gain at a station when the signal level begins to saturate). Spikes had typical durations of 0.04-0.05 s. Using uniform criteria we found 28 lightning flashes in the June 27th eruption, 29 in the August 18th eruption, and three in the September 17th eruption. We measured peak voltages on station RSO, 94 km SSW, to determine the relative strengths of lightning, and found that the August lightning was strongest, June weakest, and September intermediate. Based on relative signal strengths at different stations, we Found evidence for different lightning geometries between the June and August eruptions, during which prevailing winds blew the ash clouds to the north and east, respectively. For all three eruptions the first lightning was recorded 21-26 min after the onset of the eruption, suggesting that charge separation occurred in the convecting cloud rather than at the vent. Data recorded by a Bureau of Land Management lightning detection system for the August eruption showed negative polarities for the first 12 recorded flashes and a positive polarity for the last. This suggests a charge separation based on particle size, in which negative charge is found for larger particles which fall first, and positive charge remains on smaller particles which remain suspended longer. All three eruptions had similar durations of 3.5-4 h, and tephra volumes of 44-56 million cubic meters. The August eruption, however, produced stronger volcanic tremor, 30 cm(2) reduced displacement as compared with 16 cm(2) for June, and greater gas, 400 +/- 120 kt SO2 for August and 200 +/- 60 kt for June. Thus lightning strength correlates with both tremor amplitude and magmatic gas content. The August eruption occurred during the lightest winds, so the ash cloud and charge separation were vertically oriented and favored cloud-to-ground lightning. The September eruption occurred during the coldest and driest atmospheric conditions, which may explain the small amount of lightning. In general, volcanic lightning is important because it can help confirm that explosive eruptions are in progress, although the value of the information may be limited by the long delay from eruption onset to first lightning and the variability of eruptive and atmospheric conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP McNutt, SR (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Inst Geophys, POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 70 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00181-5 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 366YB UT WOS:000090032900003 ER PT J AU Van Manen, FT Crawford, BA Clark, JD AF Van Manen, FT Crawford, BA Clark, JD TI Predicting red wolf release success in the southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis rufus; landscape characteristics; logistic regression; red wolf; release procedures; release success; recovery; repatriation; southeastern United States ID HABITAT; MODELS AB Although the red wolf (Canis rufus) was once found throughout the southeastern United States, indiscriminate killing and habitat destruction reduced its range to a small section of coastal Texas and Louisiana. Wolves trapped from 1973 to 1980 were taken to establish a captive breeding program that was used to repatriate 2 mainland and 3 island red wolf populations. We collected data from 320 red wolf releases in these areas and classified each as a success or failure based on survival and reproductive criteria, and whether recaptures were necessary to resolve conflicts with humans. We evaluated the relations between release success and conditions at the release sites, characteristics of released wolves, and release procedures. Although <44% of the variation in release success was explained, model performance based on jackknife tests indicated a 72-80% correct prediction rate for the 4 operational models we developed. The models indicated that success was associated with human influences on the landscape and the level of wolf habituation to humans prior to release. We applied the models to 31 prospective areas for wolf repatriation and calculated an index of release success for each area. Decision-makers can use these models to objectively rank prospective release areas and compare strengths and weaknesses of each. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, So Appalachian Field Lab, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept FOrestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Red Wolf Project, Townsend, TN 37882 USA. RP Van Manen, FT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, So Appalachian Field Lab, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 4 BP 895 EP 902 DI 10.2307/3803197 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 369EL UT WOS:000165053000001 ER PT J AU Pace, RM AF Pace, RM TI Winter survival rates of American woodcock in south central Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American woodcock; hunting; Louisiana; mortality; predation; Scolopax minor; survival; telemetry AB Declines in abundance of American woodcock (Scolopax minor; hereafter woodcock) have led to more restrictive hunting regulations imposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, although there is little evidence to suggest that declines were related to hunting. To estimate winter survival and document hunting mortality rates, I radiotagged 160 female woodcock on a public hunting area in south central Louisiana. Woodcock were captured in fields at night from late November through December during 1994-96 and monitored at least daily. At least 37 woodcock died, primarily from avian predators. Day of capture and condition at date of capture were not predictive of survival. Survival rates were similar across ages and years except for lower survival of juvenile birds during 1993-94. The overall survival rate for the period 1 December to 15 February (77 days) was 72 +/- 5%, which was the same or higher than reported elsewhere in winter. Hunting mortality varied from 1.6 to 12.2%, which seemed relatively low given the ample public hunting opportunity and a high winter-long fidelity to the study area. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resource Div, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Pace, RM (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 4 BP 933 EP 939 DI 10.2307/3803201 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 369EL UT WOS:000165053000005 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Bowers, EF AF Samuel, MD Bowers, EF TI Lead exposure in American black ducks after implementation of non-toxic shot SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American black ducks; Anas rubripes; blood lead; lead exposure; lead shot; Tennessee ID INGESTED SHOT; CANADA GEESE; BLOOD LEAD; MALLARDS; WATERFOWL; POPULATION; SURVIVAL AB Lead poisoning from the ingestion of spent shotgun pellets has been recognized as an important disease of North American waterfowl since Bellrose's (1959) research >40 years ago. Nation-wide regulations banning the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting were established in 1991. We compared the prevalence of lead exposure in American black ducks (Anas rubripes) wintering on 2 areas in Tennessee before (1986-88) and after the ban (1997-99) to assess the effect of the ban on lead shot on this species. Prevalence of elevated blood lead in black ducks declined by 44% from before (11.7% prevalence) to after (6.5% prevalence) the implementation of non-toxic shot. The reduction in lead exposure was pronounced in adult black ducks (from 14.3% to 5.3%). However, prevalence in lead exposure remained similar in juvenile black ducks (from 8.2% to 8.3%). Additional evidence from lead ingestion and lead poisoning mortality events also indicates that lead exposure has declined in waterfowl in the Mississippi flyway. We believe that lead ingestion will continue to decline, despite the persistence of lead shot in some wetlands. The impact of reduced lead exposure on waterfowl populations needs to be assessed. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Wildlife & Habitat Mangement, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM michael_samuel@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 4 BP 947 EP 953 DI 10.2307/3803203 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 369EL UT WOS:000165053000007 ER PT J AU Olsen, RE Afton, AD AF Olsen, RE Afton, AD TI Vulnerability of lesser snow geese to hunting with electronic calling devices SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE age; Arkansas; body condition; Chen caerulescens caerulescens; electronic calls; flock response; flock size; hunting vulnerability; Iowa; kill rate; lesser snow geese; Louisiana ID NUTRIENT RESERVES; SURVIVAL RATES; CANADA GEESE; MALLARDS; SIZE; AGE AB The Arctic Goose Habitat Working Group recommended several management actions, including use of electronic calling devices, to reduce the mid-continent population of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens; hereafter snow geese). We compared the vulnerability of snow geese to hunting with electronic calling devices and traditional calling methods (hand-held and voice calls) with cooperative goose hunters (96 commercially guided and 47 non-guided hunters) during the 1997-98 snow-goose-only seasons in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Iowa. We found that snow goose flocks were 5.0 times more likely to fly within gun range (less than or equal to 50 m) in response to electronic calls than to traditional calls. Mean size of snow goose flocks that flew within gun range during electronic calling periods averaged 1.8 times larger than that during traditional calling periods. Mean number of snow geese killed/hr/hunter averaged 9.1 times greater for electronic calls than that for traditional calls. Ages of harvested snow geese were similar between calling methods (P = 0.12), but differed among states (P < 0.05) and between sexes (P < 0.05). Adult snow geese were 1.7 times more likely to be shot in Louisiana than in Iowa and 1.8 times more likely to be shot in Arkansas than in Iowa. Relative to their juvenile counterparts, adult males were 1.5 times more likely to be shot than were adult females. Body condition (body mass adjusted for size) generally was greater for snow geese killed during electronic calling periods than that during traditional calling periods. Flock response, kill/hr/hunter, and adult body condition of harvested snow geese generally decreased, whereas observed flock size increased from south to north, i.e., from Louisiana to Iowa. Our results indicated that snow geese are more vulnerable to electronic calls than to traditional calls. Finally, our calculations suggested that use of electronic calls during current snow-goose-only season frameworks (i.e., before 10 March) alone will not achieve desired population reduction goals for the mid-continent population of snow geese. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Olsen, RE (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 4 BP 983 EP 993 DI 10.2307/3803208 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 369EL UT WOS:000165053000012 ER PT J AU Hughes, JP Robel, RJ Kemp, KE AF Hughes, JP Robel, RJ Kemp, KE TI Factors influencing mourning dove nest success in CRP fields SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Conservation Reserve Program; CRP; field edge; land use; mourning dove; nest success; Zenaida macroura ID CONSERVATION-RESERVE-PROGRAM; ABUNDANCE; CROPLAND; BIRDS AB Mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) nest primarily in trees. However, ground nesting is prevalent in the Great Plains region where mourning dove numbers have increased since the mid 1980s when the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was initiated. We monitored mourning dove nest success in CRP fields in Kansas during 1994 and 1995 to determine if that habitat could be a source for the increased numbers. Mourning dove nest success averaged 56% (n = 90) in our CRP fields. Daily nest survival rates in CRP fields were associated positively with height of live vegetation (P = 0.011) and negatively with percent grass cover (P = 0.001) and percent live vegetation cover (P = 0.005). Management practices that produce sparse overall cover but tall vegetation height may increase mourning dove nest success in CRP fields. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hughes, JP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1205 Texas Ave, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1004 EP 1008 DI 10.2307/3803210 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 369EL UT WOS:000165053000014 ER PT J AU Hughes, TC Josephson, DC Krueger, CC Sullivan, PJ AF Hughes, TC Josephson, DC Krueger, CC Sullivan, PJ TI Comparison of large and small visible implant tags: Retention and readability in hatchery brook trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB Retention and readability of small (2.5 X 1.0 X 0.1-mm) and large (3.0 X 1.5 X 0.1-mm) visible implant (VI) tags were compared among different size-classes (211-470 mm total length, TL) of hatchery brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Among smaller size-groups (<400 mm TL), retention of large tags (63-86%) 100 d after tagging was less than retention of small tags (89-97%). Overall retention of large tags was much better among larger size-groups (400 mm TL) than among smaller sizes (97% versus 74%). Insufficient postorbital adipose tissue in smaller size-groups probably caused the poor retention of large VI tags. Retention was different between the two workers who inserted large VI tags. Readability of large and small tags was not affected by fish size at tagging. We recommend that large VI tags be used to mark brook trout longer than 400 mm TL because they are retained better. Fish with small tags from a previous study were subsequently monitored (and reported here) to assess retention and readability between 354 and 454 d after tag insertion. Over this period less than 3% of small VI tags were lost, but readability declined from 95% to 74%. In studies that extend beyond a year, small VI tags may have to be extracted to be read. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Coldwater Fishery Res Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resources Off, Amherst, NY 14228 USA. RP Krueger, CC (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Coldwater Fishery Res Program, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 62 IS 4 BP 273 EP 278 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2000)062<0273:COLASV>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 382GF UT WOS:000165814100004 ER PT J AU Cecil, LD Welhan, JA Green, JR Grape, SK Sudicky, ER AF Cecil, LD Welhan, JA Green, JR Grape, SK Sudicky, ER TI Use of chlorine-36 to determine regional-scale aquifer dispersivity, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho/USA SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry CY SEP 06-10, 1999 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE chlorine-36; groundwater; dispersivity ID MODELS AB Chlorine-36 (Cl-36) derived from processed nuclear waste that was disposed at the US Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) through a deep injection well in 1958, was detected 24-28 yr later in groundwater monitoring wells approximately 26 km downgradient from the source. Groundwater samples covering the period 1966-1995 were selected from the US Geological Survey's archived-sample library at the INEEL and analyzed for Cl-36 by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The smaller Cl-36 peak concentrations in water from the far-field monitoring wells relative to the input suggest that aquifer dispersivity may be large. However, the sharpness of the 1958 disposal peak of Cl-36 is matched by the measured Cl-36 concentrations in water from these wells. This implies that a small aquifer dispersivity may be attributed to preferential groundwater flowpaths. Assuming that tracer arrival times at monitoring wells are controlled by preferential flow, a 1-D system-response model was used to estimate dispersivity by comparing the shape of predicted Cl-36-concentration curves to the shape of Cl-36-concentration curves measured in water from these observation wells. The comparisons suggest that a 1-D dispersivity of 5 m provides the best fit to the tracer data. Previous work using a 2-D equivalent porous-media model concluded that longitudinal dispersivity (equivalent to 1-D dispersivity in our model) was 90 m (Ackerman, 1991). A 90 m dispersivity value eliminates the 1958 disposal peak in our model output curves. The implications of the arrival of Cl-36 at downgradient monitoring wells are important for three reasons: (1) the arrival times and associated Cl-36 concentrations provide quantitative constraints on residence times, velocities, and dispersivities in the aquifer; (2) they help to refine our working hypotheses of groundwater flow in this aquifer and (3) they may suggest a means of estimating the distribution of preferential flowpaths in the aquifer. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. Idaho Geol Survey, Pocatello, ID USA. Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Cecil, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Suite C,900 N Skyline Dr, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD OCT PY 2000 VL 172 BP 679 EP 687 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00216-0 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 372JR UT WOS:000165231000115 ER PT J AU Green, JR Cecil, LD Synal, HA Kreutz, KJ Wake, CP Naftz, DL Frape, SK AF Green, JR Cecil, LD Synal, HA Kreutz, KJ Wake, CP Naftz, DL Frape, SK TI Chlorine-36 and cesium-137 in ice-core samples from mid-latitude glacial sites in the Northern Hemisphere SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry CY SEP 06-10, 1999 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE chlorine-36; cesium-137; glaciology; radioactive fallout ID AMERICA AB Chlorine-36 (Cl-36) concentrations, Cl-36/Cl ratios, and Cl-36 fluxes in ice-core samples collected from the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG) in the Wind River Mountain Range, Wyoming, United States and the Nangpai Gosum Glacier (NGG) in the Himalayan Mountains, Nepal, were determined and compared with published results from the Dye-3 ice-core drilling site on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Cesium-137 (Cs-137) concentrations in the NGG also were determined. The background fluxes for Cl-36 for each glacial site were similar: (1.6 +/- 0.3) x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for the UFG samples, (0.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for the NGG samples, and (0.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for the Dye-3 samples. The Cl-36 fluxes in ice that was deposited as snow during peak atmospheric nuclear weapon test (1957-1958) were (33 +/- 1) x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for the UFG site, (291 +/- 3) x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for the NGG site, and (124 +/- 5) x 10(-2) atoms/cm(2) s for the Dye-3 site. A weapon test period Cs-137 concentration of 0.79 +/- 0.05 Bq/kg in the NGG ice core also was detected in the same section of ice that contained the largest Cl-36 concentration. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-8048 Zurich, Switzerland. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Cecil, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Suite C,900 N Skyline Dr, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RI Wake, Cameron/G-8114-2014; OI Wake, Cameron/0000-0002-5961-5902 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD OCT PY 2000 VL 172 BP 812 EP 816 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00273-1 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 372JR UT WOS:000165231000138 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y van Geen, A Anderson, RF Gardner, JV Dean, WE AF Zheng, Y van Geen, A Anderson, RF Gardner, JV Dean, WE TI Intensification of the northeast Pacific oxygen minimum zone during the Bolling-Allerod warm period SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; YOUNGER-DRYAS; NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC; INTERMEDIATE WATERS; OCEAN CIRCULATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ATLANTIC; SCALE; MOLYBDENUM AB Although climate records from several locations around the world show nearly synchronous and abrupt changes, the nature of the inferred teleconnection is still poorly understood. On the basis of preserved laminations and molybdenum enrichments in open margin sediments we demonstrate that the oxygen content of northeast Pacific waters at 800 m depth during the Bolling-Allerod warm period (15-13 kyr) was greatly reduced. Existing oxygen isotopic records of benthic and planktonic foraminifera suggest that this was probably due to suppressed ventilation at higher latitudes of the North Pacific. Comparison with ventilation records for the North Atlantic indicates an antiphased pattern of convection relative to the North Pacific over the past 22 kyr, perhaps due to variations in water vapor transport across Central America. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), CUNY Queens Coll, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. OI Anderson, Robert/0000-0002-8472-2494 NR 50 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD OCT PY 2000 VL 15 IS 5 BP 528 EP 536 DI 10.1029/1999PA000473 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 358WY UT WOS:000089581200006 ER PT J AU Jarrett, RD Tomlinson, EM AF Jarrett, RD Tomlinson, EM TI Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID COLORADO FRONT RANGE; UNITED-STATES; NORTHWESTERN COLORADO; LATE PLEISTOCENE; RIVER BASIN; INFORMATION; HOLOCENE; MOUNTAIN; CLIMATE; PALEODISCHARGE AB In the past decade, there has been a growing interest of dam safety officials to incorporate a risk-based analysis for design-flood hydrology. Extreme or rare floods, with probabilities in the range of about 10(-3) to 10(-7) chance of occurrence per year, are of continuing interest to the hydrologic and engineering communities for purposes of planning and design of structures such as dams [National Research Council, 1988]. The National Research Council stresses that as much information as possible about floods needs to be used for evaluation of the risk and consequences of any decision. A regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach was developed to assist dam safety officials and floodplain managers in their assessments of the risk of large floods. The interdisciplinary components included documenting maximum paleofloods and a regional analyses of contemporary extreme rainfall and flood data to complement a site-specific probable maximum precipitation study [Tomlinson and Solak, 1997]. The cost-effective approach, which can be used in many other hydrometeorologic settings, was applied to Elkhead Reservoir in Elkhead Creek (531 km(2)) in northwestern Colorado; the regional study area was 10,900 km(2). Paleoflood data using bouldery hood deposits and noninundation surfaces for 88 streams were used to document maximum flood discharges that have occurred during the HoIocene. Several relative dating methods were used to determine the age of paleoflood deposits and noninundation surfaces. No evidence of substantial flooding was found in the study area. The maximum paleoflood of 135 m(3) s(-1) for Elkhead Creek is about 13% of the site-specific probable maximum flood of 1020 m(3) s(-1). Flood-frequency relations using the expected moments algorithm, which better incorporates paleoflood data, were developed to assess the risk of extreme floods. Envelope curves encompassing maximum rainfall (181 sites) and floods (218 sites) were developed for northwestern Colorado to help define maximum contemporary and Holocene flooding in Elkhead Creek and in a regional frequency context. Study results for Elkhead Reservoir were accepted by the Colorado State Engineer for dam safety certification. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Appl Weather Associates, Monument, CO 80132 USA. RP Jarrett, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 121 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 10 BP 2957 EP 2984 DI 10.1029/2000WR900098 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 359AP UT WOS:000089589600014 ER PT J AU Busenberg, E Plummer, LN AF Busenberg, E Plummer, LN TI Dating young groundwater with sulfur hexafluoride: Natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur hexafluoride SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SANTA-MONICA BASIN; KARSTIC LIMESTONE AQUIFER; ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER; DUAL-TRACER TECHNIQUE; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; GAS-EXCHANGE; NOBLE-GASES; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS AB Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is primarily of anthropogenic origin but also occurs naturally. The troposphere concentration of SF6 has increased from a steady state value of 0.054 +/- 0.009 to more than 4 parts per trillion volume during the past 40 years. An analytical procedure was developed for measuring concentrations of SF6 to less than 0.01 fmol/L in water. Groundwater can be dated with SF6 if it is in equilibrium with atmospheric SF6 at the time of recharge and does not contain significant SF6 from other (s)ources. The dating range of SF6 is currently 0 to 30 years. The tracer was successfully used to date shallow groundwater of the Atlantic Coastal Plain sand aquifers of the United States and springs issuing near the top of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. Significant concentrations of naturally occurring SF6 were found in some igneous, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks and in some hydrothermal fluids. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Busenberg, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 120 TC 176 Z9 184 U1 1 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 10 BP 3011 EP 3030 DI 10.1029/2000WR900151 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 359AP UT WOS:000089589600017 ER PT J AU Andraski, BJ Jacobson, EA AF Andraski, BJ Jacobson, EA TI Testing a full-range soil-water retention function in modeling water potential and temperature SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; DIFFUSION; DESERT; SITE AB Recent work has emphasized development of full-range water-retention functions that are applicable under both wet and dry soil conditions, but evaluation of such functions in numerical modeling has been limited. Here we show that simulations using the Rossi-Nimmo (RN) full-range function compared favorably with those using the common Brooks-Corey function and that the RN function can improve prediction of water potentials in near-surface soil, particularly under dry conditions. Simulations using the RN function also improved prediction of temperatures throughout the soil profile. Such improvements could be important for calculations of liquid and vapor flow in near-surface soils and in deep unsaturated zones of arid and semiarid regions. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Andraski, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane,Room 203, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 10 BP 3081 EP 3089 DI 10.1029/2000WR900193 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 359AP UT WOS:000089589600023 ER PT J AU Taft, MR Mauser, DM Arnold, TW AF Taft, MR Mauser, DM Arnold, TW TI Breeding ecology of White-faced Ibis (Pleagadis chihi) in the upper Klamath Basin, California SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE White-faced Ibis; Plegadis chihi; breeding ecology; wetlands; Klamath Basin; California; nest success ID NEST SUCCESS; CARSON LAKE; SURVIVAL; NEVADA; EGGS; DDE AB The White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) is a California state and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species of special management concern. We studied White-faced Ibis breeding ecology from May through July 1995 on Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in the upper Klamath Basin of California. ii total of 2029 pairs nested in 3 colonies exclusively in early-successional hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus). Nest initiation dates ranged from 10 May to 12 June, and mean clutch size was 3.16. Reproductive success averaged 87% apparent nest success (n = 115), 82% hatchability 97% whole and partial brood survival, and 2.39 fledglings per successful nest. Mayfield estimates of nest survival were 79.1% during the laying and incubation period and 95% during the nestling period. Overall nest success as estimated by the Mayfield method was 75.4%. Our estimates of nest success are some of the highest reported anywhere in the literature For White-faced Ibis. Therefore, Lower Klamath NWR may maintain preferred White-faced Ibis breeding habitats in years of otherwise poor habitat conditions across the Intermountain West. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Klamath Basin Natl Wildlife Refuges, Tulelake, CA 96134 USA. RP Taft, MR (reprint author), 1052 SW Western Blvd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2000 VL 60 IS 4 BP 403 EP 409 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 371BD UT WOS:000165157000006 ER PT J AU Shepard, WD Blinn, DW Hoffman, RJ Kantz, PT AF Shepard, WD Blinn, DW Hoffman, RJ Kantz, PT TI Algae of Devils Hole, Nevada, Death Valley National Park SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Death Valley; Devils Hole; algae; Cyanobacteria; Bacillariophyta; Chlorophyta; thermal springs; desert ID MONTEZUMA WELL; HYDROGEOLOGY; COMMUNITIES; ECOLOGY; ARIZONA; PUPFISH AB We examined algal flora in the aquatic system of Devils Hole, Nevada. The water is seasonally warm, near neutral in pH, and rich in dissolved carbonate, indicative of deeply circulating groundwater flowing through carbonate rock. Most algae were benthic, with only a fem planktonic representatives. Eighty-four terminal identifications in 44 genera were recorded, with diatoms and blue green algae the most speciose groups. Diatoms were major contributors to the grazing food web. Large, mat-forming filamentous algae have an important influence on the physicochemical and general structure of the benthic substrates in Del ils Hole. C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Biol Sci, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Shepard, WD (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Biol Sci, 6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 4 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2000 VL 60 IS 4 BP 410 EP 419 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 371BD UT WOS:000165157000007 ER PT J AU Seery, DB Matiatos, DJ AF Seery, DB Matiatos, DJ TI Response of wintering Buteos to plague epizootics in prairie dogs SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE buteos; raptors; prairie dogs; plague; predator/prey response AB Several species of raptors winter at Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) including the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus). Raptors were monitored each winter from 1988-89 to 1996-97 using a standardized road survey. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) form a major component of the prey base for wintering raptors on the Refuge, with 1850 ha of active prairie dog towns mapped in 1988. Prairie dog town areas and population data were determined by mapping active towns and conducting visual counts on study plots to determine population density on an annual basis from 1988 to 1996. Large-scale plague epizootics were documented on die Refuge in 1988-89 and 1994-95, reducing prairie dog towns by 95% and 99%, respectively. A significant relationship was found in the numeric response of Ferruginous Hawks to changes in prairie dog town area (r(2) = 0.96, P < 0.001) and minimum estimated population (r(2) = 0.97, P < 0.001), but not to estimated prairie dog density (r(2) = 0.07, P = 0.486). This contrasted sharply with the responses to prairie dog town area found for Red-tailed (r(2) = 0.11, P = 0.377) and Rough-legged Hawks (r(2) = 0.04, P = 0.612). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rocky Mt Arsenal Natl Wildlife Refuge, Commerce City, CO 80022 USA. RP Seery, DB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rocky Mt Arsenal Natl Wildlife Refuge, Commerce City, CO 80022 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2000 VL 60 IS 4 BP 420 EP 425 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 371BD UT WOS:000165157000008 ER PT J AU Westerhoff, P Anning, D AF Westerhoff, P Anning, D TI Concentrations and characteristics of organic carbon in surface water in Arizona: influence of urbanization SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE organic carbon; arid watershed; hydrology; urban; ultraviolet; fluorescence ID DESERT STREAM ECOSYSTEM; ACIDS; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN; MATTER; ORIGIN; RIVER; SOIL; NOM AB Dissolved (DOC) and total (TOC) organic carbon concentrations and compositions were studied for several river systems in Arizona, USA. DOC composition was characterized by ultraviolet and visible absorption and fluorescence emission (excitation wavelength of 370 nm) spectra characteristics. Ephemeral sites had the highest DOC concentrations, and unragulated perennial sites had lower concentrations than unregulated intermittent sites, regulated sites, and sites downstream from wastewater-treatment plants (p < 0.05). Reservoir outflows and wastewater-treatment plant effluent were higher in DOC concentration (p < 0.05) and exhibited less variability in concentration than inflows to the reservoirs. Specific ultraviolet absorbance values at 254 nm were typically less than 2 m(-1)(milligram DOC per liter)(-1) and lower than values found in most temperate-region rivers, but specific ultraviolet absorbance values increased during runoff events. Fluorescence measurements indicated that DOC in desert streams typically exhibit characteristics of autochthonous sources; however, DOC in unregulated upland rivers and desert streams experienced sudden shifts from autochthonous to allochthonous sources during runoff events. The urban water system (reservoir systems and wastewater-treatment plants) was found to affect temporal variability in DOC concentration and composition. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Cent Arizona Basins NAWQA Programs, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Westerhoff, P (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Engn Ctr Room ECG 252, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 40 TC 67 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 30 PY 2000 VL 236 IS 3-4 BP 202 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00292-4 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 360NC UT WOS:000089673300005 ER PT J AU Greeley, R Figueredo, PH Williams, DA Chuang, FC Klemaszewski, JE Kadel, SD Prockter, LM Pappalardo, RT Head, JW Collins, GC Spaun, NA Sullivan, RJ Moore, JM Senske, DA Tufts, BR Johnson, TV Belton, MJS Tanaka, KL AF Greeley, R Figueredo, PH Williams, DA Chuang, FC Klemaszewski, JE Kadel, SD Prockter, LM Pappalardo, RT Head, JW Collins, GC Spaun, NA Sullivan, RJ Moore, JM Senske, DA Tufts, BR Johnson, TV Belton, MJS Tanaka, KL TI Geologic mapping of Europa SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID CONAMARA CHAOS REGION; GALILEAN SATELLITES; SUBSURFACE OCEAN; ICE SHELL; JUPITER; SURFACE; SPECTROMETER; SEPARATION; FEATURES; FAULT AB Galileo data enable the major geological units, structures, and surface features to be identified on Europa. These include five primary units (plains, chaos, band, ridge, and crater materials) and their subunits, along with various tectonic structures such as faults. Plains units are the most widespread. Ridged plains material spans a wide range of geological ages, including the oldest recognizable features on Europa, and appears to represent a style of tectonic resurfacing, rather than cryovolcanism. Smooth plains material typically embays other terrains and units, possibly as a type of fluid emplacement, and is among the youngest material units observed. At global scales, plains are typically mapped as undifferentiated plains material, although in some areas differences can be discerned in the near infrared which might be related to differences in ice grain size. Chaos material is composed of plains and other preexisting materials that have been severely disrupted by inferred internal activity; chaos is characterized by blocks of icy material set in a hummocky matrix. Band material is arrayed in linear, curvilinear, wedge-shaped, or cuspate zones with contrasting albedo and surface textures with respect to the surrounding terrain. Bilateral symmetry observed in some bands and the relationships with the surrounding units suggest that band material forms by the lithosphere fracturing, spreading apart, and infilling with material derived from the subsurface. Ridge material is mapped as a unit on local and some regional maps but shown with symbols at global scales. Ridge material includes single ridges, doubler ridges, and ridge complexes. Ridge materials are considered to represent tectonic processes, possibly accompanied by the extrusion or intrusion of subsurface materials, such as diapirs. The tectonic processes might be related to tidal flexing of the icy lithosphere on diurnal or longer timescales. Crater materials include various interior (smooth central, rough inner, and annular massif) and exterior (continuous ejecta) subunits. Structural features and landforms are shown with conventional symbols. Type localities for the units are identified, along with suggestions for portraying the features on geological maps, including colors and letter abbreviations for material units. Implementing these suggestions by the planetary mapping community would facilitate comparisons of maps for different parts of Europa and contribute to an eventual global synthesis of its complex geology. On the basis of initial mapping results, a stratigraphic sequence is suggested in which ridged plains form the oldest unit on Europa, followed by development of band material and individual ridges. Band materials tend to be somewhat older than ridges, but in many areas the two units formed simultaneously. Similarly, the formation of most chaos follows the development of ridged plains; although chaos is among the youngest materials on Europa, some chaos units might have formed contemporaneously with ridged plains. Smooth plains generally embay all other units and are late-stage in the evolution of the surface. C1 craters are superposed on ridged plains but are crosscut by other materials, including bands and ridges. Most c2 craters postdate all other units, but a few c2 craters are cut by ridge material. C3 craters constitute the youngest recognizable material on Europa. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Greeley, R (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 63 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E9 BP 22559 EP 22578 DI 10.1029/1999JE001173 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 360EC UT WOS:000089652600007 ER PT J AU Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB Gannam, A AF Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB Gannam, A TI Appetite of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) naturally infected with bacterial kidney disease SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE BKD; p57 antigen; X-ray; feed intake; feed restriction; chinook salmon ID RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; RAINBOW-TROUT; FEED-INTAKE; GROWTH; DIETS AB We evaluated the use of feed restriction to decrease mortality and infection rates in yearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) naturally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Fish were purposely stressed and then fed either full ration, half ration, or fasted. At the termination of the 6-week experiment, feed intake of the fish was evaluated by X-radiography after feeding all groups in excess and the amount of BKD p57 antigen in the kidneys was measured by enzyme linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess effects of infection on feeding rates. Only a few individuals in, each treatment died during the experiment, but the proportion of fish with detectable antigen concentration increased as ration level decreased. Within each treatment, fish with undetectable concentrations of p57 antigen ate significantly more than fish with elevated antigen levels. Exponential regressions were fitted for each ration level describing the decrease of appetite as levels of antigen concentrations increased. The data indicate that even fish that were quite sick as judged from their relatively high antigen concentrations can still feed and that previous food shortage can increase the feed intake to some extent in the sick fish. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Abernathy Salmon Culture Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Pirhonen, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD SEP 23 PY 2000 VL 189 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00368-9 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 335YR UT WOS:000088275300001 ER PT J AU Veverka, J Robinson, M Thomas, P Murchie, S Bell, JF Izenberg, N Chapman, C Harch, A Bell, M Carcich, B Cheng, A Clark, B Domingue, D Dunham, D Farquhar, R Gaffey, MJ Hawkins, E Joseph, J Kirk, R Li, H Lucey, P Malin, M Martin, P McFadden, L Merline, WJ Miller, JK Owen, WM Peterson, C Prockter, L Warren, J Wellnitz, D Williams, BG Yeomans, DK AF Veverka, J Robinson, M Thomas, P Murchie, S Bell, JF Izenberg, N Chapman, C Harch, A Bell, M Carcich, B Cheng, A Clark, B Domingue, D Dunham, D Farquhar, R Gaffey, MJ Hawkins, E Joseph, J Kirk, R Li, H Lucey, P Malin, M Martin, P McFadden, L Merline, WJ Miller, JK Owen, WM Peterson, C Prockter, L Warren, J Wellnitz, D Williams, BG Yeomans, DK TI NEAR at Eros: Imaging and spectral results SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASTEROID RENDEZVOUS MISSION; NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGER; EJECTA BLOCKS; 433-EROS; IDA; DISCOVERY; 243-IDA; GASPRA; FLYBY AB Eros is a very elongated (34 kilometers by 11 kilometers by 11 kilometers) asteroid, most of the surface of which is saturated with craters smaller than 1 kilometer in diameter. The Largest crater is 5.5 kilometers across, but there is a 10-kilometer saddle-like depression with attributes of a large degraded crater. Surface Lineations, both grooves and ridges, are prominent on Eros; some probably exploit planes of weakness produced by collisions on Ems and/or its parent body. Ejecta blocks (30 to 100 meters across) are abundant but not uniformly distributed over the surface. Albedo variations are restricted to the inner walls of certain craters and may be related to downslope movement of regolith. On scales of 200 meters to 1 kilometer, Eros is more bland in terms of color variations than Gaspra or Ida. Spectra (800 to 2500 nanometers) are consistent with an ordinary chondrite composition for which the measured mean density of 2.67 +/- 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter implies internal porosities ranging from about 10 to 30 percent. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Sci, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Veverka, J (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Wellnitz, Dennis/B-4080-2012; McFadden, Lucy-Ann/I-4902-2013; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Izenberg, Noam/F-3952-2015 OI McFadden, Lucy-Ann/0000-0002-0537-9975; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Izenberg, Noam/0000-0003-1629-6478 NR 61 TC 141 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 22 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5487 BP 2088 EP 2097 DI 10.1126/science.289.5487.2088 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 356EG UT WOS:000089430900035 ER PT J AU Piotrowski, AM Lee, DC Christensen, JN Burton, KW Halliday, AN Hein, JR Gunther, D AF Piotrowski, AM Lee, DC Christensen, JN Burton, KW Halliday, AN Hein, JR Gunther, D TI Changes in erosion and ocean circulation recorded in the Hf isotopic compositions of North Atlantic and Indian Ocean ferromanganese crusts SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE paleo-oceanography; Hf-177/Hf-176; stable isotopes; erosion; ferromanganese composition ID SEDIMENTARY SYSTEM; MANGANESE NODULES; ND ISOTOPES; PB ISOTOPES; LU-HF; PACIFIC; SEAWATER; DEPOSITS; MANTLE; DEEP AB High-resolution Hf isotopic records are presented for hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts from the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans. BM1969 from the western North Atlantic has previously been shown to record systematically decreasing Nd isotopic compositions from about 60 to similar to 4 Ma, at which time both show a rapid decrease to unradiogenic Nd composition, thought to be related to the increasing influence of NADW or glaciation in the northern hemisphere. During the Oligocene, North Atlantic I-If became progressively less radiogenic until in the mid-Miocene (similar to 15 Ma) it reached +1. It then shifted gradually back to an epsilon(Hf) value of +3 at 4 Ma, since when it has decreased rapidly to about -1 at the present day. The observed shifts in the Hf isotopic composition were probably caused by variation in intensity of erosion as glaciation progressed in the northern hemisphere. Ferromanganese crusts SS663 and 109D are from about 5500 m depth in the Indian Ocean and are now separated by similar to 2300 km across the Mid-Indian Ridge. They display similar trends in Hf isotopic composition from 20 to 5 Ma, with the more northern crust having a composition that is consistently more radiogenic (by similar to 2 epsilon(Hf) units). Paradoxically, during the last 20 Ma the Hf isotopic compositions of the two crusts have converged despite increased separation and subsidence relative to the ridge. A correlatable negative excursion at similar to 5 Ma in the two records may reflect a short-term increase in erosion caused by the activation of the Himalayan main central thrust. Changes to unradiogenic Hf in the central Indian Ocean after 5 Ma may alternatively have been caused by the expanding influence of NADW into the Mid-Indian Basin via circum-Antarctic deep water or a reduction of Pacific flow through the Indonesian gateway. In either case, these results illustrate the utility of the Hf isotope system as a tracer of paleoceanographic changes, capable of responding to subtle changes in erosional regime not readily resolved using other isotope systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. ETH Zurich, Anorgan Chem Lab, Inst Analyt Chem & Spurenanalyt, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Piotrowski, AM (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Lee, Der-Chuen/N-9225-2013; Christensen, John/D-1475-2015 NR 50 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 181 IS 3 BP 315 EP 325 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00205-3 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 355PN UT WOS:000089394200005 ER PT J AU Cozzarelli, IM Suflita, JM Ulrich, GA Harris, SH Scholl, MA Schlottmann, JL Christenson, S AF Cozzarelli, IM Suflita, JM Ulrich, GA Harris, SH Scholl, MA Schlottmann, JL Christenson, S TI Geochemical and microbiological methods for evaluating anaerobic processes in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE REDUCTION; ANOXIC GROUNDWATER; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; CRUDE-OIL; DENMARK; IRON; MINERALIZATION; SEDIMENTS; ZONATION; CARBON AB A combined geochemical and microbiological approach was needed to delineate the biogeochemical processes occurring in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate in Norman, OK, where the important microbially mediated reactions in an anoxic plume were iron reduction, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis. The highest rates of sulfate reduction (13.2 mu M/day) were detected near the water table where sulfate levels were maximal (up to 4.6 mM). The enrichment of S-34 in the sulfate pools (delta(34)S of SO42- was 67-69 parts per thousand), and dissolved hydrogen measurements provided additional support for the importance of sulfate reduction near the water table. Methane was detected in the center of the plume where sulfate was depleted. Microbial incubations demonstrated concomitant sulfate reduction and methanogenesis in the anoxic portion of the plume. Although high concentrations of soluble reduced iron were detected throughout the aquifer and H-2 levels were indicative of iron reduction under steady-state conditions, microbiological experiments showed that iron reduction was active only at the edges of the sulfate-depleted portion of the plume. This study demonstrates the benefits of using a combined geochemical and microbiological approach to elucidate the spatial distribution of biogeochemical processes in contaminated aquifers. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK 73116 USA. RP Cozzarelli, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614; Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 37 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 18 BP 4025 EP 4033 DI 10.1021/es991342b PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 354DY UT WOS:000089315600029 ER PT J AU Lee, JF Liao, PM Kuo, CC Yang, HT Chiou, CT AF Lee, JF Liao, PM Kuo, CC Yang, HT Chiou, CT TI Influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on contaminant distribution between water and several soil solids SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil; natural solid; surfactant solution; partition coefficient; critical micelle concentration (CMC); organic contaminants ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRICHLOROETHENE DESORPTION; SORPTION; SOLUBILIZATION; PARTITION; PHENANTHRENE; REMEDIATION; POLLUTANTS; SYSTEMS AB The influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on the contaminant distribution coefficients in solid-water mixtures was determined for a number of relatively nonpolar compounds (contaminants) on several natural solids. The studied compounds consisted of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene) and chlorinated pesticides (lindane, alpha-BHC, and heptachlor epoxide), which span several orders of magnitude in water solubility (S-w); the solid samples comprised a bentonite, a peat, and two other soils, which cover a wide range of solid organic matter (SOM) content. The applied surfactant concentrations (X) ranged from below the (nominal) CMC to 2-3 times the CMC. For relatively water-soluble BTEX compounds, the distribution coefficients with surfactant (K-d*) all exceeded those without surfactant (K-d); the K-d*/K-d ratios increased with increasing S-w from p-xylene to benzene on each solid at a given X, with increasing X for each compound on a solid, and with decreasing solid SOM content for each compound over the range of X studied. For the less-soluble pesticides, the K-d*/K-d ratios exhibited a large increase with X for bentonite, a marginal change (increase or decrease) for a soil of 2.4% SOM, and a moderate-to-large decrease for two soils of 14.8% and 86.4% SOM. These unique observations were rationalized in terms of the properties of the compound, the amount of surfactant sorbed on the solid, the enhanced solubilization of the compound by surfactant in water, and the relative effects of the surfactant when adsorbed on minerals and when partitioned into SORI. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Grad Inst Environm Engn, Chungli 320, Taiwan. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, JF (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Grad Inst Environm Engn, Chungli 320, Taiwan. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 32 TC 59 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 229 IS 2 BP 445 EP 452 DI 10.1006/jcis.2000.7039 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 355MY UT WOS:000089390500015 ER PT J AU Stockdon, HF Holman, RA AF Stockdon, HF Holman, RA TI Estimation of wave phase speed and nearshore bathymetry from video imagery SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SAND-BAR MORPHOLOGY; GRAVITY-WAVES; NATURAL BEACH; EDGE WAVES; VARIABILITY AB A new remote sensing technique based on video image processing has been developed for the estimation of nearshore bathymetry. The shoreward propagation of waves is measured using pixel intensity time series collected at a cross-shore array of locations using remotely operated video cameras. The incident band is identified, and the cross-spectral matrix is calculated for this band. The cross-shore component of wavenumber is found as the gradient in phase of the first complex empirical orthogonal function of this matrix. Water depth is then inferred from linear wave theory's dispersion relationship, Full bathymetry maps may be measured by collecting data in a large array composed of both cross-shore and longshore lines, Data are collected hourly throughout the day, and a stable, daily estimate of bathymetry is calculated from the median of the hourly estimates. The technique was tested using 30 days of hourly data collected at the SandyDuck experiment in Duck, North Carolina, in October 1997. Errors calculated as the difference between estimated depth and ground truth data show a mean bias of -35 cm (rms error = 91 cm). Expressed as a fraction of the true water depth, the mean percent error was 13% (rms error = 34%). Excluding the region of known wave nonlinearities over the bar crest, the accuracy of the technique improved, and the mean (rms) error was -20 cm (75 cm). Additionally, under low-amplitude swells (wave height H less than or equal to 1 m), the performance of the technique across the entire profile improved to 6% (29%) of the true water depth with a mean (rms) error of -12 cm (71 cm). C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Stockdon, HF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Stockdon, Hilary/0000-0003-0791-4676 NR 37 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 105 IS C9 BP 22015 EP 22033 DI 10.1029/1999JC000124 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 355DD UT WOS:000089369600010 ER PT J AU Konicki, KM Holman, RA AF Konicki, KM Holman, RA TI The statistics and kinematics of transverse sand bars on an open coast SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sand bar morphology; nearshore processes; remote sensing; longshore currents ID VIDEO AB Ten years (1987-1996) of time exposure video images of the nearshore region at Duck, NC were used to study transverse sand bars, bathymetric features of intermediate length scales (10-200 m) oriented oblique or perpendicular to the shoreline. These transverse sand bars extend seaward from both the shoreline (trough transverse bars) and the shore-parallel sand bar (offshore transverse bars). Transverse bars had not previously been observed in an energetic coastal environment such as that at Duck, and their dynamics and role in nearshore processes is unknown. Frequency of occurrence statistics and length scales of the transverse bars were calculated using the video images. Trough and offshore transverse bars appeared a mean of 39 and 73 days per year, respectively. The offshore bars were found to be much larger features than the trough bars, with mean wavelengths (alongshore spacing between consecutive crests) of 79 and 172 m for trough and offshore bars, respectively. Both the trough and offshore bars were found to persist for periods of days to months. The alongshore movement of the bars was measured and compared to estimates of surf zone longshore currents which were calculated from wave height and wave angle data. Both sets of bars were observed to move at rates up to 40 m/day. At times, both trough and offshore bars were observed shifting in the same direction as the current was flowing, and at other times, both sets of bars remained stationary, even under relatively strong longshore currents. Trough bars were also observed moving against the current. An hypothesis, proposed by Barcilon and Lau (1973) [J. Geophys. Res. 78(15). 2656-2664], that the transverse bars were created as a sea bed instability under longshore currents, was tested by comparing the magnitude of estimated surf zone longshore currents with times of formation or presence of transverse bars. There was no evidence to suggest that the bars were formed by this simple longshore current instability mechanism. Instead, it is plausible that the combined effects of waves and currents may drive the formation of these features. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Konicki, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 16 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 169 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00057-8 PG 33 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 358EL UT WOS:000089544200005 ER PT J AU Cronin, TM Dwyer, GS Baker, PA Rodriguez-Lazaro, J DeMartino, DM AF Cronin, TM Dwyer, GS Baker, PA Rodriguez-Lazaro, J DeMartino, DM TI Orbital and suborbital variability in North Atlantic bottom water temperature obtained from deep-sea ostracod Mg/Ca ratios SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE deep-ocean circulation; magnesium/calcium ratios; North Atlantic Ocean; ostracod; paleoclimate; Quaternary climates ID MILLENNIAL-SCALE CHANGES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAST GLACIATION; ICEBERG DISCHARGES; OCEAN CIRCULATION; HEINRICH EVENTS; OSCILLATIONS; PACIFIC; QUATERNARY; ANTARCTICA AB Magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios were measured in the deep-sea ostracod (Crustacea) genus Krithe from Chain core 82-24-4PC from the western mid-Atlantic Ridge (3427 m) in order to estimate ocean circulation and bottom water temperature (BWT) variability over the past 200,000 years. Mg/Ca ratios have been used as a paleothermometer because the ratios are controlled primarily by ambient water temperatures at the time the organism secretes its adult carapace. Over the past two glacial-interglacial cycles, Mg/Ca values oscillated between about 7 mmol/mol and 12 mmnol/mol, equivalent to a BWT range of 0 to >3.5 degrees C. The lowest values were obtained on specimens from glacial marine isotope stages (MISs) 2, 4 and 6; the highest values were obtained from specimens from the early part of the Holocene interglacial (MIS 1), and also from MISs 5 and 7. These trends suggest that BWTs in the North Atlantic Ocean fluctuate over orbital time scales. Suborbital variability in Mg/Ca ratios and BWT was also observed for the past 100,000 years. Ratios rose from similar to 8 mmol/mol to similar to 10 mmol/mol (implying a BWT increase of similar to 1 to 3 degrees C) during 14 Mg/Ca excursions. The highest ratios were found in Krithe dated at approximately 32, 36-38, 43, 48, 73, 85 and 93 ka. Although the age model for the Chain 82-24-4PC and temporal resolution do not allow precise correlation: some of these deep-sea bottom temperature excursions appear to correspond to Heinrich events recorded in other regions of the North Atlantic and perhaps Dansgaard-Oeschger interstadial events recorded in Greenland ice cores. If confirmed, this would support the hypothesis that millennial-scale oscillations of climate in the North Atlantic are capable of affecting global climate via thermohaline circulation changes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Basque Country, Dept Paleontol, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tcronin@usgs.gov RI Rodriguez-Lazaro, Julio/F-8583-2016 OI Rodriguez-Lazaro, Julio/0000-0002-7437-6110 NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 EI 1872-616X J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 162 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00104-8 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 356JD UT WOS:000089439400003 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eldson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Kulasekera, V Mill, L Fine, A Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E French, R Garmendia, A Andreadis, T Anderson, J Nelson, R Mayo, D Cartter, M Hadler, J Werner, B Timperi, R DeMaria, A Kelley, P Bunning, M AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eldson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Kulasekera, V Mill, L Fine, A Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E French, R Garmendia, A Andreadis, T Anderson, J Nelson, R Mayo, D Cartter, M Hadler, J Werner, B Timperi, R DeMaria, A Kelley, P Bunning, M TI Update: West Nile virus activity - Northeastern United States, January-August 7, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 714-717, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. Bergen Cty Hlth Dept, Paramus, NJ USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 13 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 10 BP 1236 EP 1237 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 350WL UT WOS:000089124600013 ER PT J AU Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Pringle, MS Wijbrans, J AF Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Pringle, MS Wijbrans, J TI New Ar-40/Ar-39 age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID POLARITY TIME SCALE; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; ASTRONOMICAL CALIBRATION; CONTINUOUS LASER; ASH BEDS; CALIFORNIA; INTERCALIBRATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; STRATIGRAPHY; TRANSITION AB Precise dating of sanidine from proximal ash flow Bishop Tuff and air fall Bishop pumice and ash, California, can be used to derive an absolute age of the Matuyama Reversed-Brunhes Normal (M-B) paleomagnetic transition, identified stratigraphically close beneath the Bishop Tuff and ash at many sites in the western United States. An average age of 758.9 +/- 1.8 ka, standard error of the mean (SEM), was obtained for individual sanidine crystals or groups of several crystals, determined from similar to 70 individual analyses of sanidine separates from 11 sample groups obtained at five localities. The basal air fall pumice (757.7 +/- 1.8 ka) and overlying ash flow tuff (762.2 +/- 4.7 ka) from near the source yield essentially the same dates within errors of analysis, suggesting that the two units were emplaced close in time. A date on distal Bishop air fall ash bed at Friant, California, similar to 100 km to the west of the source area, is younger, 750.1 +/- 4.3 ka, but not significantly different within analytical error (+/-1 standard deviation). Previous dates of the Bishop Tuff, obtained by others using conventional K-Ar and the fission track method on zircons, ranged from similar to 650 ka to similar to 1.0 Ma. The most recent, generally accepted date by the K-Ar method on sanidine was 738 +/- 3 ka. We infer, as others before, that many K-Ar dates on sanidine feldspar are too young owing to incomplete degassing of radiogenic Ar during fusion in the K-Ar technique and that many older K-Ar dates are too old owing to detrital or xenocrystic contamination in the larger samples that are necessary for the technique. The new dates are similar to recent Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of the Bishop Tuff determined on individual samples by others but are derived from a larger proximal sample population and from multiple analysis of each sample. The results provide a definitive and precise age calibration of this widespread chronostratigraphic marker in the western United States and northeastern Pacific Ocean. We calculated the age of the M-B transition at five sites, assuming constant sedimentation rates, the age of the Bishop ash bed and one or more well-dated chronostratigraphic horizons above and below the Bishop Tuff ash bed and MB transition, and stratigraphic separations between these datum levels. The age of the MB transition is 774.2 +/- 2.8 ka, based on the average of eight such calculations, close to other recent determinations, and similar to that determined from the astronomically tuned polarity timescale. Our approach provides an alternative and surprisingly precise method for determining the age of the M-B and other chronostratigraphic levels. The above dates, calculated using U.S. Geological Survey values of 27.92 Ma for the Taylor Creek (TC) sanidine can be recalculated to other widely used values for these monitors. For example, using recently published values of 28.34 Ma (TC) and 523.1 Ma (McLure Mountain hornblende, MMhb-1), the resulting ages are similar to 774 ka for the Bishop Tuff and ash bed and similar to 789 ka for the M-B transition. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Scottish Univ Res & Reactor Ctr, E Kilbride G75 0QU, Lanark, Scotland. