FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Lopes, RMC Kamp, LW Doute, S Smythe, WD Carlson, RW McEwen, AS Geissler, PE Kieffer, SW Leader, FE Davies, AG Barbinis, E Mehlman, R Segura, M Shirley, J Soderblom, LA AF Lopes, RMC Kamp, LW Doute, S Smythe, WD Carlson, RW McEwen, AS Geissler, PE Kieffer, SW Leader, FE Davies, AG Barbinis, E Mehlman, R Segura, M Shirley, J Soderblom, LA TI Io in the near infrared: Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) results from the Galileo flybys in 1999 and 2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID HOT-SPOTS; ACTIVE VOLCANISM; TEMPERATURE; SSI; SURFACE; SULFUR; MODEL; PLUME AB Galileo's Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) observed to during the spacecraft's three flybys in October 1999, November 1999, and February 2000. The observations, which are summarized here, were used to map the detailed thermal structure of active volcanic regions and the surface distribution Of SO2 and to investigate the origin of a yet unidentified compound showing an absorption feature at similar to1 mum. We present a summary of the observations and results, focusing on the distribution of thermal emission and Of SO2 deposits. We find high eruption temperatures, consistent with ultramafic volcanism, at Pele. Such temperatures may be present at other hot spots, but the hottest areas may be too small for those temperatures to be detected at the spatial resolution of our observations. Loki is the site of frequent eruptions, and the low thermal emission may represent lavas cooling on the caldera's surface or the cooling crust of a lava lake. High-resolution spectral observations of Emakong caldera show thermal emission and SO2 within the same pixels, implying that patches of SO2 frost and patches of cooling lavas or sulfur flows are present within a few kilometers from one another. Thermal maps of Prometheus and Amirani show that these two hot spots are characterized by long lava flows. The thermal profiles of flows at both locations are consistent with insulated flows, with the Amirani flow field having more breakouts of fresh lava along its length. Prometheus and Amirani each show a white ring at visible wavelengths, while SO2 distribution maps show that the highest concentration of SO2 in both ring deposits lies outside the white portion. Visible measurements at high phase angles show that the white deposit around Prometheus extends into the SO2 ring. This suggests that the deposits are thin and that compositional or grain size variations may occur in the radial direction. SO2 mapping of the Chaac region shows that the interior of a caldera adjacent to Chaac has almost pure SO2. The deposit appears to be topographically controlled, suggesting a possible origin by liquid flow. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CNRS, Lab Planetol Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. SW Kieffer Sci Consulting Inc, Bolton, ON L7E 5T4, Canada. Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lopes, RMC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-601,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 42 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E12 BP 33053 EP 33078 DI 10.1029/2000JE001463 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 515GX UT WOS:000173488000023 ER PT J AU Davies, AG Keszthelyi, LP Williams, DA Phillips, CB McEwen, AS Lopes, RMC Smythe, WD Kamp, LW Soderblom, LA Carlson, RW AF Davies, AG Keszthelyi, LP Williams, DA Phillips, CB McEwen, AS Lopes, RMC Smythe, WD Kamp, LW Soderblom, LA Carlson, RW TI Thermal signature, eruption style, and eruption evolution at Pele and Pillan on Io SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; LAVA FLOWS; HOT-SPOTS; SILICATE VOLCANISM; ACTIVE VOLCANISM; SOUTH-AFRICA; GALILEO; TEMPERATURE; EMISSION; SSI AB The Galileo spacecraft has been periodically monitoring volcanic activity on Io since June 1996, making it possible to chart the evolution of individual eruptions. We present results of coanalysis of Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) and solid-state imaging (SSI) data of eruptions at Pete and Pillan, especially from a particularly illuminating data set consisting of mutually constraining, near-simultaneous NIMS and SSI observations obtained during orbit C9 in June 1997. The observed thermal signature from each hot spot, and the way in which the thermal signature changes with time, tightly constrains the possible styles of eruption. Pete and Pillan have very different eruption styles. From September 1996 through May 1999, Pele demonstrates an almost constant total thermal output, with thermal emission spectra indicative of a long-lived, active lava lake. The NIMS Pillan data exhibit the thermal signature of a "Pillanian" eruption style, a large, vigorous eruption with associated open channel, or sheet flows, producing an extensive flow field by orbit C10 in September 1997. The high mass eruption rate, high liquidus temperature (at least 1870 K) eruption at Pillan is the best candidate so far for an active ultramalic (magnesium-rich, "komatiitic") flow on Io, a style of eruption never before witnessed. The thermal output per unit area from Pillan is, however, consistent with the emplacement of large, open-channel flows. Magma temperature at Pele is greater than or equal to1600 K. If the magma temperature is 1600 K, it suggests a komatiitic-basalt composition. The power output from Pele is indicative of a magma volumetric eruption rate of similar to250 to 340 m(3) s(-1). Although the Pele lava lake is considerably larger than its terrestrial counterparts, the power and mass fluxes per unit area are similar to active terrestrial lava lakes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Davies, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-601,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 50 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E12 BP 33079 EP 33103 DI 10.1029/2000JE001357 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 515GX UT WOS:000173488000024 ER PT J AU Fellers, GM Green, DE Longcore, JE AF Fellers, GM Green, DE Longcore, JE TI Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID CURRENT-USE PESTICIDES; SIERRA-NEVADA; POPULATION DECLINES; MASS MORTALITY; CALIFORNIA; DISAPPEARANCE AB The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was originally reported in wild frog populations in Panama and Australia, and from captive frogs in the U.S. National Zoological Park (Washington, DC). This recently described fungus affects the keratinized epidermis of amphibians and has been implicated as a causative factor in the declines of frog populations. We report here the presence of B. dendrobatidis in larval and recently metamorphosed mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) in or near the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, an area where declines have been documented in all five species of native anurans. Forty-one percent (158 of 387) of larval R. muscosa examined in the field with a hand leas and 18% (14 of 79) of preserved larvae had abnormalities of the oral disc. Twenty-eight larvae were collected from 10 sites where tadpoles had been observed with missing or abnormally keratinized mouthparts, and 24 of these were examined for infection. Sixty-seven percent (16 of 24) of these tadpoles were infected with B. dendrobatidis. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was cultured from both tadpoles and recent metamorphs from one of these sites. Tadpoles with mouthpart abnormalities or confirmed chy trid fungus infections were collected at 23 sites spanning a distance of > 440 km and an elevational range from 1658-3550 m. Life-history traits of R. muscosa may make this species particularly susceptible to infection by Batrachochytrium. We recommend that biologists examine tadpoles for oral disc abnormalities as a preliminary indication of chytridiomycosis. Further, we believe that biologists should take precautions to prevent spreading this and other amphibian diseases from one site to another. C1 USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Fellers, GM (reprint author), USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. NR 24 TC 114 Z9 130 U1 4 U2 37 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD DEC 20 PY 2001 IS 4 BP 945 EP 953 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 508EM UT WOS:000173075800006 ER PT J AU Landwehr, JM Winograd, IJ AF Landwehr, JM Winograd, IJ TI Dating the Vostok ice core record by importing the Devils Hole chronology SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL PERIOD; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ANTARCTIC PRECIPITATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CYCLES; ORIGIN; GREENLAND; CALCITE; ISOTOPE AB The development of an accurate chronology for the Vostok record continues to be an open research question because these invaluable ice cores cannot be dated directly. Depth-to-age relationships have been developed using many different approaches, but published age estimates are inconsistent, even for major paleoclimatic events. We have developed a chronology for the Vostok deuterium paleotemperature record using a simple and objective algorithm to transfer ages of major paleoclimatic events from the radiometrically dated 500,000-year delta(18)O-paleotemperature record from Devils Hole, Nevada. The method is based only on a strong inference that major shifts in paleotemperature recorded at both locations occurred synchronously, consistent with an atmospheric teleconnection. The derived depth-to-age relationship conforms with the physics of ice compaction, and internally produces ages for climatic events 5.4 and 11.24 which are consistent with the externally assigned ages that the Vostok team needed to assume in order to derive their most recent chronology, GT4. Indeed, the resulting V-DH chronology is highly correlated with GT4 because of the unexpected correspondence even in the timing of second-order climatic events that were not constrained by the algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm developed herein is not specific to this problem; rather, the procedure can be used whenever two paleoclimate records are proxies for the same physical phenomenon, and paleoclimatic conditions forcing the two records can be considered to have occurred contemporaneously. The ability of the algorithm to date the East Antarctic Dome Fuji core is also demonstrated. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Landwehr, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM mjlandwe@usgs.gov; ijwinogr@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 31853 EP 31861 DI 10.1029/2001JD900065 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100016 ER PT J AU Kay, JT Conklin, MH Fuller, CC O'Day, PA AF Kay, JT Conklin, MH Fuller, CC O'Day, PA TI Processes of nickel and cobalt uptake by a manganese oxide forming sediment in Pinal Creek, globe mining district, Arizona SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METAL IONS; HYPORHEIC ZONE; STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; HYDROUS OXIDES; OXIDATION; SPECTROSCOPY; INFORMATION; ADSORPTION; MECHANISM AB A series of column experiments was conducted using manganese oxide coated sediments collected from the hyporheic zone in Pinal Creek (AZ), a metal-contaminated stream, to study the uptake and retention of Mn, Ni, and Co. Experimental variables included the absence (abiotic) and presence (biotic) of active Mn-oxidizing bacteria, the absence and presence of dissolved Min, and sediment manganese oxide content. Uptake of Mn under biotic conditions was between 8 and 39% higher than under abiotic conditions. Continuous uptake of Min due to biotic oxidation was evident from extraction of column sediments. Manganese uptake is hypothesized to initially occur as adsorption, which led to subsequent surface and/or microbial oxidation. Complete breakthrough of Ni within 100 pore volumes indicated no process of continuous uptake and was modeled as an equilibrium adsorption process. Nickel uptake in the presence of dissolved Mn was 67-100% reversible. Sediment extractions suggest that Ni uptake occurred through weak and strong adsorption. Continuous uptake of cobalt increased with sediment manganese oxide content, and Co uptake was up to 75% greater under biotic than abiotic conditions. Cobalt uptake was controlled by both existing and newly formed manganese oxides. Only a small amount of Co uptake was reversible (10-25%). XANES spectral analysis indicated that most Co(ll) was oxidized to Co(III) and probably incorporated structurally into manganese oxides. Although manganese oxides were the primary phase controlling uptake and retention of Min, Ni, and Co, the mechanisms varied among the metals. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Conklin, MH (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM martha@hwr.arizona.edu OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES04940] NR 44 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4719 EP 4725 DI 10.1021/es010514d PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 502UF UT WOS:000172760600004 PM 11775144 ER PT J AU Barber, LB Leenheer, JA Noyes, TI Stiles, EA AF Barber, LB Leenheer, JA Noyes, TI Stiles, EA TI Nature and transformation of dissolved organic matter in treatment wetlands SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; WASTE-WATER; WASTEWATERS; CALIFORNIA; EFFLUENTS; REMOVAL; CARBON AB This investigation into the occurrence, character, and transformation of dissolved organic matter(DOM) in treatment wetlands in the western United States shows that (i) the nature of DOM in the source water has a major influence on transformations that occur during treatment, (ii) the climate factors have a secondary effect on transformations, (ii!) the wetlands receiving treated wastewater can produce a not increase in DOM, and (iv) the hierarchical analytical approach used in this study can measure the subtle DOM transformations that occur. As wastewater treatment plant effluent passes through treatment wetlands, the DOM undergoes transformation to become more aromatic and oxygenated. Autochthonous sources are contributed to the DOM, the nature of which is governed by the developmental stage of the wetland system as well as vegetation patterns. Concentrations of specific waste water derived organic contaminants such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, caffeine, and ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid were significantly attenuated by wetland treatment and were not contributed by internal loading. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Barber, LB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 39 TC 92 Z9 109 U1 7 U2 63 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4805 EP 4816 DI 10.1021/es010518i PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 502UF UT WOS:000172760600016 PM 11775156 ER PT J AU Bay, RC Price, PB Clow, GD Gow, AJ AF Bay, RC Price, PB Clow, GD Gow, AJ TI Climate logging with a new rapid optical technique at Siple Dome SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PROJECT-2 ICE CORE; GREENLAND ICE; VOLCANIC ASH; SOUTH-POLE; DEEP ICE; SHEET; INSTABILITY; VARIABILITY; PROMINENT; HOLOCENE AB The dust logger design is based on a decade of experience in the use of light sources to measure optical properties of deep Antarctic ice, Light is emitted at the top of the instrument by side-directed LEDs, scattered or absorbed by dust in the ice surrounding the borehole, and collected in a downhole-pointing photomultiplier tube (PMT) a meter below. With this method the ice is sampled at ambient pressure in a much larger volume than is the case in a core study, and the entire length can be logged in one day. In ice in which scattering is dominated by bubbles, the absorption from dust impurities is perceived as a drop in signal, whereas in bubble-free ice the scattering from dust increases the light collected. We report on results obtained in Siple Dome Hole A in December 2000. The instrument measured increases in dust concentration extending over many meters during glacial maxima, as well as narrow spikes due to similar to1 cm thick ash and dust bands of volcanic origin. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to clarify data analysis and predict the capabilities of future designs. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Bay, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4635 EP 4638 DI 10.1029/2001GL013763 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400032 ER PT J AU Cozzarelli, IM Bekins, BA Baedecker, MJ Aiken, GR Eganhouse, RP Tuccillo, ME AF Cozzarelli, IM Bekins, BA Baedecker, MJ Aiken, GR Eganhouse, RP Tuccillo, ME TI Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude-oil spill site: 1. Geochemical evolution of the plume SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE contaminant plumes; characterization of plumes; BTEX; aromatic hydrocarbons; biodegradation ID GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; CONTAMINANTS; HYDROCARBONS; GROUNDWATER; IRON AB A 16-year study of a hydrocarbon plume shows that the extent of contaminant migration and compound-specific behavior have changed as redox reactions, most notably iron reduction, have progressed over time. Concentration changes at a small scale, determined from analysis of porewater samples drained from aquifer cores, are compared with concentration changes at the plume scale, determined from analysis of water samples from an observation well network. The small-scale data show clearly that the hydrocarbon plume is growing slowly as sediment iron oxides are depleted. Contaminants, such as ortho-xylene that appeared not to be moving downgradient from the oil on the basis of observation well data, are migrating in thin layers as the aquifer evolves to methanogenic conditions. However, the plume-scale observation well data show that the downgradient extent of the Fe2+ and BTEX plume did not change between 1992 and 1995. Instead, depletion of the unstable Fe (III) oxides near the subsurface crude-oil source has caused the maximum dissolved iron concentration zone within the plume to spread at a rate of approximately 3 m/year. The zone of maximum concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) has also spread within the anoxic plume. In monitoring the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water by natural attenuation, subtle concentration changes in observation well data from the anoxic zone may be diagnostic of depletion of the intrinsic electron-accepting capacity of the aquifer. Recognition of these subtle patterns may allow early prediction of growth of the hydrocarbon plume. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Cozzarelli, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 22 TC 107 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 53 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 369 EP 385 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00174-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 505UD UT WOS:000172933200010 PM 11820478 ER PT J AU Bekins, BA Cozzarelli, IM Godsy, EM Warren, E Essaid, HI Tuccillo, ME AF Bekins, BA Cozzarelli, IM Godsy, EM Warren, E Essaid, HI Tuccillo, ME TI Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude oil spill site: II. Controls on spatial distribution of microbial populations SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE anaerobic environment; microorganisms; contaminant plumes; ground water; BTEX; biodegradation ID GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; MONOAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; ANOXIC GROUNDWATER; ORGANIC-ACIDS; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; REDUCTION AB A multidisciplinary study of a crude-oil contaminated aquifer shows that the distribution of microbial physiologic types is strongly controlled by the aquifer properties and crude oil location. The microbial populations of four physiologic types were analyzed together with permeability, porewater chemistry, nonaqueous oil content, and extractable sediment iron. Microbial data from three vertical profiles through the anaerobic portion of the contaminated aquifer clearly show areas that have progressed from iron-reduction to methanogenesis. These locations contain lower numbers of iron reducers, and increased numbers of fermenters; with detectable methanogens. Methanogenic conditions exist both in the area contaminated by nonaqueous oil and also below the oil where high hydrocarbon concentrations correspond to local increases in aquifer permeability. The results indicate that high contaminant flux either from local dissolution or by advective transport plays a key role in determining which areas first become methanogenic. Other factors besides flux that are important include the sediment Fe(II) content and proximity to the water table. In locations near a seasonally oscillating water table, methanogenic conditions exist only below the lowest typical water table elevation. During 20 years since the oil spill occurred, a laterally continuous methanogenic zone has developed along a narrow horizon extending from the source area to 50-60 in downgradient. A companion paper [J. Contain. Hydrol. 53, 369-386] documents how the growth of the methanogenic zone results in expansion of the aquifer volume contaminated with the highest concentrations of benzene, toluene. ethylbenzene. and xylenes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Bekins, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 496,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 46 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 53 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 387 EP 406 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00175-9 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 505UD UT WOS:000172933200011 PM 11820479 ER PT J AU Lacy, JR Monismith, SG AF Lacy, JR Monismith, SG TI Secondary currents in a curved, stratified, estuarine channel SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID FLOW; TURBULENCE AB This paper presents a study of secondary circulation in a curved stratified channel in northern San Francisco Bay over a 12.5-hour tidal cycle. Secondary currents were strong at times (varying by up to 35 cm/s from top to bottom) but relatively transient, as the balance between centrifugal and lateral baroclinic forcing changed over time. The short travel time around the bend did not allow a steady state balance to develop between centrifugal and lateral baroclinic forcing. During the flood tide the confluence of two streams with different velocities produced a strong lateral gradient in streamwise velocity. As a result, lateral advection was a significant term in the streamwise momentum balance, having the same order of magnitude as the barotropic and baroclinic pressure gradients, and the frictional terms. During the first part of the ebb, secondary currents were induced by lateral baroclinic forcing. The direction of the secondary circulation reversed later in the ebb, as the baroclinic forcing became weaker than the centrifugal acceleration. The gradient Richardson number showed that stratification was stable over most of the tidal cycle, decreasing the importance of friction and allowing secondary currents to persist. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Lacy, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 106 IS C12 BP 31283 EP 31302 DI 10.1029/2000JC000606 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 513WB UT WOS:000173402400026 ER PT J AU Farre, ML Ferrer, I Ginebreda, A Figueras, M Olivella, L Tirapu, L Vilanova, M Barcelo, D AF Farre, ML Ferrer, I Ginebreda, A Figueras, M Olivella, L Tirapu, L Vilanova, M Barcelo, D TI Determination of drugs in surface water and wastewater samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: methods and preliminary results including toxicity studies with Vibrio fischeri SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Handling of Environmental and Biological Samples in Chromatography CY APR 01-04, 2001 CL MAINZ, GERMANY SP Int Assoc Environm Analyt Chem (IAEAC), ESWE Inst Water Res Water Tech/Univ Mainz DE Vibrio fischeri; water analysis; toxicity; drugs; ibuprofen; ketoprofen; naproxen; diclofenac; salicylic acid; gemfibrozil ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; ANTIINFLAMMATORY COMPOUND; CLOFIBRIC ACID; IBUPROFEN; SEWAGE; BEHAVIOR AB In the present work a combined analytical method involving toxicity and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) was developed for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in water samples. The drugs investigated were the analgesics: ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac, the decomposition product of the acetyl salicylic acid: salicylic acid and one lipid lowering agent, genifibrozil. The selected compounds are acidic substances, very polar and all of them are analgesic compounds that can be purchased without medical prescription. The developed protocol consisted, first of all, on the use Microtox((R)) and ToxAlert (R) 100 toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri for the different pharmaceutical drugs. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values and the toxicity units (TU) were determined for every compound using both systems. Sample enrichment of water samples was achieved by solid-phase extraction procedure (SPE), using the Merck LiChrolut((R)) EN cartridges followed by LC-ESI-MS. Average recoveries loading I I of samples with PH=2 varied from 69 to 91% and the detection limits in the range of 15-56 ng/l. The developed method was applied to real samples from wastewater and surface-river waters of Catalonia (north-east of Spain). One batch of samples was analyzed in parallel also by High Resolution Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HRGC-MS) and the results have been compared with the LC-ESI-MS method developed in this work. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BV All rights reserved. C1 CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Environm Chem, Barcelona 08034, Spain. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Catalan Water Agcy, Dept Environm Affairs Gen Catalunya, Barcelona 08036, Spain. RP Barcelo, D (reprint author), CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Environm Chem, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain. EM dbcqam@cid.csic.es RI Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 25 TC 255 Z9 264 U1 4 U2 90 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 14 PY 2001 VL 938 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01154-2 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 502MG UT WOS:000172746900020 PM 11771838 ER PT J AU Morrow, CA Moore, DE Lockner, DA AF Morrow, CA Moore, DE Lockner, DA TI Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; FLUID-FLOW; DIAGENESIS; QUARTZ; GOUGE; EARTHQUAKES; FRICTION; MODEL; ZONE AB The formation of impermeable fault seals between earthquake events is a feature of many models of earthquake generation, suggesting that earthquake recurrence may depend in part on the rate of permeability reduction of fault zone materials under hydrothermal conditions. In this study, permeability measurements were conducted on intact, fractured, and gouge-bearing Westerly granite at an effective pressure of 50 MPa and at temperatures from 150degrees to 500degreesC, simulating conditions in the earthquake-generatin g portions of fault zones. Pore fluids were cycled back and forth under a 2 MPa pressure differential for periods of up to 40 days. Permeability of the granite decreased with time t, following the exponential relation k = c(10(-rt)). For intact samples run between 250degrees and 500degreesC the time constant for permeability decrease r was proportional to temperature and ranged between 0.001 and 0.1 days(-1) (i.e., between 0.4 and 40 decades year(-1) loss of permeability). Values of r for the lower-temperature experiments differed little from the 250degreesC runs. In contrast, prefractured samples showed higher rates of permeability decrease at a given temperature, The surfaces of the fractured samples showed evidence of dissolution and mineral growth that increased in abundance with both temperature and time. The experimentally grown mineral assemblages varied with temperature and were consistent with a rock-dominated hydrothermal system. As such mineral deposits progressively seal the fractured samples, their rates of permeability decrease approach the rates for intact rocks at the same temperature. These results place constraints on models of precipitation sealing and suggest that fault rocks may seal at a rate consistent with earthquake recurrence intervals of typical fault zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Morrow, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cmorrow@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B12 BP 30551 EP 30560 DI 10.1029/2000JB000010 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 512JG UT WOS:000173320800008 ER PT J AU Beeler, NM Hickman, SH Wong, TF AF Beeler, NM Hickman, SH Wong, TF TI Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STATE-DEPENDENT FRICTION; SIMULATED FAULT GOUGE; ROCK FRICTION; HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; REPEATING EARTHQUAKES; APPARENT STRESS; SINGLE DEGREE; SLIP; GRANITE AB We determine the scaling relationships between earthquake stress drop and recurrence interval t(r) that are implied by I ab oratory-measured fault strength. We assume that repeating earthquakes can be simulated by stick-slip sliding using a spring and slider block model. Simulations with static/kinetic strength, time-dependent strength, and rate- and state-variable-dependent strength indicate that the relationship between loading velocity and recurrence interval can be adequately described by the power law V-L proportional to t(r)(n) where napproximate to-1. Deviations from n=-1 arise from second order effects on strength, with n>-1 corresponding to apparent time-dependent strengthening and n<-1 corresponding to weakening. Simulations with rate and state-variable equations show that dynamic shear stress drop Deltatau(d) scales with recurrence as dDeltatau(d)/d ln t(r) less than or equal to sigma(e) (b - a), where sigma(e) is the effective normal stress, mu=tau/sigma(e), and (a-b)=dmu(ss)/dlnV is the steady-state slip rate dependence of strength. In addition, accounting for seismic energy radiation, we suggest that the static shear stress drop Deltatau(s) scales as dDeltatau(s)/d ln t(r) less than or equal to sigma(e) (1 + zeta)(b - a), where is the fractional overshoot, The variation of Deltatau(s) with Int, for earthquake stress drops is somewhat larger than implied by room temperature laboratory values of zeta and b-a. However, the uncertainty associated with the seismic data is large and the discrepancy between the seismic observations and the rate of strengthening predicted by room temperature experiments is less than an order of magnitude. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM nbeeler@usgs.gov NR 67 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B12 BP 30701 EP 30713 DI 10.1029/2000JB900242 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 512JG UT WOS:000173320800018 ER PT J AU Hyer, KE Hornberger, GM Herman, JS AF Hyer, KE Hornberger, GM Herman, JS TI Processes controlling the episodic steamwater transport of atrazine and other agrichemicals in an agricultural watershed SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE atrazine nitrate; water quality; runoff; watersheds; models ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SURFACE-WATER; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; CATCHMENT; STREAM; RIVER; HERBICIDES; FLOW AB Episodic streamwater transport of atrazine (a common agricultural herbicide) and nutrients has been observed throughout agricultural watersheds in the United States and poses a serious threat to the quality of its water resources. Catchment-scale atrazine and nutrient transport processes after agricultural application are still poorly understood., and predicting episodic streamwater composition remains an elusive goal. We instrumented a 1.2-km(2) agricultural catchment near Harrisonburg, Virginia, and examined streamwater. overland flow, soil water, groundwater, and rainfall during the summer of 1998. Storm chemographs demonstrated different patterns for constituents derived primarily from weathering (silica and calcium), compared to constituents derived primarily from early spring land applications (nitrate, atrazine. DOC, potassium, chloride, and sulfate). During storms, the concentrations of silica and calcium decreased, the atrazine response was variable, and the concentrations of nitrate, DOC, potassium, chloride, and sulfate increased; the elevated nitrate signal lagged several hours behind the other elevated constituents. Graphical and statistical analyses indicated a relatively stable spring-fed baseflow was modified by a mixture of overland flow and soil water. A rapid, short-duration overland-flow pulse dominated the streamflow early in the event and contributed most of the potassium, DOC, chloride, suspended sediment, and atrazine. A longer-duration soil-water pulse dominated the streamflow later in the event and contributed the nitrate as well as additional potassium. DOC. sulfate, and atrazine. The contributions to the episodic streamflow were quantified using a flushing model in which overland-flow and soil-water concentrations decreased exponentially with time during an episode. Flushing time constants for the overland-flow and soil-water reservoirs were calculated on a storm-by-storm basis using separate tracers for each time-variable reservoir. Initial component concentrations were estimated through regression analyses. Mass-balance calculations were used for flow separations and to predict the observed streamwater composition. Model forecasts indicated that reduced fertilizer and pesticide application (rather than elimination of overland-flow or soil-water contributions) was necessary to improve the episodic streamwater composition. This study provides important additional understanding of the catchment-scale processes by which land-applied pesticides and nutrients can move through agricultural systems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Hyer, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1730 E Parham Rd, Richmond, VA 23228 USA. NR 50 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 254 IS 1-4 BP 47 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00497-8 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 496GK UT WOS:000172387700004 ER PT J AU Mateo, R Hoffman, DJ AF Mateo, R Hoffman, DJ TI Differences in oxidative stress between young Canada geese and mallards exposed to lead-contaminated sediment SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; RAT-BRAIN; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; ERYTHROCYTE-MEMBRANES; N-ACETYLCYSTEINE; S-TRANSFERASE; VITAMIN-E; GLUTATHIONE; ANTIOXIDANT AB Lead (Pb) exposure results in an increase in tissue lipid peroxides and variation in glutathione (GSH) concentrations, which can be related to peroxidative damage of cell membranes in Pb-poisoned animals. Species and individual variation in sensitivity to Pb poisoning among animals may be due to differential resistance to oxidative stress. The effects of oxidative stress caused by Pb exposure (1.7, 414, and 828 mu-g/g of diet) were compared for the first 6 wk in growing young of two species of waterfowl, Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), with the first species being possibly more sensitive to Pb poisoning based on previous field and laboratory observations. Blood and liver Pb concentrations increased more in mallards than in geese. This may be explained on the basis of body weight, being 3.2 times higher in geese, and by hepatic metabolism, where GSH S-transferase (GST) activity is 2.9-fold higher in geese and presumably has a role in the binding of Pb to GSH and subsequent biliary excretion. In contrast, mallards showed higher hepatic levels of GSH and activities of GSH peroxidase (GPX) and GSH reductase (GR). Although both species showed a rise in hepatic GSH concentration with Pb exposure, the relationship between increased lipid peroxidation and Pb exposure was only significant in geese. Within treatment groups, hepatic GSH concentrations were inversely related to liver Pb concentrations in both species, which may correspond to the role of GSH in Pb excretion. Hepatic GSH was also inversely related to hepatic lipid peroxidation, but only in mallards and in agreement with the species differences observed in GPX and GR activities. The lower resistance to lipid peroxidation of Canada geese may explain why geese can die in the filed from Pb poisoning after ingesting fewer shot than found in the gizzards of mallards and with lower liver Pb concentrations than in mallards. C1 Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Lab Toxicol, Fac Vet, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. RP USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM David_Hoffman@usgs.gov RI Mateo, Rafael/A-3117-2011 OI Mateo, Rafael/0000-0003-1307-9152 NR 65 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 EI 1087-2620 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD DEC 7 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 7 BP 531 EP 545 DI 10.1080/15287390152627228 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 498WH UT WOS:000172536200002 PM 11760152 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Bond, WJ AF Keeley, JE Bond, WJ TI On incorporating fire into our thinking about natural ecosystems: A response to Saha and Howe SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE bamboo; critique; delayed reproduction; fuels; India; mass flowering; monocarpic; seedling recruitment; wildfire ID CYCLE HYPOTHESIS; FOREST; HISTORY; CLIMATE; BAMBOOS C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jon_keeley@usgs.gov; Bond@botzoo.uct.ac.za NR 63 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 158 IS 6 BP 664 EP 670 DI 10.1086/323594 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 499LE UT WOS:000172572000011 PM 18707361 ER PT J AU Barboza, PS Jorde, DG AF Barboza, PS Jorde, DG TI Effects of winter diet on enrichment of 13C & 15N in ducks SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. USGS PWRC, Laurel, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1385 EP 1385 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500041 ER PT J AU Barboza, PS Jorde, DG AF Barboza, PS Jorde, DG TI Male and female black ducks respond differently to intermittent feeding in winter SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. USGS PWRC, Laurel, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1385 EP 1385 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500040 ER PT J AU Geis, A Barichivich, J Wibbels, T AF Geis, A Barichivich, J Wibbels, T TI Use of a testosterone RIA to estimate the sex ratio of juvenile Kemp's ridleys at Cedar Key, Florida. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1451 EP 1451 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500257 ER PT J AU Hiroi, J McCormick, SD AF Hiroi, J McCormick, SD TI Effect of salinity on Na,K-ATPase and Na,K,2Cl-cotransporter in three salmonids with varying degrees of salinity tolerance SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Reston, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1472 EP 1472 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500327 ER PT J AU Hui, CA Beyer, WN AF Hui, CA Beyer, WN TI Sediment ingestion of two sympatric shorebird species. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1477 EP 1478 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500346 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD Bjornsson, SD Moeckel, AM Lerner, DT O'Dea, MF AF McCormick, SD Bjornsson, SD Moeckel, AM Lerner, DT O'Dea, MF TI Endocrine pathways for the disruption of the parr-smolt transformation by estradiol and nonylphenol. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Washington, DC USA. Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1518 EP 1518 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500482 ER PT J AU Goodwin, KD Varner, RK Crill, PM Oremland, RS AF Goodwin, KD Varner, RK Crill, PM Oremland, RS TI Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C-1 compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUMIGATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; COASTAL SEAWATER; GEN. NOV.; SP. NOV.; OXIDATION; DEGRADATION; CULTURES; CHLORIDE AB Pure cultures of methylotrophs and methanotrophs are known to oxidize methyl bromide (MeBr); however, their ability to oxidize tropospheric concentrations (parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) has not been tested. Methylotrophs and methanotrophs were able to consume MeBr provided at levels that mimicked the tropospheric mixing ratio of MeBr (12 pptv) at equilibrium with surface waters (approximate to2 pM). Kinetic investigations using picomolar concentrations of MeBr in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were performed using strain IMB-1 and Leisingeria methylohalidivorans strain MB2(T) - terrestrial and marine methylotrophs capable of halorespiration. First-order uptake of MeBr with no indication of threshold was observed for both strains. Strain MB2(T) displayed saturation kinetics in batch experiments using micromolar MeBr concentrations, with an apparent K-s of 2.4 muM MeBr and a V-max of 1.6 nmol h(-1) (10(6) cells)(-1). Apparent first-order degradation rate constants measured with the CSTR were consistent with kinetic parameters determined in batch experiments, which used 35- to 1 x 10(7)-fold-higher MeBr concentrations. Ruegeria algicola (a phylogenetic relative of strain MB2(T)), the common heterotrophs Escherichia coli and Bacillus pumilus, and a toluene oxidizer, Pseudomonas mendocina KR1, were also tested. These bacteria showed no significant consumption of 12 pptv MeBr; thus, the ability to consume ambient mixing ratios of MeBr was limited to C-1 compound-oxidizing bacteria in this study. Aerobic C-1 bacteria may provide model organisms for the biological oxidation of tropospheric MeBr in soils and waters. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Goodwin, KD (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014; Varner, Ruth/E-5371-2011; OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073; Varner, Ruth/0000-0002-3571-6629; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 57 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 67 IS 12 BP 5437 EP 5443 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5437-5443.2001 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 497JM UT WOS:000172451800012 PM 11722890 ER PT J AU Domagalski, J AF Domagalski, J TI Mercury and methylmercury in water and sediment of the Sacramento River Basin, California SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID METHYL MERCURY; ECOSYSTEMS AB Mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) concentrations in streambed sediment and water were determined at 27 locations throughout the Sacramento River Basin, CA. Mercury in sediment was elevated at locations downstream of either Hg mining or Au mining activities where Hg was used in the recovery of Au. Methylmercury in sediment was highest (2.84 ng/g) at a location with the greatest wetland land cover, in spite of lower total Hg at that site relative to other river sites. Mercury in unfiltered water was measured at 4 locations on the Sacramento River and at tributaries draining the mining regions, as well as agricultural regions. The highest levels of Hg in unfiltered water (2248 ng/l) were measured at a site downstream of a historic Hg mining area, and the highest levels at all sites were measured in samples collected during high streamflow when the levels of suspended sediment were also elevated. Mercury in unfiltered water exceeded the current federal and state recommended criterion for protection of aquatic life (50 ng/l as total Hg in unfiltered water) only during high streamflow conditions. The highest loading of Hg to the San Francisco Bay system was attributed to sources within the Cache Creek watershed, which are downstream of historic Hg mines, and to an unknown source or sources to the mainstem of the Sacramento River upstream of historic Au mining regions. That unknown source is possibly associated with a volcanic deposit. Methylmercury concentrations also were dependent on season and hydrologic conditions. The highest levels (1.98 ng/l) in the Sacramento River, during the period of study, were measured during a major flood event. The reactivity of Hg in unfiltered water was assessed by measuring the amount available for reaction by a strong reducing agent. Although most Hg was found to be nonreactive, the highest reactivity (7.8% of the total Hg in water) was measured in the sample collected from the same site with high CH3Hg+ in sediment, and during the time of year when that site was under continual flooded conditions. Although Hg concentrations in water downstream of the Hg mining operations were measured as high as 2248 ng/l during stormwater runoff events, the transported Hg was found to have a low potential for geochemical transformations, as indicated by the low reactivity to the reducing agent (0.0001% of the total), probably because most of the Hg in the unfiltered water sample was in the mercury sulfide form. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Domagalski, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 25 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 15 BP 1677 EP 1691 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00068-3 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 477EQ UT WOS:000171270500002 ER PT J AU Torchin, ME Lafferty, KD Kuris, AM AF Torchin, Mark E. Lafferty, Kevin D. Kuris, Armand M. TI Release from parasites as natural enemies: increased performance of a globally introduced marine crab SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Carcinus maenas; green crab; introduced species; natural enemies; parasites; predators; global invasion AB Introduced species often seem to perform better than conspecifics in their native range. This is apparent in the high densities they may achieve or the larger individual sizes they attain. A prominent hypothesis explaining the success of introduced terrestrial species is that they are typically free of or are less affected by the natural enemies (competitors, predators, and parasites) they encounter in their introduced range compared to their native range. To test this hypothesis in a marine system, we conducted a global assessment of the effect of parasitism and predation on the ecological performance of European green crab populations. In Europe, where the green crab is native, crab body size and biomass were negatively associated with the prevalence of parasitic castrators. When we compared native crab populations with those from introduced regions, limb loss (an estimator of predation) was not significantly lower in introduced regions, parasites infected introduced populations substantially less and crabs in introduced regions were larger and exhibited a greater biomass. Our results are consistent with the general prediction that introduced species suffer less from parasites compared to populations where they are native. This may partly explain why the green crab is such a successful invader and, subsequently, why it is a pest in so many places. C1 [Torchin, Mark E.; Kuris, Armand M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Torchin, Mark E.; Kuris, Armand M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Torchin, ME (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM torchin@lifesci.ucsb.edu FU CSIRO; National Sea Grant College Program; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); US Department of Commerce [NA06RG0142, R/CZ-162]; California Sea Grant College System; California State Resources Agency FX We thank the CSIRO Center for Research on Introduced Marine Pests for access to some of the Australian crab data acquired in collaborative studies of green crab parasites. For assistance with collections, logistic support, discussion and comments on previous drafts, we thank: J. Carlton, J. Castro, T. Cruz, K. Featherby, J. Goddard, E. Grosholz, R. Gurney, M. Hochberg, J. Hoeg, M. Lastra, P. Sadeghian, I. Svane, A. Torchin and three anonymous reviewers. This paper is funded in part by CSIRO and by a grant from the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), US Department of Commerce under grant number NA06RG0142, Project number R/CZ-162, through the California Sea Grant College System, and in part by the California State Resources Agency. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute for governmental purposes. NR 75 TC 126 Z9 135 U1 3 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 EI 1573-1464 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 4 BP 333 EP 345 DI 10.1023/A:1015855019360 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V44TU UT WOS:000209772100002 ER PT J AU Ross, RM Lellis, WA Bennett, RM Johnson, CS AF Ross, Robert M. Lellis, William A. Bennett, Randy M. Johnson, Connie S. TI Landscape determinants of nonindigenous fish invasions SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE acid mine-drainage; exotic species; fish communities; habitat quality; land use; stream order; water quality AB Much has been written about the influence of exotic or nonindigenous species on natural habitats and communities of organisms, but little is known of the physical or biological conditions that lead to successful invasion of native habitats and communities by exotics. We studied invasivity factors in headwater streams of the Susquehanna River West Branch, which drains portions of the northern Appalachian Plateau. A replicated (two major tributaries) 3 x 3 factorial design was used to determine landscape effects of size (stream order) and quality (land use) on abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic (fish community structure and function) stream attributes. Seven (21%) of thirty-four fish species (brown trout, common carp, mimic shiner, bluegill, smallmouth bass, fantail darter, and banded darter) collected in the eighteen streams sampled were nonindigenous to the basin. Watershed size (stream orders 1, 3, and 5) significantly affected stream geomorphologic and habitat variables (gradient, width, depth, current velocity, diel water temperature, bank overhang, canopy cover, and woody debris density) but not water-quality variables, while land use in watersheds (conservation, mining, and agriculture) significantly affected measured water-quality variables (alkalinity and concentrations of manganese, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and total dissolved solids) but not stream physical or habitat quality. Both watershed size and land use affected fish-community variables such as presence of particular species, species density, species diversity, tolerance diversity, and mean fish size, but in both cases the effect was transparent to native-origin status of fish species. No relationships were found between occurrence of nonindigenous species in watersheds and trophic structure or functional diversity. Therefore, the hypothesis that reduced species diversity increases vulnerability to nonindigenous species was not supported. However, the spatial variation associated with both water-quality and habitat-quality factors was greater in streams with mixed (those with nonindigenous species) than with exclusively native assemblages. These findings suggest that the mechanism for successful invasion by nonindigenous or exotic species is through change in water or habitat quality associated with human or natural disturbances, such as agriculture and mining activities in watersheds. Biotic factors appear to play no or a lesser role in the invasibility of northern Appalachian lotic systems. C1 [Ross, Robert M.; Lellis, William A.; Bennett, Randy M.; Johnson, Connie S.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Northern Appalachian Res Lab, Rural Delivery 4 Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Ross, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Northern Appalachian Res Lab, Rural Delivery 4 Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. EM rossr@usgs.gov NR 77 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 EI 1573-1464 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 4 BP 347 EP 361 DI 10.1023/A:1015847305717 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V44TU UT WOS:000209772100003 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Bjorkland, R AF Kendall, WL Bjorkland, R TI Using open robust design models to estimate temporary emigration from capture-recapture data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE breeding probability; detection probability; Eretmochelys imbricata; hawksbill sea turtles; Mark recapture; open populations; survival ID MARK-RECAPTURE; SURVIVAL; RATES; POPULATIONS; SELECTION; RECOVERY; SAMPLES AB Capture-recapture studies are crucial in many circumstances for estimating demographic parameters for wildlife and fish populations. Pollock's robust design, involving multiple sampling occasions per period of interest, provides several advantages over classical approaches. This includes the ability to estimate the probability of being present and available for detection, which in some situations is equivalent to breeding probability. We present a model for estimating availability for detection that relaxes two assumptions required in previous approaches. The first is that the sampled population is closed to additions and deletions across samples within a period of interest. The second is that each member of the population has the same probability of being available for detection in a given period. We apply our model to estimate survival and breeding probability in a study of hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), where previous approaches are not appropriate. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Minist Agr, Kingston, Jamaica. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM William_Kendall@usgs.gov; Rhuemaker@bellsouth.net NR 41 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-341X EI 1541-0420 J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 57 IS 4 BP 1113 EP 1122 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.01113.x PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 540XU UT WOS:000174956800015 PM 11764251 ER PT J AU Wesson, RL Perkins, DM AF Wesson, RL Perkins, DM TI Spatial correlation of probabilistic earthquake ground motion and loss SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Spatial correlation of annual earthquake ground motions and losses can be used to estimate the variance of annual losses to a portfolio of properties exposed to earthquakes. A direct method is described for the calculation of the spatial correlation of earthquake ground motions and losses. Calculations for the direct method can be carried out using either numerical quadrature or a discrete, matrix-based approach. Numerical results for this method are compared with those calculated from a simple Monte Carlo simulation. Spatial correlation of ground motion and loss is induced by the systematic attenuation of ground motion with distance front the source, by common site conditions, and by the finite length of fault ruptures. Spatial correlation is also strongly dependent on the partitioning of the variability, given an event, into interevent and intraevent components. Intraevent variability reduces the spatial correlation of losses. Interevent variability increases spatial correlation of losses. The higher the spatial correlation, the larger the variance in losses to a portfolio, and the more likely extreme values become. This result underscores the importance of accurately determining the relative magnitudes of intraevent and interevent variability in ground-motion studies, because of the strong impact in estimating earthquake losses to a portfolio. The direct method offers an alternative to simulation for calculating the variance of losses to a portfolio, which may reduce the amount of calculation required. C1 US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wesson, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 25 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1498 EP 1515 DI 10.1785/0120000284 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500007 ER PT J AU Harmsen, SC AF Harmsen, SC TI Mean and modal epsilon in the deaggregation of probabilistic ground motion SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC HAZARD; DESIGN AB An important element of probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA) is the incorporation of ground-motion uncertainty from the earthquake sources. The standard normal variate epsilon measures the difference between any specified spectral-acceleration level, or SA(0), and the estimated median spectral acceleration from each probabilistic source. In this article, mean and modal values of epsilon for a specified SA(0) are defined and computed from all sources considered in the USGS 1996 PSHA maps. Contour maps of epsilon are presented for the conterminous United States for 1-, 0.3-, and 0.2-sec SA(0) and for peak horizontal acceleration, PGA(0) corresponding to a 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 yr, or mean annual rate of exceedance, r, of 0.000404. Mean and modal e exhibit a wide variation geographically for any specified PE. Modal e for the 2% in 50 yr PE exceeds 2 near the most active western California faults, is less than -1 near some less active faults of the western United States (principally in the Basin and Range), and may be less than 0 in areal fault zones of the central and eastern United States (CEUS). This geographic variation is useful for comparing probabilistic ground motions with ground motions from scenario earthquakes on dominating faults, often used in seismic-resistant provisions of building codes. An interactive seismic-hazard deaggregation menu item has been added to the USGS probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis Web site, http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov, /eq/, allowing visitors to compute mean and modal distance, magnitude, and c corresponding to ground motions having mean return times from 250 to 5000 yr for any site in the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Harmsen, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1537 EP 1552 DI 10.1785/0120000289 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500010 ER PT J AU Hough, SE AF Hough, SE TI Triggered earthquakes and the 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, earthquake sequence SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRESS-STRAIN CHANGES; GROUND-MOTION; SEISMICITY; CALIFORNIA; INTENSITIES; MAGNITUDES; LANDERS AB The 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, earthquake sequence included at least three events with magnitudes estimated at well above M 7.0. 1 discuss evidence that the sequence also produced at least three substantial triggered events well outside the New Madrid Seismic Zone, most likely in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. The largest of these events is estimated to have a magnitude in the low to mid M 5 range. Events of this size are large enough to cause damage, especially in regions with low levels of preparedness. Remotely triggered earthquakes have been observed in tectonically active regions in recent years, but not previously in stable continental regions. The results of this study suggest, however, that potentially damaging triggered earthquakes may be common following large mainshocks in stable continental regions. Thus, in areas of low seismic activity such as central/eastern North America, the hazard associated with localized source zones might be more far reaching than previously recognized. The results also provide additional evidence that intraplate crust is critically stressed, such that small stress changes are especially effective at triggering earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1574 EP 1581 DI 10.1785/0120000259 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500013 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ AF Lienkaemper, JJ TI 1857 slip on the San Andreas fault southeast of Cholame, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; PARKFIELD; RECURRENCE AB Sieh and Jahns (1984) forecasted that the next moderate Parkfield earthquake might trigger a major earthquake along a fault segment greater than 30 km long southeast of Cholame. Their forecast assumed (1) the slip was 3-4 m in 1857 and characteristic of the segment; (2) a slip rate of 3.4 cm/yr; and (3) full strain release in earthquakes. This study represents an independent measurement of channel offsets, on 1:2400-scale low-sun aerial photographs and by field investigation, to estimate the amount of 1857 slip. Although rainfall is only moderate (30 cm/yr), few reliable offsets of less than 210 m persist here because cattle grazing and agricultural disking of soft sediments on the steep terrain greatly aggravate erosion. Reconstruction of offset geometry and size depends heavily on assumptions made about the post-1857 erosion. Most of the apparent 3- to 4-m offsets of Sieh and Jahns (1984) can also be measured as 2 to 3 m larger with equal or lower uncertainty. The four offsets judged as most reliable range between 5.4 and 6.7 m, and the 11 offsets of medium-high reliability average 5.8 +/- 0.3 m. Data are too sparse and ambiguous to resolve details of the 1857 slip for this segment but it is distinctly less than the 9 m of the Carrizo Plain and more than the 3-4 m previously estimated. Further trenching may refine some measurements, but probability calculations for a Cholame segment earthquake must allow for large observer-dependent uncertainty in the 1857 slip. Although the probability of an M :7 Cholame event seems less than that suggested by a 3.5-m characteristic earthquake model, it remains among the highest in the state. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlienk@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1659 EP 1672 DI 10.1785/0120000043 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500019 ER PT J AU Beeler, NM Lockner, DL Hickman, SH AF Beeler, NM Lockner, DL Hickman, SH TI A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its implication for microearthquakes at Parkfield SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; STRENGTH; DEPTH; RATES AB repeating earthquakes are represented by circular ruptures, have constant stress drops, and experience no aseismic slip, then their recurrence times should vary with seismic moment as t(r) proportional to M-0(1/3). In contrast, the observed variation for small, characteristic repeating earthquakes along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield (Nadeau and Johnson, 1998) is much weaker. Also, the Parkfield repeating earthquakes have much longer recurrence intervals than expected if the static stress drop is 10 MPa and if the loading velocity V-L is assumed equal to the geodetically inferred slip rate of the fault V-f. To resolve these discrepancies, previous studies have assumed no aseismic slip during the interseismic period, implying either high stress drop or V-L not equal V-f. In this study, we show that a model that includes aseismic slip provides a plausible alternative explanation for the Parkfield repeating earthquakes. Our model of a repeating earthquake is a fixed-area fault patch that is allowed to continuously creep and strain harden until reaching a failure threshold stress. The strain hardening is represented by a linear coefficient C, which when much greater than the elastic loading stiffness k leads to relatively small interseismic slip (stick-slip). When C and k are of similar size creep-slip occurs, in which relatively large aseismic slip accrues prior to failure. Because fault-patch stiffness varies with patch radius, if C is independent of radius, then the model predicts that the relative amount of seismic to total slip increases with increasing radius or M-0, consistent with variations in slip required to explain the Parkfield data. The model predicts a weak variation in t(r) with M-0 similar to the Parkfield data. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 27 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 12 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1797 EP 1804 DI 10.1785/0120000096 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500029 ER PT J AU Earle, PS Shearer, PM AF Earle, PS Shearer, PM TI Distribution of fine-scale mantle heterogeneity from observations of P-diff coda SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION ANALYSIS; PKIKP PRECURSORS; LOWERMOST MANTLE; CORE; BOUNDARY; WAVES; PKP; SCATTERING; ARRAY; EARTH AB We present stacked record sections of Global Seismic Network data that image the average amplitude and polarization of the high-frequency P-diff coda and investigate their implications on the depth extent of fine-scale (similar to10 km) mantle heterogeneity. The extended 1-Hz coda lasts for at least 150 sec and is observed to a distance of 130degrees. The coda's polarization angle is about the same as the main P-diff, arrival (4.4 sec/deg) and is nearly constant with time. Previous studies show that multiple scattering from heterogeneity restricted to the lowermost mantle generates an extended P-diff coda with a constant polarization. Here we present an alternative model that satisfies our P-diff observations. The model consists of single scattering from weak (similar to1%) fine-scale (similar to2 km) structures distributed throughout the mantle. Although this model is nonunique, it demonstrates that P-diff coda observations do not preclude the existence of scattering contributions from the entire mantle. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Earle, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966 Box 25046 DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Shearer, Peter/K-5247-2012 OI Shearer, Peter/0000-0002-2992-7630 NR 35 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1875 EP 1881 DI 10.1785/0120000285 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500035 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Kellogg, L Burgmann, R AF Pollitz, FF Kellogg, L Burgmann, R TI Sinking mafic body in a reactivated lower crust: A mechanism for stress concentration at the new Madrid seismic zone SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKES; REELFOOT FAULT; RIFT ZONES; MANTLE; DEFORMATION; RHEOLOGY; AMERICA; MARGIN AB We propose a geodynamic model for stress concentration in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). The model postulates that a high-density (mafic) body situated in the deep crust directly beneath the most seismically active part or the NMSZ began sinking several thousands of years ago when the lower crust was suddenly weakened. Based on the fact that deformation rates in the NMSZ have accelerated over the past 9 k.y., we envision the source of this perturbation to be related to the last North American deglaciation. Excess mass of the mafic body exerts a downward pull on the elastic upper crust, leading to a cycle of primary thrust faulting with secondary strike-slip faulting, after which continued sinking of the mafic body reloads the upper crust and renews the process. This model is consistent with the youth of activity, the generation of a sequence of earthquakes, and the velocity evolution during interseismic periods, which depend upon the density contrast of the mafic body with respect to the surrounding crust, its volume, and the viscosity of the lower crust. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 54 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1882 EP 1897 DI 10.1785/0120000277 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 520DZ UT WOS:000173766500036 ER PT J AU Martin, BA Saiki, MK AF Martin, BA Saiki, MK TI Gut contents of juvenile chinook salmon from the upper Sacramento River, California, during Spring 1998 SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID DIET C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Martin, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 2001 VL 87 IS 1 BP 38 EP 43 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 436ZX UT WOS:000168966700003 ER PT J AU Amstrup, SC Durner, GM McDonald, TL Mulcahy, DM Garner, GW AF Amstrup, SC Durner, GM McDonald, TL Mulcahy, DM Garner, GW TI Comparing movement patterns of satellite-tagged male and female polar bears SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID URSUS-MARITIMUS; BEAUFORT SEA; BLACK BEARS; POPULATION AB Satellite radiotelemetry has provided great insights into the movements and behaviors of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). The diameter of the neck of adult male polar bears exceeds that of their head, however, and radio collars slip off. This has limited collection of movement information to that from radio-collared females. To overcome this difficulty and gather information about their movements, we surgically implanted satellite radio transmitters into 7 male polar bears during 1996 and 1997. We compared movements of implanted males with those of 104 adult females radio-collared between 1985 and 1995. Transmitters were implanted under the skin on the midline of the top of the neck and were equipped with percutaneous antennae. Implanted transmitters operated for up to 161 days providing 3217 satellite relocations. While transmitting, radios implanted in males provided a larger proportion of the highest quality category of position fixes than was obtained from radio-collared females. However, all implanted radios ceased transmitting before reaching their projected life-span. The abrupt termination of transmission from implanted radios suggested mechanical rather than electronic failure. Mean rates of short-term movement for males (1.18 km/h) were lower than for solitary females, females with cubs, and females with yearlings (1.70, 1.84, and 1.95 km/h, respectively). Net geographic movements from the beginning to the end of each month were comparable for males (mean = 135 km) and females (mean = 114, 152, and 168 km). Mean azimuths of these net movements also appeared to be similar. Monthly activity-area sizes for males (mean = 8541 km(2)) were comparable to those for females (mean = 3698, 9397, and 10 585 km(2)) during the time period of comparison. In contrast to the other movement measures, males traveled longer mean distances (387 km) each month than did females (217, 289, and 302 km). Movements of males, it appears, were more directed than those of females, but males confined their travels to similar-sized areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Amstrup, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Steven_Amstrup@USGS.GOV RI McDonald, Trent/F-2885-2014 OI McDonald, Trent/0000-0001-7608-6988 NR 41 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 19 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2147 EP 2158 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-12-2147 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 519AX UT WOS:000173702200003 ER PT J AU Seal, RR Inan, EE Hemingway, BS AF Seal, RR Inan, EE Hemingway, BS TI The Gibbs free energy of nukundamite (Cu3.38Fe0.62S4): A correction and implications for phase equilibria SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE nukundamite; bornite; thermodynamic properties; Gibbs free energy; phase equilibria ID CU-FE-S; HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS; SYSTEM; BORNITE AB The Gibbs free energy of formation of nukundamite (Cu3.38AsFe0.62S4) was calculated from published experimental studies of the reaction 3.25 Cu3.38Fe0.62S4 + S-2 = 11 CuS + 2 FeS2 in order to correct an erroneous expression in the published record. The correct expression describing the Gibbs free energy of formation (kJ.mol(-1)) of nukundamite relative to the elements and ideal S-2 gas is Delta(t)Gdegrees(nukundamite, TrKi) = -549.75 + 0.23242 T + 3.1284 T-0.5 with an uncertainty of 0.6%, An evaluation of the phase equilibria of nukundamite with associated phases in the system Cu-Fe-S as a function of temperature and sulfur fugacity indicates that nukundamite is stable from 224 to 501degreesC at high sulfidation states. At its greatest extent, at 434degreesC, the stability field of nukundamite is only 0.4 log f(S-2) units wide. which explains its rarity. Equilibria between nukundamite and bomite. which limit the stability of both phases, involve bomite compositions that deviate significantly from stoichiometric Cu5FeS4. Under equilibrium conditions in the system Cu-Fe-S. nukundamite + chalcopyrite is not a stable assemblage at any temperature. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 953, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Seal, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 BP 1635 EP 1640 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1635 PN 6 PG 6 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 516CU UT WOS:000173534900008 ER PT J AU Srodon, J Drits, VA McCarty, DK Hsieh, JCC Eberl, DD AF Srodon, J Drits, VA McCarty, DK Hsieh, JCC Eberl, DD TI Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of clay-bearing rocks from random preparations SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE clay minerals; marls; quantitative analysis; shales; X-ray diffraction ID DIAGENESIS; MINERALOGY; SAMPLES; SHALES AB An internal standard X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis technique permits reproducible and accurate calculation of the mineral contents of rocks, including the major clay mineral families: Fe-rich chlorites + berthierine, Mg-rich chlorites, Fe-rich dioctahedral 2:1 clays and micas, Al-rich dioctahedral 2:1 clays and micas, and kaolinites. A single XRD pattern from an air-dried random specimen is used. Clays are quantified from their 060 reflections which are well resolved and insensitive to structural defects. Zincite is used as the internal standard instead of corundum, because its reflections are more conveniently located and stronger, allowing for a smaller amount of spike (10%). The grinding technique used produces powders free of grains coarser than 20 mum and suitable for obtaining random and rigid specimens. Errors in accuracy are low, <2 wt. % deviation from actual values for individual minerals, as tested on artificial shale mixtures. No normalization is applied and thus, for natural rocks, the analysis is tested by the departure of the sum of the measured components from 100%. Our approach compares favorably with other quantitative analysis techniques, including a Rietveld-based technique. C1 Texaco Upstream Technol, Houston, TX 77042 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. PAN, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. RAN, Inst Geol, Moscow 109017, Russia. RP Srodon, J (reprint author), Texaco Upstream Technol, 3901 Briarpk, Houston, TX 77042 USA. NR 27 TC 175 Z9 181 U1 1 U2 55 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI AURORA PA PO BOX 460130, AURORA, CO 80046-0130 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 6 BP 514 EP 528 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490604 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 510EV UT WOS:000173196500004 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ AF Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ TI Historic fire regime in Southern California shrublands SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN BAJA-CALIFORNIA; MEXICO; FOREST AB Historical variability in fire regime is a conservative indicator of ecosystem sustainability, and thus understanding the natural role of fire in chaparral ecosystems is necessary for proper fire management, It has been suggested that the "natural" fire regime was one of frequent small fires that fragmented the landscape into a fine-grained mixture of age classes that precluded large, catastrophic fires. Some researchers claim that this regime was lost because of highly effective fire suppression and conclude that if fire managers could "restore" a regime of frequent fires with widespread prescription burning, they could eliminate the hazard of catastrophic fires. The primary evidence in support of this model is a study that compared contemporary burning patterns in southern California, US.A., a region subject to fire suppression, with patterns in northern Baja California, Mexico, where there is less effective fire suppression. We found that differences ill fire regime between these two regions are inconclusive and could not be ascribed conclusively to differences in fire suppression. Historical records suggest that the natural fire regime in southern California shrublands was rather coarse-grained and not substantively different from the contemporary regime. There is no evidence that fire-management policies have created the contemporary fire regime dominated by massive Santa Ana wind-driven fires. Increased expenditures on fire suppression and increased loss of property and lives are the result of human demographic patterns that place increasing demand on fire-suppression forces. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93721 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93721 USA. NR 91 TC 136 Z9 140 U1 3 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1536 EP 1548 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00097.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 501PA UT WOS:000172692900013 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ AF Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ TI History and management of crown-fire ecosystems: a summary and response SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN BAJA-CALIFORNIA; SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA; WILDLAND FIRE; FOREST; VEGETATION; MOUNTAINS; DYNAMICS; REGIMES; MEXICO; EVENTS C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 70 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1561 EP 1567 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.t01-1-00186.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 501PA UT WOS:000172692900017 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MS Lancia, RA Gerwin, JA AF Mitchell, MS Lancia, RA Gerwin, JA TI Using landscape-level data to predict the distribution of birds on a managed forest: Effects of scale SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE GIS; habitat selection; landscape and microhabitat models; logistic regression; managed forest; migratory birds; scale effects; South Carolina ID HABITAT SELECTION; TEMPERATE FOREST; MIGRATORY BIRDS; BREEDING BIRDS; ECOLOGY; AREA; ABUNDANCE; OREGON AB Selection of scale is critical when investigating ecological processes on landscapes because different patterns emerge in spatial data at different scales. Landscape studies commonly identify a single scale, or spatial extent of data, for assessing broad-scale habitat characteristics, without regard for the sensitivity of spatial data to the scale at which they are measured. An incorrect selection of scale can lead to misleading or erroneous inferences about how animals are associated with coarse-grained habitat characteristics. We developed and compared three statistical models for predicting presence of selected bird species inhabiting a managed forest in South Carolina: a model based only on microhabitat characteristics, a model based only on landscape characteristics (summary statistics of forest age and type calculated at different spatial scales) derived from GIS data, and a model that combined microhabitat and landscape characteristics. In general, landscape models (Somer's D = 0.61 +/- 0.16; mean +/- I SD) worked as well as microhabitat models (D = 0.61 +/- 0.14), and combining the two types provided only a slight improvement in the explanatory ability of the models (D = 0.62 +/- 0.18). Models for Neotropical and short-distance migrants had the highest fit to field data, whereas models for resident species had relatively poor fit. We refined our landscape models according to known or hypothesized information from the literature to improve their generality, and we tested their ability to predict presence of the same species on a second, independent data set collected on a different managed forest nearby in South Carolina. In general, landscape models were able to predict the distribution of selected birds on the second forest well (D = 0.46 +/- 0.32), although overall model fit was somewhat lower than for the first forest (D = 0.61 +/- 0.16). Model fit was greatest for Neotropical and short-distance migrants, and poorest for residents. Model fit did not vary according to successional status, but did vary with habitat specialization; model fit was highest for habitat specialists and lowest for generalists. Our results suggest that, in general, coarse landscape characteristics are most important to migratory bird species that are limited in the number of habitats they can use for breeding. For species with adequate fit of landscape models, we assessed relationships between landscape scales associated with habitat variables within each model and ecological characteristics. Scale did not vary with migratory status, successional status, or habitat specialization and appears to be a function of the unique natural history of a species. Scale was correlated with hypothesized area sensitivities for some forest interior species, but not all; some early-successional species also appeared to be area sensitive. We conclude that no single scale is appropriate for assessing landscape associations across all bird species, or across general ecological guilds of species. Our modeling approach provides forest managers with a robust, biologically based approach to assessing the effects of forest management on birds across an entire landscape, using only GIS data. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, USGS, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ Nat Sci, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. RP Mitchell, MS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, USGS, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RI Mitchell, Michael/H-1117-2011 NR 36 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1692 EP 1708 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1692:ULLDTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497LJ UT WOS:000172456700011 ER PT J AU Peterson, DW Peterson, DL AF Peterson, DW Peterson, DL TI Mountain hemlock growth responds to climatic variability at annual and decadal time scales SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cascade Mountains; Pacific Northwest (USA); climatic variability; dendroecology; elevation; gradients; mountain hemlock; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; snowpack; subalpine forests; temperature; tree growth; Tsuga mertensiana ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; FIR ABIES-LASIOCARPA; SUB-ALPINE MEADOWS; OLYMPIC-MOUNTAINS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; TREE-GROWTH; TSUGA-MERTENSIANA; SPATIAL PATTERNS; PLANT MIGRATION; HIGH-ELEVATION AB Improved understanding of tree growth responses to climate is needed to model and predict forest ecosystem responses to current and future climatic variability. We used dendroecological methods to study the effects of climatic variability on radial growth of a subalpine conifer, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Tree-ring chronologies were developed for 31 sites. spanning the latitudinal and elevational ranges of mountain hemlock in the Pacific Northwest. Factor analysis was used to identify common patterns of interannual growth variability among the chronologies, and correlation and regression analyses were used to identify climatic factors associated with that variability. Factor analysis identified three common growth patterns, representing groups of sites with different climate-growth relationships. At high-elevation and midrange sites in Washington and northern Oregon. growth was negatively correlated with spring snowpack depth, and positively correlated with growth-year summer temperature and the winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO). In southern Oregon, growth was negatively correlated with spring snowpack depth and previous summer temperature, and positively correlated with previous summer precipitation. At the low-elevation sites. growth was mostly insensitive to annual climatic variability but displayed sensitivity to decadal variability in the PDO opposite to that found at high-elevation sites. Mountain hemlock growth appears to be limited by late snowmelt. short growing seasons. and coot summer temperatures throughout much of its range in the Pacific Northwest. Earlier snowmelt. higher summer temperatures. and lower summer precipitation in southern Oregon produce conditions under which growth is limited by summer temperature and/or soil water availability. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations could produce warmer temperatures and reduced snowpack depths in the next century. Such changes would likely increase mountain hemlock growth and productivity throughout much of its range in Washington and northern Oregon. Increased summer drought stress and reduced productivity would be likely, however. in mountain hemlock forests of southern Oregon and near the species lower elevation limit at some sites. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, DW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Peterson, David/B-1105-2008 NR 75 TC 130 Z9 137 U1 7 U2 49 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 82 IS 12 BP 3330 EP 3345 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3330:MHGRTC]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 503GY UT WOS:000172791800006 ER PT J AU Pelham, ME Pierce, CL Larscheid, JG AF Pelham, ME Pierce, CL Larscheid, JG TI Diet dynamics of the juvenile piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA, 1997-1998 SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE freshwater fish; juvenile; young-of-the-year; diet; piscivory; temporal dynamics; alternate prey ID VITREUM-VITREUM POPULATION; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; YELLOW PERCH; LARGEMOUTH BASS; ONEIDA-LAKE; NEW-YORK; STIZOSTEDION-LUCIOPERCA; MICROPTERUS-SALMOIDES; WALLEYE PREDATION; HANDLING TIME AB We assessed temporal dynamics and variation among species and age-classes in the diets of age 0 and age I piscivorous fish species in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA during 1997 and 1998. Species included walleye Stizostedion vitreum, yellow perch Perca flavescens, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white bass Morone chrysops. Thirty taxa were identified in diets. including 12 species of fish. We found dramatic differences in diets among species, among age-classes within species and over time. Walleye, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and white bass were piscivorous at age 0. Black crappie began piscivory at age 1. Yellow perch also began piscivory at age 1, but fish were a very small fraction of age-1 diets. The primary temporal pattern, seen in several species and age-classes, was an increase in piscivory from spring to fall. This pattern was due to the lack of small, age-0 prey fish in spring. Although some patterns were evident, the taxonomic composition of the diets of all species was highly variable over time, making generalizations difficult, A surprising result was the absence of yellow perch in the diet of age-0 walleye, despite their abundance in Spirit Lake and prominence in diets of age-1 walleye and other age 1-piscivores. Age-0 yellow perch were consistently too large to be eaten by age-0 piscivores, which preyed primarily on invertebrates and smaller fish such as johnny darters Etheostoma nigrum and age 0 bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. This finding suggests that predator-prey interactions and resulting population dynamics may be quite different in Spirit Lake than in other systems dominated by walleye and yellow perch. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Ecol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Spirit Lake, IA USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Ecol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 11 Sci 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 49 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD DEC PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 198 EP 211 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0633.2001.100402.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 523VW UT WOS:000173979100002 ER PT J AU John, DA AF John, DA TI Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the Northern Great Basin, Western United States: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to magmatism SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES; MCDERMITT CALDERA COMPLEX; SILICIC VOLCANIC-ROCKS; BODIE MINING DISTRICT; ASH FLOW TUFFS; CENOZOIC VOLCANISM; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; STABLE ISOTOPE; CENTRAL NEVADA; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AB Numerous important Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal Au-Ag deposits are present in the northern Great Basin. Most deposits are spatially and temporally related to two magnetic assemblages: bimodal basalt-rhyolite and western andesite. These Magmatic assemblages are petrogenetic suites that reflect variations in tectonic environment of magma generation. The bimodal assemblage is a K-rich tholeiitic series formed during continental rifting. Rocks in the bimodal assemblage consist mostly of basalt to andesite and rhyolite compositions that generally contain anhydrous and reduced mineral assemblages (e.g., quartz + fayalite rhyolites). Eruptive forms include mafic lava flows, dikes, cinder and/or spatter cones, shield volcanoes, silicic flows, domes, and ash-flow calderas, Fe-Ti oxide barometry indicates oxygen fugacities between the magnetite-wrustite and fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffers for this magmatic assemblage. The western andesite assemblage is a high K calc-alkaline series that formed a continental-margin are related to subduction of oceanic crust beneath the western coast of North America. In the northern Great Basin, most of the western andesite assemblage was erupted in the Walker Lane belt, a zone of transtension and strike-slip faulting. The western andesite assemblage consists of stratovolcanoes, dome fields, and subvolcanic plutons. mostly of andesite and dacite composition, Biotite and hornblende phenocrysts are abundant in these rocks. Oxygen fugacities of the western andesite assemblage magmas were between the nickel-nickel oxide and hematite-magnetite buffers, about two to four orders of magnitude greater than magmas of the bimodal assemblage. Numerous low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits in the bimodal assemblage include deposits in the Midas (Ken Snyder), Sleeper, DeLamar. Mule Canyon, Buckhorn, National, Hog Ranch, Ivanhoe, and Jarbidge districts; high-sulfidation gold and porphyry copper-gold deposits are absent. Both high- and low-sulfidation gold-silver and porphyry copper-gold deposits are affiliated with the western andesite assemblage and include the Comstock Lode, Tonopah, Goldfield. Aurora, Bodie, Paradise Peak, and Rawhide deposits. Low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits in the bimodal assemblage formed under relatively low oxygen and sulfur fugacities and have generally low total base metal (Cu + Pb + Zn) contents, low Ag/Au ratios, and notably high selenide mineral contents compared to temporally equivalent low-sulfidation deposits in the western andesite assemblage. Petrologic studies suggest that these differences may reflect variations in the magmatic-tectonic settings of the associated magmatic assemblages-deposits in the western andesite assemblage formed from oxidized, water-rich, subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas, whereas deposits in the bimodal assemblage were associated with reduced, water-poor tholeiitic magmas derived from the lithospheric mantle during continental extension, The contrasting types and characteristics of epithermal deposits and their affinities with associated igneouse rocks suggeste that a genetic relationship is present between these Au-Ag deposits and their temporally associated magmatism, although available data do not prove this relationship for most lo-w-sulfidation deposits. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP John, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 901,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM djohn@usgs.gov OI John, David/0000-0001-7977-9106 NR 206 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 25 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 96 IS 8 BP 1827 EP 1853 DI 10.2113/96.8.1827 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 530DH UT WOS:000174340000005 ER PT J AU Jones, KB Neale, AC Wade, TG Wickham, JD Cross, CL Edmonds, CM Loveland, TR Nash, MS Riitters, KH Smith, ER AF Jones, KB Neale, AC Wade, TG Wickham, JD Cross, CL Edmonds, CM Loveland, TR Nash, MS Riitters, KH Smith, ER TI The consequences of landscape change on ecological resources: An assessment of the United States mid-Atlantic region, 1973-1993 SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; NUTRIENT; BIOSPHERE AB Spatially explicit identification of changes in ecological conditions over large areas is key to targeting and prioritizing areas for environmental protection and restoration by managers at watershed, basin, and regional scales, A critical limitation to this point has been the development of methods to conduct such broad-scale assessments. Field-based methods have proven to be too costly and too inconsistent in their application to make estimates of ecological conditions over large areas. New spatial data derived from satellite imagery and other sources, the development of statistical models relating landscape composition and pattern to ecological endpoints, and geographic information systems (GIs) make it possible to evaluate ecological conditions at multiple scales over broad geographic regions, In this study, we demonstrate the application of spatially distributed models for bird habitat quality and nitrogen yield to streams to assess the consequences of landcover change across the mid-Atlantic region between the 1970s and 1990s. Moreover, we present a way to evaluate spatial concordance between models related to different environmental endpoints. Results of this study should help environmental managers in the mid-Atlantic region target those areas in need of conservation and protection. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. US Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 229 EP 242 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01047.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 560KP UT WOS:000176081500007 ER PT J AU Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL Kong, T AF Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL Kong, T TI A comparison of physiological indicators of sublethal cadmium stress in wetland plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Plant and Organisms in Stressed Wetland Environments CY AUG 06-12, 2000 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA DE Typha domingensis; Spartina alterniflora; Cd tolerance; stress detection; photosynthesis; chlorophyll fluorescence; spectral reflectance; adenylate charge ratio ID SALT-MARSH GRASS; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; SPARTINA-PATENS; UNIOLA-PANICULATA; WILLOW LEAVES; GAS-EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; DROUGHT; PROBE; FIELD AB Physiological indices, including photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratio, and leaf reflectance, were determined for Typha domingensis and Spartina alterniflora in response to increasing concentrations of Cd and compared with the growth responses of these species. Leaf expansion, the live/total ratio of plant aboveground biomass, and the aboveground regrowth rate after the initial harvests were significantly reduced with increasing Cd concentration in the growth medium. Of the four physiological responses measured, only photosynthesis and AEC responded to the Cd treatment before damage was visually apparent. Also, these indices were significantly correlated with leaf expansion rate and live/total ratio in most instances. Except at the end of the experiment, when the most stressed plants began to die, the Fv/Fm ratio was not significantly affected by the Cd treatment. The leaf spectral reflectance parameters showed no significant change during the entire treatment period. The significant correlation between the stress indicators and plant growth supported the findings that photosynthesis and AEC were the most responsive of the indicators tested, however, further research investigating other chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf reflectance parameters may demonstrate as well the value of these indicators in quantifying sublethal stress. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Mendelssohn, IA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 25 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00106-X PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 489KP UT WOS:000171990800008 ER PT J AU Hester, MW Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL AF Hester, MW Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL TI Species and population variation to salinity stress in Panicum hemitomon, Spartina patens, and Spartina alterniflora: morphological and physiological constraints SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Plant and Organisms in Stressed Wetland Environments CY AUG 06-12, 2000 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA DE Panicum hemitomon; Spartina patens; Spartina alterniflora; salt tolerance; morphology; osmotica; proline; glycine betaine; water relations ID SALT TOLERANCE; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE; COMPATIBLE SOLUTES; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH; MARSH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACCUMULATION; HALOPHYTES AB Panicum hemitomon, Spartina patens, and Spartina alterniflora are wide-spread dominant grasses of fresh, brackish, and salt marsh plant communities, respectively. Our previous research identified significant intraspecific variation in salt tolerance and morphology among populations within each species. In this study our objectives were to determine shorter-term physiological/biochemical responses to salinity stress and identify potential indicators of salt tolerance, with the ultimate goal of discerning similarities and differences in the mechanisms of salinity stress resistance. We subjected a subset of six populations within each species, ranging from high to low salt tolerance, to sublethal salinity levels (4, 20, and 30 ppt. respectively, for species) and monitored physiological and growth responses after 1 week (early harvest) and 5 weeks (late harvest). In all three species sublethal salinity levels generally resulted in significantly reduced net CO2 assimilation, leaf expansion, midday leaf xylem pressure, water use efficiency, and live and total biomass; and significantly increased leaf Na+/K+ ratio, leaf proline, leaf glycine betaine, leaf sucrose, root-to-shoot ratio, and dead:total aboveground biomass ratio. All three species displayed significant population (intraspecific) variation in net CO2 assimilation, leaf expansion, water use efficiency, midday leaf xylem pressure, leaf proline, leaf glycine betaine (except Panicum, where it could not be accurately determined), leaf Na+/K+ ratio, leaf sucrose, total plant biomass, dead:total aboveground biomass ratio, and root-to-shoot ratio. General indicators of salt tolerance (regardless of species) included high net CO2 assimilation rates and water use efficiencies, and low ratios of root-to-shoot and dead:total aboveground biomass. Factor analysis and a-priori linear contrasts revealed some unique differences between species in terms of the relative importance of morphology and physiology in explaining intraspecific variation in salt tolerance. Plant morphology (size attributes) were strongly associated with salt tolerance in P. hemitomon, weakly associated with salt tolerance in S. patens, and not associated with salt tolerance in S. alterniflora. Highly salt-tolerant populations of Spartina alterniflora displayed the greatest ion selectivity (lower leaf Na+/K+ ratios), which was not displayed by the other two species. These results suggest that plant size attributes can be very important in explaining population differences in salt tolerance in glycophytes, but may be independent of salt tolerance in halophytes, which have specialized physiological (and/or anatomical) adaptations that can confer salinity stress resistance through mechanisms such as selective ion exclusion and secretion. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Orleans, Dept Biol Sci, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Hester, MW (reprint author), Univ New Orleans, Dept Biol Sci, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 75 TC 88 Z9 97 U1 8 U2 47 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 277 EP 297 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00100-9 PG 21 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 489KP UT WOS:000171990800009 ER PT J AU De Guise, S Shaw, SD Barclay, JS Brock, J Brouwer, A Dewailly, E Fair, PA Fournier, M Grandjean, P Guillette, LJ Hahn, ME Koopman-Esseboom, C Letcher, RJ Matz, A Norstrom, RJ Perkins, CR Schwacke, L Skaare, JU Sowles, J St Aubin, DJ Stegeman, J Whaley, JE AF De Guise, S Shaw, SD Barclay, JS Brock, J Brouwer, A Dewailly, E Fair, PA Fournier, M Grandjean, P Guillette, LJ Hahn, ME Koopman-Esseboom, C Letcher, RJ Matz, A Norstrom, RJ Perkins, CR Schwacke, L Skaare, JU Sowles, J St Aubin, DJ Stegeman, J Whaley, JE TI Consensus statement: Atlantic Coast Contaminants Workshop 2000 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Pathobiol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Marine Environm Res Inst, Blue Hill, ME USA. Univ Connecticut, Wildlife Conservat Res Ctr, Storrs, CT USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, NL-1007 MC Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Laval, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Natl Ocean Serv, CCEHBR, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC USA. Univ So Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Childrens Hosp, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Toxicol Res Inst, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Alaska Ecol Serv, Fairbanks, AK USA. Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Hull, PQ, Canada. Univ Connecticut, Environm Res Inst, Storrs, CT USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Natl Vet Inst, Dept Toxicol & Chem, Oslo, Norway. State Maine Dept Environm Protect, Marine Environm Monitoring Program, Augusta, ME USA. Myst Aquarium, Mystic, CT USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP De Guise, S (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Pathobiol, 61 N Eagleville Rd,U-89, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. OI Hahn, Mark/0000-0003-4358-2082 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1301 EP 1302 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 526NL UT WOS:000174136500040 PM 11748039 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE TI Effect of redox conditions on MTBE biodegradation in surface water sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; GASOLINE OXYGENATE; UNITED-STATES; SUBSURFACE; MINERALIZATION; ATMOSPHERE; METABOLISM AB Microbial degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was observed in surface water-sediment microcosms under anaerobic conditions. The efficiency and products of anaerobic MTBE biodegradation were dependent on the predominant terminal electron-accepting conditions. In the presence of substantial methanogenic activity, MTBE biodegradation was nominal and involved reduction of MTBE to the toxic product, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). In the absence of significant methanogenic activity, accumulation of [C-14]TBA generally decreased, and mineralization of [U-C-14]MTBE to (CO2)-C-14 generally increased as the oxidative potential of the predominant terminal electron acceptor increased in the order of SO4, Fe(III), Mn(IV) < NO3 < O-2. Microbial mineralization of MTBE to CO2 under Mn(IV)or SO4-reducing conditions has not been reported previously. The results of this study indicate that microorganisms inhabiting the sediments of streams and lakes can degrade MTBE effectively under a range of anaerobic terminal electron-accepting conditions. Thus, anaerobic bed sediment microbial processes may provide a significant environmental sink for MTBE in surface water systems throughout the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 42 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 23 BP 4643 EP 4647 DI 10.1021/es010794x PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 498TU UT WOS:000172527200021 PM 11770765 ER PT J AU Kim, G Burnett, WC Dulaiova, H Swarzenski, PW Moore, WS AF Kim, G Burnett, WC Dulaiova, H Swarzenski, PW Moore, WS TI Measurement of Ra-224 and Ra-226 activities in natural waters using a radon-in-air monitor SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-SPECTROMETRY; RADIUM; OCEAN; FIBER AB We report a simple new technique for measuring low-level radium isotopes (Ra-224 and Ra-226) in natural waters. The radium present in natural waters is first preconcentrated onto MnO2-coated acrylic fiber (Mn fiber) in a column mode. The radon produced from the adsorbed radium is then circulated through a closed air-loop connected to a commercial radon-in-air monitor. The monitor counts alpha decays of radon daughters (polonium isotopes) which are electrostatically collected onto a silicon semiconductor detector. Count data are collected in energy-specific windows, which eliminate interference and maintain very low backgrounds. Radium-224 is measured immediately after sampling via Rn-220 (Po-216), and Ra-226 is measured via Rn-222 (Po-218) after a few days of ingrowth of Rn-222. This technique is rapid, simple, and accurate for measurements of low-level Ra-224 and Ra-226 activities without requiring any wet chemistry. Rapid measurements of short-lived Rn-222 and Ra-224, along with long-lived Ra-226, may thus be made in natural waters using a single portable system for environmental monitoring of radioactivity as well as tracing of various geochemical and geophysical processes. The technique could be especially useful for the on-site rapid determination of Ra-224 which has recently been found to occur at elevated activities in some groundwater wells. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Burnett, WC (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RI Kim, Guebuem/B-3636-2014; Moore, Willard/B-6096-2016 OI Moore, Willard/0000-0001-5930-5325 NR 20 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 41 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 23 BP 4680 EP 4683 DI 10.1021/es010804u PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 498TU UT WOS:000172527200027 PM 11770771 ER PT J AU Hoss, S Henschel, T Haitzer, M Traunspurger, W Steinberg, CEW AF Hoss, S Henschel, T Haitzer, M Traunspurger, W Steinberg, CEW TI Toxicity of cadmium to Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) in whole sediment and pore water - The ambiguous role of organic matter SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Caenorhabditis elegans; sediment; pore water; cadmium; organic matter ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; AMPHIPOD LEPTOCHEIRUS-PLUMULOSUS; AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; HUMIC-ACID; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; TRACE-METALS; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; ASSIMILATION; SUBSTANCES AB A bioassay using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was performed with natural sediment that had been spiked with organic matter (36-117 g total organic carbon/kg dry wt) and cadmium (Cd: 10-1,200 mg/kg wet wt). Whole sediment and pore water were tested to study the influence of particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on Cd toxicity and to compare the toxicity of the two sediment phases. Toxicity was measured with nematode growth as test parameter. No toxicity was observed if sediment concentrations of Cd were below concentrations of acid-volatile sulfides (AVS). At higher Cd concentrations. toxicity in whole sediment and pore water increased with increasing organic content. This phenomenon was explained by an increase of DOM concentrations in organically enriched treatments and a resulting solubilization of Cd due to Cd complexation by DOM. Because DOM did not alter the bioavailability of Cd for the nematodes, bacteria, serving as food, might have functioned as vectors for Cd-DOM complexes, so that Cd could have become available in the gut of the nematodes. A higher toxicity in whole sediment compared to in pore water in the organically enriched treatments indicated that POM-bound Cd may have contributed to the toxicity of Cd to C. elegans. C1 Ecossa, D-80538 Munich, Germany. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany. Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries, D-12587 Berlin, Germany. Wasserwirtschaftsamt Munchen, D-80538 Munich, Germany. RP Hoss, S (reprint author), Ecossa, Thierschstr 43, D-80538 Munich, Germany. RI Hoss, Sebastian/A-8224-2013; OI Hoss, Sebastian/0000-0002-3954-5134 NR 47 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 18 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2794 EP 2801 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2794:TOCTCE>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700019 PM 11764163 ER PT J AU Wiemeyer, SN Clark, DR Spann, JW Belisle, AA Bunck, CM AF Wiemeyer, SN Clark, DR Spann, JW Belisle, AA Bunck, CM TI Dicofol residues in eggs and carcasses of captive american kestrels SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dicofol; Kelthane (R); American kestrel; Falco sparverius ID RING NECK DOVES AB American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed diets containing 0 (control), 1, 3, 10, and 30 mug/g (wet wt) of Kelthane (R). Residues of dicofol and its metabolites were then analyzed in the eggs and carcasses of females. Significant differences occurred among treatments for residues of both p,p'-dicofol and p,p'-dechlorodicofol (DCD) in both eggs and carcasses and for p,p'-dicholorbenzophenone (DCBP) in eggs. Residue concentrations increased with increasing treatment exposure. Residues of p,p'-dicofol, p,p'-DCD, and p,p'-DCBP in eggs were significantly correlated with eggshell quality parameters. Significant correlations also occurred among contaminants in eggs and for individual contaminants between eggs and carcasses. The lowest-observed-dietary-effect concentration for eggshell thinning was 3 mug/g, whereas 1 mug/g may be considered to be near a no-observable-adverse-effect concentration. Concentrations of dicofol in potential prey items and eggs of wild birds generally have been lower than dietary-effect concentrations or concentrations in tissues or eggs associated with eggshell thinning and reduced reproductive success. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Lab, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Wiemeyer, SN (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1340 Financial Blvd,Ste 234, Reno, NV 89502 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2848 EP 2851 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2848:DRIEAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700026 PM 11764170 ER PT J AU Sappington, LC Mayer, FL Dwyer, FJ Buckler, DR Jones, JR Ellersieck, MR AF Sappington, LC Mayer, FL Dwyer, FJ Buckler, DR Jones, JR Ellersieck, MR TI Contaminant sensitivity of threatened and endangered fishes compared to standard surrogate species SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE endangered fishes; acute toxicity; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Pimephales promelas; Ciprindodon variegatus ID CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; TOXICITY; MIXTURES AB Standard environmental assessment procedures are designed to protect terrestrial and aquatic species. However, it is not known if endangered species are adequately protected by these procedures. At present, toxicological data obtained from studies with surrogate test fishes are assumed to be applicable to endangered fish species, but this assumption has not been validated. Static acute toxicity tests were used to compare the sensitivity of rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and sheepshead minnows to several federally listed fishes (Apache trout, Lahontan cutthroat trout, greenback cutthroat trout, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, razorback sucker, Leon Springs pupfish, and desert pupfish). Chemicals tested included carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol, and permethrin. Results indicated that the surrogates and listed species were of similar sensitivity. In two cases, a listed species had a 96-h LC50 (lethal concentration to 50% of the population) that was less than one half of its corresponding surrogate. In all other cases, differences between listed and surrogate species were less than twofold. A safety factor of two would provide a conservative estimate for listed cold-water, warm-water, and euryhaline fish species. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Agr Expt Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Sappington, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 37 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2869 EP 2876 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2869:CSOTAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700029 PM 11764173 ER PT J AU Metcalfe, I Nicoll, RS Mundil, R Foster, C Glen, J Lyons, J Wang, XF Wang, CY Renne, PR Black, L Xun, Q Mao, XD AF Metcalfe, I Nicoll, RS Mundil, R Foster, C Glen, J Lyons, J Wang, XF Wang, CY Renne, PR Black, L Xun, Q Mao, XD TI The Permian-Triassic boundary & mass extinction in China SO EPISODES LA English DT Article ID SOUTH CHINA; EXTRATERRESTRIAL IMPACT; MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; SECTION; EVENT; TEMPO AB The first appearance of Hindeodus parvus (Kozur & Pjatakova) at the Permian-Triassic (P-T) GSSP level (base of Bed 27c) at Meishan is here confirmed. Hindeodus changxingensis Wang occurs from Beds 26 to 29 at Meishan and appears to be restricted to the narrow boundary interval immediately above the main mass extinction level in Bed 25. It is suggested that this species is therefore a valuable P-T boundary interval index taxon. Our collections from the Shangsi section confirm that the first occurrence of Hindeodus parvus in that section is about 5 m above the highest level from which a typical Permian fauna is recovered. This may suggest that that some section may be missing at Meishan. The age of the currently defined Permian- Triassic Boundary is estimated by our own studies and a reassessment of previous worker's data at c. 253 Ma, slightly older than our IDTIMS Pb-206/U-238 age of 252.5 +/-0.3 Ma for Bed 28, just 8 cm above the GSSP boundary (Mundil et al., 2001). The age of the main mass extinction, at the base of Bed 25 at Meishan, is estimated at slightly older than 254 Ma based on an age of > 254 Ma for the Bed 25 ash. Regardless of the absolute age of the boundary, it is evident that the claimed < 165,000 y short duration for the negative carbon isotope excursion at the P-T boundary (Bowring et al., 1998) cannot be confirmed. Purportedly extraterrestrial fullerenes at the boundary (Becker et al., 2001) have equivocal significance due to their chronostratigraphic non-uniqueness and their occurrence in a volcanic ash. C1 Univ New England, Asia Ctr, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, Geol Dept, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. Australian Geol Survey Org, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. CGS, Ctr Strat & Palaeontol, Hebei 443003, Peoples R China. Acad Sinica, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. Inst Geol & Mineral Resources, Urumqi 830000, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. RP Metcalfe, I (reprint author), Univ New England, Asia Ctr, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. RI Mundil, Roland/E-5174-2011 NR 35 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC INDIA PI BANGALORE PA NO 63, 12TH CORSS, BASAPPA LAY OUT, GAVIPURAM PO, PO BOX 1922, BANGALORE, 560-019, INDIA SN 0705-3797 J9 EPISODES JI Episodes PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 239 EP 244 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507PY UT WOS:000173037900003 ER PT J AU Ruhl, CA Schoellhamer, DH Stumpf, RP Lindsay, CL AF Ruhl, CA Schoellhamer, DH Stumpf, RP Lindsay, CL TI Combined use of remote sensing and continuous monitoring to analyse the variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in San Francisco Bay, California SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE suspended-sediment; estuary; satellite imagery; continuous monitoring; remote sensing; San Francisco Bay ID DISTRIBUTIONS; RESUSPENSION; WATER AB Analysis of suspended-sediment concentration data in San Francisco Bay is complicated by spatial and temporal variability. In situ optical backscatterance sensors provide continuous suspended-sediment concentration data, but inaccessibility, vandalism, and cost limit the number of potential monitoring stations. Satellite imagery reveals the spatial distribution of surficial-suspended sediment concentrations in the Bay; however, temporal resolution is poor. Analysis of the in situ sensor data in conjunction with the satellite reflectance data shows the effects of physical processes on both the spatial and temporal distribution of suspended sediment in San Francisco Bay. Plumes can be created by large freshwater flows. Zones of high suspended-sediment concentrations in shallow subembayments are associated with wind-wave resuspension and the spring-neap cycle. Filaments of clear and turbid water are caused by different transport processes in deep channels, as opposed to adjacent shallow water. Crown Copyright 2001. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. State Water Resources Control Board, State Div Water Rights, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. RP Ruhl, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 35 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 801 EP 812 DI 10.1006/ecss.2000.0730 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 515RN UT WOS:000173510100004 ER PT J AU Yoshizaki, G Patino, R Thomas, P Bolamba, D Chang, XT AF Yoshizaki, G Patino, R Thomas, P Bolamba, D Chang, XT TI Effects of maturation-inducing hormone on heterologous gap junctional coupling in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic croaker; teleost; ovary; gap junctions; meiosis; maturation; Lucifer Yellow ID FINAL OOCYTE MATURATION; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; MEIOTIC ARREST; CUMULUS CELLS; BUFO-ARENARUM; PIG OOCYTES; COMPETENCE; COMMUNICATION; GONADOTROPIN; COMPLEX AB A previous ultrastructural study of heterologous (granulosa cell-oocyte) gap junction (GJ) contacts in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker suggested that these contacts disappear late during the process of resumption of oocyte meiosis. This observation suggested that, unlike scenarios proposed for a number of other species, uncoupling of GJ is not necessary for the onset of meiotic resumption in croaker follicles. However, the functionality of heterologous GJ contacts and the temporal association between maturation-inducing hormone (MIH)-induced changes in heterologous coupling and resumption of oocyte meiosis have not been examined in Atlantic croaker. These questions were addressed with a cell-cell coupling assay that is based on the transfer of a GJ marker, Lucifer Yellow, from oocytes to granulosa cells. Follicle-enclosed oocytes injected with Lucifer Yellow allowed transfer of the dye into the follicle cell layer, thus confirming that there is functional heterologous coupling between the oocyte and the granulosa cells. Dye transfer was observed in vitellogenic, full-grown/maturation-incompetent, and full-grown/maturation-competent follicles. Treatment of maturation-competent follicles with MIH caused a time-dependent decline in the number of follicles transferring dye. However, although GJ uncoupling in some of the follicles was observed before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD, index of meiotic resumption), about 50% of the follicles maintained the ability to transfer dye even after GVBD had occurred. Further, a known GJ inhibitor (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) blocked heterologous GJ within a time frame similar to that seen with MIH but without inducing any of the morphological changes (including GVBD) associated with follicular maturation. In conclusion, uncoupling of heterologous GJ seems insufficient and unnecessary for the onset of meiotic resumption in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Dept Aquat Biosci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014 NR 35 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 124 IS 3 BP 359 EP 366 DI 10.1006/gcen.2001.7726 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 510VB UT WOS:000173227000012 PM 11742519 ER PT J AU Benoit, JM Mason, RP Gilmour, CC Aiken, GR AF Benoit, JM Mason, RP Gilmour, CC Aiken, GR TI Constants for mercury binding by dissolved organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID EARLY DIAGENETIC FORMATION; SEDIMENT PORE WATERS; METHYLATING BACTERIA; INORGANIC SULFUR; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NATURAL-WATERS; SURFACE WATERS; SULFIDE; LAKE; BIOAVAILABILITY AB Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been implicated as an important complexing agent for Hg that can affect its mobility and bioavailability in aquatic ecosystems. However, binding constants for natural Hg-DOM complexes are not well known. We employed a competitive ligand approach to estimate conditional stability constants for Hg complexes with DOM isolates collected from Florida Everglades surface waters. The isolates examined were the hydrophobic fraction of DOM from a eutrophic, sulfidic site (F1-HPoA) and the hydrophilic fraction front an oligotrophic, low-sulfide site (2BS-HPiA). Our experimental determinations utilized overall octanol-water partitioning coefficients (D-ow) for (203)Ha at 0.01 M chloride and across pH and DOM concentration gradients, Use of this radioisotope allowed rapid determinations of Hg concentrations in both water and octanol phases without problems of matrix interference. Conditional stability constants (I = 0.06, 23 degreesC) were log K' = 11.8 for F1-HPoA and log K' = 10.6 for 2BS-HPiA. These are similar to previously published stability constants for Hg binding to low-molecular-weight thiols. Further, F1-HPoA showed a pH-dependent decline in D-ow that was consistent with models of Hg complexation with thiol groups as the dominant Hg binding sites in DOM. These experiments demonstrate that the DOM isolates are stronger ligands for Hg than chloride ion or ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid. Speciation calculations indicate that at the DOM concentrations frequently measured in Everglades, 20 to 40 muM, significant complexation of Hg by DOM would be expected in aerobic (sulfide-free) surface waters, Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Acad Nat Sci, Benedict Estuarine Res Ctr, St Leonard, MD 20685 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Benoit, JM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 NR 36 TC 99 Z9 109 U1 3 U2 35 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 24 BP 4445 EP 4451 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 506FF UT WOS:000172958600002 ER PT J AU Chen, ZS Riciputi, LR Mora, CI Fishman, NS AF Chen, ZS Riciputi, LR Mora, CI Fishman, NS TI Regional fluid migration in the Illinois basin: Evidence from in situ oxygen isotope analysis of authigenic K-feldspar and quartz from the Mount Simon Sandstone SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ion probe; oxygen; isotopes; authigenic minerals; Illinois basin; fluid migration ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY; POTASSIC DIAGENESIS; ST-PETER; PALEOHYDROLOGY; FRACTIONATION; SPHALERITE; ANORTHITE; CALCITE; ALBITE; USA AB Oxygen isotope compositions of widespread, authigenic K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths and cements in the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone were measured by ion microprobe in 11 samples distributed across the Illinois basin and its periphery. Average K-feldspar delta O-18 values increase systematically from +14 parts per thousand +/- 1 parts per thousand in the southern-most and deepest samples in Illinois to +24 parts per thousand +/- 2 parts per thousand in the northernmost outcrop sample in Wisconsin. A similar trend was observed for quartz overgrowths (22 parts per thousand +/- 2 parts per thousand to 28 parts per thousand +/- 2 parts per thousand). Constant homogenization temperatures (100-130 degreesC) of fluid inclusions associated with quartz overgrowths throughout the basin suggest that the geographic trend in oxygen isotope compositions is a result of diagenetic modification of a south to north migrating basinal fluid. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Chen, ZS (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Mora, Claudia/B-5511-2017 OI Mora, Claudia/0000-0003-2042-0208 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1067 EP 1070 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1067:RFMITI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 501DG UT WOS:000172667100001 ER PT J AU Licciardi, JM Clark, PU Brook, EJ Pierce, KL Kurz, MD Elmore, D Sharma, P AF Licciardi, JM Clark, PU Brook, EJ Pierce, KL Kurz, MD Elmore, D Sharma, P TI Cosmogenic He-3 and Be-10 chronologies of the late Pinedale northern Yellowstone ice cap, Montana, USA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cosmogenic elements; geochronology; glacial geology; Pinedale glaciation; Yellowstone ID PRODUCTION-RATES; LAST GLACIATION; NATIONAL-PARK; LAVA FLOWS; RETREAT; CLIMATE; QUARTZ; HELIUM AB Cosmogenic He-3 and Be-10 ages measured on surface boulders from the moraine sequence deposited by the northern outlet glacier of the Yellowstone ice cap indicate that the outlet glacier reached its terminal position at 16.5 +/- 0.4 He-3 ka and 16.2 +/-0.3 Be-10 ka, respectively. Concordance of these ages supports the scaled production rates used for He-3 (118.6 +/- 6.6 atoms . g(-1) . yr(-1)) and Be-10 (5.1 +/- 0.3 atoms . g(-1) . yr(-1)) (+/-2 sigma at high latitudes at sea level). Two recessional moraines upvalley from the terminal moraine have mean ages of 15.7 +/- 0.5 Be-10 ka and 14.0 +/- 0.4 Be-10 ka, respectively, and a late-glacial flood bar was deposited at 13.7 +/- 0.5 Be-10 ka. These cosmogenic chronologies identify a late Pinedale glacial maximum in northern Yellowstone that is significantly younger than previously thought, and they suggest deglaciation of the Yellowstone plateau by similar to 14 Be-10 ka. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, PRIME Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Geol, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Licciardi, JM (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Kurz, Mark/0000-0003-1745-2356 NR 23 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1095 EP 1098 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1095:CHABCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 501DG UT WOS:000172667100008 ER PT J AU Lyle, M Heusser, L Herbert, T Mix, A Barron, J AF Lyle, M Heusser, L Herbert, T Mix, A Barron, J TI Interglacial theme and variations: 500 k.y. of orbital forcing and associated responses from the terrestrial and marine biosphere, US Pacific Northwest SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paleoceanography; paleoclimate; Pleistocene; pollen; paleoproductivity; sea surface temperature; vegetation; alkenones; ODP Site 1020; Pacific Northwest; western North America. ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; NORTHERN; CLIMATE; KYR AB Sediments collected off northern California by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 167 contain time series that show strong, orbitally driven insolation forcing of surface oceanographic conditions. Orbital forcing caused a strong response in the distribution of major terrestrial vegetation but a less predictable response for primary productivity offshore. Terrestrial vegetation responded primarily to regional sea surface temperature (SST). Coastal ocean productivity appears highest when SST is moderately high, not during peak interglacial conditions nor during insolation maxima. When individual interglacial intervals are examined closely, each has a different signature. Two of six interglacials (MIS [marine isotope stage] 5 and MIS 11) have higher SST than modern conditions, but each elicits a different response from the terrestrial and marine communities. The type of vegetation and the strength of upwelling vary between interglacials, depending on the relative strength of factors that drive the warming, including insolation, ice-cap size, and level of greenhouse gases. C1 Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Invest Shallow Subsurface, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lyle, M (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Invest Shallow Subsurface, MS 1536,1910 Univ Dr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1115 EP 1118 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1115:ITAVKY>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 501DG UT WOS:000172667100013 ER PT J AU Saltus, RW Hudson, TL Karl, SM Morin, RL AF Saltus, RW Hudson, TL Karl, SM Morin, RL TI Rooted Brooks Range ophiolite: implications for Cordilleran terranes SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; mafic and ultramafic rocks; magnetic profiles; gravity anomalies ID ALASKA AB Modeling of gravity and magnetic data shows that areally extensive mafic and ultramafic rocks of the western Brooks Range, Alaska, are at least 8 km thick, and that gabbro and ultramafic rocks underlie basalt in several places. The basalt, gabbro, and ultramafic rocks have been considered parts of a far-traveled ophiolite assemblage. These rocks are the highest structural elements in the Brooks Range thrust belt and are thought to be hundreds of kilometers north of their origin. This requires these rocks to be thin klippen without geologic ties to the continental shelf sedimentary rocks that now surround them. The geophysically determined, thick and interleaved subsurface character of the basalt, gabbro, and ultramafic rocks is inconsistent with this interpretation. An origin within an extensional setting on the continental shelf could produce the required subsurface geometries and explain other perplexing characteristics of these rocks. Early Mesozoic Alaska, from the North Slope southward to the interior, may have had many irregular extensional basins on a broad, distal continental shelf. This original tectonic setting may apply elsewhere in Cordilleran-type margins where appropriate matic and ultramafic analogs are present. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Appl Geol Inc, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Saltus, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1151 EP 1154 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1151:RBROIF>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 501DG UT WOS:000172667100022 ER PT J AU Stevens, CH Stone, P Miller, RB Andersen, DW Metz, J AF Stevens, CH Stone, P Miller, RB Andersen, DW Metz, J TI Emplacement of the Santa Rita Flat pluton as a pluton-scale saddle reef: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94125 USA. RP Stevens, CH (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1157 EP 1157 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1157:EOTSRF>2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA 501DG UT WOS:000172667100025 ER PT J AU Aslan, A Warne, AG White, WA Guevara, EH Smyth, RC Raney, JA Gibeaut, JC AF Aslan, A Warne, AG White, WA Guevara, EH Smyth, RC Raney, JA Gibeaut, JC TI Mud volcanoes of the Orinoco Delta, Eastern Venezuela SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mud volcanoes; Orinoco Delta; Venezuela; diapirism; hydrocarbons ID BARBADOS RIDGE COMPLEX; ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX; SHALE DIAPIRS; TRINIDAD; RANGE AB Mud volcanoes along the northwest margin of the Orinoco Delta are part of a regional belt of soft sediment deformation and diapirism that formed in response to rapid foredeep sedimentation and subsequent tectonic compression along the Caribbean-South American plate boundary. Field studies of five mud volcanoes show that such structures consist of a central mound covered by active and inactive vents. Inactive vents and mud flows are densely vegetated. whereas active vents are sparsely vegetated. Four out of the five mud volcanoes studied are currently active. Orinoco mud flows consist of mud and clayey silt matrix surrounding lithic clasts of varying composition. Preliminary analysis suggests that the mud volcano sediment is derived from underlying Miocene and Pliocene strata. Hydrocarbon seeps are associated with several of the active mud volcanoes. Orinoco mud volcanoes overlie the crest of a mud-diapir-cored anticline located along the axis of the Eastern Venezuelan Basin. Faulting along the flank of the Pedernales mud volcano suggests that fluidized sediment and hydrocarbons migrate to the surface along faults produced by tensional stresses along the crest of the anticline. Orinoco mud volcanoes highlight the proximity of this major delta to an active plate margin and the importance of tectonic influences on its development. Evaluation of the Orinoco Delta mud volcanoes and those elsewhere indicates that these features are important indicators of compressional tectonism along deformation fronts of plate margins. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mesa State Coll, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaymabo, PR 00965 USA. Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. RP Aslan, A (reprint author), Mesa State Coll, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 323 EP 336 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00065-4 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 501LD UT WOS:000172685400005 ER PT J AU Kellogg, KS AF Kellogg, KS TI Tectonic controls on a large landslide complex: Williams Fork Mountains near Dillon, Colorado SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Colorado; Williams Fork Mountains; landslide; Williams Range thrust; Sackungen; gravitational spreading AB An extensive ( similar to 25 km(2)) landslide complex covers a large area on the west side of the Williams Fork Mountains in central Colorado. The complex is deeply weathered and incised, and in most places geomorphic evidence of sliding (breakaways, hummocky topography, transverse ridges, and lobate distal zones) are no longer visible, indicating that the main mass of the slide has long been inactive. However, localized Holocene reactivation of the landslide deposits is common above the timberline (at about 3300 m) and locally at lower elevations. Clasts within the complex, as long as several tens of meters, are entirely of crystalline basement (Proterozoic gneiss and granitic rocks) from the hanging wall of the Laramide (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary), west-directed Williams Range thrust, which forms the western structural boundary of the Colorado Front Range. Late Cretaceous shale and sandstone compose most footwall rocks. The crystalline hanging-wall rocks are pervasively fractured or shattered, and alteration to clay minerals is locally well developed. Sackung structures (trenches or small-scale grabens and upslope-facing scarps) are common near the rounded crest of the range, suggesting gravitational spreading of the fractured rocks and oversteepening of the mountain flanks. Late Tertiary and Quaternary incision of the Blue River Valley, just west of the Williams Fork Mountains, contributed to the oversteepening. Major landslide movement is suspected during periods of deglaciation when abundant meltwater increased pore-water pressure in bedrock fractures. A fault-flexure model for the development of the widespread fracturing and weakening of the Proterozoic basement proposes that the surface of the Williams Range thrust contains a concave-down ward flexure, the axis of which coincides approximately with the contact in the footwall between Proterozoic basement and mostly Cretaceous rocks. Movement of brittle, hanging-wall rocks through the flexure during Laramide deformation pervasively fractured the hanging-wall rocks. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kellogg, KS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 913, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 355 EP 368 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00067-8 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 501LD UT WOS:000172685400007 ER PT J AU Ji, C Helmberger, DV Song, TRA Ma, KF Wald, DJ AF Ji, C Helmberger, DV Song, TRA Ma, KF Wald, DJ TI Slip distribution and tectonic implication of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COLLISION AB We report on the fault complexity of the large (M-w = 7.6) Chi-Chi earthquake obtained by inverting densely and well-distributed static measurements consisting of 119 GPS and 23 doubly integrated strong motion records. We show that the slip of the Chi-Chi earthquake was concentrated on the surface of a "wedge shaped" block. The inferred geometric complexity explains the difference between the strike of the fault plane determined by long period seismic data and surface break observations. When combined with other geophysical and geological observations, the result provides a unique snapshot of tectonic deformation taking place in the form of very large (> 10m) displacements of a massive wedge-shaped crustal block which may relate to the changeover from over-thrusting to subducting motion between the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian plates. C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Inst Geophys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Ji, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Ma, Kuo-Fong/H-1445-2012; Song, Teh-Ru Alex/I-7563-2012; OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 15 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 23 BP 4379 EP 4382 DI 10.1029/2001GL013225 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 496YJ UT WOS:000172425700010 ER PT J AU McGee, KA Doukas, MP Gerlach, TM AF McGee, KA Doukas, MP Gerlach, TM TI Quiescent hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide degassing from Mount Baker, Washington SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; ST-HELENS; EMISSIONS; AIRBORNE; GASES AB Volcanic H2S emission rate data are scant despite their importance in understanding ma-ma degassing. We present results from direct airborne plume Measurements of H2S and CO2 oil a 21-orbit survey at eleven different altitudes around Mount Baker volcano in September 2000 utilizing instrumentation mounted in a light aircraft. Measured emission rates of H2S and CO2 were 5.5 td(-1) and 187 td(-1) respectively, Maximum concentrations of H2S and CO2 encountered within the 4-km-wide plume were 75 ppb and 2 ppm respectively. Utilizing the H2S signal as a marker for the plume allows the corresponding CO2 signal to be more easily and accurately distinguished from ambient CO2 background. This technique is sensitive enough for monitoring weakly degassing volcanoes in a pre-eruptive condition when scrubbing by hydrothermal fluid or aquifers might mask the presence of more acid magmatic gases Such as SO2. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP McGee, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 23 BP 4479 EP 4482 DI 10.1029/2001GL013250 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 496YJ UT WOS:000172425700036 ER PT J AU Johnson, CA Mast, MA Kester, CL AF Johnson, CA Mast, MA Kester, CL TI Use of (17)O/(16)O to trace atmospherically-deposited sulfate in surface waters: a case study in alpine watersheds in the Rocky Mountains SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; SNOWMELT; SULFUR; DELTA-O-18; OXIDATION; CHEMISTRY; COLORADO; RUNOFF; ORIGIN; EARTH AB Building on the discovery of excess (17)O in atmospheric sulfate by Lee et al. (2001), we have carried out a case study to determine whether (17)O might provide a new tool for quantifying the impact of atmospheric deposition on surface-water sulfate loads. In Rocky Mountain alpine regions, excess (17)O was found to be characteristic of atmospheric sulfate deposited in snow. Excess (17)O was also evident in stream sulfate in one of two high-elevation watersheds where analyses were made. Isotope mass balance calculations gave surprizingly low atmospheric contributions to stream sulfate suggesting that (1) despite abundant outcrop and sparse soil in these areas, significant sulfate may be taken up and released by soil microbes before being exported in streams, and (2) surface waters can carry multiple non-atmospheric sulfate types, some possibly anthropogenic. Measurements of (17)O may prove very useful in studies of sulfate behavior in a variety of surficial environments. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Johnson, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM cjohnso@usgs.gov; mamast@usgs.gov; cbrock@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 23 BP 4483 EP 4486 DI 10.1029/2001GL012966 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 496YJ UT WOS:000172425700037 ER PT J AU Siegel, DI Chanton, JP Glaser, PH Chasar, LS Rosenberry, DO AF Siegel, DI Chanton, JP Glaser, PH Chasar, LS Rosenberry, DO TI Estimating methane production rates in bogs and landfills by deuterium enrichment of pore water SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID LOST RIVER PEATLAND; HYDROGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; BACTERIOGENIC METHANE; ACETATE FERMENTATION; EMISSIONS; VEGETATION; ENVIRONMENTS; GRADIENTS; OXIDATION AB Raised bogs and municipal waste landfills harbor large populations of methanogens within their domed deposits of anoxic organic matter. Although the methane emissions from these sites have been estimated by various methods, limited data exist on the activity of the methanogens at depth. We therefore analyzed the stable isotopic signature of the pore waters in two raised hogs from northern Minnesota to identify depth intervals in the peat profile where methanogenic metabolism occurs. Methanogenesis enriched the deuterium (H-2) content of the deep peat pore waters by as much as +11 parts per thousand (Vienna Standard Mean Sea Water), which compares to a much greater enrichment factor of +70 parts per thousand in leachate from New York City's Fresh Kills landfill. The bog pore waters were isotopically dated by tritium (H-3) to be about 35 years old at 1.5 m depth, whereas the landfill leachate was estimated as similar to 17 years old from Darcy flow calculations. According to an isotopic mass balance the observed deuterium enrichment indicates that about 1.2 g of CH4 m(-3) d(-1) were produced within the deeper peat, compared to about 2.8 g CH4 m(-3) d(-1) in the landfill. The values for methane production in the bog peat are substantially higher than the flux rates measured at the surface of the bogs or at the landfill, indicating that deeper methane production may be much higher than was previously assumed. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Siegel, DI (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 60 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 967 EP 975 DI 10.1029/2000GB001329 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 502QY UT WOS:000172755300015 ER PT J AU Reifel, KM McCoy, MP Tiffany, MA Rocke, TE Trees, CC Barlow, SB Faulkner, DJ Hurlbert, SH AF Reifel, KM McCoy, MP Tiffany, MA Rocke, TE Trees, CC Barlow, SB Faulkner, DJ Hurlbert, SH TI Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis (Prymnesiophyceae) blooms on the surface of the Salton Sea, California SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE prymnesiophyte; coccolithophore; algal bloom; algal toxins; pigments; saline lakes ID NOV PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE; BRINE SHRIMP; DIMETHYLSULFIDE; PHYTOPLANKTON; CARTERAE; ECOLOGY; WATERS AB Dense populations of the coccolithophore Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis were found in surface films at several locations around the Salton Sea in February-August, 1999. An unidentified coccolithophorid was also found in low densities in earlier studies of the lake (1955-1956). To our knowledge, this is the first record of this widespread marine species in any lake. Samples taken from surface films typically contained high densities of one or two other phytoplankton species as well as high densities of the coccolithophore. Presence or absence of specific algal pigments was used to validate direct cell counts. In a preliminary screen using a brine shrimp lethality assay, samples showed moderate activity. Extracts were then submitted to a mouse bioassay, and no toxic activity was observed. These results indicate that blooms of P. pseudoroscoffensis are probably not toxic to vertebrates and do not contribute to the various mortality events of birds and fish that occur in the Salton Sea. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego State Univ, Ctr Inland Waters, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. San Diego State Univ, Ctr Hydroopt & Remote Sensing, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. RP Reifel, KM (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RI Reifel, Kristen/J-7052-2014; OI Reifel, Kristen/0000-0002-2394-9185; Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 44 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD DEC PY 2001 VL 466 IS 1-3 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1023/A:1014551804059 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 530JH UT WOS:000174354200016 ER PT J AU Takekawa, JY Lu, CT Pratt, RT AF Takekawa, JY Lu, CT Pratt, RT TI Avian communities in baylands and artificial salt evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE salt evaporation ponds; waterbirds; San Francisco Bay; migratory birds; baylands; salt ponds ID WESTERN SANDPIPERS AB San Francisco Bay wetlands, seasonal and tidal marshes between the historic low and high tide lines, are now highly fragmented because of development during the past 150 years. Artificial salt pond systems in the Bay are hypersaline and typically support simple assemblages of algae and invertebrates. In order to establish the value of salt ponds for migratory waterbirds, we used datasets to conduct a meta-analysis of avian communities in the baylands and salt ponds of San Pablo Bay. Fifty-three species of waterbirds in the salt ponds represented six foraging guilds: surface feeders, shallow probers, deep probers, dabblers, diving benthivores and piscivores. The total number of species and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index was higher in baylands than in salt ponds during all four seasons. However, overall bird density (number/ha) was higher in salt ponds compared with baylands in the winter and spring, primarily because of large concentrations of benthivores. Cessation of salt production in 1993 and subsequent reduction in water depth resulted in a decline of some diving duck populations that used the salt ponds. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Humboldt State Univ, US Geol Survey, Calif Cooperat Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Endangered Species Branch, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Takekawa, JY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, POB 2012, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. EM john_takekawa@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD DEC PY 2001 VL 466 IS 1-3 BP 317 EP 328 DI 10.1023/A:1014546524957 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 530JH UT WOS:000174354200029 ER PT J AU Weeks, EP AF Weeks, EP TI Thoughts on the evolution of hydrogeologic practice in the USA during the last 40 years SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Weeks, EP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 9 IS 6 BP 519 EP 521 DI 10.1007/s10040-001-001-0174-4 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 522PQ UT WOS:000173906300001 ER PT J AU Moore, JM Wilhelms, DE AF Moore, JM Wilhelms, DE TI Hellas as a possible site of ancient ice-covered lakes on Mars SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID GROUND ICE; REGION; GLACIATION; EVOLUTION; CLIMATE; MODEL; ROCKS; BASIN AB Based on topographic, morphologic, and stratigraphic evidence, we propose that ancient water-laid sediment is the dominant component of deposits within Hellas Planitia, Mars. Multiple-layered sediment is manifested by alternating benches and scarps visible in Mars orbiting camera narrow-angle (MOC NA) images. Viking Orbiter camera and MOC NA images were used to map contacts and stratigraphically order the different materials units within Hellas. Mars orbiting laser altimeter (MOLA) data reveal that the contacts of these sedimentary units, as well as a number of scarps or other abrupt changes in landscape texture, trace contours of constant elevation for thousands of km, and in one case all around the basin. Channels, consensually interpreted to be cut by water, lead into the basin. MOLA results indicate that the area encompassed by greater Hellas' highest closed contour is nearly one-fifth that of the entire northern plains, making the Hellas "drainage" area much larger than previously reported. If lakes formed under climatic conditions similar to the modern Martian climate, they would develop thick ice carapaces, then the lakes would eventually sublimate away. Two units within Hellas exhibit a reticulate or honeycomb pattern, which we speculate are impressions made by lake-lowered ice blocks grounding into initially soft mud. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Branch, Monte Rio, CA 95462 USA. RP Moore, JM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 54 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD DEC PY 2001 VL 154 IS 2 BP 258 EP 276 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6736 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 541ZC UT WOS:000175016200004 ER PT J AU Cui, TJ Chew, WC Aydiner, AA Wright, DL Smith, DV AF Cui, TJ Chew, WC Aydiner, AA Wright, DL Smith, DV TI Detection of buried targets using a new enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE buried object detection; conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (CG-FFT); electromagnetic scattering; frequency hopping; loop antennas; loop-tree basis; low frequencies; numerical analysis ID ARBITRARY WIRE ANTENNAS; FAST ALGORITHM; LARGE-SIZE; SCATTERING; SPACE AB In this paper, numerical simulations of a new enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system are presented, where a horizontal transmitting loop and two horizontal receiving loops are used to detect buried targets, in which three loops share the same axis and the transmitter is located at the center of receivers. In the new VETEM system, the difference of signals from two receivers is taken to eliminate strong direct-signals from the transmitter and background clutter and furthermore to obtain a better SNR for buried targets. Because strong coupling exists between the transmitter and receivers, accurate analysis of the three-loop antenna system is required, for which a loop-tree basis function method has been utilized to overcome the low-frequency breakdown problem. In the analysis of scattering problem from buried targets, a conjugate gradient (CG) method with fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to solve the electric field integral equation. However, the convergence of such CG-FFT algorithm is extremely slow at very low frequencies. In order to increase the convergence rate, a frequency-hopping approach has been used. Finally, the primary, coupling, reflected, and scattered magnetic fields are evaluated at receiving loops to calculate the output electric current. Numerous simulation results are given to interpret the new VETEM system. Comparing with other single-transmitter-receiver systems, the new VETEM has better SNR and ability to reduce the clutter. C1 Southeast Univ, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cui, TJ (reprint author), Southeast Univ, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. RI Chew, Weng Cho/C-1792-2009 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 12 BP 2702 EP 2712 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 511ZK UT WOS:000173296500013 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Blakely, RJ Brocher, TM AF Parsons, T Blakely, RJ Brocher, TM TI A simple algorithm for sequentially incorporating gravity observations in seismic traveltime tomography SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND; TIME TOMOGRAPHY; SEATTLE FAULT; WASHINGTON; VELOCITY; DENSITY; CALIFORNIA; LOWLAND; HAZARDS AB The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm. is portable to any seismic analysis method that uses a gridded representation of velocity structure. Our technique calculates the gravity anomaly resulting from a velocity model by converting to density with Gardner's rule. The residual between calculated and observed gravity is minimized by weighted adjustments to the model velocity-depth gradient where the gradient is steepest and where seismic coverage is least. The adjustments are scaled by the sign and magnitude of the gravity residuals, and a smoothing step is performed to minimize vertical streaking. The adjusted model is then used as a starting model in the next seismic traveltime iteration. The process is repeated until one velocity model can simultaneously satisfy both the gravity anomaly and seismic traveltime observations within acceptable misfits. We test our algorithm with data gathered in the Puget Lowland of Washington state, USA (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound [SHIPS] experiment). We perform resolution tests with synthetic traveltime and gravity observations calculated with a checkerboard velocity model using the SHIPS experiment geometry, and show that the addition of gravity significantly enhances resolution. We calculate a new velocity model for the region using SHIPS traveltimes and observed gravity, and show examples where correlation between surface geology and modeled subsurface velocity structure is enhanced. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X; Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 43 IS 12 BP 1073 EP 1086 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 547EK UT WOS:000175319900001 ER PT J AU Watson, WD Ruppert, LF Bragg, LJ Tewalt, SJ AF Watson, WD Ruppert, LF Bragg, LJ Tewalt, SJ TI A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geostatistical analysis; Pittsburgh coal bed; comparison with mine data; kriging; statistical precision AB The US Geological Survey (USGS) is completing a national assessment of coal resources in the five top coal-producing regions in the US. Point-located data provide measurements on coal thickness and sulfur content. The sample data and their geologic interpretation represent the most regionally complete and up-to-date assessment of what is known about top-producing US coal beds. The sample data are analyzed using a combination of geologic and Geographic Information System (GIS) models to estimate tonnages and qualities of the coal beds. Traditionally, GIS practitioners use contouring to represent geographical patterns of "similar" data values. The tonnage and grade of coal resources are then assessed by using the contour lines as references for interpolation. An assessment taken to this point is only indicative of resource quantity and quality. Data users may benefit from a statistical approach that would allow them to better understand the uncertainty and limitations of the sample data. To develop a quantitative approach, geostatistics were applied to the data on coal sulfur content from samples taken in the Pittsburgh coal bed (located in the eastern US, in the southwestern part of the state of Pennsylvania, and in adjoining areas in the states of Ohio and West Virginia). Geostatistical methods that account for regional and local trends were applied to blocks 2.7 mi (4.3 km) on a side. The data and geostatistics support conclusions concerning the average sulfur content and its degree of reliability at regional- and economic-block scale over the large, contiguous part of the Pittsburgh outcrop, but not to a mine scale. To validate the method, a comparison was made with the sulfur contents in sample data taken from 53 coal mines located in the study area. The comparison showed a high degree of similarity between the sulfur content in the mine samples and the sulfur content represented by the geostatistically derived contours. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Energy Informat Adm, US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Watson, WD (reprint author), Energy Informat Adm, US DOE, 950 Lenfant Plaza S Bldg EI-52,1000 Independence, Washington, DC 20585 USA. OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0 PG 22 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 510VA UT WOS:000173226900001 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC Novak, BM Flint, DE Cutting, DC AF Cipriano, RC Novak, BM Flint, DE Cutting, DC TI Reappraisal of the federal fish health recommendation for disinfecting eggs of Atlantic salmon in iodophor SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID 2 IODOPHORS; BACTERIAL; DISEASE AB The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service federal protocol for dual disinfection of Fish eggs in 50 mg/L iodine solution for 30 min followed by a secondary disinfection in 100 mg/L iodine for 10 min was investigated during six spawning cycles of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar held at the Richard Cronin National Salmon Station (Sunderland, Massachusetts). This population of salmon had under.-one an epizootic of furunculosis, and the surviving Fish maintained a persistent infection of Aeromonas salmonicida throughout the course of study. Eggs from 20 individual paired matings of salmon were obtained annually during the first 2 weeks of November in each spawning cycle from 1995 through 2000 except for 1999, when fertilized eggs from 35 pairs of salmon were examined. Aeromonas salmonicida Was isolated from 19 of the total 135 groups of fertilized eggs investigated during this study. In those cases, all isolations of the pathogen were made only in fertilized eggs that had not yet undergone disinfection in iodophor. In contrast to the results produced in the field, in vitro assays showed that A. salmonicida was not completely killed when initial concentrations of the bacterium ranged between 1.0 x 10(7) and 1.2 x 10(8) colony forming units [CFU]/mL. However, even when bacterial concentrations exceeded 1.0 x 10(7) CFU/mL, no A. salmonicida remained viable in eggs treated first with 50 mg/L iodine for 30 min and then with 100 mg/L iodine for 10 min, as prescribed in federal policy, Results of the current analysis also provided further evidence that A. salmonicida is not transmitted vertically through intra-ovum infection. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Richard Cronin Natl Salmon Stn, Sunderland, MA 01375 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Connecticut River Coordinators Off, Sunderland, MA 01375 USA. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 320 EP 327 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0320:ROTFFH>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 503LJ UT WOS:000172799700004 ER PT J AU Olsen, GH AF Olsen, GH TI Of cranes and men: Reintroduction of cranes to a migratory pathway - Part II SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY LA English DT Article C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC AVIAN VETERINARIANS PI BOCA RATON PA PO BOX 811720, BOCA RATON, FL 33481 USA SN 1082-6742 J9 J AVIAN MED SURG JI J. Avian Med. Surg. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 316 EP 322 DI 10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0316:OCAMRO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 540BN UT WOS:000174908500010 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Sapkota, SK AF Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Sapkota, SK TI Coastal change analysis program implemented in Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Landsat Thematic Mapper; land cover; classification; change detection; Mermentau River Basin; location stability; residence stability; turnover; accuracy assessment ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; ACCURACY; WETLANDS AB Landsat Thematic Mapper images from 1990 to 1996 and collateral data sources were used to classify the land cover of the Mermentau River Basin (MRB) within the Chenier Plain of coastal Louisiana. Landcover classes followed the definition of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coastal Change Analysis Program; however, classification methods had to be developed as part of this study for attainment of these national classification standards. Classification method developments were especially important when classes were spectrally inseparable, when classes were part of spatial and spectral continuums, when the spatial resolution of the sensor included more than one landcover type, and when human activities caused abnormal transitions in the landscape. Most classification problems were overcome by using one or a combination of techniques, such as separating the MRB into subregions of commonality, applying masks to specific land mixtures, and highlighting class transitions between years that were highly unlikely. Overall, 1990, 1993, and 1996 classification accuracy percentages (associated kappa statistics) were 80% (0.79), 78% (0.76), and 86% (0.84), respectively. Most classification errors were associated with confusion between managed (cultivated land) and unmanaged grassland classes; scrub shrub, grasslands and forest classes; water, unconsolidated shore and bare land classes; and especially in 1993, between water and floating vegetation classes. Combining cultivated land and grassland classes and water and floating vegetation classes into single classes accuracies for 1990, 1993, and 1996 increased to 82%, 83%, and 90%, respectively. To improve the interpretation of landcover change, three indicators of landcover class stability were formulated. Location stability was defined as the percentage of a landcover class that remained as the same class in the same location at the beginning and the end of the monitoring period. Residence stability was defined as the percent change in each class within the entire MRB during the monitoring period. Turnover was defined as the addition of other landcover classes to the target landcover class during the defined monitoring period. These indicators allowed quick assessment of the dynamic nature of landcover classes, both in reference to a spatial location and to retaining their presence throughout the MRB. Examining the landcover changes between 1990 to 1993 and 1993 to 1996, led us to five principal findings: (1) Landcover turnover is maintaining a near stable logging cycle, although the locations of grassland, scrub shrub, and forest areas involved in the cycle appeared to change. (2) Planting of seedlings is critical to maintaining cycle stability. (3) Logging activities tend to replace woody land mixed forests with woody land evergreen forests. (4) Wetland estuarine marshes are expanding slightly. (5) Wetland palustrine marshes and mature forested wetlands in the MRB are relatively stable. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 53 EP 71 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 410YM UT WOS:000167468700005 ER PT J AU Jorgenson, T Ely, C AF Jorgenson, T Ely, C TI Topography and flooding of coastal ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Implications for sea-level rise SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Arctic; delta; surface elevations; GPS; sedimentation; flooding; sea-level change ID VEGETATION PATTERNS; BERING SEA; CLASSIFICATION; COMMUNITIES; SALINITY; MARSH; RADAR AB We measured surface elevations, stage of annual peak flooding, and sedimentation along 10 toposequences across coastal ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta in western Alaska during 1994-1998 to assess some of the physical processes affecting ecosystem distribution. An ecotype was assigned to each of 566 points, and differences in elevations among 24 ecotypes were analyzed within individual toposequences and across the 40 x 40-km study area. Elevations of vegetated ecotypes along the longest toposequence rose only similar to1 m over a distance of 7.5 km, and mean elevations of most ecotypes across the study area were within 0.5 m of mean higher-high water (1.47 m). During 1994 to 1998. monitoring of annual peak stage using crest gauges revealed flooding from the highest fall storm surge reached 2.58 m (1.11 m above mean higher-high tide). In each year, only the highest surface was unaffected by flooding. Mean annual sedimentation rates for the various ecotypes were 8.0 mm/y on tidal flats, 1.4 to 3.8 mm/y on the active floodplain, 0.1-0.2 mm/y on the inactive floodplain, and 0 mm/y on the abandoned floodplain. If sea levels in the Bering Sea rise similar to0.5 m by 2100, as predicted by some on a global basis, large portions of the coastal margin of the delta could be regularly inundated by water during high tides, and even the highest ecotypes could be affected by storm surges. Predicting the extent of future inundation is difficult, however, because of the changes in the ground-surface elevation through sedimentation, organic matter accumulation, and permafrost development. C1 ABR Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99708 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Jorgenson, T (reprint author), ABR Inc, POB 80410, Fairbanks, AK 99708 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 18 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 124 EP 136 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 410YM UT WOS:000167468700013 ER PT J AU Berlin, KE Simon, JC Pratt, TK Baker, PE Kowalsky, JR AF Berlin, KE Simon, JC Pratt, TK Baker, PE Kowalsky, JR TI Age and sex determination of the Maui Parrotbill SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFYING SEX; IDENTIFICATION; BEHAVIOR; HAWAII AB We determined the best plumage and morphometric variables for ageing and sexing the Maul Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), an endangered Hawaiian honeycreep er found only on east Maul, Hawaii, by examining and measuring 30 museum specimens and 71 live birds captured in mist nets. Juvenal plumage was identified by the presence of pale-tipped wing bars on the middle and greater coverts, grayish olive dorsal plumage, and dingy white underparts and superciliaries. Birds undergoing first prebasic molt retained the juvenal remiges, rectrices, and wing coverts. Birds in first basic plumage possessed juvenal wing bars and a dull juvenal-like plumage. Subsequent molts were complete, and adults lacked wing bars. Adult males had bright yellow plumage on the cheeks, throat, and superciliaries, as did 27% of adult females. All other adult females had less yellow in the underparts. The dorsal plumage of adult females was more variable than adult males and was either yellow-olive like the males or grayish olive. Adult males had longer wing, bill, tail, and tarsometatarsus and greater mass than adult females. Virtually all males and females could be distinguished by wing length. Morphometrics of immature birds were significantly smaller than for adult males. Only immature male wing chord was significantly larger than that of adult females. Although it was difficult to distinguish between immatures and some adult females based on plumage coloration or measurements, a cut-off point of 70.4 mm for wing chord separated 91% of females from 93% of males, regardless of age. C1 USGS Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Berlin, KE (reprint author), 75 Birch Hill Rd, Mt Sinai, NY 11766 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 72 IS 1 BP 12 EP 21 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 403ZD UT WOS:000167072200002 ER PT J AU Sanzenbacher, PM Haig, SM AF Sanzenbacher, PM Haig, SM TI Killdeer population trends in North America SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHOREBIRDS; ABUNDANCE; CONSERVATION; DAKOTA; PLOVER; BAY AB Killdeers (Charadrius vociferus) are considered a common species that inhabits a wide range of wetland and upland habitats throughout much of North America, yet recent information suggests that they may be declining regionally, if not throughout much of their range. To address this issue, we examined population trends of this species at multiple spatial and temporal scales using data from two major avian survey efforts, the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Count (CBC). A summary of BBS vends indicates significant longterm (1966-1996) declines in breeding populations across North America. Geographic regions driving this decline were Canada, western survey regions of the continent, and select southeastern states. In contrast, over the same time period, Killdeer populations increased in some midwestern states, particularly those in the Great Lakes region. Recent BBS trends (1986-1996) indicate highly significant declines across most areas of North America surveyed. Trends from CBC data (1959-1988) indicate declines at a smaller spatial scale. While the ability of current major avian survey efforts to detect population trends for Killdeer and other shorebird species warrants further examination, significant negative vends in Killdeer populations indicates the need to further investigate the status of this species. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sanzenbacher, PM (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 14 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 72 IS 1 BP 160 EP 169 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 403ZD UT WOS:000167072200018 ER PT J AU Pegg, MA Pierce, CL AF Pegg, MA Pierce, CL TI Growth rate responses of Missouri and Lower Yellowstone River fishes to a latitudinal gradient SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth rate; counter gradient variation ID COUNTERGRADIENT VARIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS; COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS; GROWING-SEASON; ENERGY BUDGETS; LIFE-HISTORY; DIFFERENTIATION; BASS; DORVILLEIDAE; POLYCHAETA AB Growth rate coefficients estimated for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, emerald shiners Notropis atherinoides, freshwater drums Aplodinotus grunniens, river carpsuckers Carpiodes carpio and saugers Stizostedion canadense collected in 1996-1998 from nine river sections of the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers at two life-stages (young-of-the-year and age 1+ years) were significantly different among sections. However, they showed no river-wide latitudinal trend except for age 1+ years emerald shiners that did show a weak negative relation between growth and both latitude and length of growing season. The results suggest growth rates of fishes along the Missouri River system are complex and could be of significance in the management and conservation of fish communities in this altered system. (C) 2001 The fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pegg, MA (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Illinois River Res Stn, 704 N Schrader, Havana, IL 62644 USA. EM markpegg@staff.uiuc.edu NR 52 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1543 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2001.1782 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 514ZC UT WOS:000173470100009 ER PT J AU Stichert, ND Hubert, WA Skinner, QD AF Stichert, ND Hubert, WA Skinner, QD TI A test of factors hypothesized to influence biomass of salmonids in Rocky Mountain streams SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STANDING STOCK; BROOK TROUT; ABUNDANCE; GRADIENT; HABITAT AB Our objective was to determine if salmonid biomass across a large watershed in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming was influenced by stream size, channel slope, or abundance of pool habitat. No relationships were observed with wetted width or channel slope; however, a significant relationship was found between biomass and the abundance of pool habitat. These results suggest that geomorphic stream features had little influence on salmonid biomass, but that instream habitat was important. This pattern may occur in other montane watersheds where streams originate primarily from groundwater sources in limestone formations. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Stichert, ND (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4 BP 493 EP 500 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663840 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 504ZH UT WOS:000172885900002 ER PT J AU Hayward, JMR Ingersoll, CG Jones, JR Whites, DW AF Hayward, JMR Ingersoll, CG Jones, JR Whites, DW TI Influence of sediment type and exposure time on likeness of colonization tray and background macroinvertebrate assemblages SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; COMMUNITY-LEVEL; MICROCOSM SIZE; TOXICITY; RECOLONIZATION; LAKE AB Colonization trays containing three sediment types (formulated, Florissant, and pond) were field deployed in a pond and a stream to assess the influence of sediment type, colonization time, and habitat type on benthic macroinvertebrate colonization. Benthos colonizing the trays was compared to ambient fauna to determine similarity. The pond was chosen as the optimal habitat type. By week 12, organisms colonizing trays in each of the three sediment types placed in the pond were not statistically different from Ekman grab samples in regard to both total abundance and abundance of each dominant taxa. The Florissant-filled colonization trays were the most similar to Ekman grab samples. Percent composition of dominant taxa was most similar (89% based on an affinity index) to Ekman grab samples and had the least variation in composition from the Ekman grab samples. The majority of invertebrates in the stream colonized a superficial layer of debris rather than in the sediments originally placed in the trays. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Hayward, JMR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4 BP 565 EP 573 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663848 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 504ZH UT WOS:000172885900010 ER PT J AU Lowie, CE Haynes, JM Walter, RP AF Lowie, CE Haynes, JM Walter, RP TI Comparison of walleye Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) information with habitat features of a walleye spawning stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN LAKE-ERIE; PHOTOPERIOD AB The objective of our study was to determine habitat conditions in a stream where walleye successfully produce fry and to compare these conditions with the nationally-applicable Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for walleye. During 17-20 d migration periods in April of 1996, 1997 and 2000, walleye were observed spawning; eggs were collected primarily in April and fry primarily in May. Water depths, velocities, and temperatures where walleyes spawned were at the lower end of or below the optimum ranges specified in the HSI for spawning walleye. However, random sampling indicated that optimum HSI conditions for these parameters generally did not exist in the stream. Substrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH were optimal according to the HSI. Our results indicate that predictions using the HSI alone are not sufficient to identify regional tributaries where walleye can successfully establish viable populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resources Off, Amherst, NY 14228 USA. SUNY Coll Brockport, Ctr Appl Aquat Sci & Aquaculture, Environm Sci Program, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. RP Lowie, CE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resources Off, Amherst, NY 14228 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 11 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4 BP 621 EP 631 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663854 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 504ZH UT WOS:000172885900016 ER PT J AU Eckmayer, WJ Margraf, FJ AF Eckmayer, WJ Margraf, FJ TI Aging early age-0 white bass (Morone chrysops) by daily otolith increment analysis SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB Lake Erie Age-0 white bass (Morone chrysops) otoliths expressed daily growth increments; however, the formation of accessory primordia limited aging to the first 90 days. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ohio Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Margraf, FJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 757020, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4 BP 653 EP 654 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663859 PG 2 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 504ZH UT WOS:000172885900021 ER PT J AU Armstrong, MP Frymire, D Zimmerer, EJ AF Armstrong, MP Frymire, D Zimmerer, EJ TI Analysis of sympatric populations of Lampropeltis triangulum syspila and Lampropeltis triangulum clapsoides, in western Kentucky and adjacent Tennessee with relation to the taxonomic status of the scarlet kingsnake SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Murray State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Murray, KY 42071 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, TX 76011 USA. RP Zimmerer, EJ (reprint author), Murray State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, POB 9, Murray, KY 42071 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 688 EP 693 DI 10.2307/1565915 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 502YJ UT WOS:000172770100025 ER PT J AU Murphy, RK Hasselblad, KW Grondahl, CD Sidle, JG Martin, RE Freed, DW AF Murphy, RK Hasselblad, KW Grondahl, CD Sidle, JG Martin, RE Freed, DW TI Status of the Burrowing Owl in North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Burrowing Owl Symposium CY SEP 29-30, 1998 CL OGDEN, UT DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia hypugaea; breeding range; breeding population trends; Great Plains; mixed-grass prairie; nesting habitat; North Dakota ID SPEOTYTO-CUNICULARIA; CONSERVATION; DECLINE; BIRDS AB Western Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) was among breeding birds characteristic of North Dakota's vast presettlement mixed-grass prairie, but now seems rare or absent in much of its former breeding range in the state. We assessed the Burrowing Owl's current breeding range in North Dakota and quantified occurrence of the owl where it was most common 15-30 yr ago: the Missouri Coteau and adjoining Drift Plain in central and northwestern North Dakota, and blacktailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovidanus) colonies in southwestern North Dakota. Burrowing Owls were detected at 23-60% of prairie dog colonies surveyed during 1994-99 (N = 25-89 colonies surveyed/ yr), which was lower than that reported for the owl at prairie dog colonies across most other states in the Great Plains. During 1995-98, we annually detected 0-3 owl pairs/100 km(2) on a 20% sample of a 840-km(2) survey area in each of central and northwestern North Dakota. In 1998, we also searched intensively for Burrowing Owls-within 0.5 km of nest-sites that had been occupied in northwestern North Dakota for at least one yr during 1976-87; we detected an owl at only one (3%)of 38 such areas. East and north of the Missouri River in North Dakota, breeding Burrowing Owls have changed from fairly common or uncommon to rare in the best potential habitat that remains and have disappeared from the eastern one-third of the state; populations apparently fell sharply during the last 5-15 yr. In southwestern North Dakota, the owl's current population trend is unclear but probably is tied closely to prairie dog abundance, which may still be declining. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. N Dakota Game & Fish Dept, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. US Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. US Forest Serv, Little Missouri Natl Grassland, Watford City, ND 58854 USA. RP Murphy, RK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 8315 Hwy 8,Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. EM bob-Murphy@fws.gov NR 34 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 322 EP 330 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 514EG UT WOS:000173424900009 ER PT J AU Sheffield, SR Howery, M AF Sheffield, SR Howery, M TI Current status, distribution, and conservation of the Burrowing Owl in Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Burrowing Owl Symposium CY SEP 29-30, 1998 CL OGDEN, UT DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia; status; distribution; conservation; black-tailed prairie dog; Cynomys ludovicianus; Oklahoma ID BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE; DOGS AB In Oklahoma, the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) historically inhabited much of the western half of the state. Over the last century, habitat destruction and alteration, including destruction of prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies, have taken a toll on the remaining Burrowing Owls in Oklahoma. Currently, owls occupy only a relatively small portion of their historical range in the state. A recent survey indicated that total colony area in the state continues to decline, decreasing 4-7% over the past 10 yr. As prairie dogs continue to be eradicated by humans and impacted by plague over significant areas of Oklahoma, it is not surprising that Burrowing Owls continue to decline. Currently, there are an estimated 800-1000 Burrowing Owls breeding in Oklahoma, and most of these occur in the three panhandle counties (Cimarron, Texas, and Beaver). Breeding Bird Survey data showed that the Burrowing Owl population has significantly declined (12.3%/yr) in the state. Christmas Bird Count data, although limited, also suggest decreasing numbers of wintering Burrowing Owls in the state. These findings are a cause of great concern for the Burrowing Owl in Oklahoma. Major cooperative efforts are needed to ensure that viable populations of Burrowing Owls continue to exist throughout the species' range in Oklahoma. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Nongame Dept, Oklahoma City, OK 73152 USA. RP Sheffield, SR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 634, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM steven_r_sheffield@fws.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 10 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 351 EP 356 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 514EG UT WOS:000173424900013 ER PT J AU Arrowood, PC Finley, CA Thompson, BC AF Arrowood, PC Finley, CA Thompson, BC TI Analyses of Burrowing Owl populations in New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Burrowing Owl Symposium CY SEP 29-30, 1998 CL OGDEN, UTAH DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia hypugaea; population trend; agency survey; prairie dog; Cynomys spp.; New Mexico AB Populations of western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) in New Mexico were assessed using a variety of approaches: 1) multi-year studies at three specific sites; 2) a single-season survey of prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies in five northeastern counties; 3) a questionnaire to state and federal. agencies, private organizations, and biologists throughout the state; 4) analysis of North American Breeding Bird Survey results from 1968-2000; 5) owl counts at prairie dog re-establishment sites; and 6) incidental reports and other sightings. Owl populations in some areas were reportedly stable or increasing, but were decreasing in other areas. Factors most often reported to be associated with stable or increasing populations were food availability, suitable habitat (including the presence of prairie dogs), and increased precipitation. Declining populations appeared to suffer from loss of suitable nesting habitat, caused either by disappearance of prairie dog colonies or by urban sprawl into and lands and farmland. Declining populations also suffered from high predation, persecution, or disturbance by rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus). In some cases, the causes for declines were unknown. Overall, the data suggest moderate concern for Burrowing Owl populations in New Mexico. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Arrowood, PC (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Box 30003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 362 EP 370 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 514EG UT WOS:000173424900015 ER PT J AU Holroyd, GL Rodriguez-Estrella, R Sheffield, SR AF Holroyd, GL Rodriguez-Estrella, R Sheffield, SR TI Conservation of the Burrowing Owl in western North America: Issues, challenges, and recommendations SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Burrowing Owl Symposium CY SEP 29-30, 1998 CL OGDEN, UT DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia; conservation; population decline; status; sciurid; international cooperation; Canada; Mexico; United States of America; North America ID PRAIRIE DOG; REINTRODUCTION; DECLINE AB Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) are undergoing mild to relatively severe local and regional population declines throughout much of western North America. In Canada, Burrowing Owls are declining precipitously and are listed as endangered. In the United States of America, Burrowing Owls continue to decline in many states, but they are not listed federally. In Mexico, there is little quantitative data, but the species is listed as threatened. Here, we propose a conservation plan with five major action components: status, management and conservation, education, research, and administration. Given continued declines of Burrowing Owls in many parts of western North America, we urge increased cooperation among interested agencies and organizations to implement effective conservation of this species. C1 Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, La Paz 23090, BCS, Mexico. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Holroyd, GL (reprint author), Canadian Wildlife Serv, Room 200,4999-98 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. EM Geoffrey.Holroyd@ec.gc.ca RI Rodriguez-Estrella, Ricardo/N-9406-2015 NR 43 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 22 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 399 EP 407 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 514EG UT WOS:000173424900020 ER PT J AU Monroe, EM Newton, TJ AF Monroe, EM Newton, TJ TI Seasonal variation in physiological condition of Amblema plicata in the Upper Mississippi River SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE glycogen; condition index; seasonal variation; Amblema plicata; relocation ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; UNIONID MUSSELS; ANODONTA-PISCINALIS; ENERGY ALLOCATION; BIOPSY; CLAM; CONSERVATION; SURVIVAL; BIVALVIA AB Measures of physiological condition are being used as sub-lethal endpoints in studies with unionids exposed to a variety of stressors, yet the natural seasonal variation in these measures are largely undocumented. We measured concentrations of glycogen in foot and mantle tissue and a tissue condition index (TCI) in Amblema plicata (Say 1817). about monthly, for 2 years in mussels that were: (1) obtained directly from the Upper Mississippi River (riverine group) and (2) relocated from the river into an artificial pond (relocated group). In both groups, we observed significant seasonal variation in all physiological indicators. Seasonal variation in glycogen was 72% in mantle and 52% in foot tissue and paralleled reproductive activity in this short-term breeder. In the relocated group, most of the variation in glycogen occurred during the first six months after relocation, suggesting that handling stress may have been a contributing factor. The significant seasonal variation in the TCI paralleled glycogen in riverine mussels. We observed tissue-specific differences in glycogen in the riverine group, but not in the relocated group. These data suggest that an interaction of environmental and biological factors influence the energetic status of mussels in natural populations. A better understanding of this variation is needed to interpret changes in physiological condition due to stressors such as relocation. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Newton, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3 BP 1167 EP 1171 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 526JN UT WOS:000174127300032 ER PT J AU Lee, KE Goldstein, RM Hanson, PE AF Lee, KE Goldstein, RM Hanson, PE TI Relation between fish communities and riparian zone conditions at two spatial scales SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; watershed management; fish community; biotic integrity; agriculture; riparian; Minnesota River ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; BUFFER STRIPS; WOODY DEBRIS; LAND-USE; STREAM; HABITAT; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY AB The relation of fish community composition to riparian cover at two spatial scales was compared at 18 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin. The two spatial scales were: (1) local riparian zone (a 200 meter wide buffer extending 2 to 3 kilometers upstream of the sampling reach); and (2) the upstream riparian zone (a 200 m wide buffer on the mainstem and all perennial tributaries upstream of the sampling reach). Analysis of variance indicated that streams with wooded-local riparian zones had greater fish species richness (means = 20 and 15, respectively) and Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores (means = 40 and 26, respectively) than streams with open-local riparian zones. Streams with wooded-upstream riparian zones tended (were not statistically significant) to have greater numbers of species (means = 19 and 15, respectively) and IBI scores (means = 33 and 28, respectively) than streams with open-upstream riparian zones. There was no significant interaction between the riparian zone conditions at the two scales. This study suggests that maintenance of wooded riparian cover along streams could be effective in maintaining or improving fish community composition in streams draining heavily agricultural areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. Metropolitan Council, St Paul, MN 55101 USA. RP Lee, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1465 EP 1473 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03653.x PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400004 ER PT J AU Stewart, JS Wang, LZ Lyons, J Horwatich, JA Bannerman, R AF Stewart, JS Wang, LZ Lyons, J Horwatich, JA Bannerman, R TI Influences of watershed, riparian-corridor, and reach-scale characteristics on aquatic biota in agricultural watersheds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE riparian; aquatic biota; agriculture; watershed; land cover; biotic integrity ID LAND-USE; LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES; WISCONSIN STREAMS; MACROINVERTEBRATES; INTEGRITY; HABITATS; FILTERS; QUALITY; FISH AB Multivariate analyses and correlations revealed strong relations between watershed and riparian-corridor land cover, and reach-scale habitat versus fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages in 38 warmwater streams in eastern Wisconsin. Watersheds were dominated by agricultural use, and ranged in size from 9 to 71 km(2). Watershed land cover was summarized from satellite-derived data for the area outside a 30-m buffer. Riparian land cover was interpreted from digital orthophotos within 10-, 10- to 20-, and 20- to 30-m buffers. Reach-scale habitat, fish, and macroinvertebrates were collected in 1998 and biotic indices calculated. Correlations between land cover, habitat, and stream-quality indicators revealed significant relations at the watershed, riparian-corridor, and reach scales. At the watershed scale, fish diversity, intolerant fish and EPT species increased, and Hilsenhoff biotic index (HBI) decreased as percent forest increased. At the riparian-corridor scale, EPT species decreased and HBI increased as riparian vegetation became more fragmented. For the reach, EPT species decreased with embeddedness. Multivariate analyses further indicated that riparian (percent agriculture, grassland, urban and forest, and fragmentation of vegetation), watershed (percent forest) and reach-scale characteristics (embeddedness) were the most important variables influencing fish (IBI, density, diversity, number, and percent tolerant and insectivorous species) and macroinvertebrate (HBI and EPT) communities. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53708 USA. RP Stewart, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 37 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 7 U2 51 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1475 EP 1487 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03654.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400005 ER PT J AU Fitzpatrick, FA Scudder, BC Lenz, BN Sullivan, DJ AF Fitzpatrick, FA Scudder, BC Lenz, BN Sullivan, DJ TI Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; water quality; fish; benthos; algae ID LAND-USE; INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; HABITAT QUALITY; SPATIAL SCALES; WATER-QUALITY; INTEGRITY; PATTERNS; FISH; MACROINVERTEBRATES; CLASSIFICATION AB The U.S. Geological Survey examined 25 agricultural streams in eastern Wisconsin to determine relations between fish, invertebrate, and algal metrics and multiple spatial scales of land cover, geologic setting, hydrologic, aquatic habitat, and water chemistry data. Spearman correlation and redundancy analyses were used to examine relations among biotic metrics and environmental characteristics. Riparian vegetation, geologic, and hydrologic conditions affected the response of biotic metrics to watershed agricultural land cover but the relations were aquatic assemblage dependent. It was difficult to separate the interrelated effects of geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, and base flow. Watershed and buffer land cover, geologic setting, reach riparian vegetation width, and stream size affected the fish IBI, invertebrate diversity, diatom IBI, and number of algal taxa; however, the invertebrate FBI, percentage of EPT, and the diatom pollution index were more influenced by nutrient concentrations and flow variability. Fish IBI scores seemed most sensitive to land cover in the entire stream network buffer, more so than watershed-scale land cover and segment or reach riparian vegetation width. All but one stream with more than approximately 10 percent buffer agriculture had fish IBI scores of fair or poor. In general, the invertebrate and algal metrics used in this study were not as sensitive to land cover effects as fish metrics. Some of the reach-scale characteristics, such as width/depth ratios, velocity, and bank stability, could be related to watershed influences of both land cover and geologic setting. The Wisconsin habitat index was related to watershed geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, riparian vegetation width, and base flow, and appeared to be a good indicator of stream quality. Results from this study emphasize the value of using more than one or two biotic metrics to assess water quality and the importance of environmental characteristics at multiple scales. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Rice Lake, WI 54868 USA. RP Fitzpatrick, FA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 66 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1489 EP 1507 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 513LF UT WOS:000173379400006 ER PT J AU Rogers, SO Watson, BT Neves, RJ AF Rogers, SO Watson, BT Neves, RJ TI Life history and population biology of the endangered tan riffleshell (Epioblasma florentina walkeri) (Bivalvia : Unionidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE tan riffleshell; freshwater mussels; host fish; population demographics; endangered species ID FISH HOSTS; WATER; PELECYPODA; GLOCHIDIA; TENNESSEE; RIVER AB The tan riffleshell (Epioblasma florentina walkeri) is listed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered, and is restricted to only I reproducing population in Indian Creek of the upper Clinch River, Virginia. We investigated its fish hosts, efficacy of infestation methods, suitability of host populations, and population demographics. Fish were collected and infested with tan riffleshell glochidia to examine potential hosts. juveniles transformed on at least 5 of the tested species: fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare), greenside darter (E. blennioides), redline darter (E. rufilineatum), snubnose darter (E. simoterum), and 1 or 2 cottids: banded sculpin (Cottus bairdi) or mottled sculpin (C. carolinae). Fantail darters from 4 drainages were collected and infested with glochidia to compare the suitability of various populations of the most successful host. The number of juvenile mussels obtained from fantail darters collected from Indian Creek ((x) over bar +/- 1 SD = 59.22 +/- 10.01) was significantly higher than those transformed on fantail darters from the Roanoke River ((x) over bar = 9.45 +/- 10.64), where the tan riffleshell. does not occur. Variation in transformation success supports the hypothesis that host fish suitability is mediated by varying immune responses, and that coadaptation of sympatric host fish and mussel populations seemingly enhances compatibility. No significant difference (ANOVA, p = 0.39) existed between the numbers of juvenile tan riffleshells produced by fish using 2 different infestation techniques. The population of tan riffleshells in Indian Creek was similar to 2000 adults using Schumacher's modification of Schnabel's maximum likelihood estimator. Sex ratio was near 1: 1, and size-frequency distributions of males and females were not significantly different. Maximum age of the population, determined by thin-sectioning of valves, was 11 y; similar to 70% of the population was <6 y. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Rogers, SO (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arkansas Field Off, Suite 105,1500 Museum Rd, Conway, AR 72032 USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 582 EP 594 DI 10.2307/1468089 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 498NK UT WOS:000172517400006 ER PT J AU Zweig, LD Rabeni, CF AF Zweig, LD Rabeni, CF TI Biomonitoring for deposited sediment using benthic invertebrates: a test on 4 Missouri streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE streams; sediment; siltation; biomonitoring; benthic invertebrates; metrics; tolerance values; Missouri ID INSECT COMMUNITIES; BIOTIC INDEX; HABITAT; SIZE; ASSEMBLAGES; STATES AB The response of stream benthic invertebrates to surficially deposited fine sediment was investigated in 4 Missouri streams. Twenty to 24 sampling sites in each stream were selected based on similarities of substrate particle-size distributions, depths, and current velocities but for differences in amounts of deposited sediment, which ranged from 0 to 100% surface cover. Deposited sediment was quantified 2 ways: a visual estimate of % surface cover, and a measurement of substrate embeddedness, which were highly correlated with each other and with the amount of sand. Invertebrates were collected using a kicknet for a specified time in a 1-m(2) area. Five commonly used biomonitoring metrics (taxa richness, density, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera [EPT] richness, EPT density; and EPT/Chironomidae richness) were consistently significantly correlated across streams to deposited sediment. Shannon diversity index, Chironomidae richness, Chironomidae density, a biotic index, and % dominant taxon did not relate to increasing levels of deposited sediment. Tolerance values representing taxa responses to deposited sediment were developed for 30 taxa. Deposited-sediment tolerance values were not correlated with biotic index tolerance values, indicating a different response by taxa to deposited sediment than to organic enrichment. Deposited-sediment tolerance values were used to develop the Deposited Sediment Biotic Index (DSBI). The DSBI was calculated for all samples (n = 85) to characterize sediment impairment of the sampled streams. DSBI values for each site were highly correlated with measures of deposited sediment. Model validation by a resampling procedure confirmed that the DSBI is a potentially useful tool for assessing ecological effects of deposited sediment. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 44 TC 105 Z9 109 U1 3 U2 37 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 643 EP 657 DI 10.2307/1468094 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 498NK UT WOS:000172517400011 ER PT J AU Carter, JL Resh, VH AF Carter, JL Resh, VH TI After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bioassessment; biomonitoring; macroinvertebrate; sampling; processing; methods; streams ID LIFE-HISTORY; CLASSIFICATION; RICHNESS; HABITAT; DESIGN AB A survey of methods used by US state agencies for collecting and processing benthic macroinvertebrate samples from streams was conducted by questionnaire; 90 responses were received and used to describe trends in methods. The responses represented an estimated 13,000-15,000 samples collected and processed per year. Kicknet devices were used in 64.5% of the methods; other sampling devices included fixed-area samplers (Surber and Hess), artificial substrates (Hester-Dendy and rock baskets), grabs, and dipnets. Regional differences existed, e.g., the 1-m kicknet was used more often in the eastern US than in the western US. Mesh sizes varied among programs but 80.2% of the methods used a mesh size between 500 and 600 mum. Mesh size variations within US Environmental Protection Agency regions were large, with size differences ranging from 100 to 700 mum. Most samples collected were composites; the mean area sampled was 1.7 m(2). Samples rarely were collected using a random method (4.7%); most samples (70.6%) were collected using "expert opinion", which may make data obtained operator-specific. Only 26.3% of the methods sorted all the organisms from a sample; the remainder subsampled in the laboratory. The most common method of subsampling was to remove 100 organisms (range = 100-550). The magnification used for sorting ranged from I (sorting by eye) to 30X, which results in inconsistent separation of macroinvertebrates from detritus. In addition to subsampling, 53% of the methods sorted large/rare organisms from a sample. The taxonomic level used for identifying organisms varied among taxa; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera were generally identified to a finer taxonomic resolution (genus and species) than other taxa. Because there currently exists a large range of field and laboratory methods used by state programs, calibration among all programs to increase data comparability would be exceptionally challenging. However, because many techniques are shared among methods, limited testing could be designed to evaluate whether procedural differences affect the ability to determine levels of environmental impairment using benthic macroinvertebrate communities. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA. RP Carter, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 35 TC 112 Z9 119 U1 5 U2 57 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 658 EP 682 DI 10.2307/1468095 PG 25 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 498NK UT WOS:000172517400012 ER PT J AU Moore, JG AF Moore, JG TI Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE density; hyaloclastite; pillow zone; vesicles; Hawaii ID VOLCANOS; CRUST AB Density measurements of 1600 samples of core from 889 to 3097 m depth below sea level in the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Program hole near Hilo, Hawaii show marked differences between the basaltic rock types and help define stratigraphy in the hole. Water-saturated densities of subaerial lava flows (occurring above 1079 m depth) have the broadest range because of the large density variation within a single lava flow, Water-saturated densities commonly range from 2.0 to 3.0 with an average of 2.55 +/- 0.24 g/cc. Dikes and sills range from 2.8 to 3.1 g/cc). Densities of hyaloclastite commonly range from 2.3 to 2.7, with an overall average of about 2.5 g/cc. The low-density of most hyaloclastite is due primarily to palagonitization of abundant glass and presence of secondary minerals in the interstices between fragments. Four principal zones of pillow lava, separated by hyaloclastite, occur in the drill core. The shallowest (1983-2136 m) is paradoxically the densest, averaging 3.01 +/- 0.10 g/cc. The second (2234-2470 m) is decidedly the lightest, averaging 2.67 +/- 0.13 g/cc. The third (2640-2790 m) and fourth (2918-bottom at 3097 m) are high, averaging 2.89 +/- 0.17 and 2.97 +/- 0.08 g/cc, respectively. The first pillow zone includes degassed pillows i.e. lava erupted on land that flowed into the sea. These pillows are poor in vesicles, because the subaerial, one-atmosphere vesicles were compressed when the flow descended to deeper water and higher pressure. The second (low-density, non-degassed) pillow zone is the most vesicle-rich, apparently because it was erupted subaqueously at a shallow depth. The higher densities of the third and fourth zones result from a low vesicularity of only a few percent and an olivine content averaging more than 5% for the third zone and about 10% for the fourth zone. The uppermost hyaloclastite extending about 400 m below the bottom of the subaerial basalt is poorly cemented and absorbs up to 6 wt% of water when immersed. Progressing downward the hyaloclastite absorbs less water and becomes better cemented. This change is apparently due to palagonitization of glass and addition of secondary minerals in the deeper older hyaloclastite, a process favored by the increase of temperature with depth. The cementation is largely complete at 1800 m depth where the temperature attains about 20degreesC. The zone of freshest, uncemented hyaloclastite represents the weakest rock in the drill hole and is a likely level for tectonic or landslide disruption. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Moore, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 13 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 112 IS 1-4 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 512MD UT WOS:000173327400013 ER PT J AU DeFrance, SD Keefer, DK Richardson, JB Umire Alvaraez, A AF DeFrance, SD Keefer, DK Richardson, JB Umire Alvaraez, A TI Late Paleo-Indian coastal foragers: Specialized extractive behavior at Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru SO LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; BP AB Quebrada Tacahuay, located on the south coast of Peru, is one of the oldest expressions of maritime adaptations in the Western Hemisphere. Excavations conducted in 1997 and 1998 indicate that humans focused their activities on the collection and butchering of marine birds, particularly cormorants and boobies, and other marine resources more than 10,290 years ago (uncalibrated radiocarbon years BP). In addition to abundant zooarchaeological remains, cultural material includes unifacial lithic tools and one worked marine mammal rib. We report on the use of marine resources at the site in conjunction with the taphonomic history of site formation. Geological data indicate that El Nino flood events initially occurred during the Pleistocene and at various times during the Holocene. The abundant use of seafood indicates that Quebrada Tacahuay represents a specialized coastal extraction station used by Late Paleo-Indian populations with a well-developed littoral adaptation. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum Natural Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Museo Contisuyu, Moquegua, Peru. RP DeFrance, SD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER ARCHAEOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 900 SECOND ST., NE STE 12, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-3557 USA SN 1045-6635 J9 LAT AM ANTIQ JI Lat. Am. Antiq. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 413 EP 426 DI 10.2307/972087 PG 14 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 507GG UT WOS:000173018200004 ER PT J AU Tobias, CR Macko, SA Anderson, IC Canuel, EA Harvey, JW AF Tobias, CR Macko, SA Anderson, IC Canuel, EA Harvey, JW TI Tracking the fate of a high concentration groundwater nitrate plume through a fringing marsh: A combined groundwater tracer and in situ isotope enrichment study SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND ESTUARY; TIDAL FRESH-WATER; SALT-MARSH; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; OLIGOHALINE ZONE; GAS-EXCHANGE; DENITRIFICATION; SEDIMENT; REDUCTION; DISCHARGE AB A groundwater plume enriched in (15)NO(3)(-) was created upgradient of a mesohaline salt marsh. By measuring the changes in concentration and isotopic enrichment of NO(3)(-), N(2)O, N(2), NH(4)(+), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) during plume transport through the marsh, in situ rates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and denitrification (DNF) were estimated, as well as N storage in the reduced N pools. For groundwater discharge within the top 10 cm of marsh, NO(3)(-) removal was 90% complete within the 50 cm of marsh nearest the upland border. The peak NO(3)(-) loss rate from the plume ranged from 208 to 645 muM d(-1). Rates of DNRA (180 muM d(-1)) and DNF (387-465 muM d(-1)) processed 30% and 70% of the NO(3)(-) load, respectively. Terminal N(2)O production was approximately equal to N(2) production rates during DNE Comparison of (15)N lost from the (15)O(3)(-) pool and (15)N gained in each of the reduced products accounted for only 22% of the reduced (15)N, thus indicating N export from the system. Despite high rates of DNRA, the NH(+) produced was not a long-term repository for the groundwater-derived N but was instead rapidly immobilized into marsh PON and retained on longer timescales. The small inventory of (15)N in the N(2)O and N(2) pools relative to DNF rates, coincident with an undersaturation of dissolved argon, indicated that denitrified N was exported to the atmosphere on short timescales. The relative magnitudes of DNF and DNRA in conjunction with the immobilization of NH(4)(+) and evasion of N gases dictated the extent of export versus retention of the groundwater NO(3)(-) load. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22930 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Tobias, CR (reprint author), Ctr Ecosyst, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM ctobias@mbl.edu RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 49 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 8 BP 1977 EP 1989 PG 13 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 497QG UT WOS:000172466500012 ER PT J AU Gesch, D Wilson, R AF Gesch, D Wilson, R TI Development of a seamless multisource topographic/bathymetric elevation model of Tampa Bay SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on High Resolution Surveys in Shallow Waters CY OCT, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AB Many applications of geospatial data, in coastal environments require knowledge of the near-shore topography and bathymetry. However, because existing topographic and bathymetric data have been. collected independently for different purposes, it has been difficult to use them together at the land/water interface owing to differences in format, projection, resolution, accuracy, and datums. As a first step toward solving the problems of integrating diverse coastal datasets, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are collaborating on a joint demonstration project to merge their data for the Tampa Bay region of Florida. The best available topographic and bathymetric data were extracted from the USGS National Elevation Dataset and the NOAA hydrographic survey database, respectively. Before being merged., the topographic and bathymetric datasets were processed with. standard geographic information system tools to place them in a common horizontal reference frame. Also, a key part of the preprocessing was transformation to a common vertical reference through the use of VDatum, a new tool created by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey for vertical datum conversions. The final merged product is a seamless topographic/bathymetric model covering the Tampa Bay region at a grid spacing of I arc-second. Topographic LIDAR data were processed and merged with the bathymetry to demonstrate the incorporation of recent third party data sources for several test areas. A primary application of a merged topographic/bathymetric elevation model is for user-defined shoreline delineation, in which the user decides on the tidal condition (for example, low or high water) to be superimposed on the elevation data to determine the spatial position of the water line. Such a use of merged topographic/bathymetric data could, lead to the development of a shoreline zone, which could reduce redundant mapping efforts by federal, state, and local agencies by allowing them to customize their portrayals of the shoreline using a standard baseline elevation dataset. C1 USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Gesch, D (reprint author), USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. OI Gesch, Dean/0000-0002-8992-4933 NR 11 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 58 EP 64 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 539LR UT WOS:000174872100007 ER PT J AU Leach, DL Dwight, B Lewchuk, MT Symons, DTA de Marsily, G Brannon, J AF Leach, DL Dwight, B Lewchuk, MT Symons, DTA de Marsily, G Brannon, J TI Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Review ID CANADA SEDIMENTARY BASIN; JEFFERSON-CITY DISTRICT; FISSION-TRACK ANALYSIS; PB-ZN DEPOSITS; STRONTIUM ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; ORE-STAGE CALCITE; K-AR AGES; FLUID-FLOW; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; RB-SR AB Remarkable advances in age dating Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits provide a new opportunity to understand how and where these deposits form in the Earth's crust. These dates are summarized and examined in a framework of global tectonics. paleogeography, fluid migration, and paleoclimate. Nineteen districts have been dated by paleomagnetic and/or radiometric methods. Of the districts that have both paleomagnetic and radiometric dates, only the Pine Point and East Tennessee districts have significant disagreements. This broad agreement between paleomagnetic and radiometric dates provides added confidence in the dating techniques used. The new dates confirm the direct connection between the genesis of MVT lead-zinc ores with global-scale tectonic events. The dates show that MVT deposits formed mainly during large contractional tectonic events at restricted times in the history of the Earth. Only the deposits in the Lennard Shelf of Australia and Nanisivik in Canada have dates that correspond to extensional tectonic events. The most important period for MVT genesis was the Devonian to Permian time, which corresponds to a series of intense tectonic events during the assimilation of Pangea. The second most important period for MVT genesis was Cretaceous to Tertiary time when microplate assimilation affected the western margin of North America and Africa-Eurasia. There is a notable paucity of MVT lead-zinc ore formation following the breakup of Rodinia and Pangea. Of the five MVT deposits hosted in Proterozoic rocks, only the Nanisivik deposit has been dated as Proterozoic. The contrast in abundance between SEDEX and MVT lead-zinc deposits in the Proterozoic questions the frequently suggested notion that the two types of ores share similar genetic paths. The ages of MVT deposits, when viewed with respect to the orogenic cycle in the adjacent orogen suggest that no single hydrologic model can be universally applied to the migration of the ore fluids. However, topographically driven models best explain most MVT districts. The migration of MVT ore fluids is not a natural consequence of basin evolution; rather, MVT districts formed mainly where platform carbonates had some hydrological connection to orogenic belts. There may be a connection between paleoclimate and the formation of some MVT deposits. This possible relationship is suggested by the dominance of evaporated seawater in fluid inclusions in MVT ores, by hydrological considerations that include the need for multiple-basin volumes of ore fluid to form most MVT districts., and the need for adequate precipitation to provide sufficient topographic head for topographically-driven fluid migration. Paleoclimatic conditions that lead to formation of evaporite conditions but yet have adequate precipitation to form large hydrological systems are most commonly present in low latitudes. For the MVT deposits and districts that have been dated, more than 75% of the combined metal produced are from deposits that have dates that correspond to assembly of Pangea in Devonian through Permian time. The exceptional endowment of Pangea and especially, North America with MVT lead-zinc deposits may be explained by the following: (1) Laurentia, which formed the core of North America, stayed in low latitudes during the Paleozoic, which allowed the development of vast carbonate platforms; (2) intense orogenic activity during the assembly of Pangea created ground preparation for many MVT districts through far-field deformation of the craton; (3) uplifted orogenic belts along Pangean suture zones established large-scale migration of basin fluids and (4) the location of Pangea in low latitudes with paleoclimates with high evaporation rates led to the formation of brines by the evaporation of seawater and infiltration of these brines into deep basin aquifers during Pangean orogenic events. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Sarkeys Energy Ctr 810, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Paris 06, Lab Appl Geol, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Leach, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dleach@usgs.gov NR 180 TC 133 Z9 160 U1 9 U2 63 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-4598 EI 1432-1866 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 36 IS 8 BP 711 EP 740 DI 10.1007/s001260100208 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 510VV UT WOS:000173228700001 ER PT J AU Kruse, CG Hugert, WA Rahel, FJ AF Kruse, CG Hugert, WA Rahel, FJ TI An assessment of headwater isolation as a conservation strategy for cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains of Wyoming SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BULL TROUT; STREAM; FRAGMENTATION; EXTINCTION AB Isolation of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) populations in headwater tributaries (by means of human-made barriers that prevent upstream movement of exotic Salmonidae) has been used (as an approach) to preserve extant populations from hybridization and competition. We evaluated this conservation strategy for Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvieri) in the Absaroka Mountains of northwestern Wyoming. We surveyed four existing populations to assess the potential for isolating Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations in 23 individual headwater tributary streams. It appeared that 21 of the populations would be large enough to minimize demographic risks of extinction, but only seven populations may be large enough (effective population size > 500) to lower the risk of extinction due to genetic limitations. Additionally, there is high potential for unpredictable environmental events to cause severe reductions in population size or local extinctions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations above barriers due to the unstable flow and habitat conditions. Isolation of Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations in headwater tributaries upstream from barriers appears to have a low probability of preserving sustainable populations of Yellowstone cut-throat trout in the Absaroka Mountains in the long term. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Kruse, CG (reprint author), Turner Endangered Species Fund, 1123 Res Dr, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. NR 55 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414HF UT WOS:000167660000001 ER PT J AU Tabor, RA Warner, E Hager, S AF Tabor, RA Warner, E Hager, S TI An oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) population established in Washington state SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FISHES AB The objective of this paper was to present some preliminary life history observations on a new exotic species, oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), in the Lake Washington watershed of Washington State. During 1999 electrofishing surveys of Lake Washington Ship Canal (Portage Bay, Lake Union, Fremont Cut, and Salmon Bay), 21 oriental weatherfish were collected. An additional 15 specimens were observed but not captured. Two additional oriental weatherfish were found in the stomach of a largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Oriental weatherfish were collected in areas that contained aquatic macrophytes and a mud/silt substrate. Most female oriental weatherfish were gravid. On average, females were considerably larger than males. Only 7 of 19 oriental weatherfish contained prey. Chironomid larvae and pupae, amphipods, and cladocerans made up 96% of the diet by wet weight. Cladocerans and chironomid larvae were the most frequently consumed prey. It is unclear what impact oriental weatherfish will have on the fish assemblage in the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Since oriental weatherfish can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions, they may expand to many areas of the Lake Washington basin. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. RP Tabor, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 1 BP 72 EP 76 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414HF UT WOS:000167660000007 ER PT J AU Boone, MD Bridges, CM Rothermel, BB AF Boone, MD Bridges, CM Rothermel, BB TI Growth and development of larval green frogs (Rana clamitans) exposed to multiple doses of an insecticide SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE anuran carbaryl; Rana contaminants; multiple exposures ID AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; CARBAMATE INSECTICIDE; CARBARYL; PONDS; COMMUNITY; AMBYSTOMA; SURVIVAL; SIZE; MECHANISMS AB Our objective was to determine how green frogs (Rana clamitans) are affected by multiple exposures to a sublethal level of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, in outdoor ponds. Tadpoles were added to 1,000-l ponds at a low or high density which were exposed to carbaryl 0, 1, 2, or 3 times. Length of the larval period, mass, developmental stage, tadpole survival, and proportion metamorphosed were used to determine treatment effects. The frequency of dosing affected the proportion of green frogs that reached metamorphosis and the developmental stage of tadpoles. Generally, exposure to carbaryl increased rates of metamorphosis and development. The effect of the frequency of carbaryl exposure on development varied with the density treatment; the majority of metamorphs and the most developed tadpoles came from high-density ponds exposed to carbaryl 3 times. This interaction suggests that exposure to carbaryl later in the larval period stimulated metamorphosis, directly or indirectly, under high-density conditions. Our study indicates that exposure to a contaminant can lead to early initiation of metamorphosis and that natural biotic factors can mediate the effects of a contaminant in the environment. C1 USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Boone, MD (reprint author), USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RI Rothermel, Betsie/L-6774-2013 NR 47 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 2001 VL 129 IS 4 BP 518 EP 524 DI 10.1007/s004420100749 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 501LA UT WOS:000172685100005 PM 24577691 ER PT J AU Hollocher, TC Chin, K Hollocher, KT Kruge, MA AF Hollocher, TC Chin, K Hollocher, KT Kruge, MA TI Bacterial residues in coprolite of herbivorous dinosaurs: Role of bacteria in mineralization of feces SO PALAIOS LA English DT Review ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC-MATTER; GEOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE; EARLY DIAGENESIS; RECENT SEDIMENTS; FLASH PYROLYSIS; SOFT-TISSUE; LIPIDS; LAKE AB The Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana has yielded blocky. calcareous coprolites that contain abundant fragments of conifer wood and were produced by large herbivorous dinosaurs. The coprolites are generally dark gray to black in color due to a dark substance confined chiefly within what originally were the capillaries of tracheid and ray cells of xylem. This substance is a kerogen that consists in part of thin-walled vesicles 0.1-1.3 gm in diameter. Pyrolysis products of this kerogen are diagnostic of a bacterial origin with a possible contribution from terrestrial plants. The vesicular component is interpreted as the residue of bacterial cells, whereas a second filamentous component, closely associated with the vesicles, may be the residue of an extracellular binding material, such as glycocalyx. At least two episodes of calcification of the coprolite are recognized by manganous cathodoluminescence. The earlier of these infilled the capillary channels of the conifer fragments. Wood cell walls, voids, cracks, and small burrows were filled during the later episode. Microprobe data confirm these results and show that phosphate is sequestered in the capillaries. These observations suggest that bacteria within the capillaries induced initial mineralization of the coprolite, and, in so doing, created barriers that protected organic residues from subsequent destruction. Early onset of mineralization is consistent with the degree of preservation of woody xylem found in the coprolites. C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Union Coll, Dept Geol, Schenectady, NY 12308 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Hollocher, TC (reprint author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, MS 0009, Waltham, MA 02454 USA. NR 106 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 0883-1351 J9 PALAIOS JI Palaios PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 6 BP 547 EP 565 DI 10.2307/3515628 PG 19 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 498TK UT WOS:000172526400003 ER PT J AU Basu, AR Premo, WR AF Basu, AR Premo, WR TI U-Pb age of the Diana Complex and Adirondack granulite petrogenesis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE granulites; geochronology; petrogenesis; Adirondacks; zircon age ID NEW-YORK; METAMORPHISM; MOUNTAINS; GEOCHRONOLOGY; ROCKS; TEMPERATURE; HIGHLANDS; EVOLUTION; PRESSURE; ORIGIN AB U-Pb isotopic analyses of eight single and multi-grain zircon fractions separated from a syenite of the Diana Complex of the Adirondack Mountains do not define a single linear array, but a scatter along a chord that intersects the Concordia curve at 1145 +/- 29 and 285 +/- 204 Ma. For the most concordant analyses, the Pb-207/Pb-206 ages range between 1115 and 1150 Ma. Detailed petrographic studies revealed that most grains contained at least two phases of zircon growth, either primary magmatic cores enclosed by variable thickness of metamorphic overgrowths or magmatic portions enclosing presumably older xenocrystic zircon cores. The magmatic portions are characterized by typical dipyramidal prismatic zoning and numerous black inclusions that make them quite distinct from adjacent overgrowths or cores when observed in polarizing light microscopy and in backscattered electron micrographs. Careful handpicking and analysis of the "best" magmatic grains, devoid of visible overgrowth of core material, produced two nearly concordant points that along with two of the multi-grain analyses yielded an upper-intercept age of 1118 +/- 2.8 Ma and a lower-intercept age of 251 +/- 13 Ma. The older age is interpreted as the crystallization age of the syenite and the younger one is consistent with late stage uplift of the Appalachian region. The 1118 Ma age for the Diana Complex, some 35 Ma younger than previously believed, is now approximately synchronous with the main Adirondack anorthosite intrusion, implying a cogenetic relationship among the various meta-igneous rocks of the Adirondacks. The retention of a high-temperature contact metamorphic aureole around Diana convincingly places the timing of Adirondack regional metamorphism as early as 1118 Ma. This result also implies that the sources of anomalous high-temperature during granulite metamorphism are the syn-metamorphic intrusions, such as the Diana Complex. C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Basu, AR (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA P B 8005 C V RAMAN AVENUE, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 P INDIAN AS-EARTH JI Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.-Earth Planet. Sci PD DEC PY 2001 VL 110 IS 4 BP 385 EP 395 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 517JM UT WOS:000173607400010 ER PT J AU Ollerhead, J Huntley, DJ Nelson, AR Kelsey, HM AF Ollerhead, J Huntley, DJ Nelson, AR Kelsey, HM TI Optical dating of tsunami-laid sand from an Oregon coastal lake SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE; CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; COSEISMIC SUBSIDENCE; SEDIMENTS; FELDSPAR; RECORD; CANADA; GRAINS AB Optical ages for five samples of tsunami-laid sand from an Oregon coastal lake were determined using an infrared optical-dating method on K-feldspar separates and, as a test of accuracy, compared to ages determined by AMS C-14 dating or detrital plant fragments found in the same beds. Two optical ages were about 20% younger than calibrated C-14 ages of about 3.1 and 4.3 ka. Correction of the optical ages using measured anomalous fading rates brings them into agreement with the C-14 ages. The approach used holds significant promise for improving the accuracy of infrared optical-dating methods. Luminescence data for the other three samples result in optical age limits much greater than the C-14 ages. These data provide a textbook demonstration of the correlation between scatter in the luminescence intensity of individual sample aliquots and their normalization values that is expected when the samples contain sand grains not adequately exposed to daylight just prior to or during deposition and burial. Thus, the data for these three samples suggest that the tsunamis eroded young and old sand deposits before dropping the sand in the lake. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Mt Allison Univ, Dept Geog, Sackville, NB E4L 1A7, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Phys, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Ollerhead, J (reprint author), Mt Allison Univ, Dept Geog, 144 Main St, Sackville, NB E4L 1A7, Canada. NR 39 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 18 BP 1915 EP 1926 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00043-9 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 500NQ UT WOS:000172634000008 ER PT J AU Prata, F Bluth, G Rose, B Schneider, D Tupper, A AF Prata, F Bluth, G Rose, B Schneider, D Tupper, A TI Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique - Comments SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID ERUPTION CLOUD; AVHRR; RETRIEVALS; TOMS AB The recent paper by Simpson et al. [Remote Sens. Environ. 72 (2000) 191.] on failures to detect volcanic ash using the 'reverse' absorption technique provides a timely reminder of the danger that volcanic ash presents to aviation and the urgent need for some form of effective remote detection. The paper unfortunately suffers from a fundamental flaw in its methodology and numerous errors of fact and interpretation. For the moment, the 'reverse' absorption technique provides the best means for discriminating volcanic ash clouds from meteorological clouds. The purpose of our comment is not to defend any particular algorithm; rather, we point out some problems with Simpson et al.'s analysis and re-state the conditions under which the 'reverse' absorption algorithm is likely to succeed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, PMBI, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK USA. Bur Meteorol, Darwin, NT, Australia. RP Prata, F (reprint author), CSIRO, PMBI, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. NR 28 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 78 IS 3 BP 341 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00231-0 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 500NM UT WOS:000172633700012 ER PT J AU West, AJ Findlay, SEG Burns, DA Weathers, KC Lovett, GM AF West, AJ Findlay, SEG Burns, DA Weathers, KC Lovett, GM TI Catchment-scale variation in the nitrate concentrations of groundwater seeps in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE catchment-scale variability; groundwater; nitrate; seep; streamwater ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; NITROGEN SATURATION; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; FLOW PATH; RETENTION; STREAMS; ACIDIFICATION; CONSEQUENCES; ECOSYSTEMS AB Forested headwater streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York show significant among-catchment variability in mean annual nitrate (NO3-) concentrations. Large contributions from deep groundwater with high NO3- concentrations have been invoked to explain high NO3- concentrations in stream water during the growing season. To determine whether variable contributions of groundwater could explain among-catchment differences in streamwater, we measured NO3- concentrations in 58 groundwater seeps distributed across six catchments known to have different annual average streamwater concentrations. Seeps were identified based on release from bedrock fractures and bedding planes and had consistently lower temperatures than adjacent streamwaters. Nitrate concentrations in seeps ranged froth near detection limits (0.005 mg NO3--N/L) to 0.75 mg NO3--N/L. Within individual catchments, groundwater residence time does not seem to strongly affect NO3- concentrations because in three out of four catchments there were non-significant correlations between seep silica (SiO2) concentrations, a proxy for residence dine, and seep NO3- concentrations. Across catchments, there was a significant but weak negative relationship between NO3- and SiO2 concentrations. The large range in NO3- concentrations of seeps across catchments suggests: 1) the principal process generating among-catchment differences in streamwater NO3- concentrations must influence water before it enters the groundwater flow system and 2) this process must act at large spatial scales because among-catchment variability is much greater than intra-catchment variability. Differences in the quantity of groundwater contribution to stream baseflow are not sufficient to account for differences in streamwater NO3- concentrations among catchments in the Catskill Mountains. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Findlay, SEG (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, POB AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027 NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 132 IS 3-4 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1023/A:1013268004513 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 496WX UT WOS:000172422300013 ER PT J AU Parsons, KC Schmidt, SR Matz, AC AF Parsons, KC Schmidt, SR Matz, AC TI Regional patterns of wading bird productivity in northeastern US estuaries SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE estuaries; northeastern United States; predation; productivity; wading birds ID UPPER DELAWARE BAY; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; METHYL PARATHION; NYCTICORAX-NYCTICORAX; INCUBATION BEHAVIOR; LAUGHING GULLS; PREDATION; EXPOSURE AB We investigated wading bird productivity in four estuaries from Delaware Bay to Boston Harbor in northeastern U.S.A. over the period 1986-1998. To document and characterize reproductive performance of numerically dominant species for use in wildlife and habitat management planning, we recorded 1) number of eggs laid, 2) percent of eggs hatched, 3) percent of hatchlings surviving 10-15 days post-hatch, 4) number of nestlings produced, and 5) factors of offspring mortality in nests of Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), and Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus). We randomly selected 30-50 nests of each species (as available) for study at colonies in Delaware Bay (1993-1998), New York Harbor (1986-1994), Cape Cod (1990-94), and Boston Harbor (1993-94). In addition, we recorded abundance of nesting wading birds and Asian predators in most years of study. Colony size ranged from 120-8,300 nests. Clutch size of all species was greater at northern-most sites. Loss of eggs varied between estuaries for all species except Glossy Ibis. Hatching success ranged from 75-88% and differed between estuaries for Black-crowned Night Heron and Gloss), Ibis. Hatchling survival ranged from 16-87% and was lowest in Delaware Bay for all species. Nestling production was lowest in Delaware Bay for all species. In general, predation was high in Delaware Bay and egg in-viability was high in Boston Harbor. Predation of nestlings was greatest in Delaware Bay for Cattle Egret, but there were no differences between estuaries for other species. Proportions of avian predators to nesting herons did not explain high predation rates in Delaware Bay. C1 Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Parsons, KC (reprint author), Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 323 EP 330 DI 10.2307/1522062 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400002 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Garman, SL Collopy, MW AF Jodice, PGR Garman, SL Collopy, MW TI Using resampling to assess reliability of audio-visual survey strategies for Marbled Murrelets at inland forest sites SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE accuracy assessment; Brachyramphus marmoratus; Marbled Murrelet; Oregon; resampling; survey methodology ID STATISTICAL POWER AB Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) are threatened seabirds that nest in coastal old-growth coniferous forests throughout much of their breeding range. Currently, observer-based audio-visual surveys are conducted at inland forest sites during the breeding season primarily to determine nesting distribution and breeding status and are being used to estimate temporal or spatial trends in murrelet detections. Our goal was to assess the feasibility of using audio-visual survey data for such monitoring. We used an intensive field-based survey effort to record daily murrelet detections at seven survey stations in the Oregon Coast Range. We then used computer-aided resampling techniques to assess the effectiveness of twelve survey strategies with varying scheduling and a sampling intensity of 414 surveys per breeding season to estimate known means and SDs of murrelet detections. Most survey strategies we tested failed to provide estimates of detection means and SDs that were within +/- 20% of actual means and SDs. Estimates of daily detections were, however, frequently estimated to within +/- 50% of field data with sampling efforts of 14 days/breeding season. Additional resampling analyses with statistically generated detection data indicated that the temporal variability in detection data had a great effect on the reliability of the mean and SD estimates calculated from the twelve survey strategies, while the value of the mean had little effect. Effectiveness at estimating multi-year trends in detection data was similarly poor, indicating that audio-visual surveys might be reliably used to estimate annual declines in murrelet detections of the order of 50% per year. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 331 EP 344 DI 10.2307/1522063 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400003 ER PT J AU McGinnis, TW Emslie, SD AF McGinnis, TW Emslie, SD TI The foraging ecology of Royal and Sandwich Terns in North Carolina, USA SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE foraging ecology; Royal Tern; Sandwich Tern; North Carolina; stable isotopes; Sterna maxima; Sterna sandvicensis ID WATER; SEABIRDS; COLONY AB We studied the foraging ecology of Royal Terns (Sterna maxima) and Sandwich Terns (S. sandvicensis) in North Carolina during the breeding seasons in 1999 and 2000. Foraging habitats were surveyed using 95 fixed-point observations (30-45 min each) and over 100 h of inshore and offshore transects. Stable isotopes (C-13:C-12, N-15:N-14, and O-18:O-16) in eggshells were analyzed for evidence of differences in foraging habitats. Water masses were delineated using satellite imagery of sea surface temperatures. We determined diet for each species with observations of chick provisioning and fecal analyses. Although Royal and Sandwich Terns nested together in the same colonies, their prey and foraging habitats differed. Sandwich Terns fed their chicks 48% anchovies (Anchoa sp.), 39% herring (Clupeidae)/jacks, (Carangidae)/mackerels (Scombridae), and 9% drums (Sciaenidae)/porgies (Sparidae) mullets (Mugil sp.), and foraged primarily in the marine coastal environment. Conversely, Royal Terns provided their chicks with 9% anchovies, 30% herring/jacks/mackerels, and 41% drums/porgies/mullets, and fed more frequently in the estuary. The species' foraging ranges overlapped at inlets and the river mouth. Stable isotope ratios also suggested that foraging differences occurred between colonies. The results of this investigation indicate that Royal and Sandwich Terns in North Carolina partition food resources by habitat and prey choice. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP McGinnis, TW (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Discipline, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 361 EP 370 DI 10.2307/1522066 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400006 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA AF Schmutz, JA TI Selection of habitats by Emperor Geese during brood rearing SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Auser canagicus; body size; brood habitats; Chen canagica; competition; compositional analysis; Emperor Geese; habitat selection ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; GREATER SNOW GEESE; BLACK BRANT; CANADA GEESE; GOOSE BROODS; AVAILABILITY; SURVIVAL; FOOD; ALASKA; TRIANGULATION AB Although forage quality strongly affects gosling growth and consequently juvenile survival, the relative use of different plant communities by brood rearing geese has been poorly studied. On the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, population growth and juvenile recruitment of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) are comparatively low, and it is unknown whether their selection of habitats during brood rearing differs from other goose species. Radio-telemetry was used to document the use of habitats by 56 families of Emperor Geese in a 70 km(2) portion of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta during brood rearing in 1994-1996. When contrasted with available habitats (a set of six habitat classes), as estimated from 398 random sampling locations. Emperor Geese strongly selected Saline Ponds, Mudflat, and Ramenskii Meadow habitats and avoided Levee Meadow, Bog Meadow, and Sedge Meadow. These selected habitats were the most saline, comprised one-third of the study area, and 45% of all locations were in Ramenskii meadow. I contrasted these Emperor Goose locations with habitats used by the composite goose community, as inferred from the presence of goose feces at random locations. The marked difference between groups in this comparison implied that Cackling Canada Geese (Branta canadensis minima) and Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) collectively selected much different brood rearing habitats than Emperor Geese. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM joel_schmutz@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 EI 1938-5390 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 394 EP 401 DI 10.2307/1522070 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400010 ER PT J AU Johnson, CM Krohn, WB AF Johnson, CM Krohn, WB TI Monitoring nesting seabirds: Reply to a commentary by Ian C. T. Nisbet SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Johnson, CM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 461 EP 466 DI 10.2307/1522084 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 498LC UT WOS:000172510400024 ER PT J AU Raposa, KB Roman, CT AF Raposa, KB Roman, CT TI Seasonal habitat-use patterns of nekton in a tide-restricted and unrestricted New England salt marsh SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE nekton; salt marsh; New England; habitat use; tide restriction; throw trap ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS L; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NEW-JERSEY; FISHES; RESTORATION; MUMMICHOG; CRUSTACEANS; ABUNDANCE; LARVAL; CREEKS AB Many New England salt marshes remain tide-restricted or are undergoing tidal restoration. Hydrologic manipulation of salt marshes affects marsh biogeochemistry and vegetation patterns, but responses by fishes and decapod crustaceans (nekton) remain unclear, This study examines nekton habitat-use patterns in the tide-restricted Hatches Harbor salt marsh (Provincetown, Massachusetts) relative to a downstream, unrestricted marsh. Nekton assemblages were sampled in tidal creek, marsh pool, and salt marsh surface habitats. Pools and creeks were sampled every two weeks for one year to account for seasonal variability, and the marsh surface was sampled at two-week intervals in summer and fall. Density, richness, and community composition of nekton in creek and marsh surface habitats were similar between the unrestricted and restricted marsh, but use of pools differed drastically on the two sides of the tide-restricting dike. In 95% of the cases tested, restricted marsh habitats provided equal or greater habitat value for nekton than the same habitat in the unrestricted marsh (based on density), suggesting that the restricted marsh did not provide a degraded habitat for most species. For some species, the restricted marsh provided nursery, breeding, and overwintering habitat during different seasons, and tidal restoration of this salt marsh must be approached with care to prevent losses of these valuable marsh functions. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Raposa, KB (reprint author), Naragansett Bay Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, 55 S Reserve Dr, Prudence Island, RI 02872 USA. NR 50 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 451 EP 461 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0451:SHUPON]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505NK UT WOS:000172918700001 ER PT J AU Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Buso, DC Merk, DA AF Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Buso, DC Merk, DA TI Water source to four US wetlands: Implications for wetland management SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE prairie pothole; fen; ground-water movement; water budget ID COTTONWOOD LAKE AREA; GROUND-WATER; NORTH-DAKOTA; SANDHILLS; NEBRASKA AB Results of long-term field studies of wetlands in four different hydrogeologic and climatic settings in the United States indicate that each has considerably different sources of water, which affects their response to climate variability and land-use practices. A fen wetland in New Hampshire is supplied almost entirely by ground water that originates as seepage from Mirror Lake; therefore, stream discharge from the fen closely follows the pattern of Mirror Lake stage fluctuations. A fen wetland in northern Minnesota is supplied largely by discharge from a regional ground-water flow system that has its recharge area 1 to 2 kin to the east. Because of the size of this wetland's ground-water watershed, stream discharge from the fen has little variability. A prairie-pothole wetland in North Dakota receives more than 90 percent of its water from precipitation and loses more than 90 percent of its water to evapotranspiration, resulting in highly variable seasonal and annual water levels. A wetland in the sandhills of Nebraska lies in a regional ground-water flow field that extends for tens of kilometers and that contains numerous lakes and wetlands. The wetland receives water that moves through the ground-water system from the upgradient lakes and from ground water in local flow systems that are recharged between the lakes. The difference in sources of water to these wetlands implies that they would require different techniques to protect their water supply and water quality. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 13 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 462 EP 473 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0462:WSTFUS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505NK UT WOS:000172918700002 ER PT J AU King, SL Antrobus, TJ AF King, SL Antrobus, TJ TI Canopy disturbance patterns in a bottomland hardwood forest in northeast Arkansas, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE beaver; bottomland hardwoods; canopy gap; disturbance; flooding; forested wetlands ID WOODY PLANT-REGENERATION; CACHE RIVER BASIN; SOUTH-CAROLINA; FLOODPLAIN FORESTS; CATASTROPHIC WIND; TUPELO SWAMP; GROWTH; MICROTOPOGRAPHY; DAMAGE; CONSEQUENCES AB We characterized canopy disturbance patterns in a bottomland hardwood forest and identified linkages to tree species characteristics and interannual flooding patterns. We located 116 newly formed canopy gaps created by 136 gapmakers of 13 species. Over 83% of the gapmakers were snapped or uprooted (i.e., windthrow). The probability of any given gapmaker snapping or uprooting differed among years, species, and elevations. Neither wood properties nor diameter were major factors in determining the probability of snapping versus windthrow. Quercus texana, which had individuals with larger diameters-at-breast height than trees of other dominant species, was the most frequent gapmaker. The effects of elevation and flooding on the probability of snap versus windthrow seem to be tempered or amplified by interspecific rooting habits and tree morphology. Across species, windthrow occurred at lower elevations than snaps, and Q. texana and Q. lyrata showed differences in elevation between the two disturbance types. The total amount of area in newly-formed canopy gaps, as well as gap size, was relatively low compared to estimates for other forests. Our results suggest that natural disturbance patterns in bottomland hardwood forests are complex and are affected by the interactions among foreat structure and composition and flooding patterns. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP King, SL (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 72 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 543 EP 553 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0543:CDPIAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505NK UT WOS:000172918700009 ER PT J AU Lott, RB Hunt, RJ AF Lott, RB Hunt, RJ TI Estimating evapotranspiration in natural and constructed wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; water budget; PET; lysimeters; hydrology; geochemistry ID TRIN EX STEUD; GROUNDWATER INFLOW; AQUATIC PLANTS; WATER-BALANCE; EVAPORATION; BUDGET; LAKES; MECHANISMS; HYDROLOGY; SYSTEMS AB Difficulties in accurately calculating evapotranspiration (ET) in wetlands can lead to inaccurate water balances-information important for many compensatory mitigation projects. Simple meteorological methods or off-site ET data often are used to estimate ET, but these approaches do not include potentially important site-specific factors such as plant community, root-zone water levels, and soil properties. The objective of this study was to compare a commonly used meteorological estimate of potential evapotranspiration (PET) with direct measurements of ET (lysimeters and water-table fluctuations) and small-scale rootzone geochemistry in a natural and constructed wetland system. Unlike what has been commonly noted, the results of the study demonstrated that the commonly used Penman combination method of estimating PET underestimated the ET that was measured directly in the natural wetland over most of the growing season. This result is likely due to surface heterogeneity and related roughness effects not included in the simple PET estimate. The meteorological method more closely approximated season-long measured ET rates in the constructed wetland but may overestimate the ET rate late in the growing season. ET rates also were temporally variable in wetlands over a range of time scales because they can be influenced by the relation of the water table to the root zone and the timing of plant senescence. Small-scale geochemical sampling of the shallow root zone was able to provide an independent evaluation of ET rates, supporting the identification of higher ET rates in the natural wetlands and differences in temporal ET rates due to the timing of senescence. These discrepancies illustrate potential problems with extrapolating off-site estimates of ET or single measurements of ET from a site over space or time. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Lott, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 57 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 30 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 614 EP 628 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505NK UT WOS:000172918700015 ER PT J AU Otis, DL AF Otis, DL TI Quantitative training of wildlife graduate students SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual Conference of the Wildlife-Society CY SEP 12-16, 2000 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Wildlife Soc DE biometrics; graduate education; quantitative methods; statistics ID MANAGEMENT AB Wildlife graduate students are typically required to take one or 2 standard statistics courses, and the wildlife graduate curriculum may include more specialized courses such as Sampling Biological Populations (SBP). I argue that such a curriculum is inadequate to train future wildlife professionals and describe a core course in quantitative-methods that provides a more general foundation in quantitative analysis for all students, independent of their future career objectives. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Otis, DL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 11 Sci Hall 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1043 EP 1048 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900006 ER PT J AU Cooper, RJ Conroy, MJ Carroll, JP AF Cooper, RJ Conroy, MJ Carroll, JP TI Wildlife biometrics training at the University of Georgia: adding quantitative emphasis to a wildlife management program SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual Conference of the Wildlife-Society CY SEP 12-16, 2000 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Wildlife Soc DE quantitative training; wildlife biometrics; wildlife education AB This case study describes the rapid evolution of a quantitatively oriented wildlife program from one with little quantitative emphasis. Until recently, wildlife programs, including ours, have relegated quantitative courses such as statistics and modeling to other departments. A recent trend at the University of Georgia has been the hiring of faculty who, although classically trained in ecology and resource management, also specialize in quantitative skills. This blend of expertise provides the opportunity to teach specialized courses in quantitative wildlife biology and to integrate quantitative approaches into the overall curriculum. Quantitative integration occurred in concert with, but not at the expense of, other aspects of the wildlife program. Until recently, the only quantitative course taught in the wildlife program was Estimation of Parameters of Fish and Wildlife Populations, which emphasizes model building and estimation in a decision-making context and is targeted at advanced graduate students. Alone, this course did not meet the needs of the wildlife program in terms of quantitative training. Recently, 4 new quantitative wildlife courses were introduced into the program at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels. These courses focus on population dynamics, wildlife-habitat modeling, design of experiments, and quantitative decision making. Emphasis at the graduate level is in a rigorous understanding of methods and principles appropriate for research and management applications. Most graduate students now take several "in house" quantitative courses and have one or more quantitative wildlife faculty on their committees. Numerous other quantitative courses are available in other departments on campus, and opportunities exist for dual degree programs (e.g., Ph.D. in forest resources, M.S. in statistics) for students wishing to specialize in these areas. Challenges remain in bringing about a true integration of quantitative methods in our graduate and undergraduate programs. We anticipate a transition period during which rethinking must occur about how and when key undergraduate courses are taught to achieve a true integration of quantitative methods. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Cooper, RJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1049 EP 1054 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900007 ER PT J AU Johnson, DH Shaffer, TL Newton, WE AF Johnson, DH Shaffer, TL Newton, WE TI Statistics for wildlifers: how much and what kind? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual Conference of the Wildlife-Society CY SEP 12-16, 2000 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Wildlife Soc DE education; mathematics; statistics; wildlife biology AB Quantitative methods are playing increasingly important roles in wildlife ecology and, ultimately, management. This change poses a challenge for wildlife practitioners and students who are not well educated in mathematics and statistics. Here we give our opinions on what wildlife biologists should know about statistics, while recognizing that not everyone is inclined mathematically. For those who are, we recommend that they take mathematics coursework at least through calculus and linear algebra. They should take statistics courses that are focused conceptually, stressing the "why" rather than the "how" of doing statistics. For less mathematically oriented wildlifers, introductory classes in statistical techniques will furnish some useful background in basic methods but may provide little appreciation of when the methods are appropriate. These wildlifers will have to rely much more on advice from statisticians. Far more important than knowing how to analyze data is an understanding of how to obtain and recognize good data. Regardless of the statistical education they receive, all wildlife biologists should appreciate the importance of controls, replication, and randomization in studies they conduct. Understanding these concepts requires little mathematical sophistication, but is critical to advancing the science of wildlife ecology. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Johnson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1060 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900008 ER PT J AU Gogan, PJP Barrett, RH Shook, WW Kucera, TE AF Gogan, PJP Barrett, RH Shook, WW Kucera, TE TI Control of ungulate numbers in a protected area SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Axis axis; Dama dama; exotic deer; population control; population modeling; protected areas; sustained yield ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; FERAL PIGS; MANAGEMENT; POPULATIONS; PARK AB Successful long-term control of ungulate numbers within a protected area requires continuous review and refinement of management practices. Insights gained may have application to other sites. We evaluated management objectives and actions to control populations of exotic axis deer (Axis axis) and fallow deer (Dama dama) at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Using records of numbers of each species culled from 1968 to 1996 and demographic data, we modeled each population's potential response to management actions and to the cessation of control in 1996. These simulations indicated that control measures hold numbers of both populations below ecological carrying capacity (K) and that populations of fallow and axis deer may have reached K within 5 to 13 years of ceasing control, respectively. We also simulated each population's response to removal of actual numbers of males killed but no females and actual numbers of females killed but no males from 1968 to 1996. Removing males only resulted in both populations reaching K. Removing females only led to the extirpation of both populations. Cessation of control activities prior to removal of all females resulted in recovery of both populations. A team of personnel expended an average of 1.75 work-hours/deer to remove 1,182 exotic deer of both species from 1984 to 1994. The work effort to kill each deer increased 2-fold from 1984 to 1994. The work,effort required to remove less than or equal to2 deer/day reached as great as 20 hours/deer. Elimination of the axis deer population is feasible and likely a more cost-effective management alternative than continued population control. Elimination of fallow deer is potentially more difficult but may be more cost-effective than continuing control actions indefinitely. We recommend similar assessments of management alternatives to those charged with controlling ungulate numbers in protected areas. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. RP Gogan, PJP (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1075 EP 1088 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900011 ER PT J AU Roffe, TJ Coffin, K Berger, J AF Roffe, TJ Coffin, K Berger, J TI Survival and immobilizing moose with carfentanil and xylazine SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE carfentanil; chemical immobilization; Greater Yellowstone Area; moose; naltrexone; xylazine ID YOHIMBINE; MIXTURES; KETAMINE AB The use of carfentanil with other drugs to immobilize moose (Alces alces) has yielded mixed results. Previous work on chemically immobilizing moose with these drugs reported mortality of 6-19%. Even the most recent study of free-ranging moose using the same drug combination as we used in this report (carfentanil and xylazine) had 6% mortality within several days of immobilization. Another recent study suggested that carfentanil-xylazine produced unsatisfactory results in moose through exacerbated mortality risks induced by xylazine. As part of an ongoing study of carnivore effects on moose populations, we chemically immobilized 48 moose (41 adult females, one immature male, 6 calves) by charge-powered dart. Low-stress techniques were used, including quiet ground stalks by one individual and use of blindfolds and low noise during processing. On our few aerial captures we immediately withdrew the helicopter once the dart was placed and landed during induction. We found that capture-related mortality can be minimized by using effective immobilization dosages that maintain sternal recumbency, by providing naltrexone by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes, by effectively antagonizing xylazine, and by using low-stress techniques. Female moose survival was diminished when body condition was below a threshold, and some mortality occurred, likely due to poor condition per se and not as a direct result of immobilization. We provide a field protocol and drug doses that wildlife managers can use to safely immobilize moose. C1 Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Moose, WY 83012 USA. RP Roffe, TJ (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, FWP Bldg,1400 S 19th St, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1140 EP 1146 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900018 ER PT J AU Eastridge, R Clark, JD AF Eastridge, R Clark, JD TI Evaluation of 2 soft-release techniques to reintroduce black bears SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area; black bear; Great Smoky Mountains; National Park; reintroduction; release; translocation; Ursus americanus ID MOUNTAINS NATIONAL-PARK; ERROR; TRANSLOCATION; TRIANGULATION; TELEMETRY; ARKANSAS; SURVIVAL; WOLF AB Black bears (Ursus americanus) were extirpated from most of their range by the early 1900s by habitat destruction and unregulated hunting. Since then, bear habitat has recovered in many areas, but isolation may prevent natural recolonization. Black bear translocations often have limited success because of high mortality rates and low site fidelity. We tested 2 reintroduction techniques designed to overcome those problems. The first technique used a winter release whereby pre- or post-parturient female bears were removed from their dens and placed in new dens at the release area. The second technique involved translocating female bears to the reintroduction area during summer and holding them in pens for a 2-week acclimation period before release. We translocated 8 female bears with cubs with the winter-release technique and 6 female bears with the summer-release technique. After release, total distance moved, net distance moved, mean daily distance moved, and circuity for winter-released bears ((x) over bar= 18.3 km, 7.1 km, 1.4 km, and 0.36, respectively) were less than summer-released bears ((x) over bar =97.6 km, 63.4 km, 5.1 km, and 0.74; P=0.010, 0.040, 0.019, and 0.038, respectively). Also, survival of winter-released bears (0.88) was greater than that for summer-released bears (0.20, P= 0.001). Population modeling indicated that at least one additional stocking of 6 adult females with 12 cubs would greatly increase chances of population reestablishment. The winter-release technique has distinct advantages over the summer-release technique, limiting post-release movements and increasing survival of translocated bears. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Lab, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Eastridge, R (reprint author), Arkansas Game & Fish Commiss, 2 Nat Resources Dr, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. NR 62 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1163 EP 1174 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900021 ER PT J AU York, EC Moruzzi, TL Fuller, TK Organ, JF Sauvajot, RM DeGraaf, RM AF York, EC Moruzzi, TL Fuller, TK Organ, JF Sauvajot, RM DeGraaf, RM TI Description and evaluation of a remote camera and triggering system to monitor carnivores SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE California; camera; carnivores; photographs; Vermont ID NEST PREDATION RATES; WILDLIFE; PHOTOGRAPHY AB Remotely triggered cameras have been used in many ecological studies, but most are relatively inexpensive one-time-only systems or expensive infrared systems. We describe the setup and wiring technique for a moderately priced, multiple-photo camera system. Two study areas, California and Vermont, were used to assess usefulness of the camera system. Although some target carnivore species were photographed regularly, visitation rates of other carnivores were low, due either to low population densities or camera shyness. Cameras generally worked well under all conditions, but the pressure-plate triggering devices sometimes became inoperable during heavy rains. Other camera activation systems may reveal additional uses for this remote camera system. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Santa Monica Mt Natl Recreat Area, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP York, EC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1147 E 6th St, Corona, CA 92879 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1228 EP 1237 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900029 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR Burnham, KP White, GC AF Anderson, DR Burnham, KP White, GC TI Kullback-Leibler information in resolving natural resource conflicts when definitive data exist SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE AIC; Akaike weights; Bayesian evidence; conflict resolution; evidence; information-theoretic; Kullback-Leibler information; model averaging; model selection; multi-model inference ID MODEL SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; INFERENCE; SURVIVAL AB Conflicts often arise in the management of natural resources. Often they result from differing perceptions, varying interpretations of the law, and self-interests among stakeholder groups (for example, the values and perceptions about spotted owls and forest management differ markedly among environmental groups, government regulatory agencies, and timber industries). We extend the conceptual approach to conflict resolution of Anderson et al. (1999) by using information-theoretic methods to provide quantitative evidence for differing stakeholder positions. Importantly, we assume that relevant empirical data exist that are central to the potential resolution of the conflict. We present a hypothetical example involving an experiment to assess potential effects of a chemical on monthly survival probabilities of the hen clam (Spisula solidissima). The conflict centers on 3 stakeholder positions: 1) no effect, 2) an acute effect, and 3) an acute and chronic effect of the chemical treatment. Such data were given to 18 analytical teams to make independent analyses and provide the relative evidence for each of 3 stakeholder positions in the conflict. The empirical evidence strongly supports only one of the 3 positions in the conflict: the application of the chemical causes acute and chronic effects on monthly survival, following treatment. Formal inference from all the stakeholder positions is provided for the 2 key parameters underlying the hen clam controversy. The estimates of these parameters were essentially unbiased (the relative bias for the control and treatment group's survival probability was -0.857% and 1.400%, respectively) and precise (coefficients of variation were 0.576% and 2.761%, respectively). The advantages of making formal inference from all the models, rather than drawing conclusions from only the estimated best model, is illustrated. Finally, we contrast information-theoretic and Bayesian approaches in terms of how positions in the controversy enter the formal analysis. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Anderson, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 18 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1260 EP 1270 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900033 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR AF Anderson, DR TI The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE agricultural act of 2001; climate change; conservation and reinvestment act; farm bill; funding; kyoto protocol ID GAINING RELIABLE KNOWLEDGE; NATURAL-RESOURCES C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Anderson, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM anderson@cnr.colostate.edu NR 30 TC 310 Z9 327 U1 9 U2 67 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1294 EP 1297 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900037 ER PT J AU Rathbun, GB Schneider, J AF Rathbun, GB Schneider, J TI Translocation of California red-legged frogs (Rana aurora draytonii) SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE California red-legged frog; habitat destruction; radiotracking; Rana aurora draytonii; translocation ID AMPHIBIANS; REPTILES; RELOCATIONS; STRATEGY C1 Calif Acad Sci, Dept Ornithol & Mammol, Cambria, CA 93428 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. Small Planet Environm Consulting Inst, Cambria, CA 93428 USA. RP Rathbun, GB (reprint author), Calif Acad Sci, Dept Ornithol & Mammol, Golden Gate Pk,POB 202, Cambria, CA 93428 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1300 EP 1303 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 507EW UT WOS:000173014900039 ER PT J AU Deloria-Sheffield, CM Millenbah, KF Bocetti, CI Sykes, PW Kepler, CB AF Deloria-Sheffield, CM Millenbah, KF Bocetti, CI Sykes, PW Kepler, CB TI Kirtland's Warbler diet as determined through fecal analysis SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PREY SELECTION; AVAILABILITY; BEHAVIOR; WINTER; FOOD AB The endangered Kirtland's Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) nests primarily in large (>32 ha) stands of young (5- to 25-yr-old) jack pine (Pinus banksiana) which grow on Grayling sand soil. These specific habitat requirements restrict the Kirtland's Warbler breeding range to only 13-16 counties in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. Although the nature of the species' affinity for this habitat is poorly understood, one theory suggests that higher prey abundance in young jack pine may play a role. To explore further the hypothesis that Kirtland's Warblers choose nesting habitat due to prey abundance, a more thorough knowledge of the warblers' diet is needed. To better understand the diet, we identified arthropod and plant fragments found in 202 Kirtland's Warbler fecal samples, collected from June to September, 1995-1997. The major food items recorded were spittlebugs and aphids (Homoptera; found in 61% of all samples). ants and wasps (Hymenoptera: 45%). blueberry (Vaccinium augustifolium; 42%). beetles (Coleoptera: 25%), and moth larvae (Lepidoptera: 22%). C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Georgia, USGS, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Millenbah, KF (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 113 IS 4 BP 384 EP 387 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0384:KSWDAD]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 571CF UT WOS:000176696700004 ER PT J AU Staid, MI Pieters, CM AF Staid, MI Pieters, CM TI Mineralogy of the last lunar basalts: Results from Clementine SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; MARE BASALTS; OCEANUS PROCELLARUM; TIO2 CONTENT; MOON; EVOLUTION; IRON; FEO; TRANQUILLITATIS; SPECTROMETER AB The last mayor phase of lunar volcanism produced extensive high-titanium mare deposits an the western nearside which remain unsampled by landing missions. The visible and near-infrared reflectance properties of these basalts are examined using Clementine multispectral images to better constrain their mineralogy. A much stronger 1 mum ferrous absorption was observed for the western high-titanium basalts than within earlier mania, suggesting that these last major mare eruptions also may have been the most iron-rich. These western basalts also have a distinctly long-wavelength, 1 pm ferrous absorption which was found to be similar for both surface soils and materials excavated from depth, supporting the interpretation of abundant olivine within these deposits. Spectral variation along flows within the Imbrium basin also suggests variations in ilmenite content along previously mapped lava flows as well as increasing olivine content within subsequent eruptions. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Staid, MI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM mstaid@usgs.gov; pieters@mare.geo.brown.edu NR 66 TC 45 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E11 BP 27887 EP 27900 DI 10.1029/2000JE001387 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 497AT UT WOS:000172431100008 ER PT J AU Pieters, CM Head, JW Gaddis, L Jolliff, B Duke, M AF Pieters, CM Head, JW Gaddis, L Jolliff, B Duke, M TI Rock types of South Pole-Aitken basin and extent of basaltic volcanism SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID LUNAR IMPACT BASINS; ERUPTION CONDITIONS; CLEMENTINE MISSION; MULTIRING BASINS; WESTERN LIMB; MOON; CRUST; MINERALOGY; EVOLUTION; SURFACE AB The enormous pre-Nectarian South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin represents a geophysically and compositionally unique region an the Moon. We present and analyze the mineralogical diversity across this basin and discuss the implications for basin evolution. Rock types are derived from Clementine multispectral data based on diagnostic characteristics of ferrous absorptions in fresh materials. Individual areas are characterized as noritic (dominated by low-Ca pyroxene), gabbroic/basaltic (dominated by high-Ca pyroxene), feldspathic (<3-6% FeO), and olivine-gabbro (dominated by high-Ca pyroxene and olivine). The anorthositic crust has effectively been removed from the interior of the basin. The style of volcanism within the basin extends over several 100 Myr and includes mare basalt and pyroclastic deposits. Several areas of ancient (pre-Orientate) volcanism, or cryptomaria, have also been identified. The nonmare mafic lithology that occurs across the basin is shown to be noritic in composition and is pervasive laterally and vertically. We interpret this to represent impact meltlbreccia deposits derived from the lower crust. A few localized areas are identified within the basin that contain more diverse lithologies (gabbro, olivine-gabbro), some of which may represent material from the deepest part of the lower crust and perhaps uppermost mantle involved in the SPA event. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Pieters, CM (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NR 92 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E11 BP 28001 EP 28022 DI 10.1029/2000JE001414 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 497AT UT WOS:000172431100014 ER PT J AU Nemani, RR White, MA Cayan, DR Jones, GV Running, SW Coughlan, JC Peterson, DL AF Nemani, RR White, MA Cayan, DR Jones, GV Running, SW Coughlan, JC Peterson, DL TI Asymmetric warming over coastal California and its impact on the premium wine industry SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climatic change; asymmetric warming; growing season length; wine industry ID MINIMUM TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PACIFIC; TRENDS; MAXIMUM AB Climatic changes over coastal California from 1951 to 1997 may have benefited the premium wine industry, as seen in higher quality wines and larger grape yields. Observed temperature warming trends were asymmetric, with greatest warming at night and during spring. Warming was associated with large increases in eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST) and amounts of atmospheric water vapor. Although the average annual temperature warming trend was modest (1.13degreesC/47 yr), there was a 20 d reduction in frost occurrence and a 65 d increase in frost-free growing season length. In the Napa and Sonoma valleys, warmer winter and spring temperatures advanced the start of the growing season by 18 to 24 d, and enhanced atmospheric water vapor resulted in a 7% reduction in evaporative demand. Given the strong coupling between Pacific SSTs and the coastal California climate, and because regional-scale SSTs persist for 6 to 12 mo, additional research may allow the possibility of predicting vintage quantity and quality from previous winter conditions. C1 Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. So Oregon Univ, Dept Geog, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. NASA, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Nemani, RR (reprint author), Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. OI White, Michael/0000-0002-0238-8913 NR 33 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 25 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 19 IS 1 BP 25 EP 34 DI 10.3354/cr019025 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 510RZ UT WOS:000173222200003 ER PT J AU Hole, JA Catchings, RD St Clair, KC Rymer, MJ Okaya, DA Carney, BJ AF Hole, JA Catchings, RD St Clair, KC Rymer, MJ Okaya, DA Carney, BJ TI Steep-pip seismic imaging of the shallow San Andreas Fault near Parkfield SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL STRUCTURE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CALIFORNIA; WAVES AB Seismic reflection and refraction images illuminate the San Andreas Fault to a depth of 1 kilometer. The prestack depth-migrated reflection image contains near-vertical reflections aligned with the active fault trace. The fault is vertical in the upper 0.5 kilometer, then dips about 70 degrees to the southwest to at least I kilometer subsurface. This dip reconciles the difference between the computed locations of earthquakes and the surface fault trace. The seismic velocity cross section shows strong Lateral variations. Relatively low velocity (10 to 30%), high electrical conductivity, and Low density indicate a 1-kilometer-wide vertical wedge of porous sediment or fractured rock immediately southwest of the active fault trace. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Hole, JA (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. OI Hole, John/0000-0002-5349-9111 NR 23 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 294 IS 5546 BP 1513 EP 1515 DI 10.1126/science.1065100 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 493TX UT WOS:000172240500044 PM 11711672 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Ferrer, I Barcelo, D AF Thurman, EM Ferrer, I Barcelo, D TI Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PER-TRILLION LEVELS; CHLOROACETANILIDE-HERBICIDE METABOLITES; DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; WATER SAMPLES; SURFACE-WATER; ION-SOURCE AB An evaluation of over 75 pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) clearly shows that different classes of pesticides are more sensitive using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). For example, neutral and basic pesticides (phenylureas, triazines) are more sensitive using APCI (especially positive ion). While cationic and anionic herbicides (bipyridylium ions, sulfonic acids) are more sensitive using ESI (especially negative ion). These data are expressed graphically in a figure called an ionization-continuum diagram, which shows that protonation in the gas phase (proton affinity) and polarity in solution, expressed as proton addition or subtraction (pK(a)), is useful in selecting APCI or ESI. Furthermore, sodium adduct formation commonly occurs using positive ion ESI but not using positive ion APCI, which reflects the different mechanisms of ionization and strengthens the usefulness of the ionization-continuum diagram. The data also show that the concept of ",wrong-way around" ESI (the sensitivity of acidic pesticides in an acidic mobile phase) is a useful modification of simple pK(a) theory for mobile-phase selection. Finally, this finding is used to enhance the chromatographic separation of oxanilic and sulfonic acid herbicides while maintaining good sensitivity in LC/MS using ESI negative. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Thurman, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008; OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851; Barcelo, Damia/0000-0002-8873-0491 NR 64 TC 129 Z9 133 U1 2 U2 45 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 22 BP 5441 EP 5449 DI 10.1021/ac010506f PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 493EQ UT WOS:000172209400013 PM 11816571 ER PT J AU Hohnstock-Ashe, AM Plummer, SM Yager, RM Baveye, P Madsen, EL AF Hohnstock-Ashe, AM Plummer, SM Yager, RM Baveye, P Madsen, EL TI Further biogeochemical characterization of a trichloroethene-contaminated fractured dolomite aquifer: Electron source and microbial communities involved in reductive dechlorination SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; IN-SITU; CHLORINATED ETHENES; DEHALOSPIRILLUM MULTIVORANS; RESTRICTION ANALYSIS; SP. NOV.; DIVERSITY; TETRACHLOROETHENE; BIOREMEDIATION AB A recent article presented geochemical and microbial evidence establishing metabolic adaptation to and in-situ reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TICE) in a fractured dolomite aquifer. This study was designed to further explore site conditions and microbial populations and to explain previously reported enhancement of reductive dechlorination by the addition of pulverized dolomite to laboratory microcosms. A survey of groundwater geochemical parameters (chlorinated ethenes, ethene, H(2), CH(4), DIC, DOC, and delta (13)C values for CH(4), DIC, and DOC) indicated that in situ reductive dechlorination was ongoing and that an unidentified pool of organic carbon was contributing, likely via microbial respiration, to the large and relatively light onsite DIC pool. Petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the dolomite rock were analyzed by GC/MS and featured a characteristically low delta (13)C value. Straight chain hydrocarbons were extracted from the dolomite previously found to stimulate reductive dechlorination; these were particularly depleted in hexadecane (HD). Thus, we hypothesized that HD and related hydrocarbons might be anaerobically respired and serve both as the source of onsite DIC and support reductive dechlorination of TCE. Microcosms amended with pulverized dolomite demonstrated reductive dechlorination, whereas a combusted dolomite amendment did not. HD-amended microcosms were also inactive. Therefore, the stimulatory factor in the pulverized dolomite was heat labile, but that component was not HD. Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) of the microbial populations in well waters indicated that a relatively low diversity, sulfur-transforming community outside the plume was shifted toward a high diversity community including Dehalococcoides ethenogenes-type microorganisms inside the zone of contamination. These observations illustrate biogeochemical intricacies of in situ reductive dechlorination reactions. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USGS, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Madsen, EL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM elm3@cornell.edu OI Baveye, Philippe/0000-0002-8432-6141 NR 68 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 22 BP 4449 EP 4456 DI 10.1021/es0110067 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492PX UT WOS:000172177700008 PM 11757600 ER PT J AU Gallagher, EP Gross, TS Sheehy, KM AF Gallagher, EP Gross, TS Sheehy, KM TI Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glutathione S-transferases; enzyme kinetics; 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; sex steroids; brown buillicads; western blotting ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; ALLIGATORS; IDENTIFICATION; ABNORMALITIES; ENZYMES; FLORIDA; LIVER AB A number of freshwater lakes and reclaimed agricultural sites in Central Florida have been the receiving waters for agrochemical and municipal runoff. One of these sites, Lake Apopka, is also a eutrophic system that has been the focus of several case studies reporting altered reproductive activity linked to bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine chemicals in aquatic species, The present study was initiated to determine if brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the north marsh of Lake Apopka (Lake Apopka Marsh) exhibit an altered capacity to detoxify environmental chemicals through hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mediated conjugation as compared with bullheads from a nearby reference site (Lake Woodruff). We also compared plasma sex hormone concentrations (testosterone, 17-beta estradiol, and 11 keto-testosterone) in bullheads from the two sites. Female bullheads from Lake Apopka had 40% lower initial rate GST conjugative activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 50% lower activity towards p-nitrobutyl chloride (NBC), 33% lower activity toward ethacrynic acid (ECA), and 43% lower activity toward Delta5-androstene-3,17-dione (Delta (5)-ADI), as compared with female bullheads from Lake Woodruff. Enzyme kinetic analyses demonstrated that female bullheads from Lake Apopka had lower GST-catalyzed CDNB clearance than did female Lake Woodruff bullheads. Western blotting studies of bullhead liver cytosolic proteins demonstrated that the reduced GST catalytic activities in female Lake Apopka bullheads were accompanied by lower expression of hepatic GST protein. No site differences were observed with respect to GST activities or GST protein expression in male bullheads. Female Lake Apopka bullheads also had elevated concentrations of plasma androgens (testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) as compared with females from Lake Woodruff. In contrast.. male Lake Apopka bullheads had elevated levels of plasma estrogen but similar levels of androgens as compared with male bullheads from Lake Woodruff. Collectively, our studies indicate the presence of reduced GST protein expression, reduced GST conjugative capacity and altered sex steroid homeostasis in female bullheads from a contaminated field site in Central Florida. The implications of these physiological alterations in terms of pollutant biotransformation and reproduction are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Physiol Sci, Ctr Environm & Human Toxicol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Carribean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Gallagher, EP (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Physiol Sci, Ctr Environm & Human Toxicol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM gallagher@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES07375] NR 24 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD NOV 12 PY 2001 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 483UJ UT WOS:000171654000009 PM 11595311 ER PT J AU Guatteri, M Spudich, P Beroza, GC AF Guatteri, M Spudich, P Beroza, GC TI Inferring rate and state friction parameters from a rupture model of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Japan earthquake SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL SLIP DISTANCE; STICK-SLIP; CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS; DEPENDENT FRICTION; SHEAR FAILURE; ROCK FRICTION; FAULT ZONES; STRESS; STRAIN; NUCLEATION AB We consider the applicability of laboratory-derived rate- and state-variable friction laws to the dynamic rupture of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. We analyze the shear stress and slip evolution of Ide and Takeo's [1997] dislocation model, fitting the inferred stress change time histories by calculating the dynamic load and the instantaneous friction at a series of points within the rupture area. For points exhibiting a fast-weakening behavior, the Dieterich-Ruina friction law, with values of d(c) = 0.01-0.05 m for critical slip, fits the stress change time series well. This range of d, is 10-20 times smaller than the slip distance over which the stress is released, D-c, which previous studies have equated with the slip-weakening distance. The limited resolution and low-pass character of the strong motion inversion degrades the resolution of the frictional parameters and suggests that the actual d, is less than this value. Stress time series at points characterized by a slow-weakening behavior are well fitted by the Dieterich-Ruina friction law with values of d(c) = 0.01-0.05 m. The apparent fracture energy G(c) can be estimated from waveform inversions more stably than the other friction parameters. We obtain a G(c) approximate to 1.5 x 10(6) J m(-2) for the 1995 Kobe earthquake, in agreement with estimates for previous earthquakes. From this estimate and a plausible upper bound for the local rock strength we infer a lower bound for D-c, of about 0.008 m. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Guatteri, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM patti@pangea.stanford.edu NR 57 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B11 BP 26511 EP 26521 DI 10.1029/2001JB000294 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 491CG UT WOS:000172090000014 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, FF TI Viscoelastic shear zone model of a strike-slip earthquake cycle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; FOCAL MECHANISMS; COUPLING MODEL; MOJAVE-DESERT; BIG BEND; MOTION AB I examine the behavior of a two-dimensional (2-D) strike-slip fault system embedded in a I-D elastic layer (schizosphere) overlying a uniform viscoelastic half-space (plastosphere) and within the boundaries of a finite width shear zone. The viscoelastic coupling model of Savage and Prescott [1978] considers the viscoelastic response of this system, in the absence of the shear zone boundaries, to an earthquake occurring within the upper elastic layer, steady slip beneath a prescribed depth, and the superposition of the responses of multiple earthquakes with characteristic slip occurring at regular intervals. So formulated, the viscoelastic coupling model predicts that sufficiently long after initiation of the system, (1) average fault-parallel velocity at any point is the average slip rate of that side of the fault and (2) far-field velocities equal the same constant rate. Because of the sensitivity to the mechanical properties of the schizosphere-plastosphere system (i.e., elastic layer thickness, plastosphere viscosity), this model has been used to infer such properties from measurements of interseismic velocity. Such inferences exploit the predicted behavior at a known time within the earthquake cycle. By modifying the viscoelastic coupling model to satisfy the additional constraint that the absolute velocity at prescribed shear zone boundaries is constant, I find that even though the time-averaged behavior remains the same, the spatiotemporal pattern of surface deformation (particularly its temporal variation within an earthquake cycle) is markedly different from that predicted by the conventional viscoelastic coupling model. These differences are magnified as plastosphere viscosity is reduced or as the recurrence interval of periodic earthquakes is lengthened. Application to the interseismic velocity field along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault suggests that the region behaves mechanically like a similar to 600-km-wide shear zone accommodating 50 mm/yr fault-parallel motion distributed between the San Andreas fault system and Eastern California Shear Zone. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@swave.wr.usgs.gov NR 36 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B11 BP 26541 EP 26560 DI 10.1029/2001JB000342 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 491CG UT WOS:000172090000016 ER PT J AU McIsaac, GF David, MB Gertner, GZ Goolsby, DA AF McIsaac, GF David, MB Gertner, GZ Goolsby, DA TI Eutrophication - Nitrate flux in the Mississippi river SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN BUDGETS; MODELS; CORN C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McIsaac, GF (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Turner Hall,1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 13 TC 144 Z9 166 U1 8 U2 72 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 8 PY 2001 VL 414 IS 6860 BP 166 EP 167 DI 10.1038/35102672 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 490AY UT WOS:000172029100033 PM 11700544 ER PT J AU Veitzer, SA Gupta, VK AF Veitzer, SA Gupta, VK TI Statistical self-similarity of width function maxima with implications to floods SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article ID RIVER NETWORKS; SCALING EXPONENTS; HORTONS LAWS; RAINFALL; MODEL; TERMS AB Recently a new theory of random self-similar river networks, called the RSN model, was introduced to explain empirical observations regarding the scaling properties of distributions of various topologic and geometric variables in natural basins. The RSN model predicts that such variables exhibit statistical simple scaling, when indexed by Horton-Strahler order. The average side tributary structure of RSN networks also exhibits Tokunaga-type self-similarity which is widely observed in nature. We examine the scaling structure of distributions of the maximum of the width function for RSNs for nested, complete Strahler basins by performing ensemble simulations. The maximum of the width function exhibits distributional simple scaling, when indexed by Horton-Strahler order, for both RSNs and natural river networks extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs). We also test a powerlaw relationship between Horton ratios for the maximum of the width function and drainage areas. These results represent first steps in formulating a comprehensive physical statistical theory of floods at multiple space-time scales for RSNs as discrete hierarchical branching structures. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Veitzer, SA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 26 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 9-10 BP 955 EP 965 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00030-6 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 506FB UT WOS:000172958200003 ER PT J AU Troutman, BM Over, TM AF Troutman, BM Over, TM TI River flow mass exponents with fractal channel networks and rainfall SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE rainfall-runoff relationship; rainfall; streamflow; channel networks; scaling exponent; multiscaling; recursive replacement tree; random multiplicative cascade; network width function ID INDEPENDENT RANDOM CASCADES; GALTON-WATSON TREES; MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS; MESOSCALE RAINFALL; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; ENERGY-DISSIPATION; SCALING EXPONENTS; SPATIAL RAINFALL; FIELDS; MODELS AB An important problem in hydrologic science is understanding how river flow is influenced by rainfall properties and drainage basin characteristics. In this paper we consider one approach, the use of mass exponents, in examining the relation of river flow to rainfall and the channel network, which provides the primary conduit for transport of water to the outlet in a large basin. Mass exponents, which characterize the power-law behavior of moments as a function of scale, are ideally suited for defining scaling behavior of processes that exhibit a high degree of variability or intermittency. The main result in this paper is an expression relating the mass exponent of flow resulting from an instantaneous burst of rainfall to the mass exponents of spatial rainfall and that of the network width function. Spatial rainfall is modeled as a random multiplicative cascade and the channel network as a recursive replacement tree; these fractal models reproduce certain types of self-similar behavior seen in actual rainfall and networks. It is shown that under these modeling assumptions the scaling behavior of flow mirrors that of rainfall if rainfall is highly variable in space, and on the other hand flow mirrors the structure of the network if rainfall is not so highly variable. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Troutman, BM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 65 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 9-10 BP 967 EP 989 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00031-8 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 506FB UT WOS:000172958200004 ER PT J AU Menabde, M Veitzer, S Gupta, V Sivapalan, M AF Menabde, M Veitzer, S Gupta, V Sivapalan, M TI Tests of peak flow scaling in simulated self-similar river networks SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE self-similar networks; peak flow; scaling ID HORTONS LAWS; EXPONENTS; RAINFALL; MODEL; TERMS AB The effect of linear flow routing incorporating attenuation and network topology on peak flow scaling exponent is investigated for an instantaneously applied uniform runoff on simulated deterministic and random self-similar channel networks. The flow routing is modelled by a linear mass conservation equation for a discrete set of channel links connected in parallel and series, and having the same topology as the channel network. A quasi-analytical solution for the unit hydrograph is obtained in terms of recursion relations. The analysis of this solution shows that the peak flow has an asymptotically scaling dependence on the drainage area for deterministic Mandelbrot-Vicsek (MV) and Peano networks, as well as for a subclass of random self-similar channel networks. However, the scaling exponent is shown to be different from that predicted by the scaling properties of the maxima of the width functions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Western Australia, Ctr Water Res, Dept Environm Engn, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sivapalan, M (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Ctr Water Res, Dept Environm Engn, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RI Sivapalan, Murugesu/A-3538-2008 OI Sivapalan, Murugesu/0000-0003-3004-3530 NR 27 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 9-10 BP 991 EP 999 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00043-4 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 506FB UT WOS:000172958200005 ER PT J AU Parsons, MB Bird, DK Einaudi, MT Alpers, CN AF Parsons, MB Bird, DK Einaudi, MT Alpers, CN TI Geochemical and mineralogical controls on trace element release from the Penn Mine base-metal slag dump, California SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID RATE-DETERMINING STEP; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS; COORDINATION CHEMISTRY; SURFACE CONDITIONS; CHEMICAL AFFINITY; PYRITE OXIDATION; ACID DISSOLUTION; LOW-TEMPERATURE; SILICATES AB Base-metal slag deposits at the Penn Mine in Calaveras County, California, are a source of environmental contamination through leaching of potentially toxic elements. Historical Cu smelting at Penn Mine (1865-1919) generated approximately 200,000 m(3) of slag. The slag deposits, which are flooded annually by a reservoir used for drinking water and irrigation, also may be in contact with acidic ground waters (pH < 4) from the adjacent mine area. Slags vary from grey to black, are glassy to crystalline, and range in size from coarse sand to large (0.6 x 0.7 x 1.5 in), tub-shaped casts. Metals are hosted by a variety of minerals and two glass phases. On the basis of mineralogy, slags are characterized by 4 main types: fayalite-rich, glassy, willemite-rich, and sulfide-rich. The ranges in metal and metalloid concentrations of 17 slag samples are: As, 0.0004-0.92; Ba, 0.13-2.9; Cd, 0.0014-1.4; Cu, 0.18-6.4; Pb, 0.02-11; and Zn, 3.2-28 wt.%. Leachates from Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure tests (acetic acid buffered at pH 4.93) on two willemite-rich slags contained Cd and Pb concentrations (up to 2.5 and 30 mg/l, respectively) in excess of US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulatory limits. Analyses of filtered (0.45 mum) water, collected within the flooded slag dump during reservoir drawdown, reveal concentrations of Cd (1.7 mug/l), Cu (35 mug/l), and Zn (250 mug/l) that exceed USEPA chronic toxicity guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Data from field and laboratory studies were used to develop geochemical models with the program EQ3/6 that simulate irreversible mass-transfer between slag deposits and reservoir waters. These models include kinetic rate laws for abiotic sulfide oxidation and surface-con trolled dissolution of silicates, oxides, and glass. Calculations demonstrate that the main processes controlling dissolved metal concentrations are (1) dissolution of fayalite, willemite, and glass; (2) sulfide oxidation; and (3) secondary phase precipitation. Close agreement between model results and measured concentrations of Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, SiO2, and SO4 in the slag dump pore waters suggests that the dissolved concentrations of these elements are controlled by solubility equilibrium with secondary phases. Differences between predicted and measured Cd and Pb concentrations imply that field weathering rates of glass and sulfides are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than laboratory rates. Overprediction of Pb release may also reflect other attenuation processes in the natural system, such as sorption or coprecipitation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Parsons, MB (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada Atlantic, Bedford Inst Oceanog, 1 Challenger Dr POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365; Parsons, Michael/0000-0001-9158-5283 NR 104 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 16 IS 14 BP 1567 EP 1593 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00032-4 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 469XL UT WOS:000170841300001 ER PT J AU Zhu, S Chen, S Hardy, RW Barrows, FT AF Zhu, S Chen, S Hardy, RW Barrows, FT TI Digestibility, growth and excretion response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) to feeds of different ingredient particle sizes SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rainbow trout; feed; particle size; digestibility; excretion ID FISH; EVACUATION; WATER AB The effects of feed ingredient particle size on apparent digestibility. growth and excretion responses of rainbow trout were investigated in pilot production systems. Particle size of the feed ingredients (ground using a hammer mill with 0.6 and 3.0 mm screen sizes) had no significant effect (P > 0.05, d.f. = 1/6) on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, phosphorus and crude protein in cold-extruded diets. Feed ingredient particle size had an impact on the feed conversion ratio over an 85-day feeding trial when key ingredients (78.65% of diet) were ground using a pulverizer and a hammer mill with 3.0 ram screen size and heat extruded. No significant differences (P > 0.05, d.f. = 1/12) were observed in the excretion ratios of TAN (total ammonia nitrogen), TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen), TP (,total phosphorus), BOD5 (5-day biochemical oxygen demand) and TSS (total suspended solids) among three feed types, which included a wide ingredient particle size distribution. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Zhu, S (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 213 Smith, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 32 IS 11 BP 885 EP 893 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00624.x PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 493RE UT WOS:000172236600003 ER PT J AU Taylor, HE Antweiler, RC Roth, DA Brinton, TI Peart, DB Healy, DF AF Taylor, HE Antweiler, RC Roth, DA Brinton, TI Peart, DB Healy, DF TI The occurrence and distribution of selected trace elements in the Upper Rio Grande and tributaries in Colorado and northern New Mexico SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Two sampling trips were undertaken in 1994 to determine the distribution of trace elements in the Upper Rio Grande and several of its tributaries. Water discharges decreased in the main stem of the Rio Grande from June to September, whereas dissolved concentrations of trace elements generally increased. This is attributed to dilution of base flow from snowmelt runoff in the June samples. Of the three major mining districts (Creede, Summitville, and Red River) in the Upper Rio Grande drainage basin, only the Creede District appears to impact the Rio Grande in a significant manner, with both waters and sediments having elevated concentrations of some trace elements considerably downriver. For example, dissolved zinc concentrations upriver of Willow Creek, which primarily drains the Creede District, were about 2-3 mug/L; immediately downstream of the Willow Creek confluence, concentrations were above 20 mug/L; and elevated concentrations occurred in the Rio Grande for the next 100 km. The Red River District does not significantly impact the Upper Rio Grande for most trace elements. Because of current water management practices, it is difficult to assess the impact of the Summitville District on the Upper Rio Grande. There are, however, large increases in many dissolved trace element concentrations as the Rio Grande passes through the San Luis Valley, coincident with elevated concentrations of those same trace elements in tributaries. Among these elements are As, B, Cr, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, U, and V. None of the trace elements exceeded U.S. EPA primary drinking water standards in either survey, with the exception of cadmium in Willow Creek. Secondary drinking water standards were frequently violated, especially in tributaries draining areas where mining has occurred. Dissolved zinc (in Willow Creek in both June and September) was the only element that exceeded the EPA Water Quality Criteria for aquatic life of 120 mug/L. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. RP Taylor, HE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 410 EP 426 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 483YT UT WOS:000171664000003 PM 11598778 ER PT J AU Sepulveda, MS Ruessler, DS Denslow, ND Holm, SE Schoeb, TR Gross, TS AF Sepulveda, MS Ruessler, DS Denslow, ND Holm, SE Schoeb, TR Gross, TS TI Assessment of reproductive effects in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to bleached/unbleached kraft mill effluents SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BETA-SITOSTEROL ALTERS; SEX STEROID-LEVELS; WHITE SUCKER; PULP-MILL; ENDOCRINE STATUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; MFO ACTIVITY; IN-VITRO; FISH; RESPONSES AB This study evaluated the potential effects of different concentrations of bleached/unbleached kraft mill effluent (B/UKME) on several reproductive endpoints in adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The kraft mill studied produces a 50/50 mix of bleached/unbleached market pulp with an estimated release of 36 million gal of effluent/day. Bleaching sequences were C(90)d(10)EopHDp and CEHD for softwood (pines) and hardwoods (mainly tupelo, gums, magnolia, and water oaks), respectively. Bass were exposed to different effluent concentrations (0 [controls, exposed to well water], 10, 20, 40, or 80%) for either 28 or 56 days. At the end of each exposure period, fish were euthanized, gonads collected for histological evaluation and determination of gonadosomatic index (GSI), and plasma was analyzed for 17 beta -estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, and vitellogenin (VTG). Largemouth bass exposed to B/UKME responded with changes at the biochemical level (decline in sex steroids in both sexes and VTG in females) that were usually translated into tissue/organ-level responses (declines in GSI in both sexes and in ovarian development in females). Although most of these responses occurred after exposing fish to 40% B/UKME concentrations or greater, some were observed after exposures to 20% B/UKME. These threshold concentrations fall within the 60% average yearly concentration of effluent that exists in the stream near the point of discharge (Rice Creek), but are above the < 10% effluent concentration present in the St. Johns River. The chemical(s) responsible for such changes as well as their mode(s) of action remain unknown at this time. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. USGS, BRD, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, ICBR, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Georgia Pacific Corp, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Sepulveda, MS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM marisol_sepulveda@usgs.gov RI Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 NR 36 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 475 EP 482 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 483YT UT WOS:000171664000010 PM 11598785 ER PT J AU Montoya-Ospina, RA Caicedo-Herrera, D Millan-Sanchez, SL Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Lefebvre, LW AF Montoya-Ospina, RA Caicedo-Herrera, D Millan-Sanchez, SL Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Lefebvre, LW TI Status and distribution of the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, in Colombia SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Colombia; conservation; distribution; Trichechus manatus manatus; West Indian manatee AB Historical and recent information on the status and distribution of West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, in Colombia was reviewed. Opportunistic and systematic interviews were also conducted. Historical information suggested that the distribution of manatees had been reduced in the Caribbean basin. Manatees can be found in the Atrato, Sind, San Jorge, Cauca, Cesar and Magdalena rivers and the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta marsh in the Caribbean basin, and in the Meta River in the Orinoco basin. The Magdalena riparian system provides the largest area of suitable habitat, which also has the highest frequency of captures. Most animals (81.20%) were killed for sale or to share meat in a subsistence base. Hunting is apparently increasing but capture with nets still represents the species' major direct threat. Habitat destruction occurs in all areas. International and national laws protect the species, however, funding is inadequate for effective enforcement of present laws. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fdn Ecol Amigos Manati, Magangue, Bolivar, Colombia. Minist Medio Ambiente, Santa Fe De Bogota, DC, Colombia. Univ Metropolitana, SUAGM, Caribbean Stranding Network, Red Caribena Varamientos, San Juan, PR 00937 USA. Univ Metropolitana, SUAGM, Dept Ciencias & Tecnol, San Juan, PR 00937 USA. US Geol Survey, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Montoya-Ospina, RA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 102 IS 1 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00062-8 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 470LJ UT WOS:000170873200010 ER PT J AU Wurtsbaugh, WA Gross, HP Budy, P Luecke, C AF Wurtsbaugh, WA Gross, HP Budy, P Luecke, C TI Effects of epilimnetic versus metalimnetic fertilization on the phytoplankton and periphyton of a mountain lake with a deep chlorophyll maxima SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE; SOCKEYE-SALMON; CASTLE-LAKE; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; VERTICAL MIGRATION; CALIFORNIA; GROWTH; DYNAMICS; ALGAE AB Nutrients can load directly to either the epilimnion or metalimnion of lakes via either differential inflow depths of tributaries or intentional fertilization of discrete strata. We evaluated the differential effects of epilimnetic versus metalimnetic nutrient loading using 17-m-deep mesocosms that extended into the deep chlorophyll layer of oligotrophic Pettit Lake in the Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho. Addition of nitrogen plus phosphorus stimulated primary production nearly identically (2.4- to 4-fold on different dates) in both treatments, with the production peaks occurring in the strata where nutrients were added. The metalimnetic fertilization, however, resulted in equal or greater stimulation of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume than when nutrients were added directly to the epilimnion. Periphyton growth was stimulated 10-100 times more by epilimnetic fertilization than by metalimnetic fertilization and diverted nutrients from the planktonic autotrophs. These results suggest that the development of deep chlorophyll layers may be influenced by plunging river inflows that carry nutrients to the metalimnion and that metalimnetic lake fertilization may be useful as a tool for increasing lake productivity while reducing the impact on water quality. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Watershed Sci Unit, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US GEol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wurtsbaugh, WA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Luecke, Chris/A-2040-2011; Wurtsbaugh, Wayne/G-6856-2011; Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 NR 43 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 58 IS 11 BP 2156 EP 2166 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-11-2156 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 494DP UT WOS:000172266700007 ER PT J AU Breck, SW Wilson, KR Andersen, DC AF Breck, SW Wilson, KR Andersen, DC TI The demographic response of bank-dwelling beavers to flow regulation: a comparison on the Green and Yampa rivers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CASTOR-CANADENSIS; BODY-TEMPERATURE; NORTHERN BEAVERS; PATTERNS; ESTABLISHMENT; USA; COTTONWOODS; VEGETATION; SELECTION; MAMMALS AB We assessed the effects of flow regulation on the demography of beavers (Castor canadensis) by comparing the density, home-range size, and body size of bank-dwelling beavers on two sixth-order alluvial river systems, the flow-regulated Green River and the free-flowing Yampa River, from 1997 to 2000. Flow regulation on the Green River has altered fluvial geomorphic processes, influencing the availability of willow and cottonwood, which, in turn, has influenced the demography of beavers. Beaver density was higher on the Green River (0.5-0.6 colonies per kilometre of river) than on the Yampa River (0.35 colonies per kilometre of river). Adult and subadult beavers on the Green River were in better condition, as indicated by larger body mass and tail size. There was no detectable difference in home-range size, though there were areas on the Yampa River that no beavers used. We attribute the improved habitat quality on the Green River to a greater availability of willow. We suggest that the sandy flats and sandbars that form during base flows and the ice cover that forms over winter on the Yampa River increase the energy expended by the beavers to obtain food and increase predation risk and thus lowers the availability of woody forage. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Breck, SW (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 43 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1957 EP 1964 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-11-1957 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 506RL UT WOS:000172985500006 ER PT J AU Akkanen, J Penttinen, S Haitzer, M Kukkonen, JVK AF Akkanen, J Penttinen, S Haitzer, M Kukkonen, JVK TI Bioavailability of atrazine, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in European river waters SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE DOM; humic substances; binding; bioconcentration; Daphnia magna; organic chemicals ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; NATURAL-WATERS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; BINDING; BIOCONCENTRATION; CARBON AB Thirteen river waters and one humic lake water were characterized. The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioavailability of atrazine, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was evaluated. Binding of the chemicals by DOM was analyzed with the equilibrium dialysis technique. For each of the water samples, 24 h bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the chemicals were measured in Daphnia magna. The relationship between DOM and other water characteristics (including conductivity, water hardness and pH), and bioavailability of the chemicals was studied by performing several statistical analyses, including multiple regression analyses, to determine how much of the variation of BCF values could be explained by the quantity and quality of DOM. The bioavailability of atrazine was not affected by DOM or any other water characteristics. Although equilibrium dialysis showed binding of pyrene to DOM, the bioavailability of pyrene was not significantly affected by DOM. The bioavailability of B[a]P was significantly affected by both the quality and quantity of DOM. Multiple regression analyses, using the quality (ABS(270) and HbA%) and quantity of DOM as variables, explained up to 70% of the variation in BCF of B[a]P in the waters studied. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Joensuu, Dept Biol, Lab Aquat Ecol & Ecotoxicol, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Akkanen, J (reprint author), Univ Joensuu, Dept Biol, Lab Aquat Ecol & Ecotoxicol, POB 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. NR 33 TC 42 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4-5 BP 453 EP 462 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00038-8 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 480FT UT WOS:000171451900007 PM 11680741 ER PT J AU Martell, MS Henny, CJ Nye, PE Solensky, MJ AF Martell, MS Henny, CJ Nye, PE Solensky, MJ TI Fall migration routes, timing, and wintering sites of North American Ospreys as determined by satellite telemetry SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE migration; Osprey; Pandion haliaetus; satellite telemetry; wintering sites ID EASTERN WASHINGTON OSPREYS; STRATEGIES; TRACKING; IDAHO AB Satellite telemetry was used to determine fall migratory movements of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) breeding in the United States. Study areas were established along the lower Columbia River between Oregon and Washington; in north-central Minnesota; on Shelter Island, New York; and in southern New Jersey. Seventy-four adults (25 males, 49 females) were tracked from 1995 through 1999. Migration routes differed among populations but not by sex. Western Ospreys migrated through California and to a lesser degree other western states and wintered in Mexico (88%), El Salvador (6%), and Honduras (6%) (25.9 degreesN to 13.0 degreesN and 108.3 degreesW to 87.3 degreesW). Minnesota Ospreys migrated along three routes: (1) through the Central U.S. and then along the east coast of Mexico, (2) along the Mississippi River Valley, then across the Gulf of Mexico, or (3) through the southeastern U.S., then across the Caribbean. East Coast birds migrated along the eastern seaboard of the U.S., through Florida, and across the Caribbean. Midwestern birds wintered from Mexico south to Bolivia (22.35 degreesN to 13.64 degreesS, and 91.75 degreesW to 61.76 degreesW), while East Coast birds wintered from Florida to as far south as Brazil (27.48 degreesN to 18.5 degreesS and 80.4 degreesW to 57.29 degreesW). Dates of departure from breeding areas differed significantly between sexes and geographic regions, with females leaving earlier than males. Western birds traveled a shorter distance than either midwestern or eastern Ospreys. Females traveled farther than males from the same population, which resulted in females typically wintering south of males. C1 Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Wildlife Res Ctr, Delmar, NY 12054 USA. RP Martell, MS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, 1920 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 28 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 24 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 715 EP 724 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0715:FMRTAW]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400005 ER PT J AU Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR AF Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR TI Reproductive ecology and demography of the 'Akohekohe SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE 'Akohekohe; breeding success; demography; endangered; Hawaiian honeycreepers; nest success; Palmeria dolei ID NEST SUCCESS; LIFE-HISTORY; HAWAII; MALARIA; BIRDS; IIWI AB The 'Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) is an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the montane rain forests of east Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. We investigated 'Akohekohe nesting ecology using color-banded birds for the first time as a background to understanding the species' conservation. From 1994-1997, we color-banded 78 individuals, located and monitored 46 active nests, and took behavioral data during 534 hr of nest observation at Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, near the center of the species' range. 'Akohekohe nesting behavior and life history closely resembled that of 'Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and related honeycreepers. The birds were monogamous within and among years, and we found no evidence of polyandry, polygyny, or helpers at the nest. The nesting season extended from November to early June. Females performed all incubation and brooding. Males provisioned females and nestlings, and they were more active than females in feeding fledglings during the two-week period of parental dependency. Modal clutch size, as determined from egg counts at three nests and by counting begging chicks at other nests, was two eggs, and parents frequently fledged two chicks. We found an overall nest success rate of 68% by the Mayfield method, a high rate compared with other Hawaiian honeycreepers and continental passerines. An average of 1.1 chicks fledged per active nest, and at least 42% of nesting pairs made two or more nesting attempts per season. Rats (Rattus spp.) were abundant at the study site, and we confirmed their depredating some 'Akohekohe nests, so we did not expect to find such a high rate of nest success. The estimated annual probability of adult survival was also high, at 0.95 +/- 0.10 (SE). C1 USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Pratt, TK (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM thane_pratt@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 736 EP 745 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0736:READOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400007 ER PT J AU Pratt, TK Simon, JC Farm, BP Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR AF Pratt, TK Simon, JC Farm, BP Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR TI Home range and territoriality of two Hawaiian honeycreepers, the 'Akohekohe and Maui Parrotbill SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE 'Akohekohe; dispersion; home range; Maid Parrotbill; Palmeria dolei; Pseudonestor xanthophrys; territory ID ECOLOGY; DEMOGRAPHY; CREEPER; BIRDS AB Hawaiian honeycreepers have radiated into a diversity of trophic niches and patterns of space-use. We investigated space-use in two honeycreeper species, the 'Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), an endangered nectarivore, and Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), an endangered wood excavator, by mapping the home ranges and dispersion of color-banded individuals at a study site in relatively undisturbed montane cloud forest on Maui Island, Hawai'i. With 20% of outlying points excluded, home-range size averaged much smaller for adult male 'Akohekohe (0.56 ha) than for male Maui Parrotbill (2.26 ha). In both species, a female's home range mostly overlapped that of her mate. Adult male Maui Parrotbill defended year-round home ranges from which they excluded conspecifics except for their mates and dependent offspring. Although our data suggest that 'Akohekohe also maintained all-purpose territories, the evidence is less convincing because these birds were seen feeding in the home ranges of other individuals. By defending all-purpose territories, these two species depart from the more common honeycreeper pattern of sharing large, undefended home ranges. C1 USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Pratt, TK (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM thane_pratt@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 12 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 746 EP 755 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0746:HRATOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400008 ER PT J AU Vanderwerf, EA AF Vanderwerf, EA TI Two-year delay in plumage maturation of male and female 'Elepaio SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Chasiempis sandwichensis; color; delayed plumage maturation; 'Elepaio; molt; molt constraint ID PASSERINE BIRDS; SURVIVAL RATES; BREEDING BIOLOGY; IDENTIFYING SEX; HAWAII; AGE; BUNTINGS; ECOLOGY; FORESTS; IDENTIFICATION AB I studied molt and plumage in the 'Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis), a monarch flycatcher endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Hawai'i from 1994-1997. I captured birds in mist nets, examined them for molt, measured their plumage color with Munsell color chips, and followed them for several years to document plumage changes. Male and female Hawai'i 'Elepaio exhibited three distinct post-juvenal plumages, first basic, second basic, and definitive basic, and thus have a two-year delay in plumage maturation. 'Elepaio have a single annual molt, so there are no alternate plumages. The first prebasic molt is partial, but all subsequent molts are complete. The first basic plumage is juvenile-like and sexually monochromatic. The second basic and definitive basic plumages are sexually dimorphic in throat color. In each sex the second basic plumage resembles definitive plumage. Age-related plumage changes include increases in the whiteness, number, and length of contrasting tips to feathers on the throat, rump, wing coverts, and tail. Subadults do not molt fewer body feathers than adults and produce many feathers that are not adult in coloration, indicating the subadult plumages are not caused by a molt constraint. Appearance of the subadult plumages is consistent in some respects with juvenile mimicry, but the subadult plumages are unlikely to function in sexual mimicry. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Vanderwerf, EA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Off, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 3-122,Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 63 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 756 EP 766 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0756:TYDIPM]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400009 ER PT J AU Powell, AN AF Powell, AN TI Habitat characteristics and nest success of Snowy Plovers associated with California Least Tern colonies SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Charadrius alexandrinus; habitat selection; Least Tern; nest success; predation; Snowy Plover; Sterna antillarum ID SITE SELECTION; PREDATION; LAKE AB Nest success of Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) was. estimated at six sites in San Diego County, California, to determine the effects of habitat characteristics and social factors on predation risk. Egg predation was expected to be lower for plovers nesting among Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) because of benefits, associated with nesting under the "protective umbrella" of a colonial species. Snowy Plovers nested adjacent to objects and in areas with more vegetation cover than random sites in beach and fill habitats and in areas with more debris cover in beach and salt pan habitats. Estimated nest success from 1994-1997 was 50%, and most predation was attributed to corvids, primarily Common Ravens (Cones corax). Social factors, including distance to nearest Least Tern and Snowy Plover nests, predicted nest success whereas habitat characteristics did not. Nest success was greatest for plovers nesting closest to an active tern nest and nesting at intermediate distances to conspecifics. Nest success also varied among years and sites, with two sites consistently less successful over the four years. Nests within tern colonies received some mitigation of egg predation. Plover nests initiated prior to the arrival of Least Terns were less likely to hatch eggs than later nests; nevertheless, Snowy Plovers in southern California initiated nesting well before Least Terns. C1 San Diego State Univ, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Powell, AN (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X NR 30 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 785 EP 792 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0785:HCANSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400012 ER PT J AU Esler, D Grand, JB Afton, AD AF Esler, D Grand, JB Afton, AD TI Intraspecific variation in nutrient reserve use during clutch formation by Lesser Scaup SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Aythya affinis; breeding; clutch; egg formation; intraspecific variation; Lesser Scaup; nutrient reserves ID NORTHERN SHOVELERS; SNOW GEESE; SIZE; DYNAMICS; REPRODUCTION; ALASKA; DIET; HYPOTHESES; WATERFOWL; MALLARDS AB We studied nutrient reserve dynamics of female Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) to identify sources of intraspecific variation in strategies of nutrient acquisition for meeting the high nutritional and energetic costs of egg formation. We collected data from interior Alaska and combined these with data for Lesser Scaup from midcontinent breeding areas (Afton and Ankney 1991), allowing a rangewide analysis for the species. We found little evidence that nutrient reserve use differed between Alaskan and midcontinent lesser Scaup, except that subarctic birds used a small amount of protein reserves when forming eggs, whereas midcontinent birds did not. Mineral reserves contributed relatively little to the clutch, but endogenous lipid accounted for approximately two-thirds of the lipid in the clutch. Levels of endogenous lipid and protein at initiation of clutch formation declined with date of initiation. Also, absolute amounts of lipid and protein reserves used declined through the season, corresponding to smaller clutch sizes. Our data are consistent with a seasonally variable threshold of lipid reserves for initiation of clutch formation and considerable reliance on lipid reserves, suggestive of lipid control of productivity via effects on clutch size and initiation dates. However, our data cannot refute the hypothesis that clutch size or initiation dates are set by other factors that in turn dictate the amount of lipid reserves that are stored and used. Despite uncertainty regarding the role of nutrient limitations on productivity, maintenance of adequate food resources on winter, migration, and breeding areas should be a management concern, given the high costs of clutch formation by Lesser Scaup, evidence of recent population declines, and potential links between nutrition and productivity. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. NR 39 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 810 EP 820 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0810:IVINRU]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400015 ER PT J AU Irons, DB Kendall, SJ Erickson, WP McDonald, LL Lance, BK AF Irons, DB Kendall, SJ Erickson, WP McDonald, LL Lance, BK TI A brief response to Wiens et al., twelve years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill SO CONDOR LA English DT Editorial Material DE Alaska; Exxon Valdez oil spill; marine birds; Prince William Sound ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ALASKA AB We briefly address the four main issues that Wiens et al. (2001) present in their commentary on Irons et al. (2000). In summary our response is: (1) We discussed before-after control-impact design assumption, at length in our paper. Data do not exist to resolve this issue and Wiens et al. fail to shed new light on it. (2) Contrary to Wiens et al.'s assertion, we discussed only statistically significant results. (3) Wiens et al. disagreed with our interpretations of a few select results. We stand by our interpretations. (4) Wiens et al. believe that the evidence we presented from other studies showing that Exxon Valdez oil still exists in Prince William Sound (PWS), and that birds are still ingesting it, is equivocal in demonstrating cause and effect. We agree, but arguments to the contrary are equally equivocal. Data from continued monitoring of marine birds in PWS support the conclusion that as of July 2000 one taxon is recovering from effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and eight taxa are not. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. West Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Irons, DB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 892 EP 894 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0892:ABRTWE]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 491XM UT WOS:000172135400028 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ Palace, VP AF Hamilton, SJ Palace, VP TI Assessment of selenium effects in lotic ecosystems SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID WATER-QUALITY CRITERIA; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RAINBOW-TROUT; EGG SIZE; TIME BOMB; TOXICITY; GROWTH; FISH; FAIRBROTHER AB The selenium literature has grown substantially in recent years to encompass new information in a variety of areas. Correspondingly, several different approaches to establishing a new water quality criterion for selenium have been proposed since establishment of the national water quality criterion in 1987. Diverging viewpoints and interpretations of the selenium literature have lead to opposing perspectives on issues such as establishing a national criterion based on a sediment-based model, using hydrologic units to set criteria for stream reaches, and applying lentic-derived effects to lotic environments. This Commentary presents information on the lotic verse lentic controversy. Recently, an article was published that concluded that no adverse effects were occurring in a cutthroat trout population in a coldwater river with elevated selenium concentrations (C. J. Kennedy, L. E. McDonald, R. Loveridge, and M. M. Strosher, 2000, Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol 39, 46-52). This article has added to the controversy rather titan provided further insight into selenium toxicology. Information, or rather missing information, in the article has been critically reviewed and problems in the interpretations are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. Inst Freshwater, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 50 IS 3 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1006/eesa.2001.2111 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 502NJ UT WOS:000172749400001 PM 11915951 ER PT J AU Cannon, SH AF Cannon, SH TI Debris-flow generation from recently burned watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE debt-is flow; erosion; sedimentation; hazards; wildfire ID ALLUVIAL FANS; USA AB Evaluation of the erosional response of 95 recently burned drainage basins in Colorado, New Mexico and southern California to storm rainfall provides information on the conditions that result in fire-related debris flows. Debris flows were produced from only 37 of 95 (similar to 40 percent) basins examined; the remaining basins produced either sediment-laden streamflow or no discernable response. Debris flows were thus not the prevalent response of the burned basins. The debris flows that did occur were most frequently the initial response to significant rainfall events. Although some hillslopes continued to erode and supply material to channels in response to subsequent rainfall events, debris flows were produced from only one burned basin following the initial erosive event. Within individual basins, debris flows initiated through both runoff and infiltration-triggered processes. The fact that not all burned basins produced debris flows suggests that specific geologic and geomorphic conditions may control the generation of fire-related debris flows. The factors that best distinguish between debris-flow producing drainages and those that produced sediment-laden streamflow are drainage-basin morphology and lithology, and the presence or absence of water-repellent soils. Basins underlain by sedimentary rocks were most likely to produce debris flows that contain large material, and sand- and gravel-dominated flows were generated primarily from terrain underlain by decomposed granite. Basin-area and relief thresholds define the morphologic conditions under which both types of debris flows occur. Debris flows containing large material are more likely to be produced from basins without water-repellent soils than from basins with water repellency. The occurrence of sand-and gravel-dominated debris flows depends on the presence of water-repellent soils. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cannon, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,DFC,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 51 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 17 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 321 EP 341 PG 21 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 498HL UT WOS:000172503800002 ER PT J AU DeVivo, B Somma, R Ayuso, RA Calderoni, G Lima, A Pagliuca, S Sava, A AF DeVivo, B Somma, R Ayuso, RA Calderoni, G Lima, A Pagliuca, S Sava, A TI Pb isotopes and toxic metals in floodplain and stream sediments from the Volturno river basin, Italy SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pb isotopes; floodplain sediments; toxic metals; Volturno rivers; stream sediments; environment pollution ID LEAD ISOTOPES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; POLLUTION; TRACERS; ROCKS; GEOCHEMISTRY; EXPLORATION; ATMOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; EMISSIONS AB We present results of a stratigraphic and environmental geochemistry study of the eastern sector of the Volturno river basin (Italy) using stream sediment and floodplain drill core samples. The cores, dated back to 7,000 years B.P., have been used to evaluate background (baseline) values. Pb isotopic compositions and toxic metal abundances have been determined to discriminate natural versus anthropogenic sources. The Pb isotopic compositions of the stream sediments overlap the values of Pb in petrol. The results from both stream sediment and drill core samples plot along a mixing line between the field that characterizes the volcanic rocks outcropping in the area (the natural component) and the Pb isotopic composition of petrol used in western Europe. Results suggest a prevalent contribution of the natural component for the Pb in the drill core samples and a prevailing anthropogenic component for the Pb isotopic compositions in the active stream sediments samples. C1 Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80134 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. CNR, ISPAIM, Ercolano, Napoli, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Rome, Italy. RP DeVivo, B (reprint author), Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Naples, Italy. RI Somma, Renato/G-5976-2014; OI Somma, Renato/0000-0002-2227-6054; calderoni, gilberto/0000-0003-1187-5139 NR 53 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 112 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 496UM UT WOS:000172415500011 ER PT J AU Devlin, JF Barbaro, JR AF Devlin, JF Barbaro, JR TI A method of estimating multicomponent nonaqueous-phase liquid mass in porous media using aqueous concentration ratios SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nonaqueous-phase liquids; mass estimation; dissolution; Raoult's law; groundwater ID CHLORINATED SOLVENTS; FIELD EXPERIMENT; COAL-TAR; WATER; MIXTURES; SOLUBILITY; BEHAVIOR; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; COEFFICIENTS; HYDROCARBONS AB A simple dissolution model based on Raoult's Law was used to derive a log-linear equation for the estimation of multicomponent nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) mass in porous media. The analysis, referred to here as the ratio mass estimation (RME) method, requires aqueous concentration ratios for two components of the NAPL mixture as well as their pure phase liquid solubilities. Application of the equation using data from a previously reported column experiment, in which 1.22 g of a benzene/toluene NAPL were flushed with water, yielded an estimate of 1.2 g of NAPL. In addition, data from two in situ field column experiments of gasoline dissolution were examined. In those experiments, three ratio pairs, benzene/toluene, ethylbenzene/toluene, and ethylbenzene/benzene, were considered from each cell, and the initial NAPL masses were estimated to be between 39 and 42 kg NAPL, within 30% of the true NAPL masses of 54 kg in each cell. Finally, data from the flushing of a controlled release of chlorinated solvents (chloroform, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene) inside a sheet pile cell were examined, and the initial NAPL mass was estimated to within 15% of the true value. The RME analysis is based on several simplifying assumptions and should be used with caution. However, this work shows it to be potentially useful under conditions that might be encountered at sites, The analysis is simple and based on data that are often collected routinely. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US Geol Survey, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Devlin, JF (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2443 EP 2449 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2443:AMOEMN>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 504RY UT WOS:000172870700007 PM 11699767 ER PT J AU McGary, S Henry, PFP Ottinger, MA AF McGary, S Henry, PFP Ottinger, MA TI Impact of vinclozolin on reproductive behavior and endocrinology in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruptor; vinclozolin; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; steroid; Japanese quail ID SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; MALE-RAT; EMBRYONIC TREATMENT; PREOPTIC AREA; AVIAN BRAIN; ESTRADIOL; TESTOSTERONE; MORPHOLOGY; FUNGICIDE; BIRDS AB The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been demonstrated in mammalian models, but less research is available for avian species. The effects of vinclozolin (VIN), an antiandrogenic fungicide, on sexual differentiation and maturation were investigated in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). On day 4 of incubation, embryos were exposed to no treatment, oil, or 25, 50, or 100 ppm of VIN. Endpoints measured included adult male reproductive behavior, hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH-I) content in hatchlings and adults, plasma steroid levels in hatchlings and adults, proctodeal gland growth during maturation, and relative testicular weight at seven weeks of age. Results showed that exposure to VIN significantly (p < 0.05) altered GnRH-I in male hatchlings. whereas GnRH-I levels in females remained unaffected. Although steroid levels were unaltered by any VIN treatment, the display of male reproductive behavior seemed delayed, with the number of mounts and the number of cloacal contacts being significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the VIN-treated mates. This could have an extreme negative impact on wild avian species that are routinely exposed to similar EDCs. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Ottinger, MA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mo20@umail.umd.edu NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2487 EP 2493 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2487:IOVORB>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 504RY UT WOS:000172870700014 PM 11699774 ER PT J AU Harrahy, LNM Schreck, CB Maule, AG AF Harrahy, LNM Schreck, CB Maule, AG TI Antibody-producing cells correlated to body weight in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) acclimated to optimal and elevated temperatures SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antibody production; body weight; temperature; chinook salmon; immune response ID LYMPHOID ORGANS; RAINBOW-TROUT; VIBRIO-ANGUILLARUM; YERSINIA-RUCKERI; DIRECT IMMERSION; ONTOGENY; IMMUNITY; LYMPHOCYTES; RESPONSES; BACTERINS AB The immune response of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) ranging in weight from approximately 10 to 55 g was compared when the fish were acclimated to either 13 or 21 degreesC. A haemolytic plaque assay was conducted to determine differences in the number of antibody-producing cells (APC) among fish of a similar age but different body weights. Regression analyses revealed significant increases in the number of APC with increasing body weight when fish were acclimated to either water temperature. These results emphasise the importance of standardising fish weight in immunological studies of salmonids before exploring the possible effects of acclimation temperatures. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Harrahy, LNM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 11 IS 8 BP 653 EP 659 DI 10.1006/fsim.2001.0342 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 490ZK UT WOS:000172083400001 PM 11759036 ER PT J AU Pelis, RM McCormick, SD AF Pelis, RM McCormick, SD TI Effects of growth hormone and cortisol on Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter localization and abundance in the gills of Atlantic salmon SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmo salar; growth hormone; cortisol; gill; chloride cell; Na+,K+-ATPase; osmoregulation ID TELEOST FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; CHLORIDE CELL MORPHOLOGY; K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; YOLK-SAC MEMBRANE; FACTOR-I GENE; COHO SALMON; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; RAINBOW-TROUT AB The hormones responsible for the regulation of the teleostean gill Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter have not been elucidated. With Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter abundance and localization were examined in the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following 2-week treatment with growth hormone (GH; 5.0 mug . g(-1)), cortisol (50 mug . g(-1)), and both hormones in combination (GH+cortisol). GH and cortisol treatments increased gill Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter abundance over levels seen in controls, and both hormones together (GH+cortisol) produced a greater effect than either hormone alone. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was also elevated by all three hormone treatments. Compared to controls, Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter immunoreactive chloride cells on the primary filament were greater in number and size following all three treatments. Although the number of immunoreactive chloride cells on the secondary lamellae did not differ among the treatment groups, GH+cortisol increased their size. These data indicate that GH and cortisol increase gill Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter abundance through chloride cell proliferation and differentiation in the gills of Atlantic salmon and are likely the hormones responsible for Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter regulation during smolting and seawater acclimation. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Organism & Evolut Biol Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Pelis, RM (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Physiol & Neurobiol, U-4156,3107 Horsebarn Hill Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 42 TC 67 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 124 IS 2 BP 134 EP 143 DI 10.1006/gcen.2001.7703 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 490XC UT WOS:000172078100002 PM 11703079 ER PT J AU Price, LC DeWitt, E AF Price, LC DeWitt, E TI Evidence and characteristics of hydrolytic disproportionation of organic matter during metasomatic processes SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Review ID MEXICO SEDIMENTARY BASIN; CARLIN GOLD DEPOSIT; PRESSURE SEALS; STABLE ISOTOPE; ORE-DEPOSITS; METASTABLE EQUILIBRIUM; ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENT; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DISTRIBUTION PATTERN; CARBONACEOUS MATTER AB Petroleum-geochemical analyses of carbonaceous regionally metamorphosed rocks, carbonaceous rocks from ore deposits, and alkalic plutonic rocks from diverse settings, demonstrated the presence of very low to moderately low concentrations of solvent-extractable organic matter, this observation in spite of the fact that some of these rocks were exposed to extremely high metamorphic temperatures. Biomarker and delta C-13 analyses established that the extractable organic matter originated as sedimentary-derived hydrocarbons. However, the chemistry of the extractable bitumen has been fundamentally transformed from that found in sediment bitumen and oils. Asphaltenes and resins, as defined in the normal petroleum-geochemical sense, are completely missing. The principal aromatic hydrocarbons present in oils and sediment bitumens (especially the methylated naphthalenes) are either in highly reduced concentrations or are missing altogether. Instead, aromatic hydrocarbons typical of sediment bitumens and oils are very minor, and a number of unidentified compounds and oxygen-bearing compounds are dominant. Relatively high concentrations of alkylated benzenes are typical. The polar "resin" fraction, eluted during column chromatography, is the principal compound group, by weight, being composed of six to eight dominant peaks present in all samples, despite the great geologic diversity of the samples. These, and other, observations suggest that a strong drive towards equilibrium exists in the "bitumen." Gas chromatograms of the saturated hydrocarbons commonly have a pronounced hump in both the n-paraffins and naphthenes, centered near the C-19 to C-26 carbon numbers, and a ubiquitous minimum in the n-paraffin distribution near n-C-12 to n-C-14. Multiple considerations dictate that the bitumen in the samples is indigenous and did not originate from either surficial field contamination or from laboratory procedures. Our observations are consistent with the hydrolytic disproportionation of organic matter (HDOM), in which water and organic matter, including hydrocarbons, easily exchange hydrogen or oxygen with one another under certain conditions (Helgeson et al., 1993). The process appears to take place via well-known organic-chemical redox reaction pathways and is most evident in open-fluid systems. The conclusion that HDOM took place in the analyzed samples, thus producing the chemistry of the extractable bitumen, is supported by numerous previously published organic-geochemical studies of metamorphic, volcanic, plutonic, and ore-deposit-related rocks by other investigators. HDOM is suggested as an unrecognized geologic agent of fundamental importance. The process appears to control major chemical reactions in diverse geologic environments including, but not limited to, petroleum geology and geochemistry, regional metamorphism, and base- and precious-metal ore deposition. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP DeWitt, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 138 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 2001 VL 65 IS 21 BP 3791 EP 3826 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00762-1 PG 36 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 493LY UT WOS:000172225600013 ER PT J AU Brenner, DL Amundson, R Baisden, WT Kendall, C Harden, J AF Brenner, DL Amundson, R Baisden, WT Kendall, C Harden, J TI Soil N and N-15 variation with time in a California annual grassland ecosystem SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION; NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; GLOBAL PATTERNS; DYNAMICS; NITRATE; PLANT; CHRONOSEQUENCE; AMMONIUM; FOREST; PRECIPITATION AB The %N and delta N-15 values of soils and plants were measured along a chronosequence spanning 3 to 3000 Ky in a California annual grassland. Total soil N decreased with increasing soil age (1.1 to 0.4 kg N m(-2)) while the mean delta N-15 values of the soil N increased by several parts per thousand from the youngest to oldest sites (+ 3.5 to + 6.2 parts per thousand). The delta N-15 values of plants varied along the gradient, reflecting changing soil N pools arid differences in the form of N uptake. The decline in total N storage with time is hypothesized to be due to a shift from N to P limitation with increasing soil age. The general increase in delta N-15 values with time is interpreted using a N mass balance model, and appears to reflect a shift toward an increasing proportional losses of inorganic mineral forms of N (vs. organic forms) with increasing soil age. We develop a quantitative index of this trend (mineral vs. organic forms of N loss) using mass balance considerations and parameters. The %N and delta N-15 values along the California age gradient were compared to the published data for a comparably aged chronosequence in Hawaii. Most striking in this comparison is the observation that the California soil and plant delta N-15 values are several parts per thousand greater than those on comparably aged Hawaiian sites. Multiple explanations are plausible, but assuming the sites have a similar range in delta N-15 values of atmospheric inputs, the isotopic differences suggest that N may be, at least seasonally, in greater excess in the strongly seasonal, semi-arid, California grassland. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey Div, Geol Sci Div, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Amundson, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, 151 Hilgard Hall 3110, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Baisden, Troy/B-9831-2008; 黄, 宝同/E-6579-2010; Amundson, Ronald /E-2654-2015 OI Baisden, Troy/0000-0003-1814-1306; NR 56 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 2001 VL 65 IS 22 BP 4171 EP 4186 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00699-8 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 495PN UT WOS:000172349700007 ER PT J AU Fenton, CR Webb, RH Pearthree, PA Cerling, TE Poreda, RJ AF Fenton, CR Webb, RH Pearthree, PA Cerling, TE Poreda, RJ TI Displacement rates on the Toroweap and Hurricane faults: Implications for Quaternary downcutting in the Grand Canyon, Arizona SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cosmogenic elements; Colorado River; normal faults ID COSMOGENIC HE-3; AGES AB The Toroweap and Hurricane faults, considered to be the most active in Arizona, cross the Uinkaret volcanic field in the western Grand Canyon. These normal faults are down-thrown to the west, and the Colorado River crosses these faults as it flows west in the Grand Canyon. Cosmogenic He-3 (He-3(c)) dates on basalt flows and related landforms are used to calculate vertical displacement rates for these faults. The two faults cross unruptured alluvial fans dated as 3 ka (Toroweap) and 8 ka (Hurricane), and 10 other landforms that range in age from 30 to 400 ka are displaced. Middle and late Quaternary displacement rates of the Toroweap and Hurricane faults are 70-180 and 70-170 m/m.y., respectively. On the basis of these rates, the combined displacement of 580 m on these faults could have occurred in the past 3 to 5 m.y. All He-3(c) dates are younger than existing K-Ar dates and are consistent with new Ar-40/Ar-39 dates and existing thermoluminescence (TL) dates on basalt flows. These different dating techniques may be combined in an analysis of displacement rates. Downcutting rates for the Colorado River in the eastern Grand Canyon (400 m/m.y.) are at least double the downcutting rates west of the faults (70-160 m/m.y.). Faulting probably increased downcutting in the eastern Grand Canyon relative to downcutting in the western Grand Canyon during the late Quaternary. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Arizona Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85701 USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Earth & Envrionm Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. RP Fenton, CR (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RI Fenton, Cassandra/B-8928-2012; OI Fenton, Cassandra/0000-0002-2989-3629 NR 14 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1035 EP 1038 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1035:DROTTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 494NY UT WOS:000172289800017 ER PT J AU Terry, DO Chamberlain, JA Stoffer, PW Messina, P Jannett, PA AF Terry, DO Chamberlain, JA Stoffer, PW Messina, P Jannett, PA TI Marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section in southwestern South Dakota SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fox Hills Formation; K-T boundary; liquefaction; South Dakota; Western Interior Seaway ID WHITE RIVER GROUP; PIERRE SHALE; BADLANDS; NEBRASKA; MEMBER AB A distinctive zone of disrupted strata, which we interpret as a distal manifestation of the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact event, occurs over 300 km(2) in southwestern South Dakota. This disrupted zone is within the Fox Hills Formation, ranges from 0.5 to 5 m in thickness, and contains large-scale slump-roll structures, elastic dikes, flame structures, and massive, homogenized beds. The zone is similar to0.5 in above a belemnite fauna Sr dated as 67.6 +/- 0.5 Ma, contains scaphitid ammonites characteristic of the Jeletzkytes nebrascensis ammonite zone of the Fox Hills Formation, and is capped by a 0.5-4-cm-thick brownish-black mudstone that contains spherules. Pollen of the late Maastrichtian Wodehouseia spinata palynostratigraphic zone occurs immediately above and below the disrupted zone. The disrupted zone is overlain by an additional 25 m of marine Fox Hills Formation. These stratigraphic relationships suggest that the upper part of the Fox Hills Formation in this part of South Dakota is Paleocene; that the Western Interior Seaway was locally present well into the Paleocene; band that scaphitid ammonites may range the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. C1 Temple Univ, Dept Geol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, Dept Geol, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. US Geol Survey Lib, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Terry, DO (reprint author), Temple Univ, Dept Geol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1055 EP 1058 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1055:MCTBSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 494NY UT WOS:000172289800022 ER PT J AU Eichelberger, JC Chertkoff, DG Dreher, ST Nye, CJ AF Eichelberger, JC Chertkoff, DG Dreher, ST Nye, CJ TI Magmas in collision: Rethinking chemical zonation in silicic magmas - Reply SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ERUPTION; KATMAI; ALASKA C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Alaska Div Geol & Geophys Surveys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Eichelberger, JC (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1063 EP 1064 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1064:>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA 494NY UT WOS:000172289800025 ER PT J AU Masterlark, T DeMets, C Wang, HF Sanchez, O Stock, J AF Masterlark, T DeMets, C Wang, HF Sanchez, O Stock, J TI Homogeneous vs heterogeneous subduction zone models: Coseismic and postseismic deformation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HALF-SPACE; EARTHQUAKE; JALISCO; MEXICO; RIVERA AB A finite-element model (FEM) incorporating geologic properties characteristic of a subduction zone is compared with FEMs approximating homogeneous elastic half-spaces (HEHS)s to investigate the effect of heterogeneity on coseismic and postseismic deformation predictions for the 1995 Colima-Jalisco M(w)=8.0 earthquake. The FEMs are used to compute a coefficient matrix relating displacements at observation points due to unit dislocations of contact-node pairs on the fault surface. The Green's function responses are used to solve the inverse problem of estimating dislocation distributions from coseismic GPS displacements. Predictions from the FEM with heterogeneous material properties, loaded with either of the HEHS dislocation distributions, significantly overestimate coseismic displacements. Postseismic deformation predictions are also sensitive to the coseismic dislocation distribution, which drives poroelastic and viscoelastic relaxation. FEM-generated Green's functions, which allow for spatial variations in material properties, are thus preferable to those that assume a simple HEHS because the latter leads to dislocation distributions unsuitable for predicting the postseismic response. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Masterlark, T (reprint author), Raytheon ITSS Corp, USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. EM Masterlark@usgs.gov; chuck@geology.wisc.edu; wang@geology.wisc.edu; osvaldo@ollin.igeofcu.unam.mx; jstock@gps.caltech.edu OI Stock, Joann Miriam/0000-0003-4816-7865 NR 15 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 21 BP 4047 EP 4050 DI 10.1029/2001GL013612 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 485TM UT WOS:000171780000009 ER PT J AU Howell, DG AF Howell, DG TI Planning for a crowded Pacific Rim SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Crowding Rim Initiat, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Howell, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Crowding Rim Initiat, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 2001 VL 46 IS 11 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504JA UT WOS:000172852500007 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB Skinner, HCW Plumlee, GS Bunnell, JE AF Finkelman, RB Skinner, HCW Plumlee, GS Bunnell, JE TI Medical geology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Finkelman, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 2001 VL 46 IS 11 BP 20 EP 23 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504JA UT WOS:000172852500017 ER PT J AU Ryker, SJ AF Ryker, SJ TI Mapping arsenic in groundwater: A real need, but a hard problem - Why was the map created? SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ryker, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Ryker, Sarah/A-8359-2009 OI Ryker, Sarah/0000-0002-1004-5611 NR 0 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 2001 VL 46 IS 11 BP 34 EP 36 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504JA UT WOS:000172852500026 ER PT J AU Alley, WM Taylor, CJ AF Alley, WM Taylor, CJ TI The value of long-term ground water level monitoring SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Louisville, KY USA. RP Alley, WM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 801 EP 801 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02466.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 491VQ UT WOS:000172131100001 PM 11708445 ER PT J AU Zhang, PF Johnson, WP Piana, MJ Fuller, CC Naftz, DL AF Zhang, PF Johnson, WP Piana, MJ Fuller, CC Naftz, DL TI Potential artifacts in interpretation of differential breakthrough of colloids and dissolved tracers in the context of transport in a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER; POROUS-MEDIA; BACTERIAL TRANSPORT; FRACTURED ROCK; MICROSPHERES; COLUMNS; SEDIMENTS; SOLUTE; MODEL; SOIL AB Many published studies have used visual comparison of the timing of peak breakthrough of colloids versus conservative dissolved tracers (hereafter referred to as dissolved tracers or tracers) in subsurface media to determine whether they are advected differently, and to elucidate the mechanisms of differential advection. This purely visual approach of determining differential advection may have artifacts, however, due to the attachment of colloids to subsurface media. The attachment of colloids to subsurface media may shift the colloidal peak breakthrough to earlier times, causing an apparent "faster" peak breakthrough of colloids relative to dissolve tracers even though the transport velocities for the colloids and the dissolved tracers may actually be equivalent. In this paper, a peak shift analysis was presented to illustrate the artifacts associated with the purely visual approach in determining differential advection, and to quantify the peak shift due to colloid attachment. This peak shift analysis was described within the context of microsphere and bromide transport within a zero-valent iron (ZVI) permeable reactive barrier (PRB) located in Fry Canyon, Utah. Application of the peak shift analysis to the field microsphere and bromide breakthrough data indicated that differential advection of the microspheres relative to the bromide occurred in the monitoring wells closest to the injection well in the PRB. It was hypothesized that the physical heterogeneity at the grain scale, presumably arising from differences in inter- versus intra-particle porosity, contributed to the differential advection of the microspheres versus the bromide in the PRB. The relative breakthrough (RB) of microspheres at different wells was inversely related to the ionic strength of ground water at these wells, in agreement with numerous studies showing that colloid attachment is directly related to solution ionic strength. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, W Valley City, UT 84119 USA. RP Johnson, WP (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RI Johnson, William/G-7733-2011; Zhang, Pengfei/C-2264-2013; OI Zhang, Pengfei/0000-0002-1765-5965; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 831 EP 840 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02471.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 491VQ UT WOS:000172131100008 ER PT J AU Landon, MK Rus, DL Harvey, FE AF Landon, MK Rus, DL Harvey, FE TI Comparison of instream methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity in sandy streambeds SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY PERMEABLE FORMATIONS; MULTILEVEL SLUG TESTS; GRAIN-SIZE; AQUIFER; WATER; SEEPAGE; MODEL; GROUNDWATER; RIVER; FLOW AB Streambed hydraulic conductivity (K) values were determined at seven stream transects in the Platte River Basin in Nebraska using different instream measurement techniques. Values were compared to determine the most appropriate technique(s) for use in sandy streambeds. Values of K determined from field falling- and constant-head permeameter tests analyzed using the Darcy equation decreased as permeameter diameter increased. Seepage meters coupled with hydraulic gradient measurements failed to yield K values in 40% of the trials. Consequently, Darcy permeameter and seepage meter tests were not preferred approaches. In the upper 0.25 m of the streambed, field falling- and constant-head permeameter tests analyzed with the Hvorslev solution generally had similar K values that were significantly greater than those determined using the Hazen grain-size, Bouwer and Rice slug test for anisotropic and isotropic conditions, and Alyamani and Sen grain-size methods; median differences between these tests and the Hvorslev falling-head 60 cm diameter permeameter were about 8, 9, 17, and 35 m/day, respectively. The Hvorslev falling-head permeameter test is considered the most robust method for measuring K of the upper 0.25 m of the streambed because of the inherent limitations of the empirical grain-size methods and less sediment disturbance for permeameter than slug tests. However, lateral variability in K along transects on the Platte, North Platte, and Wood Rivers was greater than variability in K between valid permeameter, grain-size, or slug tests, indicating that the method used may matter less than making enough measurements to characterize spatial variability adequately. At the Platte River tributary sites, the upper 0.3 m of the streambed typically had greater K than sediment located 0.3 to 2.5 m below the streambed surface, indicating that deposits below the streambed may limit ground water/surface water fluxes. The Hvorslev permeameter tests are not a practical measurement approach for these greater depths. Thus, selection of a method for measuring streambed K needs to consider the vertical location of the sediments that are most likely to limit the rate of ground water/surface water interaction. C1 US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Univ Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Sch Nat Resource Sci & Conservat, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Landon, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 100 Centennial Mall N,Room 406 Fed Bldg, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 69 TC 101 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 24 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 870 EP 885 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02475.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 491VQ UT WOS:000172131100012 PM 11708453 ER PT J AU Fend, SV Gustafson, DL AF Fend, SV Gustafson, DL TI A new lumbriculid genus and species from North America (Clitellata, Lumbriculidae) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaeta CY JUL 18-22, 2000 CL BILBAO, SPAIN SP Univ Basque Country, Dept Anim Biol & Genet DE Clitellata; Oligochaeta; Lumbriculidae; taxonomy; description ID OLIGOCHAETA AB Secubelmis limpida n. sp., n. gen., is described from Montana, U.S.A. The monotypic genus resembles the lumbriculid genera Rhynchelmis and Tatriella in having atria in X, spermathecae in VIII, and semi-prosoporous male ducts. It differs from Tatriella in having paired atria and spermathecae, and from Rhynchelmis in having petiolate atria. The single prostate gland is unique within the Lumbriculidae. The new species appears to have a restricted range in the northern Rocky Mountains. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Fend, SV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 463 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.1023/A:1013122817819 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 513LY UT WOS:000173381100005 ER PT J AU Gilliom, RJ AF Gilliom, RJ TI Pesticides in the hydrologic system - what do we know and what's next? SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID WATER-QUALITY; GROUNDWATER C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Gilliom, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 15 IS 16 BP 3197 EP 3201 DI 10.1002/hyp.501 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 494QY UT WOS:000172298400008 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Kolb, EJ AF Tanaka, KL Kolb, EJ TI Geologic history of the polar regions of Mars based on Mars global surveyor data I. Noachian and Hesperian Periods SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY AUG 21-25, 2000 CL REYKJAVIK, ICELAND SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, NASA, Univ Iceland Reykjavik, Geolog Survey Canada, Int Glaciol Soc DE Mars, surface; Mars, climate; Mars, ices ID CHRYSE-PLANITIA; HELLAS REGION; EVOLUTION; TOPOGRAPHY; SURFACE; DEPOSITS; OCEANS; WATER; MODEL AB During the Noachian Period, the south polar region of Mars underwent intense cratering, construction of three groups of volcanoes, widespread contractional deformation, resurfacing of low areas, and local dissection of valley networks; no evidence for polar deposits, ice sheets, or glaciation is recognized. South polar Hesperian geology is broadly characterized by waning impacts, volcanism, and tectonism. Emplacement of the polar Dorsa Argentea Formation (DAF) occurred during the Hesperian Period. Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topographic data and Mars Orbiter Camera images elucidate stratigraphic, morphologic, and topographic relations, permitting the dividing of the DAF into eight members, which surround and underlie about half of the Amazonian south polar layered deposits. The lobate fronts and lack of typical volcanic-flow morphology of the six plains units indicate that they may be made up of debris flows. We think that these flows, tens of meters to 200 in thick, may have originated by the discharge of huge volumes of slurry fluidized by ground water or liquid CO2, perhaps triggered by local impacts, igneous activity, or basal melting beneath polar deposits. The cavi and rugged members include irregular depressions that penetrate the subsurface; sonic of the pits have raised rims. The depressions may have formed by collapse due to expulsion of subsurface material in which local explosive activity built up the raised rims. Further, smaller eruptions of volatile-rich material may have resulted in narrow, sinuous channel deposits within aggrading fine-grained unconsolidated material perhaps produced by gaseous discharge of subsurface volatiles; preferential erosion of the latter material could have produced the Dorsa Argentea-type sinuous ridges associated mainly with the DAF. Alternatively, the ridges may be eskers, but the lack of associated glacial and fluvial morphologies casts doubt on this interpretation. The knobby, degraded materials forming Scandia Colles may represent the only Noachian geologic record exposed in the north polar region. Most of the north polar region was buried by water- or debris-ocean sediments during the Hesperian Period, originating from uplands areas and perhaps knobby terrains in the northern plains. The sediments either mantle or were deformed by wrinkle ridges radial and concentric to Utopia basin and concentric to northern Tharsis. Sources of stress probably included sediment loading in the northern plains and regional magmatic and loading activity at Tharsis. Polar layered deposits began piling up during the Early Amazonian or later. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 52 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 3 EP 21 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6675 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 520TB UT WOS:000173796500002 ER PT J AU Kolb, EJ Tanaka, KL AF Kolb, EJ Tanaka, KL TI Geologic history of the polar regions of Mars based on Mars global surveyor data - II. Amazonian period SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY AUG 21-25, 2000 CL REYKJAVIK, ICELAND SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, NASA, Univ Iceland Reykjavik, Geolog Survey Canada, Int Glaciol Soc DE Mars, surface; Mars, climate; Mars, ices ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; LAYERED DEPOSITS; ICE CAP; GROUND ICE; TOPOGRAPHY; ORIGIN; SUBLIMATION; CLATHRATE; EVOLUTION; FLOW AB Based on Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) observations of Amazonian polar layered deposits' (PLD) morphology, composition, and thickness, we conclude that the PLDs are composed of porous unconsolidated layers that have not experienced significant basal melting or other glacial-type processes. Morphologic features and associations within the PLD chasmata, including preserved craters and sinuous ridges, indicate that the dominant process of chasmata formation is wind scouring. Our detailed analysis of south polar spiral-trough topography, in conjunction with the identification of similar layered stratigraphy within north polar spiral troughs, suggests that trough migration due to preferential ablation of Sun-facing slopes cannot be demonstrated. Within the layered sequences, we have not identified widespread unconformities, discontinuities, or pinch-outs that would indicate an accublation origin of the PLDs. We therefore postulate that the well-defined PLDs at both poles eventually reached and maintained their present form following deposition without extensive deformation or redeposition. Large, cuspate ridges in the Ultimi lobe of Planum Australe appear to be layered and may be unusual erosional remnants of a once thicker PLD in this area. Beneath the north polar layered deposits in Planum Boreum, we have identified a platform of older, highly degraded polar deposits as much as a kilometer thick that may have once covered an area larger than Planum Boreum. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kolb, EJ (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM keric12@uswest.net NR 54 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 22 EP 39 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6676 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 520TB UT WOS:000173796500003 ER PT J AU Murray, B Koutnik, M Byrne, S Soderblom, L Herkenhoff, K Tanaka, KL AF Murray, B Koutnik, M Byrne, S Soderblom, L Herkenhoff, K Tanaka, KL TI Preliminary geological assessment of the northern edge of ultimi lobe, Mars south polar layered deposits SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY AUG 21-25, 2000 CL REYKJAVIK, ICELAND SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, NASA, Univ Iceland Reykjavik, Geolog Survey Canada, Int Glaciol Soc DE Mars, surface; geological processes ID ICE CAP; ASTRONOMICAL THEORY; VIKING 2; TOPOGRAPHY; OBLIQUITY; REGIONS AB We have examined the local base of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) exposed in the bounding scarp near 72degrees-74degreesS, 215degrees-230degreesW where there is a clear unconformable contact with older units. Sections of layering up to a kilometer thick were examined along the bounding scarp, permitting an estimate of the thinnest individual layers yet reported in the SPLD. Rhythmic layering is also present locally, suggesting a similarly rhythmic variation in environmental conditions and a recorded climate signal at least in some SPLD strata. Locally, angular unconformities may be present, as has been reported for the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) and may likewise imply intervals of subaerial erosion in the SPLD. The outcropping layers display a broad range of weathering styles and may reflect more diverse conditions of depositions, erosion, and diagenesis than might have been expected from simple aeolian depostion modulated only by astronomically driven climatic fluctuations. An unexpected finding of our study is the presence of locally abundant small pits close to the bounding scarp. These quasi-circular, negative, rimless features probably originated as impact craters and were modified to varying degrees by local endogenic processes, as well as locally variable blanketing. A nominal exposure age for the most heavily cratered region in our study area is about 2 million years, and the crater statistics appear consistent with those for the overall SPLD, although there are large uncertainties in the absolute ages implied by the crater size-frequency statistics, as in all martian crater ages. Another new finding is the presence of mass wasting features along the steepest portion of the retreating bounding scarp as well as a number of examples of brittle fracture, consistent with large-scale slumping along the bounding scarp and probably also ancient basal sliding. Both subhorizontal and high angle faults appear to be exposed in the bounding scarp, but the dips of the faults are poorly constrained. These fractures, along with the relatively undeformed layers between them, suggest to us that whatever horizontal motion may have taken place outward from the central cap region was accomplished by ancient basal sliding rather than large-scale glacial-like flow or ice migration by differential ablation, as proposed recently for the northern permanent cap and underlying NPLD. We have also obtained the first direct estimate of the regional dip of the SPLD, around 2-3degrees outward (northward) in one area. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Murray, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MS 150-21,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Byrne, Shane/B-8104-2012 NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 80 EP 97 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6657 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 520TB UT WOS:000173796500005 ER PT J AU Kieffer, HH Titus, TN AF Kieffer, HH Titus, TN TI TES mapping of Mars' north seasonal cap SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY AUG 21-25, 2000 CL REYKJAVIK, ICELAND SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, NASA, Univ Iceland Reykjavik, Geolog Survey Canada, Int Glaciol Soc DE Mars; ices; infrared observations ID MARTIAN POLAR CAPS; SUMMER TEMPERATURES; WATER ICE; SURFACE; BEHAVIOR; FROST AB The Mars Global Surveyor thermal emission spectrometer has made observations of Mars' north polar region for nearly a full martian year. Measurements of bolometric emission and reflectance, as well as brightness temperatures in specific bands synthesized from thermal radiance spectra, are used to track the behavior of surface and atmospheric temperatures, the distribution of condensed CO2 and H2O, and the occurrence of dust storms. CO2 grain size in the polar night is variable in space and time, and is influenced by atmospheric conditions. Some specific locations display concentration of H2O frost and indicate the presence of long-term water-ice near the surface. Annual budgets of solid CO2 range up to 1500 kg m(-2); preliminary analysis suggests significant transport of energy into latitudes near 70degreesN during the polar night. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kieffer, HH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 21 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 5 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 162 EP 180 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6670 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 520TB UT WOS:000173796500010 ER PT J AU Kitaysky, AS Kitaiskaia, EV Wingfield, JC Piatt, JF AF Kitaysky, AS Kitaiskaia, EV Wingfield, JC Piatt, JF TI Dietary restriction causes chronic elevation of corticosterone and enhances stress response in red-legged kittiwake chicks SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corticosterone; food-stress; nest-bound chicks; seabirds ID ADRENAL STEROIDOGENIC TISSUE; BODY CONDITION; BIRDS; AVAILABILITY; SEABIRDS; PLASMA AB Release of corticosterone in hungry kittiwake chicks facilitates begging and allows them to restore depleted energy reserves by increasing parental food provisioning. However, in order to avoid detrimental effects of chronic elevation of corticosterone, chicks might suppress adrenocortical activity in response to prolonged food shortages. In this study we examined temporal dynamics of corticosterone release in red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris) chicks exposed to prolonged restrictions in energy content and/or nutritional quality (low versus high lipid content) of their food. Starting at the age of 15 days, chicks were fed either high- or low-lipid fish at 40%, 65%, and 100% of ad libitum energy intake. Body mass measurements and baseline plasma samples were taken on a weekly basis after beginning of the treatment. After 3 weeks of treatment, chicks were exposed to a standardized acute handling and restraint stress protocol, where in addition to a baseline sample, three plasma samples were taken at intervals up to 50 min. We found that food-restricted chicks had lower body mass, chronically (during 23 weeks) elevated baseline and higher acute stress-induced levels of corticosterone compared to chicks fed ad libitum. Low lipid content of food further exacerbated these effects. An increase in baseline levels of corticosterone was observed within a week after energy requirements of food-restricted chicks exceeded their daily energy intake. A tendency for suppression of adrenocortical activity was observed in treatments fed low-lipid diets only at the end of the experiment. We suggest that nest-bound chicks, if food-stressed, might suffer deleterious effects of chronic elevation of corticosterone. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kitaysky, AS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM kitaysky@u.washington.edu NR 38 TC 158 Z9 160 U1 6 U2 41 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0174-1578 EI 1432-136X J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 171 IS 8 BP 701 EP 709 DI 10.1007/s003600100230 PG 9 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 498NY UT WOS:000172518600009 PM 11765979 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R AF Stottlemyer, R TI Biogeochemistry of a treeline watershed, northwestern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FRASER-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION PATTERNS; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; GLOBAL CHANGE; SOIL; NITROGEN; TEMPERATURE; ECOSYSTEMS; CARBON AB Since 1950, mean annual temperatures in northwestern Alaska have increased. Change in forest floor and soil temperature or moisture could alter N mineralization rates, production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and organic nitrogen (DON), and their export to the aquatic ecosystem. In 1990, we began study of nutrient cycles in the 800-ha Asik watershed, located at treeline in the Noatak National Preserve, northwestern Alaska. This paper summarizes relationships between topographic aspect, soil temperature and moisture, inorganic and organic N pools, C pools, CO2 efflux, growing season net N mineralization rates, and stream water chemistry. Forest floor (O2) C/N ratios, C pools, temperature, and moisture were greater on south aspects. More rapid melt of the soil active layer (zone of annual freeze-thaw) and permafrost accounted for the higher moisture. The O2 C and N content were correlated with moisture, inorganic N pools, CO efflux, and inversely with temperature. Inorganic N pools were correlated with temperature and CO2 efflux. Net N mineralization rates were positive in early summer, and correlated with 02 moisture, temperature, and C and N pools. Net nitrification rates were inversely correlated with moisture, total C and N. The CO2 efflux increased with temperature and moisture, and was greater on south aspects. Stream ion concentrations declined and DOC increased with discharge. Stream inorganic nitrogen (DIN) output exceeded input by 70%. Alpine stream water nitrate (NO3-) and DOC concentrations indicated substantial contributions to the watershed DIN and DOC budgets. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1990 EP 1998 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600015 PM 11790005 ER PT J AU Hansen, NC Moncrief, JF Gupta, SC Capel, PD Olness, AE AF Hansen, NC Moncrief, JF Gupta, SC Capel, PD Olness, AE TI Herbicide banding and tillage system interactions on runoff losses of alachlor and cyanazine SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; CORN; ATRAZINE; SOIL; METOLACHLOR; EXTRACTION; TRANSPORT; SURFACE; RIVER AB Herbicides transported to surface waters by agricultural runoff are partitioned between solution and solid phases. Conservation tillage that reduces upland erosion will also reduce transport of herbicides associated with the solid phase. However, transport of many herbicides occurs predominantly in solution. Conservation tillage practices may or may not reduce transport of solution-phase herbicides, as this depends on the runoff volume. Reducing herbicide application rate is another approach to minimize off-site transport. Herbicide banding can reduce herbicide application rates and costs by one-half or more. Our objective was to compare herbicide losses in runoff from different tillage practices and with band- or broadcast-applied herbicides. The herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile were broadcast- or band-applied to plots managed in a moldboard plow, chisel plow, or ridge till system. Herbicide concentration in runoff was largest for the first runoff event occurring after application and then decreased in subsequent events proportional to the cumulative rain since the herbicide application. When herbicides were broadcast-applied, losses of alachlor and cyanazine in runoff followed the order: moldboard plow > chisel plow > ridge till. Conservation tillage systems reduced runoff loss of herbicides by reducing runoff volume and not the herbicide concentration in runoff. Herbicide banding reduced the concentration and loss of herbicides in runoff compared with the broadcast application. Herbicide losses in the water phase averaged 88 and 97% of the total loss for alachlor and cyanazine, respectively. Cyanazine was more persistent than alachlor in the soil. C1 Univ Minnesota, WCROC, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Hansen, NC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, WCROC, St Hwy 329, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2120 EP 2126 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600032 PM 11790022 ER PT J AU Jobson, HE AF Jobson, HE TI Predicting river travel time from hydraulic characteristics SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID DISPERSION AB Predicting the effect of a pollutant spill on downstream water quality is primarily dependent on the water velocity, longitudinal mixing, and chemical/physical reactions. Of these, velocity is the most important and difficult to predict. This paper provides guidance on extrapolating travel-time information from one within bank discharge to another. In many cases, a time series of discharge (such as provided by a U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge) will provide an excellent basis for this extrapolation. Otherwise, the accuracy of a traveltime extrapolation based on a resistance equation can be greatly improved by assuming the total flow area is composed of two parts, an active and an inactive area. For 60 reaches of 12 rivers with slopes greater than about 0.0002, travel times could be predicted to within about 10% by computing the active flow area using the Manning equation with n = 0.035 and assuming a constant inactive area for each reach. The predicted travel times were not very sensitive to the assumed values of bed slope or channel width. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 415, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 11 BP 911 EP 918 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:11(911) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 485LT UT WOS:000171756400003 ER PT J AU Imran, J Parker, G Locat, J Lee, H AF Imran, J Parker, G Locat, J Lee, H TI 1D numerical model of muddy subaqueous and subaerial debris flows SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID AVALANCHES; MUDFLOWS; DEPOSITS; PHYSICS; SLIDES; FLUID; WAVES AB A 1D numerical model of the downslope flow and deposition of muddy subaerial and subaqueous debris flows is presented. The model incorporates the Herschel-Bulkley and bilinear rheologies of viscoplastic fluid. The more familiar Bingham model is integrated into the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model. The conservation equations of mass and momentum of single-phase laminar debris flow are layer-integrated using the slender flow approximation. They are then expressed in a Lagrangian framework and solved numerically using an explicit finite difference scheme. Starting from a given initial shape, a debris flow is allowed to collapse and propagate over a specified topography. Comparison between the model predictions and laboratory experiments shows reasonable agreement. The model is used to study the effect of the ambient fluid density, initial shape of the failed mass, and theological model on the simulated propagation of the front and runout characteristics of muddy debris flows. It is found that initial failure shape influences the front velocity but has little bearing on the final deposit shape. In the Bingham model, the excess of shear stress above the yield strength is proportional to the strain rate to the first power. This exponent is free to vary in the Herschel-Bulkley model. When it is set at a value lower than unity, the resulting final deposits are thicker and shorter than in the case of the Bingham theology. The final deposit resulting from the bilinear model is longer and thinner than that from the Bingham model due to the fact that the debris flow is allowed to act as a Newtonian fluid at low shear rate in the bilinear model. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Quebec City, PQ G1K4 7P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Imran, J (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 300 Main St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 40 TC 71 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 11 BP 959 EP 968 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:11(959) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 485LT UT WOS:000171756400008 ER PT J AU Miller, SD Cully, JF AF Miller, SD Cully, JF TI Conservation of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation; Cynomys ludovicianus; Endangered Species Act; plague; prairie dogs AB "...discovered a Village of Small animals that burrow in the grown (those animals are Called by the french Petite Chien)... we found 2 frogs in the hole and Killed a Dark rattle Snake near with a Ground rat [prairie dog] in him... Those Animals are about the Size of a Small Squ[ir]el... much resembling a Squirel in every respect... his tail like a ground squirel which they shake and whistle when allarmd... it is Said that a kind of Lizard also a Snake reside with those animals." C1 Natl Wildlife Federat, No Rockies Project Off, Missoula, MT 59802 USA. Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66504 USA. RP Miller, SD (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Federat, No Rockies Project Off, 240 N Higgins,Suite 2, Missoula, MT 59802 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 889 EP 893 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0889:COBTPD>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 496GH UT WOS:000172387500001 ER PT J AU Cully, JF Williams, ES AF Cully, JF Williams, ES TI Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Cynomys gunnisoni; C. leucurus; C. ludovicianus; disease; epizootic; landscape; metapopulation; plague; Yersinia pestis ID ONYCHOMYS-LEUCOGASTER; WILD RODENTS; NEW-MEXICO; DYNAMICS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTION; ECOLOGY; RECORDS; MAMMALS; COMPLEX AB Of the 3 major factors (habitat loss, poisoning, and disease) that limit abundance of prairie dogs today, sylvatic plague caused by Yersinia pestis is the I factor that is beyond human control. Plague epizootics frequently kill > 99% of prairie dogs in infected colonies. Although epizootics of sylvatic plague occur throughout most of the range of prairie dogs in the United States and are well described, long-term maintenance of plague in enzootic rodent species is not well documented or understood. We review dynamics of plague in white-tailed (Cynomys leucurus), Gunnison's (C gunnisoni), and black-tailed (C ludovicianus) prairie dogs, and their rodent and flea associates. We use epidemiologic concepts to support an enzootic hypothesis in which the disease is maintained in a dynamic state, which requires transmission of Y. pestis to be slower than recruitment of new susceptible mammal hosts. Major effects of plague are to reduce colony size of black-tailed prairie dogs and increase intercolony distances within colony complexes. In the presence of plague, black-tailed prairie dogs will probably survive in complexes of small colonies that are usually >3 km from their nearest neighbor colonies. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Vet Sci, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Cully, JF (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM bcully@ksu.edu NR 39 TC 115 Z9 117 U1 9 U2 37 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 894 EP 905 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0894:ICOSPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 496GH UT WOS:000172387500002 ER PT J AU Biggins, DE Kosoy, MY AF Biggins, DE Kosoy, MY TI Influences of introduced plague on North American mammals: Implications from ecology of plague in Asia SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE coevolution; host-parasite relations; invasive species; plague; resistance; rodent; Yersinia pestis ID VECTOR-BORNE ZOONOSES; YERSINIA-PESTIS; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; PARASITES; COMPLEX; PLASMID AB Intercontinental movements of invasive species continue to modify the world's ecosystems. The plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) has colonized and altered animal communities worldwide but has received much more attention as a human pathogen. We reviewed studies on the ecology of Y. pestis in ancient foci of central Asia and in western North America, where the bacterium apparently has become established much more recently. Although rodent populations on both continents are affected dramatically by epizootics of plague, the epidemiologically important species of Asia demonstrate resistance in portions of their populations, whereas those of North America are highly susceptible. Individual variation in resistance, which is widespread in Asian rodents and allows a microevolutionary response, has been documented in few North American species of rodents. Plague increases costs of sociality and coloniality in susceptible hosts, increases benefits of disease resistance in general, and increases benefits of adaptability to variable environments for species at higher trophic levels. Prairie dogs (Cynomys) epitomize taxa with high risk to plague because prairie dogs have uniformly low resistance to plague and are highly social. Relationships to plague are poorly understood for many North American rodents, but more than one-half of the species of conservation concern occur within the geographic range of plague. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Biggins, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 91 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 906 EP 916 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0906:IOIPON>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 496GH UT WOS:000172387500003 ER PT J AU Sidle, JG Johnson, DH Euliss, BR AF Sidle, JG Johnson, DH Euliss, BR TI Estimated areal extent of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs in the northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; black-tailed prairie dog; colony abundance; Cynomys ludovicianus; Nebraska; North Dakota; northern Great Plains; South Dakota; Wyoming AB During 1997-1998, we undertook an aerial survey, with an aerial line-intercept technique, to estimate the extent of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in the northern Great Plains states of Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. We stratified the survey based on knowledge of colony locations, computed 2 types of estimates for each stratum, and combined ratio estimates for high-density strata with average density estimates for low-density strata. Estimates of colony areas for black-tailed prairie dogs were derived from the average percentages of lines intercepting prairie dog colonies and ratio estimators. We selected the best estimator based on the correlation between length of transect line and length of intercepted colonies. Active colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs occupied 2,377.8 km(2) +/- 186.4 SE, whereas inactive colonies occupied 560.4 +/- 89.2 km(2). These data represent the Ist quantitative assessment of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in the northern Great Plains. The survey dispels popular notions that millions of hectares of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs exist in the northern Great Plains and can form the basis for future survey efforts. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Sidle, JG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, 125 N Main St, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. NR 58 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 928 EP 936 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0928:EAEOCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 496GH UT WOS:000172387500005 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Siegrist, T De Titta, GT Finger, LW Evans, HT Gabe, EJ Enright, GD Armstrong, JT Levenson, M Cook, LP Hubbard, CR AF Wong-Ng, W Siegrist, T De Titta, GT Finger, LW Evans, HT Gabe, EJ Enright, GD Armstrong, JT Levenson, M Cook, LP Hubbard, CR TI Standard Reference Material (SRM 1990) for single crystal diffractometer alignment SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alignment standard; Cr-content; international round robin; NIST SRM 1990; ruby spheres; single crystal x-ray diffractometers ID CONSTANTS AB An international project was successfully completed which involved two major undertakings: (1) a round-robin to demonstrate the viability of the selected standard and ( 2) the certification of the lattice parameters of the SRM 1990, a Standard Reference Material(R) for single crystal diffractometer alignment. This SRM is a set of approximate to 3500 units of Cr-doped Al2O3, or ruby spheres [ (0.420.011 mole fraction % C ( expanded uncertainty)]. The round-robin consisted of determination of lattice parameters of a pair of crystals: the ruby sphere as a standard, and a zeolite reference to serve as an unknown. Fifty pairs of crystals were dispatched from Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute to volunteers in x-ray laboratories world-wide. A total of 45 sets of data was received from 32 laboratories. The mean unit cell parameters of the ruby spheres was found to be a = 4.7608 Angstrom +/- 0.0062 Angstrom, and c = 12.9979 Angstrom +/- 0.020 Angstrom ( 95 % intervals of the laboratory means). The source of errors of outlier data was identified. The SRM project involved the certification of lattice parameters using four well-aligned single crystal diffractometers at ( Bell Laboratories) Lucent Technologies and at NRC of Canada ( 39 ruby spheres), the quantification of the Cr content using a combined microprobe and SEM/EDS technique, and the evaluation of the mosaicity of the ruby spheres using a double-crystal spectrometry method. A confirmation of the lattice parameters was also conducted using a Guinier-Hagg camera. Systematic corrections of thermal expansion and refraction corrections were applied. These rubies are rhombohedral, with space group R 3 c. The certified mean unit cell parameters are a = 4.76080 +/- 0.00029 Angstrom, and c = 12.99568 Angstrom +/- 0.00087 Angstrom ( expanded uncertainty). These certified lattice parameters fall well within the results of those obtained from the international round-robin study. The Guinier-Hagg transmission measurements on five samples of powdered rubies ( a = 4.7610 Angstrom +/- 0.0013 Angstrom, and c = 12.9954 Angstrom +/- 0.0034 Angstrom) agreed well with the values obtained from the single crystal spheres. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. NIST, Surface & Microanaly Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Diffract & Thermophys Properties Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 106 IS 6 BP 1071 EP 1095 PG 25 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 527WM UT WOS:000174211000014 PM 27500067 ER PT J AU Thieler, ER Pilkey, OH Cleary, WJ Schwab, WC AF Thieler, ER Pilkey, OH Cleary, WJ Schwab, WC TI Modern sedimentation on the shoreface and inner continental shelf at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, USA SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK; UNITED-STATES; MORPHOLOGY; EQUILIBRIUM; ROUGHNESS; PROFILE; COAST; BEDS AB The geologic framework and surficial morphology of the shoreface and inner continental shelf off the Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, barrier island were mapped using high-resolution sidescansonar, bathymetric, and seismic-reflection surveying techniques, a suite of over 200 diver vibracores, and extensive seafloor observations by divers. The inner shelf is a sediment-starved, active surface of marine erosion; modern sediments, where present, form a patchy veneer over Tertiary and Quaternary units. The lithology of the underlying units exerts a primary control on the distribution, texture, and composition of surficial sediments, as well as inner-shelf bathymetry. The shoreface is dominated by a linear, cross-shore morphology of rippled scour depressions (RSDs) extending from just seaward of the surf zone onto the inner shelf. On the upper shoreface, the RSDs are incised up to 1 m below surrounding areas of fine sand, and have an asymmetric cross section that is steeper-sided to the north. On the inner shelf, the RSDs have a similar but more subdued cross-sectional profile. The depressions are floored primarily by shell hash and quartz gravel. Vibracore data show a thick (up to 1.5 m) sequence of RSD sediments that unconformably overlies ancient coastal lithosomes. In this sediment-starved inner shelf setting, rippled scour depressions probably form initially on preexisting coarse-sediment substrates such as modern lag deposits of paleofluvial channel lithosomes or ancient tidal inlet thalwegs. Interannual observations of seafloor morphologic change and the longer-term record contained in vibracores suggest that the present seafloor morphology is either relatively stable or represents a recurring, preferential morphologic state to which the seafloor returns after storm-induced perturbations. The apparent stability is interpreted to be the result of interactions at several scales that contribute to a repeating, self-reinforcing pattern of forcing and sedimentary response which ultimately causes the RSDs to be maintained as sediment-starved bedforms responding to both along-shore and across-shore flows. Sediment accumulation from over 30 years of extensive beach nourishment at Wrightsville Beach appears to have exceeded the local shoreface accommodation space, resulting in the "leaking" of beach and shoreface sediment to the inner shelf. A macroscopically identifiable beach nourishment sediment on the shoreface and inner shelf was used to identify the decadal-scale pattern of sediment dispersal. The nourishment sediment is pre-sent in a seaward-thinning wedge that ex. tends from the beach over a kilometer onto the inner shelf to waters depths of 14 m. This wedge is best developed offshore of the shoreline segment that has received the greatest volume of beach nourishment. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Earth Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Thieler, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd,Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI thieler, e/0000-0003-4311-9717 NR 55 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 22 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 71 IS 6 BP 958 EP 970 DI 10.1306/032101710958 PN B PG 13 WC Geology SC Geology GA 494VE UT WOS:000172305900007 ER PT J AU Bakken, GS Boysen, AF Korschgen, CE Kenow, KP Lima, SL AF Bakken, GS Boysen, AF Korschgen, CE Kenow, KP Lima, SL TI Design and performance of a rugged standard operative temperature thermometer for avian studies SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE standard operative temperature; thermal sensor; microclimate; instrumentation; thermoregulation; wind; air temperature ID ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS; THERMAL ENVIRONMENT; SCELOPORUS-MERRIAMI; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; TAXIDERMIC MOUNTS; AIR-TEMPERATURE; WIND; LIZARDS; TIME; MICROHABITAT AB The lack of a truly satisfactory sensor which can characterize the thermal environment at the spatial scale experienced by small endotherms has hindered study of their thermoregulatory behavior. We describe a general design for a rugged, easily constructed sensor to measure standard operative temperature, T-es. We present specific designs for adult dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) and hatchling mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Sensor response was stable and repeatable (+/- 1.4%) over the course of several months. Over the range of conditions for which validation data were available (variable air temperature and wind with negligible net radiation), sensors predicted the mean net heat production of live animals to within +/- 0.023 W (equivalent to +/-1 degreesC at T-es= 15 degreesC). The main limit on accuracy was scatter in the data on metabolism and evaporative water loss in live animals. These sensors are far more rugged and easily constructed than the heated taxidermic mounts previously used to measure T-es. These characteristics facilitate the use of significant numbers of sensors in thermal mapping studies of endotherms. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Bakken, GS (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 26 IS 6 BP 595 EP 604 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(01)00006-7 PG 10 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 491KG UT WOS:000172107100009 ER PT J AU Ingebritsen, SE Galloway, DL Colvard, EM Sorey, ML Mariner, RH AF Ingebritsen, SE Galloway, DL Colvard, EM Sorey, ML Mariner, RH TI Time-variation of hydrothermal discharge at selected sites in the western United States: implications for monitoring SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE monitoring; time series; hot springs; fumaroles ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; CRATER LAKE; VOLCANIC ACTIVITY; POAS VOLCANO; COSTA-RICA; OREGON CASCADES; NEW-ZEALAND; SYSTEM; EVOLUTION; CALIFORNIA AB We compiled time series of hydrothermal discharge consisting of 3593 chloride- or heat-flux measurements from 24 sites in the Yellowstone region, the northern Oregon Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, and Long Valley, California. At all of these sites the hydrothermal phenomena are believed to be as yet unaffected by human activity, though much of the data collection was driven by mandates to collect environmental-baseline data in anticipation of geothermal development. The time series average 19 years in length and some of the Yellowstone sites have been monitored intermittently for over 30 years. Many sites show strong seasonality but few show clear long-term trends, and at most sites statistically significant decadal-scale trends are absent. Thus, the data provide robust estimates of advective heat flow ranging from similar to130 MW in the north-central Oregon Cascades to similar to6100 MW in the Yellowstone region, and also document Yellowstone hydrothermal chloride and arsenic fluxes of 1740 and 15-20 g/s, respectively. The discharge time series show little sensitivity to regional tectonic events such as earthquakes or inflation/deflation cycles. Most long-term monitoring to date has focused on high-chloride springs and low-temperature fumaroles. The relative stability of these features suggests that discharge measurements done as part of volcano-monitoring programs should focus instead on high-temperature fumaroles, which may be more immediately linked to the magmatic heat source. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ingebritsen, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM seingebr@usgs.gov OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 83 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 111 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00207-4 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 509TJ UT WOS:000173165500001 ER PT J AU McDaniel, L Griffin, DW Crespo-Gomez, J McLaughlin, MR Paul, JH AF McDaniel, L Griffin, DW Crespo-Gomez, J McLaughlin, MR Paul, JH TI Evaluation of marine bacterial lysogens for development of a marine prophage induction assay SO MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prophage induction; mutagenesis; MPIA ID INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; LAMBDA-PROPHAGE; IN-VITRO; VIRUSES; EPIFLUORESCENCE; GENOTOXICITY; CARCINOGENS; WATERS; MICROSCOPY; MUTAGENS AB The demonstrated relationship between carcinogenicity of a chemical compound in mammals and its tendency to cause prophage induction in bacteria provides a method for biologically based carcinogen screening. Because of the need for this type of screening and the abundance of lysogens in the marine environment, 14 isolates were evaluated for the degree of prophage induction in exponentially growing cultures in the presence of a known mutagen (0.5 mug/ml mitomycin C). Assays were performed both in liquid culture and in microtiter plates. Virus-like particles were enumerated by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR-Gold. Two isolates designated P94-4B3 (identified as Halomonas aquamarina) and P94-4S3 (identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were further evaluated for potential use. Because of the rapid growth, larger size of its virus-like particles, and linear response to increasing dose of mitomycin C, the P. aeruginosa st. P94-4S3 was determined a better candidate for the marine prophage induction assay (MPIA). The Pseudomonas isolate was then used in several experiments for the development and optimization of the MPIA procedure. Initial screenings of the MPIA were also performed with selected environmental pollutants. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. USGS Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Paul, JH (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1436-2228 J9 MAR BIOTECHNOL JI Mar. Biotechnol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 6 BP 528 EP 535 DI 10.1007/s10126-001-0056-8 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 507DF UT WOS:000173011200004 PM 14961325 ER PT J AU Miao, XS Woodward, LA Swenson, C Li, QX AF Miao, XS Woodward, LA Swenson, C Li, QX TI Comparative concentrations of metals in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE metals; marine biota; French Frigate Shoals; Pacific Ocean; atoll ID HEAVY-METALS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TRACE-METALS; CORALS; POLLUTION; REEF; HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENTS AB Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc were measured in coral, crab, eel, fish, lobster, and sediment samples collected from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. The sediments contained relatively high concentrations of selenium; moderate concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper and lead; and low concentrations of chromium and zinc. Metal concentrations were also determined in coral and crabs collected from the island of Oahu. Notably, a crab (Grapsus tenuicrustatus) and the undulated moray eel (Gymnothorax undulatus) exhibited high levels of copper and arsenic, respectively, relative to the other species studied. The concentrations of arsenic in the eel averaged 225 mug g(-1) dry wt, which was 3-12 times higher than that in all of the other species tested. The average concentration of copper in the crab was 343 mug g(-1) dry wt, 3-86 times greater than that in the other species studied. These data indicate background and comparative levels of the metals among the studied species. Lead levels in the coral (9-10 mug g(-1) dry wt) and crab (42-57 mug g(-1) dry wt) from Tern and Disappearing Islands were 23-283-fold greater than those from Oahu (0.4 and 0.2 mug g(-1) dry wt, respectively). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM qingl@hawaii.edu NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1049 EP 1054 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00067-4 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 495TR UT WOS:000172356900015 PM 11763215 ER PT J AU Pierce, CL Sexton, MD Pelham, ME Liao, HS Larscheid, JG AF Pierce, CL Sexton, MD Pelham, ME Liao, HS Larscheid, JG TI Dynamics of the littoral fish assemblage in Spirit Lake, Iowa, and implications for prey availability for piscivores SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PERCH PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS; STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; FORAGE FISHES; YELLOW PERCH; WALLEYE; POPULATION; PREDATION; BIOMASS; GROWTH AB We assessed the dynamics of the littoral fish assemblage in Spirit Lake, Iowa, and examined potential consequences of these dynamics for availability of prey fish for piscivores. Using beach seines, we quantified the annual, seasonal, and spatial variation in density and biomass of the entire assemblage and of component species over a 4-year period. Potential prey fish availability was inferred from the biomass of the cumulative total fish length groups and sizes of fish eaten by piscivores. Total fish density and biomass averaged 10,024 fish/ha and 276.3 kg/ha, respectively. Density and biomass of total fish varied among years and seasons, but seasonal patterns differed among years. Yellow perch Perca flavescens, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, wall-eye Stizostedion vitreum, and common carp Cyprinus carpio were the predominant species overall, but the proportional species composition of both total density and total biomass varied highly. Changes in the fish assemblage resulted in dramatic changes in the potential availability of prey fish over time and with piscivore size. These dynamics could lead to variable growth and condition of resident piscivores as well as to variable success of stocking fingerling piscivores. C1 Iowa State Univ, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Anim Ecol,US Geol Survey, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Spirit Lake, IA 51360 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Anim Ecol,US Geol Survey, 11 Sci 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 53 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 884 EP 896 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0884:DOTLFA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300018 ER PT J AU Hebdon, JL Hubert, WA AF Hebdon, JL Hubert, WA TI Body conditions and stomach contents of subadult trout during fall and winter in three Wyoming tailwaters SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE RAINBOW-TROUT; HABITAT USE; TEMPERATURE AB We studied three tailwaters in Wyoming from October 1997 through February 1998 to determine whether body conditions of stocked, subadult rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss or cutthroat trout O. clarki declined from fall through winter and to assess whether lack of food in stomachs might be related to any declines. Body conditions of rainbow trout in two tailwaters remained hi-h through the winter. Body conditions of cutthroat trout in a third tailwater declined between October and February but not to levels anticipated to affect the overwinter survival of the fish. Trout with substantial amounts of food in their stomachs were found throughout the fall and winter in all three tailwaters. In no subadult trout in any of the three tailwaters did we observe rapid declines in body conditions during fall or continuous declines in body conditions to very low levels by the end of winter in association with low biomass of food in stomachs. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 897 EP 903 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0897:BCASCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300019 ER PT J AU Pierce, CL Corcoran, AM Gronbach, AN Hsia, S Mullarkey, BJ Schwartzhoff, AJ AF Pierce, CL Corcoran, AM Gronbach, AN Hsia, S Mullarkey, BJ Schwartzhoff, AJ TI Influence of diel period on electrofishing and beach seining assessments of littoral fish assemblages SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB At two sites in each of two lakes, we sampled days and nights to evaluate diel and gear (pulsed-DC boat electrofisher versus large beach seine) differences in species richness, total fish abundance, assemblage similarity, and size structure of populations of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. Both gears produced significantly greater species richness at night than during the day. Total catch per unit effort for electrofishing was significantly greater for nighttime than for daytime samples, Diel differences in total density for seining samples were not statistically significant. Ordination of the electrofishing data tended to separate night samples from day samples at sites because of greater abundance of bluegills, black bullheads Ameiurus melas, walleyes Stizostedion vitreum, and white suckers Catostomus commersoni in night samples. Ordination of the seining data indicated a high degree of similarity among day and night samples within three of the four sites and separated West Okoboji sites from East Okoboji sites. We found few significant diel differences in bluegill size distributions for a given gear, but the two gears generally produced differing size distributions within a given diel period. Diel differences were more prevalent for clectrofishing than for seining, whereas differences among sites were more apparent for seines, Our results should help biologists make more informed choices regarding diel periods to sample and gear to use in their littoral zone sampling programs. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Lakeside Lab, Milford, IA 51351 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife, 11 Sci 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 25 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 918 EP 926 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0918:IODPOE>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300022 ER PT J AU Ferrara, AM Irwin, ER AF Ferrara, AM Irwin, ER TI A standardized procedure for internal sex identification in Lepisosteidae SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB During population dynamic and reproductive biology research on three species of Lepisosteidae (i.e,, alligator gar Lepisosteus spatula [also known as Atractosteus spatula], longnose gar L. osseus, and spotted gar L oculatus), we determined that misidentification of sex through gross examination of the gonads was probable. During gross examination of the gonads of all three species, postspawning and juvenile ovaries frequently resembled testes due to the envelopment of the ovaries by fatty tissue. We examined the gonads and gamete release pathways of 598 individuals and found that gamete release pathways (i.e., oviduct in females and vasa efferentia in males) were differentiable and can be used reliably in all seasons for all reproductive stages of the three species. Misidentification of sex can lead to inaccurate estimation of sex ratios and sex-dependent mortality and growth rates. Accurate estimates of Lepisosteidae Population structure and vital rates are needed for successful conservation and management actions. To avoid misidentification of sex, we propose the use of gamete release pathways for sex identification in Lepisosteidae. C1 Auburn Univ, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Ferrara, AM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 108 M White Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 956 EP 961 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0956:ASPFIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300027 ER PT J AU Fries, JN AF Fries, JN TI Retention of coded wire tags in four locations in juvenile paddlefish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISHES AB One hundred eighty juvenile paddlefish Polyodon spathula (mean total length, 240 mm) were tagged with coded wire tags in either the midrostrum, rostrum tip, dorsal fin, or opercular flap. Mean tagging times were significantly longer (P less than or equal to 0.05) for the dorsal fin (19.3 s) and opercular flap ( 18.4 s) than for the midrostrum (5.1 s) and rostrum tip (6.6 s). Tag retention was checked monthly for 3 months. Mean tag retention for the rostrum tip (94.8%) and midrostrum (92.9%) was significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) than that for the opercular flap (86.1%) or dorsal fin (67.4%), and tag retention for the opercular flap was significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) than that for the dorsal fin. My results corroborate rostrum tagging locations recommended by the Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Fries, JN (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, 500 E McCarty Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 962 EP 966 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0962:ROCWTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300028 ER PT J AU Dare, MR Hubert, WA Meyer, JS AF Dare, MR Hubert, WA Meyer, JS TI Influence of stream flow on hydrogen sulfide concentrations and distributions of two trout species in a Rocky Mountains tailwater SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Geothermal springs in or adjacent to streams can contribute hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and affect distributions of fish. We assessed the effects of H2S, relative to discharge, on the locations and movements of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki and brown trout Salmo trutta in a regulated river in northwestern Wyoming. Concentrations of H2S as low as 0.13 mg/L prevented upstream passage and habitation by trout over a 4.2-km reach of the river. The location of the downstream terminus of the H2S plume was relatively stationary; it varied little when discharge was stable at moderate flows (13.7-14.8 m(3)/s) and moved within a 300-m reach when flows were declining from 20.9 to 5.7 m(3)/s. Changes in water temperature and riffle area appeared to be the major mechanisms controlling the concentration and downstream influence of H2S. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Dare, MR (reprint author), Biomark Inc, 149 S Adkins Way,Suite 104, Meridian, ID 83642 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 971 EP 975 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0971:IOSFOH>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300030 ER PT J AU Hershberger, PK Kocan, RM Elder, NE Marty, GD Johnson, J AF Hershberger, PK Kocan, RM Elder, NE Marty, GD Johnson, J TI Management of pacific herring spawn-on-kelp fisheries to optimize fish health and product quality SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS AB Use of high densities of newly recruited Pacific herring Clupea pallasi for the closed-pound spawn-on-kelp (PPSOK) fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska, was associated with increased gamete retention, decreased product quality, and increased prevalence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) relative to the confinement of older cohorts at lower densities. To maximize product quality and reduce the potential for disease outbreaks, three management alternatives are proposed for the PPSOK fisheries: (1) establish minimum pound volumes per permit holder: (2) prohibit PPSOK fisheries during years predominated by newly recruited cohorts; and (3) develop effective open-pounding techniques. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Marrowstone Marine Stn, Biol Resource Div, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. RP Hershberger, PK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 976 EP 981 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0976:MOPHSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300031 ER PT J AU Brock, JC Sallenger, AH Krabill, WB Swift, RN Wright, CW AF Brock, JC Sallenger, AH Krabill, WB Swift, RN Wright, CW TI Recognition of fiducial surfaces in lidar surveys of coastal topography SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE LASER ALTIMETER; VEGETATION; FORESTS AB A new method for the recognition and mapping of surfaces in coastal landscapes that provide accurate and low variability topographic measurements with respect to airborne lidar surveys is described and demonstrated in this paper, Such surfaces are herein termed "fiducial" because they can represent reference baseline morphology in studies of coastal change due to natural or anthropogenic causes, Non-fiducial surfaces may also be identified in each separate lidar survey to be used in a given geomorphic change analysis. Sites that are non-fiducial in either or both lidar surveys that bracket the time period under investigation may be excluded from consideration in subsequent calculations of survey-to-survey elevation differences to eliminate spurious indications of landscape change. This new analysis method, or lidar fiducial surface recognition (LFSR) algorithm, is intended to more fully enable the non-ambiguous use of topographic lidar in a range of coastal investigations. The LFSR algorithm may be widely applied, because it is based solely on the information inherent in the USGS/NASA/NOAA airborne topographic lidar coverage that exists for most of the contiguous U.S. coastline. C1 USGS Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Brock, JC (reprint author), USGS Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 67 IS 11 BP 1245 EP 1258 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 488GU UT WOS:000171928500005 ER PT J AU Baumgardt, DR Leith, W AF Baumgardt, DR Leith, W TI The Kirovskiy explosion of September 29, 1996: Example of a CTB event notification for a routine mining blast SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE mining; explosion; ripple-fire; discrimination; confidence building ID DISCRIMINATION; EARTHQUAKES AB On September 29, 1996, a routine mining blast of about 390 metric tons was detonated underground at the Kirovskiy mine in the central Kola Peninsula. The United States was notified two weeks in advance that the blast was to take place and was given the date, approximate time, location and total charge. The explosion was detected and located by the prototype International Data Center (pIDC) and published in the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB). Detailed information about the blast, including the type and depth of mining operation, the underground charge configuration, and the blasting delay pattern, is reviewed and combined with a seismological analysis of the event. The seismic analysis points to a possible associated tectonic component to the blast, consisting of a small rock burst or induced tremor, spall, or some combination of these mechanisms, that may have enhanced the shear waves, produced large Rg waves at low frequency, and small Pn/Sn and Pn/Lg amplitude ratios at high frequency. While these discriminants might identify the event as an earthquake, the spectral/cepstral analysis of the event clearly shows the ripple-fire delays. This event provides important confidence-building measures for both location calibration, in the form of travel-time corrections for location of mine events in this region, and for improved understanding of seismic discriminants expected for large mine blasts that may have an associated induced tectonic component (e.g., spall, mine tremor or rock burst). C1 ENSCO Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926 A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Baumgardt, DR (reprint author), ENSCO Inc, 5400 Pt Royal Rd, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 158 IS 11 BP 2041 EP 2058 DI 10.1007/PL00001140 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 492UH UT WOS:000172185600007 ER PT J AU Winograd, IJ AF Winograd, IJ TI The magnitude and proximate cause of ice-sheet growth since 35,000 yr BP SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Northern Hemisphere ice sheets; ice-sheet growth; sea-surface temperature; latest Wisconsinan; latest Pleistocene; ice ages ID LAST-GLACIAL-MAXIMUM; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF ST-VINCENT; SEA-LEVEL; SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; MERIDIONAL TEMPERATURE; SALINITY GRADIENTS; ANTARCTIC ICE; DEEP-SEA; HISTORY AB The magnitude of late Wisconsinan (post-35,000 yr B.P.) ice-sheet growth in the Northern Hemisphere is not well known. Ice volume at similar to 35,000 yr B.P. may have been as little as 20% or as much as 70% of the volume present at the last glacial maximum (LGM). A conservative evaluation of glacial-geologic, sea level, and benthic delta O-18 data indicates that ice volume at similar to 35,000 yr B.P. was approximately 50% of that extant at the LGM (similar to 20,000 yr B.P.); that is, it doubled in about 15,000 yr. On the basis of literature for the North Atlantic and a sea-surface temperature (SST) data compilation, it appears that this rapid growth may have been forced by low-to-mid-latitude SST warming in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, with attendant increased moisture transport to high latitudes. The SST ice-sheet growth notion also explains the apparent synchroneity of late Wisconsinan mountain glaciation in both hemispheres. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Winograd, IJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 72 TC 19 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 299 EP 307 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2272 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 493FU UT WOS:000172212000002 ER PT J AU Flint, AL Flint, LE Kwicklis, EM Bodvarsson, GS Fabryka-Martin, JM AF Flint, AL Flint, LE Kwicklis, EM Bodvarsson, GS Fabryka-Martin, JM TI Hydrology of Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID UNSATURATED ZONE; PRECIPITATION; CHLORIDE AB Yucca Mountain, located in southern Nevada in the Mojave Desert, is being considered as a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. Although the site is arid, previous studies indicate net infiltration rates of 5-10 mm yr(-1) under current climate conditions. Unsaturated flow of water through the mountain generally is vertical and rapid through the fractures of the welded tuffs and slow through the matrix of the nonwelded tuffs. The vitric-zeolitic boundary of the nonwelded tuffs below the potential repository, where it exists, causes perching and substantial lateral flow that eventually flows through faults near the eastern edge of the potential repository and recharges the underlying groundwater system. Fast pathways are located where water flows relatively quickly through the unsaturated zone to the water table. For the bulk of the water a large part of the travel time from land surface to the potential repository horizon (similar to 300 m below land surface) is through the interlayered, low fracture density, nonwelded tuff where flow is predominately through the matrix. The unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain is being modeled using a three-dimensional, dual-continuum numerical model to predict the results of measurements and observations in new boreholes and excavations. The interaction between experimentalists and modelers is providing confidence in the conceptual model and the numerical model and is providing researchers with the ability to plan further testing and to evaluate the usefulness or necessity of further data collection. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Flint, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 67 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 447 EP 470 DI 10.1029/1999RG000075 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 489ZT UT WOS:000172023700001 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Bettis, EA Been, J McGeehin, JP AF Muhs, DR Bettis, EA Been, J McGeehin, JP TI Impact of climate and parent material on chemical weathering in loess-derived soils of the Mississippi River valley SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; LATE QUATERNARY LOESS; MAGNETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY; NORTHEASTERN COLORADO; LAST GLACIATION; STRATIGRAPHY; NEBRASKA; AGES; USA; THERMOLUMINESCENCE AB Peoria Loess-derived soils on uplands cast of the Mississippi River valley were studied from Louisiana to Iowa, along a south-to-north gradient of decreasing precipitation and temperature. Major element analyses of deep loess in Mississippi and Illinois show that the composition of the parent material is similar in the northern and southern parts of the valley. We hypothesized that in the warmer, wetter parts of the transect, mineral weathering should be greater than in the cooler, drier parts of the transect. Profile average values of CaO/TiO2, MgO/TiO2, K2O/TiO2 and Na2O/TiO2, Sr/Zr, Ba/Zr, and Rb/Zr represent proxies for depletion of loess minerals such as calcite, dolomite, hornblende, mica, and plagioclase. All ratios show increases from south to north, supporting the hypothesis of greater chemical weathering in the southern part of the valley. An unexpected result is that profile average values of Al2O3/TiO2 and Fe2O3/TiO2 (proxies for the relative abundance of clay minerals) show increases from south to north. This finding, while contrary to the evidence of greater chemical weathering in the southern part of the transect, is consistent with an earlier study which showed higher clay contents in Bt horizons of loess-derived soils in the northern part of the transect. We hypothesize that soils in the northern part of the valley received fine-grained loess from sources to the west of the Mississippi River valley either late in the last glacial period, during the Holocene or both. In contrast, soils in the southern part of the valley were unaffected by such additions. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 50 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 4 U2 17 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1761 EP 1777 PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600026 ER PT J AU Bramblett, RG White, RG AF Bramblett, RG White, RG TI Habitat use and movements of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon in the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in Montana and North Dakota SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SCAPHIRHYNCHUS-PLATORYNCHUS; LIFE-HISTORY; ALBUS AB We observed the habitat use and movements of 24 pallid Scaphirhynchus albus and 27 shovelnose S. platorynchus sturgeon in the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in Montana and North Dakota. Pallid sturgeon used sandy substrate more often than shovelnose sturgeon. as well as greater depths; built species used similar current velocities. Pallid sturgeon used river channels with greater widths, midchannel bars, frequent islands. and subclimax riparian vegetation more often than shovelnose sturgeon. Both species moved up to 15 km/d and moved during all seasons and diel periods, but they moved less during fall and winter, ranges of activity among the must wide-ranging individuals exceeded 250 river kilometers (rkm). Pallid sturgeon used the lower 28 rkm of the Yellowstone River in spring and summer, shifting to the Missouri River below the confluence of the Yellowstone River in fall and winter. Shovelnose sturgeon were most often observed in the Yellowstone River in all seasons. Aggregations in late spring and early summer suggest that pallid sturgeon may spawn in the lower 14 rkm of the Yellowstone River. The infrequent use by both species of the Missouri River from Fort Peck Dam downstream to the Yellowstone River confluence may be due to altered ecological conditions associated with the dam and emphasizes the importance of natural river processes for these species. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Bramblett, RG (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 71 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1006 EP 1025 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1006:HUAMOP>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200002 ER PT J AU Selong, JH McMahon, TE Zale, AV Barrows, FT AF Selong, JH McMahon, TE Zale, AV Barrows, FT TI Effect of temperature on growth and survival of bull trout, with application of an improved method for determining thermal tolerance in fishes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE RAINBOW-TROUT; WATER TEMPERATURE; BROWN TROUT; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; CHANNEL CATFISH; CUTTHROAT TROUT; FOOD LIMITATION; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; BROOK TROUT; CHARR AB Elevated temperature is considered an important factor in the decline of the threatened bull trout Salvelinus confluentus, but the thermal requirements of this species have not been defined. We used the acclimated chronic exposure (ACE) method to assess the upper thermal limits and growth optima of bull trout fed daily to satiation over test temperatures ranging from 8 degreesC to 28 degreesC during 60-d trials. Survival of age-0 bull trout was at least 98% at 8, 10, 12 14, 16, and 18 degreesC, but 0% at 22, 24, 26. and 28 degreesC after 60 d. The predicted ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature for these trout was 20.9 degreesC. Peak growth, as estimated by regression analysis, occurred at 13.2 degreesC (95% confidence interval, 10.9-15.4 degreesC). Feed consumption declined significantly (P < 0.001) at temperatures greater than 16 degreesC, and fish held at temperatures of 22 degreesC and above did not feed. Feed, lipid, and protein efficiencies were similar at 8-18 degreesC but declined significantly (P < 0.001) at 20 degreesC. Our results corroborate field investigations suggesting that bull trout have among the lowest upper thermal limits and growth optima of North American salmonids. The slower acclimation times and long-term duration of the ACE method resulted in a more realistic measure of thermal tolerance in natural situations than would have been obtained with traditional methods and afforded sufficient time for sublethal differences in growth rate, feed consumption, and feed efficiency to become apparent. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Fish & Wildlife Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP McMahon, TE (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Fish & Wildlife Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 73 TC 135 Z9 141 U1 9 U2 50 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1026 EP 1037 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1026:EOTOGA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200003 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Marshall, AR Bjornn, TC Burge, HL AF Connor, WP Marshall, AR Bjornn, TC Burge, HL TI Growth and long-range dispersal by wild subyearling spring and summer Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA AB Wild juvenile spring and summer chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha typically pass downstream in the Snake River as yearling smolts when migrating seaward. A small number of these fish disperse downstream from natal streams into the Snake River as subyearlings and then continue moving seaward. We estimated that the naturally produced subyearling spring and summer chinook salmon that dispersed into the Snake River in 1993, 1994, and 1997 originated from both wild (67%) and naturalized hatchery (33%) stocks. These fish were large in terms of mean fork length (range, 78-87 mm) during shoreline rearing. While moving seaward, they grew rapidly (range of means, 1.0-1.3 mm/d) to yearling smolt fork lengths (range of means, 122-128 mm). The estimated dispersal distances from natal streams to the first two dams encountered during seaward movement ranged from 172 to 810 km. Although we could not demonstrate seawater entry, we believe that the wild spring and summer chinook salmon had met the growth and size criteria for successful smoltification. We suggest that rapid growth to yearling smolt size reflects comparatively high growth opportunity in the Snake River and that this helps to explain why wild spring and summer chinook salmon that disperse into the Snake River migrate seaward as subyearlings while those that rear in presumably less productive natal streams migrate seaward as yearlings. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB Box 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1070 EP 1076 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1070:GALRDB>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200006 ER PT J AU Modde, T Muth, RT Haines, GB AF Modde, T Muth, RT Haines, GB TI Floodplain wetland suitability, access, and potential use by juvenile razorback suckers in the middle Green River, Utah SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; COLORADO; SURVIVAL; FISHES; BASIN AB In the upper Colorado River basin, razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus primarily occur as adults in low-gradient reaches of rivers or as juveniles or subadults in adjoining floodplain depressions. During the high-water years of 1995 and 1996, a number of habitat variables-zooplankton density. water temperature. quality, and depth, and vegetative cover-in a Green River floodplain depression were favorable to age-0 razorback suckers and other fishes. Conversely, main-channel habitats were not suitable as rearing sites due to lower temperatures, less food, and ineffective cover. During the spring runoff in 1995 and 1996, larval razorback suckers were found in the river after floodplains were isolated from the Green River. Although favorable nursery sites are located off-channel, the connectivity of the river and floodplain did not last long enough for all razorback sucker larvae to access these areas. Maintaining the connectivity of the floodplain to the river via levee removal and adequate flood duration will increase access to and the use of nursery habitat favorable to larval razorback suckers in the middle Green River. This study also suggests that larval razorback suckers are more likely to survive and grow in floodplain depression habitats than in main-channel habitats. Although age-0 razorback suckers grew and survived in an environment dominated by normative predators and competitors. the magnitude of normative fish impacts on razorback suckers in floodplain wetlands remains undefined. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado River Fish Project, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 USA. RP Modde, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado River Fish Project, 266 W 100 N,Suite 2, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. EM tim_modde@fws.gov NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1095 EP 1105 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1095:FWSAAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200008 ER PT J AU Shrimpton, JM Zydlewski, JD McCormick, SD AF Shrimpton, JM Zydlewski, JD McCormick, SD TI The stress response of juvenile American shad to handling and confinement is greater during migration in freshwater than in seawater SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-CORTISOL; RAINBOW-TROUT; ACCLIMATION TEMPERATURE; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; CHANNEL CATFISH; STRIPED BASS; COHO SALMON; SMOLTIFICATION AB The physiological responses of juvenile American shad Alosa sapidissima were evaluated during the period of downstream migration in freshwater (FW) and after seawater (SW) acclimation associated with postmigration. Fish were subjected to a standardized, acute handling and confinement stress (3 h). Changes in plasma cortisol, plasma chloride, and hematocrit were monitored for 24 h. Basal levels of plasma cortisol were 5 times as great in FIX as in SW fish (34 and 7 ng/mL. respectively). Within 0.5 h. both groups exhibited Significant increases in plasma corti ol, The increase in FW fish was 4.5 times as great as that in SW fish. While the cortisol levels in SW fish returned to their basal values within 24 h, those of FW fish remained more than 25 times as high as basal values. Changes in plasma chloride occurred in fish after the initial stress, decreasing in FW fish and increasing in SW fish, This perturbation was overcome within 24 It in SW fish but not in FW fish. Hematocrit increased in FW fish 3 h after the initial stress and returned to normal within 24 h; fish stressed in SW exhibited no change in hematocrit. Significant mortalities were observed in the FW group but not in the SW group. During the period of downstream migration in FW, fish exhibited a heightened sensitivity to acute stress compared with that of SW-acclimated post-migrants. Handling and confinement associated with fish transport and fish passage structures are therefore likely to impact the performance scope and survival of juvenile American shad. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. RP Shrimpton, JM (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Biol Program, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1203 EP 1210 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1203:TSROJA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200015 ER PT J AU Carline, RF Machung, JF AF Carline, RF Machung, JF TI Critical thermal maxima of wild and domestic strains of trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTS; TEMPERATURE TOLERANCES; GENETIC-DIFFERENCES; PUPFISH CYPRINODON; CONSTANT; FISH AB The slow growth and high mortality of hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during summer in a stream that supported wild brown trout prompted us to compare the critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of wild and domestic strains of brown trout, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and rainbow trout. First, we tested the effects of electrofishing exposures on the CTMax of hatchery-reared brown trout. We compared the CTMax of three domestic strains of brown trout to determine possible genetic influences on upper temperature tolerance and then collected wild trout with electrofishing gear and compared their CTMax to that of the hatchery strains. There was no significant effect of electrical shocks on the CTMax of hatchery-reared brown trout, and CTMax differed significantly among these three domestic strains. Wild strains of all three species had significantly higher CTMax than did domestic strains; differences ranged from 0.5 degreesC to 1.6 degreesC We tentatively conclude that differences in CTMax between wild and domestic strains are genetically based. C1 Penn State Univ, Merkle Lab, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Bio Resour, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Carline, RF (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Merkle Lab, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Bio Resour, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1211 EP 1216 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1211:CTMOWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200016 ER PT J AU Moore, SA Bronte, CR AF Moore, SA Bronte, CR TI Delineation of sympatric morphotypes of lake trout in Lake Superior SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; BODY MORPHOLOGY; STOCK STRUCTURE; POPULATIONS; DIFFERENTIATION AB Three morphotypes of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush are recognized in Lake Superior: lean, siscowet, and bumper. Absolute morphotype assignment can be difficult. We used a size-free, whole-body morphometric analysis (truss protocol) to determine whether differences in body shape existed among lake trout morphotypes. Our results showed discrimination where traditional morphometric characters and meristic measurements failed to detect differences. Principal components analysis revealed some separation of all three morphotypes based on head and caudal peduncle shape, but it also indicated considerable overlap in score values. Humper lake trout have smaller caudal peduncle widths to head length and depth characters than do lean or siscowet lake trout. Lean lake trout had larger head measures to caudal widths, whereas siscowet had higher caudal peduncle to head measures. Backward stepwise discriminant function analysis retained two head measures. three midbody measures, and four caudal peduncle measures. correct classification rates when using these variables were 83% for leans. 80% for siscowets, and 83% for humpers, which suggests the measures we used for initial classification were consistent. Although clear ecological reasons for these differences are not readily apparent, patterns in misclassification rates may be consistent with evolutionary hypotheses for lake trout within the Laurentian Great Lakes. C1 Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Moore, SA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. NR 53 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1233 EP 1240 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1233:DOSMOL>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 502HP UT WOS:000172738200019 ER PT J AU Allendorf, FW Leary, RF Spruell, P Wenburg, JK AF Allendorf, FW Leary, RF Spruell, P Wenburg, JK TI The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Editorial Material ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; RED WOLF; SHOVELNOSE STURGEON; NATIVE FISH; GRAY WOLF; GENE FLOW; HYBRIDIZATION; INTROGRESSION; POPULATIONS; CHARACTERS AB Rates of hybridization and introgression are increasing dramatically worldwide because of translocations of organisms and habitat modifications by humans. Hybridization has contributed to the extinction of many species through direct and indirect means. However, recent studies have found that natural hybridization has played an important role in the evolution of many plant and animal taxa. Determining whether hybridization is natural or anthropogenic is crucial for conservation, but is often difficult to achieve. Controversy has surrounded the setting of appropriate conservation policies to deal with hybridization and introgression. Any policy th at deals with hybrids must be flexible and must recognize that nearly every situation involving hybridization is different enough that general rules are not likely to be effective. We provide a categorization of hybridization to help guide management decisions. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Allendorf, FW (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM darwin@selway.umt.edu NR 64 TC 799 Z9 830 U1 37 U2 318 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 16 IS 11 BP 613 EP 622 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X PG 10 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 484XL UT WOS:000171714800012 ER PT J AU Martin, DA Moody, JA AF Martin, DA Moody, JA TI Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and unburned mountainous watersheds SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE wildfire; infiltration; New Mexico; Colorado ID FIRE; FOREST; REPELLENCY AB Steady-state infiltration measurements were made at mountainous sites in New Mexico and Colorado, USA, with volcanic and granitic soils after wildfires and at comparable unburned sites. We measured infiltration in the New Mexico volcanic soils under two vegetation types, ponderosa pine and mixed conifer, and in the Colorado granitic soils under ponderosa pine vegetation. These measurements were made within high-severity burn areas using a portable infiltrometer with a 0.017 m(2) infiltration area and artificial rainfall rates ranging from 97 to 440 mm h(-1). Steady-state infiltration rates were less at all burned sites relative to unburned sites. The volcanic soil with ponderosa pine vegetation showed the greatest difference in infiltration rates with a ratio of steady-state infiltration rate in burned sites to unburned soils equal to 0.15. Volcanic soils with mixed conifer vegetation had a ratio (burned to unburned soils) of at most 0.38, and granitic soils with ponderosa pine vegetation had a ratio of 0.38. Steady-state infiltration rates on unburned volcanic and granitic soils with ponderosa pine vegetation are not statistically different. We present data on the particle-size distribution at all the study sites and examples of wetting patterns produced during the infiltration experiments. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Martin, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 43 TC 123 Z9 129 U1 5 U2 25 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2893 EP 2903 DI 10.1002/hyp.380 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200004 ER PT J AU Moody, JA Martin, DA AF Moody, JA Martin, DA TI Post-fire, rainfall intensity-peak discharge relations for three mountainous watersheds in the western USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE wildfire; rainfall; runoff; rainfall intensity; peak discharge ID CATCHMENTS; YIELD AB Wildfire alters the hydrologic response of watersheds, including the peak discharges resulting from subsequent rainfall, Improving predictions of the magnitude of flooding that follows wildfire is needed because of the increase in human population at risk in the wildland-urban interface. Because this wildland-urban interface is typically in mountainous terrain, we investigated rainfall-runoff relations by measuring the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity and the unit-area peak discharge (peak discharge divided by the area burned) in three mountainous watersheds (17-26.8 km(2)) after a wildfire. We found rainfall-runoff relations that relate the unit-area peak discharges to the maximum 30 min rainfall intensities by a power law. These rainfall-runoff relations appear to have a threshold value for the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity (around 10 mm h(-1)) such that, above this threshold, the magnitude of the flood peaks increases more rapidly with increases in intensity. This rainfall intensity could be used to set threshold limits in rain gauges that are part of an early-warning flood system after wildfire. The maximum unit-area peak discharges from these three burned watersheds ranged from 3.2 to 50 m(3) s(-1) km(-2). These values could provide initial estimates of the upper limits of runoff that can be used to predict floods after wildfires in mountainous terrain. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Moody, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 53 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 3 U2 29 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2981 EP 2993 DI 10.1002/hyp.386 PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200010 ER PT J AU Cannon, SH Bigio, ER Mine, E AF Cannon, SH Bigio, ER Mine, E TI A process for fire-related debris flow initiation, Cerro Grande fire, New Mexico SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE debris flow; wildfire; erosion; hazards; hillslope processes; rainfall AB In this study we examine factors that pertain to the generation of debris flows from a basin recently burned by wildfire. Throughout the summer 2000 thunderstorm season, we monitored rain gauges, channel cross-sections, hillslope transects, and nine sediment-runoff traps deployed in a steep, 0.15 km(2) basin burned by the May 2000 Cerro Grande fire in New Mexico. Debris flows were triggered in the monitored basin during a rainstorm on July 16, 2000, in response to a maximum 30 min rainfall intensity of 31 mm h(-1) (return period of approximately 2 years). Eleven other storms occurred before and after the July storm these storms resulted in significant runoff, but did not generate debris flows. The debris flows generated by the July 16 storm initiated on a broad, open hillslope as levee-lined rills, The levees were composed of gravel- and cobble-sized material supported by an abundant fine-grained matrix. Debris-flow deposits were observed only on the hillslopes and in the first and second-order drainages of the monitored basin. No significant amounts of channel incision were measured following the passage of the debris flows, indicating that most of the material in the flows originated from the hillslopes. Sediment-runoff concentrations of between 0.23 and 0.81 kg 1(-1) (with a mean of 0.42 kg 1(-1)) were measured from the hillslope traps following the debris-flow-producing storm, These concentrations, however, were not unique to the July 16 storm. The materials entrained by the July 16 storm contained a higher proportion of silt- plus clay-sized materials in the <2 mm fraction than the materials collected from storms that produced comparable sediment-runoff concentrations but not debris flows. The difference in materials demonstrates the critical role of the availability of fine-grained wood ash mantling the hillslopes in the runoff-dominated generation of post-wildfire debris flows. The highest sediment-runoff concentrations, again not unique to debris-flow production, were produced from maximum 30 min rainfall intensities greater than 20 mm h(-1). Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Inst Sci & Tech Grenoble, Dept Geotech, Grenoble, France. RP Cannon, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, Box 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 3011 EP 3023 DI 10.1002/hyp.388 PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200012 ER PT J AU Elliott, JG Parker, RS AF Elliott, JG Parker, RS TI Developing a post-fire flood chronology and recurrence probability from alluvial stratigraphy in the Buffalo Creek watershed, Colorado, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE forest fire; flood; erosion; sedimentation; stratigraphy; chronology; recurrence ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; EVENTS AB Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence indicate floods that occur soon after forest fires have been intermittent but common events in many mountainous areas during the past several thousand years. The magnitude and recurrence of these post-fire flood events reflects the joint probability between the recurrence of fires and the recurrence of subsequent rainfall events of varying magnitude and intensity. Following the May 1996 Buffalo Creek, Colorado, forest fire, precipitation amounts and intensities that generated very little surface runoff outside of the burned area resulted in severe hillslope erosion, floods, and streambed sediment entrainment in the rugged, severely burned, 48 km(2) area. These floods added sediment to many existing alluvial fans, while simultaneously incising other fans and alluvial deposits. Incision of older fans revealed multiple sequences of fluvially transported sandy gravel that grade upward into charcoal-rich, loamy horizons. We interpret these sequences to represent periods of high sediment transport and aggradation during floods, followed by intervals of quiescence and relative stability in the watershed until a subsequent fire occurred. An alluvial sequence near the mouth of a tributary draining a 0-82 km(2) area indicated several previous post-fire flood cycles in the watershed. Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon ages of material in this deposit span approximately 2900 years, and define three aggradational periods. The three general aggradational periods are separated by intervals of approximately nine to ten centuries and reflect a 'millennium-scale' geomorphic response to a closely timed sequence of events: severe and intense, watershed-scale, stand-replacing fires and subsequent rainstorms and flooding. Millennium-scale aggradational units at the study site may have resulted from a scenario in which the initial runoff from the burned watershed transported and deposited large volumes of sediment on downstream alluvial surfaces and tributary fans. Subsequent storm runoff may have produced localized incision and channelization. preventing additional vertical aggradation on the sampled alluvial deposit for several centuries. Two of the millennium-scale aggradational periods at the study site consist of multiple gravel and loam sequences with similar radiocarbon ages. These closely dated sequences may reflect a 'multidecade-scale' geomorphic response to more frequent. but aerially limited and less severe fires, followed by rainstorms of relatively common recurrence. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Elliott, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, Box 25046,MS 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 3039 EP 3051 DI 10.1002/hyp.390 PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200014 ER PT J AU Balfry, SK Maule, AG Iwama, GK AF Balfry, SK Maule, AG Iwama, GK TI Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch strain differences in disease resistance and non-specific immunity, following immersion challenges with Vibrio anguillarum SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE non-specific immunity; disease resistance; Vibrio anguillarum; lysozyme; phagocyte; respiratory burst ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; GENETIC-VARIATION; STRESS RESPONSE; LYSOZYME; MYKISS; SALAR; FISH; CHINOOK AB Two strains of freshwater-reared coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were compared for differences in the activity of selected non-specific immune factors before and after lethal and nonlethal immersion challenges with the marine bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum (Vang). Two disease challenge experiments were performed. The first experimental challenge resulted in no mortality; however, significant strain and challenge treatment effects were detected at Day 16 postchallenge. Strain differences in plasma lysozyme activity were found in pre-challenge samples. The second challenge experiment compared the same strains of coho salmon following immersion challenges in different doses of Vang. The fish were sampled at Days 0, 2, 7, and 18 post-challenge and mortality, plasma lysozyme, and anterior kidney phagocyte respiratory burst activity were compared. There were significant strain differences in mortality in the high dose group. The more disease-resistant strain was found to have higher levels of plasma lysozyme and anterior kidney phagocyte respiratory burst activity. These strain differences were detected at various times in the lethal (high dose) and non-lethal challenge groups. There was a clear relationship between the enhanced survival of the more disease-resistant strain and a more sustained, elevated non-specific immune response following the experimental disease challenges. The results of this study suggest that the basis for strain differences in innate disease resistance is related to the ability of the fish to respond quickly to the initial infection and to maintain the response until the infection is quelled. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, AQUA NET Natl Ctr Excellence, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Balfry, SK (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, 248-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD OCT 29 PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 39 EP 48 DI 10.3354/dao047039 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 503QE UT WOS:000172808700005 PM 11797914 ER PT J AU Titus, TN Kieffer, HH Mullins, KF Christensen, PR AF Titus, TN Kieffer, HH Mullins, KF Christensen, PR TI TES premapping data: Slab ice and snow flurries in the Martian north polar night SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID CO2 ICE; MARS; CAPS; TEMPERATURES; MODEL; AEROBRAKING; EMISSIVITY; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR; SIZE AB In the 1970s, Mariner and Viking spacecraft observations of the north polar region of Mars revealed polar brightness temperatures that were significantly below the expected kinetic temperatures for CO2 sublimation. For the past few decades, the scientific community has speculated as to the nature of these Martian polar cold spots. Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) thermal spectral data have shown these cold spots to result largely from fine-grained CO2 and have constrained most of these cold spots to the surface (or near-surface). Cold spot formation is strongly dependent on topography, forming preferentially near craters and on polar slopes. TES data, combined with Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) cloud data, suggest atmospheric condensates form a small fraction of the observed cold spots. TES observations of spectra close to a blackbody indicate that another major component of the polar cap is slab CO2 ice; these spectrally bland regions commonly have a low albedo. The cause is uncertain but may result from most of the light being reflected toward the specular direction, from the slab ice being intrinsically dark, or from it being transparent. Regions of the cap where the difference between the brightness temperatures at 18 mum (T-18) and 25 mum (T-25) is less than 5 degrees are taken to indicate deposits of slab ice. Slab ice is the dominant component of the polar cap at latitudes outside of the polar night. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Titus, TN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 33 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E10 BP 23181 EP 23196 DI 10.1029/2000JE001284 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 488FQ UT WOS:000171925900002 ER PT J AU Carr, MH AF Carr, MH TI Mars Global Surveyor observations of Martian fretted terrain SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID GIANT IMPACT; GROUND ICE; TOPOGRAPHY; CHANNELS; VALLEYS; ORIGIN AB The Martian fretted terrain between latitudes 30 degrees and 50 degreesN and between 315 degrees and 360 degreesW has been reexamined in light of new Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data from Mars Global Surveyor. Much of the terrain in the 30 degrees -50 degrees latitude belt in both hemispheres has a characteristic stippled or pitted texture at MOC (1.5 m) scale. The texture appears to result from partial removal of a formerly smooth, thin deposit as a result of sublimation and deflation. A. complex history of deposition and exhumation is indicated by remnants of a former, thicker cover of layered deposits. In some hollows and on some slopes, particularly those facing the pole, are smooth textured deposits outlined by an outward facing escarpment. Throughout the study area are numerous escarpments with debris flows at their base. The escarpments typically have slopes in the 20 degrees -30 degrees range. At the base of the escarpment is commonly a deposit with striae oriented at right angles to the escarpment. Outside this deposit is the main debris apron with a surface that typically slopes 2 degrees -3 degrees and complex surface textures suggestive of compression, sublimation, and deflation. The presence of undeformed impact craters indicates that the debris flows are no longer forming. Fretted valleys contain lineated fill and are poorly graded. They likely form from fluvial valleys that were initially like those elsewhere on the planet but were subsequently widened and filled by the same mass-wasting processes that formed the debris aprons. Slope reversals indicate that downvalley flow of the lineated fill is minor. The ubiquitous presence of breaks in slope formed by mass wasting and the complex surface textures that result from mass wasting, deflation, and sublimation decreases the recognizability of the shorelines formerly proposed for this area. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-975,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E10 BP 23571 EP 23593 DI 10.1029/2000JE001316 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 488FQ UT WOS:000171925900018 ER PT J AU Christensen, PR Bandfield, JL Hamilton, VE Ruff, SW Kieffer, HH Titus, TN Malin, MC Morris, RV Lane, MD Clark, RL Jakosky, BM Mellon, MT Pearl, JC Conrath, BJ Smith, MD Clancy, RT Kuzmin, RO Roush, T Mehall, GL Gorelick, N Bender, K Murray, K Dason, S Greene, E Silverman, S Greenfield, M AF Christensen, PR Bandfield, JL Hamilton, VE Ruff, SW Kieffer, HH Titus, TN Malin, MC Morris, RV Lane, MD Clark, RL Jakosky, BM Mellon, MT Pearl, JC Conrath, BJ Smith, MD Clancy, RT Kuzmin, RO Roush, T Mehall, GL Gorelick, N Bender, K Murray, K Dason, S Greene, E Silverman, S Greenfield, M TI Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID MARTIAN SURFACE; PARTICLE-SIZE; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; SPECTRAL CONTRAST; SINUS-MERIDIANI; WESTERN-ARABIA; IGNEOUS ROCKS; GRAIN-SIZE; ATMOSPHERE AB The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) investigation on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is aimed at determining (1) the composition of surface minerals, rocks, and ices; (2) the temperature and dynamics of the atmosphere; (3) the properties of the atmospheric aerosols and clouds; (4) the nature of the polar regions; and (5) the thermophysical properties of the surface materials. These objectives are met using an infrared (5.8- to 50-mum) interferometric spectrometer, along with broadband thermal (5.1- to 150-mum) and visible/near-IR (0.3- to 2.9-mum) radiometers. The MGS TES instrument weighs 14.47 kg, consumes 10.6 W when operating, and is 23.6 X 35.5 X 4.0.0 cm in size. The TES data are calibrated to a 1-sigma precision of 2.5(-6) X 10(-8) W cm(-2) sr(-1)/cm(-1), 1.6 X 10(-6) W cm(-2) sr(-1), and similar to0.5 K in the spectrometer, visible/near-IR bolometer, and IR bolometer, respectively. These instrument subsections are calibrated to an absolute accuracy of similar to4 X 10(-8) W cm(-2) sr(-1)/cm(-1) (0.5 K at 280 K), 1-2%, and similar to1-2 K., respectively. Global mapping of surface mineralogy at a spatial resolution of 3 km has shown the following: (1) The mineralogic composition of dark regions varies from basaltic, primarily plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene, in the ancient, southern highlands to andesitic, dominated by plagioclase feldspar and volcanic glass, in the younger northern plains. (2) Aqueous mineralization has produced gray, crystalline hematite in limited regions under ambient or hydrothermal conditions; these deposits are interpreted to be in-place sedimentary rock formations and indicate that liquid water was stable near the surface for a long period of time. (3) There is no evidence for large-scale (tens of kilometers) occurrences of moderate-grained (> 50-mum) carbonates exposed at the surface at a detection limit of similar to 10%. (4) Unweathered volcanic minerals dominate the spectral properties of dark regions, and weathering products, such as clays, have not been observed anywhere above a detection limit of similar to 10%; this lack of evidence for chemical weathering indicates a geologic history dominated by a cold, dry climate in which mechanical, rather than chemical, weathering was the significant form of erosion and sediment production. (5) There is no conclusive evidence for sulfate minerals at a detection limit of similar to 15%. The polar region has been studied with the following major conclusions: (1) Condensed CO2 has three distinct end-members, from fine-grained crystals to slab ice. (2) The growth and retreat of the polar caps observed by MGS is virtually the same as observed by Viking 12 Martian years ago. (3) Unique regions have been identified that appear to differ primarily in the grain size of CO2; one south polar region appears to remain as black slab CO2 ice throughout its sublimation. (4) Regional atmospheric dust is common in localized and regional dust storms around the margin and interior of the southern cap. Analysis of the thermophysical properties of the surface shows that (1) the spatial pattern of albedo has changed since Viking observations, (2) a unique cluster of surface materials with intermediate inertia and albedo occurs that is distinct from the previously identified low-inertia/bright and high-inertia/dark surfaces, and (3); localized patches of high-inertia material have been found in topographic lows and may have been formed by a unique set of aeolian, fluvial, or erosional processes or may be exposed bedrock. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO USA. Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing, Goleta, CA USA. Vernadsky Inst, Moscow, Russia. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Christensen, PR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Campus Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM phil.christensen@asu.edu RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; Mellon, Michael/C-3456-2016 NR 121 TC 507 Z9 510 U1 16 U2 70 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E10 BP 23823 EP 23871 DI 10.1029/2000JE001370 PG 49 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 488FQ UT WOS:000171925900029 ER PT J AU Ruff, SW Christensen, PR Clark, RN Kieffer, HH Malin, MC Bandfield, JL Jakosky, BM Lane, MD Mellon, MT Presley, MA AF Ruff, SW Christensen, PR Clark, RN Kieffer, HH Malin, MC Bandfield, JL Jakosky, BM Lane, MD Mellon, MT Presley, MA TI Mars' "White Rock" feature lacks evidence of an aqueous origin: Results from Mars Global Surveyor SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; PLAYA EVAPORITE MINERALS; MARTIAN SURFACE; DEATH-VALLEY; CALIFORNIA; TES AB The "White Rock" feature on Mars has long been viewed as a type example for a Martian playa largely because of its apparent high albedo along with its location in a topographic basin (a crater). Data from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) demonstrate that White Rock is not anomalously bright relative to other Martian bright regions, reducing the significance of its albedo and weakening the analogy to terrestrial playas. Its thermal inertia value indicates that it is not mantled by a layer of loose dust, nor is it bedrock. The thermal infrared spectrum of White Rock shows no obvious features of carbonates or sulfates and is, in fact, spectrally flat. Images from the Mars Orbiter Camera show that the White Rock massifs are consolidated enough to retain slopes and allow the passage of saltating grains over their surfaces. Material appears to be shed from the massifs and is concentrated at the crests of nearby bedforms. One explanation for these observations is that White Rock is an eroded accumulation of compacted or weakly cemented aeolian sediment. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Ruff, SW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, POB 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Mellon, Michael/C-3456-2016 NR 31 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E10 BP 23921 EP 23927 DI 10.1029/2000JE001329 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 488FQ UT WOS:000171925900033 ER PT J AU Coloso, RM Basantes, SP King, K Hendrix, MA Fletcher, JW Weis, P Ferraris, RP AF Coloso, RM Basantes, SP King, K Hendrix, MA Fletcher, JW Weis, P Ferraris, RP TI Effect of dietary phosphorus and vitamin D(3) on phosphorus levels in effluent from the experimental culture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus mykiss; phosphorus; vitamin D; aquaculture effluents; environment; pollution ID INTESTINAL PHOSPHATE ABSORPTION; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MICROBIAL PHYTASE; FRESH-WATER; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; CHOLECALCIFEROL; CALCIUM; REQUIREMENT; CATFISH; TRANSPORTERS AB Excessive phosphorus (P) levels in aquaculture effluents violate federally mandated limits and pose a serious threat to the freshwater environment. In rainbow trout culture, effluent P probably originates as fecal and metabolic waste product because assimilation of dietary P is relatively low. We therefore decreased dietary P and increased dietary vitamin D(3) levels, methods that enhance P assimilation in mammals, in purified and semi-purified trout diets, then monitored effluent P. Soluble effluent P reached a peak right after feeding and returned to baseline levels in between feeding times. The peak and average concentrations of soluble P in the effluent were mainly influenced by dietary P. Average P in fecal dry matter also decreased with dietary P. Neither dietary P nor vitamin D, under the conditions of the experiment had significant effects on whole body P ceffluent indicating a strategy whereby effluent P concentrations can be reduced by regulation of P metabolism content but P deposition (as a percentage of P intake) decreased with increased dietary P. The dietary combination of low P and high vitamin D(3) decreased soluble and fecal P levels in the (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. Ail rights reserved. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. SE Asian Fisheries Dev Ctr, Dept Aquaculture, Iloilo 5021, Philippines. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Dept Interior, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Injury Sci, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Ferraris, RP (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, MSB-H621,185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. EM ferraris@umdnj.edu NR 34 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD OCT 19 PY 2001 VL 202 IS 1-2 BP 145 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00572-5 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 488AZ UT WOS:000171913000010 ER PT J AU Smith, MC Perfit, MR Fornari, DJ Ridley, WI Edwards, MH Kurras, GJ Von Damm, KL AF Smith, MC Perfit, MR Fornari, DJ Ridley, WI Edwards, MH Kurras, GJ Von Damm, KL TI Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 degrees 37 ' N SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE EPR; neovolcanic zone; MORB; hydrothermal; OSC; off-axis; midocean ridge processes; seafloor morphology and bottom photography; igneous petrology; major element composition ID RECENT VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; DEPTH POINT DATA; DE-FUCA RIDGE; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; SEA-FLOOR; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; FRACTURE-ZONES; SEAMARC-II; EVOLUTION; BENEATH AB [1] Geophysical and petrological boundaries on mid-ocean ridges provide ideal locations to study the relationships between magmatic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes. Alvin-based observational data and geochemical data for basalts and hydrothermal fluids are used to investigate these relationships at an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) crest between similar to9 degrees 36'N and 9 degrees 38'N. This ridge-crest discontinuity is morphologically expressed by the overlap of an eastern and western axial summit collapse trough (ASCT) that delimits the primary volcanic and hydrothermal loci along the ridge crest in this area. The ASCTs overlap by similar to3 km and are offset in a right-lateral sense by 0.45 km. Near-bottom imaging of this area in 1989 and 1991 shows changes in volcanic morphology and increases in hydrothermal and biological activity consistent with the occurrence of a magmatic event during that time interval. When combined with the inferred age and structure of the seafloor, basalt geochemistry, and hydrothermal fluid chemistry, these temporal changes suggest active southward propagation of the eastern ASCT and show that the western ASCT was unaffected by the recent magmatic event. Numerous extinct hydrothermal vents and older-looking lava flow surfaces suggest waning of magmatic activity in the western ASCT. Young-looking lava flows within or proximal to the eastern ASCT have anomalously high Mg numbers relative to the regional trend and are chemically similar to lava erupted in 1991 along the 9 degrees 46' - 52'N EPR region. We propose that the young-looking lava flows in the eastern ASCT are related to the 1991 eruption. Data show that the 9 degrees 37'N axial discontinuity marks a magmatic and hydrothermal boundary along the EPR ridge-crest, and we argue that it be classified as a third-order discontinuity. This result is consistent with geophysical evidence suggesting fundamental differences in the crust and upper mantle north and south of the 9 degrees 37'N discontinuity. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80401 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Smith, MC (reprint author), Amer Geol Inst, 4220 King St, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. NR 67 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD OCT 16 PY 2001 VL 2 AR 2000GC000134 PG 36 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 482UC UT WOS:000171594300001 ER PT J AU Loeffler, IK Stocum, DL Fallon, JF Meteyer, CU AF Loeffler, IK Stocum, DL Fallon, JF Meteyer, CU TI Leaping lopsided: a review of the current hypotheses regarding etiologies of limb malformations in frogs SO ANATOMICAL RECORD LA English DT Article DE anuran; amphibian; development; frog; limb development; limb regeneration; malformation; teratology; toxicology; ecotoxicology ID T-BOX GENES; REGENERATING AXOLOTL LIMBS; DEVELOPING CHICK LIMB; RETINOIC-ACID; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; RANA-PIPIENS; VITAMIN-A; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AB Recent progress in the investigation of limb malformations in free-living frogs has underlined the wide range in the types of limb malformations and the apparent spatiotemporal clustering of their occurrence. Here, we review the current understanding of normal and abnormal vertebrate limb development and regeneration and discuss some of the molecular events that may bring about limb malformation. Consideration of the differences between limb development and regeneration in amphibians has led us to the hypothesis that some of the observed limb malformations come about through misdirected regeneration. We report the results of a pilot study that supports this hypothesis. In this study, the distal aspect of the right hindlimb buds of X. laevis tadpoles was amputated at the pre-foot paddle stage. The tadpoles were raised in water from a pond in Minnesota at which 7% of surveyed newly metamorphosed feral frogs had malformations. Six percent (6 of 100) of the right limbs of the tadpoles raised in pond water developed abnormally. One truncated right limb was the only malformation in the control group, which was raised in dechlorinated municipal water. All unamputated limbs developed normally in both groups. Three major factors under consideration for effecting the limb malformations are discussed. These factors include environmental chemicals (primarily agrichemicals), encysted larvae (metacercariae) of trematode parasites, and increased levels of ultraviolet light. Emphasis is placed on the necessary intersection of environmental stressors and developmental events to bring about the specific malformations that are observed in free-living frog populations. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:228-245, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USGS Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. Univ Calif Davis, Coll Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Meteyer, CU (reprint author), 165 W Chestnut, Marianna, AR 72360 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD32551]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09090-02] NR 87 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0003-276X J9 ANAT REC JI Anat. Rec. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 265 IS 5 BP 228 EP 245 DI 10.1002/ar.10009 PG 18 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 488YC UT WOS:000171963600006 PM 11745107 ER PT J AU Fa, JE Sharples, CM Bell, DJ DeAngelis, D AF Fa, JE Sharples, CM Bell, DJ DeAngelis, D TI An individual-based model of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease in European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE individual-based models; rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease; rabbits ID HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE; SIMULATION-MODEL; UNITED-KINGDOM; VIRUS; POPULATIONS; RHD; TRANSMISSION; CALICIVIRUS; MYXOMATOSIS; ANTIBODIES AB We developed an individual-based model of Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease (RVHD) for European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.), representing up to 1000 rabbits in four hectares. Model output for productivity and recruitment matched published values. The disease was density-dependent and virulence affected outcome. Strains that caused death after several days produced greater overall mortality than strains in which rabbits either died or recovered very quickly. Disease effect also depended on time of year. We also elaborated a larger scale model representing 25 km(2) and 100,000 + rabbits, split into a number of grid-squares. This was a more traditional model that did not represent individual rabbits, but employed a system of dynamic equations for each grid-square. Disease spread depended on probability of transmission between neighboring grid-squares. Potential recovery from a major population crash caused by the disease relied on disease virulence and frequency of recurrence. The model's dependence on probability of disease transmission between grid-squares suggests the way that the model represents the spatial distribution of the population affects simulation. Although data on RVHD in Europe are lacking, our models provide a basis for describing the disease in realistic detail and for assessing influence of various social and spatial factors on spread. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Durrell Wildlife Conservat Trust, Trinity JE3 5BP, Jersey, England. Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, USGS BRD, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Fa, JE (reprint author), Durrell Wildlife Conservat Trust, Les Augres Manor, Trinity JE3 5BP, Jersey, England. RI Bell, Diana/D-3572-2009 NR 53 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 144 IS 2-3 BP 121 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00363-5 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 495HN UT WOS:000172334600002 ER PT J AU Richmond, SA Lindstrom, JE Braddock, JF AF Richmond, SA Lindstrom, JE Braddock, JF TI Assessment of natural attenuation of chlorinated aliphatics and BTEX in subarctic groundwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDFILL LEACHATE; HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS; SULFATE REDUCTION; AQUIFER; SEDIMENTS; METHANE; MINERALIZATION; DENMARK; ALASKA; ACIDS AB We examined biogeochemistry and microbiology associated with natural attenuation of trichloroethene (TCE),trichloroethane (TCA), and benzene in a subarctic aquifer. Identification of a predominant terminal electron-accepting process (TEAP) and characterization of typical natural attenuation footprints was difficult. Hydrogen and ferrous iron concentrations suggested that iron reduction was the predominant TEAP; calculated in situ Gibbs free energies for iron reduction were energetically feasible at all wells although a source of ferric iron has not been conclusively determined. The presence of dissolved sulfide and favorable free energies for sulfate reduction provided support of concurrent iron and sulfate reduction. Methanogenesis from H-2/CO2 was generally not energetically favorable. The presence of TCE and TCA degradation intermediates suggested that biological reductive dechlorination occurred, although proportions of intermediates relative to parent compounds remained stable. By September 2000, contaminant concentrations were within regulatory standards at most sampling points. However, low rates of microbial activity and incomplete degradation imply that intrinsic bioremediation did not likely represent an important contribution to contaminant removal at this site, where dilution appeared to be the primary attenuation mechanism. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Shannon & Wilson Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Richmond, SA (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 20 BP 4038 EP 4045 DI 10.1021/es0108133 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481PG UT WOS:000171528100006 PM 11686364 ER PT J AU Sueker, JK Clow, DW Ryan, JN Jarrett, RD AF Sueker, JK Clow, DW Ryan, JN Jarrett, RD TI Effect of basin physical characteristics on solute fluxes in nine alpine/subalpine basins, Colorado, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE solute flux; mineral weathering; mass balance; basin characteristics ID SURFACE-WATER CHEMISTRY; MOUNTAIN-NATIONAL-PARK; MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; FRONT RANGE; LOCH VALE; NITROGEN; RIVER; SOIL; PRECIPITATION AB Alpine/subalpine basins may exhibit substantial variability in solute fluxes despite many apparent similarities in basin characteristics. An evaluation of controls on spatial patterns in solute fluxes may allow development of predictive tools for assessing basin sensitivity to outside perturbations such as climate change or deposition of atmospheric pollutants. Relationships between basin physical characteristics, determined from geographical information system (GIS) tools, and solute fluxes and mineral weathering rates were explored for nine alpine/subalpine basins in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, using correlation analyses for 1993 arid 1994 data. Stream-water nitrate fluxes were correlated positively with basin characteristics associated with the talus environment; i.e., the fractional amounts of steep slopes (greater than or equal to 30 degrees), unvegetated terrain and young debris (primarily Holocene till) in the basins, and were correlated negatively with fractional amounts of subalpine meadow terrain. Correlations with nitrate indicate the importance of the talus environment in promoting nitrate flux and the mitigating effect of areas with established vegetation, such as subalpine meadows. Total mineral weathering rates for the basins ranged from about 300 to 600 mot ha(-1) year Oligoclase weathering accounted for 30 to 73% of the total mineral weathering flux, and was positively correlated with the amount of old debris (primarily Pleistocene glacial till) in the basins. Although calcite is found in trace amounts in bedrock, calcite weathering accounted for tip to 44% of the total mineral weathering flux. Calcite was strongly correlated with steep slope, unvegetated terrain, and young debris-probably because physical weathering in steep-gradient areas exposes fresh mineral surfaces that contain calcite for chemical weathering. Oligoclase and calcite weathering are the dominant sources of alkalinity in the basins. However, atmospherically deposited acids consume much of the alkalinity generated by weathering of calcite and other minerals in the talus environment. Published in (C) 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 BBL Inc, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sueker, JK (reprint author), BBL Inc, 14142 Denver W Pkwy,Bldg 51,Suite 350, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM jks@bbl-inc.com RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 42 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 14 BP 2749 EP 2769 DI 10.1002/hyp.265 PG 21 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 483QJ UT WOS:000171646900003 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Gan, WJ Svarc, JL AF Savage, JC Gan, WJ Svarc, JL TI Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MOJAVE-DESERT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL RHEOLOGY; GARLOCK FAULT; PLATE MOTION; OWENS-VALLEY; SLIP RATE; MODEL; DRIVEN; FLOW AB Although the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) (strike similar to N25 degreesW) does not quite coincide with a small circle drawn about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation, trilateration and GPS measurements demonstrate that the motion within the zone corresponds to right-lateral simple shear across a vertical plane (strike N33 degreesW +/-5 degrees) roughly parallel to the tangent to that local small circle (strike similar to N40 degreesW). If the simple shear is released by slip on faults subparallel to the shear zone, the accumulated rotation is also released, leaving no secular rotation. South of the Garlock fault the principal faults (e.g., Calico-Blackwater fault) strike similar to N40 degreesW, close enough to the strike of the vertical plane across which maximum right-lateral shear accumulates to almost wholly accommodate that accumulation of both strain and rotation by right-lateral slip. North of the Garlock fault dip slip as well as strike slip on the principal faults (strike similar to N20 degreesW) is required to accommodate the simple shear accumulation. In both cases the accumulated rotation is released with the shear strain. The Garlock fault, which transects the ECSZ, is not offset by north-northwest striking faults nor, despite geological evidence for long-term left-lateral slip, does it appear at the present time to be accumulating left-lateral simple shear strain across the fault due to slip at depth. Rather the motion is explained by right-lateral simple shear across the orthogonal ECSZ. Left-lateral slip on the Garlock fault will release the shear strain accumulating there but would augment the accumulating, rotation, resulting in a secular clockwise rotation rate similar to 80 nrad yr(-1) (4.6 degrees Myr(-1)). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jasavage@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 89 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B10 BP 21995 EP 22007 DI 10.1029/2000JB000127 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 479TZ UT WOS:000171420800019 ER PT J AU English, NB Betancourt, JL Dean, JS Quade, J AF English, NB Betancourt, JL Dean, JS Quade, J TI Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; HIMALAYAN RIVERS; CHEMISTRY; SR-87/SR-86; TRANSPORT; RATIOS AB Between A.D. 900 and 1150, more than 200,000 conifer trees were used to build the prehistoric great houses of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in what is now a treeless landscape. More than one-fifth of these timbers were spruce (Picea) or fir (Abies) that were hand-carried from isolated mountaintops 75-100 km away. Because strontium from local dust, water, and underlying bedrock is incorporated by trees, specific logging sites can be identified by comparing Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios in construction beams from different ruins and building periods to ratios in living trees from the surrounding mountains. Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios show that the beams came from both the Chuska and San Mateo (Mount Taylor) mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, which are equally close. Incorporation of logs from two sources in the same room, great house, and year suggest stockpiling and intercommunity collaboration at Chaco Canyon. The use of trees from both the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, as early as A.D. 974 suggests that selection of timber sources was driven more by regional socioeconomic ties than by a simple model of resource depletion with distance and time. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP English, NB (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, 325 Biosci E, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI English, Nathan/B-4615-2008 OI English, Nathan/0000-0002-6936-8079 NR 24 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 5 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 9 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 21 BP 11891 EP 11896 DI 10.1073/pnas.211305498 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 482DE UT WOS:000171558900015 PM 11572943 ER PT J AU Wilson, AM Sanford, V Whitaker, F Smart, P AF Wilson, AM Sanford, V Whitaker, F Smart, P TI Spatial patterns of diagenesis during geothermal circulation in carbonate platforms SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ENEWETAK ATOLL; GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS; THERMAL-CONVECTION; FLUID-FLOW; DOLOMITIZATION; DOLOMITE; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; SEAWATER; ORIGIN AB Geothermal convection of seawater deep in carbonate platforms could provide the necessary supply of magnesium for dolomitization at temperatures high enough to overcome kinetic limitations. We used reactive-transport simulations to predict the rates and spatial patterns of dolomitization during geothermal convection in a platform that was 40 km across and 2 km thick. In the simulations, porosity and permeability decrease with depth to account for sediment compaction. Dolomitization of a platform consisting of medium grained (similar to0.05 mm) sediments occurred in a broad band ranging from similar to2.5 km depth near the margin to similar to1.5 km depth near the platform center. The area of dolomitization is deep enough that temperatures exceed similar to50degreesC but not so deep that low permeabilities restrict mass transport. Complete dolornitization in the center of this zone is estimated to require at least 60 my. Incorporation of permeability contrasts, permeable beds, and reactive beds focused dolomitization strongly and reduced the estimated time required for dolornitization by as much as 50 percent. Dolomitization created magnesium-depleted, calcium-rich fluids in less than 10 ky, and results support a link between dolomitization and anhydrite precipitation where adequate sulfate is available. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. RP Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. OI Wilson, Alicia/0000-0002-1113-6267 NR 51 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 EI 1945-452X J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 301 IS 8 BP 727 EP 752 DI 10.2475/ajs.301.8.727 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 510UG UT WOS:000173225200002 ER PT J AU Pierce, CL Sexton, MD Pelham, ME Larscheid, JG AF Pierce, CL Sexton, MD Pelham, ME Larscheid, JG TI Short-term variability and long-term change in the composition of the littoral zone fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NORTH TEMPERATE LAKES; SPECIES RICHNESS; ABUNDANCE AB We assessed short-term variability and long-term change in the composition of the littoral fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa. Fish were sampled in several locations at night with large beach seines during spring, summer and fall of 1995-1998. Long-term changes were inferred from comparison with a similar study conducted over 70 y earlier in Spirit Lake. We found 26 species in the littoral zone. The number of species per sample ranged from 4 to 18, aver-aging 11.8. The average number of species per sample was higher at stations with greater vegetation density. A distinct seasonal pattern was evident in the number of species collected per sample in most years, increasing steadily from spring to fall. Patterns of variability within our 1995-1998 study period suggest that: (1) numerous samples are necessary to adequately characterize a littoral fish community, (2) sampling should be done when vegetation and young-of-year densities are highest and (3) sampling during a single, year is inadequate to reveal the full community. The number of native species has declined by approximately 25% over the last 70 y. A coincident decline in littoral vegetation and associated habitat changes during the same period are likely causes of the long-term community change. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 146 IS 2 BP 290 EP 299 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0290:STVALT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478JA UT WOS:000171342200006 ER PT J AU Zettler, JA Spira, TP Allen, CR AF Zettler, JA Spira, TP Allen, CR TI Yellow jackets (Vespula spp.) disperse Trillium (spp.) seeds in eastern North America SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MYRMECOCHOROUS PLANT AB Approximately 70 plant families worldwide have ant-dispersed seeds (myrmecochory). In this putative ant-plant mutualism, ants are attracted to and disperse seeds that have a lipid-rich elaiosome. We observed yellow jackets (Vespula spp.) dispersing seeds of three elaiosome-bearing species-Trillium cuneatum, T undulatum and T catesbaei-in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina and South Carolina. Moreover, we estimated the mean distance yellow jackets dispersed seeds of T cuneatum by placing intact fruits on index cards and recovering dispersed seeds on sheets placed on the ground surface. Of the seeds presented, 41% were recovered and the average dispersal distance was 1.4 m (range 0.1-2.6 m). Some yellow jackets carrying Trillium seeds flew out of sight and probably dispersed seeds farther (perhaps 20 m or more). To our knowledge, this is the first report of yellow jackets dispersing elaiosome-bearing seeds in eastern North America. Although the fate of vespid-dispersed seeds is unknown, seed dispersal by yellow jackets might benefit plants by increasing the dispersal distance of seeds and, therefore, potentially reducing density dependent mortality and expanding species ranges. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Zettler, JA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 146 IS 2 BP 444 EP 446 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0444:YJVSDT]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478JA UT WOS:000171342200023 ER PT J AU Lindsey, ME Meyer, M Thurman, EM AF Lindsey, ME Meyer, M Thurman, EM TI Analysis of trace levels of sulfonamide and tetracycline antimicrobials, in groundwater and surface water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ANTIBIOTICS; OXYTETRACYCLINE; MILK; CHLORTETRACYCLINE; CONFIRMATION; RESIDUES; IMIDAZOLINONE; SULFONYLUREA; HERBICIDES AB A method has been developed for the trace analysis of two classes of antimicrobials consisting of six sulfonamides (SAs) and five tetracyclines (TCs), which commonly are used for veterinary purposes and agricultural feed additives and are suspected to leach into ground and surface water. The method used solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with positive ion electrospray. The unique combination of a metal chelation agent (Na(2)EDTA) with a macroporous copolymer resulted in quantitative recoveries by solid-phase extraction (mean recovery, 98 +/- 12%) at submicrogramper-liter concentrations. An ammonium formate/formic acid buffer with a methanol/water gradient was used to separate the antimicrobials and to optimize the signal intensity. Mass spectral fragmentation and ionization characteristics were determined for each class of compounds for unequivocal identification. For all SAs, a characteristic m/z 156 ion representing the sulfanilyl fragment was identified. TCs exhibited neutral losses of 17 amu resulting from the loss of ammonia and 35 amu. from the subsequent loss of water. Unusual matrix effects were seen only for TCs in this first survey of groundwater and surface water samples from sites around the United States, requiring that TCs be quantitated using the method of standard additions.. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. RP Lindsey, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 28 TC 433 Z9 465 U1 24 U2 209 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 19 BP 4640 EP 4646 DI 10.1021/ac010514w PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 478QL UT WOS:000171356800021 PM 11605842 ER PT J AU Carr, RS Nipper, M Biedenbach, JM Hooten, RL Miller, K Saepoff, S AF Carr, RS Nipper, M Biedenbach, JM Hooten, RL Miller, K Saepoff, S TI Sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies at marine sites suspected of ordnance contamination SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY; BAY; FLORIDA; TEXAS AB A sediment quality assessment survey and subsequent toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) study was conducted at several sites in Puget Sound, Washington. The sites were previously suspected of contamination with ordnance compounds. The initial survey employed sea urchin porewater toxicity tests to locate the most toxic stations. Sediments from the most toxic stations were selected for comprehensive chemical analyses. Based on the combined information from the toxicity and chemical data, three adjacent stations in Ostrich Bay were selected for the TIE study. The results of the phase I TIE suggested that organics and metals were primarily responsible for the observed toxicity in the sea urchin fertilization test. In addition to these contaminants, ammonia was also contributing to the toxicity for the sea urchin embryological development test. The phase II TIE study isolated the majority of the toxicity in the fraction containing nonpolar organics with high log K-ow, but chemical analyses failed to identify a compound present at a concentration high enough to be responsible for the observed toxicity. The data suggest that some organic or organometallic contaminant(s) that were not included in the comprehensive suite of chemical analyses caused the observed toxicological responses. C1 Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, BRD,CERC, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn,Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NFESC, Restorat Dev Branch, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Seattle Dist, Seattle, WA 98134 USA. RP Carr, RS (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, BRD,CERC, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn,Ctr Coastal Studies, 6300 Ocean Dr,NRC,Suite 3200, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 3 BP 298 EP 307 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 466XY UT WOS:000170672500007 PM 11503066 ER PT J AU Nipper, M Carr, RS Biedenbach, JM Hooten, RL Miller, K Saepoff, S AF Nipper, M Carr, RS Biedenbach, JM Hooten, RL Miller, K Saepoff, S TI Development of marine toxicity data for ordnance compounds SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEXAHYDRO-1,3,5-TRINITRO-1,3,5-TRIAZINE RDX; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; PHOTOTOXICOLOGY; POLYCHAETE AB A toxicity database for ordnance compounds was generated using eight compounds of concern and marine toxicity tests with five species from different phyla. Toxicity tests and endpoints included fertilization success and embryological development with the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata; zoospore germination, germling length, and cell number with the green macroalga Ulva fasciata; survival and reproductive success of the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus; larvae hatching and survival with the redfish Sciaenops ocellatus; and survival of juveniles of the opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia). The studied ordnance compounds were 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-methylnitramine (tetryl), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The most sensitive toxicity test endpoints overall were the macroalga zoospore germination and the polychaete reproduction tests. The most toxic ordnance compounds overall were tetryl and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. These were also the most degradable compounds, often being reduced to very low or below-detection levels at the end of the test exposure. Among the dinitro- and trinitrotoluenes and benzenes, toxicity tended to increase with the level of nitrogenation. Picric acid and RDX were the least toxic chemicals tested overall. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, BRD, CERC,Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NFESC, Restorat Dev Branch, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Seattle Dist, Seattle, WA 98134 USA. RP Nipper, M (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, 6300 Ocean Dr,NRC,Suite 3200, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 41 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 3 BP 308 EP 318 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 466XY UT WOS:000170672500008 PM 11503067 ER PT J AU Sileo, L Creekmore, LH Audet, DJ Snyder, MR Meteyer, CU Franson, JC Locke, LN Smith, MR Finley, DL AF Sileo, L Creekmore, LH Audet, DJ Snyder, MR Meteyer, CU Franson, JC Locke, LN Smith, MR Finley, DL TI Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SWANS AB The Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. In other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the ingestion of manmade lead artifacts, primarily spent lead shot-shell pellets or, occasionally, fishing sinkers. However, in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho, nonartifactual lead poisoning was the ultimate cause of death of most of 219 (77%) of 285 waterfowl carcasses that had been found sick or dead from 1992 through 1997. The majority of these 219 waterfowl (172 tundra swans [Cygnus columbianus], 33 Canada geese [Branta canadensis], and 14 other species) were poisoned by ingesting river sediment that was contaminated with lead. The next most common cause of death (20 instances, 7%) was lead poisoning accompanied by ingested shotshell pellets. The remaining 46 waterfowl succumbed to trauma, infectious diseases (aspergillosis, avian cholera, tuberculosis), or miscellaneous problems, or the cause of death was not determined. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Sileo, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 28 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 3 BP 364 EP 368 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 466XY UT WOS:000170672500015 PM 11503074 ER PT J AU Haramis, GM Jorde, DG Macko, SA Walker, JL AF Haramis, GM Jorde, DG Macko, SA Walker, JL TI Stable-isotope analysis of Canvasback winter diet in upper Chesapeake Bay SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CARBON ISOTOPES; AMINO-ACIDS; FRACTIONATION; DUCKS; BLOOD; ENRICHMENT; DELTA-C-13; TURNOVER; NITROGEN; TISSUES AB A major decline in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Chesapeake Bay has altered the diet of wintering Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) from historically plant to a combination of benthic animal foods, especially the ubiquitous Baltic clam (Macoma balthica), supplemented with anthropogenic corn (Zea mays). Because the isotopic signature of corn is readily discriminated from bay benthos, but not SAV, we used stable-isotope methodology to investigate the corn-SAV component of the winter diet of Canvasbacks. Feeding trials with penned Canvasbacks were conducted to establish turnover rates and fractionation end-point loci of delta C-13 and delta N-15 signatures of whole blood for individual ducks fed ad libitum diets of (1) Baltic clams, (2) Baltic clams and corn, and (3) tubers of wild celery (Vallisneria americana). Turnover time constants, averaged 4.5 weeks, indicating that signatures of wild ducks would be representative of bay diets by late February. Isotopic signatures of wild Can- vasbacks sampled in February fell on a continuum between end-point loci for the Baltic clam and the combination Baltic clam and corn diet. Although that finding verifies a clear dependence on corn-SAV for wintering Canvasbacks, it also reveals that not enough corn-SAV is available to establish ad libitum consumption for the 15,000+ Canvasbacks wintering in the upper bay. On the basis of mean delta C-13 signature of bay Canvasbacks (n = 59) and ingestion rates from feeding trials, we estimated that 258 kg corn per day would account for the observed delta C-13 enrichment and supply 18% of daily energetic needs for 15,000 Canvasbacks. That level of corn availability is so realistic that we conclude that SAV is likely of little dietary importance to Canvasbacks in that portion of the bay. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Haramis, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11410 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 41 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2001 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1008 EP 1017 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[1008:SIAOCW]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 493CY UT WOS:000172205500016 ER PT J AU Reeves, HM AF Reeves, HM TI In memoriam: George B. Saunders, 1907-2001 SO AUK LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Amity, OR 97101 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2001 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1030 EP 1031 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[1030:IMGBS]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 493CY UT WOS:000172205500019 ER PT J AU Larison, JR Crock, JG Snow, CM AF Larison, JR Crock, JG Snow, CM TI Timing of mineral sequestration in leg bones of White-tailed Ptarmigan SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM; PRECISION; ACCURACY; SKELETON AB Birds are unique among vertebrates in that they protect their eggs with rigid, calcium-rich shells. Thus, for a short period of time during the annual reproductive cycle, birds experience extraordinarily high demands for calcium. Two strategies appear to exist for meeting those temporally high demands. Some birds apparently seek out calcium-rich foods immediately prior to and during egg laying whereas others may store calcium in their skeletons over a much longer period of time, mobilizing those reserves only when they are needed for production of eggshells. In this study, we used dual energy, X-ray absorptiometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to monitor annual shifts in bone mineral content in the legs of White-tailed Ptarmigans (Lagopus leucurus). The study organisms were known to live on calcium-poor soils. Despite an apparent shortage of calcium in their diets, the test subjects stored substantial amounts of calcium in their leg bones in months prior to reproduction. Those stores were subsequently depleted during the egg-laying period. We suggest ability to store calcium in the skeleton may afford this species more flexibility in selecting suitable breeding habitats than would be possible otherwise. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Sect Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Oregon State Univ, Bone Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Larison, JR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2001 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1057 EP 1062 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[1057:TOMSIL]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 493CY UT WOS:000172205500026 ER PT J AU Sedinger, JS Herzog, MP Person, BT Kirk, MT Obritchkewitch, T Martin, PP Stickney, AA AF Sedinger, JS Herzog, MP Person, BT Kirk, MT Obritchkewitch, T Martin, PP Stickney, AA TI Large-scale variation in growth of Black Brant goslings related to food availability SO AUK LA English DT Article ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; LESSER SNOW GEESE; BODY-SIZE; GOOSE POPULATION; BREEDING GROUNDS; BARNACLE GOOSE; CANADA GEESE; HATCH DATE; SURVIVAL; VEGETATION AB We examined variation in growth of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) goslings among two colonies on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in southwestern Alaska and the Colville River Delta on Alaska's Arctic coast. We simultaneously measured abundance and quality of a key food plant, Carex subspathacea, and grazing pressure on that plant at the three colonies. Our goal was to measure variation in gosling growth in relation to variation in grazing pressure and food abundance because growth of goslings is directly linked to first-year survival, and consequently is the principal mechanism for density-dependent population regulation. Goslings grew substantially faster on the arctic coast and were nearly 30% larger than those on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta at four to five weeks old. Faster growth on the arctic coast was associated with 2X greater standing crop of C. subspathacea during brood rearing than on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Dispersal rates are high enough (Lindberg et al. 1998) to rule out local adaptation and genetic variation as explanations for observed variation in growth. Our results are consistent with lower survival of goslings from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta during their first fall migration and stronger density-dependent regulation on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta than on the Arctic coast. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, No Alaska Ecol Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. ABR Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Sedinger, JS (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2001 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1088 EP 1095 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[1088:LSVIGO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 493CY UT WOS:000172205500032 ER PT J AU Zettler, JA Spira, TP Allen, CR AF Zettler, JA Spira, TP Allen, CR TI Ant-seed mutualisms: can red imported fire ants sour the relationship? SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; red imported fire ant; ant-plant mutualism; myrmecochory; seed dispersal; invasive species ID CAREX-PEDUNCULATA; DISPERSAL; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; PREDATION; BEHAVIOR; INVASION; VIOLA AB Invasion by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, has had negative impacts on individual animal and plant species, but little is known about how S. invicta affects complex mutualistic relationships. In some eastern forests of North America, 30% of herbaceous species have ant-dispersed seeds. We conducted experiments to determine if fire ants are attracted to seeds of these plant species and assessed the amount of scarification or damage that results from handling by fire ants. Fire ants removed nearly 100% of seeds of the ant-dispersed plants Trillium undulation, T. discolor, T. catesbaei, Viola rotundifolia, and Sanguinaria canadensis. In recovered seeds fed to ant colonies, fire ants scarified 80% of S. canadensis seeds and destroyed 86% of V. rotundifolia seeds. Our study is the first to document that red imported fire ants are attracted to and remove seeds of species adapted for ant dispersal. Moreover, fire ants might damage these seeds and discard them in sites unfavorable for germination and seedling establishment. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Zettler, JA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 36 TC 46 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 101 IS 2 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00074-X PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464EE UT WOS:000170519600012 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD AF Lafferty, KD TI Disturbance to wintering western snowy plovers SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE shorebirds; pets; recreation; coastal; conservation ID FORAGING BEHAVIOR; CHARADRIUS-MELODUS; SHOREBIRDS; POPULATION; BIRDS AB In order to better understand the nature of disturbances to wintering snowy plovers, I observed snowy plovers and activities that might disturb them at a beach near Devereux Slough in Santa Barbara, California, USA. Disturbance (activity that caused plovers to move or fly) to wintering populations of threatened western snowy plovers was 16 times higher at a public beach than at protected beaches. Wintering plovers reacted to disturbance at half the distance (similar to 40 m) as has been reported for breeding snowy plovers (similar to 80 m). Humans, dogs, crows and other birds were the main sources of disturbance on the public beach, and each snowy plover was disturbed, on average, once every 27 weekend min and once every 43 weekday min. Dogs off leash were a disproportionate source of disturbance. Plovers were more likely to fly from dogs, horses and crows than from humans and other shorebirds. Plovers were less abundant near trail heads. Over short time scales, plovers did not acclimate to or successfully find refuge from disturbance. Feeding rates declined with increased human activity. I used data from these observations to parameterize a model that predicted rates of disturbance given various management actions. The model found that prohibiting dogs and a 30 rn buffer zone surrounding a 400 m stretch of beach provided the most protection for plovers for the least amount of impact to beach recreation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, USGS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, USGS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 34 TC 58 Z9 67 U1 6 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 101 IS 3 BP 315 EP 325 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00075-1 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 467UP UT WOS:000170722400005 ER PT J AU Griffin, DW Lipp, EK McLaughlin, MR Rose, JB AF Griffin, DW Lipp, EK McLaughlin, MR Rose, JB TI Marine recreation and public health microbiology: Quest for the ideal indicator SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INFECTING BACTEROIDES-FRAGILIS; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE PATTERNS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; VIBRIO-VULNIFICUS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FECAL POLLUTION; DRINKING-WATER C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Griffin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL USA. NR 70 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 817 EP 825 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0817:MRAPHM]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 485VA UT WOS:000171783600006 ER PT J AU Samson, FB Knopf, FL AF Samson, FB Knopf, FL TI Archaic agencies, muddled missions, and conservation in the 21st century SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Samson, FB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 869 EP 873 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0869:AAMMAC]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 485VA UT WOS:000171783600011 ER PT J AU Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD Caprio, JM Kammerdiener, SA Peterson, DH AF Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD Caprio, JM Kammerdiener, SA Peterson, DH TI Comments on "Changes in the onset of spring in the western United States" - Reply SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Cayan, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 82 IS 10 BP 2265 EP 2266 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478PA UT WOS:000171353500007 ER PT J AU Huang, CC Lee, YH Liu, HP Keefer, DK Jibson, RW AF Huang, CC Lee, YH Liu, HP Keefer, DK Jibson, RW TI Influence of surface-normal ground acceleration on the initiation of the Jih-Feng-Erh-Shan landslide during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake triggered numerous landslides throughout a large area in the Central Range, to the east, southeast, and south of the fault rupture. Among them are two large rock avalanches, at Tsaoling and at Jih-Feng-Erh-Shan. At Jih-Feng-Erh-Shan, the entire thickness (30-50 in) of the Miocene Changhukeng Shale over an area of 1 km(2) slid down its bedding plane for a distance of about I km. Initial movement of the landslide was nearly purely translational. We investigate the effect of surface-normal acceleration on the initiation of the Jih-Feng-Erh-Shan landslide using a block slide model. We show that this acceleration, currently not considered by dynamic slope-stability analysis methods, significantly influences the initiation of the landslide. C1 Cent Geol Survey, Chungho Taipei, Taiwan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Huang, CC (reprint author), Cent Geol Survey, No 2, Lane 109,Huahsin St, Chungho Taipei, Taiwan. NR 10 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 953 EP 958 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 497ME UT WOS:000172458800005 ER PT J AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM TI Effect of baseline corrections on displacements and response spectra for several recordings of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Displacements derived from many of the accelerogram recordings of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake show drifts when only a simple baseline derived from the pre-event portion of the record is removed from the records. The appearance of the velocity and displacement records suggests that changes in the zero level of the acceleration are responsible for these drifts. The source of the shifts in zero level are unknown, but in at least one case it is almost certainly due to tilting of the ground. This article illustrates the effect on the ground velocity, ground displacement, and response spectra of several schemes for accounting for these baseline shifts. A wide range of final displacements can be obtained for various choices of baseline correction, and comparison with nearby GPS stations (none of which are colocated with the accelerograph stations) do not help in choosing the appropriate baseline correction. The results suggest that final displacements estimated from the records should be used with caution. The most important conclusion for earthquake engineering purposes, however, is that the response spectra for periods less than about 20 see are usually unaffected by the baseline correction. Although limited to the analysis of only a small number of recordings, the results may have more general significance both for the many other recordings of this earthquake and for data that will be obtained in the future from similar high-quality accelerograph networks now being installed or soon to be installed in many parts of the world. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 10 TC 173 Z9 202 U1 4 U2 20 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1199 EP 1211 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 497ME UT WOS:000172458800026 ER PT J AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM TI Comparisons of ground motions from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake with empirical predictions largely based on data from California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB This article has the modest goal of comparing the ground motions recorded during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, mainshock with predictions from four empirical-based equations commonly used for western North America; these empirical predictions are largely based on data from California. Comparisons are made for peak acceleration and 5%-damped response spectra at periods between 0.1 and 4 sec. The general finding is that the Chi-Chi ground motions axe smaller than those predicted from the empirically based equations for periods less than about 1 sec by factors averaging about 0.4 but as small as 0.26 (depending on period, on which equation is used, and on whether the sites are assumed to be rock or soil). There is a trend for the observed motions to approach or even exceed the predicted motions for longer periods. Motions at similar distances (30-60 km) to the east and to the west of the fault differ dramatically at periods between about 2 and 20 sec: long-duration wave trains are present on the motions to the west, and when normalized to similar amplitudes at short periods, the response spectra of the motions at the western stations are as much as five times larger than those of motions from eastern stations. The explanation for the difference is probably related to site and propagation effects; the western stations are on the Coastal Plain, whereas the eastern stations are at the foot of young and steep mountains, either in the relatively narrow Longitudinal Valley or along the eastern coast-the sediments underlying the eastern stations are probably shallower and have higher velocity than those under the western stations. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1212 EP 1217 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 497ME UT WOS:000172458800027 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM Pratt, TL AF Brocher, TM Pratt, TL CA Dry SHIPS Working Grp TI Data files from the "Dry SHIPS" recordings of the Chi-Chi earthquake, Seattle, Washington SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1395 EP 1395 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 497ME UT WOS:000172458800054 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Linz, GM Bleier, WJ AF Twedt, DJ Linz, GM Bleier, WJ TI Inability to predict geographic origin of yellow-headed blackbirds, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, during migration SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE yellow-headed blackbird; Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus; principal component analysis; Alberta; Saskatchewan; Manitoba; North Dakota; morphology; migration ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; ROOSTS AB Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) collected at different breeding locations in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and North Dakota exhibit clearly discernable morphometric differences with larger bodied birds found at more northern and western locations. We reduced eight skeletal measurements and body length from adult female and male Yellow-headed Blackbirds to their first two principal components. Principal component scores progressively increased at more northwestern locations. Principal component scores were also derived from measurements of birds collected in central North Dakota throughout summer and fall. We hypothesized an increase in principal component scores of Yellow-headed Blackbirds from summer through fall within central North Dakota as larger bodied migrants arrived and displaced local breeding birds. However, we were unable to detect such an increase in principal component scores from mid-June though mid-September over two years of study. Discriminant models that were developed to distinguish birds breeding in Canada from those breeding in the USA were thus poor predictors of the migratory status of Yellow-headed Blackbirds. Consequently, we were unable to exploit the morphometric differences inherent among Yellow-headed Blackbirds breeding at different geographic locations to quantify the timing or the magnitude of their migration through central North Dakota. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 115 IS 4 BP 549 EP 554 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584YU UT WOS:000177497000002 ER PT J AU Schmidt, KM Roering, JJ Stock, JD Dietrich, WE Montgomery, DR Schaub, T AF Schmidt, KM Roering, JJ Stock, JD Dietrich, WE Montgomery, DR Schaub, T TI The variability of root cohesion as an influence on shallow landslide susceptibility in the Oregon Coast Range SO CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE root strength; cohesion; landslide; debris flow; land use; anthropogenic disturbance ID SLOPE STABILITY; TREE ROOTS; SHEAR RESISTANCE; REINFORCED SAND; EROSION THRESHOLDS; DOUGLAS-FIR; SOIL; MODEL; STRENGTH; FOREST AB Decades of quantitative measurement indicate that roots can mechanically reinforce shallow soils in forested landscapes. Forests, however, have variations in vegetation species and age which can dominate the local stability of landslide-initiation sites. To assess the influence of this variability on root cohesion we examined scarps of landslides triggered during large storms in February and November of 1996 in the Oregon Coast Range and hand-dug soil pits on stable ground. At 41 sites we estimated the cohesive reinforcement to soil due to roots by determining the tensile strength, species, depth, orientation, relative health, and the density of roots greater than or equal to1 mm in diameter within a measured soil area. We found that median lateral root cohesion ranges from 6.8-23.2 kPa in industrial forests with significant understory and deciduous vegetation to 25.6-94.3 kPa in natural forests dominated by coniferous vegetation. Lateral root cohesion in clearcuts is uniformly less than or equal to 10 kPa. Some 100-year-old industrial forests have species compositions, lateral root cohesion, and root diameters that more closely resemble 10-year-old clearcuts than natural forests. As such, the influence of root cohesion variability on landslide susceptibility cannot be determined solely from broad age classifications or extrapolated from the presence of one species of vegetation. Furthermore, the anthropogenic disturbance legacy modifies root cohesion for at least a century and should be considered when comparing contemporary landslide rates from industrial forests with geologic background rates. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Schmidt, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 975, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 107 TC 191 Z9 213 U1 6 U2 50 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-3674 J9 CAN GEOTECH J JI Can. Geotech. J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 38 IS 5 BP 995 EP 1024 DI 10.1139/cgj-38-5-995 PG 30 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 484MX UT WOS:000171695100007 ER PT J AU Manies, KL Mladenoff, DJ Nordheim, EV AF Manies, KL Mladenoff, DJ Nordheim, EV TI Assessing large-scale surveyor variability in the historic forest data of the original US Public Land Survey SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES REGION; PRESETTLEMENT; VEGETATION; FIRE; SETTLEMENT; REGIMES; PAST AB The U.S. General Land Office Public Land Survey (PLS) records are a valuable resource for studying pre-European settlement vegetation. However, these data were taken for legal, not ecological, purposes. In turn, the instructions the surveyors followed affected the data collected. For this reason, it has been suggested that the PLS data may not truly represent the surveyed landscapes. This study examined the PLS data of northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., to determine the extent of variability among surveyors. We statistically tested for differences among surveyors in recorded tree species, size, location, and distance from the survey point. While we cannot rule out effects from other influences (e.g., environmental factors), we found evidence suggesting some level of surveyor bias for four of five variables, including tree species and size. The PLS data remain one of the best records of pre-European settlement vegetation available. However, based on our findings, we recommend that projects using PLS records examine these data carefully. This assessment should include not only the choice of variables to be studied but also the spatial extent at which the data will be examined. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Manies, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 41 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1719 EP 1730 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-10-1719 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481LF UT WOS:000171520200008 ER PT J AU Silapaswan, CS Verbyla, DL McGuire, AD AF Silapaswan, CS Verbyla, DL McGuire, AD TI Land cover change on the Seward Peninsula: The use of remote sensing to evaluate the potential influences of climate warming on historical vegetation dynamics SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC TUNDRA; FOREST LIMIT; HIGH-LATITUDES; CO2 FLUX; ALASKA; BIAS; RESPONSES; EXPANSION; DECADES; GROWTH AB Vegetation on the Seward Peninsula. Alaska, which is characterized by transitions from tundra to boreal forest, may be sensitive to the influences of climate change on disturbance and species composition. To determine the ability to detect decadal-scale structural changes in vegetation. Change Vector Analysis (CVA) techniques were evaluated for Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery of the Seward Peninsula from 1986 to 1999. Scenes were geographically corrected to sub pixel accuracy and then radiometrically rectified. Between the 1986 and 1992 satellite scenes, the CVA detected changes in direction and magnitude of the two indices (TM Band 4/TM Band 3, TM Band 5). For Row 14, change was detected for 135,518 ha and for Row 15, change was detected for 111,831 ha. Between the 1992 and 1999 scenes. change was detected by CYA for 93,278 ha. CVA results and photo interpretation together show that shrub advance is approximately 100 metres in valleys north of the Bendeleben Mountains and that shrubs have increased along riverbed bottoms. Across Path 78 Row 14 and 15. the unsupervised classification detected that 55% of the pixels changed between 1986 and 1992. Overall, approximately 759,610 ha changed to a class with a more developed canopy and only 268,132 ha changed to a class with a less developed canopy. Thus, the change detection analysis based on the unsupervised classification indicates that land-cover change on the Seward Peninsula was predominantly, in the direction of increased shrubbiness. Taken together, our comparison of CVA results, unsupervised classification results, and visual interpretation of aerial photographs suggests that shrub cover may be increasing on the Seward Peninsula, which is consistent with results from experimental warming in tundra. The use of both CVA and unsupervised classification together provided a more powerful interpretation of change than either method alone in transitional regions between tundra and boreal forest. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Silapaswan, CS (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 58 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 26 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 27 IS 5 BP 542 EP 554 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 503QP UT WOS:000172811700014 ER PT J AU Hecht, A Parkin, MJ AF Hecht, A Parkin, MJ TI Improving peer review of listings and recovery plans under the Endangered Species Act SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID RESOURCE AB We discuss several challenges encountered in peer review of Endangered Species Act listings and recovery plans, with particular attention to Meffe et at's (1998) statement on independent scientific review in natural resource management. First, Endangered Species Act listing documents and recovery plans pose a diverse array of scientific questions, and we suggest that overall effectiveness of peer review may be increased by segregating the critical issues and identifying specific reviewers for each issue. Some scientific reviewers may be unfamiliar with the decision standards prescribed by the Endangered Species Act and implementing policies. Unnecessary confusion could be prevented by providing reviewers with information about these standards and by requesting that reviewers clearly differentiate their assessment of decisions that must be based on available information from recommendations for future research. Short review periods constitute another constraint on careful review, but tight deadlines are fairly intractable in the context of the Endangered Species Act. We suggest that short time frames could be partially ameliorated by narrowing the scope of issues to be treated by each reviewer, and we discuss the issue of providing monetary compensation for efficient review. Finally, Endangered Species Act listing decisions and recovery planning may profit from more frequent peer review of intermediate analyses that precede publication of formal proposals or complete plans. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sudbury, MA 01776 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Hecht, A (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 73 Weir Hill Rd, Sudbury, MA 01776 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1269 EP 1273 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00402.x PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481BY UT WOS:000171501100009 ER PT J AU Abbitt, RJF Scott, JM AF Abbitt, RJF Scott, JM TI Examining differences between recovered and declining endangered species SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ACT; CONSERVATION; PROTECTION; THREATS AB Between 1973 and 1999, 43 species in the United States were reclassified from endangered to threatened or removed entirely from the Endangered Species List. Of these, 23 were identified as recovered. In 1999 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) published a list of 33 additional species for possible reclassification and/or delisting. We initiated this study to examine why some endangered species recover but others continue to decline and to identify differences in management activities between these two groups. We defined recovered/recovering species as previously recovered species and the additional recovered/recovering species listed by the USFWS. We defined declining species as those identified as declining in the most recent USFWS Report to Congress. Information on recovered/recovering and declining species was gathered from relevant literature, recovery plans, U.S. Federal Register documents, and individuals responsible for the recovery management of each species. We used this information to examine (1) the percentage of current and historic range covered by management activities, (2) threats affecting the species; (3) population sizes at the time of listing; (4) current versus historic range size; and (5) percentage of recovery management objectives completed. Although few statistical analyses provided significant results, those that did suggest the following differences between recovered/recovering and declining species: (1) recovered/recovering species face threats that are easier to address; (2) recovered/recovering species occupy a greater percentage of their historic range; and (3) recovered/recovering species have a greater percentage of their recovery management objectives completed. Those species with threats easier to address and that occupy a greater percentage of their historic range are recovered/recovering. In contrast, declining species face threats more difficult to address and occupy significantly less of their historic range. If this remains true, future species recovery may require more time and resources. C1 Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Abbitt, RJF (reprint author), Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. NR 27 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1274 EP 1284 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00430.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481BY UT WOS:000171501100010 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC Spicer, L AF Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC Spicer, L TI Role of patch size, disease, and movement in rapid extinction of bighorn sheep SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN SHEEP; ANTIPREDATOR TACTICS; DOMESTIC SHEEP; PERSISTENCE; POPULATIONS; DYNAMICS; DISPERSION; PNEUMONIA; CARIBOU; MODEL AB The controversy (Berger 1990, 1999; Wehausen 1999) over rapid extinction in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) has focused on population size alone as a correlate to persistence time. We report on the persistence and population performance of 24 translocated populations of bighorn sheep. Persistence in these sheep was strongly correlated with larger patch sizes, greater distance to domestic sheep, higher population growth rates, and migratory movements, as well as to larger population sizes. Persistence was also positively correlated with larger average home-range size (p = 0.058, n = 10 translocated populations) and home-range size of rams (p = 0.087, n = 8 translocated populations). Greater home-range size and dispersal rates of bighorn sheep were positively correlated to larger patches. We conclude that patch size and thus habitat carrying capacity, not population size per se, is the primary correlate to both population performance and persistence. Because habitat carrying capacity defines the upper limit to population size, clearly the amount of suitable habitat in a patch is ultimately linked to population size. Larger populations (250+ animals) were more likely to recover rapidly to their pre-epizootic survey number following an epizootic (p = 0.019), although the proportion of the population dying in the epizootic also influenced the probability of recovery (p = 0.001). Expensive management efforts to restore or increase bighorn sheep populations should focus on large habitat patches located greater than or equal to 23 km from domestic sheep, and less effort should be expended on populations in isolated, small patches of habitat. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Curecanti Natl Recreat Area, Gunnison, CO 81230 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 60 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 6 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1347 EP 1354 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.99488.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481BY UT WOS:000171501100018 ER PT J AU Duguay, JP Wood, PB Nichols, JV AF Duguay, JP Wood, PB Nichols, JV TI Songbird abundance and avian nest survival rates in forests fragmented by different silvicultural treatments SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BIRD COMMUNITIES; MIGRATORY BIRDS; WOOD THRUSHES; EDGE; LANDSCAPE; DENSITY; INDICATOR; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR AB Concerns over declining songbird populations have led to investigations of the effects of various silvicultural practices on breeding songbirds Few studies published, however, have examined both songbird populations and avian nest success among harvesting treatments, particularly in forested landscapes. We conducted a study in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia during the summers of 1993 to 1996 to compare breeding-bird abundance and daily nest survival rates among different sivicultural treatments: a two-age treatment (a type of deferred removal in which 37-49 mature trees/ha remain after a harvest until the next rotation), clearcutting treatments 15 years after harvest, unharvested forest surrounding the harvested stands, and unharvested stands not adjacent to cuts. Abundance and daily nest-survival rates did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05) for four of the five species for which the most nests were found: Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), Veery (Catharus fuscescens), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). Parasitism rates were low (6%), and most parasitized nests were associated with the two-age harvest treatment. A source-sink model for the Wood Thrush revealed that all treatments were likely population sources for this species. Thus, it appears that 15 years after harvest, cuts placed within otherwise extensively forested areas do not result in the type of edge effects (population sinks) observed in areas fragmented by agriculture in the midwestern United States. Further, because neither nest success nor avian abundance was lower in the two-age than clearcut harvests, we conclude that two-age management is a viable conservation alternative to clearcutting in large forested landscapes where Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater.) parasitism is not a concern. C1 US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Duguay, JP (reprint author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, POB 6109,SFA Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RI Liu, Yi-Chun/H-5463-2012 NR 50 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1405 EP 1415 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.99023.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481BY UT WOS:000171501100024 ER PT J AU Lindholm, J Barr, B AF Lindholm, J Barr, B TI Comparison of marine and terrestrial protected areas under federal jurisdiction in the United States SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB There is a significant disparity in the protection of terrestrial and marine environments in the United States. Despite the considerable literature dedicated to the subject of protected areas, both terrestrial and marine, in the United States, we are not aware of work explicitly describing this dichotomy. We compared marine and terrestrial areas under federal jurisdiction to provide a quantitative assessment of the differences between the conservation of land and sea in the United States. Specifically, we compared national marine sanctuaries (including sanctuary preservation areas and ecological reserves) with national parks, national forests, and national wildlife refuges (including national wilderness preservation areas). Our results suggest that marine sanctuaries are fewer in number, smaller in total area, and smaller in percentage of area covered than are terrestrial protected areas. C1 Univ Connecticut, Natl Undersea Res Ctr NW Atlantic & Great Lakes, Groton, CT 06340 USA. US Geol Survey, Conservat Policy & Planning Branch, NOAA, Natl Marine Sanctuary Syst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Lindholm, J (reprint author), Stellwagen Bank Natl Marine Sanctuary, 175 Edward Foster Rd, Scituate, MA 02066 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1441 EP 1444 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00052.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481BY UT WOS:000171501100028 ER PT J AU Belnap, J Phillips, SL AF Belnap, J Phillips, SL TI Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bacteria; biological soil crust; Bromus tectorum; Hilaria; and Stipa; desert soils; exotic-plant invasion; fungi; grasslands; semi-arid; microinvertebrates; nematodes; nutrient cycling,protozoa; soil food-web structure ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; LITTER; COMMUNITY; BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; DECOMPOSITION; DISTRIBUTIONS; ENVIRONMENT; MECHANISMS; DIVERSITY AB Bromus tectorum is an exotic annual grass that currently dominates many western U.S. semi-arid ecosystems, and the effects of this grass on ecosystems in general, and soil biota specifically, are unknown. Bromus recently invaded two ungrazed and unburned perennial bunchgrass communities in southeastern Utah. This study compared the soil food-web structure of the two native grassland associations (Stipa [S] and Hilaria [H]), with and without the presence of Bromus. Perennial grass and total vascular-plant cover were higher in S than in H plots, while quantities of ground litter were similar. Distribution of live and dead plant material was highly clumped in S and fairly homogenous in H. Soil food-web structure was different between H and S, with lower trophic levels more abundant in H and higher trophic levels more abundant in S. In Bromus-invaded plots. the quantity of ground litter was 2.2 times higher in Hilaria-Bromus (HB) than in H plots, and 2.8 times higher in Stipa-Bromus (SB) than in S plots. Soil biota in HB generally responded to the Bromus invasion in an opposite manner than in SB, e.g., if a given component of the food web increased in one community, it generally decreased in the other. Active bacteria decreased in H vs. HB, while increasing in S vs. SB. Soil and live plant-infecting fungi were the exception, as they increased in both types of invaded plots relative to uninvaded plots. Dead-plant-infecting fungi decreased in H vs. HB and increased in S vs. SB. Most higher-trophic-level organisms increased in HB relative to H, while decreasing in SB relative to S. Given the mixed response to invasion, the structure of these soil food webs appears to be controlled by both plant inputs and internal dynamics between trophic levels. When compared to non-invaded sites, soil and soil food-web characterisitics of the newly invaded sites included: (1) lower species richness and lower absolute numbers of fungi and invertebrates; (2) greater abundance of active bacteria; (3) similar species of bacteria and fungi as those found in soils invaded over 50 yr ago; (4) higher levels of silt (thus greater fertility and soil water-holding capacity); and (5) a more continuous cover of living and dead plant material (thus facilitating germination of the large-seeded Bromus). These results illustrate that (1) soil food-web structure can vary widely within what would generally be considered one vegetation type (semi-arid grassland), depending on plant species composition within that type, and (2) addition of a common resource can evoke disparate responses from individual food-web compartments, depending on their original structure. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 2282 S W Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM jayne_belnap@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 158 Z9 184 U1 12 U2 73 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 5 BP 1261 EP 1275 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 479RQ UT WOS:000171417700002 ER PT J AU Evans, RD Rimer, R Sperry, L Belnap, J AF Evans, RD Rimer, R Sperry, L Belnap, J TI Exotic plant invasion alters nitrogen dynamics in an arid grassland SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bromus tectorum; Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA; denitrification enzyme activity; desert vegetation; ecosystem carbon; ecosystem nitrogen; grasslands; invasive species; litter, changes in biomass and chemistry; N mineralization; plant-available N following plant invasion; plant invasion, litter quality ID EXCHANGE RESIN BAGS; CHEATGRASS BROMUS-TECTORUM; CANYONLANDS-NATIONAL-PARK; SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS; SHRUB-STEPPE ECOSYSTEM; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; N-MINERALIZATION; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; GLOBAL CHANGE; DESERT SOILS AB The introduction of normative plant species may decrease ecosystem stability by altering the availability of nitrogen (N) for plant growth. Invasive species can impact N availability by changing litter quantity and quality, rates of N-2-fixation, or rates of N loss. We quantified the effects of invasion by the annual grass Bromus tectorum on N cycling in an arid grassland on the Colorado Plateau (USA). The invasion occurred in 1994 in two community types in an undisturbed grassland. This natural experiment allowed us to measure the immediate responses following invasion without the confounding effects of previous disturbance. Litter biomass and the C:N and lignin:N ratios were measured to determine the effects on litter dynamics. Long-term soil incubations (415 d) were used to measure potential microbial respiration and net N mineralization. Plant-available N was quantified for two years in situ with ion-exchange resin bags, and potential changes in rates of gaseous N loss were estimated by measuring denitrification enzyme activity. Bromus invasion significantly increased litter biomass, and Bromus litter had significantly greater C:N and lignin:N ratios than did native species. The change in litter quantity and chemistry decreased potential rates of net N mineralization in sites with Bromus by decreasing nitrogen available for microbial activity. Inorganic N was 50% lower on Hilaria sites with Bromus during the spring of 1997, but no differences were observed during 1998. The contrasting differences between years are likely due to moisture availability; spring precipitation was 15% greater than average during 1997, but 52% below average during spring of 1998. Bromus may cause a short-term decrease in N loss by decreasing substrate availability and denitrification enzyme activity, but N loss is likely to be greater in invaded sites in the long term because of increased fire frequency and greater N volatilization during fire. We hypothesize that the introduction of Bromus in conjunction with land-use change has established a series of positive feedbacks that will decrease N availability and alter species composition. C1 Univ Arkansas, State Isotype Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Geol Survey, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Evans, RD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, State Isotype Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 76 TC 231 Z9 258 U1 13 U2 137 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 5 BP 1301 EP 1310 DI 10.2307/3060921 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 479RQ UT WOS:000171417700005 ER PT J AU Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC AF Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC TI Bird-landscape relations in the Chihuahuan Desert: Coping with uncertainties about predictive models SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bird-landscape relations; Chihuahuan Desert; conservation decision processes; interannual variation; model consistency; partial observability; random environmental variation; statistical power; stochastic simulation; structural uncertainty ID OBSERVER CLOTHING COLOR; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; NESTING SUCCESS; BREEDING BIRDS; SPATIAL SCALE; HABITAT; MANAGEMENT; PATTERNS; COMMUNITIES AB During the springs of 1995-1997, we studied birds and landscapes in the Chihuahuan Desert along part of the Texas-Mexico border. Our objectives were to assess bird-landscape relations and their interannual consistency and to identify ways to cope with associated uncertainties that undermine confidence in using such relations in conservation decision processes. Bird distributions were often significantly associated with landscape features, and many bird-landscape models were valid and useful for predictive purposes. Differences in early spring rainfall appeared to influence bird abundance, but there was no evidence that annual differences in bird abundance affected model consistency. Model consistency for richness (42%) was higher than mean model consistency for 26 focal species (mean 30%, range 0-67%), suggesting that relations involving individual species are, on average, more subject to factors that cause variation than are richness-landscape relations. Consistency of bird-landscape relations may be influenced by such factors as plant succession, exotic species invasion, bird species' tolerances for environmental variation, habitat occupancy patterns, and variation in food density or weather. The low model consistency that we observed for most species indicates the high variation in bird-landscape relations that managers and other decision makers may encounter. The uncertainty of interannual variation in bird-landscape relations can be reduced by using projections of bird distributions from different annual models to determine the likely range of temporal and spatial variation in a species' distribution. Stochastic simulation models can be used to incorporate the uncertainty of random environmental variation into predictions of bird distributions based on bird-landscape relations and to provide probabilistic projections with which managers can weigh the costs and benefits of various decisions. Uncertainty about the true structure of bird-landscape relations (structural uncertainty) can be reduced by ensuring that models meet important statistical assumptions, designing studies with sufficient statistical power, validating the predictive ability of models, and improving model accuracy through continued field sampling and model fitting. Uncertainty associated with sampling variation (partial observability) can be reduced by ensuring that sample sizes are large enough to provide precise estimates of both bird and landscape parameters. By decreasing the uncertainty due to partial observability, managers will improve their ability to reduce structural uncertainty. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Gutzwiller, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 69 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 5 BP 1517 EP 1532 DI 10.2307/3060936 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 479RQ UT WOS:000171417700020 ER PT J AU Czech, B AF Czech, B TI A potential catch-22 for a sustainable American ideology SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE capitalist democracy; economic growth; environmental Kuznets curve; American history; political economy; socialism; sustainable ideology; sustainability ID WILDLIFE CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AB The history of American ideology includes elements of increasing sustainability. Laissez-faire, racism, sexism, and anthropocentrism have been declining throughout the 20th century, as indicated by various social movements and institutional developments. Economic growth has proceeded concurrently and the material standard of living has generally done likewise. Proponents of an environmental Kuznets curve posit that continued economic growth and associated increases in the standard of living will have the effect of, and are required for, producing an increasingly sustainable ideology. Meanwhile, the tenets of ecological economics deny the possibility of perpetual economic growth on biophysical grounds, leading to the conclusion that continued economic growth will have the effect of lowering the standard of living. The convergence of these theories reveals the potential for a sustainability catch-22, whereby a sustainable ideology is required to produce a sustainable economy, but a sustainable economy is required to produce a sustainable ideology. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Refuge Syst, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Czech, B (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Refuge Syst, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 57 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 39 IS 1 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00196-3 PG 10 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 486TP UT WOS:000171833300002 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN AF Beyer, WN TI Estimating toxic damage to soil ecosystems from soil organic matter profiles SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil health; earthworms; macrofauna; mull; mor ID ZINC-SMELTER EMISSIONS; DIRECT DRILLED CEREALS; ROOT-GROWTH; LITTER; EARTHWORMS; CONTAMINATION; IMPACT; DECOMPOSITION; LUMBRICIDAE; ARTHROPODS AB Concentrations of particulate and total organic matter were measured in upper soil profiles at 26 sites as a potential means to identify toxic damage to soil ecosystems. Because soil organic matter plays a role in cycling nutrients, aerating soil, retaining water, and maintaining tilth, a significant reduction in organic matter content in a soil profile is not just evidence of a change in ecosystem function, but of damage to that soil ecosystem. Reference sites were selected for comparison to contaminated sites, and additional sites were selected to illustrate how variables other than environmental contaminants might affect the soil organic matter profile. The survey was undertaken on the supposition that environmental contaminants and other stressors reduce the activity of earthworms and other macrofauna, inhibiting the incorporation of organic matter into the soil profile. The profiles of the unstressed soils showed a continuous decrease in organic matter content from the uppermost mineral soil layer (0-2.5 cm) down to 15 cm. Stressed soils showed an abrupt decrease in soil organic matter content below a depth of 2.5 cm. The 2.5-5.0 cm layer of stressed soils-such as found in a pine barren, an orchard, sites contaminated with zinc, and a site with compacted soil-had less than 4 % total organic matter and less than 1 % particulate organic matter. However, damaged soil ecosystems were best identified by comparison of their profiles to the profiles of closely matched reference soils, rather than by comparison to these absolute values. The presence or absence of earthworms offered a partial explanation of observed differences in soil organic matter profiles. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 59 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 273 EP 283 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 455ZC UT WOS:000170056800002 PM 11556114 ER PT J AU Dahl, CR Bickham, JW Wickliffe, JK Custer, TW AF Dahl, CR Bickham, JW Wickliffe, JK Custer, TW TI Cytochrome b sequences in black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from heronries exposed to genotoxic contaminants SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial DNA; population genetics; environmental contamination; DNA sequencing; cytochrome b; black-crowned night-herons; Nycticorax nycticorax ID POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; RESTRICTION DATA; CRUDE-OIL; ECOTOXICOLOGY; DIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; CHERNOBYL; MUTATIONS AB DNA sequence analysis of a 215 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was used to examine genetic variation and search for evidence of an increased mutation rate in black-crowned night-herons. We examined five populations exposed to environmental contamination (primarily PAHs and PCBs) and one reference population from the eastern U.S. There was no evidence of a high mutation rate even within populations previously shown to exhibit increased variation in DNA content among somatic cells as a result of petroleum exposure. Three haplotypes were observed among 99 individuals. The low level of variability could be evidence for a genetic bottleneck, or that cytochrome b is too conservative for use in population genetic studies of this species. With the exception of one population from Louisiana, pair-wise Phi(st) estimates were very low, indicative of little population structure and potentially high rates of effective migration among populations. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Lacrosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Bickham, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 455ZC UT WOS:000170056800004 PM 11556116 ER PT J AU Schweig, ES Gomberg, JS Van Arsdale, RB AF Schweig, ES Gomberg, JS Van Arsdale, RB TI Introduction to special issue titled earthquake hazard evaluation in the Central United States SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE earthquake; seismic hazard mapping project; liquefaction susceptibility C1 US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Geol Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Schweig, ES (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3876 Cent Ave,Ste 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00044-8 PG 5 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800001 ER PT J AU Wheeler, RL Mueller, CS AF Wheeler, RL Mueller, CS TI Central US earthquake catalog for hazard maps of Memphis, Tennessee SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hazard; earthquakes catalogs; seismic risks; Memphis, Tennessee ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; MISSISSIPPI VALLEY EARTHQUAKES; MAGNITUDE; INTENSITY AB An updated version of the catalog that was used for the current national probabilistic seismic-hazard maps would suffice for production of large-scale hazard maps of the Memphis urban area. Deaggregation maps provide guidance as to the area that a catalog for calculating Memphis hazard should cover. For the future, the Nuttli and local network catalogs could be examined for earthquakes not presently included in the catalog. Additional work on aftershock removal might reduce hazard uncertainty. Graphs of decadal and annual earthquake rates suggest completeness at and above magnitude 3 for the last three or four decades. Any additional work on completeness should consider the effects of rapid, local population changes during the Nation's westward expansion. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wheeler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00046-1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800003 ER PT J AU Wheeler, RL Crone, AJ AF Wheeler, RL Crone, AJ TI Known and suggested quaternary faulting in the midcontinent United States SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Review DE earthquake hazards; geologic faults; faulting; Quaternary; paleoseismology ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; COMMERCE GEOPHYSICAL LINEAMENT; HOLOCENE PALEO-EARTHQUAKES; MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA; MEERS FAULT; NEW-YORK; SOUTHERNMOST ILLINOIS; LIQUEFACTION FEATURES; BLOCK TECTONICS AB The midcontinent United States between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains contains 40 known faults or other potentially tectonic features for which published geologic information shows or suggests Quaternary tectonic faulting. We report results of a systematic evaluation of published and other publicly available geologic evidence of Quaternary faulting. These results benefit seismic-hazard assessments by (1) providing some constraints on the recurrence intervals and magnitudes of large, prehistoric earthquakes, and (2) identifying features that warrant additional study. For some features, suggested Quaternary tectonic faulting has been disproved, whereas, for others, the suggested faulting remains questionable. Of the 40 features, nine have clear geologic evidence of Quaternary tectonic faulting associated with prehistoric earthquakes, and another six features have evidence of nontectonic origins. An additional 12 faults, uplifts, or historical seismic zones lack reported paleoseismological evidence of large, Quaternary earthquakes. The remaining 13 features require further paleoseismological study to determine if they have had Quaternary earthquakes that were larger than any known from local historical records; seven of these 13 features are in or near urbanized areas where their study could affect urban hazard estimates. These seven are: (1) the belt of normal faults that rings the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas, (2) the Northeast Ohio seismic zone, (3) the Valmont and (4) Goodpasture faults of Colorado, (5) the Champlain lowlands normal faults of New York State and Vermont, and (6) the Lexington and (7) Kentucky River fault systems of eastern Kentucky. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wheeler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 167 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 51 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00050-3 PG 28 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800005 ER PT J AU Williams, RA Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Worley, DM AF Williams, RA Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Worley, DM TI Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km north of Memphis, Tennessee SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE seismic-reflection; quarternary loess; paleozoic carbonates; vibroseis; Mini-Sosie; Mississippi; river floodplain AB Other than the Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ), little is known about the seismic hazard from earthquake faults within 50 km of Memphis, Tennessee, a city that contains a large inventory of older buildings that are vulnerable to moderate and strong earthquake ground shaking. To address this lack of knowledge about faulting near Memphis, we acquired a 4.5 km long Mini-Sosie seismic-reflection profile across the boundary between the loess-covered bluffs and modern Mississippi River flood plain in Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park north of Memphis. We imaged a previously unknown reverse/thrust fault that displaces Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks and upwarps Tertiary deposits on the floodplain portion of the profile about 25 km north of downtown Memphis. The Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks are vertically faulted about 70 and 40 m, respectively, in an up-to-the-west sense of displacement. The fault displacement apparently terminates in the basal portion of the Paleocene section and causes only an upwarping of the overlying deposits. The overlying Paleocene and Eocene deposits, which are probably the youngest deposits imaged, are upwarped about 50-60 m with the same sense of displacement as the underlying older units. The sense of displacement, amplitude, and appearance of the fault in the seismic data are very similar to that observed in the seismic reflection images of the CCFZ 15 kin west of this profile. Although we have imaged this new fault in only one location, its proximity to Memphis and similarities to the CCFZ, leads us to speculate that it may be a parallel structure to the CCFZ and thus warrants further study. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Williams, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 79 EP 90 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7 PG 12 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800006 ER PT J AU Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Worley, DM Guccione, MJ Van Arsdale, RB AF Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Worley, DM Guccione, MJ Van Arsdale, RB TI High resolution seismic-reflection imaging of shallow deformation beneath the northeast margin of the Manila high at Big Lake, Arkansas SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MADRID EARTHQUAKES; ZONE AB The Manila high, an elliptical area 19 km long (N-S) by 6 km wide (E-W) located west-southwest of Big Lake, Arkansas, has less than 3 m of topographic relief. Geomorphic, stratigraphic and chronology data indicate that Big Lake formed during at least two periods of Holocene uplift and subsequent damming of the south-flowing Little River. Age data of an organic mat located at the base of an upper lacustrine deposit indicates an abrupt, possibly tectonic, formation of the present Big Lake between AD 1640 and 1950. We acquired 7 kin of high-resolution seismic-reflection data across the northeastern margin of the Manila high to examine its near-surface bedrock structure and possible association with underlying structures such as the Blytheville arch. Sense of displacement and character of imaged faults support interpretations for either a northwest trending, 1.5 km-wide, block of uplifted strata or a series of parallel northeast-trending faults that bound horst and graben structures. We interpret deformation of the Manila high to result from faulting generated by the reactivation of right-lateral strike-slip fault motion along this portion of the Blytheville arch. The most recent uplift of the Manila high may have occurred during the December 16, 1811, New Madrid earthquake. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Geol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Odum, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00055-2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800007 ER PT J AU Hildenbrand, TG Stuart, WD Talwani, P AF Hildenbrand, TG Stuart, WD Talwani, P TI Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intraplate earthquakes; potential-field data; 3D geologic structure ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; SEISMIC ZONE; REELFOOT RIFT; INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKES; MISSOURI; GEOMETRY; COMPLEX; MODEL; FAULT AB New inversions of gravity and magnetic data in the region north of Memphis, Tennessee, and south of latitude 36 degrees define boundaries of regional structures and igneous complexes in the upper crust. Microseismicity patterns near interpreted boundaries suggest that igneous complexes influence the locations of microseismicity. A weak seismicity cluster occurs near one intrusion (Covington pluton), at the intersection of the southwest margin of the Missouri batholith and the southeast margin of the Reelfoot rift. A narrow seismicity trend along the Reelfoot rift axis becomes diffuse near a second intrusion (Osceola intrusive complex) and changes direction to an area along the northwest flank of the intrusion. The axial seismicity trend also contains a tight cluster of earthquakes located just outside the Osceola intrusive complex. The mechanical explanation of the two seismicity patterns is uncertain, but the first cluster may be caused by stress concentration due to the high elastic stiffness and strength of the Covington intrusion. The spatially changing seismicity pattern near the Osceola complex may be caused by the preceding factors plus interaction with faulting along the rift axis. The axial seismicity strand itself is one of several connected and interacting active strands that may produce stress concentrations at strand ends and junctions. The microseismicity clusters at the peripheries of the two intrusions lead us to conclude that these stress concentrations or stressed volumes may be locations of future moderate to large earthquakes near Memphis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Hildenbrand, TG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 989,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 105 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4 PG 17 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800008 ER PT J AU Cramer, CH AF Cramer, CH TI A seismic hazard uncertainty analysis for the New Madrid seismic zone SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE New Madrid seismic zone; knowledge-based variability; Monte Carlo sampling ID MAGNITUDE SCALE; EARTHQUAKES; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; FAULT AB A review of the scientific issues relevant to characterizing earthquake sources in the New Madrid seismic zone has led to the development of a logic tree of possible alternative parameters. A variability analysis, using Monte Carlo sampling of this consensus logic tree, is presented and discussed. The analysis shows that for 2%-exceedence-in-50-year hazard, the best-estimate seismic hazard map is similar to previously published seismic hazard maps for the area. For peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration at 0.2 and 1.0 s (0.2 and 1.0 s Sa), the coefficient of variation (COV) representing the knowledge-based uncertainty in seismic hazard can exceed 0.6 over the New Madrid seismic zone and diminishes to about 0.1 away from areas of seismic activity. Sensitivity analyses show that the largest contributor to PGA, 0.2 and 1.0 s Sa seismic hazard variability is the uncertainty in the location of future 1811-1812 New Madrid sized earthquakes. This is followed by the variability due to the choice of ground motion attenuation relation, the magnitude for the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes, and the recurrence interval for M > 6.5 events. Seismic hazard is not very sensitive to the variability in seismogenic width and length. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 3876 Cent Ave,Ste 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM cramer@ceri.memphis.edu NR 39 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 EI 1872-6917 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00064-3 PG 16 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 478DZ UT WOS:000171328800016 ER PT J AU Brown, JZ Johnson, JE AF Brown, JZ Johnson, JE TI Population biology and growth of Ozark cavefish in Logan Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Amblyopsis rosae; threatened species; aquifer migration AB Ozark cavefish, Amblyopsis rosae, is a threatened species endemic to the Springfield Plateau of the Ozark Highlands in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. One of the largest known Ozark cavefish populations, located in Logan Cave, Arkansas, was surveyed 25 times over a two-year period between 1993 and 1995. During the study, 147 Ozark cavefish > 30 mm (TL) were marked with visual implant tags and 140 Ozark cavefish were available for recapture; 68 were recaptured 189 times and the rest (72) were never recaptured. Individual Ozark cavefish persisted in Logan Cave for a relatively short time. Only 14% of 80 fish tagged during a previous study in 1992 were recaptured during this study, and half of all recaptured fish disappeared within three months. However, if a fish persisted for at least seven months in the cave, its probability of being recaptured over an additional year was high. Maximum persistence of a tagged fish was 28 months, suggesting these fish have a maximum life-span of 4-5 years. Growth averaged 0.6 mm per month, with maximum recorded growth of 6 mm per month and a maximum size of 65 mm TL. Smaller fish grew faster than larger fish but growth rates were sporadic, with several mid-sized fish (45-49 mm) showing little growth (0-3 mm year(-1)) while some fish > 50 mm grew up to 12 mm year(-1). Most fish gained in length during April-October, the same period a maternity colony of gray bats occupied the cave. Gross Ozark cavefish movement over the study period ranged up to 1002 m, with a mean movement of 1.2 m day(-1); movement was positively correlated with Ozark cavefish total length. Death seemed the most likely explanation for loss of tagged Ozark cavefish, including fish that emigrated out of the cave. Little up-stream movement was recorded between reaches and did not account for loss of tagged fish. Reproduction within the cave and immigration from the aquifer accounted for persistence of Ozark cavefish in Logan Cave. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Brown, JZ (reprint author), W Virginia Dept Nat Resources, 1310 Virginia Ave, Fairmont, WV 26554 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1023/A:1011860821932 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 472PV UT WOS:000170993700011 ER PT J AU Brooks, PD McKnight, DM Bencala, KE AF Brooks, PD McKnight, DM Bencala, KE TI Annual maxima in Zn concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Zn concentration; acid mine drainage; snowmelt; Colorado ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; HEADWATER CATCHMENTS; MOUNTAIN STREAMS; SUMMIT COUNTY; HEAVY-METALS; SNAKE RIVER; COLORADO; IRON; ELEVATION; ZINC AB Long-term hydrochemical monitoring and 2 years of intensive sampling were used to identify annual patterns in Zn export from three neighboring catchments in Summit County, Colorado. These catchments are characterized by a snowmelt-dominated hydrologic cycle, but range in the level of mining impact from little to severe. Zn concentrations increased during snowmelt along stream reaches with a history of mining, but were diluted by snowmelt where metals originated in widely disseminated pyrite in the host rock of the catchment. Inter-site differences in the relationship between Zn and sulfate, together with inter-annual variability in the timing and magnitude of peak Zn concentrations suggest that a portion of the Zn flush is retarded, perhaps through interaction with cation exchange sites in soil. Although Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentrations also increase during snowmelt, there was no indication that the export of Zn was facilitated by the flush of organic carbon. C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Brooks, PD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 40 IS 11-12 BP 1447 EP 1454 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 485UL UT WOS:000171782400016 ER PT J AU Hui, CA Takekawa, JY Warnock, SE AF Hui, CA Takekawa, JY Warnock, SE TI Contaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds foraging together at two neighboring sites in south San Francisco Bay, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE arsenic; Calidris mauri; contaminants; Limnodromus scolopaceus; long-billed dowitcher; organochlorines; shorebirds; western sandpiper ID HEAVY-METALS; WINTERING SHOREBIRDS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; MANGANESE EXPOSURE; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; MALLARD DUCKS; SELENIUM; MERCURY; ORGANOCHLORINES AB The San Francisco Bay estuary is used by over one million shorebirds during spring migration and is home to several hundred thousand during the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in the southern reach of the estuary (South Bay). The reduced water circulation and discharge from industrial sources in the South Bay are responsible for the highest levels of some trace elements in the estuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to have strong site fidelity to areas as small as a few kilometers in the South Bay, which may increase their exposure to contaminants near local point sources. In addition, different shorebird species foraging at the same site have been shown to have different contaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were to test whether contaminant burdens differed by species, or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirds collected at adjacent sites. We examined the contaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds, long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus) and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) that forage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark, separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We used multivariate analysis of variance tests to compare the composition of 14 elemental analytes in their liver tissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analyses because of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V) were below detection limits in a majority of the samples so statistical analyses were precluded. In the measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn), we found no significant intra-site differences of contaminant profiles for the two species. We pooled the samples to examine inter-site differences and found significant differences in contaminant profiles between shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar to that reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcher species, we also examined exposure to 20 organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showed that the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs, dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significant differences in concentrations between Hayward and Newark (P > 0.05). C1 Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hui, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, 278 Kerr Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 55 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 2 BP 107 EP 121 DI 10.1023/A:1017526130205 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 471VX UT WOS:000170950300001 PM 11686195 ER PT J AU Rabeni, CF Wang, N AF Rabeni, CF Wang, N TI Bioassessment of streams using macroinvertebrates: Are the chironomidae necessary? SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE biomonitoring; midge; rapid bioassessment; water quality ID BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; WATER-QUALITY; CRITERIA AB We compared the sensitivity of commonly used bioassessment metrics to detect organic impairment of streams using data sets that varied only in the inclusion or exclusion of Chironomidae identified to genus. We evaluated situations in two contrasting ecoregions of Missouri, U.S.A., the Ozark ecoregion and the Prairie ecoregion where Chironomidae comprise an average of 32 and 42%, respectively, of the total number of individuals. The without-Chironomidae data showed either identical or greater sensitivity than with Chironomidae data in every case when using the metrics total taxa, biotic index, Shannon's diversity index, and % dominant taxon. We conclude that bioassessment programs employing commonly-used metrics that usually incorporate Chironomidae may become more efficient by eliminating Chironomidae from the protocols and using those resources for analyzing additional sites. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resource Bldg, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 20 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 2 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1023/A:1017523115381 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 471VX UT WOS:000170950300005 PM 11686199 ER PT J AU Golet, WJ Haines, TA AF Golet, WJ Haines, TA TI Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as monitors for mercury contamination of aquatic environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental distribution; mercury; tissuedistribution; turtles ID METHYL MERCURY; LAKES; BIOACCUMULATION; FISH AB We assessed the distribution of mercury in snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) by analyzing front shoulder muscle, back leg muscle, tail muscle, blood, liver, and marginal carapacial scute (shell) of 26 adult turtles from five small lakes. Total mercury concentration in muscle ranged from 50 to 500 ng g(-1) wet weight and was highly correlated among the three tissue locations. There was no relationship between muscle mercury concentration and body size. Mercury concentration in blood was similar to muscle; the correlation with muscle mercury concentration was significant but there was some variability. Mercury concentration in shell was much higher than in muscle or blood, ranging from 500 to 3300 ng g(-)1, and was highly correlated with muscle mercury concentration. Liver mercury concentration was similar to shell, but was highly variable and uncorrelated with any other tissue. We conclude that snapping turtles accumulate mercury from their environment and may be useful monitors of mercury contamination. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME USA. RP Haines, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Orono Field Stn, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 3 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.1023/A:1011802117198 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 472PW UT WOS:000170993900001 PM 11683228 ER PT J AU Gihring, TM Druschel, GK McCleskey, RB Hamers, RJ Banfield, JF AF Gihring, TM Druschel, GK McCleskey, RB Hamers, RJ Banfield, JF TI Rapid arsenite oxidation by Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus: Field and laboratory investigations SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; BACTERIUM; PRECIPITATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; GROUNDWATER; SPECIATION; REDUCTION; WATERS; HPLC AB Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus, common inhabitants of terrestrial hot springs and thermally polluted domestic and industrial waters, have been found to rapidly oxidize arsenite to arsenate. Field investigations at a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park revealed conserved total arsenic transport and rapid arsenite oxidation occurring within the drainage channel. This environment was heavily colonized by Thermus aquaticus. In laboratory experiments, arsenite oxidation by cultures of Thermus aquaticus YT1 (previously isolated from Yellowstone National Park) and Thermus thermophilus HB8 was accelerated by a factor of over 100 relative to abiotic controls. Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus may therefore play a large and previously unrecognized role in determining arsenic speciation and bioavailability in thermal environments. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Gihring, TM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd,MS P7-50, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Hamers, Robert/C-6466-2008; OI Hamers, Robert/0000-0003-3821-9625; McCleskey, Richard/0000-0002-2521-8052 NR 40 TC 137 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 19 BP 3857 EP 3862 DI 10.1021/es010816f PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478NP UT WOS:000171352500019 PM 11642444 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA Rostad, CE Barber, LB Schroeder, RA Anders, R Davisson, ML AF Leenheer, JA Rostad, CE Barber, LB Schroeder, RA Anders, R Davisson, ML TI Nature and chlorine reactivity of organic constituents from reclaimed water in groundwater, Los Angeles County, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; WASTE-WATER; RIVER; CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESIDUES; FATE AB The nature and chlorine reactivity of organic constituents in reclaimed water (tertiary-treated municipal wastewater) before, during, and after recharge into groundwater at the Montebello Forebay in Los Angeles County, CA, was the focus of this study. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water from this site is primarily a mixture of aromatic sulfonates from anionic surfactant degradation N-acetyl amino sugars and proteins from bacterial activity, and natural fulvic acid, whereas DOM from native groundwaters in the aquifer to which reclaimed water was recharged consists of natural fulvic acids. The hydrophilic neutral N-acetyl amino sugars that constitute 40% of the DOM in reclaimed water are removed during the first 3 m of vertical infiltration in the recharge basin. Groundwater age dating with (3)H and (3)He isotopes, and determinations of organic and inorganic C isotopes, enabled clear differentiation of recent recharged water from older native groundwater. Phenol structures in natural fulvic acids in DOM isolated from groundwater produced significant trihalomethanes (THM) and total organic halogen (TOX) yields upon chlorination, and these structures also were responsible for the enhanced SUVA and specific fluorescence characteristics relative to DOM in reclaimed water. Aromatic sulfonates and fulvic acids in reclaimed water DOM produced minimal THM and TOX yields. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Leenheer, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM leenheer@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 7 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 19 BP 3869 EP 3876 DI 10.1021/es001905f PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478NP UT WOS:000171352500021 PM 11642446 ER PT J AU Stapleton, M Dunn, PO McCarty, J Secord, A Whittingham, LA AF Stapleton, M Dunn, PO McCarty, J Secord, A Whittingham, LA TI Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination and minisatellite dna mutation rates of tree swallows SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hudson River; mutation rate; tree swallow; polychlorinated biphenyls ID EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY; TACHYCINETA BICOLOR; HUDSON RIVER; PCBS; FINGERPRINTS; INDUCTION; CHERNOBYL; CONGENERS; SEQUENCE; ADDUCTS AB The evidence that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) leads to mutations is equivocal and controversial. Using multilocus DNA fingerprinting, we compared the mutation rate of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting at sites with high and low levels of contamination with PCBs. The upper Hudson River, USA. is highly contaminated with PCBs as a result of releases from two capacitor manufacturing plants in Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, New York. USA. Tree swallows nesting nearby have some of the highest known concentrations of PCBs in their tissues of any contemporary bird population (up to 114,000 ng PCB/g tissue). We found no difference in mutation rates between sites in New York with high PCB contamination and reference sites in Wisconsin, USA, and Ontario and Alberta, Canada, with known or presumably low levels of contamination. Thus, the mechanism behind altered reproductive behavior of tree swallows along the upper Hudson River is most likely physiological impairment, such as endocrine disruption, rather than mutation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New York Field Off, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP Dunn, PO (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Sci, POB 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011; Dunn, Peter/A-9784-2008 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451; Dunn, Peter/0000-0002-7450-4194 NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2263 EP 2267 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2263:PBCAMD>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 503UT UT WOS:000172820300019 PM 11596759 ER PT J AU Goldstein, JN Hubert, WA Woodward, DF Farag, AM Meyer, JS AF Goldstein, JN Hubert, WA Woodward, DF Farag, AM Meyer, JS TI Naturalized salmonid populations occur in the presence of elevated trace element concentrations and temperatures in the Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE rainbow trout; brown trout; boron; arsenic; Yellowstone ID COEUR-DALENE RIVER; BORIC-ACID BA; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; RAINBOW-TROUT; BORON CONCENTRATIONS; THYMALLUS-THYMALLUS; TESTICULAR TOXICITY; CUTTHROAT TROUT; CHINOOK SALMON; METALS AB We investigated the effects of geothermally influenced waters on the distribution of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, in the Firehole River and its tributaries in Yellowstone National Park (WY, USA) from June 1997 to June 1998. Geothermal features in the Firchole River basin elevate mineral content and temperature in portions of the river and its tributaries. We found concentrations of boron and arsenic to be elevated in geothermally influenced areas compared with upstream sites. Boron concentrations occasionally exceeded 1.000 mug/L, a proposed limit for the protection of aquatic organisms. Arsenic concentrations occasionally exceeded 190 mug/L, the chronic ambient water quality criterion. Temperatures in geothermally influenced sites ranged up to 30 degreesC and were consistently 5 to 10 degreesC higher than upstream sites unaffected by geothermal inputs. Rainbow trout occurred at sites with elevated concentrations of boron, arsenic, and other trace elements and elevated water temperatures. Rainbow trout inhabited and spawned at sites with the most elevated trace element concentrations and temperatures; however, brown trout were absent from these sites. Water temperature may be the major factor determining brown trout distributions, but we cannot exclude the possibility that brown trout are more sensitive than rainbow trout to boron. arsenic, or other trace elements. Further investigations are needed to determine specics-specific tolerances of boron. arsenic. and other trace elements among salmonids. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Goldstein, JN (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 3166, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 66 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2342 EP 2352 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2342:NSPOIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 503UT UT WOS:000172820300029 PM 11596769 ER PT J AU Scribner, KT Petersen, MR Fields, RL Talbot, SL Pearce, JM Chesser, RK AF Scribner, KT Petersen, MR Fields, RL Talbot, SL Pearce, JM Chesser, RK TI Sex-biased gene flow in spectacled eiders (anatidae): Inferences from molecular markers with contrasting modes of inheritance SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE effective population size; gene flow; microsatellites; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeography; spatial variation; waterfowl ID BRANTA-BERNICLA-NIGRICANS; CONTROL-REGION SEQUENCES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATION-GENETICS; INTRASPECIFIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; EFFECTIVE SIZES; BLACK BRANT; SYSTEMATICS; PHILOPATRY AB Genetic markers that differ in mode of inheritance and rate of evolution (a sex-linked Z-specific microsatellite locus, five biparentally inherited microsatellite loci, and maternally inherited mitochondrial [mtDNA] sequences) were used to evaluate the degree of spatial genetic structuring at macro- and microgeographic scales, among breeding regions and local nesting populations within each region, respectively, for a migratory sea duck species, the spectacled eider (Somateria fisheri). Disjunct and declining breeding populations coupled with sex-specific differences in seasonal migratory patterns and life history provide a series of hypotheses regarding rates and directionality of gene flow among breeding populations from the Indigirka River Delta, Russia, and the North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. The degree of differentiation in mtDNA haplotype frequency among breeding regions and populations within regions was high (phi (CT) = 0.189, P < 0.01; phi (SC) = 0.059, P < 0.01, respectively). Eleven of 17 mtDNA haplotypes were restricted to a single breeding region. Genetic differences among regions were considerably lower for nuclear DNA loci (sex-linked: phi (ST) = 0.001, P > 0.05; biparentally inherited micro satellites: mean theta = 0.001, P > 0.05) than was observed for mtDNA. Using models explicitly designed for uniparental and biparentally inherited genes, estimates of spatial divergence based on nuclear and mtDNA data together with elements of the species' breeding ecology were used to estimate effective population size and degree of male and female gene flow. Differences in the magnitude and spatial patterns of gene correlations for maternally inherited and nuclear genes revealed that females exhibit greater natal philopatry than do males. Estimates of generational female and male rates of gene flow among breeding regions differed markedly (3.67 X 10(-4) and 1.28 X 10(-2), respectively). Effective population size for mtDNA was estimated to be at least three times lower than that for biparental genes (30,671 and 101,528, respectively). Large disparities in population sizes among breeding areas greatly reduces the proportion of total genetic variance captured by dispersal, which may accelerate rates of inbreeding (i.e., promote higher coancestries) within populations due to nonrandom pairing of males with females from the same breeding population. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Scribner, KT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 67 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 15 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD OCT PY 2001 VL 55 IS 10 BP 2105 EP 2115 PG 11 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 494WJ UT WOS:000172308600017 PM 11761069 ER PT J AU Blandon, LR Ward, R King, TL Karel, WJ Monaghan, JP AF Blandon, LR Ward, R King, TL Karel, WJ Monaghan, JP TI Preliminary genetic population structure of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, along the Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; TEXAS; INDIVIDUALS; BAY C1 Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Coastal Fisheries Div, Perry R Bass Marine Fisheries Res Stn, Palacios, TX 77465 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. N Carolina Div Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Blandon, LR (reprint author), Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Coastal Fisheries Div, Perry R Bass Marine Fisheries Res Stn, Palacios, TX 77465 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 99 IS 4 BP 671 EP 678 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 494QZ UT WOS:000172298500013 ER PT J AU Becker, H Morgan, JW Walker, RJ MacPherson, GJ Grossman, JN AF Becker, H Morgan, JW Walker, RJ MacPherson, GJ Grossman, JN TI Rhenium-osmium systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; ANGRA-DOS-REIS; ALLENDE METEORITE; SOLAR NEBULA; REFRACTORY INCLUSIONS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITIONS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; IRON-METEORITES AB The Re-Os isotopic systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) in chondrites were investigated in order to shed light on the behavior of the Re-Os system in bulk chondrites, and to constrain the timing of chemical fractionation in primitive chondrites. CAIs with relatively unfractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns (groups I, III, V, VI) define a narrow range of Re-187/Os-188 (0.3764-0.4443) and (OS)-O-187/(OS)-O-188 (0.12599-0.12717), and high but variable Re and Os abundances (3209-41,820 ppb Os). In contrast, CAIs that show depletions in highly refractory elements and strongly fractionated REE patterns (group II) also show a much larger range in Re-187/Os-188 (0.409-0.535) and (OS)-O-187/(OS)-O-188 (0.12695-0.13770), and greater than an order of magnitude lower Re and Os abundances than other groups (e.g., 75.7-680.2 ppb Os). Sixteen bulk CAIs and CAI splits plot within analytical uncertainty of a 4558 Ga reference isochron, as is expected for materials of this antiquity. Eight samples, however, plot off the isochron. Several possible reasons for these deviations are discussed. Data for multiple splits of one CAI indicate that the nonisochronous. behavior for at least this CAI is the result of Re-Os. reequilibration at approximately 1.6 Ga. Thus, the most likely explanation for the deviations of most of the nonisochronous CAIs is late-stage open-system behavior of Re and Os in the asteroidal environment. The Os-187/Os-188-Os systematics of CAIs are consistent with previous models that indicate group II CAIs are mixtures of components that lost the bulk of their highly refractory elements in a previous condensation event and a minor second component that provided refractory elements at chondritic: relative proportions. The high Re/Os of group H CAIs relative to other CAIs and chondrite bulk rocks may have been caused by variable mobilization of Re and Os during medium- to low-temperature parent body alteration similar to4.5 Ga ago. This model is favored over nebular models, which pose several difficulties. The narrow range of Os-187/Os-188 in group I, III, V, and VI bulk CAIs, and the agreement with Os-187/Os-188 of whole rock carbonaceous. chondrites suggest that on a bulk inclusion scale, secondary alteration only modestly fractionated Re/Os in these CAIs. The average of (OS)-O-187/Os-188 for group I, III, V, and VI CAIs is indistinguishable from average CI chondrites, indicating a modem solar system value for Os-187/Os-188 Of 0.12650, corresponding to a Re-187/Os-188 of 0.3964. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Smithsonian Inst, US Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Becker, H (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 72 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 19 BP 3379 EP 3390 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00676-7 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 479DG UT WOS:000171388200014 ER PT J AU Grantz, A Pease, VL Willard, DA Phillips, RL Clark, DL AF Grantz, A Pease, VL Willard, DA Phillips, RL Clark, DL TI Bedrock cores from 89 degrees North: Implications for the geologic framework and Neogene paleoceanography of Lomonosov Ridge and a tie to the Barents shelf SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arctic Ocean; Lomonosov Ridge; Mesozoic; Neogene; paleoceanography; stratigraphy ID ARCTIC-OCEAN; AMERASIA BASIN; ION-MICROPROBE; ICE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; EVOLUTION AB Two piston cores from the Eurasian Rank of Lomonosov Ridge near lat 88.9 degreesN, long 140 degreesE provide the first samples of bedrock from this high-standing trans-Arctic ridge. Core 94-PC27 sampled nonmarine siltstone similar in facies and age to uppermost Triassic to lower Lower Jurassic and mid-Lower Cretaceous beds in the 4 to >5 km Mesozoic section on Franz Josef Land, on the outer Barents shelf. A ca. 250 Ma peak in the cumulative frequency curve of detrital zircons from the siltstone, dated by U-Th-Pb analysis, suggests a source in the post-tectonic syenites of northern Taymyr and nearby islands in the Kara Sea. Textural trends reported in the literature indicate that the Lower Jurassic nonmarine strata of Franz Josef Land coarsen to the southeast; this suggests the existence of a sedimentary system in which detrital zircons could be transported from the northern Taymyr Peninsula to the outer Barents shelf near the position of core 94-PC27 prior to opening of the Eurasia Basin. Correlation of the coaly siltstone in core 94-PC27 with part of the Mesozoic section on Franz Josef Land is compatible with the strong evidence from seafloor magnetic anomalies and bathymetry that Lomonosov Ridge is a continental fragment rifted from the Barents shelf during the Cenozoic. It also suggests that Lomonosov Ridge near the North Pole is underlain by a substantial section of unmetamorphosed Mesozoic marine and nonmarine sedimentary strata. Core 94-PC29 sampled cyclical deposits containing ice-rafted debris (IRD) overlying weakly consolidated laminated olive-black anoxic Neogene siltstone and mudstone with an average total organic carbon (TOC) of 4.1 wt%. The high TOC content of the mudstone indicates that during the Neogene, prior to the introduction of IRD into the Arctic seas about 3.3 Ma (early late Pliocene), the shallow waters of the central Arctic Ocean supported significant primary photosynthetic organic production near the North Pole. These deposits also contain fine grains of siltstone that resemble the breccia-clast siltstone of core 94-PC27 and reworked Carboniferous, Cretaceous, and Tertiary palynomorphs that may have also originated in the bedrock of Lomonosov Ridge. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Uppsala, Dept Earth Sci, Uppsala, Sweden. US Geol Survey, MS 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Grantz, A (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 113 IS 10 BP 1272 EP 1281 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1272:BCFNIF>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 479UK UT WOS:000171421800002 ER PT J AU Sherrod, BL AF Sherrod, BL TI Evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence about 1100 yr ago in coastal marshes of southern Puget Sound, Washington SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE diatoms; earthquakes; paleoseismology; Puget Sound; subsidence ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; SALT-MARSH; STRATIGRAPHY; CALIBRATION; TSUNAMI; LOWLAND; RECORD; SHEET AB Buried forest and high marsh soils indicate abrupt changes in relative sea level at four coastal localities in southern Puget Sound. At Little Skookum Inlet and Red Salmon Creek, Douglas fir stumps in growth position are buried by salt-marsh peat. At localities along McAllister Creek and the Nisqually River, high marsh soils are buried by tidal-flat mud. Localized liquefaction coincided with submergence of the high marsh soil at McAllister Creek. Dramatic changes in seed and diatom assemblages across these contacts confirm rapid submergence. At Little Skookum Inlet and Red Salmon Creek, salt-marsh peat immediately above a buried forest soil contains diatoms indicative of low marsh and tidal-flat environments. At McAllister Creek and Nisqually River, low-marsh and tidal-flat diatoms are abundant in laminated mud directly over high marsh peat. Inferences from modern analogs indicate at least 1 m of subsidence at each site and possibly up to 3 m at Skookum Inlet. Abrupt burial of lowland soils in southern Puget Sound is best explained by coseismic subsidence. Some of the submergence may be the result of coseismic compaction and postearthquake settlement. Widespread buried soils, large amounts of subsidence, coeval submergence across a wide area, and ground shaking at the time of subsidence all point to a large earthquake between 1150 and 1010 cal yr B.P. in southern Puget Sound as the most likely cause of subsidence. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sherrod, BL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 11 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 113 IS 10 BP 1299 EP 1311 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1299:EFEISA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 479UK UT WOS:000171421800004 ER PT J AU Stewart, JH Gehrels, GE Barth, AP Link, PK Christie-Blick, N Wrucke, CT AF Stewart, JH Gehrels, GE Barth, AP Link, PK Christie-Blick, N Wrucke, CT TI Detrital zircon provenance of Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian arenites in the western United States and northwestern Mexico SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Cambrian; geochronology; Mexico; Proterozoic; United States; zircon ID U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; NORTH-AMERICA; EAST ANTARCTICA; EUGEOCLINAL STRATA; BELT SUPERGROUP; GRAND-CANYON; LAURENTIA; CONNECTION; EVOLUTION; AUSTRALIA AB U-Pb isotopic dating of detrital zircon from supracrustal Proterozoic and Cambrian arenites from the western United States and northern Mexico reveal three main age groups, 1.90 to 1.62 Ga, 1.45 to 1.40 Ga, and 1.2 to 1.0 Ga. Small amounts of zircons with ages of 3.1 to 2.5 Ga, 1.57 Ga, 1.32 Ga, 1.26 Ga, 0.7 Ga, and 0.5 Ga are also present. Detrital zircons ranging in age from 1.90 to 1.62 Ga and from 1.45 to 1.40 Ga are considered to have been derived from Proterozoic crystalline basement rocks of these known ages, and probably in part from reworked Proterozoic supracrustal sedimentary rocks, of the western United States. The 1.2 to 1.0 Ga detrital zircon ages from California, Arizona, and Sonora are characterized by distinct spikes (1.11 Ga, in particular) in the age-probability plots. These spikes are interpreted to indicate the influx of zircon from major silicic volcanic fields. Igneous rocks such as the Pikes Peak Granite (1.093 Ga) of Colorado, and the Aibo Granite (1.110 Ga) of Sonora, Mexico, may represent the deeply eroded roots of such volcanic fields. Samples from farther north along the Cordilleran margin that contain abundant 1.2-1.0 Ga detrital zircons do not show spikes in the age distribution, but rather ages spread out across the entire 1.2-1.0 Ga range. These age spectra resemble those for detrital zircons from the Grenville province, which is considered their source. Less common detrital zircons had a variety of sources. Zircons ranging in age from 3.36 to 2.31 Ga were apparently derived from inland parts of the North American continent from Wyoming to Canada. Zircons of about 1.577 Ga are highly unusual and may have had an exotic source; they may have come from Australia and been deposited in North America when Australia and North America were juxtaposed as part of the hypothetical Rodinian supercontinent. Detrital zircon of similar to1.320 Ga apparently had the same source as that for tuff (1.320 Ga) in the Pioneer Shale of the Apache Group in Arizona. Detrital zircons of about 1.26 Ga in the Apache Group and Troy Quartzite appear to be related to local, approximately coeval volcanic fields. Zircons of about 0.7 Ga may have had a source in igneous rocks related to rifting of the Proterozoic supercontinent of Rodinia, and 0.5 Ga zircons a source in relatively small areas of granitic rocks of this known, or inferred, age in Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Indiana Purdue Univ, Dept Geol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Geol, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Stewart, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 71 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 9 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 113 IS 10 BP 1343 EP 1356 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1343:DZPOMT>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 479UK UT WOS:000171421800007 ER PT J AU Gan, W Prescott, WH AF Gan, W Prescott, WH TI Crustal deformation rates in central and eastern US inferred from GPS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; GEODETIC DATA; PLATE; MODEL AB Analysis of continuous GPS observations between 1996 and 2000 at 62 stations distributed throughout the central and eastern United States suggests that the area is generally stable. Seven of the 62 stations show anomalous velocities, but there is reason to suspect their monument stability. Assuming the remaining 55 stations are stable with respect to interior North America, we have found the North America-ITRF97 Euler vector (-1.88 degrees +/- 1.04 degrees N,77.67 degrees +/- 0.39 degreesW, 0.201 degrees +/- 0.004 degrees Myr(-1)) that minimizes the RMS station velocity. Referred to fixed North America, all of these velocities are less than 3.2 mm yr(-1). Motion of several stations suggests the Mississippi embayment may,be moving southward away from the rest of the continent at a rate of 1.7 +/- 0.9 mm yr(-1). The motion of the embayment produces a large gradient in velocity which, in turn, implies the highest seismic moment accumulation rate that we found. Although the highest rate is only marginally significant, the fact that it occurs near New Madrid, where earthquake risk is thought to be high, argues that the anomaly may be real. Nevertheless, the identification of the,anomaly remains tentative. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gan, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 19 BP 3733 EP 3736 DI 10.1029/2001GL013266 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 476GF UT WOS:000171217300028 ER PT J AU Becker, MW Coplen, TB AF Becker, MW Coplen, TB TI Use of deuterated water as a conservative artificial groundwater tracer SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE tracer tests; stable isotopes; solute transport; fractured rocks; groundwater density; deuterium ID BUOYANCY-INDUCED FLOW; ROCK; TRANSPORT; SITE; TESTS AB Conservative tracers are necessary to obtain groundwater transport velocities at the field scale. Deuterated water is an effective tracer for this purpose due to its similarity to water, chemical stability, nonreactivity, ease of handling and sampling, relatively neutral buoyancy, and reasonable price. Reliable detection limits of 0.1 mg deuterium/L may be obtained in field tests. A field example is presented in which deuterated water, bromide, and pentafluorobenzoic acid are used as groundwater tracers. Deuterated water appeared to be transported conservatively, producing almost identical breakthrough curves as that of other soluble tracers. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Becker, MW (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RI Becker, Matthew/J-2711-2012 NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 9 IS 5 BP 512 EP 516 DI 10.1007/s100400100157 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 486RZ UT WOS:000171831900009 ER PT J AU Pike, RJ AF Pike, RJ TI Digital terrain modelling and industrial surface metrology - converging crafts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE TOOLS & MANUFACTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces CY APR 26-29, 2000 CL HUDDERSFIELD, ENGLAND ID ROUGHNESS AB Quantitative characterisation of surface form, increasingly from digital 3-D height data, is cross-disciplinary and can be applied at any scale. Thus, separation of industrial-surface metrology from its Earth-science counterpart, (digital) terrain modelling, is artificial. Their growing convergence presents an opportunity to develop in surface morphometry a unified approach to surface representation. This paper introduces terrain modelling and compares it with metrology, noting their differences and similarities. Examples of potential redundancy among parameters illustrate one of the many issues common to both disciplines. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pike, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6955 J9 INT J MACH TOOL MANU JI Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. PD OCT-NOV PY 2001 VL 41 IS 13-14 BP 1881 EP 1888 DI 10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00052-9 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 470QW UT WOS:000170883500005 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Lutz, RS Lockley, T Phillips, SA Demarais, S AF Allen, CR Lutz, RS Lockley, T Phillips, SA Demarais, S TI The non-indigenous ant, Solenopsis invicta, reduces loggerhead shrike and native insect abundance SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endangered species; formicidae; hymenoptera; invasive species; laniidae; Lanius ludovicianus; passeriformes ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; NORTHERN BOBWHITE; ARGENTINE ANT; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; TEXAS; PREDATION; NESTLINGS AB The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is an aggressive, non-indigenous species that is a threat to native biota in the southeastern United States. We determined the effect of S. invicta on loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus L.) abundance and investigated a possible mechanism of impact, which is a reduction in insect prey availability. We used a fire ant bait (hydramethylnon) to reduce fire ant populations on one randomly chosen member of each of five pairs of 202-ha study areas in the Texas coastal Bend region, and also measured shrike relative abundance and a volumetric index of insect biomass on the study areas. Loggerhead shrike relative abundance was assessed at five counting stations established along 3.2-km transects through prairie habitat on each study area during the fall of 1992 and 1993. We sampled non-S. invicta invertebrates with 13.3-L capacity UV light traps and found that insect volume, species richness, and diversity were greater on treated sites. More shrikes were observed on areas where S. invicta populations had been reduced. Both insect biomass and shrike abundance were negatively correlated to the level of S. invicta infestation. Our data suggest that shrikes may avoid areas on wintering habitats that have been invaded by S. invicta and that this avoidance may result from reduced insect availability. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 6 U2 24 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 18 IS 4 BP 249 EP 259 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 584VZ UT WOS:000177490600006 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA Hsu, J Barber, LB AF Leenheer, JA Hsu, J Barber, LB TI Transport and fate of organic wastes in groundwater at the Stringfellow hazardous waste disposal site, southern California SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE groundwater transport; organic contaminants; DDT; organic analyses ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER; ACID AB In January 1999, wastewater influent and effluent from the pretreatment plant at the String-fellow hazardous waste disposal site were sampled along with groundwater at six locations along the groundwater contaminant plume. The objectives of this sampling and study were to identify at the compound class level the unidentified 40-60% of wastewater organic contaminants, and to determine what organic compound classes were being removed by the wastewater pretreatment plant, and what organic compound classes persisted during subsurface waste migration. The unidentified organic wastes are primarily chlorinated aromatic sulfonic acids derived from wastes from DDT manufacture. Trace amounts of EDTA and NTA organic complexing agents were discovered along with carboxylate metabolites of the common alkylphenolpolyethoxylate plasticizers and nonionic surfactants. The wastewater pretreatment plant removed most of the aromatic chlorinated sulfonic acids that have hydrophobic neutral properties, but the p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid which is the primary waste constituent passed through the pretreatment plant and was discharged in the treated wastewaters transported to an industrial sewer. During migration in groundwater, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid is removed by natural remediation processes. Wastewater organic contaminants have decreased 3- to 45-fold in the groundwater from 1985 to 1999 as a result of site remediation and natural remediation processes. The chlorinated aromatic sulfonic acids with hydrophobic neutral properties persist and have migrated into groundwater that underlies the adjacent residential community. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Dept Tox Subst Control, Hazardous Mat Lab, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RP Leenheer, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,Mail Stop 408,Bldg 95, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 163 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00133-4 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 473UB UT WOS:000171065500003 PM 11588824 ER PT J AU Middleton, BA McKee, KL AF Middleton, BA McKee, KL TI Degradation of mangrove tissues and implications for peat formation in Belizean island forests SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detritivores; leaf burying crabs; litter decomposition; litter processing; peat accumulation ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; LEAF-LITTER; RHIZOPHORA-MANGLE; ORGANIC-MATTER; TROPICAL AUSTRALIA; SOUTHWEST FLORIDA; AVICENNIA-MARINA; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; ECOLOGY AB 1 Macrofaunal leaf consumption and degradation of leaves, woody twigs and roots were studied in mangrove island forests on a Belizean island. Factors influencing accumulation of organic matter deposited both above and below ground in this oligotrophic, autochothonous system were assessed. 2 Leaf degradation rates of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove) measured in mesh bags, were much faster in the lower than the upper intertidal zone. Mass loss was most rapid in A. germinans but zonal effects were much larger than species differences. 3 Exposure to invertebrates such as crabs and amphipods tripled overall rates of leaf litter breakdown. In the lower intertidal, crabs completely consumed some unbagged leaves within 23 days. Crabs also had an effect on some upper intertidal sites, where degradation of leaves placed in artificial burrows was 2.4 times faster than when placed on the soil surface. 4 In contrast to leaves (27 +/- 5% remaining after 230 days), roots and woody twigs were highly refractory (40 +/- 2% and 51 +/- 6% remaining after 584 and 540 days, respectively). Root degradation did not vary by soil depth, zone or species. Twigs of R. mangle and A. germinans degraded faster on the ground than in the canopy, whereas those of L. racemosa were highly resistant to decay regardless of position. 5 Peat formation at Twin Cays has occurred primarily through deposition and slow turnover of mangrove roots, rather than above-ground tissues that are either less abundant (woody twigs) or more readily removed (leaves). C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Middleton, BA (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, 411 Life Sci 2, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 71 TC 109 Z9 116 U1 7 U2 55 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 89 IS 5 BP 818 EP 828 DI 10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00602.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 485ZV UT WOS:000171794100010 ER PT J AU McKee, KL AF McKee, KL TI Root proliferation in decaying roots and old root channels: a nutrient conservation mechanism in oligotrophic mangrove forests? SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flooding; mangrove wetland; morphological plasticity; nutrient efficiency; peat; phosphorus; root proliferation; swamp; tropical forest ID RICH PATCHES; SOIL; PLANT; GROWTH; NITROGEN; HETEROGENEITY; PATTERNS; EXPLOITATION; MICROSITES; ENRICHMENT AB 1 In oligotrophic habitats, proliferation of roots in nutrient-rich microsites may contribute to overall nutrient conservation by plants. Peat-based soils on mangrove islands in Belize are characterized by the presence of decaying roots and numerous old root channels (0.1-3.5 cm diameter) that become filled with living and highly branched roots of Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans. The objectives of this study were to quantify the proliferation of roots in these microsites and to determine what causes this response. 2 Channels formed by the refractory remains of mangrove roots accounted for only 1-2% of total soil volume, but the proportion of roots found within channels varied from 9 to 24% of total live mass. Successive generations of roots growing inside increasingly smaller root channels were also found. 3 When artificial channels constructed of PVC pipe were buried in the peat for 2 years, those filled with nutrient-rich organic matter had six times more roots than empty or sand-filled channels, indicating a response to greater nutrient availability rather than to greater space or less impedance to root growth. 4 Root proliferation inside decaying roots may improve recovery of nutrients released from decomposing tissues before they can be leached or immobilized in this intertidal environment. Greatest root proliferation in channels occurred in interior forest zones characterized by greater soil waterlogging, which suggests that this may be a strategy for nutrient capture that minimizes oxygen losses from the whole root system. 5 Improved efficiency of nutrient acquisition at the individual plant level has implications for nutrient economy at the ecosystem level and may explain, in part, how mangroves persist and grow in nutrient-poor environments. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP McKee, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 56 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 89 IS 5 BP 876 EP 887 DI 10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00606.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 485ZV UT WOS:000171794100015 ER PT J AU Zhu, LZ Chiou, CT AF Zhu, LZ Chiou, CT TI Water solubility enhancements of pyrene by single and mixed surfactant solutions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE pyrene; surfactants; synergistic solubilization; remediation ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ETHOXYLATED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MICELLAR-SOLUTIONS; COLOR-REACTIONS; SOIL; REMEDIATION; PHASE; BIOREMEDIATION; DEGRADATION AB Water solubility enhancements of pyrene by both single-surfactant and mixed-surfactant solutions were compared and evaluated. The solubility of pyrene in water was greatly enhanced by each of Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-405 (TX405), Brij 35 and SDS, in which the water solubility enhancements increased with increasing surfactant concentrations. The extent of solubility enhancements at surfactant concentrations below the CMC is the order of TXI > Brij 35 > TX405 > SDS; the sequence at surfactant concentrations above the CMC is TX100 > Brij 35 > SDS > TX405. Pyrene was solubilized synergistically by anionic-nonionic mixed surfactant solutions, especially at low surfactant concentrations. The synergistic power of the mixed surfactants is SDS-TX405 > SDS-Brij 35 > SDS-TX100. The synergism as noted is attributed to increasing Kme and/or decreasing the CMC of the mixed surfactant solution. For SDS-TX405 and SDS-Brij 35 mixed surfactant solutions, an increase in Kmc is coupled with a decrease in the CMC; for SDS-TX100, only a decreased in the CMC value is noted. Mixed-surfactant solutions may improve the performance of the surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) of soils by increasing the bioavailability and biodegradation of non-aqueous-phase organic pollutants and reducing the level of surfactant pollution and remediation expenses. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Hangzhou 310028, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Zhejiang Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Hangzhou 310028, Peoples R China. EM lzzhu@mail.hz.zj.cn RI x, z/A-9144-2010; Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 29 TC 33 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 14 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1001-0742 EI 1878-7320 J9 J ENVIRON SCI-CHINA JI J. Environ. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 491 EP 496 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 537VP UT WOS:000174780600020 PM 11723939 ER PT J AU Urban, AL Hettiarachchi, SL Miller, KF Kincaid, GP Gulliver, JS AF Urban, AL Hettiarachchi, SL Miller, KF Kincaid, GP Gulliver, JS TI Field experiments to determine gas transfer at gated sills SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE SATURATION CONCENTRATION; BASIN NAVIGATION DAMS; HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES; OXYGEN-TRANSFER; AERATION AB Field experiments were conducted to determine the oxygenation potential of gated sill structures in the Ohio River Valley. The objective was to determine operational procedures for water quality improvement. Oxygenation potential is typically characterized by gas transfer efficiency, with high transfer efficiency indicating a greater input of oxygen into the water. Direct oxygen measurement can be unreliable in determining transfer efficiency, and this is due to upstream stratification, relatively high background concentrations, and changes in saturation concentration when the bubbles are exposed to hydrostatic pressures within the stilling basin. As a result, in situ methane was used as an independent dissolved gas tracer. Methane is naturally present in measurable quantities with little stratification, and it does not experience an appreciable increase in saturation concentration with bubble depth. Therefore, methane measurements better reflect the true transfer efficiency of a structure. This paper focuses on the factors that influence transfer efficiency and how to achieve high quality field data through the use of methane and oxygen measurements. In addition, results from six-gated sill structures in the Ohio River Valley are presented. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. HDR Inc, Minneapolis, MN 55416 USA. US Geol Survey, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. USA Corps Engineers, Huntington, WV 25701 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Urban, AL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 10 BP 848 EP 859 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:10(848) PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 475NQ UT WOS:000171171100005 ER PT J AU Lindsey, BD Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ AF Lindsey, BD Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ TI Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; agricultural hydrology; surface water hydrology; modeling/statistics; nonpoint source pollution; nitrate ID PATTERNS; QUALITY AB A study of stream base flow and NO3-N concentration was conducted simultaneously in 51 subwatersheds within the 116-square-kilometer watershed of East Mahantango Creek near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania. The study was designed to test whether measurable results of processes and observations within the smaller watersheds were similar to or transferable to a larger scale. Ancillary data on land use were available for the small and large watersheds. Although the source of land-use data was different for the small and large watersheds, comparisons showed that the differences in the two land-use data sources were minimal. A land use-based water-quality model developed for the small-scale 7.3-square-kilometer watershed for a previous study accurately predicted NO3-N concentrations from sampling in the same watershed. The water-quality model was modified and, using the imagery-based land use, was found to accurately predict NO3-N concentrations in the subwatersheds of the large-scale 116-square-kilometer watershed as well. Because the model accurately predicts NO3-N concentrations at small and large scales, it is likely that in second-order streams and higher, discharge of water and NO3-N is dominated by flow from smaller first-order streams, and the contribution of ground-water discharge to higher order streams is minimal at the large scale. C1 US Geol Survey, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Lindsey, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 215 Limekiln Rd