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Earth Sci, Dept Petrol & Isotope Geol, NL-1081 HB Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Sarna-Wojcicki, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 975, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM asarna@usgs.gov RI Wijbrans, Jan /Q-1914-2016 OI Wijbrans, Jan /0000-0002-8091-1239 NR 76 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B9 BP 21431 EP 21443 DI 10.1029/2000JB900901 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 354NF UT WOS:000089336000010 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Wicks, C Power, JA Dzurisin, D AF Lu, Z Wicks, C Power, JA Dzurisin, D TI Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SURFACE DEFORMATION; HALF-SPACE; ERUPTION; ETNA; DISPLACEMENT; CALDERA AB In March 1996 an intense swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (similar to 3000 felt by local residents, M-max = 5.1, cumulative moment of 2.7 x 10(18) N m) beneath Akutan Island in the Aleutian volcanic are, Alaska, produced extensive ground cracks but no eruption of Akutan volcano. Synthetic aperture radar interferograms that span the time of the swarm reveal complex island-wide deformation: the western part of the island including Akutan volcano moved upward, while the eastern part moved downward. The axis of the deformation approximately aligns with new ground cracks on the western part of the island and with Holocene normal faults that were reactivated during the swarm on the eastern part of the island. The axis is also roughly parallel to the direction of greatest compressional stress in the region. No ground movements greater than 2.83 cm were observed outside the volcano's summit caldera for periods of 4 years before or 2 years after the swarm. We modeled the deformation primarily as the emplacement of a shallow, east-west trending, north dipping dike plus inflation of a deep, Mogi-type magma body beneath the volcano. The pattern of subsidence on the eastern part of the island is poorly constrained. It might have been produced by extensional tectonic strain that both reactivated preexisting faults on the eastern part of the island and facilitated magma movement beneath the western part. Alternatively, magma intrusion beneath the volcano might have been the cause of extension and subsidence in the eastern part of the island. We attribute localized subsidence in an area of active fumaroles within the Akutan caldera, by as much as 10 cm during 1992-1993 and 1996-1998, to fluid withdrawal or depressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system. C1 STX Corp, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), STX Corp, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lu@usgs.gov; cwicks@usgs.gov; jpower@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B9 BP 21483 EP 21495 DI 10.1029/2000JB900200 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 354NF UT WOS:000089336000014 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AM Oki, DS AF Shapiro, AM Oki, DS TI Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ground water; pump tests; turbulence; transmissivity; storage coefficient ID SLUG TEST AB Hydrologists often attempt to estimate formation properties from aquifer tests for which only the hydraulic responses in a pumped well are available. Borehole storage, turbulent head losses, and borehole skin, however, can mask the hydraulic behavior of the formation inferred from the water level in the pumped well. Also, in highly permeable formations or in formations at significant depth below land surface, where there is a long column of water in the well casing, oscillatory water levels may arise during the onset of pumping to further mask formation responses in the pumped well. Usually borehole phenomena an confined to the early stages of pumping or recovery, and late-time hydraulic data can be used to estimate formation properties. In many instances, however, early-time hydraulic data provide valuable information about the formation, especially if there are interferences in the late-time data. A mathematical model and its Laplace transform solution that account for inertial influences and turbulent head losses during pumping is developed for the coupled response between the pumped borehole and the formation. The formation is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, of infinite areal extent, and uniform thickness, with leakage from an overlying aquifer, and the screened or open interval of the pumped well is assumed to fully penetrate the pumped aquifer. Other mathematical models of aquifer flow can also be coupled with the equations describing turbulent head losses and the inertial effects on the water column in the pumped well. The mathematical model developed in this paper is sufficiently general to consider both underdamped conditions for which oscillations arise, and overdamped conditions for which then ale no oscillations. Through numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution, type curves from the mathematical model are developed to estimate formation properties through comparison with the measured hydraulic response in the pumped well. The mathematical model is applied to estimate formation properties from a singlewell test conducted near Waialua, Oahu, Hawaii. At this site, both the drawdown and recovery showed oscillatory water levels in the pumped well, and a step-drawdown test showed that approximately 86% of the drawdown is attributed to turbulent head losses. Analyses at this site using late-time drawdown data were confounded by the noise present in the measured water levels due primarily to nearby irrigation wells and ocean tides. By analyzing the early-time oscillatory recovery data at the Waialua site, upper and lower bounds were placed on the transmissivity, T, storage coefficient, S, and the leakance of the confining unit, K'/B'. The upper and lower bounds on T differ by a factor of 2. Upper and lower bounds on S and K'/B' are much larger, because drawdown stabilized relatively quickly after the onset of pumping. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Shapiro, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 10 PY 2000 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 356GK UT WOS:000089435400006 ER PT J AU Pojeta, J AF Pojeta, J TI Tyrannosaurus Sue - The extraordinary saga of the largest, most fought over T. rex ever found SO SCIENCE LA English DT Book Review C1 Smithsonian Inst, Dept Paleobiol, US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Pojeta, J (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Dept Paleobiol, US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 8 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5485 BP 1695 EP 1696 DI 10.1126/science.289.5485.1695 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 352BT UT WOS:000089195200028 ER PT J AU Magnuson, JJ Robertson, DM Benson, BJ Wynne, RH Livingstone, DM Arai, T Assel, RA Barry, RG Card, V Kuusisto, E Granin, NG Prowse, TD Stewart, KM Vuglinski, VS AF Magnuson, JJ Robertson, DM Benson, BJ Wynne, RH Livingstone, DM Arai, T Assel, RA Barry, RG Card, V Kuusisto, E Granin, NG Prowse, TD Stewart, KM Vuglinski, VS TI Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIAN SHIELD; AIR TEMPERATURES; BREAK-UP; RECORDS; DATES; MODEL AB Freeze and breakup dates of ice on Lakes and rivers provide consistent evidence of Later freezing and earlier breakup around the Northern Hemisphere from 1846 to 1995, Over these 150 years, changes in freeze dates averaged 5.8 days per 100 years Later, and changes in breakup dates averaged 6.5 days per 100 years earlier; these translate to increasing air temperatures of about 1.2 degrees C per 100 years. Interannual variability in both freeze and breakup dates has increased since 1950. A few Longer time series reveal reduced ice cover (a warming trend) beginning as early as the 16th century, with increasing rates of change after about 1850. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Phys, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Rissho Univ, Dept Geog, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 141, Japan. NOAA, Great Lakes Ecosyst Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Colorado, World Data Ctr Glaciol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Metropolitan State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, St Paul, MN 55106 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland. Limnol Inst, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg 199053, Russia. RP Magnuson, JJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596; Barry, Roger/0000-0001-9239-0859 NR 33 TC 538 Z9 560 U1 11 U2 94 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 8 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5485 BP 1743 EP 1746 DI 10.1126/science.289.5485.1743 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 352BT UT WOS:000089195200044 ER PT J AU Webster, CD Thompson, KR Morgan, AM Grisby, EJ Gannam, AL AF Webster, CD Thompson, KR Morgan, AM Grisby, EJ Gannam, AL TI Use of hempseed meal, poultry by-product meal, and canola meal in practical diets without fish meal for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops X M-saxatilis) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE sunshine bass; diet; fish meal; growth ID HYBRID STRIPED BASS; BODY-COMPOSITION; CHANNEL CATFISH; SALMON DIETS; SOYBEAN-MEAL; PROTEIN; GROWTH; CHLORIDE; NITRITE; RATIOS AB In an effort to reduce fish meal (FM) use in diets for sunshine bass, a feeding trial was conducted. Four practical floating diets were formulated to contain 40% protein, similar energy levels, and without FM. A fifth diet was formulated to contain 30% FM and served as the control diet. Ten fish were stocked into each of 20 110-1 aquaria and were fed twice daily (0730 and 1600 h) amounts of diet similar to that of the aquarium consuming the most diet at that feeding. Diets were formulated to contain as major protein sources: Diet 1, 35% soybean meal (SBM) and 35% meat-and-bone meal (MBM); Diet 2, 27% SBM + 27% MBM + 20% hempseed meal (HSM); Diet 3, 30% SBM and 30% poultry by-product meal (PBM); Diet 4, 27% SBM + 27% MBM + 20% canola meal (CM). The control diet (Diet 5) had 30% SBM and 30% FM. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, percentage weight gain of sunshine bass fed Diet 1 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (299%) compared to fish fed Diet 3 (197%);and Diet 4 (226%), but not different from fish fed Diets 2 and 5. Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed Diet 1 was significantly higher (1.97%/day) compared to fish fed Diet 3 (1.52%/day), but not different compared to fish fed all other diets. Percentage survival and the amount of diet fed were not significantly different among all treatments and averaged 95% and 111 g diet/fish, respectively. Feed conversion ratios (FCRs) of fish fed Diets 3 and 4 were significantly higher (2.71 and 2.88, respectively) compared to fish fed the other diets. Percentage fillet weight and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were not significantly different among treatments and averaged 22.7% and 2.04%, respectively. Proximate compositions of fillets were not different among fish fed all diets and averaged 23.9%, 19.6%, and 2.0% for moisture, protein (wet weight basis), and lipid(wet weight basis), respectively. Results from the present study indicate that diets without FM can be fed to juvenile sunshine bass without adverse effects on growth, survival, and body composition. Further research needs to be conducted in ponds on the diet formulations used in the present study to verify results. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kentucky State Univ, Aquaculture Res Ctr, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Webster, CD (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, Aquaculture Res Ctr, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 30 TC 73 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD SEP 5 PY 2000 VL 188 IS 3-4 BP 299 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00338-0 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 330FU UT WOS:000087952800008 ER PT J AU King, SE Grace, JB AF King, SE Grace, JB TI The effects of gap size and disturbance type on invasion of wet pine savanna by cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE disturbance; exotic species; gap size; germination; invasion; prescribed burning; seedling survival ID SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; COLONIZATION; LITTER; PRODUCTIVITY; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; GRASSLAND; MICROSITE; ECOLOGY AB Cogongrass is a nonindigenous species perceived to threaten native communities of the southeastern United States through modification of species composition and alteration of community processes. To examine how gap size and disturbance type influence the invasion of wet pine savannas by cogongrass, we performed three field experiments to evaluate the response of cogongrass seeds and transplanted seedlings to four different gap sizes, four types of site disturbance, and recent burning of savanna vegetation. Cogongrass germinated, survived, and grew in all gap sizes, from 0 to 100 cm in diameter. Similarly, disturbance type had no effect on germination or seedling and transplant survival. Tilling, however, significantly enhanced transplanted seedling growth, resulting in a tenfold increase in biomass over the other disturbance types. Seedling survival to 1 and 2 mo was greater in burned savanna than unburned savanna, although transplant survival and growth were not affected by burning. Results of this study suggest that cogongrass can germinate, survive, and grow in wet pine savanna communities regardless of gap size or type of disturbance, including burning. Burning of savanna vegetation may enhance establishment by improving early seedling survival, and soil disturbance can facilitate invasion of cogongrass by enhancing plant growth. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 49 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 19 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 87 IS 9 BP 1279 EP 1286 DI 10.2307/2656721 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 355KP UT WOS:000089385100008 PM 10991899 ER PT J AU Brigatti, MF Lugli, C Poppi, L Foord, EE Kile, DE AF Brigatti, MF Lugli, C Poppi, L Foord, EE Kile, DE TI Crystal chemical variations in Li- and Fe-rich micas from Pikes Peak batholith (central Colorado) SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID GRANITIC PEGMATITES; REFINEMENT; EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; COORDINATION; LEPIDOLITE; PHLOGOPITE; CHEMISTRY; POLYTYPES; DEPOSITS AB The crystal structure and M-site populations of a series of micas-1M from miarolitic pegmatites that formed within host granitic rocks of the Precambrian, anorogenic Pikes Peak batholith, central Colorado, were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Crystals fall in the polylithionite-siderophyllite-annite field, being 0 less than or equal to Li less than or equal to 2.82, 0.90 less than or equal to Fe-total less than or equal to 5.00, 0.26 less than or equal to([6])Al less than or equal to 2.23 apfu. Ordering of trivalent cations (mainly Al3+) is revealed in a cis-octahedral site (M2 or M3), which leads to a lowering of the layer symmetry from C12/m(1) (siderophyllite and annite crystals) to C12(1) diperiodic group (lithian siderophyllite and ferroan polylithionite crystals). On the basis of mean bond length the ordering scheme of octahedral cations is mostly meso-octahedral, whereas the mean electron count at each M site suggests both meso- and hetero-octahedral ordering, the calculated mean atomic numbers being M1 = M3 not equal M2, M2 = M3 not equal M1 and M1 not equal M2 not equal M3. As the siderophyllite content increases, so do the a, b, and c unit-cell parameters, as well as the refractive indices, primarily np. The tetrahedral rotation angle, alpha, is generally small (1.51 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 5.04 degrees) and roughly increases with polylithionite content, whereas the basal oxygen out-of-plane tilting, Delta z, is sensitive both to octahedral composition and degree of order (0.0 less than or equal to Delta z less than or equal to 0.009 Angstrom for siderophyllite and annite, 0.058 less than or equal to Delta z less than or equal to 0.144 Angstrom for lithian siderophyllite and ferroan polylithionite crystals). C1 Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Earth Sci, I-41100 Modena, Italy. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brigatti, MF (reprint author), Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Earth Sci, I-41100 Modena, Italy. RI Brigatti, Maria Franca/L-9792-2015 OI Brigatti, Maria Franca/0000-0002-7526-9931 NR 45 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 85 IS 9 BP 1275 EP 1286 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 350NV UT WOS:000089108800020 ER PT J AU Sorrell, BK Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL Woods, RA AF Sorrell, BK Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL Woods, RA TI Ecophysiology of wetland plant roots: A modelling comparison of aeration in relation to species distribution SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XVIth International Botanical Congress CY AUG 04, 1999 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Bot Soc Amer, Dev & Struct Sect, Annals Bot DE aeration; diffusion; ecophysiology; flooding; model; oxygen; respiration; root; wetland ID CONVECTIVE GAS-FLOW; SPHACELATA R-BR; TRIN EX STEUD; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; INTERNAL AERATION; SCIRPUS-LACUSTRIS; TYPHA-LATIFOLIA; WATER-LEVEL; OXYGEN; MACROPHYTES AB This study examined the potential for inter-specific differences in root aeration to determine wetland plant distribution in nature. We compared aeration in species that differ in the type of sediment and depth of water they colonize. Differences in root anatomy, structure and physiology were applied to aeration models that predicted the maximum possible aerobic lengths and development of anoxic zones in primary adventitious roots. Differences in anatomy and metabolism that provided higher axial fluxes of oxygen allowed deeper root growth in species that favour more reducing sediments and deeper water. Modelling identified factors that affected growth in anoxic soils through their effects on aeration. These included lateral root formation, which occurred at the expense of extension of the primary root because of the additional respiratory demand they imposed, reducing oxygen fluxes to the tip and stele, and the development of stelar anoxia. However, changes in sediment oxygen demand had little detectable effect on aeration in the primary roots due to their low wall permeability and high surface impedance, but appeared to reduce internal oxygen availability by accelerating loss from laterals. The development of pressurized convective gas flow in shoots and rhizomes was also found to be important in assisting root aeration, as it maintained higher basal oxygen concentrations at the rhizome-root junctions in species growing into deep water. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Sorrell, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, POB 8602, Christchurch, New Zealand. EM b.sorrell@niwa.cri.nz RI Woods, Ross/C-6696-2013; Sorrell, Brian/L-1351-2013; McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI Woods, Ross/0000-0002-5732-5979; Sorrell, Brian/0000-0002-2460-8438; McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 31 TC 66 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 29 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 86 IS 3 BP 675 EP 685 DI 10.1006/anbo.2000.1173 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 354BH UT WOS:000089309600025 ER PT J AU Reysenbach, AL Longnecker, K Kirshtein, J AF Reysenbach, AL Longnecker, K Kirshtein, J TI Novel bacterial and archaeal lineages from an in situ growth chamber deployed at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS; SP-NOV; LOIHI SEAMOUNT; PHYLOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA; ALVINELLA-POMPEJANA; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; GUAYMAS BASIN; MICROBIAL MAT AB The phylogenetic diversity was determined for a microbial community obtained from an in situ growth chamber placed on a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (23 degrees 22' N, 44 degrees 57' W). The chamber was deployed for 5 days, and the temperature within the chamber gradually decreased from 70 to 20 degrees C, Upon retrieval of the chamber, the DNA was extracted and the small-subunit rRNA genes (16S rDNA) were amplified by PCR using primers specific for the Archaea or Bacteria domain and cloned. Unique rDNA sequences were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and 38 different archaeal and bacterial phylotypes were identified from the 85 clones screened. The majority of the archaeal sequences were affiliated with the Thermococcales (71%) and Archaeoglobales (22%) orders. A sequence belonging to the Thermoplasmales confirms that thermoacidophiles may have escaped enrichment culturing attempts of deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples. Additional sequences that represented deeply rooted lineages in the low-temperature eurarchaeal (marine group II) and crenarchaeal clades were obtained. The majority of the bacterial sequences obtained mere restricted to the Aquificales (18%), the epsilon subclass of the Proteobacteria (epsilon-Proteobacteria) (40%), and the genus Desulfurobacterium (25%). Most of the clones (28%) were confined to a monophyletic clade within the epsilon-Proteobacteria with no known close relatives, The prevalence of clones related to thermophilic microbes that use hydrogen as an electron donor and sulfur compounds (S-0, SO4, thiosulfate) indicates the importance of hydrogen oxidation and sulfur metabolism at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The presence of sequences that are related to sequences from hyperthermophiles, moderate thermophiles, and mesophiles suggests that the diversity obtained from this analysis may reflect the microbial succession that occurred in response to the shift in temperature and possible associated changes in the chemistry of the hydrothermal fluid. C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Environm Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Reysenbach, AL (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, 1719 10th Ave SW, Portland, OR 97201 USA. NR 56 TC 249 Z9 260 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 66 IS 9 BP 3798 EP 3806 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.9.3798-3806.2000 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 350NZ UT WOS:000089109200021 PM 10966393 ER PT J AU Guthrie, KM Rust, MB Langdon, CJ Barrows, FT AF Guthrie, KM Rust, MB Langdon, CJ Barrows, FT TI Acceptability of various microparticulate diets to first-feeding walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae SO AQUACULTURE NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Recent Advances in Larval Fish Nutrition CY 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DE Artemia; feeding; larval; nutrition; start-feeding AB The acceptability of eight diets made by a wide variety of microparticulate manufacturing processes was studied using first-feeding walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Diets were formulated using a common dietary mix but differed in manufacture technique. The microparticulate diets fed were (1) carrageenan bound, (2) alginate bound, (3) starch/konjack bound, (4) microextruded/maurmurized (MEM), (5) zein bound, (6) carboxymethyl cellulose bound (CMC), (7) particle-assisted rotationally agglomerated (PARA) and (8) a commercial microparticulate diet (Fry Feed Kyowa B-700, FFK). Controls were groups fed live Artemia nauplii and unfed. Gut fullness was measured as the cross-sectional optical area of the bolus visible through the transparent body of the larvae using computer-aided image analysis. Feeding incidence on MEM particles (71 +/- 8%, mean +/- standard error), zein-bound particles (69 +/- 7%), alginate-bound particles (68 +/- 2%) and PARA particles (65 +/- 6%) were not significantly different (P 0.05) from the feeding incidence for Artemia (71 +/- 6%). FFK (49 +/- 14%) and particles bound with carboxymethyl cellulose (27 +/- 0.07%), starch (21 +/- 10%) or carrageenan (20 +/- 0.8%) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower feeding incidence. Larvae that did initiate feeding did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) in the amount of each microparticulate diet or Artemia consumed. This data indicates that once first-feeding walleye start on a diet, they will consume that diet to a similar fixed level of satiation. Given the differences in the amounts of water and nutrients in the various diets, more nutrients were delivered to the gut of walleye larvae feeding on microparticulate diets than on the Artemia control. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT USA. RP Rust, MB (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1353-5773 J9 AQUACULT NUTR JI Aquac. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 6 IS 3 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 346RC UT WOS:000088884000003 ER PT J AU Jassby, AD Cloern, JE AF Jassby, AD Cloern, JE TI Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA) SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE agricultural drainage; aquatic macrophyte; food web; organic carbon; phytoplankton; restoration; river loading; tidal marsh ID TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; CARBON-SOURCES; FRANCISCO BAY; FOOD WEBS; PHYTOPLANKTON; ESTUARY; GROWTH; BACTERIOPLANKTON; PRODUCTIVITY AB 1. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a complex mosaic of tidal Freshwater habitats in California. is the focus of a major ecosystem rehabilitation effort because of significant long-term changes in critical ecosystem functions. One of these functions is the production, transport and transformation of organic matter that constitutes the primary food supply, which may be sub-optimal at trophic levels supporting fish recruitment. A long historical data set is used to define the most important organic matter sources, the factors underlying their variability, and the implications of ecosystem rehabilitation actions for these sources. 2. Tributary-borne loading is the largest organic carbon source on an average annual Delta-wide basis; phytoplankton production and agricultural drainage are secondary; wastewater treatment plant discharge, tidal marsh drainage and possibly aquatic macrophyte production are tertiary; and benthic microalgal production, urban run-off and other sources are negligible. 3. Allochthonous dissolved organic carbon must be converted to particulate form-with losses due to hydraulic flushing and to heterotroph growth inefficiency-before it becomes available to the metazoan food web. When these losses are accounted for, phytoplankton production plays a much larger role than is evident from a simple accounting of bulk organic carbon sources, especially in seasons critical for larval development and recruitment success. Phytoplankton-derived organic matter is also an important component of particulate loading to the Delta. 4. The Delta is a net producer of organic matter in critically dry years but, because of water diversion from the Delta, transport of organic matter from the Delta to important, downstream nursery areas in San Francisco Bay is always less than transport into the Delta from upstream sources. 5. Of proposed rehabilitation measures, increased use of floodplains probably offers the biggest increase in organic matter sources. 6. An isolated diversion facility-channelling water from the Sacramento River around the Delta to the water projects-would result in substantial loading increases during winter and autumn, but little change in spring and summer when food availability probably matters most to developing organisms. 7. Flow and fish barriers in the channel could have significant effects, especially on phytoplankton sources and in dry years, by eliminating 'short-circuits' in the transport of organic matter to diversion points. 8. Finally, productivity of intentionally flooded islands probably would exceed that of adjacent channels because of lower turbidity and shallower mean depth, although vascular plants rather than phytoplankton could dominate if depths were too shallow. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Jassby, AD (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 67 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 39 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 323 EP 352 DI 10.1002/1099-0755(200009/10)10:5<323::AID-AQC417>3.0.CO;2-J PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 369WM UT WOS:000165090800002 ER PT J AU Pringle, CM Freeman, MC Freeman, BJ AF Pringle, CM Freeman, MC Freeman, BJ TI Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; HYDROELECTRIC DAMS; FISH COMMUNITIES; UNITED-STATES; AMERICA; STREAM; BASIN; FLOW; DISTURBANCE; CALIFORNIA C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Georgia Museum Nat Hist, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Pringle, CM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012 NR 112 TC 241 Z9 257 U1 9 U2 73 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2000 VL 50 IS 9 BP 807 EP 823 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0807:REOHAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 353AK UT WOS:000089251400011 ER PT J AU Evans, KV Aleinikoff, JN Obradovich, JD Fanning, CM AF Evans, KV Aleinikoff, JN Obradovich, JD Fanning, CM TI SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of volcanic rocks, Belt Supergroup, western Montana: evidence for rapid deposition of sedimentary strata SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOUTHEASTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM; NORTH-AMERICA; PURCELL SUPERGROUP; ZIRCON AGES; TH-PB; PROTEROZOIC SUPERCONTINENT; MAFIC INTRUSIONS; AUGEN GNEISS AB New sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon analyses from two tuffs and a felsic flow in the middle and upper Belt Supergroup of northwestern Montana significantly refine the age of sedimentation for this very thick (15-20 km) Middle Proterozoic stratigraphic sequence. In ascending stratigraphic order, the results are (1) 1454 +/- 9 Ma for a tuff in the upper part of the Helena Formation at Logan Pass, Glacier National Park; (2) 1443 +/- 7 Ma for a regionally restricted porphyritic rhyolite to quartz latite flow of the Purcell Lava in the Yaak River region; and (3) 1401 +/- 6 Ma for a tuff in the very thin transition zone between the Bonner Quartzite and Libby Formation, west of the town of Libby. Combining these ages with those previously published by other workers for ca. 1470-Ma sills in the lower Belt in Montana and Canada indicates that all but the uppermost Belt strata (about 1700 m) were deposited over a period of about 70 million years, considerably reducing the time span from longstanding estimates ranging from 250 to 600 million years. Calculated sediment accumulation rates between dated samples indicates rapid, but not unreasonable, values for early Belt strata, with decreasing rates through time. These ages also suggest the inadequacy of previously published paleomagnetic data to resolve Belt Supergroup chronology at an appropriate level of accuracy. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Evans, KV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,Mail Stop 905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM kvevans@usgs.gov RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 88 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 37 IS 9 BP 1287 EP 1300 DI 10.1139/e00-036 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 351LL UT WOS:000089158600006 ER PT J AU Buzby, KM Perry, SA AF Buzby, KM Perry, SA TI Modeling the potential effects of climate change on leaf pack processing in central Appalachian streams SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WOODLAND STREAM; ORGANIC-MATTER; HEADWATER STREAMS; ECOSYSTEM; DETRITUS; DYNAMICS; INVERTEBRATES; DETRITIVORES; TEMPERATURE; METABOLISM AB A computer simulation model was constructed to evaluate some of the projected impacts of climate change, including elevated temperatures and increased frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts, on leaf pack processing in central Appalachian streams. The model simulated microbial processing, invertebrate consumption, and transport along a 1-km second-order stream. We examined the effects of wet and dry years with and without a 2%C temperature increase. Both invertebrates and microbes processed more leaf material under the elevated temperature scenarios; however, the invertebrate response was greater than the microbial response. In the model, microbial processing is represented as a linear function of temperature; a nonlinear response might produce different results. Invertebrates processed a greater percentage of the inputs in wet than in dry years, while microbial processing rates were unaffected. A 20-year flood event occurring in November, January, or March caused more than 50% of the leaf inputs to be exported, leaving little detrital material available for invertebrate consumption. The timing of the flood event made little difference to the simulation results. All climate change scenarios resulted in decreases, sometimes substantial, in coarse particulate organic matter availability to shredders during the summer months. C1 US Geol Survey, W Virginia Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Buzby, KM (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 9 BP 1773 EP 1783 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-9-1773 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 349FV UT WOS:000089033700003 ER PT J AU Knickerbocker, C Nordstrom, DK Southam, G AF Knickerbocker, C Nordstrom, DK Southam, G TI The role of ''blebbing'' in overcoming the hydrophobic barrier during biooxidation of elemental sulfur by Thiobacillus thiooxidans SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 26-29, 1998 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Geol Soc Amer DE sulfur-biooxidation; Thiobacillus thiooxidans; bacterial adhesion; hydrophobicity ID ACINETOBACTER-CALCOACETICUS RAG-1; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; CELL HYDROPHOBICITY; MEMBRANE-VESICLES; PYRITE OXIDATION; INORGANIC SULFUR; ADHESION; CELLULOSOME; CLOSTRIDIUM; BIODEGRADATION AB Brimstone Basin, in southeastern Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming is an ancient hydrothermal area containing solfataric alteration. Drainage waters flowing from Brimstone Basin had pH values as low as 1.23 and contained up to 1.7 X 10(6) MPN/ml acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Thiobacillus thiooxidans was the dominant sulfur-oxidizing bacterium recovered from an enrichment culture and was used in a structural examination of bacterial sulfur oxidation. Growth in these sulfur cultures occurred in two phases with cells in association with the macroscopic sulfur grains and in suspension above these grains. Colonization of sulfur grains by individual cells and microcolonies was facilitated by organic material that appeared to be responsible for bacterial adhesion. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained (2% [wt./vol.] uranyl acetate), sulfur-grown T. thiooxidans revealed extensive membrane blebbing (sloughing of outer membrane vesicles) and the presence of approximately 100 nm sized sulfur particles adsorbed to membrane material surrounding individual bacteria, Sulfite-grown bacteria did not possess membrane blebs. The amphipathic nature of these outer membrane vesicles appear to be responsible for overcoming the hydrophobic barrier necessary for the growth of T. thiooxidans on elemental sulfur. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Knickerbocker, C (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RI Southam, Gordon/D-1983-2013 OI Southam, Gordon/0000-0002-8941-1249 NR 52 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 169 IS 3-4 BP 425 EP 433 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00221-7 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 349HN UT WOS:000089039800013 ER PT J AU McGuire, JT Smith, EW Long, DT Hyndman, DW Haack, SK Klug, MJ Velbel, MA AF McGuire, JT Smith, EW Long, DT Hyndman, DW Haack, SK Klug, MJ Velbel, MA TI Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 26-29, 1998 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Geol Soc Amer DE aquifer biogeochemistry; terminal-electron-accepting process; temporal variation; redox zonation; recharge ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; CRUDE-OIL; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; CAPE-COD; GEOCHEMISTRY; GROUNDWATER; MASSACHUSETTS; OXIDATION; TRANSPORT AB A fundamental issue in aquifer biogeochemistry is the means by which solute transport, geochemical processes, and microbiological activity combine to produce spatial and temporal variations in redox zonation. In this paper, we describe the temporal variability of TEAP conditions in shallow groundwater contaminated with both waste fuel and chlorinated solvents. TEAP parameters (including methane, dissolved iron, and dissolved hydrogen) were measured to characterize the contaminant plume over a 3-year period. We observed that concentrations of TEAP parameters changed on different time scales and appear to be related, in part, to recharge events. Changes in all TEAP parameters were observed on short time scales (months), and over a longer 3-year period. The results indicate that (1) interpretations of TEAP conditions in aquifers contaminated with a variety of organic chemicals, such as those with petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, must consider additional hydrogen-consuming reactions (e.g., dehalogenation); (2) interpretations must consider the roles of both in situ (at the sampling point) biogeochemical and solute transport processes; and (3) determinations of microbial communities are often necessary to confirm the interpretations made from geochemical and hydrogeological measurements on these processes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Geol Survey, E Lansing, MI 49811 USA. Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biol Stn, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. RP McGuire, JT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Hyndman, David/G-1576-2010 NR 47 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 169 IS 3-4 BP 471 EP 485 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 349HN UT WOS:000089039800017 ER PT J AU Guarini, JM Blanchard, GF Gros, P AF Guarini, JM Blanchard, GF Gros, P TI Quantification of the microphytobenthic primary production in European intertidal mudflats - a modelling approach SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microphytobenthic biomass; intertidal mudflat; short-term dynamics; mathematical model; slow-fast system ID MARENNES-OLERON BAY; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; BENTHIC MICROALGAE; DYNAMICS; LIGHT; RESUSPENSION; TEMPERATURE; SEDIMENTS; FRANCE AB A deterministic model quantifying the dynamics of the microphytobenthic biomass in the first centimeter of the mud was formulated as part of the MAST-III/INTRMUD project. The main modelled processes are production by photosynthesis, active Vertical migration of the microphytobenthos and global biomass losses, encompassing grazing, mortality and resuspension during immersion periods. The model emphasizes the role of the interface between mud and air, which is crucial for the production. The microalgal biofilm present at the mud surface during day-time emersion periods induces most of the differences between microphytobenthos and phytoplankton communities dynamics. The study of the mathematical properties of the system, under some simplifying assumptions, shows the convergence of the solutions to a stable cyclic equilibrium, in the whole observed range of the frequencies of the physical synchronizers of the production. Resilience time estimates suggest that microphytobenthic biomass attains an equilibrium rapidly, even after a strong perturbation Around the equilibrium, the local model solutions agree fairly with the in situ observed dynamics of the total biomass. The sensitivity analysis suggests investigating the processes governing biomass losses, which are so far uncertain, and may further vary in space and time. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 IFREMER, CNRS, Ctr Rech Ecol Marine & Aquaculture LHoumeau, F-17137 LHoumeau, France. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ La Rochelle, LBEM, F-17042 La Rochelle, France. IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Guarini, JM (reprint author), IFREMER, CNRS, Ctr Rech Ecol Marine & Aquaculture LHoumeau, BP 5, F-17137 LHoumeau, France. NR 25 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 20 IS 12-13 BP 1771 EP 1788 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00047-9 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 348FX UT WOS:000088975800018 ER PT J AU Cannon, SH Reneau, SL AF Cannon, SH Reneau, SL TI Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE debris flow; wildfire; erosion ID WILDFIRE; USA AB Comparison of the responses of three drainage basins burned by the Dome fire of 1996 in New Mexico is used to identify the hillslope, channel and fire characteristics that indicate a susceptibility specifically to wildfire-related debris flow. Summer thunderstorms generated three distinct erosive responses from each of three basins. The Capulin Canyon basin showed widespread erosive sheetwash and rilling from hillslopes, and severe flooding occurred in the channel; the North Tributary basin exhibited extensive erosion of the mineral soil to a depth of 5 cm and downslope movement of up to boulder-sized material, and at least one debris flow occurred in the channel; negligible surface runoff was observed in the South Tributary basin. The negligible surface runoff observed in the South Tributary basin is attributed to the limited extent and severity of the fire in that basin. The factors that best distinguish between debris-flow producing and flood-producing drainages are drainage basin morphology and lithology. A rugged drainage basin morphology, an average 12 per cent channel gradient, and steep, rough hillslopes coupled with colluvium and soil weathered from volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks promoted the generation of debris flows. A less rugged basin morphology, an average gradient of 5 per cent, and long, smooth slopes mantled with pumice promoted flooding. Flood and debris-flow responses were produced without the presence of water-repellent soils. The continuity and severity of the burn mosaic, the condition of the riparian vegetation, the condition of the fibrous root mat, accumulations of dry ravel and colluvial material in the channel and on hillslopes, and past debris-flow activity, appeared to have little bearing on the distinctive responses of the basins. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geol & Geochem Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Cannon, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Hazards Team, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 38 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1103 EP 1121 DI 10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 355PD UT WOS:000089393300004 ER PT J AU Peterson, DL AF Peterson, DL TI Monitoring air quality in mountains: Designing an effective network SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE air pollution; air quality; monitoring network; mountainous regions; multi-scale assessment; spatial and temporal scales; tropospheric ozone ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; FRASER VALLEY AB A quantitatively robust yet parsimonious air-quality monitoring network in mountainous regions requires special attention to relevant spatial and temporal scales of measurement and inference. The design of monitoring networks should focus on the objectives required by public agencies, namely: 1) determine if some threshold has been exceeded (eg, for regulatory purposes), and 2) identify spatial patterns and temporal trends (e.g., to protect natural resources). A short-term, multi-scale assessment to quantify spatial variability in air quality is a valuable asset in designing a network, in conjunction with an evaluation of existing data and simulation-model output. A recent assessment in Washington state (USA) quantified spatial variability in tropospheric ozone distribution ranging from a single watershed to the western third of the state. Spatial and temporal coherence in ozone exposure modified by predictable elevational relationships (similar to 1.3 ppbv ozone per 100 m elevation gain) extends from urban areas to the crest of the Cascade Range. This suggests that a sparse network of permanent analyzers is sufficient at all spatial scales, with the option of periodic intensive measurements to validate network design. It is imperative that agencies cooperate in the design of monitoring networks in mountainous regions to optimize data collection and financial efficiencies. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1006498704222 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600009 ER PT J AU Carpenter, KD Waite, IR AF Carpenter, KD Waite, IR TI Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE water chemistry; land use; benthic algae; habitat; CCA; NAWQA; Willamette Basin ID STREAMS AB Benthic algal assemblages, water chemistry, and habitat were characterized at 25 stream sites in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, during low flow in 1994. Seventy-three algal samples yielded 420 taxa - mostly diatoms, blue-green algae, and green algae. Algal assemblages from depositional samples were strongly dominated by diatoms (76% mean relative abundance), whereas erosional samples were dominated by blue-green algae (68% mean relative abundance). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of semiquantitative and qualitative (presence/absence) data sets identified four environmental variables (maximum specific conductance, % open canopy, pH, and drainage area) that were significant in describing patterns of algal taxa among sites. Based on CCA, four groups of sites were identified: streams in Forested basins that supported oligotrophic taxa, such as Diatoma mesodon, small streams in agricultural and urban basins that contained a variety of eutrophic and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; larger rivers draining areas of mixed land use that supported planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; and streams with severely degraded or absent riparian vegetation (>75% open canopy) that were dominated by other planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa. Patterns in water chemistry were consistent with the algal autecological interpretations and clearly demonstrated relationships between land use, water quality, and algal distribution patterns. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Carpenter, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 25 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1023/A:1006460802772 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600021 ER PT J AU Cuffney, TF Meador, MR Porter, SD Gurtz, ME AF Cuffney, TF Meador, MR Porter, SD Gurtz, ME TI Responses of physical, chemical, and biological indicators of water quality to a gradient of agricultural land use in the Yakima River Basin, Washington SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE agriculture; bioassessment; land use; gradients; water quality; Yakima River; multimetric indices; NAWQA Program ID FISH AB The condition of 25 stream sites in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, were assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Multimetric condition indices were developed and used to rank sites on the basis of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. These indices showed that sites in the Cascades and Eastern Cascades ecoregions were largely unimpaired. In contrast, all but two sites in the Columbia Basin ecoregion were impaired, some severely. Agriculture (nutrients and pesticides) was the primary factor associated with impairment and all impaired sites were characterized by multiple indicators of impairment. All indices of biological condition (fish, invertebrates, and algae) declined as agricultural intensity increased. The response exhibited by invertebrates and algae suggested a threshold response with conditions declining precipitously at relatively low levels of agricultural intensity and little response at moderate to high levels of agricultural intensity. This pattern of response suggests that the success of mitigation will vary depending upon where on the response curve the mitigation is undertaken. Because the form of the community condition response is critical to effective water-quality management, the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is conducting studies to examine the response of biota to gradients of land-use intensity and the relevance of these responses to water-quality management These land-use gradient pilot studies will be conducted in several urban areas starting in 1999. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Cuffney, TF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 26 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1023/A:1006473106407 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600022 ER PT J AU Brown, LR May, JT AF Brown, LR May, JT TI Macroinvertebrate assemblages on woody debris and their relations with environmental variables in the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin River drainages, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA DE snags; woody debris; macroinvertebrates; bioassessments; two-way indicator species analysis; canonical correspondence analysis; principal components analysis ID ECOREGIONS AB Data from 25 sites were used to evaluate associations between macroinvertebrate assemblages on large woody debris (snags) and environmental variables in the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento River drainages in California as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. Samples were collected from 1993 to 1995 in the San Joaquin River drainage and in 1996 and 1997 in the Sacramento River drainage. Macroinvertebrate taxa were aggregated to the family (or higher) level of taxonomic organization, resulting in 39 taxa for analyses. Only the 31 most common taxa were used for two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). TWINSPAN analysis defined four groups of snag samples on the basis of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Analysis of variance identified differences in environmental and biotic characteristics among the groups. These results combined with the results of CCA indicated that mean dominant substrate type, gradient, specific conductance, water temperature, percentage of the basin in agricultural land use, percentage of the basin in combined agricultural and urban land uses, and elevation were important factors in explaining assemblage structure. Macroinvertebrate assemblages on snags may be useful in family level bioassessments of environmental conditions in valley floor habitats. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Brown, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 311 EP 329 DI 10.1023/A:1006482800472 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600026 ER PT J AU Mora, MA Laack, LL Lee, MC Sericano, J Presley, R Gardinali, PR Gamble, LR Robertson, S Frank, D AF Mora, MA Laack, LL Lee, MC Sericano, J Presley, R Gardinali, PR Gamble, LR Robertson, S Frank, D TI Environmental contaminants in blood, hair, and tissues of ocelots from the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, 1986-1997 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE contaminants; endangered species; Lower Rio Grande Valley; mammals; ocelot; organochlorines; Texas; trace elements ID GREAT-LAKES; MERCURY; ACCUMULATION; RACCOONS; WILDLIFE; MAMMALS; PCBS AB The ocelot (Felis pardalis) is an endangered neotropical cat distributed within a small range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), in Texas, U.S.A. Studies of the impacts of environmental contaminants in wild cats are few. Approximately one fourth of the estimated population (about 100) of ocelots in the LRGV was sampled to evaluate the impacts of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trace elements on the population. Hair was collected from 32 ocelots trapped between 1986-1992, and blood was collected from 20 ocelots trapped between 1993-1997. A few blood samples were obtained from individuals recaptured two or three times. Tissue samples from 4 road-killed ocelots were also analyzed. DDE, PCBs, and Hg were some of the most common contaminants detected in hair and blood. Mean Hg levels in hair ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 mu g g(-1) dw, Se from 1.5 to 3.48 mu g g(-1) dw, and Pb from 0.56 to 26.8 mu g g(-) (1) dw. Mean DDE concentrations in plasma ranged from 0.005 mu g g(-1) ww to 0.153 mu g g(-1) ww, and PCBs ranged from 0.006 mu g g(-1) ww to 0.092 mu g g(-1) ww. Mean Hg levels in red blood cells ranged from 0.056 mu g g(-1) dw to 0.25 mu g g(-)1 dw. Concentrations of DDE, PCBs, or Hg, did not increase significantly with age, although the highest concentrations of DDE and Hg were found in older animals. Overall, concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and Hg were low and at levels that currently do not pose any threat to health or survival of the ocelot. This is further supported by good reproduction of the ocelot in the LRGV, where adult females averaged about 1.5 kittens/litter. Thus, it seems that the current major threat to recovery of the ocelot in the LRGV may be habitat loss, although potential impacts of new generation pesticides, such as organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides need further study. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Mora, MA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Mora, Miguel/B-1344-2009; OI Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 477 EP 492 DI 10.1023/A:1006233509475 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352YQ UT WOS:000089247300003 ER PT J AU Hoffman, RS Capel, PD Larson, SJ AF Hoffman, RS Capel, PD Larson, SJ TI Comparison of pesticides in eight US urban streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pesticide; herbicide; insecticide; urban; stream ID PROGRAM; WATER AB Little is known of the occurrence of pesticides in urban streams compared to streams draining agricultural areas. Water samples from eight urban streams from across the United States were analyzed for 75 pesticides and seven transformation products. For six of the eight urban streams, paired agricultural streams were used for comparisons. The herbicides detected most frequently in the urban streams were prometon, simazine, atrazine, tebuthiuron, and metolachlor, and the insecticides detected most frequently were diazinon, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and malathion. In contrast to similar-sized agricultural streams, total insecticide concentrations commonly exceeded total herbicide concentrations in these urban streams. In general, the temporal concentration patterns in the urban streams were consistent with the characteristics of the local growing season. The insecticides carbaryl and diazinon exceeded criteria for the protection of aquatic life in many of the urban streams in the spring and summer. When the country as a whole is considered, the estimated mass of herbicides contributed by urban areas to streams is dwarfed by the estimated contribution from agricultural areas, but for insecticides, contributions from urban and agricultural areas may be similar. The results of this study suggest that urban areas should not be overlooked when assessing sources and monitoring the occurrence of pesticides in surface waters. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Capel, PD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 32 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 20 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2249 EP 2258 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2249:COPIEU>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800015 ER PT J AU Clark, DR Bickham, JW Baker, DL Cowman, DF AF Clark, DR Bickham, JW Baker, DL Cowman, DF TI Environmental contaminants in Texas, USA, wetland reptiles: Evaluation using blood samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; cholinesterase; dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; slider; snake ID EXPOSURE; TURTLES; PLASMA; SITE AB Four species of reptiles (diamondback water snake [Nerodia rhombifer], blotched water snake [N. erythrogaster], cottonmouth [Agkistrodon piscivorus], and red-eared slider [Trachemys scripta]) were collected at two contaminated and three reference sites in Texas, USA. Old River Slough has received intensive applications of agricultural chemicals since the 1950s. Municipal Lake received industrial arsenic wastes continuously from 1940 to 1993. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorines, potentially toxic elements, genetic damage, and plasma cholinesterase (ChE). Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentrations reached as high as 3.0 ppm (wet weight) in whole blood of a diamondback water snake at Old River Slough, a level probably roughly equivalent to the maximum concentration found in plasma of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) in 1978 to 1979 when DDE peaked in this sensitive species. Possible impacts on diamondback water snakes are unknown, but at least one diamondback water snake was gravid when captured, indicating active reproduction. Arsenic was not found in red-eared sliders (only species sampled) from Municipal Lake. Red-eared sliders of both sexes at Old River Slough showed declining levels of ChE with increasing mass, suggesting a life-long decrease of ChE levels. Possible negative population consequences are unknown, but no evidence was found in body condition (mass relative to carapace length) that red-eared sliders at either contaminated site were harmed. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Olympia Field Off, Lacy, WA 98503 USA. RP Clark, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2259 EP 2265 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800016 ER PT J AU Gundersen, DT Miller, R Mischler, A Elpers, K Mims, SD Millar, JG Blazer, V AF Gundersen, DT Miller, R Mischler, A Elpers, K Mims, SD Millar, JG Blazer, V TI Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl- and chlordane-contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River basin, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE paddlefish; polychlorinated biphenyls; chlordane; reproduction; biomarkers ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; POLYODON-SPATHULA; FISH; REPRODUCTION; INDUCTION; CONGENERS; PCBS; STEROIDOGENESIS; HYDROCARBONS AB Fifty paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) collected from two sites on the Ohio River and from one site on the Cumberland River, USA, were examined to determine gonad polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and chlordane concentrations, amounts of plasma sex steroids (testosterone and estradiol), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the presence of immunoreactive cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein. Percent hatch and liver, spleen, and kidney histology were also determined. Gonad PCB and chlordane concentrations were significantly higher in Ohio River paddlefish than in Cumberland River paddlefish. Gonad PCB and chlordane concentration and gonad percent lipid were correlated in Ohio River paddlefish. Five of 10 Ohio River egg samples exceeded the Food and Drug Administration's action limit for chlordane (0.30 mug/g). Polychlorinated biphenyl congener-specific analysis detected predominantly the tetra-, penta-, and hexachlorobiphenyls in paddlefish testes. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly lower in males collected from the upper Ohio River site than those collected from the lower part of the river. There was no measurable hepatic microsomal EROD activity in any of the 50 paddlefish collected from the three sites. Western blotting analysis confirmed that a rabbit antitrout CYP1A1 IgG antibody did not recognize a CYP1A protein in paddlefish liver microsomes. Percent hatch was not significantly different in eggs collected from the Cumberland (88-96%) and Ohio Rivers (90-95%). Histological analysis of liver, spleen, and kidney detected the presence of hepatic steatosis and hemosiderosis, splenic lymphoid cell depletion, and hyperplasia of interrenal and chromaffin tissues. Immunosuppression, hepatic metabolic disorders, and altered neuroendocrine function may be occurring in Ohio River paddlefish. Results presented here suggest that organochlorine exposure may be jeopardizing the long-term health of Ohio River paddlefish and that additional investigation of contaminant effects on immune system function and hormone levels in paddlefish is warranted. C1 Pacific Univ, Environm Sci Program, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. Kentucky State Univ, Aquaculture Res Ctr, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rock Isl Field Off, Rock Isl, IL 61201 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Lab, Biochem Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Gundersen, DT (reprint author), Pacific Univ, Environm Sci Program, 2043 Coll Way, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. EM dgunders@usi.edu NR 48 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2275 EP 2285 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2275:BRAHOP>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800018 ER PT J AU Redkin, AF Hemley, JJ AF Redkin, AF Hemley, JJ TI Experimental Cs and Sr sorption on analcime in rock-buffered systems at 250-300 degrees C and P-sat and the thermodynamic evaluation of mineral solubilities and phase relations SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY LA English DT Article DE analcimes; pollucite; buffered systems; sorption; solid solutions; solubility; thermodynamic properties; nuclear waste storage ID HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS; SURFACE ALTERATION; POLLUCITE; EQUILIBRIA; STABILITY; TEMPERATURES; ZEOLITES; CESIUM; ALBITE AB Experimental studies on replacement of Na by Cs and Sr in analcime-albite bearing buffered assemblages were carried out at 250-300 degrees C and P-sat = 39.7-85.8 bars in pure water and in chloride solution. This investigation shows that such ion exchange of Na for Cs and Sr in analcime changes the Si/Al ratio. The compositions of end members for Cs and Sr analcimes at 250 degrees C are shown to be Cs0.95Al0.79Si2.17O6 and Sr0.645Al1.41Si1.62O6. Continuous solid solutions between Cs and Na and Sr and Na do not appear to exist. Based on the composition of the aqueous chloride solutions, the thermodynamic properties of Cs, Sr and Na analcimes were determined and used in thermodynamic simulations in Cs and Sr leaching from albite-(Cs, Sr, Na) analcime assemblages at 250 degrees C. In line with the above, the minimum leachability of Cs and Sr from Cs- and Sr-bearing analcimes occurs at pH values above 8 with an analcime-albite-paragonite buffer. The analcime-albite-paragonite assemblage can, therefore, act as a potential sorption barrier to the migration of Cs and Sr from radionuclide contaminated materials owing to the insolubility of Cs and Sr bearing analcimes. These findings have implications for underground High Level Waste storage facilities designed for maximum safety at moderately elevated temperatures. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Expt Mineral, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow District, Russia. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Redkin, AF (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Expt Mineral, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow District, Russia. NR 55 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0935-1221 J9 EUR J MINERAL JI Eur. J. Mineral. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 BP 999 EP 1014 PG 16 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 359HM UT WOS:000089605500008 ER PT J AU Haro, A Richkus, W Whalen, K Hoar, A Busch, WD Lary, S Brush, T Dixon, D AF Haro, A Richkus, W Whalen, K Hoar, A Busch, WD Lary, S Brush, T Dixon, D TI Population decline of the American eel: Implications for research and management SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID ST-LAWRENCE-RIVER; ANGUILLA-ROSTRATA; RECRUITMENT; FECUNDITY; LARVAE AB We present evidence for a decline in the population of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) from several widely distributed regions of North America from 1984 to 1995. Trends in population indices from commercial catch data, upstream passage counts, and seine,trawl, and electrofishing surveys were analyzed and found to be either not significant or significantly negative. Explanations for this decline, whether natural or anthropogenic, are unknown, due to variation and incompleteness in abundance data, and incomplete knowledge of eel life history, ecology, and population dynamics. A number of potential factors may be contributing to the decline, including (in alphabetical order): barriers to migration, habitat loss and alteration, hydro turbine mortality, oceanic conditions, overfishing, parasitism, and pollution. The paucity of life table data associated with the unconventional life history characteristics of anguillid eels (catadromy, panmixis, semelparity, high age at maturity, wide geographic distribution, and ecological generalist habit) prevents development of accurate population models and determination of overall effects influencing production and recruitment for this species. Historically there has been little attention to management of this species. A new coast-wide management initiative by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission has taken a conservative approach to limiting controllable and anthropogenic sources of mortality and enhancing recruitment and restoration of available habitat. Objectives of the plan include: improving knowledge of eel utilization through better reporting of harvest, increasing knowledge of eel population dynamics and life history, providing migratory passage and access to historic eel freshwater habitat, and monitoring of abundance levels of various eel life stages. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Haro, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. OI Haro, Alexander/0000-0002-7188-9172 NR 52 TC 99 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 45 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 2000 VL 25 IS 9 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0007:PDOTAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 348DL UT WOS:000088969900002 ER PT J AU Hedman, CW Grace, SL King, SE AF Hedman, CW Grace, SL King, SE TI Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE longleaf pine; loblolly pine; slash pine; pine plantation management; species richness; land-use history; ordination; classification ID PLANT-SPECIES COVER; ELLIOTTII FLATWOODS; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; EARLY RESPONSES; DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEMS; FREQUENCY; BIOMASS AB Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems are characterized by a diverse community of native groundcover species. Critics of plantation forestry claim that loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) forests are devoid of native groundcover due to associated management practices. As a result of these practices, some believe that ecosystem functions characteristic of longleaf pine are lost under loblolly and slash pine plantation management. Our objective was to quantify and compare vegetation composition and structure of longleaf, loblolly, and slash pine forests of differing ages, management strategies, and land-use histories. Information from this study will further our understanding and lead to inferences about functional differences among pine cover types. Vegetation and environmental data were collected in 49 overstory plots across Southlands Experiment Forest in Bainbridge, GA. Nested plots, i.e. midstory, understory, and herbaceous, were replicated four times within each overstory plot. Over 400 species were identified. Herbaceous species richness was variable for all three pine cover types. Herbaceous richness for longleaf, slash, and loblolly pine averaged 15, 13, and 12 species per m(2), respectively. Longleaf pine plots had significantly more (p < 0.029) herbaceous species and greater herbaceous cover (p < 0.001) than loblolly or slash pine plots. Longleaf and slash pine plots were otherwise similar in species richness and stand structure, both having lower overstory density, midstory density, and midstory cover than loblolly pine plots. Multivariate analyses provided additional perspectives on vegetation patterns. Ordination and classification procedures consistently placed herbaceous plots into two groups which we refer to as longleaf pine benchmark (34 plots) and non-benchmark (15 plots). Benchmark plots typically contained numerous herbaceous species characteristic of relic longleaf pine/wiregrass communities found in the area. Conversely, non-benchmark plots contained fewer species characteristic of relic longleaf pine/wiregrass communities and more ruderal species common to highly disturbed sites. The benchmark group included 12 naturally regenerated longleaf plots and 22 loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine plantation plots encompassing a broad range of silvicultural disturbances. Non-benchmark plots included eight afforested old-field plantation plots and seven cutover plantation plots. Regardless of overstory species, all afforested old fields were low either in native species richness or in abundance. Varying degrees of this groundcover condition were also found in some cutover plantation plots that were classified as non-benchmark. Environmental variables strongly influencing vegetation patterns included agricultural history and fire frequency. Results suggest that land-use history, particularly related to agriculture, has a greater influence on groundcover composition and structure in southern pine forests than more recent forest management activities or pine cover type. Additional research is needed to identify the potential for afforested old fields to recover native herbaceous species. In the interim, high-yield plantation management should initially target old-field sites which already support reduced numbers of groundcover species. Sites which have not been farmed in the past 50-60 years should be considered for longleaf pine restoration and multiple-use objectives, since they have the greatest potential for supporting diverse native vegetation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Int Paper, Southlands Expt Forest, Bainbridge, GA 31717 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Johnson Controls Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Hedman, CW (reprint author), Int Paper, Southlands Expt Forest, 719 Southlands Rd, Bainbridge, GA 31717 USA. NR 38 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 7 U2 52 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 134 IS 1-3 BP 233 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00259-5 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 347LJ UT WOS:000088930800019 ER PT J AU Neymark, LA Amelin, YV Paces, JB AF Neymark, LA Amelin, YV Paces, JB TI Pb-206-Th-230-U-234-U-238 and Pb-207-U-235 geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID LOW-TEMPERATURES; TH-PB; THORIUM; ZIRCON; AGE; DISEQUILIBRIUM; SYSTEMATICS; COMPLEX; SERIES; TH-230 AB U-Th-Pb isotopic systems have been studied in submillimeter-thick outermost layers of Quaternary opal occurring in calcite-silica fracture and cavity coatings within Tertiary tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. These coatings preserve a record of paleohydrologic conditions at this site, which is being evaluated as a potential high-level nuclear waste repository. The opal precipitated from groundwater is variably enriched in U-234 (measured U-234/U-238 activity ratio 1.124-6.179) and has high U (30-313 ppm), low Tn (0.008-3.7 ppm), and low common Pb concentrations (measured Pb-206/Pb-204 up to 11,370). It has been demonstrated that the laboratory acid treatment used in this study to clean sample surfaces and to remove adherent calcite, did not disturb U-Th-Pb isotopic systems in opal. The opal ages calculated from Pb-206*/U-238 and Pb-207*/U-235 ratios display strong reverse discordance because of excess radiogenic Pb-206* derived from the elevated initial 234U. The data are best interpreted using projections of a new four-dimensional concordia diagram defined by Pb-206*/U-238, Pb-207*/U-235, U-238(activity), and Th-230/U-238(activity). Ages and initial U-234/U-238 activity ratios have been calculated using different projections of this diagram and tested for concordance. The data are discordant, that is observed Pb-207*/U-235 ages of 170 +/- 32 (2 sigma) to 1772 +/- 40 ka are systematically older than Th-230/U ages of 34.1 +/- 0.6 to 452 +/- 32 ka. The age discordance is not a result of migration of uranium and its decay products under the open system conditions, but a consequence of noninstantaneous growth of opal. Combined U-PI, and Th-230/U ages support the model of slow mineral deposition at the rates of millimeters per million years resulting in layering on a scale too fine for mechanical sampling. In this case, U-Pb ages provide more accurate estimates of the average age for mixed multiage samples than Th-230/U ages, because ages based on shorter-lived isotopes are nonlinearly biased by younger mineral additions. Use of the combined U-Th-Pb technique to date Yucca Mountain Quaternary opals significantly extends the age range beyond that of the Th-230/U dating method and shows that selected fracture pathways in the unsaturated zone felsic tuffs of Yucca Mountain have been active throughout the Quaternary. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Royal Ontario Museum, Jack Satterly Geochronol Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. RP US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM lneymark@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 17 BP 2913 EP 2928 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 347RE UT WOS:000088942300002 ER PT J AU Kile, DE Eberl, DD Hoch, AR Reddy, MM AF Kile, DE Eberl, DD Hoch, AR Reddy, MM TI An assessment of calcite crystal growth mechanisms based on crystal size distributions SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTION CSD; KINETICS; CRYSTALLIZATION; CARBONATE; DYNAMICS; ROCKS; PRECIPITATION; LAKE; IONS AB Calcite crystal growth experiments were undertaken to test a recently proposed model that relates crystal growth mechanisms to the shapes of crystal size distributions (CSDs). According to this approach, CSDs for minerals have three basic shapes: (1) asymptotic, which is related to a crystal growth mechanism having constant-rate nucleation accompanied by surface-controlled growth; (2) lognormal, which results from decaying-rate nucleation accompanied by surface-controlled growth; and (3) a theoretical, universal, steady-state curve attributed to Ostwald ripening. In addition, there is a fourth crystal growth mechanism that does not have a specific CSD shape, but which preserves the relative shapes of previously formed CSDs. This mechanism is attributed to supply-controlled growth. All three shapes were produced experimentally in the calcite growth experiments by modifying nucleation conditions and solution concentrations. The asymptotic CSD formed when additional reactants were added stepwise to the surface of solutions that were supersaturated with respect to calcite (initial Omega = 20, where Omega = 1 represents saturation), thereby leading to the continuous nucleation and growth of calcite crystals. Lognormal CSDs resulted when reactants were added continuously below the solution surface, via a submerged tube, to similarly supersaturated solutions (initial Omega = 22 to 41), thereby leading to a single nucleation event followed by surface-controlled growth. The Ostwald CSD resulted when concentrated reactants were rapidly mixed, leading initially to high levels of supersaturation (Omega >100), and to the formation and subsequent dissolution of very small nuclei, thereby yielding CSDs having small crystal size variances. The three CSD shapes likely were produced early in the crystallization process, in the nanometer crystal size range, and preserved during subsequent growth. Preservation of the relative shapes of the CSDs indicates that a supply-controlled growth mechanism was established and maintained during the constant-composition experiments. CSDs having shapes intermediate between lognormal and Ostwald also were generated by varying the initial levels of supersaturation (initial Omega = 28.2 to 69.2) in rapidly mixed solutions. Lognormal CSDs were observed for natural calcite crystals that are found in septarian concretions occurring in southeastern Colorado. Based on the model described above, these CSDs indicate initial growth by surface control, followed by supply-controlled growth. Thus, CSDs may be used to deduce crystal growth mechanisms from which geologic conditions early in the growth history of a mineral can be inferred. Conversely, CSD shape can be predicted during industrial crystallization by applying the appropriate conditions for a particular growth mechanism. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kile, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,ste E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 55 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 17 BP 2937 EP 2950 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00394-X PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 347RE UT WOS:000088942300004 ER PT J AU Oremland, RS Dowdle, PR Hoeft, S Sharp, JO Schaefer, JK Miller, LG Blum, JS Smith, RL Bloom, NS Wallschlaeger, D AF Oremland, RS Dowdle, PR Hoeft, S Sharp, JO Schaefer, JK Miller, LG Blum, JS Smith, RL Bloom, NS Wallschlaeger, D TI Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate and sulfate in meromictic Mono Lake, California SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; DESULFOTOMACULUM-AURIPIGMENTUM; CHRYSIOGENES-ARSENATIS; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; COUNTING BACTERIA; NATURAL-WATERS; SEDIMENTS; MEROMIXIS; ARSENIC(III); SPECIATION AB The stratified (meromictic) water column of alkaline and hypersaline Mono Lake, California, contains high concentrations of dissolved inorganic arsenic (similar to 200 mu mol/L). Arsenic speciation changes from arsenate [As (V)] to arsenite [As (III)] with the transition from oxic surface waters (mixolimnion) to anoxic bottom waters (monimolimnion). A radioassay was devised to measure the reduction of As-73 (V) to As-73 (III) and tested using cell suspensions of the As (V)-respiring Bacillus selenitireducens, which completely reduced the As-73 (V). I, field experiments, no significant activity was noted in the aerobic mixolimnion waters, but reduction of As-73 (V) to As-73 (III) was observed in all the monimolimnion samples. Rate constants ranged from 0.02 to 0.3/day, with the highest values in the samples from the deepest depths (24 and 28 m). The highest activities occurred between 18 and 21 m, where As (V) was abundant (rate, similar to 5.9 mu mol/L per day). In contrast, sulfate reduction occurred at depths below 21 m, with the highest rates attained at 28 m (rate, similar to 2.3 mu mol/L per day). These results indicate that As (V) ranks second in importance, after sulfate, as an electron acceptor for anaerobic bacterial respiration in the water column. Annual arsenate respiration may mineralize as much as 14.2% of the pelagic photosynthetic carbon fixed during meromixis. When combined with sulfate-reduction data, anaerobic respiration in the water column can mineralize 32-55% of this primary production. As lakes of this type approach salt saturation, As (V) can become the most important electron acceptor for the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008; Sharp, Jonathan/A-4893-2013 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125; Sharp, Jonathan/0000-0002-2942-1066 NR 58 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 6 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 18 BP 3073 EP 3084 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00422-1 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 355RA UT WOS:000089397600001 ER PT J AU Haeussler, PJ Bruhn, RL Pratt, TL AF Haeussler, PJ Bruhn, RL Pratt, TL TI Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Cook Inlet; deformation; earthquakes; forearc basins; neotectonics ID CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; FAULT; EARTHQUAKES; WASHINGTON; LOWLAND; RELEASE; UPLIFT AB The Cook Inlet basin is a northeast-trending forearc basin above the Aleutian subduction zone in southern Alaska. Folds in Cook Inlet are complex, discontinuous structures with variable shape and vergence that probably developed by right-transpressional deformation on oblique-slip faults extending downward into Mesozoic basement beneath the Tertiary basin. The most recent episode of deformation may have began as early as late Miocene time, but most of the deformation occurred after deposition of much of the Pliocene Sterling Formation. Deformation continued into Quaternary time, and many structures are probably still active. One structure, the Castle Mountain fault, has Holocene fault scarps, an adjacent anticline with flower structure, and historical seismicity, If other structures in Cook Inlet are active, blind faults coring fault-propagation folds may generate M-w 6-7+ earthquakes. Dextral transpression of Cook Inlet appears to have been driven by coupling between the North American and Pacific plates along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, and by lateral escape of the forearc to the southwest, due to collision and indentation of the Yakutat terrane 300 km to the east of the basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Haeussler, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. OI Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247 NR 67 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 112 IS 9 BP 1414 EP 1429 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 353HN UT WOS:000089268900006 ER PT J AU Major, JJ Pierson, TC Dinehart, RL Costa, JE AF Major, JJ Pierson, TC Dinehart, RL Costa, JE TI Sediment yield following severe volcanic disturbance - A two-decade perspective from Mount St. Helens SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediment yield; volcano; Mount St. Helens; geomorphology ID WASHINGTON; LAHARS AB Explosive volcanic eruptions perturb water and sediment fluxes in watersheds; consequently, posteruption sediment yields can exceed preeruption yields by several orders of magnitude. Annual suspended-sediment yields following the catastrophic 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption were as much as 500 times greater than typical background level, and they generally declined nonlinearly for more than a decade. Although sediment yields responded primarily to type and degree of disturbance, streamflow fluctuations significantly affected sediment-yield trends. Consecutive years (1995-1999) of above-average discharge reversed the nonlinear decline and rejuvenated yields to average values measured within a few years of the eruption. After 20 yr, the average annual suspended-sediment yield from the 1980 debris-avalanche deposit remains 100 times (10(4) Mg [megagrams]/km(2)) above typical background level (similar to 10(2) Mg/km(2)). Within five years of the eruption, annual yields from valleys coated by lahar deposits roughly plateaued, and average yields remain about 10 times (10(3) Mg/km(2)) above background level. Yield from a basin devastated solely by a blast pyroclastic current diminished to background level within five years. These data demonstrate long-term instability of eruption-generated detritus, and show that effective mitigation measures must remain functional for decades. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Major, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 31 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2000 VL 28 IS 9 BP 819 EP 822 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<819:SYFSVD>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 353HQ UT WOS:000089269100013 ER PT J AU Foulger, GR Pritchard, MJ Julian, BR Evans, JR Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Jakobsdottir, S Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R Vogfjord, K AF Foulger, GR Pritchard, MJ Julian, BR Evans, JR Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Jakobsdottir, S Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R Vogfjord, K TI The seismic anomaly beneath Iceland extends down to the mantle transition zone and no deeper SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fracture zones; hotspots; Iceland; magmatism; mantle transition zone ID PLUME; RIDGE; HOTSPOT; COMPLEX; ORIGIN; THIN; FLOW AB A 3-D teleseismic tomography image of the upper mantle beneath Iceland of unprecedented resolution reveals a subvertical low wave speed anomaly that is cylindrical in the upper 250 km but tabular below this. Such a morphological transition is expected towards the bottom of a buoyant upwelling. Our observations thus suggest that magmatism at the Iceland hotspot is fed by flow rising from the mantle transition zone. This result contributes to the ongoing debate about whether the upper and lower mantles convect separately or as one. The image also suggests that material flows outwards from Iceland along the Reykjanes Ridge in the upper 200 km, but is blocked in the upper 150 km beneath the Tjornes Fracture Zone. This provides direct observational support for the theory that fracture zones dam lateral flow along ridges. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Meteorol Off Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Natl Energy Author, Reykjavik, Iceland. RP Foulger, GR (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM G.R.Foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 29 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 142 IS 3 BP F1 EP F5 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00245.x PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 350KY UT WOS:000089100900001 ER PT J AU Scholl, MA AF Scholl, MA TI Effects of heterogeneity in aquifer permeability and biomass on biodegradation rate calculations - Results from numerical simulations SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DEEP SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; LANDFILL LEACHATE; GROUND-WATER; POROUS-MEDIA; CRUDE-OIL; BACTERIA; DEGRADATION; FIELD AB Numerical simulations mere used to ex-amine the effects of heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity (K) and intrinsic biodegradation rate on the accuracy of contaminant plume-scale biodegradation rates obtained from field data. The simulations were based on a steady-state BTEX contaminant plume undergoing biodegradation under sulfate-reducing conditions, with the electron acceptor in excess. Biomass was either uniform or correlated with K to model spatially variable intrinsic biodegradation rates. A hydraulic conductivity data set from an alluvial aquifer was used to generate three sets of 10 realizations with different degrees of heterogeneity and contaminant transport with biodegradation was simulated with BIOMOC. Biodegradation rates were calculated from the steady-state contaminant plumes using decrease in concentration with distance downgradient and a single flow velocity estimate, as is commonly done in site characterization to support the interpretation of natural attenuation. The observed rates were found to underestimate the actual rate specified in the heterogeneous model in all cases. The discrepancy between the observed rate and the "true" rate depended on the ground water flow velocity estimate, and increased with increasing heterogeneity in the aquifer. aquifer, For a lognormal K distribution with variance of 0.46, the estimate was no more than a factor of 1.4 slower than the true rate. For an aquifer with 20% silt/clay lenses, the rate estimate was as much as nine times slower than the true rate. Homogeneous-permeability uniform-degradation rate simulations were used to generate predictions of remediation time with the rates estimated from the heterogeneous models. The homogeneous models generally overestimated the extent of remediation or underestimated remediation time, due to delayed degradation of contaminants in the low-K areas. Results suggest that aquifer characterization for natural attenuation at contaminated sites should include assessment of the presence and extent of, and contaminant concentrations in, low-permeability areas of an aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Scholl, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 4331 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM mascholl@usgs.gov OI Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614 NR 39 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 5 BP 702 EP 712 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02706.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 349VM UT WOS:000089066300011 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL Reese, RS AF Paillet, FL Reese, RS TI Integrating borehole logs and aquifer tests in aquifer characterization SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PERMEABILITY; FLOWMETER; FLOW AB Integration of lithologic logs, geophysical logs, and hydraulic tests is critical in characterizing heterogeneous aquifers, Typically only a limited number of aquifer tests can be performed, and these need to be designed to provide hydraulic properties for the principle aquifers in the system. This study describes the integration of logs and aquifer tests in the development of a hydrostratigraphic model for the surficial aquifer system in and around Big Cypress National Preserve in eastern Collier County, Florida. Borehole flowmeter tests provide qualitative permeability profiles in most of 26 boreholes drilled in the study area. Flow logs indicate the depth of transmissive units, which are correlated across the study area. Comparison to published studies in adjacent areas indicates that the main limestone aquifer of the Tamiami Formation in the study area corresponds with the gray limestone aquifer in western Dade County and the water table and lower Tamiami Aquifer in western Collier County. Four strategically located, multiwell aquifer tests are used to quantify the qualitative permeability profiles provided by the flowmeter log analysis, The hydrostratigraphic model based on these results defines the main aquifer in the central part of the study area as unconfined to semiconfined with a transmissivity as high as 30,000 m(2)/day. The aquifer decreases in transmissivity to less than 10,000 m2/day in some parts of western Collier County, and becomes confined to the east and northeast of the study area, where transmissivity decreases to below 5000 m(2)/day. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Miami, FL 33178 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 5 BP 713 EP 725 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02707.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 349VM UT WOS:000089066300012 ER PT J AU Peng, WS Hampton, DR Konikow, LF Kambham, K Benegar, JJ AF Peng, WS Hampton, DR Konikow, LF Kambham, K Benegar, JJ TI Can contaminant transport models predict breakthrough? SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT; HIGH-RESOLUTION SCHEMES; 2-WELL TRACER TESTS; STRATIFIED AQUIFERS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SAND AQUIFER; MOBILE SITE; PERFORMANCE; DISPERSION AB Asolute breakthrough curve measured during a two-well tracer test was successfully predicted in 1986 using specialized contaminant transport models. Water was injected into a confined, unconsolidated sand aquifer and pumped out 125 feet (38.3 m) away at the same steady rate. The injected water was spiked with bromide for over three days; the outflow concentration was monitored for a month. Based on previous tests, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the thick aquifer varied by a factor of seven among 22 layers. Assuming stratified flow with small dispersivities, two research groups accurately predicted breakthrough with three-dimensional (12-layer) models using curvilinear elements following the arc-shaped flowlines in this test. Can contaminant transport models commonly used in industry that use rectangular blocks, also reproduce this breakthrough curve? The two-well test was simulated with four MODFLOW-based models, MT3D (FD and HMOC options), MODFLOWT MOC3D, and MODFLOW-SURFACT. Using the same 12 layers and small dispersivity used in the successful 1986 simulations, these models fit almost as accurately as the models using curvilinear blocks. Subtle variations in the curves illustrate differences among the codes. Sensitivities of the results to number and size of grid blocks, number of layers, boundary conditions, and values of dispersivity and porosity are briefly presented. The fit between calculated and measured breakthrough curves degenerated as the number of layers and/or grid blocks decreased, reflecting a toss of model predictive power as the level of characterization lessened. Therefore, the breakthrough curve for most field sites can be predicted only qualitatively due to limited characterization of the hydrogeology and contaminant source strength. C1 HSI GeoTrans, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Geosci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Mobil Oil Corp, Rite Click Consulting Inc, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Horizon Environm Corp, Grand Rapids, MI 49512 USA. RP HSI GeoTrans, 46050 Manekin Plaza,Ste 100, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. EM speng@horizonenv.com; duane.hampton@wmich.edu; lkonikow@usgs.gov; kkambham@worldnet.att.net; Jeff@hsigeotrans.com NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1069-3629 EI 1745-6592 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 104 EP 113 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00295.x PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 375UM UT WOS:000165419700011 ER PT J AU Landa, ER Councell, TB AF Landa, ER Councell, TB TI Uranium content and leachable fraction of fluorspars SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE uranium; naturally occurring radionuclides; geology; waste storage AB Much attention in the radiological health community has recently focused on the management and regulation of naturally occurring radioactive materials. Although uranium-bearing minerals are present in a variety of fluorspar deposits, their potential consideration as naturally occurring radioactive materials has received only limited recognition. The uranium content of 28 samples of acid- and cryolite-grade (>97% CaF2) fluorspar from the National Defense Stockpile was found to range from 120 to 24,200 mu g kg(-1), with a mean of 2,145 mu g kg(-1). As a point of comparison, the average concentration of uranium in the upper crust of the earth is about 2,500 mu g kg(-1). Leachability of this uranium was assessed by means of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The TCLP extractable fraction ranged from 1 to 98%, with a mean of 24% of the total uranium. The typically low concentrations of uranium seen in these materials probably reflects the removal of uranium-bearing mineral phases during the beneficiation of the crude fluorspar ore to achieve industrial specifications. Future NORM studies should examine crude fluorspar ores and flotation tailings. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM erlanda@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 79 IS 3 BP 286 EP 290 DI 10.1097/00004032-200009000-00009 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 343ZD UT WOS:000088732400009 PM 10949254 ER PT J AU Fedorenko, V Czamanske, G Zen'ko, T Budahn, J Siems, D AF Fedorenko, V Czamanske, G Zen'ko, T Budahn, J Siems, D TI Field and geochemical studies of the melilite-rearing Arydzhangsky Suite, and an overall perspective on the Siberian alkaline-ultramafic flood-volcanic rocks SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID HIGH-HE-3 PLUME ORIGIN; CRUSTAL CONTRIBUTIONS; SPATIAL EVOLUTION; TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; BASALT VOLCANISM; NORILSK REGION; TRACE-ELEMENT; MANTLE; CONSTRAINTS; RUSSIA AB This paper presents the first comprehensive geologic; petrographic, geochemical, and Sr- and Nd-isotopic study of the 350 m thick Arydzhangsky lava suite, the last suite in the entire north Siberian, flood-volcanic sequence to require study by modem methods. Within this sequence, only the Arydzhangsky Suite includes melilite-bearing lavas; it is composed of mela-nephelinites to limburgites (both melilite-bearing and melilite-free), with rare melilitites and picrites. The lavas contain from 0 to 60 vol% melilite, with MgO contents ranging from 5.7 to 29.5 wt%. Nonetheless, these compositionally diverse lavas are all quite similar in incompatible-element geochemistry. They are distinct from all other Siberian alkaline-ultramafic lavas and, among these lavas, show the most resemblance to the Yakutian kimberlites. With this contribution, all of the north Siberian, alkaline-ultramafic lavas will have received equal geochemical and isotopic characterization. Five rock groups have been identified among them on the basis of distinctive rare-earth-element (REE) patterns: melilitite-related, mela-nephelinite-related, meymechite-related, trachybasalt-related, and ankaramite-related. The REE ratios and patterns that distinguish the groups have not evolved by fractionation, because they display no relation to MgO content. Judging from the isotopic data, crustal contamination bad little influence on magma evolution. All rock groups, despite their geochemical dissimilarities, show close geochemical linkages among themselves, and significant geochemical similarity to kimberlites of the Yakutian province and ocean-island basalts (OIB). Thus, all of these continental and oceanic magmas may have originated in the same part of the mantle. Geochemical distinctions among the five rock groups could have been caused by various degrees of partial melting and differing amounts of dissolved volatiles. C1 Cent Res Inst Geol Prospecting Base & Precious Me, Moscow 113545, Russia. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Fedorenko, V (reprint author), Cent Res Inst Geol Prospecting Base & Precious Me, Varshavskoye Shosse,129B, Moscow 113545, Russia. NR 56 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 42 IS 9 BP 769 EP 804 PG 36 WC Geology SC Geology GA 365RQ UT WOS:000089964600001 ER PT J AU Milici, RC AF Milici, RC TI Depletion of Appalachian coal reserves - how soon? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Appalachian basin; coal resources; coal production; coal quality AB Much of the coal consumed in the US since the end of the last century has been produced from the Pennsylvanian strata of the Appalachian basin. Even though quantities mined in the past are less than they are today, this basin yielded from 70% to 80% of the nation's annual coal production from the end of the last century until the early 1970s. During the last 25 years, the proportion of the nation's coal that was produced annually from the Appalachian basin has declined markedly, and today it is only about 40% of the total. The amount of coal produced annually in the Appalachinn basin, however, has been rising slowly over the last several decades, and has ranged generally from 400 to 500 million tons (Mt) per year. A large proportion of Appalachian historical production has come from relatively few counties in southwestern Pennsylvania, northern and southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, Virginia and Alabama. Many of these counties are decades past their years of peak production and several are almost depleted of economic deposits of coal. Because the current major consumer of Appalachian coal is the electric power industry, coal quality, especially sulfur content, has a great impact on its marketability. Nigh-sulfur coal deposits in western Pennsylvania and Ohio are in low demand when compared with the lower sulfur coals of Virginia and southern West Virginia. Only five counties in the basin that have produced 500 Mt or more exhibit increasing rates of production at relatively high levels. Of these, six are in the central part of the basin and only one, Greene County, Pennsylvania, is in the northern part of the basin. Decline rate models, based on production decline rates and the decline rate of the estimated, "potential" reserve, indicate that Appalachinn basin annual coal production will be 200 Mr or less by the middle of the next century. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Milici, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00013-6 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 357BR UT WOS:000089479100003 ER PT J AU Zhou, YP Bohor, BF Ren, YL AF Zhou, YP Bohor, BF Ren, YL TI Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in Late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SW China; tonstein; trace elements; neutron activation analysis; volcanic ash ID MISSISSIPPI VALLEY; K-BENTONITES; ORDOVICIAN; EVENT AB Trace element compositions were determined (by instrumental neutron activation analysis; INAA) in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.63-0.93). Overall, these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rooks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area. In contrast, the tonsteins are low in V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni contents and have a high Th/U ratio with a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* normally in the range of 0.2-0.4), consistent with a silicic magmatic source. Within the group of tonsteins, those from the lower section (P-2.1) of the coal-bearing formation are relatively high in Ti, Zr, Hf Nb, Ta and rare earth elements (REE), as compared to those from the middle and upper sections (P2.2+3). In trace-element discrimination diagrams (scatter plots) of Hf-Ta, Ti-Ta, TI-V, Hf-Sc, Lu-Hf and Lu-Th, tonsteins from the P-2.1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas, separate from the tonsteins of the P2.2+3 horizon. These results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures. Based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks, the source materials of tonsteins from P-2.1 horizon were mostly composed of calc-alkalic, silica-poor volcanic ash (similar to rhyodacitic magma), whereas those from P2.2+3 were apparently more siliceous and K-rich (rhyolitic magma). Thus, tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties, which remain constant over a wide lateral extent. Integration of trace-elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy, thus, facilitating more precise and reliable coal-seam correlations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Kunming Inst Coal Sci, Kunming, Peoples R China. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Bohor, BF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 939,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 25 TC 91 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 305 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00017-3 PG 20 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 357BR UT WOS:000089479100006 ER PT J AU Golmshtok, AY Duchkov, AD Hutchinson, DR Khanukaev, SB AF Golmshtok, AY Duchkov, AD Hutchinson, DR Khanukaev, SB TI Heat flow and gas hydrates of the Baikal Rift Zone SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Baikal; gas hydrate; heat flow; geodynamics; tectonics; modelling ID BOTTOM-SIMULATING-REFLECTORS; CENOZOIC TECTONICS; LAKE-BAIKAL; SEDIMENTATION; EARTHQUAKE; STABILITY; BASINS; BASE; ASIA AB Multi-channel seismic studies (MCS), performed during a Russian expedition in 1989 and a joint Russian-American expedition in 1992, have for the first time revealed a "bottom simulating reflector" (BSR) in Lake Baikal. These data have shown that gas hydrates occur in the southern and central basins of Lake Baikal in those places where the water depth exceeds 500-700 m. Four types of tectonic influence on the distribution of the gas hydrate were revealed. (a) Modern faults displace the BSR as they do with normal seismic boundaries. (b) Older faults displace normal reflectors, whereas the BSR is not displaced. (c) Modern faults form zones, where the BSR has been totally destroyed. (4) Processes that occur within older fault zones situated close to the base of the hydrated sediment layer lead to undulations of the BSR. The thickness of the hydrate stability field (inferred from seismic data) ranges between 35 and 450 m. Heat-flow values determined from BSR data range from 48 to 119 mW/m(2). A comparison between heat-flow values from BSR data and values measured directly on the lake bottom shows an overall coincidence. Changes in water level and bottom-water temperature that occurred in the past have had no noticeable influence on the present BSR depths or heat-flow values. Determination of deep heat flow from BSR data is in this case more reliable than by direct measurements. C1 Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, So Branch, Gelendzhik, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, United Inst Geol Geophys & Mineral, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Golmshtok, AY (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, So Branch, Gelendzhik, Russia. NR 45 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1437-3254 J9 INT J EARTH SCI JI Int. J. Earth Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 89 IS 2 BP 193 EP 211 DI 10.1007/s005319900071 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 365DH UT WOS:000089932800002 ER PT J AU Scholz, CA Hutchinson, DR AF Scholz, CA Hutchinson, DR TI Stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Selenga Delta Accommodation Zone, Lake Baikal Rift, Siberia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Lake Baikal; continental rifts; lacustrine deltas; sequence stratigraphy ID EAST-AFRICAN; SEISMIC DATA; CONTINENTAL RIFTS; NORMAL FAULTS; SYSTEM; BASIN; GEOMETRY; EXPLORATION; TECTONICS; HISTORY AB Seismic reflection profiles from the Lake Baikal Rift reveal extensive details about the sediment thickness, structural geometry and history of extensional deformation and syn-rift sedimentation in this classic continental rift. The Selenga River is the largest single source of terrigenous input into Lake Baikal, and its large delta sits astride the major accommodation zone between the Central and South basins of the lake. Incorporating one of the world's largest lacustrine deltas, this depositional system is a classic example of the influence of rift basin structural segmentation on a major continental drainage. More than 3700 km of deep basin-scale multi-channel seismic reflection (MCS) data were acquired during the 1989 Russian and the 1992 Russian-American field programs. The seismic data image most of the sedimentary section, including pre-rife basement in several localities. The MCS data reveal that the broad bathymetric saddle between these two major half-graben basins is underlain by a complex of severely deformed basement blocks, and is not simply a consequence of long-term deltaic deposition. Maximum sediment thickness is estimated to be more than 9 km in some areas around the Selenga Delta. Detailed stratigraphic analyses of the Selenga area MCS data suggest that modes of deposition have shifted markedly during the history of the delta. The present mode of gravity- and mass-flow sedimentation that dominates the northern and southern parts of the modern delta, as well as the pronounced bathymetric relief in the area, an relatively recent developments in the history of the Lake Baikal Rift. Several episodes of major delta progradation, each extending far across the modern rift, can be documented in the MCS data. The stratigraphic framework defined by these prograding deltaic sequences can be used to constrain the structural as well as depositional evolution of this part of the Baikal Rift. An age model has been established for this stratigraphy, by tying the delta sequences to the site of the Baikal Drilling Project 1993 Drill Hole. Although the drill hole is only 100 m deep, and the base of the cores is only similar to 670 ka in age, ages were extrapolated to deeper stratigraphic intervals using the Reflection-Seismic-Radiocarbon method of Cohen et al. (1993). The deep prograding delta sequences now observed in the MCS data probably formed in response to major fluctuations in sediment supply rather than in response to shifts in lake level. This stratigraphic framework and age model suggest that the deep delta packages developed at intervals of approximately 400 ka and may have formed as a consequence of climate changes affiliated with the northern hemisphere glaciations. The stratigraphic analysis also suggests that the Selenga Basin and Syncline developed as a distinct depocentre only during the past similar to 2-3 Ma. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab 219, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Scholz, CA (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab 219, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. NR 56 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1437-3254 J9 INT J EARTH SCI JI Int. J. Earth Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 89 IS 2 BP 212 EP 228 DI 10.1007/s005310000095 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 365DH UT WOS:000089932800003 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN AF Beyer, WN TI Hazards to wildlife from soil-borne cadmium reconsidered SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY CRITERIA; INCLUDE EFFECT ASSESSMENT; TRACE-METAL ACCUMULATION; SHREW SOREX-ARANEUS; HEAVY-METAL; GENERAL ALGORITHM; DIETARY CADMIUM; MALLARD DUCKS; SMALL MAMMALS; BODY BURDEN AB Cadmium is a toxic element that should be included in environmental risk assessments of contaminated soils. This paper argues, however, that hazards to wildlife from cadmium have often been overstated. The literature contains only meager evidence that wild animals have been seriously harmed by cadmium, even at severely contaminated sites. Although some researchers have reported that wildlife have accumulated concentrations of cadmium in their kidneys that were above suggested injury thresholds, the thresholds may be disputed, since they were well below the World Health Organization criterion of 200 mg/kg (wet weight) of cadmium in the renal cortex fur protecting human health. Recent risk assessments have concluded that soil cadmium concentrations less than 1 mg/kg are toxic to soil organisms and wildlife, which implies that background concentrations of cadmium naturally found in soils are hazardous. An examination of the databases used to support these assessments suggested that the toxicity of cadmium has been exaggerated. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Nelson_Beyer@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1380 EP 1384 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356RX UT WOS:000089457600002 ER PT J AU Spruill, TB AF Spruill, TB TI Statistical evaluation of effects of riparian buffers on nitrate and ground water quality SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; NORTH-CAROLINA; COASTAL-PLAIN; SURFACE-WATER; STREAM; DENITRIFICATION; DYNAMICS AB A study was conducted to statistically evaluate the effectiveness of riparian buffers for decreasing nitrate concentrations in ground water and for affecting other chemical constituents. Values for pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), silica, ammonium, phosphorus, iron, and manganese at 28 sites in the Contentnea Creek Basin were significantly higher (p < 0.10) in old (>20 yr) discharging ground water draining areas with riparian buffers compared with areas without riparian buffers. No differences in chloride, nitrate nitrogen, calcium, sodium, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in old ground water between buffer and nonbuffer areas were detected. Comparison of samples of young (<20 yr) discharging ground water samples from buffer and nonbuffer areas indicated significantly higher specific conductance, calcium, chloride, and nitrate nitrogen in nonbuffer areas. Riparian buffers along streams can affect the composition of the hyporheic zone by providing a source of organic carbon to the streambed, which creates reducing geochemical conditions that consequently can affect the chemical quality of old ground water discharging through it. Buffer zones between agricultural fields and streams facilitate dilution of conservative chemical constituents in young ground water that originate from fertilizer applications and also allow denitrification in ground water by providing an adequate source of organic carbon generated by vegetation in the buffer zone. Based on the median chloride and nitrate values for young ground water in the Contentnea Creek Basin, nitrate was 95% lower in buffer areas compared with nonbuffer areas, with a 30 to 35% reduction estimated to be due to dilution and 65 to 70% due to reduction and/or denitrification. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Spruill, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1523 EP 1538 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356RX UT WOS:000089457600020 ER PT J AU Sprague, LA Herman, JS Hornberger, GM Mills, AL AF Sprague, LA Herman, JS Hornberger, GM Mills, AL TI Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NO-TILL SOIL; RAINFALL INTENSITY; PESTICIDES; WATER; SORPTION; COMPONENTS; CHEMICALS; PLUTONIUM; PARTICLE AB One explanation for unexpectedly widespread ground water contamination from atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) may be the occurrence of colloid-facilitated transport, whereby the dissolved herbicide becomes adsorbed to mobile colloids that migrate through preferential now-paths in the soil zone and into the ground water. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of adsorption of atrazine to bulk soil and to soil colloids and to determine the extent of colloid-facilitated transport of atrazine at a field site in Virginia during simulated rainfall events. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were performed over a concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg atrazine L-1 on bulk soil samples and on colloidal suspensions of 75 mg L-1, a concentration comparable with those observed at the field site. Linear partition coefficients ranged from 0.496 to 2.48 L kg(-1) for the bulk soil and from 70.8 to 832 L kg(-1) for the soil colloids. In the field, gravity lysimeters were installed at a depth of 25 cm below the surface of six 0.25-m(2) undisturbed plots. Mass recovery of surface-applied atrazine in the lysimeters was not significantly affected by rainfall rate and was, on average, 2.7% for plots receiving 25 mm h(-1) simulated rainfall and 3.6% for plots receiving 50 mm h(-1) simulated rainfall. Of the total atrazine collected in the Lysimeters, the fraction that was colloid-associated ranged from 4.9 to 30% (mean of 15%), indicating that a measurable portion of mobile atrazine is transported via association with colloids. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Program Interdisciplinary Res Contaminant Hydroge, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Sprague, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 1730 E Parham Rd, Richmond, VA 23228 USA. OI Sprague, Lori/0000-0003-2832-6662 NR 32 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1632 EP 1641 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356RX UT WOS:000089457600033 ER PT J AU Mancera, JM McCormick, SD AF Mancera, JM McCormick, SD TI Rapid activation of gill Na+,K+-ATPase in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NA+-K+-ATPASE; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; CHLORIDE CELL; SEAWATER ACCLIMATION; ACTINOMYCIN-D; TIME-COURSE; INVITRO STIMULATION; ESTUARINE TELEOST; SEA-WATER AB The rapid activation of gill Na+,K+-ATPase was analyzed in the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) transferred from low salinity (0.1 ppt) to high salinity (25-35 ppt). In parr and presmolt, Salmo salar gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity started to increase 3 days after transfer. Exposure of Fundulus heteroclitus to 35 ppt seawater (SW) induced a rise in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity 3 hr after transfer. After 12 hr, the values dropped to initial levels but showed a second significant increase 3 days after transfer. The absence of detergent in the enzyme assay resulted in lower values of gill Na+,K+-ATPase, and the rapid increase after transfer to SW was not observed. Na+,K+-ATPase activity of gill filaments in vitro for 3 hr increased proportionally to the osmolality of the culture medium (600 mosm/kg > 500 mosm/kg > 300 mosm/kg). Osmolality of 800 mosm/kg resulted in lower gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity relative to 600 mosm/kg. Increasing medium osmolality to 600 mosm/kg with mannitol also increased gill Na+,K+-ATPase. Cycloheximide inhibited the increase in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity observed in hyperosmotic medium in a dose-dependent manner (10(-4) M > 10(-5) M > 10(-6) M). Actinomycin D or bumetanide in the culture (doses of 10(-4) M, 10(-5) M, and 10(-6) M) did not affect gill Na+,K+-ATPase. Injection of fish with actinomycin D prior to gill organ culture, however, prevented the increase in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity in hyperosmotic media. The results show a very rapid and transitory increase in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the first hours after the transfer of Fundulus heteroclitus to SW that is dependent on translational and transcriptional processes. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain. USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Mancera, JM (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain. RI Mancera, Juan/A-8132-2014 OI Mancera, Juan/0000-0003-0751-5966 NR 50 TC 63 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 4 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1002/1097-010X(20000901)287:4<263::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-I PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 345NL UT WOS:000088822000001 PM 10951386 ER PT J AU Winton, BR Leslie, DM Rupert, JR AF Winton, BR Leslie, DM Rupert, JR TI Breeding ecology and management of snowy plovers in north-central Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING NEST SUCCESS; ALKALINE FLAT; PREDATION; HABITAT; TERNS; LAKE AB Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) nests (n = 415) were monitored to completion on an expansive alkaline flat in north-central Oklahoma in 1995-1996. We reported Mayfield Method nesting success but relied on apparent nesting success to compare differences in successful (hatched) and lost (depredated/flooded) nests in five 1000-ha areas, by microhabitat type, and inside versus outside electric-fence predator exclosures. Apparent nesting success differed by area in 1996 and over both years. Predation differed by area only in 1995, and flooding did not differ by area. Apparent nesting success and predation differed by microhabitat type in 1995 and over both years. Differences were observed among depredated and flooded nests inside versus outside electric-fence predator exclosures. Canids and gulls were primary predators. Nests associated with habitat improvements (1995) and near driftwood debris (1996) encountered higher predation, and nests near driftwood debris were more susceptible to flooding both years. We identified an area on the alkaline flat with the highest nesting success and lowest predation where future conservation efforts for Charadriiformes could be implemented. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alamo, TX 78516 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildl, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Winton, BR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Francisco bay Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex,Sa, Mare Isl, CA 94592 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 71 IS 4 BP 573 EP 584 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 390XP UT WOS:000166325300001 ER PT J AU King, TL Spidle, AP Eackles, MS Lubinski, BA Schill, WB AF King, TL Spidle, AP Eackles, MS Lubinski, BA Schill, WB TI Mitochondrial DNA diversity in North American and European Atlantic salmon with emphasis on the Downeast rivers of Maine SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmo salar; population genetics; mtDNA; mixed stock; phylogeography; salmonidae ID SALAR L; RESTRICTION DATA; POPULATIONS; MICROSATELLITES; GENE; DIFFERENTIATION; DISCRIMINATION; IDENTIFICATION; PHYLOGENIES; SEQUENCES AB The displacement loop and NADH-I dehydrogenase regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction in 954 Atlantic salmon and digested with 40 restriction endonucleases. Variation was detected with 10 enzymes, resulting in 21 composite haplotypes which were strongly patterned geographically with a major discontinuity observed between most North American (NA) and European salmon. Significant heterogeneity of haplotype frequencies was found within and among all classification levels (continent, country, and river). Haplotype frequencies were significantly different across continents, within European samples, within NA samples, within Canadian samples, within wild Maine samples, within captive Maine strains, and between captive and wild Maine strains. Nine haplotypes occurred only in NA, seven in Maine, three only in Maine, and 11 occurred only in Europe. Some Maine rivers had only a single haplotype, suggesting that effective population sizes may be low. The second most frequent European haplotype: occurred in tributaries to one Newfoundland river. Gene trees based on parsimony and generic distance suggest that the haplotypes are monophyletic within each continent, and that the haplotype found on both continents is intermediate between those of Europe and NA, suggesting common ancestry of all haplotypes. C1 USGS, BRD, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. OI Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X NR 53 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 3 BP 614 EP 630 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00264.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 355UD UT WOS:000089406200006 ER PT J AU Iwanowicz, LR Goodwin, AE Heil, N AF Iwanowicz, LR Goodwin, AE Heil, N TI A small RNA virus isolated from apparently healthy wild sandbar shiners, Notropis scepticus (Jordan & Gilbert) SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LATES-CALCARIFER BLOCH; HATCHERY-REARED LARVAE; PICORNA-LIKE VIRUS; PSEUDOCARANX-DENTEX; MASS MORTALITIES; NERVOUS NECROSIS; STRIPED JACK; JUVENILES; BARRAMUNDI; PARTICLES C1 Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Warm Springs Fisheries Ctr, Fish Hlth Lab, Warm Springs, GA USA. RP Goodwin, AE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, 1200 N Univ Dr,POB 4912, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. OI Iwanowicz, Luke/0000-0002-1197-6178 NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 23 IS 5 BP 349 EP 352 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00245.x PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380CJ UT WOS:000165680500007 ER PT J AU Dorschner, MO Duris, T Bronte, CR Curtis, MKB Phillips, RB AF Dorschner, MO Duris, T Bronte, CR Curtis, MKB Phillips, RB TI High levels of MHC class II allelic diversity in lake trout from Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; COMPLEX; GENES; VARIABILITY; EVOLUTION; DOMAIN AB Sequence variation in a 216 bp portion of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II B1 domain was examined in 74 individual lake trout (Salvelinos namaycush) from different locations in Lake Superior, Forty-three alleles were obtained which encoded 71-72 amino acids of the mature protein. These sequences were compared with previous data obtained from five Pacific salmon species and Atlantic salmon using the same primers. Although all of the lake trout alleles clustered together in the neighbor-joining analysis of amino acid sequences, one amino acid allelic lineage was shared with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a species in another genus which probably diverged from Salvelinus more than 10-20 million years ago. As shown previously in other salmonids, the level of nonsynonymous nucleotide ;substitution (d(N)) exceeded the level of synonymous substitution (d(S)), The level of nucleotide diversity at the MHC class II B1 locus was considerably higher in lake trout than in the Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus), These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lake trout colonized Lake Superior from more than one refuge following the Wisconsin glaciation, Recent population bottlenecks may have reduced nucleotide diversity in Pacific salmon populations. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Div Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Dorschner, MO (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Div Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 91 IS 5 BP 359 EP 363 DI 10.1093/jhered/91.5.359 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 350YQ UT WOS:000089129600002 PM 10994701 ER PT J AU Nebeker, AV Bury, RB AF Nebeker, AV Bury, RB TI Temperature selection by hatchling and yearling Florida red-bellied turtles (Pseudemys nelsoni) in thermal gradients SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHELYDRA-SERPENTINA; BASKING BEHAVIOR; SNAPPING TURTLES; SCRIPTA; GROWTH C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nebeker, AV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 34 IS 3 BP 465 EP 469 DI 10.2307/1565373 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 356ND UT WOS:000089448600020 ER PT J AU Tepley, FJ Davidson, JP Tilling, RI Arth, JG AF Tepley, FJ Davidson, JP Tilling, RI Arth, JG TI Magma mixing, recharge and eruption histories recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts from El Chichon Volcano, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE El Chichon Volcano; magma mixing; microdrilling; plagioclase zonation; recharge magmas ID STRONTIUM DIFFUSION; 1982 ERUPTIONS; SILICIC MAGMA; IGNEOUS ROCKS; NEW-ZEALAND; CHIAPAS; SR; SYSTEMATICS; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS AB Consistent core-to-rim decreases of Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios and coincident increases in Sr concentrations in plagioclase phenocrysts of varying size (similar to 1 cm to 2 mm) are reported from samples of the 1982 and pre-1982 (similar to 200 ka) eruptions of El Chichon Volcano. Maximum 87Sr/86Sr ratios of similar to 0.7054, significantly higher than the whole-rock isotopic ratios (similar to 0.7040-0.7045), are found in the cores of plagioclase phenocrysts, and minimum 87Sr/86Sr ratios of similar to 0.7039 are found near some of the rims. Plagioclase phenocrysts commonly display abrupt fluctuations in An content (up to 25 mol %) that correspond to well-developed dissolution surfaces. The isotopic, textural and compositional characteristics suggest that these plagioclase phenocrystals grew in a system that was periodically recharged by higher-temperature magma with a lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio and a higher Sr concentration. Rim 87Sr/86Sr ratios in plagioclase phenocrysts of rocks from the 200 ka eruption indicate that, at that time, the magma had already attained the lowest recorded 87Sr/86Sr value of the system (similar to 0.7039). In contrast, cores from plagioclase phenocrysts of the 1982 eruption, inferred to have grown in the past few thousand years, have the highest recorded 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the system. Collectively, the Sr isotopic data (for plagioclase and whole rock), disequilibrium textural features of the phenocrysts, known eruption frequencies, and inferred crystal-residence times of the plagioclases are best interpreted in terms of an intermittent magma chamber model. Similar processes, including crustal contamination, magma mixing, periodic recharge by addition of more mafic magma to induce plagioclase disequilibrium (possibly triggering eruption) and subsequent re-equilibration, apparently were operative throughout the 2000 ky history of the El Chichon magma system. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Tepley, FJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 41 TC 151 Z9 154 U1 5 U2 20 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 41 IS 9 BP 1397 EP 1411 DI 10.1093/petrology/41.9.1397 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 354NR UT WOS:000089337000002 ER PT J AU Cahoon, DR Marin, PE Black, BK Lynch, JC AF Cahoon, DR Marin, PE Black, BK Lynch, JC TI A method for measuring vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of soft, shallow-water sediments SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WETLAND AB High-resolution measures of vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of shallow-water sediments are fundamental to understanding the processes that control elevation change and the mechanisms of progradation (e.g., development of mudflats and intertidal wetlands) in coastal systems. Yet, measurements of elevation by traditional survey methods often are of low accuracy because of the compressible nature of the substrates, Nor do they provide measures of vertical accretion or sediment compaction. This paper evaluates the use in shallow-water systems of an approach designed to measure these variables in vegetated wetlands, The approach employs simultaneous measures of elevation from temporary benchmarks using a sedimentation-erosion table (SET) and vertical accretion from marker horizons with sediment cores collected with a cryogenic coring apparatus. The measures are made with a level of resolution sufficient to distinguish between the influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation, thus providing quantitative estimates of shallow subsidence. The SET-marker horizon approach was evaluated on a developing splay created by an artificial crevasse of a distributary in the Mississippi River delta. The approach provided high-resolution measures of vertical accretion (48.3 +/- 2.0 cm) and elevation (36.7 +/- 1.6 cm) over a 4-year period, with the difference between the two indicating the amount of shallow subsidence. In addition, by laying new marker horizons in later years, the approach provided rates not only of shallow subsidence (3.9 +/- 0.5 cm y(-1)) but also compaction of newly deposited sediments (2.1 +/- 0.6 cm y(-1)) and compaction of underlying sediments (1.8 +/- 0.20 cm y(-1)) over a two-year period. Hence, the SET-marker horizon approach has widespread applicability in both emergent wetland and shallow water environments for providing high resolution measures of the processes controlling elevation change. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Louisiana, Dept Geol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. RP Cahoon, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 11 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 70 IS 5 BP 1250 EP 1253 DI 10.1306/020800701250 PN A PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 364LB UT WOS:000089892900026 ER PT J AU Rabeni, CF Doisy, KE AF Rabeni, CF Doisy, KE TI Correspondence of stream benthic invertebrate assemblages to regional classification schemes in Missouri SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ecoregions; similarity; classification; sections ID AQUATIC ECOREGIONS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; FRAMEWORK; PATTERNS AB Benthic invertebrates from 44 reference streams throughout the state of Missouri were examined for their concordance with established regionalization systems, both aquatic and terrestrial. Invertebrate assemblages coincided nicely with Pflieger's established aquatic faunal regions system, expanding its generality to more than fish assemblages. Our benthic invertebrate and Pflieger's fish assemblages coincided well with both Bailey's ecological sections and Omernik's ecoregions. Subregionalization using Pflieger's subregions and Bailey's subsections further reduced unexplained variation and is recommended for use wherever possible. The concordance of the aquatic fauna and terrestrial features implies the possibility of coordinated regional management among different natural resource disciplines. C1 Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 419 EP 428 DI 10.2307/1468104 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100005 ER PT J AU Waite, IR Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Klemm, DJ AF Waite, IR Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Klemm, DJ TI Comparing strengths of geographic and nongeographic classifications of stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE streams; macroinvertebrates; ecoregions; habitat; classification; gradient analyses; Mid-Atlantic; similarity measures ID RUNNING-WATER SITES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; TAXONOMIC RESOLUTION; GREAT-BRITAIN; COMMUNITIES; RIVER; ASSEMBLAGES; ORDINATION; CATCHMENT; CALIFORNIA AB The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled similar to 500 wadeable streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands region of the US during the late spring of 1993 to 1995 for a variety of physical, chemical, and biological indicators of environmental condition. Eighty-eight sites that were minimally affected by human activities were chosen to determine the extent to which geographic and stream-based classifications accounted for variation in the composition of riffle macroinvertebrate assemblages. Bray-Curtis similarities among sites were calculated from the relative abundance of macroinvertebrates to assess the strength of classifications based on geography (ecoregions and catchments), habitat (slope and stream order), and water chemistry (conductivity). For comparison a taxonomic classification (two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) and a gradient analysis (correspondence analysis, CA) were performed on the macroinvertebrate data. To assess the effect of taxonomic resolution, all analyses were completed at the family level and to lowest practical taxon. The large overall variation within and among ecoregions resulted in a low average classification strength (CS) of ecoregions, although some ecoregions had high CS. Stream order had the highest CS of the habitat and water chemistry classifications. Ecoregion CS increased, however, when stream sites were 1(st) stratified by stream order (ecoregions nested within stream order). Nested ecoregion CS did not increase within 1(st)-order streams, yet increased within 2(nd)- and 3(rd)-order streams. CA ordinations and TWINSPAN classification showed a clear gradient of streams along stream size (order), with a clear separation of 1(st)- and 3(rd)-order streams based on macroinvertebrate composition. The ordinations did not, however, show a distinct clustering of sites on the basis of ecoregions. Overall, the lowest practical taxon level of identification resulted in a clearer pattern of sites in ordination space than did family-level identification, yet only a slight improvement in the different classifications (geographic, habitat, and water chemistry) based on average similarity. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, WED,NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, NEERL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Waite, IR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 42 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 11 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 429 EP 441 DI 10.2307/1468105 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100006 ER PT J AU Flug, M Seitz, HLH Scott, JF AF Flug, M Seitz, HLH Scott, JF TI Multicriteria decision analysis applied to Glen Canyon Dam SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Conflicts in water resources exist because river-reservoir systems are managed to optimize traditional benefits (e.g., hydropower and flood control), which are historically quantified in economic terms, whereas natural and environmental resources, including in-stream and riparian resources, are more difficult or impossible to quantify in economic terms. Multicriteria decision analysis provides a quantitative approach to evaluate resources subject to river basin management alternatives. This objective quantification method includes inputs from special interest groups, the general public, and concerned individuals, as well as professionals for each resource considered in a trade-off analysis. Multicriteria decision analysis is applied to resources and flow alternatives presented in the environmental impact statement for Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. A numeric rating and priority-weighting scheme is used to evaluate 29 specific natural resource attributes, grouped into seven main resource objectives, for nine flow alternatives enumerated in the environmental impact statement. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. El Paso Cty Dept Transp, Colorado Springs, CO 80922 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Flug, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 6 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 126 IS 5 BP 270 EP 276 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:5(270) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 347DX UT WOS:000088913100002 ER PT J AU McHone, JF Shoemaker, CS Roddy, DJ AF McHone, JF Shoemaker, CS Roddy, DJ TI Connolly basin impact structure observed by SIR-C/X-SAR shuttleborne imaging radar over western Australia. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 35 SU S BP A106 EP A106 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 362PU UT WOS:000089787400180 ER PT J AU Monson, DH Estes, JA Bodkin, JL Siniff, DB AF Monson, DH Estes, JA Bodkin, JL Siniff, DB TI Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; MARINE MAMMALS; KODIAK ISLAND; AGE-STRUCTURE; BODY-WEIGHT; RED DEER; ALASKA; SURVIVAL AB We contrasted body condition, and age-specific reproduction and mortality between a growing population of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) at Kodiak Island and a high-density near-equilibrium population at Amchitka Island, Alaska. We obtained data from marked individuals, population surveys, and collections of beach-cast carcasses. Mass:length ratios indicated that females (but not males) captured in 1992 at Amchitka were in poorer condition than those captured at Kodiak in 1986-1987. In 1993, the condition of females at Amchitka improved in apparent response to two factors: (1) an episodic influx of Pacific smooth lumpsuckers, Aptocyclus ventricocus, from the epi-pelagic zone, which otters consumed; and (2) an increase in the otters' benthic invertebrate prey resulting from declining otter numbers. Reproductive rates varied with age (0.37 [CI = 0.21 to 0.53] births female(-1) yr(-1) for 2-3-yr-olds, and 0.83 [CI = 0.69 to 0.90] for females greater than or equal to 4 yr old), and were similar at both areas. Weaning success (pups surviving to greater than or equal to 120 d), in contrast, was almost 50% lower at Amchitka than at Kodiak and for females greater than or equal to 4 yr of age was 0.52 (CI = 0.38 to 0.66) vs 0.94 (CI = 0.75 to 0.99), respectively. Sixty-two percent of the preweaning pup losses at Amchitka occurred within a month of parturition and 79% within two months. Postweaning survival was also low at Amchitka as only 18% of instrumented pups were known to be alive one year after mother-pup separation. Adult survival rates appeared similar at Amchitka and Kodiak. Factors affecting survival early in life thus are a primary demographic mechanism of population regulation in sea otters. By maintaining uniformly high reproductive rates over lime and limiting investment in any particular reproductive event, sea otters can take advantage of unpredictable environmental changes favorable to pup survival. This strategy is consistent with predictions of "bet-hedging" life history models. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol & Behav Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Monson, DH (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 NR 66 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 23 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD SEP PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 457 EP 468 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900304.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363HQ UT WOS:000089830000004 ER PT J AU Cam, E Monnat, JY AF Cam, E Monnat, JY TI Stratification based on reproductive state reveals contrasting patterns of age-related variation in demographic parameters in the kittiwake SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT LIFE-HISTORIES; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; INDIVIDUAL QUALITY; CLUTCH SIZE; SOAY SHEEP; SURVIVAL; COSTS; HYPOTHESES; SUCCESS AB Heterogeneity in individual quality can be a major obstacle when interpreting age-specific variation in life-history traits. Heterogeneity is likely to lead to within-generation selection, and patterns observed at the population level may result from the combination of hidden patterns specific to subpopulations. Population-level patterns are not relevant to hypotheses concerning the evolution of age-specific reproductive strategies if they differ from patterns at the individual level. We addressed the influence of age and a variable used as a surrogate of quality (yearly reproductive state) on survival and breeding probability in the kittiwake. We found evidence of an effect of age and quality on both demographic parameters. Patterns observed in breeders are consistent with the selection hypothesis, which predicts age-related increases in survival and traits positively correlated with survival. Our results also reveal unexpected age effects specific to subgroups: the influence of age on survival and future breeding probability is not the same in nonbreeders and breeders. These patterns are observed in higher-quality breeding habitats, where the influence of extrinsic factors on breeding state is the weakest. Moreover, there is slight evidence of an influence of sex on breeding probability (not on survival), but the same overall pattern is observed in both sexes. Our results support the hypothesis that age-related variation in demographic parameters observed at the population level is partly shaped by heterogeneity among individuals. They also suggest processes specific to subpopulations. Recent theoretical developments lay emphasis on integration of sources of heterogeneity in optimization models to account for apparently "sub-optimal" empirical patterns. Incorporation of sources of heterogeneity is also the key to investigation of age-related reproductive strategies in heterogeneous populations. Thwarting "heterogeneity's ruses" has become a major challenge: for detecting and understanding natural processes, and a constructive confrontation between empirical and theoretical studies. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Dept Biol Anim, F-29285 Brest, France. Univ Rennes 1, UMR 6553, ECOBIO, F-35042 Rennes, France. RP Cam, E (reprint author), Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Dept Biol Anim, F-29285 Brest, France. NR 60 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD SEP PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 560 EP 574 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900314.x PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363HQ UT WOS:000089830000014 ER PT J AU Groves, DI Goldfarb, RJ Knox-Robinson, CM Ojala, J Gardoll, S Yun, GY Holyland, P AF Groves, DI Goldfarb, RJ Knox-Robinson, CM Ojala, J Gardoll, S Yun, GY Holyland, P TI Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE orogenic gold deposits; structural control on mineralization; stress mapping; prospectivity mapping; mineral exploration; Yilgarn Block ID ABITIBI GREENSTONE-BELT; BEARING QUARTZ VEINS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; STABLE-ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; ARCHEAN GOLD; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; SOUTH-AFRICA; NOVA-SCOTIA; COOLGARDIE GOLDFIELD; MINERAL EXPLORATION AB Orogenic gold deposits no a widespread coherent group of epigenetic ore deposits that are sited in accretionary or collisional orogens. They formed over a large crustal-depth range from deep-seated low-salinity H2O-CO2 +/- CH2 +/- N-2 ore fluids and with Au transported as thio-complexes, Regional structures provide the main control on deposit distribution. In many terranes, first-order faults or shear zones appear to have controlled regional fluid flow, with greatest ore-fluid fluxes in, and adjacent to, lower-older faults, shear zones and/or large folds. Highly competent and/or chemically reactive rocks are the most common hosts to the larger deposits. Focusing of supralithostatic ore fluids into dilatant zones appears to occur late during the evolutionary history of the host terranes, normally within D-3 or D-4 in a D-1-D-4 deformation sequence. Reactivation of suitably oriented pre-existing structures during a change in far-field stress orientation is a factor common to many deposits, and repeated reactivation may account for multiple mineralization episodes in some larger deposits. Absolute robust ages of mineralization support their late-kinematic timing, and, in general, suggest that deposits formed diachronously towards the end of the 100 to 200 m.y. long evolutionary history of hosting orogens. For example, in the Yilgarn Block, a region specifically emphasised in this study, orogenic gold deposits formed in the time interval between 40 and 90 m.y., with most about 60 to 70 m.y., after the youngest widespread basic-ultrabasic volcanism and towards the end of felsic magmatism. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits is pivotal to geologically-based exploration methodologies. This is because the present structural geometries of: (i) the deposits, (ii) the hosting goldfields, and (iii) the enclosing terranes are all essentially similar to those during gold mineralization, at least in their relative position to each other. Thus, interpretation of geological maps and cross-sections and three-dimensional models can be used to accurately simulate the physical conditions that existed at the time of ore deposition. It is particularly significant that the deposits are commonly related to repetitive and predictable geometries, such as structural heterogeneities within or adjacent to first-order structures, around rigid granitoid bodies, or in specific "locked-up" told-thrust structures. Importantly, the two giant greenstone-hosted goldfields, Kalgoorlie and Timmins, show a remarkably similar geometry at the regional scale. Computer-based stress mapping and GIS-based prospectivity mapping are two computer-based quantitative methodologies that can utilize and take advantage of the late timing aspect of this deposit type to provide important geological aids in exploration, both in broad regions and more localized goldfields. Both require an accurate and consistent solid geology map, stress mapping requires knowledge of the far-field stresses during mineralization, and the empirical prospectively mapping requires data from a significant number of known deposits in the terrane. The Kalgoorlie Terrane, in the Yilgarn Block, meets these criteria, and illustrates the potential of these methodologies in the exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Low minimum stress anomalies, interpreted to represent dilational zones during gold-related deformation, coincide well with the positions of known goldfields rather than individual gold deposits in the terrane, and there are additional as-yet unexplained anomalies. The prospectivity analysis confirms that predictable and repetitive factors controlling the siting of deposits are: (i) proximity to, and orientation and curvature of, granitoid-greenstone contacts, (ii) proximity to segments of crustal faults which strike in a preferred direction, (iii) proximity to specific lithological contacts which have similar preferred strike, (iv) proximity to anticlinal structures, and (v) the presence of preferred reactive host rocks (e.g., dolerite). The prospectivity map defines a series of anomalous areas, which broadly conform to those of the stress map (> 78% correspondence). The most prospective category on this map covers less than 0.3% of the greenstone belts and yet hosts 16% of the known deposits, which have produced > 80% of known gold. Thus, it discriminates in favour of the larger economically more-attractive deposits in the terrane. The successful application of stress mapping and prospectively mapping to geology-based exploration for orogenic gold deposits indicates that more quantitative analysis of geological map data is a profitable line of research. The computer-based nature of these methodologies is ideal for the production of an ultimate, integrated, deposit target map, which can be compared to other, more conventional, targetting parameters such as geophysical and geochemical anomalies. Such an integrated strategy appears the way toward in the increasingly difficult task of cost-effective global exploration for orogenic gold deposits in poorly exposed terranes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Western Australia, Ctr Teaching & Res Strateg Mineral Deposits, Dept Geol & Geophys, Perth, WA 6907, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Terra Sancta, Bentley, WA 6104, Australia. RP Groves, DI (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Ctr Teaching & Res Strateg Mineral Deposits, Dept Geol & Geophys, Perth, WA 6907, Australia. NR 129 TC 131 Z9 140 U1 5 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(00)00002-0 PG 38 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 352ZZ UT WOS:000089250400001 ER PT J AU Li, HC Bischoff, JL Ku, TL Lund, SP Stott, LD AF Li, HC Bischoff, JL Ku, TL Lund, SP Stott, LD TI Climate variability in east-central California during the past 1000 years reflected by high-resolution geochemical and isotopic records from Owens Lake sediments SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; acid-leachable Mg and Li; lacustrine environment; central California; paleoclimatology ID STABLE-ISOTOPE; SIERRA-NEVADA; MONO LAKE; BASIN; OSCILLATIONS; TEMPERATURE; DELTA-O-18; ABUNDANCE; CARBONATE; TURKANA AB Core OL-97A, retrieved from the depocenter of Owens Lake, represents a depositional history spanning the past 1000 yr. Among the 17 elements analyzed in the acid-leachable fractions of 315 salt-free samples (at similar to 3 yr/sample), Mg and Li, which come chiefly from authigenic Mg-hydroxy-silicates, were found to have concentration variations reflecting lake salinity and climatic changes during the past. A total of 231 isotopic measurements on carbonates from the same samples in the upper 181 cm show that delta(18)O and delta(13)C values range from -5.66 to 0.12 parts per thousand (PDB) and 1.38 to 4.28 parts per thousand (PDB), respectively. The rate of change with time in delta(18)O records the rate of change in lake's volume due to climate fluctuations, whereas variations in delta(13)C reflect mainly variations in biological productivity, nutrient supply, and dissolved carbonate in the lake. Results indicate an effectively dry climate between A.D. 950 and 1220, corresponding to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (a warm period in northern Europe), during which Owens Lake approached playa conditions. Wet climates prevailed during A.D. 1220-1480, producing relatively large and deep lakes. Beginning about A.D. 1.550, the regional climate turned colder but had frequently oscillating precipitation. Six wet/dry cycles with similar to 50-yr duration occurred between A.D, 1480 and 1760, during the later half of which Owens Lake became a playa. Since similar to A.D. 1880, the lake level has steadily dropped from its historic high stand under strong impact of human activity. (C) 2000 University of Washington. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Li, HC (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. OI Li, Hong-Chun/0000-0001-9614-7119 NR 44 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 189 EP 197 DI 10.1006/qres.2000.2163 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 358YC UT WOS:000089583900004 ER PT J AU Belchansky, GI Douglas, DC AF Belchansky, GI Douglas, DC TI Classification methods for monitoring Arctic sea ice using OKEAN passive/active two-channel microwave data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGERY; BEAUFORT SEA; COVER; PARAMETERS; ALGORITHM AB This paper presents methods classifying Arctic sea ice using both passive and active (2-channel) microwave imagery acquired by the Russian OKEAN 01 polar-orbiting satellite series. Methods and results are compared to sea ice classifications derived from nearly coincident Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image data of the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas. The Russian OKEAN 01 satellite data were collected over weekly intervals during October 1995 through December 1997 Methods are presented for calibrating, georeferencing ng a,zn classifying the raw active radar and passive microwave OKEAN 01 data, and for correcting the OKEAN 01 microwave radiometer calibration wedge based on concurrent 37 GHz horizontal polarization SSM/I brightness temperature data. Sea ice type and ice concentration algorithms utilized OKEAN's two-channel radar and passive microwave data in a linens mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar together with a priori knowledge about the scattering parameters and natural emissivities of basic sea ice types. OKEAN 01 data and algorithms tended to classify lower concentrations Of young or first-year sea ice when concentrations were less than 60%, and to produce higher concentrations of multi-year sea ice when concentrations were greater than 40%, when compared to estimate produced from SSM/I data. Overall, total sea ice concentration maps derived independently from OKEAN 01, SSM/I, and AVHRR satellite imagery were all highly correlated, with uniform biases, and mean differences In total ice concentration of less than four. percent (sd<15%). Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Moscow, Russia. RP Douglas, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 73 IS 3 BP 307 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00107-3 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 347GH UT WOS:000088919500005 ER PT J AU McKee, KL Faulkner, PL AF McKee, KL Faulkner, PL TI Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mangrove Restoration held at the International Conference on Tropical Restoration for the New Millennium CY MAY 23-29, 1999 CL SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO SP Soc Ecol Restorat, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Univ Puerto Rico, Int Union Forestry Res Org DE Avicennia; decomposition; detritivore; Languncularia; leaf fall; litter dynamics; nitrogen recycling; root production; restoration; Rhizophora ID SOUTHWEST FLORIDA; ORGANIC-MATTER; LITTER; LEAF; ECOSYSTEMS; AUSTRALIA; BIOMASS; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; TRAJECTORIES AB Forest structure of mangrove restoration sites (6 and 14 years old) at two locations (Henderson Creek [HC] and Windstar [WS]) in southwest Florida differed from that of mixed-basin forests (>50 years old) with which they were once contiguous. However, the younger site (HC) was typical of natural, developing forests, whereas the older site (WS) was less well developed with low structural complexity. More stressful physicochemical conditions resulting from incomplete tidal flushing (elevated salinity) and variable topography (waterlogging) apparently affected plant survival and growth at the WS restoration site. Lower leaf fall and root production rates at the WS restoration site, compared with that at HC were partly attributable to differences in hydroedaphic conditions and structural development. However, leaf and root inputs at each restoration site were not significantly different from that in reference forests within the same physiographic setting. Macrofaunal consumption of tethered leaves also did not differ with site history, but was dramatically higher at HC compared with WS, reflecting local variation in leaf litter processing rates, primarily by snails (Melampus coffeus). Degradation of leaves and roots in mesh bags was slow overall at restoration sites, however, particularly at WS where aerobic decomposition may have been more limited. These findings indicate that local or regional factors such as salinity regime act together with site history to control primary production and turnover rates of organic matter in restoration sites. Species differences in senescent leaf nitrogen content and degradation rates further suggest that restoration sites dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle should exhibit slower recycling of nutrients compared with natural basin forests where Avicennia germinans is more abundant. Structural development and biogeochemical functioning of restored mangrove forests thus depend on a number of factors, but site-specific as well as regional or local differences in hydrology and concomitant factors such as salinity and soil waterlogging will have a strong influence over the outcome of restoration projects. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP McKee, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 55 TC 85 Z9 97 U1 14 U2 55 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 8 IS 3 BP 247 EP 259 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80036.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 354KA UT WOS:000089328600007 ER PT J AU Betancourt, JL Latorre, C Rech, JA Quade, J Rylander, KA AF Betancourt, JL Latorre, C Rech, JA Quade, J Rylander, KA TI A 22,000-year record of monsoonal precipitation from Northern Chile's Atacama Desert SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE CONCENTRATION; ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN; LAKE-TITICACA; CENTRAL ANDES; SUMMERTIME PRECIPITATION; HOLOCENE PALEOHYDROLOGY; BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO; TROPICAL CLIMATE AB Fossil rodent middens and wetland deposits from the central Atacama Desert (22 degrees to 24 degrees S) indicate increasing summer precipitation, grass cover, and groundwater levels from 16.2 to 10.5 calendar kiloyears before present(ky B.P.). Higher elevation shrubs and summer-flowering grasses expanded downslope across what is now the edge of Absolute Desert, a broad expanse now largely devoid of rainfall and vegetation. Paradoxically, this pluvial period coincided with the summer insolation minimum and reduced adiabatic heating over the central Andes. Summer precipitation over the central Andes and central Atacama may depend on remote teleconnections between seasonal insolation forcing in both hemispheres, the Asian monsoon, and Pacific sea surface temperature gradients. A Less pronounced episode of higher groundwater Levels in the central Atacama from 8 to 3 ky B.P. conflicts with an extreme lowstand of Lake Titicaca, indicating either different climatic forcing or different response times and sensitivities to climatic change. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Lab Bot, Santiago, Chile. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Betancourt, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RI Latorre Hidalgo, Claudio/E-6805-2012 OI Latorre Hidalgo, Claudio/0000-0003-4708-7599 NR 54 TC 171 Z9 178 U1 6 U2 47 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5484 BP 1542 EP 1546 DI 10.1126/science.289.5484.1542 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 349XW UT WOS:000089071700044 ER PT J AU Smoot, JP Litwin, RJ Bischoff, JL Lund, SJ AF Smoot, JP Litwin, RJ Bischoff, JL Lund, SJ TI Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and "Tsunami" at Owens Lake, southeast California SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE earthquake record; tsunamis; Lacustrine sediments; California ID WAVE-INDUCED LIQUEFACTION; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SHEAR AB In 1872, a magnitude 7.5-7.7 earthquake vertically offset the Owens Valley fault by more than a meter. An eyewitness reported a large wave on the surface of Owens Lake, presumably initiated by the earthquake. Physical evidence of this event is found in cores and trenches from Owens Lake, including soft-sediment deformation and fault offsets. A graded pebbly sand truncates these features, possibly over most of the lake floor, reflecting the "tsunami" wave. Confirmation of the timing of the event is provided by abnormally high lead concentrations in the sediment immediately above and below these proposed earthquake deposits derived from lead-smelting plants that operated near the eastern lake margin from 1869-1876. The bottom velocity in the deepest part of the lake needed to transport the coarsest grain sizes in the graded pebbly sand provides an estimate of the minimum initial "tsunami" wave height at 37 cm. This is less than the wave height calculated from long-wave numerical models (about 55 cm) using average fault displacement during the earthquake. Two other graded sand deposits associated with soft-sediment deformation in the Owens Lake record are less than 3000 years old, and are interpreted as evidence of older earthquake and tsunami events. Offsets of the Owens Valley fault elsewhere in the valley indicate that at least two additional large earthquakes occurred during the Holocene, which is consistent with our observations in this lacustrine record. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Smoot, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 241 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00075-0 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 357FU UT WOS:000089488500018 ER PT J AU Johnson, CE Ruiz-Mendez, JJ Lawrence, GB AF Johnson, CE Ruiz-Mendez, JJ Lawrence, GB TI Forest soil chemistry and terrain attributes in a Catskills watershed SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ACID-RAIN; EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS; HUBBARD BROOK; HEADWATER STREAMS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ORGANIC-MATTER; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; NEW-YORK; PH AB Knowledge of soil chemistry is useful in assessing the sensitivity of forested areas to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, but characterizing large areas is expensive because of the large sample numbers required and the cost of soil chemical analyses. We collected and chemically analyzed soil samples from 72 sites within a 214-ha watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York to evaluate factors that influence soil chemistry and whether terrain features could be used to predict soil chemical properties. Using geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we determined five terrain attributes at each sampling location: (i) slope, (ii) aspect, (iii) elevation, (iv) topographic index, and (v) flow accumulation. These attributes were ineffective in predicting the chemical properties of organic and mineral soil samples; together they explained only 1 to 25% of the variance in pH(w), effective cation-exchange capacity (CEC(c)), exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, total C, total N, and C/N ratio. Regressions among soil properties were much better; total C and pH, together explained 33 to 66% of the variation in exchangeable bases and CEC(c). Total C was positively correlated with N (r = 0.91 and 0.96 in Oa horizons and mineral soil, respectively), exchangeable bases (r = 0.65, 0.76), and CEC(c) (r = 0.54, 0.44), indicating the importance of organic matter to the chemistry of these acidic soils. The fraction of CEC(c) occupied by H explained 44% of the variation in pH(w). Soil chemical properties at this site vary on spatial scales finer than typical GIS analyses, resulting in relationships with poor predictive power. Thus, interrelationships among soil properties are more reliable for prediction. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Johnson, CE (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. EM cejohns@mailbox.syr.edu RI Johnson, Chris/A-6979-2011 OI Johnson, Chris/0000-0001-9079-813X NR 51 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1804 EP 1814 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600034 ER PT J AU Prichard, SJ Peterson, DL Hammer, RD AF Prichard, SJ Peterson, DL Hammer, RD TI Carbon distribution in subalpine forests and meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON; WESTERN OREGON; BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION; ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE; STORAGE; MATTER; BUDGETS; OLD; USA AB Estimates of C storage in mountainous regions are rare. Forest-meadow ecotones in subalpine ecosystems, which contain a mosaic of forests and meadows, may be particularly sensitive to future changes in climate and are therefore important to include in estimates of terrestrial C storage. In this study, we quantified soil C and ecosystem C pools in subalpine forest and meadow soils of the northeastern (NE, dry climate) and southwestern (SW, wet climate) Olympic Mountains. Carbon concentrations of mineral soil are relatively high in upper horizons, ranging from 43 to 142 g kg(-1) in NE soils and 27 to 162 g kg(-1) in SW soils. Northeastern meadow soils store more C than NE forests (P = 0,009, while SW forest soils store more C than SW meadows (P = 0,038). Ecosystem C storage is greater in forests than in meadows. Under a warmer climatic scenario with drier summers and wetter winters, subalpine C storage may decrease in the NE and increase in the SW, and changes in C storage will be closely related to vegetation distribution, ecosystem productivity, decomposition rates, and local disturbance regimes. Because ecosystem processes and associated C storage differ between high- and low-elevation ecosystems, it is important that data from both high- and low-elevation sites are included in estimates of C storage in terrestrial ecosystems. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Surv, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Prichard, SJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 44 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1834 EP 1845 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600037 ER PT J AU Huntington, TG Hooper, RP Johnson, CE Aulenbach, BT Cappellato, R Blum, AE AF Huntington, TG Hooper, RP Johnson, CE Aulenbach, BT Cappellato, R Blum, AE TI Calcium depletion in a southeastern United States forest ecosystem SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GEOCHEMICAL MASS BALANCES; LONG-TERM ACIDIFICATION; SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; WEATHERING RATES; SOIL CHEMISTRY; WHOLE-TREE; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AB Forest soil Ca depletion through leaching and vegetation uptake may threaten long-term sustainability of forest productivity in the southeastern USA. This study was conducted to assess Ca pools and fluxes in a representative southern Piedmont forest to determine the soil Ca depletion rate. Soil Ca storage, Ca inputs in atmospheric deposition, and outputs in soil leaching and vegetation uptake were investigated at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) near Atlanta, GA. Average annual outputs of 12.3 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in uptake into merchantable wood and 2.71 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) soil leaching exceeded inputs in atmospheric deposition of 2.23 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). The annual rate of Ca uptake into merchantable wood exceeds soil leaching losses by a factor of more than five. The potential for primary mineral weathering to pro,ide a substantial amount of Ca inputs is low. Estimates of Ca replenishment through mineral weathering in the surface 1 m of soil and saprolite was estimated to be 0.12 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). The weathering rate in saprolite and partially weathered bedrock below the surface 1 m is similarly quite low because mineral Ca is largely depleted. The soil Ca depletion rate at PMRW is estimated to be 12.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). At PMRW and similar hardwood-dominate forests in the Piedmont physiographic province, Ca depletion will probably reduce soil reserves to less than the requirement for a merchantable forest stand in approximate to 80 yr. This assessment and comparable analyses at other southeastern USA forest sites suggests that there is a strong potential for a regional problem in forest nutrition in the long term. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Huntington, TG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. EM thunting@usgs.gov RI Johnson, Chris/A-6979-2011; Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008; OI Johnson, Chris/0000-0001-9079-813X; Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288; Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 99 TC 73 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1845 EP 1858 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600038 ER PT J AU Rathbun, GB Hatfield, BB Murphey, TG AF Rathbun, GB Hatfield, BB Murphey, TG TI Status of translocated sea otters at San Nicolas Island, California SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; TRANSMITTER C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Piedras Blancas Res Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Rathbun, GB (reprint author), Calif Acad Sci, Dept Ornithol & Mammal, Golden Gate Pk, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 322 EP 328 DI 10.2307/3672835 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361WL UT WOS:000089747200010 ER PT J AU Geluso, K AF Geluso, K TI Distribution of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in Nevada, including notes on reproduction SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FORAGING BEHAVIOR; VESPERTILIONIDAE; CHIROPTERA C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Geluso, K (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 347 EP 352 DI 10.2307/3672842 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361WL UT WOS:000089747200017 ER PT J AU Meteyer, CU Loeffler, IK Fallon, JF Converse, KA Green, E Helgen, JC Kersten, S Levey, R Eaton-Poole, L Burkhart, JG AF Meteyer, CU Loeffler, IK Fallon, JF Converse, KA Green, E Helgen, JC Kersten, S Levey, R Eaton-Poole, L Burkhart, JG TI Hind limb malformations in free-living northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from Maine, Minnesota, and Vermont suggest multiple etiologies SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID XENOPUS-LAEVIS; SEDIMENT EXTRACTS; VERTEBRATE LIMB; POND WATER; DEFORMITIES; EXPRESSION; GLI3; GENE; USA AB Background: Reports of malformed frogs have increased throughout the North American continent in recent years. Most of the observed malformations have involved the hind limbs. The goal of this study was to accurately characterize the hind limb malformations in wild frogs as an important step toward understanding the possible etiologies. Methods: During 1997 and 1998, 182 recently metamorphosed northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens] were collected from Minnesota, Vermont, and Maine. Malformed hind limbs were present in 157 (86%) of these frogs, which underwent: necropsy and radiographic evaluation at the National Wildlife Health Center. These malformations are described in detail and classified into four major categories: (1) no limb (amelia); (2) multiple limbs or limb elements (polymelia, polydactyly, polyphalangy); (3) reduced limb segments or elements (phocomelia, ectromelia, ectrodactyly, and brachydactyly; and (4) distally complete but malformed limb (bone rotations, bridging, skin webbing, and micromelia). Results: Amelia and reduced segments and/or elements were the most common finding. Frogs with bilateral hind limb malformations were not common, and in only eight of these 22 frogs were the malformations symmetrical. Malformations of a given type tended to occur in frogs collected from the same site, but the types of malformations varied widely among all three states, and between study sites within Minnesota. Conclusions: Clustering of malformation type suggests that developmental events may produce a variety of phenotypes depending on the timing, sequence, and severity of the environmental insult. Hind limb malformations. in free-living frogs transcend current mechanistic explanations of tetrapod limb development. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ctr Dev & Mol Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. Vermont Agcy Nat Resources, Waterbury, VT 05671 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. RP Meteyer, CU (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD32551]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09090-02] NR 37 TC 59 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD SEP PY 2000 VL 62 IS 3 BP 151 EP 171 DI 10.1002/1096-9926(200009)62:3<151::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 21 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 346EJ UT WOS:000088857600003 PM 10935979 ER PT J AU O'Gorman, R Elrod, JH Owens, RW Schneider, CP Eckert, TH Lantry, BF AF O'Gorman, R Elrod, JH Owens, RW Schneider, CP Eckert, TH Lantry, BF TI Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of dreissenids SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ZEBRA MUSSEL; GREAT-LAKES; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; BATHYTHERMAL DISTRIBUTION; OSMERUS-MORDAX; SAGINAW BAY; DYNAMICS; FOOD; ERIE; ZOOPLANKTON AB In the mid-1990s, biologists conducting assessments of fish stocks in Lake Ontario reported finding alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and juvenile lake trout Salvelinus namaycush at greater depths than in the mid-1980s. To determine if depth distributions shifted coincident with the early 1990s colonization of Lake Ontario by exotic Dreissena mussels, we calculated mean depth of capture for each of the three species during trawl surveys conducted annually during 1978-1997 and examined the means for significant deviations from established patterns. We found that mean capture depth of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout shifted deeper during the build up of the dreissenid population in Lake Ontario but that timing of the shift varied among seasons and species. Depth shifts occurred first for rainbow smelt and age-2 lake trout in June 1991. In 1992, alewives shifted deeper in June followed by age-2 lake trout in July-August. Finally, in 1993 and 1994, the distribution of lake trout and alewives shifted in April-May. Reasons why the three fishes moved to deeper water are not clear, but changes in distribution were not linked to temperature. Mean temperature of capture after the depth shift was significantly lower than before the depth shift except for alewives in April-May. Movement of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout to colder, deeper water has the potential to alter growth and reproduction schedules by exposing the fish to different temperature regimes and to alter the food chain, increasing predation on Mysis relicta in deep water and decreasing alewife predation on lake trout fry over nearshore spawning grounds in spring. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Cape Vincent Fisheries Res Stn, Cape Vincent, NY 13618 USA. RP O'Gorman, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. NR 52 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 129 IS 5 BP 1096 EP 1106 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1096:SIDDOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 375VQ UT WOS:000165422300003 ER PT J AU Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA AF Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA TI Drifting invertebrates, stomach contents, and body conditions of juvenile rainbow trout from fall through winter in a Wyoming tailwater SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BROOK TROUT; TEMPERATURE; SALMON; RIVER; RESERVOIR; SURVIVAL; STREAMS; INSECTS; LENGTH; WEIGHT AB We investigated the availability of drifting invertebrates and the stomach contents and body conditions of stocked (hatchery) and naturally spawned (wild) juvenile (20-25 cm total length) rainbow trout from fall through winter in the Big Horn River downstream from Boysen Dam in Wyoming. When the density and biomass of drifting invertebrates declined with water temperature during the fall, stomach contents and body conditions substantially decreased among both wild and stocked fish. During the coldest portion of the winter, the density of small drifting invertebrates increased as did the body conditions of both wild and hatchery trout. We suggest that the perceived increase in body conditions during late winter was due to survival of fish with higher body conditions and not growth of fish from fall to late winter. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Simpkins, DG (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 129 IS 5 BP 1187 EP 1195 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1187:DISCAB>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 375VQ UT WOS:000165422300011 ER PT J AU Pike, RJ AF Pike, RJ TI Nano-metrology and terrain modelling - convergent practice in surface characterisation SO TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Tribology of Information Storage Devices (TISD 99) CY DEC 06-08, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA SP Inst Phys, IMechE, ASME DE surface characterisation; surface roughness; three-dimensional surface topography ID ROUGHNESS; MORPHOLOGY AB The quantification of magnetic-tape and disk topography has a macro-scale counterpart in the Earth sciences - terrain modelling, the numerical representation of relief and pattern of the ground surface. The two practices arose independently and continue to function separately. This methodological paper introduces terrain modelling, discusses its similarities to and differences from industrial surface metrology, and raises the possibility of a unified discipline of quantitative surface characterisation. A brief discussion of an Earth-science problem, subdividing a heterogeneous terrain surface from a set of sample measurements, exemplifies a multivariate statistical procedure that may transfer to tribological applications of 3-D metrological height data. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Pike, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 975,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 52 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-679X J9 TRIBOL INT JI Tribol. Int. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 33 IS 9 BP 593 EP 600 DI 10.1016/S0301-679X(00)00075-X PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 372QE UT WOS:000165244200003 ER PT J AU Yang, DQ Kane, DL Hinzman, LD Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Louie, PYT Leavesley, GH Emerson, DG Hanson, CL AF Yang, DQ Kane, DL Hinzman, LD Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Louie, PYT Leavesley, GH Emerson, DG Hanson, CL TI An evaluation of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall measurement SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTS; ACCURACY; MODEL; VARIABILITY; ADJUSTMENT; TRANSPORT; ALASKA; CANADA; BIASES AB The Wyoming snow fence (shield) has been widely used with precipitation gauges for snowfall measurement at more than 25 locations in Alaska since the late 1970s. This gauge's measurements have been taken as the reference for correcting wind-induced gauge undercatch of snowfall in Alaska. Recently, this fence (shield) was tested in the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project at four locations in the United States of America and Canada for six winter seasons. At the Intercomparison sites an octagonal vertical Double Fence with a Russian Tretyakov gauge or a. Universal Belfort recording gauge was installed and used as the Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) to provide true snowfall amounts for this intercomparison experiment. The intercomparison data collected were compiled at the four sites that represent a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. On the basis of these data sets the performance of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall observations was carefully evaluated against the DFIR and snow cover data. The results show that (1) the mean snow catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge compared with the DFIR is about 80-90%, (2) there exists a close linear relation between the measurements of the two gauge systems and this relation may serve as a transfer function to adjust the Wyoming gauge records to obtain an estimate of the true snowfall amount, (3) catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge does not change with wind speed and temperature, and (4) Wyoming gauge measurements are generally compatible to the snowpack water equivalent at selected locations in northern Alaska. These results are important to our effort of determining true snowfall amounts in the high latitudes, and they are also useful for regional hydrologic and climatic analyses. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Yang, DQ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Hinzman, Larry/B-3309-2013 OI Hinzman, Larry/0000-0002-5878-6814 NR 55 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 36 IS 9 BP 2665 EP 2677 DI 10.1029/2000WR900158 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 351XE UT WOS:000089184100021 ER PT J AU Cooley, RL Hill, MC AF Cooley, RL Hill, MC TI Comment on RamaRao et al. [1995] and LaVenue et al. [1995] SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID SIMULATED TRANSMISSIVITY FIELDS; PILOT POINT METHODOLOGY; FLOW MODEL CALIBRATION; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; AUTOMATED CALIBRATION; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; INVERSE PROBLEM; AQUIFER SYSTEM; INFORMATION; TRANSPORT C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cooley, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 36 IS 9 BP 2795 EP 2797 DI 10.1029/2000WR900174 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 351XE UT WOS:000089184100035 ER PT J AU Loftin, CS Rasberry, W Kitchens, WM AF Loftin, CS Rasberry, W Kitchens, WM TI Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE topography; Okefenokee Swamp; global position systems; surveying; geographic information systems; wetland hydrology; spatial hydrology model AB The Okefenokee Swamp is at 160,000 ha freshwater wetland in Southeast Georgia, USA that developed in a landscape basin. Hydrologic variability across the swamp suggests that water-surface elevations are not uniform across the swamp. The topographic surface map discussed herein was developed to describe the swamp topography at local to landscape scales and relate the swamp peat- and sand-surface elevations to elevation above mean sea level. These data were then used to relate water-surface elevations across the swamp so that the swamp hydrologic environment could be described spatially and temporally with a spatial hydrology model. The swamp was divided into 5 sub-basins that reflect similar seasonal hydrodynamics but also indicate local conditions unique to the basins. Topographic gradient influences water-level dynamics in the western swamp (2 sub-basins), which is dominated by the Suwannee River floodplain. The eastern swamp (3 sub-basins) is terraced, and the regional hydrology is driven less by topographic gradient and more by precipitation and evapotranspiration volumes. The relatively steep gradient and berm and lake features in the western swamp's Suwannee River floodplain limit the spatial extent of the Suwannee River sill's effects, whereas system sensitivities to evapotranspiration rates are more important drivers of hydrology in the eastern swamp. C1 Univ Florida, USGS, BRD, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USFWS, Dept Interior, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. RP Loftin, CS (reprint author), Univ Florida, USGS, BRD, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 110450, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 487 EP 499 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0487:DOAGTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357ZE UT WOS:000089532100007 ER PT J AU Choi, J Harvey, JW AF Choi, J Harvey, JW TI Quantifying time-varying ground-water discharge and recharge in wetlands of the northern Florida Everglades SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE wetland; constructed wetland; water balance; ground-water discharge and recharge; Florida Everglades; ground-water/surface-water interactions ID NUTRIENT REMOVAL; BALANCE; RETENTION; MARSHES; INFLOW; SOLUTE; MODEL; LAKES; FLOW AB Developing a more thorough understanding of water and chemical budgets in wetlands depends in part on our ability to quantify time-varying interactions between ground water and surface water. We used a combined water and solute mass balance approach to estimate time-varying ground-water discharge and recharge in the Everglades Nutrient Removal project (ENR), a relatively large constructed wetland (1544 hectare) built for removing nutrients from agricultural drainage in the northern Everglades in South Florida, USA. Over a 4-year period (1994 through 1998), ground-water recharge averaged 13.4 hectare-meter per day (ha-m/day) or 0.9 cm/day, which is approximately 31% of surface water pumped into the ENR for treatment. In contrast, ground-water discharge was much smaller (1.4 ha-m/day, or 0.09 cm/day, or 2.8% of water input to ENR for treatment). Using a water-balance approach alone only allowed net ground-water exchange (discharge - recharge) to be estimated (-12 +/- 2.4 ha-m/day). Discharge and recharge were individually determined by combining a chloride mass balance with the water balance. For a variety of reasons, the ground-water discharge estimated by the combined mass balance approach was not reliable (1.4 +/- 37 ha-m/day). As a result, ground-water interactions could only be reliably estimated by comparing the mass-balance results with other independent approaches, including direct seepage-meter measurements and previous estimates using ground-water modeling. All three independent approaches provided similar estimates of average ground-water recharge, ranging from 13 to 14 ha-m/day. There was also relatively good agreement between ground-water discharge estimates for the mass balance and seepage meter methods, 1.4 and 0.9 ha-m/day, respectively. However, ground-water-flow modeling provided an average discharge estimate that was approximately a factor of four higher (5.4 ha-m/day) than the other two methods. Our study developed an initial understanding of how the design and operation of the ENR increases interactions between ground water and surface water. A considerable portion of recharged ground water (73%) was collected and returned to the ENR by a seepage canal. Additional recharge that was not captured by the seepage canal only occurred when pumped inflow rates to ENR land ENR water levels) were relatively high. Management of surface water in the northern Everglades therefore clearly has the potential to increase interactions with ground water. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Choi, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 28 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 500 EP 511 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0500:QTGDAR>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357ZE UT WOS:000089532100008 ER PT J AU Bissonette, JA Loftin, CS Leslie, DM Nordstrom, LA Fleming, WJ AF Bissonette, JA Loftin, CS Leslie, DM Nordstrom, LA Fleming, WJ TI The Cooperative Research Unit Program and wildlife education: historic development, future challenges SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Cooperative Research Units; cooperative education; future trends; unit history AB In 1932, J. N. "Ding" Darling proposed a 3-year tripartite arrangement between the Iowa Fish and Game Commission, Iowa State University, and himself to establish the first Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. Three years later, the Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Program was broadened to include 9 land-grant colleges representing recognized ecoregions in the United States. In 1960, the Units were given statutory recognition by Public Law 86-686 that also included provision for establishing Cooperative Fishery Units. The Cooperative Research Unit idea has evolved to 39 Units in 2000. Today, the main cooperators of the Unit program are the land-grant university, the state fish and game or conservation agency, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Wildlife Management Institute. The Cooperative Units mission, as stated in Public Law 86-686, remains: "To facilitate cooperation between the Federal Government, colleges and universities, and private organizations for cooperative unit programs of research and education relating to fish and wildlife and for other purposes." Graduate research and education continue to be the program's primary missions. In any given year >600 graduate and post-graduate students are involved. Post-graduate employment of Unit-affiliated students is >90%. Perhaps the primary benefit to the education process is the Units' formal connection to the state cooperator and to their federal agency that might not otherwise be available to university faculty and students. Units are conduits to state and federal funding for research projects conducted by university faculty and students. The CRU program is well positioned to educate a multitalented, ethnically diverse cadre of graduate students who will be prepared not only for their first professional job but also for their career by having been instilled with a desire for life-long professional accomplishment. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Maine, USGS, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, USGS, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Unit, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Bissonette, JA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 534 EP 541 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500009 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Johnson, DH Johnson, MA Kirby, RE Nelson, JW Reynolds, RE AF Cox, RR Johnson, DH Johnson, MA Kirby, RE Nelson, JW Reynolds, RE TI Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE breeding; northern Great Plains; Prairie Pothole Region; research needs; research priorities; waterfowl ID CONSERVATION; DUCK AB It is necessary periodically to identify research priorities so that future research will be directed toward the most pertinent issues in waterfowl ecology and management. To that end, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center convened a quorum of experts on the ecology of breeding waterfowl, the Waterfowl Working Group, to 1) develop a mission statement, 2) identify waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains, and 3) determine the frequency for re-identifying research needs. Research needs (nonprioritized) identified by the group and described in detail herein included: 1) determine effects of landscape factors on demographics and recruitment of ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region; 2) develop, improve, or update estimates of important parameters used in existing models for management and planning; 3) evaluate waterfowl management activities at broad, regional scales; 4) direct studies at waterfowl species of concern; and 5) evaluate applicability of the bird-conservation-area concept to waterfowl. The Waterfowl Working Group will reconsider research priorities at 2-year intervals. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. N Dakota Game & Fish Dept, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. Ducks Unltd Inc, Great Plains Reg Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Cox, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM robert_cox@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 558 EP 564 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500013 ER PT J AU Fischer, JB Griffin, CR AF Fischer, JB Griffin, CR TI Can burrow-nesting seabirds be identified from their burrow dimensions? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Aleutian islands; Buldir; burrow dimensions; burrow-nesting; seabird ID BREEDING BIOLOGY; BULDIR-ISLAND; CAVITIES; ALASKA AB To reduce disturbance, the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge indirectly calculates the densities of burrow-nesting seabirds by counting numbers of small-, medium-, and large-width burrows and assuming that birds occupy burrows equivalent to their body size. Burrow-width criteria that differentiate species are based on data collected in British Columbia, but may not be appropriate for other sites. Our objectives were to evaluate and improve this method at an annual monitoring site on Buldir Island, Alaska. During 1995 and 1996, we measured width and height of 391 burrows and subsequently verified the species occupying each burrow. We found that the current model incorrectly predicted the species in 38% of the burrows. To improve accuracy of the method, we revised the burrow-size criteria based on mean burrow width and height for each species. The revised size classes were correlated significantly with the expected species and predicted the correct species in 80% of the burrows. We then used the revised size criteria to design a measuring device to distinguish between species at the burrow entrance. The improvement in species prediction from the revised size criteria suggests that the measuring device can be used to monitor densities of burrow-nesting seabirds accurately, quickly, and with negligible disturbance at Buldir Island, Alaska. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resource Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Fischer, JB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 586 EP 591 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500017 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Harper, EK Meier, TJ Paul, WJ AF Mech, LD Harper, EK Meier, TJ Paul, WJ TI Assessing factors that may predispose Minnesota farms to wolf depredations on cattle SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal husbandry; Canis lupus; cattle; depredations; habitat; livestock; predation; wolves AB Wolf (Canis lupus) depredations on livestock cause considerable conflict and expense in Minnesota. Furthermore, claims are made that such depredations are fostered by the type of animal husbandry practiced. Thus, we tried to detect factors that might predispose farms in Minnesota to wolf depredations. We compared results of interviews with 41 cattle farmers experiencing chronic cattle losses to wolves (chronic farms) with results from 41 nearby "matched" farms with no wolf losses to determine farm characteristics or husbandry practices that differed and that therefore might have affected wolf depredations. We also used a Geographic information System (GIS) to detect any habitat differences between the 2 types of farms. We found no differences between chronic and matched farms in the 11 farm characteristics and management practices that we surveyed, except that farms with chronic losses were larger, had more cattle, and had herds farther from human dwellings. Habitat types were the same around farms with and without losses. The role of proper carcass disposal as a possible factor predisposing farms to wolf depredations remains unclear. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 11 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 623 EP 629 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500022 ER PT J AU Horn, DJ Koford, RR AF Horn, DJ Koford, RR TI Relation of grassland bird abundance to mowing of Conservation Reserve Program field in North Dakota SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE abundance; Conservation Reserve Program; grassland birds; haying; mowing; North Dakota ID POPULATION TRENDS AB One factor that may be contributing to declines of several grassland bird species is mowing of grassland fields. We compared the relative abundance of birds in idled and mowed portions of grassland fields to investigate the influence of mowing in the previous summer on the grassland bird community. The study occurred in central North Dakota in 12 reseeded cropland fields enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program. Sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) were more abundant in idled portions of grassland fields, whereas savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) were more abundant in portions of fields that were mowed the previous year. Our findings are similar to other studies indicating that several grassland bird species in the central United States and Canada respond consistently to mowing. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horn, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sci Hall 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 653 EP 659 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500026 ER PT J AU Taylor, CE Otis, DL Hill, HS Ruth, CR AF Taylor, CE Otis, DL Hill, HS Ruth, CR TI Design and evaluation of mail surveys to estimate deer harvest parameters SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE harvest survey; mail questionnaire; nonresponse bias; telephone survey; white-tailed deer ID NONRESPONSE AB Parameter estimates derived from periodic harvest surveys are often a critical component of management strategies for game populations. Knowledge of the accuracy and precision of such estimates is therefore prudent. We conducted a survey of the applicants for 1996 antlerless white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) tags in the Piedmont physiographic region of South Carolina to evaluate whether the harvest characteristics of this subpopulation of hunters were representative of all hunters in the Piedmont region. Comparison of these estimates to estimates derived from a concurrent and independent mail survey of all licensed deer hunters in the state revealed that antlerless-tag applicants harvested more deer and hunted more days than nonapplicants. We also conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents to estimate nonresponse bias of mail survey estimates. Telephone survey results indicated that nonresponse bias in mail survey estimates was generally minimal, except for a positive bias in doe-harvest estimates. Use of responses from follow-up mailings to correct for nonresponse bias is not recommended. Sample size recommendations are provided for achieving a desired precision of county estimates of sex-specific harvest in states with hunting conditions similar to South Carolina's. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Div Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries, Dept Nat Resources, Columbia, SC 29202 USA. RP Taylor, CE (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 717 EP 723 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500034 ER PT J AU Paveglio, FL Kilbride, KM AF Paveglio, FL Kilbride, KM TI Response of vegetation to control of reed canarygrass in seasonally managed wetlands of southwestern Washington SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE disking; glyphosate; integrated pest management; moist-soil; mowing; Phalaris arundinacea L.; plant diversity; reed canarygrass; Rodeo; vegetation cover; Washington; wetlands ID PRAIRIE GLACIAL MARSHES; SEED BANKS AB Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an exotic, invasive species that degrades wetlands throughout North America. Although the efficacies of control methods for canarygrass have been studied, little information is available regarding response of wetland plant communities to these treatments, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. Consequently, we investigated vegetative response to control of reed canarygrass in seasonally managed wetlands of southwestern Washington. We evaluated mechanical (disking or mowing) and chemical (Rodeo(R)) methods and combinations of disking and Rodeo with water-level management. Spraying and disking in the first: year with a follow-up application of Rodeo during the next growing season resulted in the most diverse plant community. Disking in the first year with a follow-up application of Rodeo during the next growing season also yielded a diverse plant community similar to the most efficacious treatment. Canarygrass that germinated from seeds and grew from viable rhizomes following drawdown after the initial Rodeo application or disking made a follow-up treatment with herbicide during the next growing season imperative to maintain a diverse community of wetland plants with little canarygrass. To prevent re-infestation of canarygrass, treatments should not be initiated until water levels can be managed consistently throughout late winter and early spring. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuge Biol, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. RP Paveglio, FL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuge Biol, 9317 NE Highway 99,Suite D, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 730 EP 740 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500036 ER PT J AU Fischer, JB Griffin, CR AF Fischer, JB Griffin, CR TI Feeding behavior and food habits of wintering Harlequin Ducks at Shemya Island, Alaska SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ACTIVITY BUDGETS AB The foraging ecology of wintering Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) is poorly understood and information on basic food habits is lacking for this species in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska where the largest winter concentrations occur. We investigated feeding behavior and food habits of wintering Harlequin Ducks in the western Aleutian islands of Alaska with respect to sex and temporal and environmental variables to document behavioral responses to winter conditions, resource use, and nutritional requirements. We found that on average, Harlequin Ducks spent most of the diurnal period feeding (70% males, 76% females). However, more time was spent feeding during evenings. midwinter, cold weather, and high tides. Gastropods, crustaceans, and diptera larvae made up 83% of the diet, but diet composition changed throughout winter. Despite change in food habits, diet energy density was stable throughout winter. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Fischer, JB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 112 IS 3 BP 318 EP 325 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0318:FBAFHO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 350JH UT WOS:000089097200003 ER PT J AU Churchill, JB Wood, PB Brinker, DF AF Churchill, JB Wood, PB Brinker, DF TI Diurnal roost site characteristics of northern Saw-whet Owls wintering at Assateague Island, Maryland SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SCREECH-OWLS AB We characterized 30 diurnal roost sites of five radio-tagged Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) in the winters of 1996-1997 on Assateague island, Maryland and found they preferred thick cover at roost sites. Roosts occurred most often in loblolly pine forest (Pinus taeda) and shrub swamps dominated by wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera). Vegetation was measured at paired roosts and random sites in similar habitats. Distance to nearest tree and average canopy height were significantly lower at roost sites than random sites. Numbers of stems larger than 2.5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), stems smaller than 2.5 cm dbh, and roost tree dbh were larger at roost sites. Roost height, canopy cover, canopy height, shrub height, and ground cover differed significantly between pine and shrub swamp roosts, although cover above and below the roost site were simile. Higher densities of stems and shorter distances to the nearest tree at roost sites compared to random sites indicated that owls chose sites with dense cover, probably as protection from predators or weather. C1 W Virginia Univ, USGS, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Heritage Program, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Biodivers Program, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Churchill, JB (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, USGS, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 112 IS 3 BP 332 EP 336 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0332:DRSCON]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 350JH UT WOS:000089097200005 ER PT J AU Gabrey, SW Afton, AD AF Gabrey, SW Afton, AD TI Effects of winter marsh burning on abundance and nesting activity of Louisiana Seaside Sparrows in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; USA AB Louisiana Seaside Sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus fisheri) breed and winter exclusively in brackish and saline marshes along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Many Gulf Coast marshes, particularly in the Chenier Plain of southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, are burned intentionally in fall or winter as part of waterfowl management programs. Fire reportedly has negatively affected two Seaside Sparrow subspecies (A. in. nigrescens and A. m. mirabilis) in Florida, but there is no published information regarding effects of fire on A. m. fisheri. We compared abundance of territorial male Louisiana Seaside Sparrows, number of nesting activity indicators, and vegetation structure in paired burned and unburned plots in Chenier Plain marshes in southwestern Louisiana during the 1996 breeding season (April-July) before experimental winter burns (January 1997) and again during two breeding seasons post-burn (1997-1998). We found that abundance of male sparrows decreased in burned plots during the first breeding season post-bum, but was higher than that of unburned plots during the second breeding season post-burn. Indicators of nesting activity showed a similar but non-significant pattern in response to burning. Sparrow abundance and nesting activity seemingly are linked to dead vegetation cover, which was lower in burned plots during the first breeding season post-burn, but did not differ from that in unburned plots during the second breeding season post-burn. We recommend that marsh management plans in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain integrate waterfowl and Seaside Sparrow management by maintaining a mosaic of burned and unburned marshes and allowing vegetation to recover for at least two growing seasons before reburning a marsh. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Gabrey, SW (reprint author), Northwestern State Univ, Dept Biol, Natchitoches, LA 71457 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 112 IS 3 BP 365 EP 372 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0365:EOWMBO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 350JH UT WOS:000089097200009 ER PT J AU Doherty, PF Grubb, TC AF Doherty, PF Grubb, TC TI Habitat and landscape correlates of presence, density, and species richness of birds wintering in forest fragments in Ohio SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SMALL WOODS; AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE; WOODLAND FRAGMENTS; ISOLATED WOODLOTS; TEMPERATE FOREST; AREA; COMMUNITIES; ARCHIPELAGO; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY AB We investigated the distribution of wintering woodland bird species in 47 very small, isolated, woodland fragments (0.54-6.01 ha) within an agricultural landscape in north-central Ohio. Our objectives were to determine correlations between temporal, habitat, and landscape variables and avian presence, density, and species richness within the smallest woodlots occupied by such species. Our results suggest that even common species are sensitive to variation in habitat, landscape, and season. Woodlot area explained the most variation in presence, density, and species richness. Shrub cover was also an important predictor variable for presence of the smallest resident birds. Shrub cover might function as both a refuge from predators and as a windbreak, reducing thermal costs in a flat, open landscape. Landscape factors related to isolation and connectedness were also correlated with species presence and density. The species composition of the community changed through the winter, as did the density of individual species, suggesting that the winter season may play an important role in determining the distributions of bird populations across woodlots. The models presented here for Ohio birds in this specific landscape may have biological inference for other species in similar landscapes. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Doherty, PF (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Res Ctr, Bird Banding Lab, 12100 Beech Forest Rd,Ste-4037, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Doherty.20@osu.edu NR 37 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 24 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 112 IS 3 BP 388 EP 394 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0388:HALCOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 350JH UT WOS:000089097200011 ER PT J AU Rivers, JW AF Rivers, JW TI Northern Harrier predation of White-faced Ibis SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FOOD AB The Northern Homier (Circus cyaneus) is a widespread raptor that preys mainly upon small mammals and, to a lesser extent, birds. Most published accounts of barrier food habits report the majority of avian prey items are passerines with few large (> 500 g) birds taken. In fall 1999, I observed a Northern Homier that appeared to have attacked and killed a White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) foraging in a playa wetland in Meade County, Kansas. Field observations of the harrier, in addition to physical evidence, suggest the attack was on an apparently healthy individual that did not have any obvious physical deformities. Northern Harriers appear to attack and kill White-faced Ibis and may prey on large birds more often than reported previously. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Rivers, JW (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 112 IS 3 BP 416 EP 417 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0416:NHPOWF]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 350JH UT WOS:000089097200016 ER PT J AU Adair, BM McBride, TJ McMurry, ST Hooper, MJ Hoff, D Olsen, B Cobb, GP AF Adair, BM McBride, TJ McMurry, ST Hooper, MJ Hoff, D Olsen, B Cobb, GP TI Trophic transport of heavy metals in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) inhabiting a superfund site in the mountian west. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. US EPA, Reg 8, Denver, CO USA. US Geol Survey, Wildlife & Fish Serv, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 343-ENVR BP U369 EP U369 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201965 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Laboratory studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Microbial Studies Grp, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 123-ENVR BP U335 EP U335 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201745 ER PT J AU Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM AF Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM TI Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Field studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Microbial Studies Grp, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 122-ENVR BP U335 EP U335 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201744 ER PT J AU Chiou, CT AF Chiou, CT TI Linear and nonlinear sorption of nonpolar and polar organic compounds from water to soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 8-ENVR BP U317 EP U317 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201630 ER PT J AU Choate, LM Ranville, JF Thorn, KA Macalady, DL Bunge, AL AF Choate, LM Ranville, JF Thorn, KA Macalady, DL Bunge, AL TI Soil organic matter characteristics in size fractions of water-stable aggregates and ultrasonically-dispersed soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. USGS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; Bunge, Annette/A-7995-2012 OI Bunge, Annette/0000-0002-0287-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 6-ENVR BP U316 EP U316 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201628 ER PT J AU Drexel, RT Aiken, GR Nagy, KL Ryan, JN AF Drexel, RT Aiken, GR Nagy, KL Ryan, JN TI Mercury(II) sorption to two Florida Everglades peats. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 157-ENVR BP U340 EP U340 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201779 ER PT J AU Gawenis, JA Jurisson, SS Landa, ER AF Gawenis, JA Jurisson, SS Landa, ER TI Technetium-99m as a radiotracer for hydrological studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 226-ENVR BP U352 EP U352 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201848 ER PT J AU Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Kolker, A Mroczkowski, S Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB AF Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Kolker, A Mroczkowski, S Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB TI Direct comparison of XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction for arsenic speciation in coal. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Geol Survey, E Energy Res Team, Washington, DC USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 21-FUEL BP U388 EP U388 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202052 ER PT J AU Kolker, A Wooden, JL Persing, HM Zielinski, RA AF Kolker, A Wooden, JL Persing, HM Zielinski, RA TI Stanford-USGS SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe: A new approach to determining the distribution of trace elements in coal. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, E Energy Res Team, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Stanford USGS Micrisotop Analyt Res Ctr, Reston, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 20-FUEL BP U388 EP U388 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202051 ER PT J AU Lorah, MM Voytek, MA Kirshtein, J AF Lorah, MM Voytek, MA Kirshtein, J TI Biotic and abiotic degradation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in wetland sediments: Geochemical and microbial community analyses. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 92-ENVR BP U330 EP U330 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201714 ER PT J AU Pankow, JF Tesoriero, AJ Pavlick, A AF Pankow, JF Tesoriero, AJ Pavlick, A TI Importance of ionic solid solutions in determining metal behavior in natural waters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oregon Grad Inst, Portland, OR 97291 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Washington, DC USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Engn Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 352-ENVR BP U371 EP U371 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201974 ER PT J AU Simpson, RW AF Simpson, RW TI Seismology - Watching the Hayward fault SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID FRANCISCO BAY AREA; LOWER CRUST; CALIFORNIA; MICROEARTHQUAKES; CREEP; DEPTH C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Simpson, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5482 BP 1147 EP 1148 DI 10.1126/science.289.5482.1147 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 346JE UT WOS:000088866600023 PM 17833401 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Smith, P Stone, W Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Smith, P Stone, W Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E CA CDCP TI West Nile virus activity - New York and New Jersey, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 640-642, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. Rockland Cty Hlth Dept, Pomona, NY USA. Suffolk Cty Hlth Dept, Hauppauge, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Bergen Cty Hlth Dept, Paramus, NJ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Senior Serv, Madison, WI USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vectorborne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 16 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 7 BP 823 EP 824 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 342PM UT WOS:000088654400009 ER PT J AU Li, K Woodward, LA Karu, AE Li, QX AF Li, K Woodward, LA Karu, AE Li, QX TI Immunochemical detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 1-hydroxypyrene in water and sediment samples SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE ELISA; immunoassay; PAH; benzo[a]pyrene; 1-hydroxypyrene; SFE ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOIL; IMMUNOSORBENT; IMMUNOASSAY; PARAMETERS AB Several approaches were investigated to fully use an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for accurate measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their degradation products in surface water and sediment collected from the Pearl Harbor and James Campbell National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) in Hawaii. Water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) while the sediments were extracted by supercritical CO2. Parent PAHs and 1-hydroxypyene, selected as a marker, were quantitatively recovered with supercritical CO2 from sediments that were mixed with 5% Na(4)EDTA. Use of Na(4)EDTA or Na2SiO3 significantly improved recovery of l-hydroxypyrene in sediments. Na(4)EDTA was more effective than Na2SiO3. The concentrations of PAHs as benzo[a]pyrene equivalents determined by ELISA were slightly higher than those determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 'Overestimation' by ELISA over GC-MS was attributed to at least in part, the presence of PAH metabolites including l-hydroxypyrene which mere detected by ELISA, hut not quantified by GC-MS. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Off, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Nat Resources, Immunochem Facil, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 419 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00989-2 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 341LK UT WOS:000088591700001 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Lanza, F Tolokan, A Horvath, V Sellergren, B Horvai, G Barcelo, D AF Ferrer, I Lanza, F Tolokan, A Horvath, V Sellergren, B Horvai, G Barcelo, D TI Selective trace enrichment of chlorotriazine pesticides from natural waters and sediment samples using terbuthylazine molecularly imprinted polymers SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; RECOGNITION; PRECONCENTRATION; EMPHASIS; TEMPLATE AB Two molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized using either dichloromethane or toluene as the porogen and terbuthylazine as the template and were used as solid-phase extraction cartridges for the enrichment of six chlorotriazines (deisopropylatrazine, deethylatrazine, simazine, atrazine, propazine, and terbuthylazine) in natural water and sediment samples. The extracted samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/diode array detection (LC/DAD), Several washing solvents, as well as different volumes, were tested for their ability to remove the matrix components nonspecifically adsorbed on the sorbents, This cleanup step was shown to be of prime importance to the successful extraction of the pesticides from the aqueous samples. The optimal analytical conditions were obtained when the MIP imprinted using dichloromethane was the sorbent, 2 mt of dichloromethane was used in the washing step, and the preconcentrated analytes were eluted with 8 mt of methanol. The recoveries were higher than 80% for all the chlorotriazines except for propazine (53%) when 50- or 100-mL groundwater samples, spiked at 1 mu g/L level, were analyzed. The limits of detection varied from 0.05 to 0.2 mu g/L when preconcentrating a 100-mL groundwater sample. Natural sediment samples from the Ebre Delta area (Tarragona, Spain) containing atrazine and deethylatrazine were Soxhlet extracted and analyzed by the methodology developed in this work. No significant interferences from the sample matrix were noticed, thus indicating good selectivity of the MIP sorbents used. C1 CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Environm Chem, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Mainz, Dept Inorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Tech Univ Budapest, Inst Gen & Analyt Chem, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary. RP Barcelo, D (reprint author), CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Environm Chem, C Jordi Girona 18-26, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. RI Horvai, George/F-7274-2010; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008; Horvath, Viola/A-5158-2008 OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851; Horvath, Viola/0000-0003-1014-7930 NR 24 TC 171 Z9 186 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 16 BP 3934 EP 3941 DI 10.1021/ac000015f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 343NV UT WOS:000088709200036 ER PT J AU Tauler, R Barcelo, D Thurman, EM AF Tauler, R Barcelo, D Thurman, EM TI Multivariate correlation between concentrations of selected herbicides and derivatives in outflows from selected US midwestern reservoirs SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; UNITED-STATES; CURVE RESOLUTION; SURFACE-WATER; SPRING FLUSH; METABOLITE; TRANSPORT AB Multivariate correlations between the concentrations of selected herbicides and herbicide derivatives in outflows from selected reservoirs in the Midwestern United Stares for April 1992 through September 1993 were investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR). Two independent sources for alachlor ethanesulfonic acid, one major source related to spring flush and seasonal runoff and another minor source related to groundwater, were identified using PCA. Results of MCR provided a semiquantitative interpretation of the environmental sources of the observed herbicide concentrations in reservoir outflows and allowed the examination of their temporal and geographical distributions. Samples with higher herbicide concentrations were collected from reservoirs in Indiana and Ohio, especially during the late spring and summer. C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Analyt Chem, Barcelona 08028, Spain. CSIC, Cid, Dept Environm Chem, Barcelona 08034, Spain. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Tauler, R (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Analyt Chem, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Barcelo, Damia/0000-0002-8873-0491 NR 23 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 16 BP 3307 EP 3314 DI 10.1021/es000884m PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 344GN UT WOS:000088751000001 ER PT J AU Owen, S Segall, P Lisowski, M Miklius, A Denlinger, R Sako, M AF Owen, S Segall, P Lisowski, M Miklius, A Denlinger, R Sako, M TI Rapid deformation of Kilauea Volcano: Global positioning system measurements between 1990 and 1996 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-FLANK; 1975 KALAPANA; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; INHOMOGENEOUS-MEDIA; DIKE INTRUSION; HAWAII; EARTHQUAKE; MAGMA; BENEATH; SUMMIT AB Campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from 1990 to 1996 are used to calculate surface displacement rates on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The GPS data show that the south flank of the volcano, which has generated several large earthquakes in the past 3 decades, is displacing at up to similar to 8 cm/yr to the south-southeast. The summit and rift zones are subsiding, with maximum subsidence rates of similar to 8 cm/yr observed a few kilometers south of the summit caldera. Elastic dislocation modeling of the GPS data suggests that the active sources of deformation include deep rift opening along the upper east and east rift zone, fault slip along a subhorizontal fault near the base of the volcano, and deflation near the summit caldera. A nonlinear optimization algorithm was used to explore the parameter space and to find the best fitting source geometry. There is a broad range of model geometries that fit the data reasonably well. However, certain models can be ruled out, including those that have shallow rift opening or shallow fault slip. Some offshore, aseismic slip on a fault plane that dips between 25 degrees north-northwest and 8 degrees south-southeast is required. Best fitting slip and rift opening rates are 23-28 cm/yr, although rates as low as 10 cm/yr are permitted by the data. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaii Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Owen, S (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, 3651 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM owen@terra.usc.edu; segall@stanford.edu; mlisowski@usgs.gov; asta@usgs.gov; roger@mailvan.wr.usgs.gov; sako@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B8 BP 18983 EP 18998 DI 10.1029/2000JB900109 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 345BB UT WOS:000088794600006 ER PT J AU Plunkert, PA AF Plunkert, PA TI Bauxite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Plunkert, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 65 EP 66 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500013 ER PT J AU Cunningham, LD AF Cunningham, LD TI Beryllium minerals SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Cunningham, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 66 EP 67 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500014 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Clays SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 68 EP 69 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500016 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ AF Potter, MJ TI Feldspar SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 69 EP 70 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500017 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ AF Potter, MJ TI Kyanite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 70 EP 71 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500018 ER PT J AU Kramer, DA AF Kramer, DA TI Magnesia/magnesite SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Kramer, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 72 EP 73 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500020 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Rare earths - (The lanthanides, yttrium and scandium) SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 74 EP + PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500022 ER PT J AU Bolen, WP AF Bolen, WP TI Silica SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Bolen, WP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 77 EP 79 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500023 ER PT J AU Johnson, RL Virta, RL AF Johnson, RL Virta, RL TI Talc SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 79 EP 81 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 344RW UT WOS:000088773500024 ER PT J AU Barrilleaux, TC Grace, JB AF Barrilleaux, TC Grace, JB TI Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: The effects of soil and moisture regime SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Chinese tallowtree; coastal prairie; Euphorbiaceae; invasions; moisture effects; salinity; Sapium sebiferum; soil effects ID CHINESE TALLOW TREE; CONTAINER SIZE; L ROXB; SEEDLINGS; SALINITY; VEGETATION; WATER; CAROLINA; PLANTS; TEXAS AB The introduced tree Sapium Schiferum (Euphorbiaceae) is considered a serious threat to the preservation of the coastal prairie region of Louisiana and Texas, although it is currently uncommon in the western part of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of location, soils, and available moisture on the growth and survival of S. sebiferum in coastal prairie. In a field experiment. S. sebiferum mortality was significantly greater at a western site than at central and eastern sites. The greatest mortality and least growth of surviving plants occurred on a soil from the western region, regardless of site. A greenhouse study also found that S. sebiferum growth was lowest on the western soil. Watering frequency significantly affected S. sebiferum growth, except on the western soil. Sapium sebiferum growth responded to both nitrogen and phosphorus additions for all soils. Soil analyses revealed the highest sand, sodium, and phosphorus contents, and much higher electrical conductivity in the western soil. it is concluded that the soil examined from the western region is unfavorable for S. sebiferum growth, though not to the extent to preclude S. sebiferum completely. Evidence suggests that soil salinity may be the primary cause of the poor S. sebiferum growth at the western site. C1 Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Barrilleaux, TC (reprint author), Louisiana Dept Nat Resources, Coastal Restorat Div, POB 639, Abbeville, LA 70511 USA. NR 53 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 8 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 87 IS 8 BP 1099 EP 1106 DI 10.2307/2656646 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 345WH UT WOS:000088837800004 PM 10947994 ER PT J AU Ghalambor, CK Martin, TE AF Ghalambor, CK Martin, TE TI Parental investment strategies in two species of nuthatch vary with stage-specific predation risk and reproductive effort SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; NEST DEFENSE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; BIRDS; INCUBATION; BEHAVIOR; SURVIVAL; CARE; COST; AGE AB Life-history theory predicts that differences in reproductive effort and residual reproductive value among species should result in differences in the level of risk that parents are willing to tolerate to themselves versus their offspring. Specifically, highly fecund and shorter-lived species are expected to place greater value in current offspring than themselves, whereas less fecund and longer-lived species are expected to place greater value in their own survival and future breeding opportunities. Here, we test the prediction that parental investment decisions are correlated with life histories by comparing risk-taking behaviour in two species of nuthatch that differ in reproductive effort: the white-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis (more fecund, lower survival) and the red-breasted nuthatch, S. canadensis (less fecund, higher survival). We experimentally manipulated stage-specific predation risk by presenting models of an adult predator (hawk) and an egg predator (wren) and measured the willingness of males to feed incubating females on the nest. We found that both species of nuthatch responded to predators by increasing the length of time between visits and aborting more visits to the nest. However, as predicted by their life histories, S. carolinensis displayed a significantly stronger response to the egg predator, whereas S. canadensis responded more strongly to the adult predator. Thus, species can differ in their willingness to tolerate risk to themselves and their young, and such differences appear to be related to differences in investment in current reproduction and the probability of future survival. (C) 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Ghalambor, CK (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 38 TC 94 Z9 100 U1 5 U2 49 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 60 BP 263 EP 267 DI 10.1006/anbe.2000.1472 PN 2 PG 5 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 356WX UT WOS:000089468100014 ER PT J AU Cytryn, E Minz, D Oremland, RS Cohen, Y AF Cytryn, E Minz, D Oremland, RS Cohen, Y TI Distribution and diversity of archaea corresponding to the limnological cycle of a hypersaline stratified lake (Solar Lake, Sinai, Egypt) SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SEDIMENTS; BACTERIA; MICROORGANISMS; METHANOGENESIS; ENVIRONMENTS; COMMUNITY; GENES; SOIL AB The vertical and seasonal distribution and diversity of archaeal sequences was investigated in a hypersaline, stratified, monomictic lake, Solar Lake, Sinai, Egypt, during the limnological development of stratification and mixing, Archaeal sequences were studied via phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. The 165 clones studied were grouped into four phylogenetically different clusters, Most of the clones isolated from both the aerobic epilimnion and the sulfide-rich hypolimnion were defined as cluster I, belonging to the Halobacteriaceae family, The three additional clusters were all isolated from the anaerobic hypolimnion. Cluster II is phylogenetically located between the genera il Methanobacterium and Methanococcus, Clusters III and TV relate to two previously documented groups of uncultured euryarchaeota, remotely related to the genus Thermoplasma. No crenarchaeota were found in the water column of the Solar Lake. The archaeal community in the Solar Lake under both stratified and mixed conditions was dominated by halobacteria in salinities higher than 10%. During stratification, additional clusters, some of which may possibly relate to uncultured halophilic methanogens, were found in the sulfide- and methane-rich hypolimnion. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Life Sci, Moshe Shilo Minerva Ctr Marine Biogeochem, Div Microbial & Mol Ecol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Cohen, Y (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Life Sci, Moshe Shilo Minerva Ctr Marine Biogeochem, Div Microbial & Mol Ecol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM yehucoh@vms.huji.ac.il RI Minz, Dror/A-4818-2012 NR 41 TC 68 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 66 IS 8 BP 3269 EP 3276 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.8.3269-3276.2000 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 340QP UT WOS:000088546300021 PM 10919780 ER PT J AU Schemel, LE Kimball, BA Bencala, KE AF Schemel, LE Kimball, BA Bencala, KE TI Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION; STREAM; WATER; ALUMINUM; IRON; USA; BEHAVIOR; SEDIMENT; SURFACE; OXIDES AB Stream discharges and concentrations of dissolved and colloidal metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ph, and Zn), SO4, and dissolved silica were measured to identify chemical transformations and determine mass transports through two mixing zones in the Animas River that receive the inflows from Cement and Mineral Creeks. The creeks were the dominant sources of Al, Cu, Fe, and Pb, whereas the upstream Animas River supplied about half of the Zn. With the exception of Fe, which was present in dissolved and colloidal forms, the metals were dissolved in the acidic, high-SO4 waters of Cement Creek (pH 3.8). Mixing of Cement Creek with the Animas River increased pH to near-neutral values and transformed Al and some additional Fe into colloids which also contained Cu and Pb. Aluminium and Fe colloids had already formed in the mildly acidic conditions in Mineral Creek (pH 6.6) upstream of the confluence with the Animas River. Colloidal Fe continued to form downstream of both mixing zones. The Fe- and Al-rich colloids were important for transport of Cu, Pb, and Zn, which appeared to have sorbed to them. Partitioning of Zn between dissolved and colloidal phases was dependent on pH and colloid concentration. Mass balances showed conservative transports for Ca, Mg, Mn, SO4, and dissolved silica through the two mixing zones and small losses (< 10%) of colloidal Al, Fe and Zn from the water column. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 USA. RP Schemel, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010 NR 40 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1003 EP 1018 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 318XA UT WOS:000087308900007 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Heinz, GH Sileo, L Audet, DJ Campbell, JK LeCaptain, LJ AF Hoffman, DJ Heinz, GH Sileo, L Audet, DJ Campbell, JK LeCaptain, LJ TI Developmental toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment to mallard ducklings SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COEUR-DALENE RIVER; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; NORTHERN IDAHO; AMERICAN KESTRELS; SMELTING COMPLEX; DIETARY CALCIUM; S-TRANSFERASE; TUNDRA SWANS; MINING SITE; GLUTATHIONE AB Sediment ingestion has been identified as an important exposure route for toxicants in waterfowl. The toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (CDARB) in Idaho was examined on posthatching development of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings for 6 weeks. Day-old ducklings received either untreated control diet, clean sediment (24%) supplemented control diet, CDARB sediment (3,449 mu g/g lead) supplemented diets at 12% or 24%, or a positive control diet containing lead acetate equivalent to that found in 24% CDARB. The 12% CDARB diet resulted in a geometric mean blood lead concentration of 1.41 ppm (WW) with over 90% depression of red blood cell ALAD activity and over threefold elevation of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration. The 24% CDARB diet resulted in blood lead of 2.56 ppm with over sixfold elevation of protoporphyrin and lower brain weight. In this group the liver lead concentration was 7.92 ppm (WW), and there was a 40% increase in hepatic reduced glutathione concentration. The kidney lead concentration in this group was 7.97 ppm, and acid-fast inclusion bodies were present in the kidneys of four of nine ducklings. The lead acetate positive control group was more adversely affected in most respects than the 24% CDARB group. With a less optimal diet (mixture of two thirds corn and one third standard diet), CDARB sediment was more toxic; blood lead levels were higher, body growth and liver biochemistry (TBARS) were more affected, and prevalence of acid-fast inclusion bodies increased. Lead from CDARB sediment accumulated more readily in duckling blood and liver than reported in goslings, but at given concentrations was generally less toxic to ducklings. Many of these effects are similar to ones reported in wild mallards and geese within the CDARB. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Hoffman, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 62 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 39 IS 2 BP 221 EP 232 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 332LW UT WOS:000088076600011 PM 10871425 ER PT J AU Morales-Vela, B Olivera-Gomez, D Reynolds, JE Rathbun, GB AF Morales-Vela, B Olivera-Gomez, D Reynolds, JE Rathbun, GB TI Distribution and habitat use by manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE manatee; aerial surveys; conservation; Belize; Mexico ID ABUNDANCE AB The nearshore coastal areas of Belize and of Chetumal Bay, Mexico, support one of the largest populations of manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in the Caribbean. In order to further document the distribution, relative abundance, habitat associations, and status of this population, we conducted three aerial surveys. The flights were done in January 1994, May 1994, and January 1995. Total manatec counts for each survey were 266, 207, and 171, respectively. Calves represented 7.4% of the grand total. Solitary manatees represented 62.8% of the total count. Manatees were numerous around the cays east of Belize City, in Placentia and Indian Hill lagoons, and in Chetumal Bay. Most manatees were observed in lagoons and rivers. Growing tourist activities should be assessed to avoid undesirable effects on manatees. Poaching and marketing of manatee products continues to jeopardize the animals in some areas, Current research and management activities are part of a cooperative international program to conserve the manatee in the Caribbean region. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 El Colegio Frontera Sur, Chetumal 77049, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ctr Invest Cientif & Estudios Super Ensenada, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico. Eckerd Coll, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. Calif Acad Sci, Dept Ornithol & Mammal, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. RP Morales-Vela, B (reprint author), El Colegio Frontera Sur, Apdo Postal 424, Chetumal 77049, Quintana Roo, Mexico. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 95 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00009-4 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320KM UT WOS:000087400400007 ER PT J AU Bakun, WH AF Bakun, WH TI Seismicity of California's north coast SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; GORDA PLATE; EARTHQUAKE; MAGNITUDE; TECTONICS; REGION AB At least three moment magnitude (M) 7 earthquakes occurred along California's north coast in the second half of the nineteenth century. The M 7.3 earthquake on 23 November 1873 occurred near the California-Oregon coast and likely was located on the Cascadia subduction zone or within the North American plate. The M 7.0+ earthquake on 9 May 1878 was located about 75 km offshore near the Mendocino fault. The surface-wave magnitude (M-S) 7.0 earthquake on 16 April 1899 was located about 150 km offshore within the Gorda plate. There were at least three M 7 north-coast earthquakes in the 35 years before 1906, two M 7 earthquakes in the 20 years after 1906, no M 7 earthquakes from 1923 until 1980, and four M 7 earthquakes since 1980. The relative seismic quiescence after 1906 for hi 7 earthquakes along California's north coast mimics the post-1906 seismic quiescence in the San Francisco Bay area for M 6 earthquakes. The post-1906 relative quiescence did not extend to lower magnitudes in either area. The 18 April 1906 earthquake apparently influenced the rate of occurrence of M 7 north-coast earthquakes as it apparently influenced the rate of M 6 earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area. The relative seismic quiescence along the California north-coast region after 1906 should be taken into account when evaluating seismic hazards in northwest California. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 65 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 797 EP 812 DI 10.1785/0119990138 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 349TB UT WOS:000089060700001 ER PT J AU Rymer, MJ AF Rymer, MJ TI Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; PALM-SPRINGS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; 7.3 LANDERS; SEQUENCE; RUPTURE; STRESS; BEHAVIOR; APRIL; ZONE AB The Coachella Valley area was strongly shaken by the 1992 Joshua Tree (23 April) and Landers (28 June) earthquakes, and both events caused triggered slip on active faults within the area. Triggered slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake was on a newly recognized fault, the East Wide Canyon fault, near the southwestern edge of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Slip associated with the Landers earthquake formed along the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley, Surface fractures formed along the East Wide Canyon fault in association with the Joshua Tree earthquake. The fractures extended discontinuously over a 1.5-km stretch of the fault, near its southern end. Sense of slip was consistently right-oblique, west side down, similar to the long-term style of faulting. Measured offset values were small, with right-lateral and vertical components of slip ranging from 1 to 6 mm and 1 to 4 mm, respectively. This is the first documented historic slip on the East Wide Canyon fault, which was first mapped only months before the Joshua Tree earthquake. Surface slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake most likely developed as triggered slip given its 5 km distance from the Joshua Tree epicenter and aftershocks. As revealed in a trench investigation, slip formed in an area with only a thin (<3 m thick) veneer of alluvium in contrast to earlier documented triggered slip events in this region, all in the deep basins of the Salton Trough. A paleoseismic trench study in an area of 1992 surface slip revealed evidence of two and possibly three surface faulting events on the East Wide Canyon fault during the late Quaternary, probably latest Pleistocene (first event) and mid- to late Holocene (second two events). About two months after the Joshua Tree earthquake, the Landers earthquake then triggered slip on many faults, including the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley, Surface fractures associated with this event formed discontinuous breaks over a 54-km-long stretch of the fault, from the Indio Hills southeastward to Durmid Hill. Sense of slip was right-lateral; only locally was there a minor (similar to 1 mm) vertical component of slip. Measured dextral displacement values ranged from 1 to 20 mm, with the largest amounts found in the Mecca Hills where large slip values have been measured following past triggered-slip events. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Rymer, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 52 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 832 EP 848 DI 10.1785/0119980130 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 349TB UT WOS:000089060700003 ER PT J AU Obermeier, SF Dickenson, SE AF Obermeier, SF Dickenson, SE TI Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 AD SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON; ZONE; SUBSIDENCE; FEATURES; LOCATION; OREGON; COAST AB During the past decade, paleoseismic studies done by many researchers in the coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest have shown that regional down-dropping and subsequent tsunami inundation occurred in response to a major earthquake along the Cascadia subduction zone. This earthquake occurred almost certainly in 1700 A.D., and is believed by many to have been of M 8.5-9 or perhaps larger. In order to characterize the severity of ground motions from this earthquake, we report on a field search and analysis of seismically induced liquefaction features. The search was conducted chiefly along the banks of islands in the lowermost Columbia River of Oregon and Washington and in stream banks along smaller rivers throughout southwestern Washington. To a lesser extent, the investigation included rivers in central Oregon. Numerous small- to moderate-sized liquefaction features from the earthquake of 1700 A.D. were found in some regions, but there was a notable lack of liquefaction features in others. The regional distribution of liquefaction features is evaluated as a function of geologic and geotechnical factors in different field settings near the coast. Our use of widely different field settings, each in which we independently assess the strength of shaking and arrive at the same conclusion, enhances the credibility of our interpretations. Our regional inventory of liquefaction features and preliminary geotechnical analysis of liquefaction potential provide substantial evidence for only moderate levels of ground shaking in coastal Washington and Oregon during the subduction earthquake of 1700 A.D. Additionally, it appears that a similar conclusion can be reached for an earlier subduction earthquake that occurred within the past 1100 years, which also has been characterized by others as being M 8 or greater. On the basis of more limited data for older events collected in our regional study, it appears that seismic shaking has been no stronger throughout Holocene time. Our interpreted levels of shaking are considerably lower than current estimates in the technical literature that use theoretical and statistical models to predict ground motions of subduction earthquakes in the Cascadia region. Because of the influence of estimated ground motions from Cascadia subduction-zone earthquakes on seismic hazard evaluations, more paleoliquefaction and geotechnical field studies are needed to definitively bracket the strength of shaking. With further work, it should be possible to extend the record of seismic shaking through much of Holocene time in large portions of Washington and Oregon. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EqLiq Consulting, Rockport, IN 47635 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Civil Construct & Environm Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Obermeier, SF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 65 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 876 EP 896 DI 10.1785/0119980179 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 349TB UT WOS:000089060700007 ER PT J AU Ji, C Helmberger, DV Wald, DJ AF Ji, C Helmberger, DV Wald, DJ TI Basin structure estimation by waveform modeling: Forward and inverse methods SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOS-ANGELES BASIN; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; LANDERS AB We introduce a technique for using broadband seismograms recorded from earthquakes at local and regional distances to refine basin structure, For the region outside the basin, we assume a one-dimensional (ID) crustal model and analytical techniques (GRT) to propagate the energy from sources to the basin edge where the motions are then interfaced with a (2D) finite-difference algorithm (Wen and Helmberger, 1996). We parameterize the basin section by isovelocity layers with linear dipping segments between control points. The control point depths are allowed to vary to improve the modeling of waveform data of stations inside the basin. The comparison between data and synthetics is qualified by a fitness function defined by two factors: the timing shift required for best alignment and the correlation coefficient. The procedure was applied to a strong-motion waveform profile across the extended Los Angeles Basin produced by the 1992 Landers, California earthquake to refine the velocity structure using sensitivity testing and forward modeling. Only the correlation coefficient and amplitude were used because absolute timing was unknown. The procedure was extended to a direct waveform inversion by employing a conjugate gradient approach, which uses numerical derivatives. Numerical tests using the new inversion process with synthetic data demonstrate that it is possible to recover a detailed basin structure, if a sufficient amount of high-quality data exists. C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Ji, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 964 EP 976 DI 10.1785/0119990080 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 349TB UT WOS:000089060700013 ER PT J AU Clague, DA Moore, JG Reynolds, JR AF Clague, DA Moore, JG Reynolds, JR TI Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volcanic cone; submarine eruption; lava pond; Hawai'i; rift zone; rejuvenated stage eruptions; pancake domes ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; VENUSIAN PANCAKE DOMES; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; LAVA-FLOW; SEAMOUNTS; RIDGE; PETROLOGY; ERUPTION; EMPLACEMENT; MORPHOLOGY AB High-resolution bathymetric mapping has shown that submarine flat-topped volcanic cones, morphologically similar to ones on the deep sea floor and near mid-ocean ridges, are common on or near submarine rift zones of Kilauea, Kohala (or Mauna Kea), Mahukona, and Haleakala volcanoes. Four flat-topped cones on Kohala were explored and sampled with the Pisces V submersible in October 1998. Samples show that flat-topped cones on rift zones are constructed of tholeiitic basalt erupted during the shield stage. Similarly shaped flat-topped cones on the northwest submarine flank of Ni'ihau are apparently formed of alkalic basalt erupted during the rejuvenated stage. Submarine postshield-stage eruptions on Hilo Ridge, Mahukona, Hana Ridge, and offshore Ni'ihau form pointed cones of alkalic basalt and hawaiite. The shield stage flat-topped cones have steep (similar to 25 degrees) sides, remarkably flat horizontal tops, basal diameters of 1-3 km, and heights <300 m. The flat tops commonly have either a low mound or a deep crater in the center. The rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones have the same shape with steep sides and flat horizontal tops, but are much larger with basal diameters up to 5.5 km and heights commonly greater than 200 m. The flat tops have a central low mound, shallow crater, or levees that surrounded lava ponds as large as 1 km across. Most of the rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones formed on slopes <10 degrees and formed adjacent semicircular steps down the flank of Ni'ihau, rather than circular structures. All the flat-topped cones appear to be monogenetic and formed during steady effusive eruptions lasting years to decades. These, and other submarine volcanic cones of similar size and shape, apparently form as continuously overflowing submarine lava Tends. A lava pond surrounded by a levee forms above a sea-floor vent. As lava continues to flow into the pond, the lava flow surface rises and overflows the lowest point on the levee, forming elongate pillow lava flows that simultaneously build the rim outward and upward, but also dam and fill in the low point on the rim. The process repeats at the new lowest point, forming a circular structure with a flat horizontal top and steer pillowed margins. There is a delicate balance between lava (heat) supply to the pond and cooling and thickening of the floating crust. Factors that facilitate construction of such landforms include effusive eruption of lava with low volatile contents, moderate to high confining pressure at moderate to great ocean depth, long-lived steady eruption (years to decades), moderate effusion rates (probably ca. 0.1 km(3)/year), and low, but not necessarily flat, slopes. With higher effusion rates, sheet flows flood the slope. With lower effusion rates, pillow mounds form. Hawaiian shield-stage eruptions begin as fissure eruptions. If the eruption is too brief, it will not consolidate activity at a point, and fissure-fed flows will form a pond with irregular levees. The pond will solidify between eruptive pulses if the eruption is not steady. Lava that is too volatile rich or that is erupted in too shallow water will produce fragmental and highly vesicular lava that will accumulate to form steep pointed cones, as occurs during the post-shield stage. The steady effusion of lava on land constructs lava shields, which are probably the subaerial analogs to submarine flat-topped cones but formed under different cooling conditions. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM clague@mbari.org NR 75 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 EI 1432-0819 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 62 IS 3 BP 214 EP 233 DI 10.1007/s004450000088 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 352DJ UT WOS:000089199000005 ER PT J AU Schaller, HA Petrosky, CE Langness, OP AF Schaller, HA Petrosky, CE Langness, OP TI Reply to Zabel and Williams' comments on "Contrasting patterns of productivity and survival rates for stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations of the Snake and Columbia rivers" by Schaller et al. (1999) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID PACIFIC SALMON; TRENDS C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Boise, ID 83707 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Schaller, HA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 9317 NE Highway 99,Suite I, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1742 EP 1746 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-8-1742 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 335YA UT WOS:000088273200021 ER PT J AU Petty, JD Jones, SB Huckins, JN Cranor, WL Parris, JT McTague, TB Boyle, TP AF Petty, JD Jones, SB Huckins, JN Cranor, WL Parris, JT McTague, TB Boyle, TP TI An approach for assessment of water quality using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bioindicator tests SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE SPMDs; hydrophobic contaminants; bioindicator tests; PAHs; OCs; PCBs; integrative sampling; toxicological relevance; water quality assessment ID MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS; LOWER MISSOURI RIVER; CONTAMINANTS; HYDROCARBONS; RESIDUES; BRAIN AB As an integral part of our continued development of water quality assessment approaches, we combined integrative sampling, instrumental analysis of widely occurring anthropogenic contaminants, and the application of a suite of bioindicator tests as a specific part of a broader survey of ecological conditions, species diversity, and habitat quality in the Santa Cruz River in Arizona, USA. Lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were employed to sequester waterborne hydrophobic chemicals. Instrumental analysis and a suite of bioindicator tests were used to determine the presence and potential toxicological relevance of mixtures of bioavailable chemicals in two major water sources of the Santa Cruz River. The SPMDs were deployed at two sites; the effluent weir of the International Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWWTP) and the Nogales Wash. Both of these systems empty into the Santa Cruz River and the IWWTP effluent is a potential source of water for a constructed wetland complex. Analysis of the SPMD sample extracts revealed the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The bioindicator tests demonstrated increased liver enzyme activity, perturbation of neurotransmitter systems and potential endocrine disrupting effects (vitellogenin induction) in fish exposed to the extracts. With increasing global demands on limited water resources, the approach described herein provides an assessment paradigm applicable to determining the quality of water in a broad range of aquatic systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. USGS, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Petty, JD (reprint author), USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 23 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00499-3 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309UB UT WOS:000086786700003 PM 11057592 ER PT J AU Srodon, J Eberl, DD Drits, VA AF Srodon, J Eberl, DD Drits, VA TI Evolution of fundamental-particle size during illitization of smectite and implications for reaction mechanism SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE crystal growth; fundamental particle; illite-smectite; illitization mechanism; lognormal distribution; Ostwald ripening ID LAYER ILLITE-SMECTITE; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; CLAY-MINERALS; ILLITE/SMECTITE; CONVERSION; THICKNESS; BENTONITES; DIAGENESIS; CHEMISTRY AB Area-weighted thickness distributions of fundamental illite particles for samples of illite and illite-smectite from seven locations (including bentonites and hydrothermally altered pyroclastics) were measured by Pt-shadowing technique, by transmission electron microscopy. Most thickness distributions are described by lognormal distributions, which suggest a unique crystallization process. The shapes of lognormal distributions of fundamental illite particles can be calculated from the distribution mean because the shape parameters alpha and beta(2) are interrelated: beta(2) = 0.107 alpha - 0.03. This growth process was simulated by the mathematical Law of Proportionate Effect that generates lognormal distributions. Simulations indicated that illite particles grow from 2-nm thick illite nuclei by surface-controlled growth, i.e., the rate of growth is restricted by how rapid crystallization proceeds given a near infinite supply of reactants, and not by the rate of supply of reactants to the crystal surface. Initially formed, 2-nm thick crystals may nucleate and grow within smectite interlayers from material produced by dissolution of single smectite 2:1 layers, thereby transforming the clay from randomly interstratified (Reichweite, R = 0) to ordered (R = 1) illite-smectite after the smectite single layers dissolve. In this initial period of illite nucleation and growth, during which expandable layers range from 100 to 20%, illite crystals grow parallel to [001]* direction, and the dimensions of the (001) plane are confined to the size of the original smectite 2:1 layers. After nucleation ceases, illite crystals may continue to grow by surface-controlled growth, and the expandable-layer content ranges from 20 to 0%. This latter period of illitization is characterized by three-dimensional growth. Other crystal-growth mechanisms, such as Ostwald ripening, supply-controlled growth, and the coalescence of smectite layers, do not produce the observed evolution of alpha and beta(2) and the observed shapes of crystal thickness distributions. C1 PAN, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RAN, Inst Geol, Moscow 109017, Russia. RP Srodon, J (reprint author), PAN, Inst Geol Sci, Senacka 1, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. NR 30 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 6 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 446 EP 458 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480405 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 345NW UT WOS:000088822900005 ER PT J AU Restani, M Harmata, AR Madden, EM AF Restani, M Harmata, AR Madden, EM TI Numerical and functional responses of migrant Bald Eagles exploiting a seasonally concentrated food source SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; functional response; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; kokanee salmon; migration; numerical response; Oncorhynchus nerka ID AGE-DEPENDENT INTERFERENCE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; PREY DENSITY; PREDATION; INSECT AB We determined the numerical and functional responses of migrant Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) feeding on spawning kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Hauser Reservoir, Montana from 1991-1995. Number of Bald Eagles was positively correlated with the fluctuating number of salmon carcasses during four of five years. Immigration and emigration rates were similar across years and were facilitated by several behavioral and physical characteristics of eagles: group foraging, communal roosting, and keen eyesight. Number of subadult eagles showed closer synchrony with density of salmon carcasses than did adult eagles. Eagles scavenging for salmon exhibited a Type II functional response. Handling times of scavenging eagles remained constant across the range of salmon carcass densities, whereas daily attack rates increased. Functional responses of scavenging eagles differed between age groups; adults exhibited a Type I response, whereas that of subadults could not be characterized. Handling times of scavenging adults were constant, but those of subadults increased with salmon density. Attack rates of scavenging adults increased with salmon carcass density. Consumption rates differed between age groups and among eagles using foraging modes of scavenging, stooping, and pirating, which suggests that eagles viewed live and dead salmon as alternative prey types. Bald Eagle scavenging of kokanee salmon was inversely density dependent. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Fish & Wildlife Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Med Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, Med Lake, MT 59247 USA. RP Restani, M (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Div Ecosyst Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3 BP 561 EP 568 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0561:NAFROM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 343RX UT WOS:000088716300009 ER PT J AU Hollmen, T Franson, JC Docherty, DE Kilpi, M Hario, M Creekmore, LH Petersen, MR AF Hollmen, T Franson, JC Docherty, DE Kilpi, M Hario, M Creekmore, LH Petersen, MR TI Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in Elder ducks and Herring Gulls SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Common Eiders; Finland; Herring Gulls; infectious bursal disease; Spectacled Eiders ID WESTERN ALASKA; BIRDS; WILD AB We measured antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus (TBDV) in blood of nesting Common Elder (Somateria mollissima) females and immature Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) in the Baltic Sea, and in blood of Spectacled Elder (Somateria fischeri) females nesting in a remote area of western Alaska. Positive (greater than or equal to 1:16) IBDV titers occurred in 75% of the elders and 45% of the Herring Gull chicks. In elders, the prevalence of positive titers differed among locations. We found no evidence that IBDV exposure impaired the immune function of Herring Gull chicks, based on their response to inoculation of sheep red blood cells. We suggest that cider ducks and Herring Gulls have been exposed to IBDV, even in locations where contact with poultry is unlikely. The presence of this virus in wild bird populations is of concern because it causes mortality of up to 30% in susceptible poultry. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Vet Basic Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Syst, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, Helsinki 00721, Finland. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3 BP 688 EP 691 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:IBDVAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 343RX UT WOS:000088716300026 ER PT J AU Davis, M Douglas, C Calcote, R Cole, KL Winkler, MG Flakne, R AF Davis, M Douglas, C Calcote, R Cole, KL Winkler, MG Flakne, R TI Holocene climate in the western Great Lakes national parks and lakeshores: Implications for future climate change SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; POLLEN SPECTRA; MODERN ANALOGS; FOSSIL POLLEN; RECONSTRUCTION; PALEOECOLOGY; VEGETATION; PATTERNS; EUROPE AB We reconstruct Holocene climate history (last 10,000 years) for each of the U.S. National Park Service units in the western Great Lakes region in order to evaluate their sensitivity to global warming. Annual precipitation, annual temperature, and July and January temperatures were reconstructed by comparing fossil pollen in lake sediment with pollen in surface samples, assuming that ancient climates were similar to modern climate near analogous surface samples. In the early Holocene, most of the parks experienced colder winters, warmer summers, and lower precipitation than today. An exception is Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota where, by 8000 years ago, January temperatures were higher than today. The combination of high mean annual temperature and lower precipitation at Voyageurs resulted in a dry period between 8000 and 5000 years ago, similar to the Prairie Period in regions to the south and west. A mid-Holocene warm-dry period also occurred at other northern and central parks but was much less strongly developed. In southern parks there was no clear evidence of a mid-Holocene warm-dry period. These differences suggest that global model predictions of a warm, dry climate in the northern Great Plains under doubled atmospheric CO2 may be more applicable to Voyageurs than to the other parks. The contrast in reconstructed temperatures at Voyageurs and Isle Royale indicates that the ameliorating effect of the Great Lakes on temperatures has been in effect throughout the Holocene and presumably will continue in the future, thus reducing the potential for species loss caused by future temperature extremes. Increased numbers of mesic trees at all of the parks in the late Holocene reflect increasing annual precipitation. This trend toward more mesic conditions began 6000 years ago in the south and 4000 years ago in the north and increased sharply in recent millennia at parks located today in lake-effect snow belts. This suggests that lake-effect snowfall is sensitive to continental-scale changes in climate and could be affected by future climate change. Plant and animal species sensitive to changes in the moisture regime could thus be endangered within the Great Lakes parks. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55418 USA. No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Davis, M (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 100 Ecol Bldg,1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55418 USA. NR 46 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 968 EP 983 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99219.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338UV UT WOS:000088442400009 ER PT J AU Cam, E Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Hines, JE Flather, CH AF Cam, E Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Hines, JE Flather, CH TI Relative species richness and community completeness: Birds and urbanization in the Mid-Atlantic states SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture models; conservation; ecological communities; estimation; integrity; landscape; Mid-Atlantic states; North American Breeding Bird Survey; relative species richness; species pool; urbanization ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; BREEDING BIRDS; REGIONAL PROCESSES; NEST PREDATION; LAND-USE; DIVERSITY; LANDSCAPE; POPULATION AB The idea that local factors govern local richness has been dominant for years, but recent theoretical and empirical studies have stressed the influence of regional factors on local richness. Fewer species at a site could reflect not only the influence of local factors, but also a smaller regional pool. The possible dependency of local richness on the regional pool should be taken into account when addressing the influence of local factors on local richness. It is possible to account for this potential dependency by comparing relative species richness among sites, rather than species richness per se. We consider estimation of a metric permitting assessment of relative species richness in a typical situation in which not all species are detected during sampling sessions. In this situation, estimates of absolute or relative species richness need to account for variation in species detection probability if they are to be unbiased. We present a method to estimate relative species richness based on capture-recapture models. This approach involves definition of a species list from regional data, and estimation of the number of species in that list that are present at a site-year of interest. We use this approach to address the influence of urbanization on relative richness of avian communities in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. There is a negative relationship between relative richness and landscape variables describing the level of urban development. We believe that this metric should prove very useful for conservation and management purposes because it is based on an estimator of species richness that both accounts for potential variation in species detection probability and allows flexibility in the specification of a "reference community." This metric can be used to assess ecological integrity, the richness of the community of interest relative to that of the "original" community, or to assess change since some previous time in a community. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27650 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Cam, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 73 TC 99 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 52 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 BP 1196 EP 1210 DI 10.2307/2641026 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339UJ UT WOS:000088496000019 ER PT J AU Lamothe, PJ Gallagher, M Chivers, DP Moring, JR AF Lamothe, PJ Gallagher, M Chivers, DP Moring, JR TI Homing and movement of yellow-phase American eels in freshwater ponds SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Anguilla; telemetry; behavior; movements; orientation ID ANGUILLA-ANGUILLA; LOCAL MOVEMENTS; LAKE CHAMPLAIN; VERMONT; SIZE AB Ten yellow-phase American eels, Anguilla rostrata, were captured from Hammond Pond, a small freshwater pond located in central Maine, U.S.A. The eels were implanted with radio transmitters and released into nearby Hermon Pond. At the same time, 10 eels were captured from Hermon Pond, implanted with radio transmitters and returned to Hermon Pond to serve as a control group. The two ponds are connected by a 1.6 km section of Souadabscook Stream. We tracked the 20 eels over the 90-day duration of the experiment. Four of the ten displaced eels returned to their home pond. None of the control fish were located outside of their home pond during the study. Three of the four eels that successfully returned to their home pond did so under the darkness of the new moon and the fourth made the journey during the first quarter moon phase. Location data showed that translocated and native eels tended to occupy different areas of Hermon Pond. This study provides evidence of homing behavior in American eels living in small freshwater ponds and indications that homing activity may be linked to lunar cycle. C1 Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Marine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Moring, JR (reprint author), Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Marine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2000 VL 58 IS 4 BP 393 EP 399 DI 10.1023/A:1007639615834 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 331PX UT WOS:000088028400004 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Cromwell, AE AF Thurman, EM Cromwell, AE TI Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; GREAT-LAKES; SURFACE-WATER; ATRAZINE; PRECIPITATION; PESTICIDE AB Trace concentrations of triazine herbicides, used in the Midwestern United States, are being transported atmospherically hundreds of kilometers and deposited by precipitation onto pristine areas, such as Isle Royale National Park (Lake Superior). Atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and cyanazine were detected in isle Royale rainfall from mid-May to early July (1992-1994) at concentrations of less than 0.005 to 1.8 mu g/L. Analysis of predominant wind direction indicated that the herbicides originated from the upper Midwestern United States. The annual mass of herbicides deposited by rainfall varied between years, from 13.4 mu g/m(2)/yr for 1992, 3.7 mu g/m(2)/yr for 1993, and 54 mu g/m(2)/yr for 1994. Atrazine and deethylatrazine were found also in concentrations of less than 5-22 ng/L in lakes across Isle Royale. Concentrations of atrazine in the surface layer of the lakes increased during deposition periods and decreased later in the year. The fate of triazines in shallow lakes suggests faster degradation and shorter half-lives, while deeper lakes have residence times for atrazine that may exceed 10 years. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Thurman, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 33 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 6 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 15 BP 3079 EP 3085 DI 10.1021/es0009951 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340XF UT WOS:000088561100018 ER PT J AU Kim, MJ Nriagu, J Haack, S AF Kim, MJ Nriagu, J Haack, S TI Carbonate ions and arsenic dissolution by groundwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PYRITE OXIDATION; DRINKING-WATER; ARSENOPYRITE; SPECIATION; SEDIMENTS; EXCHANGE AB Samples of Marshall Sandstone, a major source of groundwater with elevated arsenic levels in southeast Michigan, were exposed to bicarbonate ion under controlled chemical conditions. In particular, effects of pH and redox conditions on arsenic release were evaluated. The release of arsenic from the aquifer rock was strongly related to the bicarbonate concentration in the leaching solution. The results obtained suggest that the carbonation of arsenic sulfide minerals, including orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (As2S2), is an important process in leaching arsenic into groundwater under anaerobic conditions. The arseno-carbonate complexes formed, believed to be AS(CO3)(2)-, As(CO3)(OH)(2)(-), and AsCO3+, are stable in groundwater. The reaction of ferrous ion with the thioarsenite from carbonation process can result in the formation of arsenopyrite which is a common mineral in arsenic-rich aquifers. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. RP Nriagu, J (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 37 TC 131 Z9 136 U1 4 U2 41 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 15 BP 3094 EP 3100 DI 10.1021/es990949p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340XF UT WOS:000088561100020 ER PT J AU Day, JW Shaffer, GP Britsch, LD Reed, DJ Hawes, SR Cahoon, D AF Day, JW Shaffer, GP Britsch, LD Reed, DJ Hawes, SR Cahoon, D TI Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi Delta: A spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat change SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SUBMERGING COASTAL MARSH; SEDIMENT DEPOSITION; RIVER DELTA; WATER-LEVEL; LOUISIANA; MANAGEMENT; SUBSIDENCE; VEGETATION; ACCRETION; MEXICO AB An earlier investigation (Turner 1997) concluded that most of the coastal wetland loss in Louisiana was caused by the effects of canal dredging, that loss was near zero in the absence of canals, and that land loss had decreased to near zero by the late 1990s. This analysis was based on a 15-min quadrangle (approximately 68,000 ha) scale that is too large to isolate processes responsible for small-scale wetland loss and too small to capture those responsible for large-scale loss. We conducted a further evaluation of the relationship between direct loss due to canal dredging and all other loss from 1933-1990 using a spatial scale of 4,100 ha that accurately captures local land-loss processes. Regressions of other wetland loss on canal area (i.e., direct loss) for the Birdfoot, Terrebonne, and Calcasieu basins were not significant. Positive relationships were found for the Breton (r(2) = 0.675), Barataria (r(2) = 0.47), and Mermentau (r(2) = 0.35) basins, indicating that the extent of canals is significantly related to wetland loss in these basins. A significant negative relationship (r(2) = 0.36) was found for the Atchafalaya coastal basin which had statistically lower loss rates than the other basins as a whole. The Atchafalaya area receives direct inflow of about one third of the Mississippi discharge. When the data were combined for all basins, 9.2% of the variation in other wetland loss was attributable to canals. All significant regressions intercepted the y-axis at positive loss values indicating that some loss occurred in the absence of canals. Wetland loss did not differ significantly from the coast inland or between marsh type. We agree with Turner that canals are an important agent in causing wetland loss in coastal Louisiana, but strongly disagree that they are responsible for the vast majority of this loss. We conclude that wetland loss in the Mississippi delta is an ongoing complex process involving several interacting factors and that efforts to create and restore Louisiana's coastal wetlands must emphasize riverine inputs of freshwater and sediments. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. SE Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Div Engn, New Orleans, LA 70160 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Planning Div, New Orleans, LA 70160 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Day, JW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 61 TC 205 Z9 212 U1 7 U2 151 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 425 EP 438 DI 10.2307/1353136 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 357TE UT WOS:000089516300001 ER PT J AU Karlsen, AW Cronin, TM Ishman, SE Willard, DA Holmes, CW Marot, M Kerhin, R AF Karlsen, AW Cronin, TM Ishman, SE Willard, DA Holmes, CW Marot, M Kerhin, R TI Historical trends in Chesapeake Bay dissolved oxygen based on benthic foraminifera from sediment cores SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NORWEGIAN SKAGERRAK COAST; AMMONIA FORAMINIFERA; EUTROPHICATION; POLLUTION; ANOXIA; RIVER; LOUISIANA; DEPLETION; NITROGEN; BECCARII AB Environmentally sensitive benthic foraminifera (protists) from Chesapeake Bay were used as bioindicators to estimate the timing and degree of changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) over the past five centuries. Living foraminifers from 19 surface samples and fossil assemblages from 11 sediment cores dated by Pb-210, Cs-131, C-14, and pollen stratigraphy were analyzed from the tidal portions of the Patuxent, Potomac, and Choptank Rivers and the main channel of the Chesapeake Bay. Ammonia parkinsoniana, a facultative anaerobe tolerant of periodic anoxic conditions, comprises an average of 74% of modern Chesapeake foraminiferal assemblages (DO = 0.47 and 1.72 ml l(-1)) compared to 0% to 15% of assemblages collected in the 1960s. Paleoecological analyses show that A. parkinsoniana was absent prior to the late 17th century increased to 10-25% relative frequency between approximately 1670-1720 and 1810-1900, and became the dominant (60-90%) benthic foraminiferal species in channel environments beginning in the early 1970s. Since the 1970s, deformed tests of A. parkinsoniana occur in all cores (10-20% of Ammonia), suggesting unprecedented stressful benthic conditions. These cores indicate that prior to the late 17th century, there was limited oxygen depletion. During the past 200 years, decadal scale variability in oxygen depletion has occurred, as dysoxic (DO = 0.1-1.0 mi l(-1)), perhaps short-term anoxic (DO < 0.1 mi l(-1)) conditions developed. The most extensive (spatially and temporally) anoxic conditions were reached during the 1970s. Over decadal timescales, DO variability scents to be Linked closely to climatological: factors influencing river discharge; the unprecedented anoxia since the early 1970s is attributed mainly to high freshwater now and to an increase in nutrient concentrations From the watershed. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Maryland Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 68 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 488 EP 508 DI 10.2307/1353141 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 357TE UT WOS:000089516300006 ER PT J AU Bargar, JR Reitmeyer, R Lenhart, JJ Davis, JA AF Bargar, JR Reitmeyer, R Lenhart, JJ Davis, JA TI Characterization of U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes on hematite: EXAFS and electrophoretic mobility measurements SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID OXIDE-WATER INTERFACES; BOND-VALENCE DETERMINATION; PB(II) SORPTION PRODUCTS; SURFACE COMPLEXATION; URANIUM(VI) ADSORPTION; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ION ADSORPTION; URANYL-ION; XAFS AB We have measured U(VI) adsorption on hematite using EXAFS spectroscopy and electrophoresis under conditions relevant to surface waters and aquifers (0.01 to 10 mu M dissolved uranium concentrations, in equilibrium with air, pH 4.5 to 8.5). Both techniques suggest the existence of anionic U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes. Fits to EXAFS spectra indicate that U(VI) is simultaneously coordinated to surface FeO6 octahedra and carbonate (or bicarbonate) ligands in bidentate fashions, leading to the conclusion that the ternary complexes have an inner-sphere metal bridging (hematite-U(VI)-carbonato) structure. Greater than or equal to 50% of adsorbed U(VI) was comprised of monomeric hematite-U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes, even at pH 4.5. Multimeric U(VI) species were observed at pH greater than or equal to 6.5 and aqueous U(VI) concentrations approximately an order of magnitude more dilute than the solubility of crystalline beta-UO2(OH)(2). Based on structural constraints, these complexes were interpreted as dimeric hematite-U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes. These results suggest that Fe-oxide U(VI)-carbonato complexes are likely to be important transporting-limiting species in oxic aquifers throughout a wide range of pH values. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bargar, JR (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM bargar@slac.stanford.edu NR 43 TC 215 Z9 218 U1 10 U2 81 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2000 VL 64 IS 16 BP 2737 EP 2749 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00398-7 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 345JU UT WOS:000088813500002 ER PT J AU McCulloh, TH Beyer, LA Enrico, RJ AF McCulloh, TH Beyer, LA Enrico, RJ TI Paleogene strata of the eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on Neogene structural evolution SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE Los Angeles basin; neogene structure; paleogene; palynology; Whittier fault ID WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; PALEOCENE; MOUNTAINS; ROTATION; MEXICO; MODEL AB Post-Paleogene dextral slip of 8-9 km is demonstrated for the southeastern part of the Whittier fault zone in the eastern Los Angeles basin area of southern California. A linear axis of greatest thickness for the combined upper Paleocene and lower to lower-middle Eocene elastic formations intersects the fault zone and is offset by it to give the new measure. Fragmentary evidence hints that the Whittier structural zone may have exerted control on bathymetric-topographic relief and sedimentation even in latest Paleocene (ca. 54 Ma). A clear topographic influence was exerted by 20-17 Ma. Strike-slip and present deformational style is younger than ca. 8 Ma. Our Paleogene isopach map extends as far west as long 117 degrees 58'W and is a foundation for companion zonal maps of predominant lithology and depositional environments. Integration of new palynological data with published biostratigraphic results and both new and published lithologic and sedimentological interpretations support the zonal maps. Reconstruction of marine-nonmarine facies and fragmented basin margins yields a model for the northeastern corner of a Paleogene coastal basin. Palinspastic adjustment for the Neogene-Quaternary Whittler fault offset and a reasoned westerly ex-tension of the northern edge of the basin model yield a reconstruction of Paleogene paleogeography-paleoceanography. Our reconstruction is based partly on the absence of both Paleocene and Eocene deposits beneath the unconformable base of the middle Miocene Topanga Group in a region nowhere less than 15 km wide between the Raymond-Sierra Madre-Cucamonga fault zone and the northern edge of the Paleocene basin. Thus, Paleogene strata of the Santa Monica Mountains could not have been offset from the northern extension of the Santa Ana Mountains by sinistral slip on those boundary faults. Structural rearrangements needed to accommodate the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges from the early Miocene starting position are thereby fixed. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Mobil Explorat & Producing Technol Ctr, Dallas, TX 75247 USA. RP Beyer, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 126 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 5 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 112 IS 8 BP 1155 EP 1178 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.3.CO;2 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 339FD UT WOS:000088466200001 ER PT J AU Blakely, RJ Wells, RE Tolan, TL Beeson, MH Trehu, AM Liberty, LM AF Blakely, RJ Wells, RE Tolan, TL Beeson, MH Trehu, AM Liberty, LM TI New aeromagnetic data reveal large strike-slip (?) faults in the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aeromagnetic surveys; Cascadia subduction zone; earthquakes; fault zones; tectonics; Willamette Valley ID BASE-LINE INTERFEROMETRY; CASCADE RANGE; PUGET-SOUND; WASHINGTON; DEFORMATION; HYPOTHESIS; EARTHQUAKE; PORTLAND; ZONE AB High-resolution aeromagnetic data from the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon, reveal large, northwest-striking faults buried beneath Quaternary basin sediments. Several faults known from geologic mapping are wed defined by the data and appear to extend far beyond their mapped surface traces. The Mount Angel fault, the likely source of the Richter magnitude (M-L) 5.6 earthquake in 1993, is at least 55 km long and may be connected in the subsurface with the Gales Creek fault 25 km farther northwest, Northeast of the Mount Angel fault, a 60-km-long, northwest-striking anomaly may represent a preciously unrecognized dextral-slip fault beneath the towns of Canby and Molalla. Vertical offsets along the Mount Angel fault increase with depth, indicating a long history of movement for the fault. Dominantly northwest-trending, relatively straight faults, consistent stepover geometrics, offset magnetic anomalies, and earthquake focal mechanisms suggest that these faults collectively accommodate significant dextral slip. The 1993 earthquake may have occurred on a left-stepping restraining bend along the Mount Angel-Gales Creek fault zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Invest Shallow Subsurface, Boise, ID 83725 USA. RP Blakely, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 989, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 112 IS 8 BP 1225 EP 1233 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1225:NADRLS>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 339FD UT WOS:000088466200005 ER PT J AU Macias, JL Espindola, JM Garcia-Palomo, A Scott, KM Hughes, S Mora, JC AF Macias, JL Espindola, JM Garcia-Palomo, A Scott, KM Hughes, S Mora, JC TI Late Holocene Pelean-style eruption at Tacana volcano, Mexico and Guatemala: Past, present, and future hazards SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE archaeology; Chiapas Mexico; magma; mixing; Pelean-type eruption ID SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; NUEE-ARDENTE DEPOSITS; MAGMATIC INCLUSIONS; FLOW DEPOSITS; STRATIGRAPHY; MONTSERRAT; BASALTS; CHIAPAS; ROCKS; FIELD AB Tacana volcano, located on the border between Mexico and Guatemala, marks the northern extent of the Central American volcanic chain. Composed of three volcanic structures, it is a volcanic complex that has had periodic explosive eruptions for at least the past 40 k.y. The mast recent major eruption occurred at the San Antonio volcano, the youngest volcanic edifice forming the complex, about 1950 yr ago. The Pelean style eruption, issued from the southwest part of the dome, and swept a 30 degrees sector with a hot block and ash now that traveled about 14 km along the Cahoacan ravine. Deposits from this event are well exposed around the town of Mixcun and were therefore given the name of that town, the Mixcun pow deposit. The Mixcun flow deposit is, in the channel facies, alight gray, massive, thick (>10 m), matrix-supported unit with dispersed lithic clasts of gravel to boulder size, divisible in some sections into a variable number of flow units. The overbank facies is represented by a thin (<1 m), massive, matrix-supported unit, In both of these facies the deposit has disseminated charcoal, fumarolic pipes, and juvenile lithics with cooling joints, The Mixcun flow deposit contains clasts of (1) light gray, dense andesite, (2) dark gray, glassy and banded andesite, and (3) minor altered red andesite from the edifice, set in a matrix of sand and silt. The Mixcun flow deposit covers an area of at least 25 km(2) and has a minimum estimated volume of 0.12 km(3). Basaltic-andesite inclusions (54% SiO2) and various signs of disequilibrium in the mineral assemblage of the two-pyroxene andesitic products (60%-63% SiO2) suggest that magma mixing may have triggered the eruption. Following deposition of the Mixcun flow deposit andesitic to dacitic (62%-64% SiO2) lava flows were extruded and a dacitic dome (64.4% SiO2) at the San Antonio summit formed. Syneruptive and posteruptive lahars flooded the main drainages of the Cahoacan and Izapa-Mixcun valleys in the area of the present city of Tapachula (population 250 000) and the pre-Hispanic center of Izapa. Three radiocarbon ages date this event between A.D. 25 and 72 (range +/-1 sigma, 38 B.C-A.D. 216), which correlates with a halt in construction at Izapa (Hato phase of ca. 50 B.C.-A.D. 100), probably due to temporary abandonment of the city caused by lahars. Another similar event would produce extensive damage to the towns (papulation of about 68 000 people) now built upon the Mixcun flow deposit, The main summit of Tacana volcano continues to show signs of fumarolic activity; the most recent period of activity in 1985-1986 culminated in a minor phreatic explosion. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-50121 Florence, Italy. RP Macias, JL (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RI Macias, Jose Luis/P-7679-2015 OI Macias, Jose Luis/0000-0002-2494-9849 NR 60 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 112 IS 8 BP 1234 EP 1249 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1234:LHPASE>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 339FD UT WOS:000088466200006 ER PT J AU Jiang, SY Slack, JF Palmer, MR AF Jiang, SY Slack, JF Palmer, MR TI Sm-Nd dating of the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sm-Nd geochronology; tourmalinites; Pb-Zn ores; Sullivan deposit; British Columbia ID PURCELL SUPERGROUP; MOYIE SILLS; RB-SR; CHEMISTRY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; METAMORPHISM; TEMPERATURE; BELT AB We report here Sm and Nd isotope data for hydrothermal tourmalinites and sulfide ores from the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, which occurs in the lower part of the Mesoproterozoic Purcell (Belt) Supergroup. Whole-rock samples of quartz-tourmaline tourmalinite from the footwall alteration pipe yield a Sm-Kd isochron age of 1470 +/- 59 Ma, recording synsedimentary B metasomatism of elastic sediments during early evolution of the Sullivan hydrothermal system. Data for variably altered (chloritized and/or albitized) tourmalinites from the hanging wall of the deposit, which are believed to have formed originally ca. 1470 Ma, define a younger 1076 +/- 77 Ma isochron because of resetting of Sm and Nd isotopes during Grenvillian metamorphism. HCl leachates of bedded Pb-Zn ore yield a Sm-Nd isochron age of 1451 +/- 46 Ma, which is consistent with syngenetic-exhalative mineralization ca. 1470 Ma; this age could also reflect a slightly younger, epigenetic hydrothermal event. Results obtained for the Sullivan deposit indicate that the Sm-Nd geochronometer has the potential to directly date mineralization and alteration in stratabound sulfide deposits that are not amenable to dating by other isotope methods. C1 Nanjing Univ, State Key Lab Mineral Deposits Res, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch, London SW7 2BP, England. RP Jiang, SY (reprint author), Nanjing Univ, State Key Lab Mineral Deposits Res, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China. RI Palmer, Martin/I-6765-2012 OI Palmer, Martin/0000-0003-1660-3714 NR 24 TC 35 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 8 BP 751 EP 754 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<751:SDOTGS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 339FC UT WOS:000088466100020 ER PT J AU Dehn, J Dean, K Engle, K AF Dehn, J Dean, K Engle, K TI Thermal monitoring of North Pacific volcanoes from space SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volcano monitoring; satellite thermal imagery ID STROMBOLI; VULCANO AB Long-term thermal modeling of volcanoes using satellite imagery Provides an effective tool for monitoring remote yet dangerous volcanoes in the North Pacific. This region includes volcanoes in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and the Kamchatkan Peninsula. Thermal infrared data collected multiple times per day from weather satellites show distinct signatures for three different types of volcanic activity at different volcanic centers. Near real-time automated techniques are being developed to monitor relative changes in radiant temperature at volcanoes in this region. Radiant temperature values as a function of time are extracted and compared to background values for a series of active volcanoes. By establishing a long-term thermal record for these volcanoes, significant deviations indicative of an impending eruption can be detected. This tool is used to search for precursors to explosive eruptions in order to increase warning times and hazard mitigation for these potentially catastrophic events. A six year archive of satellite imagery has been compiled for this active region, and is available for study. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Dehn, J (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, 903 Koyukuk Dr,POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 12 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 8 BP 755 EP 758 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<755:TMONPV>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 339FC UT WOS:000088466100021 ER PT J AU Toda, S Stein, RS AF Toda, S Stein, RS TI Did stress triggering cause the large off-fault aftershocks of the 25 March 1998 M-w=8.1 Antarctic plate earthquake? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTRAPLATE SEISMICITY; CALIFORNIA; AGE AB The 1998 Antarctic plate earthquake produced clusters of aftershocks (M-W less than or equal to 6.4) up to 80 km from the fault rupture and up to 100 km beyond the end of the rupture. Because the mainshock occurred far from the nearest plate boundary and the nearest recorded earthquake, it is unusually isolated from the stress perturbations caused by other earthquakes, making it a good candidate for stress transfer analysis despite the absence of near-field observations. We tested whether the off-fault aftershocks lie in regions brought closer to Coulomb failure by the main rupture. We evaluated four published source models for the main rupture. In fourteen tests using different aftershocks sets and allowing the rupture sources to be shifted within their uncertainties, 6 were significant at greater than or equal to 99% confidence, 3 at > 95% confidence, and 5 were not significant (< 95% level). For the 9 successful tests, the stress at the site of the aftershocks was typically increased by 1-2 bars (0.1-0.2 MPa). Thus the Antarctic plate event, together with the 1992 M-W=7.3 Landers and its M-W=6.5 Big Bear aftershock 40 km from the main fault, supply evidence that small stress changes might indeed trigger large earthquakes far from the main fault rupture. C1 Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Toda, S (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Bunkyo Ku, Yayoi 1-1-1, Tokyo 1130032, Japan. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 15 BP 2301 EP 2304 DI 10.1029/1999GL011129 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 341JL UT WOS:000088587200033 ER PT J AU Verma, MP Quijano, JL Johnson, C Gerardo, JY Arellano, V AF Verma, MP Quijano, JL Johnson, C Gerardo, JY Arellano, V TI Origin of rainwater acidity near the Los Azufres geothermal field, Mexico SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE rainwater; chemistry; isotope; sulfur-34; alkalinity; Los Azufres; Mexico ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; SULFUR; SULFATE; ISRAEL; AIR AB The chemical and isotopic compositions of rainwater were monitored at Los Azufres geothermal field (88 MWe) and its surroundings during May - September 1995, which is the rainy season. Samples were collected from eight sites: three within the held, three in its surroundings and two sufficiently far from the field such that they have no geothermal input. The concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and NO3- were measured in about 350 samples and found to be generally <5 ppm. Chloride concentrations remained constant with time, but sulfate and nitrate concentrations decreased, which suggests a nearby industrial source for the sulfate and nitrate. A mixing model for Cl-, SO42- and delta(34)S also suggests an industrial source for the rainwater sulfur. The determination of pH was found to be necessary, but is not sufficient to characterize rainwater acidity. The Gran titration method was used to determine alkalinity with respect to equivalence point of H2CO3*. Values of alkalinity were found to range from 10(-4) to 10(-6) eq/L, and were negative only for some samples from Vivero and Guadalajara. Thus, SO42- and NO3- are in general not in acidic form (i.e. balanced by Na+, Ca2+, etc. rather than H+). Sulfate delta(34)S values were about -1.5 parts per thousand in Los Azufres and its surroundings, and in Morelia, but differed from the value of -0.2 parts per thousand for Guadalajara. The delta(34)S values for H2S from the Los Azufres geothermal wells are in the range -3.4 to 0.0 parts per thousand. The delta(34)S ranges for the natural and anthropogenic sources for environmental sulfur overlap, making it difficult to differentiate between the contribution of different sources. However, a similarity of values of delta(34)S at Los Azufres and Morelia (85 km distant) suggest a regional source of sulfate that is not associated with geothermal emissions from Los Azufres. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of CNR. C1 Inst Invest Elect, Cuernavaca 62001, Morelos, Mexico. Comis Fed Elect, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Int Atom Energy Agcy, Dept Res & Isotopes, Vienna, Austria. RP Verma, MP (reprint author), Inst Invest Elect, AP 1-475, Cuernavaca 62001, Morelos, Mexico. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD AUG-OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4-5 BP 593 EP 608 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(00)00024-9 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 329XT UT WOS:000087934300011 ER PT J AU Margolin, P AF Margolin, P TI The making of lunar explorers SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Ctr Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD AUG PY 2000 VL 45 IS 8 BP 18 EP 21 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 341MN UT WOS:000088594300018 ER PT J AU Robbins, EI Rodgers, TM Alpers, CN Nordstrom, DK AF Robbins, EI Rodgers, TM Alpers, CN Nordstrom, DK TI Ecogeochemistry of the subsurface food web at pH 0-2.5 in Iron Mountain, California, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE acid mine drainage; acidophilic bacteria; heliozoans; iron bacteria; rhizopods; rotifers ID GEOMICROBIOLOGY; RESTORATION AB Pyrite oxidation in the underground mining environment of Iron Mountain, California, has created the most acidic pH values ever reported in aquatic systems. Sulfate values as high as 120 000 mg l(-1) and iron as high as 27 600 mg l(-1) have been measured in the mine water, which also carries abundant other dissolved metals including Al, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Sb and Pb. Extreme acidity and high metal concentrations apparently do not preclude the presence of an underground acidophilic food web, which has developed with bacterial biomass at the base and heliozoans as top predators. Slimes, oil-like films, flexible and inflexible stalactites, sediments, water and precipitates were found to have distinctive communities. A variety of filamentous and non-filamentous bacteria grew in slimes in water having pH values < 1.0. Fungal hyphae colonize stalactites dripping pH 1.0 water; they may help to form these drip structures. Motile hypotrichous ciliates and bdelloid rotifers are particularly abundant in slimes having a pH of 1.5. Holdfasts of the iron bacterium Leptothrix discophora attach to biofilms covering pools of standing water having a pH of 2.5 in the mine. The mine is not a closed environment - people, forced air flow and massive flushing during high intensity rainfall provide intermittent contact between the surface and underground habitats, so the mine ecosystem probably is not a restricted one. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Robbins, EI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 433 IS 1-3 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1023/A:1004050216537 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 359MC UT WOS:000089613800003 ER PT J AU Robbins, EI AF Robbins, EI TI Bacteria and Archaea in acidic environments and a key to morphological identification SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE acid mine drainage; springs; solfataras; Sulfolobus; Thiobacillus ID ACIDOPHILIC CHEMOORGANOTROPHIC BACTERIUM; ARCHAEBACTERIAL GENUS SULFOLOBUS; SULFUR-RESPIRING THERMOPROTEALES; SP-NOV REPRESENTS; THIOBACILLUS-FERROOXIDANS; THERMOACIDOPHILIC ARCHAEBACTERIA; MINE DRAINAGE; COMB-NOV; ACIDOBACTERIUM-CAPSULATUM; OXIDIZING BACTERIA AB Natural and anthropogenic acidic environments are dominated by bacteria and Archaea. As many as 86 genera or species have been identified or isolated from pH < 4.5 environments. This paper reviews the worldwide literature and provide tables of morphological characteristics, habitat information and a key for light microscope identification for the non-microbiologist. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Robbins, EI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 126 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 433 IS 1-3 BP 61 EP 89 DI 10.1023/A:1004062519263 PG 29 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 359MC UT WOS:000089613800008 ER PT J AU Gross, S Robbins, EI AF Gross, S Robbins, EI TI Acidophilic and acid-tolerant fungi and yeasts SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE acid mine drainage; mining effluent; coal tips; industrial waste water; solfatara ID PENICILLIUM-OCHRO-CHLORON; AUREOBASIDIUM-PULLULANS; SCYTALIDIUM-ACIDOPHILUM; WASTE PAPER; PH; COPPER; TOXICITY; CADMIUM; SOILS AB Fungi have not been systematically studied from mines and mine drainage waters, even though they are often encountered there. This paper provides a key from literature sources and lists morphological characteristics and habitat information for the 81 fungal species that have been collected or identified in pH < 4 environments. C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Pflanzenphysiol & Mikrobiol, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Gross, S (reprint author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Pflanzenphysiol & Mikrobiol, Konigin Luise Str 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. NR 75 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 433 IS 1-3 BP 91 EP 109 DI 10.1023/A:1004014603333 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 359MC UT WOS:000089613800009 ER PT J AU Andrews, ED Pizzi, LA AF Andrews, ED Pizzi, LA TI Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article AB The Colorado River is one of the most highly regulated and extensively utilized rivers in the world. Total reservoir storage is approximately four times the mean annual runoff of similar to 17 x 10(9) m(3) year(-1). Reservoir storage and regulation have decreased annual peak discharges and hydroelectric power generation has increased daily flow variability. In recent years, the incidental impacts of this development have become apparent especially along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park downstream from Glen Canyon Dam and caused widespread concern. Since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, the number and size of sand bars, which are used by recreational river runners and form the habitat for native fishes, have decreased substantially. Following an extensive hydrological and geomorphic investigation, an experimental flood release from the Glen Canyon Dam was proposed to determine whether sand bars would be rebuilt by a relatively brief period of flow substantially greater than the normal operating regime. This proposed release however, was constrained by the Law of the River, the body of law developed over 70 years to control and distribute Colorado River water, the needs of hydropower users and those dependent upon hydropower revenues, and the physical constraints of the dam itself. A compromise was reached following often difficult negotiations and an experimental flood to rebuild sand bars was released in 1996. This flood, and the process by which it came about, fives hope to resolving the difficult and pervasive problem of allocation of water resources among competing interests. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Andrews, ED (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O FRANCES WATKINS, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 607 EP 627 DI 10.1080/02626660009492361 PG 21 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 345VQ UT WOS:000088836200009 ER PT J AU Carr, MH Malin, MC AF Carr, MH Malin, MC TI Meter-scale characteristics of Martian channels and valleys SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE geologic processes; Mars; Mars climate; Mars surface. ID EARLY MARS; MORPHOLOGY; ORIGIN; WATER; EVOLUTION; NETWORKS; OCEANS; SHEETS; MODEL; ICE AB Mars Global Surveyor images, with resolutions as high as 1.5 m pixel, enable characterization of martian channels and valleys at resolutions one to two orders of magnitude better than was previously possible. A major surprise is the near-absence of valleys a few hundred meters wide and narrower. The almost complete absence of fine-scale valleys could be due to lack of precipitation, destruction of small valleys by erosion, or dominance of infiltration over surface runoff. V-shaped valleys with a central channel, such as Nanedi Vallis, provide compelling evidence for sustained or episodic flow of water across the surface. Larger valleys appear to have formed not by headward erosion as a consequence of groundwater sapping but by erosion from water sources upstream of the observed sections. The freshest appearing valleys have triangular cross sections, with talus from opposing malls meeting at the center of the valley. The relations suggest that the width of the valleys is controlled by the depth of incision and the angle of repose of the walls. The flat floors of less fresh-appearing valleys result primarily from later eolian fill. Several discontinuous valleys and lines of craters suggest massive subsurface solution or erosion. The climatic implications of the new images will remain obscure until the cause for the scarcity of fine-scale dissection is better understood. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 49 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD AUG PY 2000 VL 146 IS 2 BP 366 EP 386 DI 10.1006/icar.2000.6428 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 341NN UT WOS:000088596600005 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Abookire, AA Prichard, AK Robards, MD AF Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Abookire, AA Prichard, AK Robards, MD TI Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Ammodytes hexapterus; biomonitor; Cephhus columba; diet; forage fish; functional response; pigeon guillemot; sandeel ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FISH POPULATIONS; SEABIRDS; ALASKA; ENVIRONMENT; INDICATORS; CALIFORNIA; ISLAND; FOOD AB We evaluated pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) as monitors of nearshore fish abundance and community composition during 1995-1999 at Kachemak Bay, Alaska. We studied the composition of chick diets at 10 colonies and simultaneously measured fish abundance around colonies with beach seines and bottom trawls. Sandeels (Ammodytes hexapterus) formed the majority of the diet at one group of colonies. Temporal variability in sandeel abundance explained 74% of inter-annual variability in diet composition at these colonies and 93% of seasonal variability. Diets at other colonies were dominated by demersal fish. Among these colonies, 81% of the variability in the proportion of sandeels in diets was explained by spatial differences in sandeel abundance. Pigeon guillemots exhibited a non-linear functional response to sandeel abundance in the area where these fish were most abundant. Temporal and spatial variability in demersal fish abundance was not consistently reflected in diets. Spatial differences in the proportion of different demersal fishes in the diet may have been driven by differences in guillemot prey preference. Prey specialization by individual pigeon guillemots was common, and may operate at the colony level. Inter-annual variability in sandeel abundance may have been tracked more accurately because the magnitude of change (Il-fold) was greater than that of demersal fish (three-fold). (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM mike_litzow@brd.usgs.gov OI Prichard, Alexander/0000-0002-1172-7059 NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 57 IS 4 BP 976 EP 986 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 365DU UT WOS:000089933800019 ER PT J AU Collie, JS Escanero, GA Valentine, PC AF Collie, JS Escanero, GA Valentine, PC TI Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE benthic communities; bottom fishing; Georges Bank; habitat disturbance; in situ photography ID EASTERN GEORGES-BANK; SCALLOP GROUNDS; NORTH-SEA; DISTURBANCE; HABITAT; COMMUNITIES; GULF; COD AB The gravel sediment habitat on the northern edge of Georges Bank (East coast of North America) is an important nursery area for juvenile fish, and the site of a productive scallop fishery. During two cruises to this area in 1994 we made photographic transects at sites of varying depths that experience Varying degrees of disturbance from otter trawling and scallop dredging. Differences between sites were quantified by analyzing videos and still photographs of the sea bottom. Videos were analyzed for sediment types and organism abundance. In the still photos, the percentages of the bottom covered by bushy, plant-like organisms and colonial worm tubes (Filograna implexa) were determined, as was the presence/absence of encrusting bryozoa. Non-colonial organisms were also identified as specifically as possible and sediment type was quantified. Significant differences between disturbed and undisturbed areas were found for the variables measured in the still photos; colonial epifaunal species were conspicuously less abundant at disturbed sites. Results from the videos and still photos were generally consistent although less detail was visible in the videos. Emergent colonial epifauna provide a complex habitat for shrimp, polychaetes, brittle stars and small fish at undisturbed sites. Bottom fishing removes this epifauna: thereby reducing the complexity and species diversity of the benthic community. (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Collie, JS (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 37 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 57 IS 4 BP 987 EP 1001 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 365DU UT WOS:000089933800020 ER PT J AU Lopes, TJ Fallon, JD Maluk, TL AF Lopes, TJ Fallon, JD Maluk, TL TI Compositing water samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Accurate mean concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can easily and economically be obtained from a single VOC analysis by using proven methods of collecting representative, discrete water samples and compositing them with a gas-tight syringe. The technique can be used in conjunction with chemical analysis by a conventional laboratory, field-portable equipment, or a mobile laboratory. The type of mean concentration desired depends on the objectives of monitoring. For example, flow-weighted mean VOC concentrations can be used to estimate mass loadings in wastewater and urban storm water, and spatially integrated mean VOC concentrations can be used to assess sources of drinking water (e.g., reservoirs and rivers). The mean error in a discrete sample due to compositing is about 2% for most VOC concentrations greater than 0.1 mu g/L. The total error depends on the number of discrete samples comprising the composite sample and precision of the chemical analysis. C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Lopes, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 2000 VL 126 IS 8 BP 769 EP 773 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:8(769) PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337YM UT WOS:000088391100012 ER PT J AU Dettinger, MD Diaz, HF AF Dettinger, MD Diaz, HF TI Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; TROPICAL PACIFIC; PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATION; PATTERNS AB Monthly stream flow series from 1345 sites around the world are used to characterize geographic differences in the seasonality and year-to-year variability of stream how. Stream flow seasonality varies regionally, depending on the timing of maximum precipitation, evapotranspiration, and contributions from snow and ice. Lags between peaks of precipitation and stream flow vary smoothly from long delays in high-latitude and mountainous regions to short delays in the warmest sectors. Stream flow is most variable from year to year in dry regions of the southwest United States and Mexico, the Sahel, and southern continents, and it varies more (relatively) than precipitation in the same regions. Tropical rivers have the steadiest hows. El Nino variations are correlated with stream flow in many parts of the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Many stream flow series from North America, Europe, and the Tropics reflect North Pacific climate, whereas series from the eastern United States, Europe, and tropical South America and Africa reflect North Atlantic climate variations. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Dept 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, OAR, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Dettinger, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Dept 0224, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 66 TC 143 Z9 146 U1 5 U2 32 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 1 IS 4 BP 289 EP 310 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:GCOSFS>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 357VE UT WOS:000089520800001 ER PT J AU Cryan, PM Bogan, MA Altenbach, JS AF Cryan, PM Bogan, MA Altenbach, JS TI Effect of elevation on distribution of female bats in the Black Hills, South Dakota SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE bats; Black Hills; distribution; elevation; females; South Dakota ID MYOTIS-LUCIFUGUS; BROWN BATS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; CHIROPTERA; VESPERTILIONIDAE; PIPISTRELLUS AB Presumably, reproductive female bats are more constrained by thermoregulatory and energy needs than are males and nonreproductive females. Constraints imposed on reproductive females may limit their geographic distribution relative to other bats. Such constraints likely increase with latitude and elevation. Males of 11 bat species that inhabit the Black Hills were captured more frequently than females, and reproductive females typically were encountered at low-elevational sites. To investigate the relationship between female distribution and elevation, we fitted a logistic regression model to evaluate the probability of reproductive-female capture as a function of elevation. Mist-net data from 1,197 captures of 7 species revealed that 75% of all captures were males. We found a significant inverse relationship between elevation and relative abundance of reproductive females. Relative abundance of reproductive females decreased as elevation increased. Reproductive females may be constrained from roosting and foraging in high-elevational habitats that impose thermoregulatory costs and decrease foraging efficiency. Failure to account for sex differences in distributional patterns along elevational gradients may significantly bias estimates of population size. C1 Univ New Mexico, Museum Southwestern Biol, Arid Lands Field Stn, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr,US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Cryan, PM (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Museum Southwestern Biol, Arid Lands Field Stn, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr,US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM myotis43@umn.edu OI Cryan, Paul/0000-0002-2915-8894 NR 44 TC 61 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 30 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 81 IS 3 BP 719 EP 725 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0719:EOEODO>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 347BR UT WOS:000088907500010 ER PT J AU Lanctot, RB Best, LB AF Lanctot, RB Best, LB TI Comparison of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aggression; competition; dominance; Microtus ochrogaster; prairie vole ID SOCIAL-DOMINANCE; COPULATORY-BEHAVIOR; PENNSYLVANICUS; ORGANIZATION; HIERARCHIES; AGGRESSION; SUCCESS AB Dominance ranks in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were determined from 6 measurements that mimicked environmental situations that might be encountered by prairie voles in communal groups, including agonistic interactions resulting from competition for food and water and encounters in bur-rows. Male and female groups of 6 individuals each were tested against one another in pairwise encounters (i.e., dyads) for 5 of the measurements and together as a group in a 6th measurement. Two types of response variables, aggressive behaviors and possession time of a limiting resource, were collected during trials, and those data were used to determine cardinal ranks and principal component ranks for all animals within each group. Cardinal ranks and principal component ranks seldom yielded similar rankings for each animal across measurements. However, dominance measurements that were conducted in similar environmental contexts, regardless of the response variable recorded, ranked animals similarly. Our results suggest that individual dominance measurements assessed situation- or resource-specific responses. Our study demonstrates problems inherent in determining dominance rankings of individuals within groups, including choosing measurements, response variables, and statistical techniques. Researchers should avoid using a single measurement to represent social dominance until they have first demonstrated that a dominance relationship between 2 individuals has been learned (i.e., subsequent interactions show a reduced response rather than an escalation), that this relationship is relatively constant through time, and that the relationship is not context dependent. Such assessments of dominance status between all dyads then can be used to generate dominance rankings within social groups. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 59 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 81 IS 3 BP 734 EP 745 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 347BR UT WOS:000088907500012 ER PT J AU Anthony, RM Barten, NL Seiser, PE AF Anthony, RM Barten, NL Seiser, PE TI Foods of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) during winter and spring in western Alaska SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Alopex lagopus; arctic foxes; food habits; stomach contents ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; RED FOXES; HABITS; PATTERNS; SVALBARD; BEHAVIOR; SUCCESS; GEESE; DIET AB During 1986-1991, carcasses of 619 arctic fares (Alopex lagopus) collected from local trappers and at biological field camps on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska from November through May were analyzed to determine gastrointestinal contents, age, sex, and body condition. Prey in declining order of importance were small mammals (95% tundra voles, Microtus oeconomus), birds, marine mammals, and fishes. Foxes with small mammal remains in their stomachs were captured farther from the Bering Sea coast ((X) over bar = 5.2 km) than those without small-mammal remains (2.8 km); foxes consuming remains of marine mammals were closer to the coast (1.9 km) than others (4.9 km). Although eggshells had a poor likelihood of occurrence in stomachs, they were found in all months and years. In 1986 and 1987, foxes consumed fewer small mammals than in other years. Mean ages of foxes captured in 1986 (3.7 years) and 1987 (3.2) were greater than in all ether years (1.5). Capture of adults was more common as winter progressed. Indexes of subcutaneous fat decreased annually in April-May and were highest in 1991, when occurrence of carrion of marine mammals was highest. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Anthony, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 81 IS 3 BP 820 EP 828 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0820:FOAFAL>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 347BR UT WOS:000088907500019 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Arihood, L Bayless, R AF Sidle, WC Arihood, L Bayless, R TI Isotope hydrology dynamics of riverine wetlands in the Kankakee Watershed, Indiana SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE isotope; ground water hydrology; wetland; Indiana ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; STABLE ISOTOPES; NATURAL-WATERS; NITROGEN; AQUIFER; RATIOS; EXCHANGE; SULFATE; SYSTEMS AB Wetland restoration activities may disturb shallow ground-water flow dynamics. There may be unintentional sources of water flowing into a constructed wetland that could compromise the long-term viability of a wetland function. Measurement of naturally-occurring isotopes in the hydrosphere can provide an indication of provenance, flow paths or components, and residence times or ages of wetland ground-water flow systems. Hydraulic head measurements may not provide sufficient detail of shallow flow disturbances and can be complemented by analyzing isotopes in waters flowing through the wetland. Two north-central Indiana wetlands in the Kankakee watershed are being studied to determine the adequacy of wetland restoration activities. The native LaSalle wetland and the restored Hog Marsh wetland have contrasting ground-water flow regimes. The conservative water isotopes O-18, H-2, and H-3, and selected solute isotopes C-13, C-14, N-15, S-34, Sr-87 and Pb206-208, demonstrate the complexity of groundwater now in Hog Marsh compared to the established flow regime at the LaSalle wetland. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Res Div, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 69 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 771 EP 790 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04305.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 344BM UT WOS:000088737800008 ER PT J AU Clark, GM Mueller, DK Mast, MA AF Clark, GM Mueller, DK Mast, MA TI Nutrient concentrations and yields in undeveloped stream basins of the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; phosphorus; undeveloped watersheds; concentrations; loads; atmospheric deposition ID CONSTITUENT LOADS; WATER-QUALITY; NITROGEN; ACIDIFICATION; MOUNTAINS; TRENDS AB Data from 85 sites across the United States were used to estimate concentrations and yields of selected nutrients in streams draining relatively undeveloped basins. Flow-weighted concentrations during 1990-1995 were generally low with median basin concentrations of 0.020, 0.087, 0.26, 0.010, and 0.022 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for ammonia as N, nitrate as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus, respectively. The flow-weighted concentration of nitrate exceeded 0.6 mg/L in only three basins. Total nitrogen exceeded 1 mg/L in only four basins, and total phosphorus exceeded 0.1 mg/L in only four basins. The median annual basin yield of ammonia as N, nitrate as N, total nitrogen, orthophosphate as P, and total phosphorus was 8.1, 26, 86, 2.8, and 8.5 kilograms per square kilometer, respectively. Concentrations and yields of nitrate tended to be highest in northeastern and mid-Atlantic coastal states and correlated well with areas of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Concentrations and yields of total nitrogen were highest in the southeastern part of the nation and in parts of the upper Midwest. In the northeast, nitrate was generally the predominant form of nitrogen, and in the southeast and parts of the upper Midwest, organic nitrogen was the dominant form. Concentrations of total phosphorus were generally highest in the Rocky Mountain and Central Plain states. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Clark, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 33 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 849 EP 860 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04311.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 344BM UT WOS:000088737800014 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM Thomas, JM AF Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM Thomas, JM TI Biodegradation of disinfection byproducts as a potential removal process during aquifer storage recovery SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE disinfection byproducts; chloroform; trihalomethanes; haloacetic acid; geochemistry; surface water hydrology; water management ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BIOTRANSFORMATION RATES; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS; CHLOROFORM; TRANSFORMATIONS; DEGRADATION; BACTERIUM AB The biodegradation potential of two drinking water disinfection byproducts was investigated using aquifer materials obtained from approximately 100 and 200 meters below land surface in an aerobic aquifer system undergoing aquifer storage recovery of treated surface water. No significant biodegradation of a model trihalomethane compound, chloroform, was observed in aquifer microcosms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In contrast, between 16 and 27 percent mineralization of a radiolabeled model haloacetic acid compound, chloroacetic acid, was observed. These results indicate that although the potential for biodegradation of chloroacetic acid exists in deep aquifer systems, chloroform entrained within these aquifers or formed in situ will tend to persist. These results have important implications for water managers planning to meet anticipated lowered permissible levels of trihalomethanes in drinking water. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. US Geol Survey, Carson, NV 89706 USA. RP Landmeyer, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 861 EP 867 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04312.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 344BM UT WOS:000088737800015 ER PT J AU Bakken, GS Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Boysen, AF AF Bakken, GS Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Boysen, AF TI Statistical and procedural issues in the use of heated taxidermic mounts SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heated mount; standard operative temperature; statistics; Anas platyrhynchos ID STANDARD OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE; ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS; SMALL ANIMALS; INSULATION; APPRAISAL; TOOLS AB Studies using mounts have an inherently nested error structure; calibration and standardization should use the appropriate procedures and statistics. One example is that individual mount differences are nested within morphological factors related to species, age, or gender; without replication, mount differences may be confused with differences due to morphology. Also, the sensitivity of mounts to orientation to wind or sun is nested within mount; without replication, inadvertent variation in mount positioning may be confused with differences among mounts. Data on heat loss from a of 1-day-old mallard duckling mount are used to illustrate orientation sensitivity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Bakken, GS (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 25 IS 4 BP 317 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00094-7 PG 5 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 324PQ UT WOS:000087630900009 ER PT J AU Julian, BR AF Julian, BR TI Period doubling and other nonlinear phenomena in volcanic earthquakes and tremor SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nonlinear phenomena; period doubling; volcanic earthquakes and tremor AB Evidence of subharmonic period-doubling cascades has recently been recognized in seismograms of volcanic tremor from several volcanoes. This phenomenon occurs only in nonlinear systems, and is the commonest route by which such systems change from periodic to chaotic behavior. It is predicted to occur in a model of volcanic tremor excitation by flow-induced vibration, and it might well also occur in other volcano-seismic source process. If the possibility of period doubling is not taken into account in interpreting spectra of tremor and long-period earthquakes, then low-frequency "sub-harmonic" oscillations may be mis-identified as normal modes of a linear acoustic resonator, leading to errors of an order of magnitude or more in inferred magma-body dimensions, This example illustrates the importance of nonlinear phenomena in attempts to understand volcano-seismic phenomena physically. Linear systems are fundamentally incapable of causing earthquakes or exciting tremor, so nonlinearity is essential to any theory of volcano-seismic phenomena. Nonlinear processes are in many respects qualitatively different from linear ones. A few of their characteristics that might be relevant in volcanoes include the possibility: (1) that damping might increase, rather than decrease, oscillation frequencies; and (2) that these frequencies might be functions of the amplitude of oscillation, so that temporal variations in spectral peak frequencies might not be manifestations of changes of conditions within the magmatic system. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Julian, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 8 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 101 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00165-7 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 353QD UT WOS:000089286200003 ER PT J AU Watt, J Siniff, DB Estes, JA AF Watt, J Siniff, DB Estes, JA TI Inter-decadal patterns of population and dietary change in sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE kelp forest; lumpsucker; sea urchin; subsidized food web ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; KELP FOREST; CALIFORNIA; HETEROGENEITY; ECOSYSTEMS; PREDATORS; ECOLOGY AB After having been hunted to near-extinction in the Pacific maritime fur trade, the sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska increased from very low numbers in the early 1900s to near equilibrium density by the 1940s. The population persisted at or near equilibrium through the 1980s, but declined sharply in the 1990s in apparent response to increased killer whale predation. Sea otter diet and foraging behavior were studied at Amchitka from August 1992 to March 1994 and the data compared with similar information obtained during several earlier periods. In contrast with dietary patterns in the 1960s and 1970s, when the sea otter population was at or near equilibrium density and kelp-forest fishes were the dietary mainstay, these fishes were rarely eaten in the 1990s. Benthic invertebrates, particularly sea urchins, dominated the otter's diet from early summer to midwinter, then decreased in importance during late winter and spring when numerous Pacific smooth lumpsuckers (a large and easily captured oceanic fish) were eaten. The occurrence of spawning lumpsuckers in coastal waters apparently is episodic on a scale of years to decades. The otters' recent dietary shift away from kelp-forest fishes is probably a response to the increased availability of lumpsuckers and sea urchins (both high-preference prey). Additionally, increased urchin densities have reduced kelp beds, thus further reducing the availability of kelp-forest fishes. Our findings suggest that dietary pat terns reflect changes in population status and show how an ecosystem normally under top-down control and limited by coastal zone processes can be significantly perturbed by exogenous events. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Estes, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, A-316 Earth & Marine Sci Bldg, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 54 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 124 IS 2 BP 289 EP 298 DI 10.1007/s004420000373 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 345PJ UT WOS:000088824100018 PM 28308190 ER PT J AU Winter, SMG Murray, CD Gordon, M AF Winter, SMG Murray, CD Gordon, M TI Perturbations to Saturn's F-ring strands at their closest approach to Prometheus SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SATELLITES; ORBITS AB The strange morphology of the F ring of Saturn is thought to be caused by the perturbing effects of two close satellites, Prometheus and Pandora. The F ring and the satellites also experience periodic close encounters as a result of differential precession arising from Saturn's oblateness. Using the orbits of the F-ring strands derived by Murray et al. (1997, Icarus 129, 304-316) the behaviour of the ring particles at their closest approach to Prometheus is analysed using numerical simulations. The results show that a gap and a wave are formed in the ring at each encounter with the satellite. However, the gap is expected to have a short lifetime due to keplerian shear. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UNESP, Dept Matemat, Grp Dinam Orbital & Planetol, BR-12500000 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil. Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Winter, SMG (reprint author), UNESP, Dept Matemat, Grp Dinam Orbital & Planetol, Campus Guaratingueta,CP 205, BR-12500000 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 9 BP 817 EP 827 DI 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00009-X PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 346UV UT WOS:000088890200006 ER PT J AU Keating, BH Waythomas, CF Dawson, AG AF Keating, BH Waythomas, CF Dawson, AG TI Special issue: Landslides and tsunamis - Introduction SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Coventry Univ, Ctr Quaternary Sci, Coventry CV1 5FB, W Midlands, England. RP Keating, BH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 157 IS 6-8 BP 871 EP 873 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 347NY UT WOS:000088937100001 ER PT J AU Watters, RJ Zimbelman, DR Bowman, SD Crowley, JK AF Watters, RJ Zimbelman, DR Bowman, SD Crowley, JK TI Rock mass strength assessment and significance to edifice stability, Mount Rainier and Mount Hood, Cascade Range volcanoes SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE rock mass strength; edifice stability ID FAILURE; INTRUSION; AVALANCHE; COLLAPSE; FLOW AB Catastrophic edifice and sector failure occur commonly on stratovolcanoes worldwide and in some cases leave telltale horseshoe-shaped calderas. Many of these failures are now recognised as having resulted from large-scale landsliding. These slides often transform into debris avalanches and lahars that can devastate populations downstream of the volcano. Research on these phenomena has been directed mainly at understanding avalanche mechanics and travel distances and related socioeconomic impacts. Few investigations have examined volcanic avalanche source characteristics. The focus of this paper is to 1) describe a methodology for obtaining rock strengths that control initial failure and 2) report results of rock mass strength testing from Mount Rainier and Mount Hood. Rock mass and shear strength for fresh and hydrothermally altered rocks were obtained by 1) utilizing rock strength and structural information obtained from field studies and 2) applying rock mechanics techniques common in mining and civil engineering to the edifice region. Rock mass and intact rock strength differences greatly in excess of one order of magnitude were obtained when comparing strength behavior of fresh and completely altered volcanic rock. The recognition and determination of marked strength differences existing on the volcano edifice and flank, when combined with detailed geologic mapping, can be used to quantify volcano stability assessment and improve hazard mitigation efforts. C1 Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Mines, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Watters, RJ (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Mines, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 39 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 6 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 157 IS 6-8 BP 957 EP 976 DI 10.1007/s000240050012 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 347NY UT WOS:000088937100004 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF AF Waythomas, CF TI Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE tsunami deposits; debris avalanche; Augustine Volcano; tsunami hazard ID UPPER COOK INLET; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NATIONAL-PARK; DEPOSITS; ERUPTIONS; COAST; WASHINGTON; GENERATION; AUSTRALIA; DYNAMICS AB Debris avalanches entering the sea at Augustine Volcano, Alaska have been proposed as a mechanism for generating tsunamis. Historical accounts of the 1883 eruption of the volcano describe 6- to 9-meter-high waves that struck the coastline at English Bay (Nanwalek), Alaska about 80 kilometers east of Augustine Island. These accounts are often cited as proof that volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano are significant hazards to the coastal zone of lower Cook Inlet. This claim is disputed because deposits of unequivocal tsunami origin are not evident at more than 50 sites along the lower Cook Inlet coastline where they might be preserved. Shallow water (< 25 m) around Augustine Island, in the run-out zone for debris avalanches, limits the size of an avalanche-caused wave. If the two most recent debris avalanches, Burr Point (A.D. 1883) and West Island (< 500 yr. B.P.) were traveling at velocities in the range of 50 to 100 meters per second, the kinetic energy of the avalanches at the point of impact with the ocean would have been between 10(14) and 10(15) joules. Although some of this energy would be dissipated through boundary interactions and momentum transfer between the avalanche and the sea, the initial wave should have possessed sufficient kinetic energy to do geomorphic work (erosion, sediment transport, formation of wave-cut features) on the coastline of lower Cook Inlet. Because widespread evidence of the effects of large waves cannot be found, it appears that the debris avalanches could not have been traveling very fast when they entered the sea, or they happened during low tide and displaced only small volumes of water. In light of these results, the hazard from volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano appears minor, unless a very large debris avalanche occurs at high tide. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4230 Univ Dr,Suite 201, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 66 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 157 IS 6-8 BP 1145 EP 1188 DI 10.1007/s000240050022 PG 44 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 347NY UT WOS:000088937100014 ER PT J AU Knaus, MJ Upchurch, GR Gillespie, WH AF Knaus, MJ Upchurch, GR Gillespie, WH TI Charbeckia macrophylla gen. et sp nov from the Lower Mississippian Price (Pocono) Formation of southeastern West Virginia SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Calamopityales; Charbeckia macrophylla; early seed plants; frond architecture; Lower Mississippian; West Virginia ID CARBONIFEROUS PLANT ASSEMBLAGE; NEW-ALBANY SHALE; CALAMOPITYACEAE; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; KENTUCKY; ANATOMY; GERMANY; FRANCE AB A fossil plant discovery from the Price (Pocono) Formation of southeastern West Virginia provides new information on the poorly known compression floras of the Lower Mississippian of North America. The new plant described herein consists of long tapering bipinnate fronds with imbricate basal pinnae, planate apical pinnae, and unlobed, elliptical to obovate pinnules with open dichotomous venation. Veins concentrated in the medial region of the pinnule curve toward the lateral margin, suggestive of an early stage in the evolution of a midrib. Pinnules exhibit a distinctly revolute or otherwise reinforced margin. The exceptional length of some fronds (over 1 m) and pinnule size (some over 3 cm by 2 cm) strongly contrast with the generally diffusely branched fronds and small or highly dissected pinnule morphology that typify Early Mississippian leaf taxa. A new generic assignment, Charbeckia macrophylla, is thereby justified. The rigid appearance of the tapering rachis, the imbricate pinnae that appear to have resisted compression, and the reinforced pinnule margins imply thick evergreen leaves, perhaps adapted for drought tolerance. A possible Calamopityalean affinity is indicated by the size of the fronds and the stout petioles, which fall within the expected size range of the Kalymma-type petiole bases described from the nearby New Albany Shale of Tournaisian age. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. US Geol Survey, Charleston, WV 25314 USA. W Virginia Univ, Charleston, WV 25314 USA. RP Knaus, MJ (reprint author), SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. NR 71 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 111 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00018-X PG 22 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA 353NR UT WOS:000089282800005 ER PT J AU Williams, RS AF Williams, RS TI A modern Earth Narrative: what will be the fate of the biosphere? SO TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY LA English DT Review DE Earth System; global environmental change; human impact on the geosphere and biosphere; natural and human history of the Earth; conservation of the Earth's biota; "Sixth Extinction" ID POPULATION-GROWTH; BIODIVERSITY AB The modern Earth Narrative is the scientific description of the natural and human history of the Earth, and it is based on two fundamental concepts: Deep (or Geologic) Time and Biological Evolution. Changes in the Earth's biosphere and geosphere are discussed from the perspective of natural variability and impacts of the rapid increase in the human population. The failure of humans to comprehend and understand the Earth Narrative, especially the place of humans in it, presages dire consequences for the Earth's biosphere. The actions humans take, individually and collectively, during the 21st century will likely determine the fate of many millions of species, including our own. It is argued that we must quickly establish an Earth System-based conservation ethic that has the objective of complete preservation of the Earth's biotic inheritance. published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 180 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-791X J9 TECHNOL SOC JI Technol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 303 EP 339 DI 10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00012-9 PG 37 WC Social Issues; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Issues; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 351JH UT WOS:000089153700002 ER PT J AU Frodeman, R AF Frodeman, R TI Science and the public self SO TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Scientists employed by agencies of the US government (and by extension, those working at universities who are recipients of federal grants) have distinctive responsibilities to the community that supports their work. Traditionally, such public scientists retreated behind a veil of objectivity thought to define scientific knowledge. But this approach today fails on both epistemological and political grounds. Most striking is the fact that the very stance of principled distance from societal debates has opened the scientist to charges of irrelevance. What is the distinctive role of federal science agencies in society? Is there a way out of the dilemma in which government scientists are seen as irrelevant, or if relevant, biased? It is argued here that the notion of a public self offers a means out of this dilemma. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Colorado, US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Frodeman, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. OI Frodeman, Robert/0000-0002-3610-3840 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-791X J9 TECHNOL SOC JI Technol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 341 EP 352 DI 10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00019-1 PG 12 WC Social Issues; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Issues; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 351JH UT WOS:000089153700003 ER PT J AU Barth, AP Wooden, JL Coleman, DS Fanning, CM AF Barth, AP Wooden, JL Coleman, DS Fanning, CM TI Geochronology of the Proterozoic basement of southwesternmost North America, and the origin and evolution of the Mojave crustal province SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; CENTRAL ARIZONA; GRAND-CANYON; ND ISOTOPES; LAURENTIA; AUSTRALIA; REGION AB The Proterozoic Baldwin gneiss in the central Transverse Ranges of southern California, a part of the Mojave crustal province, is composed of quartzofeldspathic gneiss and schist, augen and granitic gneiss, trondhjemite gneiss, and minor quartzite, amphibolite, metagabbro, and metapyroxenite. Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) data indicate that augen and granitic gneisses comprise a magmatic are intrusive suite emplaced between 1783 +/- 12 and 1675 +/- 19 Ma, adjacent to or through thinned Archean crust. High U/Th rims on zircons in most samples suggest an early metamorphic event at similar to 1741 Ma, but peak amphibolite facies metamorphism and penetrative, west vergent deformation occurred after 1675 Ma. The Baldwin gneiss is part of a regional allochthon emplaced by west vergent deformation over a Proterozoic shelf-slope sequence (Joshua Tree terrane). We hypothesize that emplacement of this regional allochthon occurred during a late Early or Middle Proterozoic are-continent collision along the western margin of Laurentia. C1 Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Geol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94205 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Barth, AP (reprint author), Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Geol, 723 W Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 64 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 616 EP 629 DI 10.1029/1999TC001145 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 340UV UT WOS:000088554100002 ER PT J AU Lee, TM AF Lee, TM TI Effects of nearshore recharge on groundwater interactions with a lake in mantled karst terrain SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SEEPAGE LAKES; FLOW; FLORIDA; TRANSIENT; SIMULATION AB The recharge and discharge of groundwater were investigated for a lake basin in the mantled karst terrain of central Florida to determine the relative importance of transient groundwater inflow to the lake water budget. Variably saturated groundwater flow modeling simulated water table responses observed beneath two hillsides radiating outward from the groundwater flow-through lake. Modeling results indicated that transient water table mounding and groundwater flow reversals in the nearshore region following large daily rainfall events generated most of the net groundwater inflow to the lake. Simulated daily groundwater inflow was greatest following water table mounding near the lake, not following subsequent peaks in the water level of upper basin wells. Transient mounding generated net groundwater inflow to the lake, that is, groundwater inflow in excess of the outflow occurring through the deeper lake bottom. The timing of the modeled net groundwater inflow agreed with an independent lake water budget; however, the quantity was considerably less than the budget-derived value. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tampa, FL 33634 USA. RP Lee, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 4710 Eisenhower Blvd,Suite B-5, Tampa, FL 33634 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 8 BP 2167 EP 2182 DI 10.1029/2000WR900107 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 340UZ UT WOS:000088554500015 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL Senay, Y Mukhopadhyay, A Szekely, F AF Paillet, FL Senay, Y Mukhopadhyay, A Szekely, F TI Flowmetering of drainage wells in Kuwait City, Kuwait SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE aquifers; flowmeters; hydraulic conductivity ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; PERMEABILITY; AQUIFER; PARAMETERS AB A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in six drainage wells in Kuwait City for flow profiling under both ambient and pumping conditions. The data collected were used in: (a) estimating the cross-flow among the screened intervals under ambient conditions; (b) estimating the relative transmissivity adjacent to the individual screen zones; and (c) determination of the hydraulic heads at the far boundaries of the large-scale aquifer zones. These inferences were cross-checked against known hydrogeology of the aquifer-aquitard system in the study area, and the calibration results of numerical flow modeling. The major conclusions derived from the flow measurements were: (a) the presence of natural downward cross-how under ambient condition supported the hypothesis that the upper part of the Kuwait Group aquifer in the study area was divided into a series of permeable units (aquifers), separated by confining or semi-confining beds (aquitards); (b) the head differences between the different screened zones, derived through modeling of the flowmeter data of the wells, provided additional confirmation for the division of the upper part of the Kuwait Group aquifer into compartments in the study area; (c) flowmeter data indicated that the second and third aquifers were contributing most of the water to the well bores, compared with the uppermost (first) and the lowermost (fourth) aquifers; and (d) inflow to the wells during pumping was associated with discrete sub-intervals in the screened zones, controlled by local aquifer heterogeneity, and possibly clogging of screens and gravel pack. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Borehole Geophys Res Project, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Minist Elect & Water, Ground Water Project Dept, Safat 13001, Kuwait. Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Div Water Resources, Hydrol Dept, Safat 13109, Kuwait. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Borehole Geophys Res Project, POB 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 31 PY 2000 VL 234 IS 3-4 BP 208 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00261-4 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 342JK UT WOS:000088641300007 ER PT J AU Larsen, JF Gardner, JE AF Larsen, JF Gardner, JE TI Experimental constraints on bubble interactions in rhyolite melts: implications for vesicle size distributions SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE vesicular texture; strain; degassing; pumice; bubbles ID BEARING MAGMAS; HIGH-PRESSURE; GROWTH; DEFORMATION; FLOWS; FRAGMENTATION; NUCLEATION; ERUPTIONS; DIFFUSION; DYNAMICS AB We have studied interactions between bubbles of two distinct size classes in rhyolite melts experimentally decompressed between 200 and 80 MPa. The first set of 'decompression' bubbles has a size range (R-dec) of 1-11 mu m and is formed from nucleation and growth upon isothermal decompression of the melt. The larger populations of 'hydration' bubbles are on average 30-40 mu m in radius (R-hyd) and are formed from pore spaces present that were filled with water vapor during the saturation runs prior to the decompression experiments. The first type of interaction results in the elongation of decompression bubbles oriented radially around the larger hydration bubbles. The degree of elongation increases both as a function of distance and with increasing ratio of hydration to decompression bubble size (R-hrd/R-dec). The second type of interaction studied results in a reduction of the size of decompression bubbles located within a range of distances from 10 to 65 mu m from a hydration bubble surface, relative to the modal size of the unaffected bubbles in the same sample. In addition, within an average distance of 10 mu m, melt next to the hydration bubble surface is depleted in decompression bubbles. Our results indicate that concentration gradients in the melt are probably responsible for bubble size reduction and the depleted zones, because the predicted time scales for Ostwald ripening are much longer than those of the experiments. These effects persist even to the lowest ending pressures studied (80 MPa), which indicates that size distributions of small bubbles may be affected by concentration gradients in the depleted melt shell surrounding large bubbles. Large bubbles present in an ascending magma, prior to a subsequent nucleation event, could therefore affect the growth of the smaller bubble population occurring within the depleted melt shell of the larger bubbles, and produce a bimodal vesicle size distribution. Elongated decompression bubbles may be strained as a result of melt flowing away from the much larger hydration bubbles as they grow. Estimates of capillary number (Ca) plotted against deformation (D-f) indicate that bubbles in water-rich rhyolite melts are deformable, even at small sizes (1 mu m) and small values of Ca. Our results show a different trend of D-f with Cn than previous studies in non-geological systems predict, indicating that viscosity effects may be important. The preservation of deformation textures depends strongly on relaxation time, explaining the lack of deformation textures in less viscous natural lavas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Larsen, JF (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Gardner, James/H-1713-2011 NR 31 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUL 30 PY 2000 VL 180 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00166-7 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 337GD UT WOS:000088348300016 ER PT J AU Ji, W Jeske, C AF Ji, W Jeske, C TI Spatial modeling of the geographic distribution of wildlife populations: a case study in the lower Mississippi River region SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE pintails; geographic distribution; GIS; spatial modeling; Lower Mississippi River region ID PINTAILS; GEESE AB A geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial modeling approach was developed to study environmental and land use impacts on the geographic distribution of wintering northern pintails (Anas acuta) in the Lower Mississippi River region. Pintails were fitted with backpack radio transmitter packages at Catahoula Lake, LA, in October 1992-1994 and located weekly through the following March. Pintail survey data were converted into a digital database in ARC/INFO GIS format and integrated with environmental GIS data through a customized modeling interface. The study verified the relationship between pintail distributions and major environmental factors and developed a conceptual relation model. Visualization-based spatial simulations were used to display the movement patterns of specific population groups under spatial and temporal constraints. The spatial modeling helped understand the seasonal movement patterns of pintails in relation to their habitat usage in Arkansas and southwestern Louisiana for wintering and interchange situations among population groups wintering in Texas and southeastern Louisiana. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geosci, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. RP Ji, W (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geosci, 420A Robert H Flarisheim Hall, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 30 PY 2000 VL 132 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00307-0 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 348NC UT WOS:000088990000009 ER PT J AU Rogers, CS AF Rogers, CS TI Confounding factors in coral reef recovery SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Rogers, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI 00830 USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 21 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5478 BP 391 EP 391 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 336ME UT WOS:000088305500017 PM 10939946 ER PT J AU Dudley, RW Panchang, VG Newell, CR AF Dudley, RW Panchang, VG Newell, CR TI Application of a comprehensive modeling strategy for the management of net-pen aquaculture waste transport SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE modeling; transport; waste; management; benthos ID MAINE; BAY AB An efficient mathematical modeling package called Aquaculture Waste Transport Simulator (AWATS) provides first-order estimates of the physical dispersion of finfish aquaculture wastes for regulatory purposes. The modeling strategy entails the utilization of a vertically averaged, two-dimensional flow model to produce flow-field information. This information is input to a particle-tracking waste transport model to simulate the resulting transport of wastes. Since earlier studies have shown that the transport modeling results are sensitive to the threshold shear stress at which settled fish-pen wastes are resuspended, fieldwork was conducted to improve the parameterization of erodibility in the transport model. Application of AWATS to aquaculture sites in coastal Maine (selected by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection) shows that it is a convenient tool in the regulatory process. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Sea Grant Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. Great Eastern Mussel Farms Inc, Tenants Harbor, ME 04860 USA. RP Panchang, VG (reprint author), Natl Sea Grant Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 187 IS 3-4 BP 319 EP 349 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00313-6 PG 31 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 322HW UT WOS:000087505000011 ER PT J AU Miao, XS Swenson, C Woodward, LA Li, QX AF Miao, XS Swenson, C Woodward, LA Li, QX TI Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; marine pollution; North Pacific Ocean ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; ANGUILLA-ANGUILLA; FOOD-CHAIN; CONGENERS; PCB; POLLUTANTS; SEDIMENT; FISH AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in: sediment; coral (Porites evermanni); fish (Stegastes fasciolatus, Neoniphon sammara, Acanthurus triostegus and Mulloidichthys vanicolensis); crab (Grapsus tenuicrustatus); lobster (Panulirus marginatus); and eel (Conger cinereus, Gymnothorax flavimarginatus, G. undulatus and G. meleagris) samples collected from Tern Island and the corresponding reference samples from Disappearing Island. The two islands are part of French Frigate Shoals, a national wildlife refuge in the North Pacific Ocean. The dominant congeners 118, 138 and 153 represent 22-25, 32-34, 12-39, 37-46 and 30-55% of the sum of PCBs in the coral, sediment, fish, crab and eel, respectively. In general, high trophic species such as eels were found to highly bioaccumulate PCBs. The total average PCB concentrations were as high as 96 and 29 mu g/g dry wt, in eels and damselfish, respectively, from Tern Island. The localized behavior and high bioaccumulation potential for PCBs suggest that damselfish are an excellent species for monitoring PCBs in small areas in the ocean. The high average concentrations of the sum of PCBs in different food chain levels suggest that pollution source(s) are around Tern Island and possibly around Disappearing Island. Aroclor 1254 and its analogs are suspected sources responsible for PCBs in the samples. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Off, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM qingl@hawaii.edu NR 45 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 257 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00484-8 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337JC UT WOS:000088352800002 PM 10943899 ER PT J AU Morton, RA Ward, GH White, WA AF Morton, RA Ward, GH White, WA TI Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE accumulation rate; sediment budget; submergence; transport processes; sediment supply ID TEXAS; SUBSIDENCE; DELIVERY AB Laguna Madre, Texas, is 3-7 km wide and more than 190 km long, making it one of the longest lagoons in the world. The lagoon encompasses diverse geologic and climatic regions and it is an efficient sediment trap that accumulates elastic sediments from upland, interior, and oceanic sources. The semi-arid climate and frequent tropical cyclones historically have been responsible for the greatest volume of sediment influx. On an average annual basis, eolian transport, tidal exchange, storm washover, mainland runoff, interior shore erosion, and authigenic mineral production introduce approximately one million m(3) of sediments into the lagoon. Analyses of these sediment transport mechanisms and associated line sources and point sources of sediment provide a basis for: (1) estimating the long-term average annual sediment supply to a large lagoon; (2) calculating the average net sedimentation rate; (3) comparing introduced sediment volumes and associated aggradation rates with observed relative sea-level change; and (4) predicting future conditions of the lagoon. This comparison indicates that the historical average annual accumulation rate in Laguna Madre (<1 mm/yr) is substantially less than the historical rate of relative sea-level rise (similar to 4 mm/yr). Lagoon submergence coupled with erosion of the western shore indicates that Laguna Madre is being submerged slowly and migrating westward rather than filling, as some have suggested. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 34219 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Res Water Resources, Austin, TX 77813 USA. Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 77813 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 34219 USA. NR 57 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 167 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 334LC UT WOS:000088187100005 ER PT J AU Pascho, RJ Ongerth, JE AF Pascho, RJ Ongerth, JE TI Method for flow cytometric monitoring of Renibacterium salmoninarum inactivation SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; flow cytometry; viability assay; propidium iodide; chlorine ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; STARVATION-SURVIVAL; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; MEMBRANE FILTRATION; COLIFORM BACTERIA; PROPIDIUM IODIDE; FISH PATHOGENS AB The slow growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum limits the usefulness of culture as a research tool. Development of a 2-color flow cytometric assay to quantify the proportions of live and dead R. salmoninarum in a test population is described. Bacteria were simultaneously stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated immunoglobulin and exposed to the exclusion dye propidium iodide. Propidium iodide red fluorescence profiles of control groups of untreated and killed R. salmoninarum were compared with those for bacteria exposed to chlorine. Bacterial inactivation was based on mean red fluorescence intensity, and analyzed by high-red fluorescence intensity (HRFI) and curve subtraction (CS) analyses. When the concentration of R. salmoninarum was 8.65 x 10(6) bacteria ml(-1) and the bacteria exposed to chlorine at 1 mg l(-1) for periods from 1 to 20 min (high-Rs assessment), the mean red fluorescence intensity of the profile for each chlorine-exposure group was higher than that for the untreated control (p < 0.0001). When the concentration of R. salmoninarum was reduced to 1.76 x 10(6) bacteria ml(-1) and exposed to 0.8 mg l(-1) free chlorine level for periods from 20 s to 5 min (reduced-Rs assessment), the mean red fluorescence intensities of the exposure groups were higher than that for the untreated control only when the R. salmoninarum was exposed to chlorine for at least 1 min (p less than or equal to 0.01). On the basis of red fluorescence intensity, the proportion of dead cells generally increased with the duration of chlorine exposure. Whereas the rates of inactivation derived from the HRFI and CS analyses did not correlate with the duration of exposure in the high-Rs assessment (r(2) less than or equal to 0.27), there was a correlation between these estimates and the duration of exposure in the reduced-Rs assessment (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.92). Because of the rapid loss of culturable R. salmoninarum in both assessments following chlorine exposure, neither the duration of exposure nor the inactivation estimates correlated with bacteriological culture (r(2) less than or equal to 0.22). In both assessments, there was a correlation between the estimates of inactivation based upon HRFI and CS analyses (r(2) > 0.99). These results suggest that flow cytometry can be used as a supplementary or alternative method to bacteriological culture for monitoring the inactivation of R. salmoninarum. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ New S Wales, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6506 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 57 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JUL 14 PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.3354/dao041181 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 349LU UT WOS:000089047200003 PM 10950180 ER PT J AU Larison, JR Likens, GE Fitzpatrick, JW Crock, JG AF Larison, JR Likens, GE Fitzpatrick, JW Crock, JG TI Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTION; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; MERCURY; BIRDS; LEAD AB Cadmium is known to be both extremely toxic and ubiquitous in natural environments. It occurs in almost all soils, surface waters and plants(1-3), and it is readily mobilized by human activities such as mining(4). As a result, cadmium has been named as a potential health threat to wildlife species(5); however, because it exists most commonly in the environment as a trace constituent, reported incidences of cadmium toxicity are rare. Here we have measured trace metals in the food web and tissues of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) in Colorado. Our results suggest that cadmium toxicity may be more common among natural populations of vertebrates than has been appreciated to date and that cadmium toxicity may often go undetected or unrecognized. In addition, our research shows that ingestion of even trace quantities of cadmium can influence not only the physiology and health of individual organisms, but also the demographics and the distribution of species. C1 Cornell Univ, Sect Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Cornell Lab Ornithol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Larison, JR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, 138 Strand Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 30 TC 137 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 41 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 13 PY 2000 VL 406 IS 6792 BP 181 EP 183 DI 10.1038/35018068 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 335BA UT WOS:000088221100046 PM 10910356 ER PT J AU Abercrombie, RE Webb, TH Robinson, R McGinty, PJ Mori, JJ Beavan, RJ AF Abercrombie, RE Webb, TH Robinson, R McGinty, PJ Mori, JJ Beavan, RJ TI The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS; SOUTH-ISLAND; SOURCE PARAMETERS; JUNE 1994; CALIFORNIA; FAULT; SEISMICITY; SEPTEMBER; TECTONICS; MOTION AB The 1994 Arthur's Pass earthquake (M(w)6.7) is the largest in a recent sequence of earthquakes in the central South Island, New Zealand. No surface rupture was observed, the aftershock distribution was complex, and routine methods of obtaining the faulting orientation of this earthquake proved contradictory. We use a range of data and techniques to obtain our preferred solution, which has a centroid depth of 5 km, M-0=1.3x10(19) N m, and a strike, dip, and rake of 221 degrees, 47 degrees, 112 degrees, respectively. Discrepancies between this solution and the Harvard centroid moment tensor, together with the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and unusual aftershock distribution, suggest that the rupture may not have occurred on a planar fault. A second, strike slip, subevent on a more northerly striking plane is suggested by these data but neither the body wave modeling nor regional broadband recordings show any complexity or late subevents. We relocate the aftershocks using both one-dimensional and three-dimensional velocity inversions. The depth range of the aftershocks (1-10 km) agrees well with the preferred mainshock centroid depth. The aftershocks near the hypocenter suggest a structure dipping toward the NW, which we interpret to be the mainshock fault plane. This structure and the Harper fault, similar to 15 km to the south, appear to have acted as boundaries to the extensive aftershock zone trending NNW-SSE. Most of the M(L)greater than or equal to 5 aftershocks, including the two largest (M(L)6.1 and M(L)5.7), clustered near the Harper fault and have strike slip mechanisms consistent with motion on this fault and its conjugates. Forward modeling of the GPS data suggests that a reverse slip mainshock, combined with strike slip aftershock faulting in the south, is able to match the observed displacements. The occurrence of this earthquake sequence implies that the level of seismic hazard in the central South Island is greater than previous estimates. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Abercrombie, RE (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM abercrombie@seismology.harvard.edu; T.Webb@gns.cri.nz; mori@rcep.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp NR 54 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B7 BP 16119 EP 16137 DI 10.1029/2000JB900008 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 335TZ UT WOS:000088262000002 ER PT J AU Gan, WJ Svarc, JL Savage, JC Prescott, WH AF Gan, WJ Svarc, JL Savage, JC Prescott, WH TI Strain accumulation across the Eastern California Shear Zone at latitude 36 degrees 30 ' N SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FAULT SLIP RATES; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; PLATE MOTION; NEVADA; DEFORMATION; CONSTRAINTS; VALLEY; SPACE; AREA AB The motion of a linear array of monuments extending across the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) has been measured from 1994 to 1999 with the Global Positioning System. The linear array is oriented N54 degrees E, perpendicular to the tangent to the local small circle drawn about the Pacific-North America pore of rotation, and the observed motion across the ECSZ is approximated by differential rotation about that pore. The observations suggest uniform deformation within the ECSZ (strike N23 degrees W) (26 nstrain yr(-1) extension normal to the zone and 39 nstrain yr(-1) simple right-lateral shear across it) with no significant deformation in the two blocks (the Sierra Nevada mountains and southern Nevada) on either side. The deformation may be imposed by right-lateral slip at depth on the individual major fault systems within the zone if the slip rates are: Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault 3.2+/-0.9 mm yr(-1), Hunter Mountain-Panamint Valley fault 3.3+/-1.6 mm yr(-1), and Owens Valley fault 6.9+/-1.6 mm yr(-1). However, this estimate of the slip rate on the Owens Valley fault is 3 times greater than the geologic estimate. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Gan, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM wjgan@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 67 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B7 BP 16229 EP 16236 DI 10.1029/2000JB900105 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 335TZ UT WOS:000088262000011 ER PT J AU Wells, ML Snee, LW Blythe, AE AF Wells, ML Snee, LW Blythe, AE TI Dating of major normal fault systems using thermochronology: An example from the Raft River detachment, Basin and Range, western United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; FISSION-TRACK THERMOCHRONOLOGY; NORTHERN SNAKE RANGE; EAST HUMBOLDT RANGE; NORTHWESTERN UTAH; ARGON DIFFUSION; CENTRAL ARIZONA; AR-40/AR-39 THERMOCHRONOLOGY; TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; REGIONAL METAMORPHISM AB Application of thermochronological techniques to major normal fault systems can resolve the timing of initiation and duration of extension, rates of motion on detachment faults, timing of ductile mylonite formation and passage of rocks through the crystal-plastic to brittle transition, and multiple events of extensional unrooftng. Here we determine the above for the top-to-the-east Raft River detachment fault and shear zone by study of spatial gradients in Ar-40/Ar-39 and fission track cooling ages of footwall rocks and cooling histories and by comparison of cooling histories with deformation temperatures. Mica Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages indicate that extension-related cooling began at similar to 25-20 Ma, and apatite fission track ages show that motion on the Raft River detachment proceeded until similar to 7.4 Ma. Collective cooling curves show acceleration of cooling rates during extension, from 5-10 degrees C/m.y. to rates in excess of 70-100 degrees C/m.y. The apparent slip rate along the Raft River detachment, recorded in spatial gradients of apatite fission track ages, is 7 mm/yr between 13.5 and 7.4 Ma and is interpreted to record the rate of migration of a rolling hinge. Microstructural study of footwall mylonite indicates that deformation conditions were no higher than middle greenschist facies and that deformation occurred during cooling to cataclastic conditions. These data show that the shear zone and detachment fault represent a continuum produced by progressive exhumation and shearing during Miocene extension and preclude the possibility of a Mesozoic age for the ductile shear zone. Moderately rapid cooling in middle Eocene time likely records exhumation resulting from an older, oppositely rooted, extensional shear zone along the west side of the Grouse Creek, Raft River, and Albion Mountains. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Wells, ML (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, 4505 Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM mlwells@nevada.edu; lsnee@crrg1.cr.usgs.gov; blythe@earth.usc.edu NR 95 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B7 BP 16303 EP 16327 DI 10.1029/2000JB900094 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 335TZ UT WOS:000088262000017 ER PT J AU Abbott, D Sparks, D Herzberg, C Mooney, W Nikishin, A Zhang, YS AF Abbott, D Sparks, D Herzberg, C Mooney, W Nikishin, A Zhang, YS TI Quantifying Precambrian crustal extraction: the root is the answer SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 26-29, 1998 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Geol Soc Amer DE Archean; crust; growth rates; lithosphere; mantle; Precambrian; xenoliths ID ARCHEAN LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; RE-OS ISOTOPE; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; GREENSTONE-BELT; GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS; THERMAL STRUCTURE; PLATE-TECTONICS; WEST AFRICA; HEAT-FLOW; 2.1 GA AB We use two different methods to estimate the total amount of continental crust that was extracted by the end of the Archean and the Proterozoic. The first method uses the sum of the seismic thickness of the crust, the eroded thickness of the crust, and the trapped melt within the lithospheric root to estimate the total crustal volume. This summation method yields an average equivalent thickness of Archean crust of 49 +/- 6 km and an average equivalent thickness of Proterozoic crust of 48 +/- 9 km. Between 7 and 9% of this crust never reached the surface, but remained within the continental root as congealed, iron-rich komatiitic melt. The second method uses experimental models of melting, mantle xenolith compositions, and corrected lithospheric thickness to estimate the amount of crust extracted through time, This melt column method reveals that the average equivalent thickness of Archean crust was 65 +/- 6 km, and the average equivalent thickness of Early Proterozoic crust was 60+/-7 km. It is likely that some of this crust remained trapped within the lithospheric root. The discrepancy between the two estimates is attributed to uncertainties in estimates of the amount of trapped, congealed melt, overall crustal erosion, and crustal recycling. Overall, we find that between 29 and 45% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Archean, most likely by 2.7 Ga. Between 51 and 79% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Early Proterozoic, most likely by 1.8-2.0 Ga. Our results are most consistent with geochemical models that call upon moderate amounts of recycling of early extracted continental crust coupled with continuing crustal growth (e.g. McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S,R., 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. Journal of Geology, 90, 347-361; Veizer, J., Jansen, S.L., 1985. Basement and sedimentary recycling - 2. time dimension to global tectonics. Journal of Geology 93(6), 625-643). Trapped, congealed, iron-rich melt within the lithospheric root may represent some of the iron that is 'missing' from the lower crust. The lower crust within Archean cratons may also have an unexpectedly low iron content because it was extracted from more primitive, undepleted mantle, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Geol Fac, Moscow 119899, Russia. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Abbott, D (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM dallas@ldeo.columbia.edu OI Abbott, Dallas/0000-0003-4713-6098 NR 92 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 322 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 337UW UT WOS:000088380900010 ER PT J AU Grundel, R Pavlovic, NB Sulzman, CL AF Grundel, R Pavlovic, NB Sulzman, CL TI Nectar plant selection by the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CANOPY COVER; LEPIDOPTERA; POPULATION AB The Karner blue butterfly Lycaeides melissa samuelis, is an endangered species residing in savanna and barrens habitats in the Midwest and Northeast United States. To improve our understanding of nectar plant selection patterns by the Karner blue, we examined nectar plant choices made by 146 butterflies. Within observation areas of 2-m radius butterflies usually chose the nectar species with the greatest total number of flowers or flowering heads. This suggests that the Karner blue is opportunistic in selecting nectar plants. However, certain nectar species, including Arabis lyrata, Coreopsis lanceolata, Melilotus alba and Rubus flagellaris were selected in a significant majority of cases when other nectar species were available nearby At least in the case of R. flagellaris, this preference was not directly related to the species' local flower abundance. In a significant majority of cases (77.5%) adult Karner blurs selected nectar plant species with yellow or white flowers over species with other-colored flowers. Comparison of nectar plant selections at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore to selections from Michigan and Wisconsin suggests that the Karner blue most frequently chooses a suite of nectar plant species that includes A. lyrata, C. lanceolata, Euphorbia corollata, M. alba, Monarda punctata, Potentilla simplex, Rubus spp., Solidago speciosa and, perhaps, Asclepias tuberosa and Helianthus divaricatus. This suite includes plant species that readily flower in the sun and others that readily flower in the shade, an important consideration since Karner blues often move across the sun-shade interface. C1 US Geol Survey, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Grundel, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 144 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0001:NPSBTK]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340EG UT WOS:000088519700001 ER PT J AU Horn, DJ Fletcher, RJ Koford, RR AF Horn, DJ Fletcher, RJ Koford, RR TI Detecting area sensitivity: A comment on previous studies SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID GRASSLAND BIRDS; HABITAT AREA; ILLINOIS AB Several studies have reported that some grassland birds are area sensitive; they exhibit a nonrandom avoidance of small fields. The methods used to test for area sensitivity, however, differed among studies. Some investigators sampled fields with sampling effort proportional to field size, whereas others used equal sampling effort in all fields. We created a simulation model with the same number of fields and field sizes as those examined in earlier studies to determine if birds that select habitat randomly would display area sensitivity if fields were sampled in proportion to their size. The three species that we modeled to settle randomly, upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) and eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), had positive relationships between occurrence and held size when a complete census or proportional sampling was used, and therefore, would have been considered area sensitive by the methods used by some previous authors. When equal-effort sampling was used, these species showed no relationship between occurrence and field size. Future studies on area sensitivity that use proportional sampling should compare results to a null model. Otherwise, conclusions made about area sensitivity may be erroneous because the response is a sampling artifact. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS BRD, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horn, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Sci Hall 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Fletcher, Robert/0000-0003-1717-5707 NR 20 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 144 IS 1 BP 28 EP 35 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340EG UT WOS:000088519700004 ER PT J AU Brooks, ML AF Brooks, ML TI Competition between alien annual grasses and native annual plants in the Mojave Desert SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITIES; INVASIONS; GRADIENT AB Alien annual grasses in the genera Bromus and Schistmus are widespread and abundant in the Mojave Desert, and negative correlations between these aliens and native annual plants suggest that competition may occur between them. Effects of competition were evaluated by thinning alien annual grass seedlings and measuring the responses of native annual plants at three sites in the central, southcentral and southwestern Mojave Desert during 2 y of contrasting plant productivity Effects of Bromus and Schismus were evaluated separately in the microhabitat where each was most abundant, beneath the north side of creosote bushes (Larrea tridentata) for Bromus and in the open interspace between shrubs for Schismus. Thinning of Bromus and Schismus significantly increased density and biomass of native annuals at all three sites, only during a year of high annual plant productivity and species richness. Effects of thinning were greatest for Ansinckia tesselata and for a group of relatively uncommon native annuals. Thinning also significantly increased the density and biomass of the alien forb, Erodium cicutarium. These results show that alien annual grasses can compete with native annual plants and an alien forb in the Mojave Desert and that effects can vary among years. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Box Springs Field Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Brooks, ML (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 56 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 144 IS 1 BP 92 EP 108 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0092:CBAAGA]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340EG UT WOS:000088519700009 ER PT J AU MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Berger, TA AF MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Berger, TA TI Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIDAL RIVER SEDIMENTS; ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; DC AREA; PREDICTING TOXICITY; WATER AMPHIPODS; MARINE; FLUORANTHENE; WASHINGTON; TOXICOKINETICS; CONTAMINANTS AB Numerical sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for freshwater ecosystems have previously been developed using a variety of approaches. Each approach has certain advantages and limitations which influence their application in the sediment quality assessment process. In an effort to focus on the agreement among these various published SQGs, consensus-based SQGs were developed for 28 chemicals of concern in freshwater sediments (i.e., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides). For each contaminant of concern, two SQGs were developed from the published SQGs, including a threshold effect concentration (TEC) and a probable effect concentration (PEC). The resultant SQGs for each chemical were evaluated for reliability using matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data from field studies conducted throughout the United States. The results of this evaluation indicated that most of the TECs tie., 21 of 28) provide an accurate basis for predicting the absence of sediment toxicity. Similarly, most of the PECs (i.e., 16 of 28) provide an accurate basis for predicting sediment toxicity. Mean PEC quotients were calculated to evaluate the combined effects of multiple contaminants in sediment. Results of the evaluation indicate that the incidence of toxicity is highly correlated to the mean PEC quotient (R-2 = 0.98 for 347 samples). It was concluded that the consensus-based SQGs provide a reliable basis for assessing sediment quality conditions in freshwater ecosystems. C1 MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1W5, Canada. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP MacDonald, DD (reprint author), MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, 2376 Yellow Point Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1W5, Canada. NR 56 TC 962 Z9 1069 U1 26 U2 238 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 20 EP 31 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 312RF UT WOS:000086956100004 PM 10790498 ER PT J AU Rattner, BA Hoffman, DJ Melancon, MJ Olsen, GH Schmidt, SR Parsons, KC AF Rattner, BA Hoffman, DJ Melancon, MJ Olsen, GH Schmidt, SR Parsons, KC TI Organochlorine and metal contaminant exposure and effects in hatching black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Delaware Bay SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; EGGS; CYTOCHROME-P450; USA; SELENIUM; EMBRYOS AB Pea Patch Island in Delaware Bay is the site of the largest heronry north of Florida. From 1989-93, the popu lation of nine species of wading birds numbered approximately 12,000 pairs, but has recently declined to about 7,000 pairs. Because Delaware Bay is a major shipping channel and receives anthropogenic releases of toxic substances from agricultural, industrial, and municipal point and nonpoint sources, contaminant exposure and effects to the heronry have been an ongoing concern. In 1997, pipping (early hatching stage) black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) were collected from separate nests at Pea Patch Island and from a coastal reference site, Middle Island in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. There was no evidence of malformations or hepatic histopathological lesions in embryos, and their body and liver weights did not differ between sites. Biomarkers of petroleum hydrocarbons, polyhalogenated contaminant, and metal exposure (cytochrome P450 induction and oxidative stress responses) did not differ (p > 0.05) between sites, although activities of benzyloxy-O-dealkylase and ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase were somewhat elevated in 3 of the 15 embryos collected from Pea Patch Island. Concentrations of 21 organochlorine pesticides and metabolites were relatively low at both sites, with p,p'-DDE values well below the threshold associated with eggshell thinning. Although total PCB concentration was modestly elevated (p < 0.05) in Pea Patch Island heron embryos, levels of arylhydrocarbon receptor-active PCB congeners, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, and toxic equivalents were low and did not differ between sites. Concentrations of Cd and Mn in pipping embryos from Pea Patch Island were slightly greater (p < 0.05) than values observed in Middle Island embryos, but levels of these and the other metals and metalloids (e.g., Hg and Se) were below values associated with toxicity. In conclusion, it seems unlikely that chlorinated hydrocarbon and metal contaminant exposure constitutes a direct threat to the reproductive success of black-crowned night herons at Pea Patch Island. However, low-level exposure to these contaminants may constitute one of many stressors that in combination could adversely affect the stability of the wading bird population at this large heronry. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 55 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 38 EP 45 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 312RF UT WOS:000086956100006 PM 10790500 ER PT J AU Bridges, CM AF Bridges, CM TI Long-term effects of pesticide exposure at various life stages of the southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; CARBARYL; METAMORPHOSIS; TADPOLES; TOXICITY; TRIPHENYLTIN; PERSISTENCE; DEFORMITIES; BEHAVIOR; EMBRYOS AB Amphibian larvae are commonly exposed to low levels of pesticides during their development. Chronic studies generally examine the effects of long-term exposure, but they often disregard the importance of the individual life stage at which tadpoles are exposed. I determined the point during development at which carbaryl effects are manifested by exposing southern leopard frog tadpoles (Rana sphenocephala) to the pesticide carbaryl at five different times during development. Metamorphs exposed throughout the tadpole stage and throughout development (egg, embryo, tadpole) experienced significant mortality at all chemical levels. Although the length of the larval period was the same for all experimental groups, metamorphs exposed during the egg stage were smaller than their corresponding controls, independent of whether they were exposed at any other stage. Nearly 18% of individuals exposed to carbaryl during development exhibited some type of developmental deformity (including both visceral and limb malformities), compared to a single deformed(< 1%) control tadpole, demonstrating that a chemical hypothesis for amphibian deformities remains viable. Because exposure to nonpersistent chemicals may last for only a short period of time, it is important to examine the long-term effects that short-term exposure has on larval amphibians and the existence of any sensitive life stage. Any delay in metamorphosis or decrease in size at metamorphosis can impact demographic processes of the population, potentially leading to declines or local extinction. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Bridges, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 43 TC 134 Z9 145 U1 3 U2 33 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 91 EP 96 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 312RF UT WOS:000086956100013 PM 10790507 ER PT J AU Henny, CJ Blus, LJ Hoffman, DJ Sileo, L Audet, DJ Snyder, MR AF Henny, CJ Blus, LJ Hoffman, DJ Sileo, L Audet, DJ Snyder, MR TI Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN IDAHO; INGESTION; DUCKS; WATERFOWL; SHOT; PROTOPORPHYRIN; ACCUMULATION; MORTALITY; SEDIMENT; BLOOD AB Hatch year (HY) mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River Basin had higher concentrations of lead in their blood than HY Western Canada geese (Branta canadensis moffitti) (geometric means 0.98 versus 0.28 mu g/g, wet weight). The pattern for adults of both species was similar, although geometric means (1.77 versus 0.41 mu g/g) were higher than in HY birds. HY mallards captured in the CDA River Basin in 1987 contained significantly lower lead concentrations in their blood than in 1994-95 (0.36 versus 0.98 mu g/g); however, some very young mallards were sampled in 1987, and concentrations in adults were not significantly different in 1987, 1994, or 1995 (1.52, 2.07, 1.55 mu g/g, respectively). Both species in the CDA River Basin in 1994-95 showed significantly reduced red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity compared to the reference areas: Canada geese (HY -65.4 to -86.0%, adults -82.3%), and mallards (HY -90.7 to -95.5%, adults -94.1%). Canada goose goslings were divided into size classes, and the two smaller classes from the CDA River Basin had significantly elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (protoporphyrin) levels compared to the reference area (15.2x and 6.9x). HY and adult mallards both had significantly elevated protoporphyrin (5.9x and 7.5x). Recognizing that interspecific differences exist in response and sensitivity to lead, it appears (at least for hemoglobin and hematocrit) that Canada geese were more sensitive to lead than mallards, i.e., adverse hematologic effects occur at lower blood lead concentrations. Only Canada geese from the CDA River Basin, in spite of lower blood lead concentrations, had significantly reduced mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. No euthanized Canada geese (all HYs) from CDA River Basin were classified as clinically lead poisoned, but 38 Canada geese found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study succumbed to lead poisoning between 1992 and 1997. Only 6 (15.8%) of these 38 contained ingested lead shot, which contrasts greatly with the 75-94% incidence of ingested lead shot when mortality was due to lead shot ingestion. Lead from other contaminated sources (i.e., sediments and vegetation) in the CDA River Basin was strongly implicated in most Canada goose deaths. Based on the 31 live mallards and Canada geese collected in the CDA River Basin, which were representative of the live populations blood sampled only, the prevalence of subclinical and clinical lead poisoning las determined by liver lead concentrations, excluding birds with ingested lead shot) was higher in mallards: subclinical (4 of 8, 50% HYs and 6 of 11, 55% adults); clinical (0% HYs and 4 of 11, 36% adults), with less data available for Canada geese (only 1 of 9, 11% HYs marginally subclinical). The clinically lead-poisoned mallards had extremely high concentrations of lead in blood (2.69-8.82 mu g/g) and liver (6.39-17.89 mu g/g). Eight mallards found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study were diagnosed as lead poisoned, and only one (12.5%) contained ingested lead shot, which again strongly implicates other lead sources. The finding of dead lead poisoned Canada geese together with the high percentage of live mallards classified as subclinically or clinically lead poisoned, in combination with the low incidence of ingested lead shot causes us concern for both of these species, which live in association with lead-contaminated sediment in the CDA River Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Upper Columbia River Basin Field Off, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Henny, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 43 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 97 EP 112 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 312RF UT WOS:000086956100014 PM 10790508 ER PT J AU Busch, JD Miller, MP Paxton, EH Sogge, MK Keim, P AF Busch, JD Miller, MP Paxton, EH Sogge, MK Keim, P TI Genetic variation in the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher SO AUK LA English DT Article ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; LENGTH POLYMORPHISM AFLP; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; EMPIDONAX-TRAILLII; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MARKERS; CONSERVATION; ALNORUM AB The Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) is an endangered Neotropical migrant that breeds in isolated remnants of dense riparian habitat in the southwestern United States. We estimated genetic variation at 20 breeding sites of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (290 individuals) using 38 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Our results suggest that considerable genetic diversity exists within the subspecies and within local breeding sites. Statistical analyses of genetic variation revealed only slight, although significant, differentiation among breeding sites (Mantel's r = 0.0705, P < 0.0005; theta = 0.0816, 95% CI = 0.0608 to 0.1034; Phi(ST) = 0.0458, P < 0.001). UPGMA cluster analysis of the AFLP markers indicates that extensive gene flow has occurred among breeding sites. No one site stood out as being genetically unique or isolated. Therefore, the small level of genetic structure that we detected may not be biologically significant. Ongoing field studies are consistent with this conclusion. Of the banded birds that were resighted or recaptured in Arizona during the 1996 to 1998 breeding seasons, one-third moved between breeding sites and two-thirds were philopatric. Low differentiation may be the result of historically high rangewide diversity followed by recent geographic isolation of breeding sites, although observational data indicate that gene flow is a current phenomenon. Our data suggest that breeding groups of E. t. extimus act as a metapopulation. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Keim, P (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RI Miller, Mark/A-5488-2011; Keim, Paul/A-2269-2010; OI Paxton, Eben/0000-0001-5578-7689 NR 44 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2000 VL 117 IS 3 BP 586 EP 595 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0586:GVITES]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 339TC UT WOS:000088493100004 ER PT J AU Manolis, JC Andersen, DE Cuthbert, FJ AF Manolis, JC Andersen, DE Cuthbert, FJ TI Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation SO AUK LA English DT Article ID MIGRATORY BIRDS; SUCCESS AB Determining whether nesting attempts are successful can be difficult. Yet, current protocols for estimating nesting success do not address how uncertain nest fates should be handled. We examined the problem of nest-fate uncertainty as it relates to Mayfield estimation of nesting success and in analyses of factors that influence success. We used data from Minnesota to illustrate the potential effect of uncertain fate; 40% of Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus; n = 127) nests and 30% of Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus; n = 144) nests had uncertain fates. How this uncertainty is incorporated into Mayfield estimates of success varied widely among researchers. In a survey of researchers who use the Mayfield method, 9 of 22 respondents (of 40 contacted) excluded nests with uncertain fate. Excluding uncertain fates is counter to how Mayfield first described his estimator and can result in severe downward bias. The remaining respondents (59%) included nests with uncertain fate but varied in how they terminated the exposure period. We developed a simulation model that calculated Mayfield estimates using different approaches and compared them with a known rate of nesting success. Magnitude of bias in Mayfield estimates varied considerably in our simulations. The approach with the least bias terminated exposure with the last observed active date for nests with uncertain fate, and with the midpoint between last observed active and first observed inactive dates for nests with known fate. In addition, information necessary to interpret and compare Mayfield estimates often is not reported. These values, including variance estimates and the period lengths used to estimate survival rates, should be reported with Mayfield estimates. Finally, nest fate is commonly used as a categorical variable in studies of factors affecting nesting success. In this approach, however, nests with uncertain fate must be excluded. An alternative approach is Cox regression, which incorporates nests with uncertain fate. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Manolis, JC (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Box 10,500 Lafayette Rd, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. NR 20 TC 157 Z9 161 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2000 VL 117 IS 3 BP 615 EP 626 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:UNFISS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 339TC UT WOS:000088493100006 ER PT J AU Krapu, GL AF Krapu, GL TI Temporal flexibility of reproduction in temperate-breeding dabbling ducks SO AUK LA English DT Article ID MALLARD REPRODUCTION; NUTRIENT RESERVES; PATTERNS; DROUGHT; CYCLE; SIZE AB I compared nesting intervals during three consecutive years in five species of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks (Mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Northern Pintail [Anas acuta], Northern Shoveler [Anas clypeata], Blue-winged Teal [Anas discors], Gadwall [Anas strepera]) and assessed whether differences existed in timing of refractoriness. Most nesting by females of all five species ended by the summer solstice. Nesting ended earliest for Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails and latest for Gadwalls. Some Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls continued to nest into mid- and late summer, whereas Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails did not. Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls accounted for 99% (81 of 82) of flightless broods resulting from nests initiated during mid- or late summer in North Dakota and 98% (58 of 59) of flightless juveniles shot on or after 1 October by a random sample of duck hunters from across the United States. Early cessation of breeding by Northern Shovelers may have evolved in response to the species' limited flexibility in diet. Photorefractory mechanisms that limit most breeding to spring presumably evolved in response to severe constraints on reproductive success when nesting continued through summer (e.g. mortality of late-hatched young and molting females due to low temperatures). Interspecific differences in photosensitivity may account for variation in timing of cessation of nesting in late spring, but controlled experiments are needed to assess the possible role of non-photic influences. My results suggest that the refractory mechanisms controlling length of the breeding season in temperate-nesting dabbling ducks are more varied and complex than previously thought, with non-photic influences (e.g. water conditions, food availability, food quality) having a larger role than indicated by earlier research. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Krapu, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 52 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2000 VL 117 IS 3 BP 640 EP 650 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0640:TFORIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 339TC UT WOS:000088493100009 ER PT J AU Yorinks, N Atkinson, CT AF Yorinks, N Atkinson, CT TI Effects of malaria on activity budgets of experimentally infected juvenile Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) SO AUK LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-RELICTUM; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; PARASITE; HAWAII; IIWI; PREVALENCE; BIRDS AB We used behavioral, physiological, and parasitological measures to document effects of acute malarial infections on activity budgets of experimentally infected juvenile Apapane (Himatione sanguinea). Five of eight birds died within 20 to 32 days after exposure to a single infective mosquito bite. Infected Apapane devoted less time to locomotory activities involving flight, walking or hopping, and stationary activities such as singing, preening, feeding, and probing. The amount of time spent sitting was positively correlated with parasitemia and increased dramatically after infection and between treatment and control groups. Birds that succumbed to infection experienced a significant loss of body mass and subcutaneous fat, whereas surviving Apapane were better able to maintain body condition and fat levels. When rechallenged with the parasite five months after initial infection, surviving birds experienced no increase in parasitemia, indicating that they had become immune to reinfection. Regardless of the outcome, infected birds experienced acute illness that would have left them unable to forage or to escape from predators in the wild. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Yorinks, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 218, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 23 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2000 VL 117 IS 3 BP 731 EP 738 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0731:EOMOAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 339TC UT WOS:000088493100016 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB Lovett, GM Baevsky, YH AF Lawrence, GB Lovett, GM Baevsky, YH TI Atmospheric deposition and watershed nitrogen export along an elevational gradient in the Catskill Mountains, New York SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acid deposition; atmospheric deposition; nitrate; nitrification; nitrogen; soil carbon; soil chemistry; stream water acidification ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; FOREST FLOOR; CANOPY INTERACTIONS; CARBON POOLS; NEW-ENGLAND; CHEMISTRY; ECOSYSTEM; NITRATE; TRENDS; USA AB Cumulative effects of atmospheric N deposition may increase N export from watersheds and contribute to the acidification of surface waters, but natural factors (such as forest productivity and soil drainage) that affect forest N cycling can also control watershed N export. To identify factors that are related to stream-water export of N, elevational gradients in atmospheric deposition and natural processes were evaluated in a steep, first-order watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York, from 1991 to 1994. Atmospheric deposition of SO42-, and probably N, increased with increasing elevation within this watershed. Stream-water concentrations of SO42- increased with increasing elevation throughout the year, whereas stream-water concentrations of NO3- decreased with increasing elevation during the winter and spring snowmelt period, and showed no relation with elevation during the growing season or the fall. Annual export of N in stream water for the overall watershed equaled 12% to 17% of the total atmospheric input on the basis of two methods of estimation. This percentage decreased with increasing elevation, from about 25% in the lowest subwatershed to 7% in the highest subwatershed; a probable result of an upslope increase in the thickness of the surface organic horizon, attributable to an elevational gradient in temperature that slows decomposition rates at upper elevations. Balsam fir stands, more prevalent at upper elevations than lower elevations, may also affect the gradient of subwatershed N export by altering nitrification rates in the soil. Variations in climate and vegetation must be considered to determine how future trends in atmospheric deposition will effect watershed export of nitrogen. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027 NR 49 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1 BP 21 EP 43 DI 10.1023/A:1006332230890 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 304ZB UT WOS:000086513600002 ER PT J AU Engelhardt, KAM Kadlec, JA Roy, VL Powell, JA AF Engelhardt, KAM Kadlec, JA Roy, VL Powell, JA TI Evaluation of translocation criteria: case study with trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE translocation; reintroduction; trumpeter swan; Cygnus buccinator; translocation criteria ID COLUMBIANUS; AMPHIBIANS; MORTALITY; REPTILES; STRATEGY; SUCCESS; TUNDRA; BIRDS AB Translocations are a common conservation technique; however, the feasibility and success of translocations are evaluated rarely. We translocated 57 trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) from Idaho to Utah during 1996 to encourage migration to more southern wintering areas. We evaluated the feasibility and success of the translocation by studying biological and socio-political criteria prior to and during the translocation. Lack of support from governmental and non-governmental agencies did not allow additional translocations in subsequent years. Additional releases are needed, however, to increase the probability of swan returns to the release area. Our evaluation explores the possibility that trumpeter swans may be more vulnerable to hunting than tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus); however, we still lack conclusive empirical evidence that shows a negative effect of tundra swan hunting on the survival of trumpeter swans migrating through Utah. Finally, some elements of the local public have been negatively impacted by the translocation owing to restrictions imposed on tundra swan hunting and season closures. To ensure the success of trumpeter swan translocations planned as early as the year 2000, all translocation criteria need to be supported before as well as during the translocation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Brigham City, UT 84302 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Engelhardt, KAM (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Engelhardt, Katharina/H-8755-2013 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 94 IS 2 BP 173 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00181-0 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309BN UT WOS:000086747600005 ER PT J AU Curnutt, JL AF Curnutt, JL TI Host-area specific climatic-matching: similarity breeds exotics SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE climatic-matching; non-indigenous species; plants; Florida; Australia; global distribution ID FREE-TRADE; INVADERS AB Non-indigenous species invasions carry a high price in economic and ecological terms. Preventing the establishment of nonindigenous species is preferable to post-establishment control and eradication. Predicting where the next nonindigenous species will come from can help in deterring the introduction and establishment of potential invasive species. Discriminant analyses were performed to determine the relationship between plant species distributions and 16 climatic variables for south Florida and Australia. The discriminant functions correctly identified half-degree blocks in Australia that held high numbers of species (both native and non-indigenous) shared by south Florida and Australia. Climate data for Africa and the Americas was applied to the discriminant function to predict regions with potentially high numbers of plant species that are climatically pre-adapted to south Florida. The results of these analyses will be used to focus research on areas that have the greatest potential for contributing species to the already severely invaded natural areas of south Florida. The results also suggest a mechanism to control the introduction of nonindigenous species to any host area of interest. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Curnutt, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 91st St, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 94 IS 3 BP 341 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00186-X PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 317GX UT WOS:000087218600009 ER PT J AU Wolf, KN Wildt, DE Vargas, A Marinari, PE Kreeger, JS Ottinger, MA Howard, JG AF Wolf, KN Wildt, DE Vargas, A Marinari, PE Kreeger, JS Ottinger, MA Howard, JG TI Age-dependent changes in sperm production, semen quality, and testicular volume in the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE aging; Leydig cells; male sexual function; sperm; testosterone ID BROWN-NORWAY RAT; CELL TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; SERUM CONCENTRATIONS; REPRODUCTION; MORPHOLOGY; EPIDIDYMIS; MEN; GONADOTROPIN; INSEMINATION AB The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), which was extirpated from its native North American prairie habitat during the 1980s, is being reintroduced to the wild because of a successful captive-breeding program. To enhance propagation, the reproductive biology of this endangered species is being studied intensively. The typical life span of the black-footed ferret is approximately 7 yr. Female fecundity declines after 3 yr of age, but the influence of age on male reproduction is unknown. In this study, testis volume, seminal traits, sperm morphology, and serum testosterone were compared in 116 males from 1 to 7 yr of age living in captivity. Results demonstrated that testes volume during the peak breeding season was similar (P > 0.05) among males 1 to 5 yr of age, reduced (P < 0.05) among males 6 yr of age, and further reduced (P < 0.05) among males 7 yr of age. Motile sperm/ejaculate was similar in males 1 to 6 yr of age but diminished (P < 0.05) in those 7 yr of age. Males at 6 and 7 yr of age produced fewer (P < 0.05) structurally normal sperm than younger counterparts; however, serum testosterone concentrations were not reduced (P > 0.05) in older males. Histological comparison of testicular/epididymal tissue from 5- and 7-yr-old black-footed ferrets confirmed that the interval between these two ages may represent a transitional period to reproductive senescence. In summary, functional reproductive capacity of male black-footed ferrets exceeds that of females by at least 2 yr. Testes and seminal quality are indistinguishable among males 1 to 5 yr of age, with progressive reproductive aging occurring thereafter. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Howard, JG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Reprod Physiol Program, Washington, DC 20008 USA. NR 63 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 20 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 179 EP 187 DI 10.1095/biolreprod63.1.179 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 327UP UT WOS:000087812400026 PM 10859258 ER PT J AU Czech, B Krausman, PR Devers, PK AF Czech, B Krausman, PR Devers, PK TI Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA PANTHER AB ASSOCIATIONS AMONG CAUSES OF SPECIES ENDANGERMENT IN THE UNITED STATES REFLECT THE INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC SECTORS, SUPPORTING THE THEORY AND EVIDENCE THAT ECONOMIC GROWTH PROCEEDS AT THE COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION OF NONHUMAN SPECIES IN THE AGGREGATE. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refugees, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Czech, B (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refugees, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 43 TC 290 Z9 321 U1 10 U2 116 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 593 EP 601 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0593:EAACOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 334XX UT WOS:000088212600007 ER PT J AU Hothem, RL Powell, AN AF Hothem, RL Powell, AN TI Contaminants in eggs of western snowy plovers and California least terns: Is there a link to population decline? SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTION; SELENIUM; MERCURY C1 Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr,San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Hothem, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, R 278 Kerr Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 65 IS 1 BP 42 EP 50 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 336AM UT WOS:000088279800007 PM 10874078 ER PT J AU Warner, TT Yates, DN Leavesley, GH AF Warner, TT Yates, DN Leavesley, GH TI A community hydrometeorology laboratory for fostering collaborative research by the atmospheric and hydrologic sciences SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB A new community laboratory for fostering collaborative research between the atmospheric and hydrologic sciences communities is described. This facility, located at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, allows scientists from both communities to more easily focus resources and attention on interdisciplinary problems in atmospheric, hydrologic, and other related sciences. Researchers can remotely access the computing tools to use them or to download them to their own facility, or they can visit NCAR and use the laboratory with other scientists in joint research projects. An application of this facility is described, where scientists from NCAR, the University of Colorado, and the United States Geological Survey used quantitative precipitation estimates from weather radar to simulate a flash flood in the Buffalo Creek watershed in the mountainous Front Range near Denver, Colorado. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, RAP, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Warner, TT (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, RAP, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1499 EP 1505 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1499:ACHLFF>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 329BY UT WOS:000087887300001 ER PT J AU Nelson, ME Mech, LD AF Nelson, ME Mech, LD TI Proximity of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, ranges to Wolf, Canis lupus, pack homesites SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE White-tailed Deer; Odocoileus virginianus; Wolf; Canis lupus; predator-prey relations; predation; Wolf homesite; deer home ranges; Minnesota AB Seven adult female White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota lived within 1.8 km of Wolf pack (Canis lupus) homesites without vacating their home ranges. Six of these deer and at least three of their fawns survived through the Wolf homesite period. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Nelson, ME (reprint author), No Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 114 IS 3 BP 503 EP 504 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 390RF UT WOS:000166309600021 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI A record large Wolf, Canis lupus, pack in Minnesota SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Wolf; Canis lupus; pack size; prey; White-tailed Deer; Odocoileus virginianus; Moose; Alces alces; Minnesota AB This report documents a pack of 22-23 Wolves (Canis lupus) in central Minnesota. This is larger than the largest pack previously observed on the mainland in the midwestern U.S. during 650 wolf pack-years. Because this record-large pack preyed on White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), one of the Wolf's smaller prey, it is evidence that pack size and prey size are not tightly related. It also indicates the size that Wolf packs can attain in the area if fully protected from human persecution. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), No Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 114 IS 3 BP 504 EP 505 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 390RF UT WOS:000166309600022 ER PT J AU Roussel, JM Haro, A Cunjak, RA AF Roussel, JM Haro, A Cunjak, RA TI Field test of a new method for tracking small fishes in shallow rivers using passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB A new method for tracking small fishes in shallow streams based on passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology, using a portable reading unit, was investigated. The device consists of a chest-mounted palmtop computer, a reader, and a 12-V battery enclosed in a backpack, connected to a 60-cm-diameter coil antenna mounted on a 4-m-long pole. The method was field tested with wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr using transponders 23.1 mm long and 3.9 mm in diameter surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity of the fish. Laboratory experiments indicated no posttagging mortality for fish > 84 mm in fork length and no tag loss when sutures were used. In the field, tag detection distance was up to 1 m. While moving the antenna above the stream surface, the operator could locate a fish's position to within a square metre. Experiments indicated that more than 80% of tagged parr, on average, were detected by the reader. The technique is a useful alternative to standard radiotelemetry in small-scale environments because PIT tags can be implanted in smaller-bodied fishes and fine-scale movements of individuals can be studied. It can be applied to address numerous questions in the fields of animal behaviour, habitat use, and population dynamics. C1 Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Fac Forestry & Environm Management, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. RP Roussel, JM (reprint author), INRA, UMR EQHC, Aquat Ecol Lab, 65 Rue St Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France. OI Haro, Alexander/0000-0002-7188-9172 NR 7 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 39 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 57 IS 7 BP 1326 EP 1329 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-7-1326 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 327EM UT WOS:000087780700002 ER PT J AU Ball, JW Bassett, RL AF Ball, JW Bassett, RL TI Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chromium; stable isotopes; mass spectrometry; ion exchange; separation ID EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM; CHELATING RESIN; TRACE-ELEMENTS; HEAVY-METALS; SEA-WATER; DILUTION; PRECONCENTRATION; ALLENDE AB A method has been developed for separating the Cr dissolved in natural water from matrix elements and determination of its stable isotope ratios using solid-source thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The separation method takes advantage of the existence of the oxidized form of Cr as an oxyanion to separate it from interfering cations using anion-exchange chromatography, and of the reduced form of Cr as a positively charged ion to separate it from interfering anions such as sulfate. Subsequent processing of the separated sample eliminates residual organic material for application to a solid source filament. Ratios for Cr-53/Cr-52 for National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 979 can be measured using the silica gel-boric acid technique with a filament-to-filament standard deviation in the mean Cr-53/Cr-52 ratio for 50 replicates of 0.00005 or less. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Ball, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 37 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 168 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00189-3 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 319ZK UT WOS:000087376200010 ER PT J AU Stanley, TR AF Stanley, TR TI Modeling and estimation of stage-specific daily survival probabilities of nests SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE estimation; maximum likelihood; Mayfield model; modeling survival; nesting success; nest survival; stage-specific survival ID MAYFIELD METHOD; SUCCESS AB In studies of avian nesting success, it is often of interest to estimate stage-specific daily survival probabilities of nests. When data can be partitioned by nesting stage (e.g., incubation stage, nestling stage), piecewise application of the Mayfield method or Johnson's method is appropriate. However, when the data contain nests where the transition From one stage to the next occurred during the interval between visits, piecewise approaches are inappropriate. In this payer, I present a model that allows joint estimation of stage-specific daily survival probabilities even when the time of transition between stages is unknown. The model allows interval lengths between visits to nests to vary, and the exact time of failure of nests does not need to be known. The performance of the model at various sample sizes and interval lengths between visits was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations, and it was found that the: model performed quite well: bias was small and confidence-interval coverage was at the nominal 95% rate. A SAS program for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of parameters, and their standard errors, is provided in the Appendix. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Stanley, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 81 IS 7 BP 2048 EP 2053 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2048:MAEOSS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 334YQ UT WOS:000088214400024 ER PT J AU Baron, JS Rueth, HM Wolfe, AM Nydick, KR Allstott, EJ Minear, JT Moraska, B AF Baron, JS Rueth, HM Wolfe, AM Nydick, KR Allstott, EJ Minear, JT Moraska, B TI Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review DE nitrogen; Rocky Mountains; Colorado; subalpine forests; alpine and subalpine lakes; paleolimnology; diatoms; N isotopes ID PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; ICE-CORE; PHYTOPLANKTON AB We asked whether 3-5 kg N y(-1) atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1-2 kg N y(-1) on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO, concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past SO years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM jill@nrel.colostate.edu RI Wolfe, Alexander/G-6867-2011; Carneiro, Fernanda/E-9513-2013; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Carneiro, Fernanda/0000-0001-6389-4564; Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 106 TC 188 Z9 197 U1 3 U2 78 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 EI 1435-0629 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 3 IS 4 BP 352 EP 368 DI 10.1007/s100210000032 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 348KP UT WOS:000088984300004 ER PT J AU Parker, JTC Fossum, KD Ingersoll, TL AF Parker, JTC Fossum, KD Ingersoll, TL TI Chemical characteristics of urban stormwater sediments and implications for environmental management, Maricopa County, Arizona SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sediments; metals; organochlorine; contamination; toxicity; urban stormwater AB Investigations of the chemical characteristics of urban stormwater sediments in the rapidly growing Phoenix metropolitan area of Maricopa County, Arizona, showed that the inorganic component of these sediments generally reflects geologic background values. Some concentrations of metals were above background values, especially cadmium, copper, lead. and zinc, indicating an anthropogenic contribution of these elements to the sediment chemistry. Concentrations, however, were not at levels that would require soil remediation according to guidelines of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Arsenic concentrations generally were above recommended values for remediation at a few sites, but these concentrations seem to reflect geologic rather than anthropogenic factors. Several organochlorine compounds no longer in use were ubiquitous in the Phoenix area, although concentrations generally were low. Chlordane, DDT and its decay products DDE and DDD, dieldrin, toxaphene, and PCBs were found at almost all sites sampled, although some of the pesticides in which these compounds are found have been banned for almost 30 years. A few sites showed exceptionally high concentrations of organochlorine compounds. On the basis of published guidelines, urban stormwater sediments do not appear to constitute a major regional environmental problem with respect to the chemical characteristics investigated here. At individual sites, high concentrations of organic compounds-chlordane, dieldrin, PCBs, and toxaphene-may require some attention. The possible environmental hazard presented by low-level organochlorine contamination is not addressed in this paper; however, high levels of toxicity in urban sediments are difficult to explain. Sediment toxicity varied significantly with time, which indicates that these tests should be evaluated carefully before they are used for management decisions. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US Geol Survey, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA. RP Parker, JTC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 221, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 26 IS 1 BP 99 EP 115 DI 10.1007/s002670010074 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 314RM UT WOS:000087071400009 ER PT J AU Jung, RE Droege, S Sauer, JR Landy, RB AF Jung, RE Droege, S Sauer, JR Landy, RB TI Evaluation of terrestrial and streamside salamander monitoring techniques at Shenandoah National Park SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD ID PLETHODON-CINEREUS; SOIL AB In response to concerns about amphibian declines, a study evaluating and validating amphibian monitoring techniques was initiated in Shenandoah and Big Bend National Parks in the spring of 1998. We evaluate precision, bias, and efficiency of several sampling methods for terrestrial and streamside salamanders in Shenandoah National Park and assess salamander abundance in relation to environmental variables, notably soil and water pH. Terrestrial salamanders, primarily redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), were sampled by searching under cover objects during the day in square plots (10 to 35 m(2)). We compared population indices (mean daily and total counts) with adjusted population estimates from capture-recapture. Analyses suggested that the proportion of salamanders detected (p) during sampling varied among plots, necessitating the use of adjusted population estimates. However, adjusted population estimates were less precise than population indices, and may not be efficient in relating salamander populations to environmental variables. In future sampling, strategic use of capture-recapture to verify consistency of p's among sites may be a reasonable compromise between the possibility of bias in estimation of population size and deficiencies due to inefficiency associated with the estimation of p. The streamside two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) was surveyed using four methods: leaf litter refugia bags, 1 m(2) quadrats, 50 x 1 m visual encounter transects, and electric shocking. Comparison of survey methods at nine streams revealed congruent patterns of abundance among sites, suggesting that relative bias among the methods is similar, and that choice of survey method should be based on precision and logistical efficiency. Redback and two-lined salamander abundance were not significantly related to soil or water pH, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Jung, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 26 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 EI 1573-2959 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 65 EP 79 DI 10.1023/A:1006413603057 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900005 ER PT J AU Rattner, BA Pearson, JL Golden, NH Cohen, JB Erwin, RM Ottinger, MA AF Rattner, BA Pearson, JL Golden, NH Cohen, JB Erwin, RM Ottinger, MA TI Contaminant Exposure and Effects - Terrestrial Vertebrates database: Trends and data gaps for Atlantic coast estuaries SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND AB In order to examine the condition of biota in Atlantic coast estuaries, "Contaminant Exposure and Effects-Terrestrial Vertebrates" database (CEE-TV) has been compiled through computerized search of published literature, review of existing databases, and solicitation of unpublished reports from conservation agencies, private groups, and universities. Summary information has been entered into the database, including species, collection date (1965-present), site coordinates, estuary name, hydrologic unit code, sample matrix, contaminant concentrations, biomarker and bioindicator responses, and reference source, utilizing a 98-field character and numeric format. Currently, the CEE-TV database contains 3699 geo-referenced records representing 190 vertebrate species and > 140,000 individuals residing in estuaries from Maine through Florida. This relational database can be directly queried or imported into a Geographic Information System to examine spatial patterns, identify data gaps and areas of concern, generate hypotheses, and focus ecotoxicological field assessments. Information on birds made up the vast majority (83%) of the database, with only a modicum of data on amphibians (< 0.1%). Of the > 75,000 chemical compounds in commerce, only 118 commonly measured environmental contaminants were quantified in tissues of terrestrial vertebrates. There were no CEE-TV data records in 15 of the 67 estuaries located along the Atlantic coast and Florida Gulf coast. The CEE-TV database has a number of potential applications including focusing biomonitoring efforts to generate critically needed ecotoxicological data in the numerous "gaps" along the coast, reducing uncertainty about contaminant risk, identifying areas for mitigation, restoration or special management, and ranking ecological conditions of estuaries. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 131 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1006458811235 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900009 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Martin, BS Barber, LB Leenheer, JA Daniel, SR AF Rostad, CE Martin, BS Barber, LB Leenheer, JA Daniel, SR TI Effect of a constructed wetland on disinfection byproducts: Removal processes and production of precursors SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING WATERS; EFFLUENT; ACIDS; DBPS AB The fate of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in treatment wetlands and the changes in the DBP formation potential as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-derived water moves th rough the wetlands were investigated. Wetland inlet and outlet samples were analyzed for total organic halide (TOX), trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids (HAA), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV absorbance. Removal of DBPs by the wetland ranged from 13 to 55% for TOX, from 78 to 97% for THM, and from 67 to 96% for HAA. The 24-h end 7-day nonpurgeable total organic halide (NPTOX), THM, and HAA formation potential yields were determined at the inlet and outlet of these wetlands. The effect of wetlands an the production of DBP precursors and their DBP-formation potential yield from wastewater was dramatic. The wetlands increased DBP yield up to a factor of almost 30. Specific changes in the DOC precursors were identified using (13)C NMR spectroscopy. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Rostad, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Bldg 95, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM cerostad@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 13 BP 2703 EP 2710 DI 10.1021/es9900407 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 330RC UT WOS:000087974200020 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Acetogenic microbial degradation of vinyl chloride SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVELY DECHLORINATES TETRACHLOROETHENE; ANAEROBIC MIXED CULTURE; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; CHLOROETHENE BIODEGRADATION; ACETOBACTERIUM-WOODII; ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; MINERALIZATION; OXIDATION AB Under methanogenic conditions, microbial degradation of [1,2-C-14]vinyl chloride (VC) resulted in significant (14 +/- 3% maximum recovery) but transient rec every of radioactivity as C-14-acetate. Subsequently, C-14-acetate was degraded to (CH4)-C-14 and (CO2)-C-14 (18 +/- 2% and 54 +/- 3% final recoveries, respectively). In contrast, under 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) amended conditions, C-14-acetate recovery remained high (27 +/- 1% maximum recovery) throughout the study, no (CH4)-C-14 was produced, and the final recovery of (CO2)-C-14 was only 35 +/- 4%. These results demonstrate that oxidative acetogenesis may be an important mechanism for anaerobic VC biodegradation. Moreover, these results (1) demonstrate that microbial degradation of VC to CH4 and CO2 may involve oxidative acetogenesis followed by acetotrophic methanogenesis and (2) suggest that oxidative acetogenesis may be the initial step in the net oxidation of VC to CO2 reported previously under Fe(III)-reducing, SO4-reducing, and humic acids-reducing conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 13 BP 2761 EP 2763 DI 10.1021/es991371m PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 330RC UT WOS:000087974200029 ER PT J AU Johnson, BT Huckins, JN Petty, JD Clark, RC AF Johnson, BT Huckins, JN Petty, JD Clark, RC TI Collection and detection of lipophilic chemical contaminants in water, sediment, soil, and air - SPMD-TOX SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE method; detection; lipophilic compounds; environment C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Johnson, BT (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 15 IS 3 BP 248 EP 252 DI 10.1002/1522-7278(2000)15:3<248::AID-TOX10>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 326ZV UT WOS:000087767900010 ER PT J AU Johnson, BT AF Johnson, BT TI Revised: Activated mutatox assay for detection of genotoxic substances SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE method; detection; genotoxins; environment C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Johnson, BT (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 15 IS 3 BP 253 EP 259 DI 10.1002/1522-7278(2000)15:3<253::AID-TOX11>3.0.CO;2-P PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 326ZV UT WOS:000087767900011 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Heinz, GH AF Beyer, WN Heinz, GH TI Implications of regulating environmental contaminants on the basis of wildlife populations and communities SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1703 EP 1704 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 325KK UT WOS:000087674600001 ER PT J AU Beauvais, SL Jones, SB Brewer, SK Little, EE AF Beauvais, SL Jones, SB Brewer, SK Little, EE TI Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their correlation with behavioral measures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cholinesterase; muscarinic receptor; pesticides; Oncorhynchus mykiss ID BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS; LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; FISH; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; TOXICITY; RAT; INSECTICIDES; CHLORPYRIFOS; INHIBITION AB Relations between neurotoxicants and changes in physiological parameters and behavior were investigated in larval rainbow trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sublethal concentrations of two organophosphate pesticides (OPs). Fish were exposed to diazinon and malathion in static-renewal experiments. After exposures for 24, 96, or 96 h, followed by 48 h of recovery, individual RBT were videotaped to assess locomotory behaviors. Brain tissue from the same fish was assayed for the physiological endpoints, cholinesterase (ChE) activity, muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MChR) number (B-max), and MChR affinity (K-D). Cholinesterase activity decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of both diazinon and malathion and differed significantly among exposure durations, with 24- and 96-h means less than 48-h recovery means. Decreases in B-max with OP concentration were not significant for either chemical, and K-D was unaffected. Changes in swimming speed and distance were significantly correlated with changes in ChE activity for both chemicals; rate of turning was significantly correlated with ChE activity in malathion exposures. These results suggest that correlations between physiological and behavioral changes previously seen in mammals also occur in fish. C1 USGS BRD, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Jones, SB (reprint author), USGS BRD, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 36 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 16 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1875 EP 1880 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1875:PMONOD>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 325KK UT WOS:000087674600022 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Piatt, JF Robards, MD AF Abookire, AA Piatt, JF Robards, MD TI Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature and salinity SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forage fish; nearshore (zone); stratification; temperature; salinity; distribution; estuarine habitat; Alaska ID JUVENILE FISH; RIVER PLUME; HABITAT; LARVAE; RECRUITMENT; ABUNDANCE; BAY; CALIFORNIA; COAST AB Fish were sampled with beach seines and small-meshed beam trawls in nearshore (<1 km) and shallow (<25 m) habitats on the southern coast of Kachemak Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska, from June to August, 1996-1998. Fish distributions among habitats were analysed for species composition, catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and frequency of occurrence. Two oceanographically distinct areas of Kachemak Bay were sampled and compared: the Outer Bay and the Inner Bay. Outer Kachemak Bay is exposed and receives oceanic, upwelled water from the Gulf of Alaska, whereas the Inner Bay is more estuarine. Thermohaline properties of bottom water in the Outer and Inner Bay were essentially the same, whereas the Inner Bay water-column was stratified with warmer, less saline waters near the surface. Distribution and abundance of pelagic schooling fish corresponded with area differences in stratification, temperature and salinity. The Inner Bay supported more species and higher densities of schooling and demersal fish than the Outer Bay. Schooling fish communities sampled by beach seine differed between the Outer and Inner Bays. Juvenile and adult Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi), osmerids (Osmeridae) and sculpins (Cottidae) were all more abundant in the Inner Bay. Gadids (Gadidae) were the only schooling fish taxa more abundant in the Outer Bay. Thermohaline characteristics of bottom water were similar throughout Kachemak Bay. Correspondingly, bottom fish communities were similar in all areas. Relative abundances (CPUE) were not significantly different between areas for any of the five demersal fish groups: flatfishes (Pleuronectidae), ronquils (Bathymasteridae), sculpins (Cottidae), gadids (Gadidae) and pricklebacks (Stichaeidae). C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM alisa.abookire@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 51 IS 1 BP 45 EP 59 DI 10.1006/ecss.1999.0615 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 348NA UT WOS:000088989800004 ER PT J AU Moring, JR AF Moring, JR TI The creation of the first public salmon hatchery in the United States SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB The first public salmon hatchery in the United States was constructed in 1871 at what was then known as Craig's Pond Brook, Maine. Funded by a consortium of northeastern states, the eggs and juveniles reared at the hatchery were intended to assist rehabilitation of depressed runs of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in New England. By 1876, however, Atlantic salmon also were being distributed to at least 19 states and several countries, including such unlikely destinations as North Carolina, Texas, and Nebraska. Commercial weir operators on the Penobscot River sold live adult Atlantic salmon from their traps and these were transported in semi-submerged "salmon cars" to a holding pond at the hatchery. These cars were actually wooden boats with 100 holes drilled to provide circulation and oxygen. Charles Atkins, the first superintendent of the hatchery, developed several innovative culture techniques that are still in use today, such as his modification of the "Russian dry method" of spawning which improved egg fertilization success. His early attempts at fish tagging resulted in some of the first information in the United States on instream movements and homing of Atlantic salmon. Original handwritten documents, long stored in the hatchery attic, provide insight to the early years of operation for what is today known as Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery. C1 Univ Maine, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Moring, JR (reprint author), Univ Maine, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM jmoring@maine.edu NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2000 VL 25 IS 7 BP 6 EP 12 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0006:TCOTFP>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 329WW UT WOS:000087932300002 ER PT J AU Essig, RJ Beal, RE AF Essig, RJ Beal, RE TI Atlantic coast striped bass recovery: Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration in support of Interstate Fishery Management SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fed Aid Div, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Essig, RJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fed Aid Div, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr,NE Reg, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2000 VL 25 IS 7 SU S BP S17 EP S18 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 331NV UT WOS:000088025900008 ER PT J AU Farrell, S AF Farrell, S TI Programs of national significance funded through sport fish restoration SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fed Aid, Arlington, VA USA. RP Farrell, S (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fed Aid, 4401 N Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2000 VL 25 IS 7 SU S BP S75 EP S76 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 331NV UT WOS:000088025900032 ER PT J AU Schramm, H Layher, A Ledet, N AF Schramm, H Layher, A Ledet, N TI Ecosystem management and sport fish restoration SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Schramm, H (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2000 VL 25 IS 7 SU S BP S34 EP S36 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 331NV UT WOS:000088025900017 ER PT J AU Jacobson, PJ Jacobson, KM Angermeier, PL Cherry, DS AF Jacobson, PJ Jacobson, KM Angermeier, PL Cherry, DS TI Variation in material transport and water chemistry along a large ephemeral river in the Namib Desert SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE material transport; water chemistry; ephemeral river ID ORGANIC-MATTER CONCENTRATION; SYCAMORE-CREEK; STREAMS; CARBON; PERSPECTIVE; DYNAMICS; ARIZONA; INDIA; USA AB 1. The chemical characteristics of floodwaters in ephemeral rivers are little known, particularly with regard to their organic loads. These rivers typically exhibit a pronounced downstream hydrological decay but few studies have documented its effect on chemical characteristics and material transport. To develop a better understanding of the dynamics of floods and associated material transport in large ephemeral rivers, floods of the ephemeral Kuiseb River in south-western Africa were tracked and repeatedly sampled at multiple points along the river's lower 220 km. 2. We quantified the composition and transport of solute and sediment loads in relation to longitudinal hydrological patterns associated with downstream hydrological decay. Source and sink areas for transported materials were identified, and the composition and transport dynamics of the organic matter load were compared to those described from more mesic systems. 3. Concentrations of sediments and solutes transported by floods in the Kuiseb River tended to increase downstream in association with pronounced hydrological decay. The contribution of particulate organic matter to total organic load is among the highest recorded, despite our observation of unusually high levels of dissolved organic matter. Hydrological decay resulted in deposition of all transported material within the lower Kuiseb River, with no discharge of water or materials to the Atlantic Ocean. 4. Our results suggest that longitudinal variation in surface flow and associated patterns of material transport renders the lower Kuiseb River a sink for materials transported from upstream. The downstream transport and deposition of large amounts of labile organic matter provides an important carbon supplement to heterotrophic communities within the river's lower reaches. C1 Grinnell Coll, Dept Biol, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Jacobson, PJ (reprint author), Grinnell Coll, Dept Biol, POB 805, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA. EM jacobsop@grinnell.edu NR 48 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 481 EP 491 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00604.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 340VQ UT WOS:000088556500010 ER PT J AU Marlow, MS Gardner, JV Normark, WR AF Marlow, MS Gardner, JV Normark, WR TI Using high-resolution multibeam bathymetry to identify seafloor surface rupture along the Palos Verdes fault complex in offshore southern California SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tectonics; faulting; imagery; Palos Verdes Peninsula ID SLIP AB Recently acquired high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data reveal several linear traces that are the surficial expressions of seafloor rupture of Holocene faults on the upper continental slope southeast of the Pales Verdes Peninsula. High-resolution multichannel and boomer seismic-reflection profiles show that these linear ruptures are the surficial expressions of Holocene faults with vertical to steep dips. The most prominent fault on the multibeam bathymetry is about 10 km to the west of the mapped trace of the Pales Verdes fault and extends for at least 14 km between the shelf edge and the base of the continental slope. This fault is informally called the Avalon Knell fault for the nearby geographic feature of that name. Seismic-reflection profiles show that the Avalon Knell fault is part of a northwest-trending complex of faults and anticlinal uplifts that are evident as scarps and bathymetric highs on the multibeam bathymetry. This fault complex may extend onshore and contribute to the missing balance of Quaternary uplift determined for the Pales Verdes Hills and not accounted for by vertical uplift along the onshore Pales Verdes fault. We investigate the extent of the newly located offshore Avalon Knell fault and use this mapped fault length to estimate likely minimum magnitudes for events along this fault. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Marlow, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 7 BP 587 EP 590 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<587:UHMBTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 327YN UT WOS:000087822200003 ER PT J AU Eichelberger, JC Chertkoff, DG Dreher, ST Nye, CJ AF Eichelberger, JC Chertkoff, DG Dreher, ST Nye, CJ TI Magmas in collision: Rethinking chemical zonation in silicic magmas SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE andesite-rhyolite family; calderas; magma chambers; magmatic differentiation ID CONTINENTAL-CRUST; ALEUTIAN ARC; MAFIC MAGMA; CALIFORNIA; CHAMBERS; VOLCANO; EVOLUTION; PHENOCRYSTS; INCLUSIONS; RESERVOIRS AB The heterogeneity of eruptions attributed to protracted fractionation in subvolcanic magma chambers may instead result from chamber recharge. The case of mafic magma intruding andesitic slush is recognized as giving rise to hybrid effusive eruptions such as at Unzen volcano, Japan, and Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. We propose that zoned andesite-rhyolite explosive eruptions are the complement to mafic recharge, where the resident magma is also andesitic but the intruding magma is silicic. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Alaska Div Geol & Geophys Surveys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Eichelberger, JC (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 34 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 15 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 7 BP 603 EP 606 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<603:MICRCZ>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 327YN UT WOS:000087822200007 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Dreger, DS AF Parsons, T Dreger, DS TI Static-stress impact of the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence on nucleation and slip at the site of the 1999 M=7.1 Hector mine earthquake, southern California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEISMICITY; FAULTS; SHEAR; PEAK AB The proximity in time (similar to 7 years) and space (similar to 20 km) between the 1992 M=7.3 Landers earthquake and the 1999 M=7.1 Hector Mine event suggests a possible link between the quakes. We thus calculated the static stress changes following the 1992 Joshua Tree/Landers/Big Bear earthquake sequence on the 1999 M=7.1 Hector Mine rupture plane in southern California. Resolving the stress tensor into rake-parallel and fault-normal components and comparing with changes in the post-landers seismicity rate allows us to estimate a coefficient of friction on the Hector Mine plane. Seismicity following the 1992 sequence increased at Hector Mine where the fault was unclamped. This increase occurred despite a calculated reduction in right-lateral shear stress. The dependence of seismicity change primarily on normal stress change implies a high coefficient of static friction (mu greater than or equal to 0.8). We calculated the Coulomb stress change using mu=0.8 and found that the Hector Mine hypocenter was mildly encouraged (0.5 bars) by the 1992 earthquake sequence. In addition, the region of peak slip during the Hector Mine quake occurred where Coulomb stress is calculated to have increased by 0.5-1.5 bars. In general, slip was more limited where Coulomb stress was reduced, though there was some slip where the strongest stress decrease was calculated. Interestingly, many smaller earthquakes nucleated at or near the 1999 Hector Mine hypocenter after 1992, but only ih 1999 did an event spread to become a M=7.1 earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 19 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 13 BP 1949 EP 1952 DI 10.1029/1999GL011272 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 331LY UT WOS:000088021600038 ER PT J AU McGarr, A Fletcher, JB AF McGarr, A Fletcher, JB TI A method for mapping apparent stress and energy radiation applied to the 1994 Northridge earthquake fault zone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SEISMIC ENERGY; GROUND MOTION; CALIFORNIA; MODEL; STATE; DROP; INVERSION; DYNAMICS AB Using the Northridge earthquake as an example, we demonstrate a new technique able to resolve apparent stress within subfaults of a larger fault plane. From the model of Wald et al. (1996), we estimated apparent stress for each subfault using tau(a) = (G/beta)[(D) over dot]/2 where G is the modulus of rigidity, beta is the shear wave speed, and [(D) over dot] is the average slip rate. The image of apparent stress mapped over the Northridge fault plane supports the idea that the stresses causing fault slip are inhomogeneous, but limited by the strength of the crust. Indeed, over the depth range 5 to 17 km, maximum values of apparent stress for a given depth interval agree with tau(a)(max)=0.06S(z), where S is the laboratory estimate of crustal strength as a function of depth z. The seismic energy from each subfault was estimated from the product tau(a)DA, where A is subfault area and D its slip. Over the fault zone, we found that the radiated energy is quite variable spatially, with more than 50% of the total coming from just 15% of the subfaults. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McGarr, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 13 BP 1953 EP 1956 DI 10.1029/1999GL011344 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 331LY UT WOS:000088021600039 ER PT J AU Harris, RA AF Harris, RA TI Earthquakes SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 2000 VL 45 IS 7 BP 15 EP 15 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 334PQ UT WOS:000088195200016 ER PT J AU Reilly, TE Prince, KR LaBaugh, JW AF Reilly, TE Prince, KR LaBaugh, JW TI Hydrogeology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Reston, VA 22092 USA. USGS Western Reg, Menlo Park, CA USA. RP Reilly, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 2000 VL 45 IS 7 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 334PQ UT WOS:000088195200023 ER PT J AU Lyttle, P Pallister, J Robertson, JR AF Lyttle, P Pallister, J Robertson, JR TI Geologic mapping SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Cooperat Geol Mapping Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Lyttle, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Cooperat Geol Mapping Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. OI Pallister, John/0000-0002-2041-2147 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 2000 VL 45 IS 7 BP 27 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 334PQ UT WOS:000088195200027 ER PT J AU Menking, KM Anderson, RY Brunsell, NA Allen, BD Ellwein, AL Loveland, TA Hostetler, SW AF Menking, KM Anderson, RY Brunsell, NA Allen, BD Ellwein, AL Loveland, TA Hostetler, SW TI Evaporation from groundwater discharge playas, Estancia Basin, central New Mexico SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE Estancia Basin; Bowen ratio; evaporation; playa; meteorological station ID WATER; LAKE; MODEL AB Bowen ratio meteorological stations have been deployed to measure rates of evaporation from groundwater discharge playas and from an adjacent vegetated bench in the Estancia Basin, in central New Mexico. The playas are remnants of late Pleistocene pluvial Lake Estancia and are discharge areas for groundwater originating as precipitation in the adjacent Manzano Mts. They also accumulate water during local precipitation events. Evaporation is calculated from measured values of net radiation, soil heat flux, atmospheric temperature, and relative humidity. Evaporation rates are strongly dependent on the presence or absence of standing water in the playas, with rates increasing more than 600% after individual rainstorms. Evaporation at site E-12, in the southeastern part of the plays complex, measured 74 cm over a yearlong period from mid-1997 through mid-1998. This value compares favorably to earlier estimates from northern Estancia playas, but is nearly three times greater than evaporation at a similar playa in western Utah. Differences in geographical position, salt crust composition, and physical properties may explain some of the difference in evaporation rates in these two geographic regions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Vassar Coll, Dept Geol & Geog, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, New Mexico Bur Mines, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Menking, KM (reprint author), Vassar Coll, Dept Geol & Geog, 124 Raymond Ave, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604 USA. RI Brunsell, Nathaniel/G-2904-2012 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD JUL PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1-2 BP 133 EP 147 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00025-4 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 336ZU UT WOS:000088333500009 ER EF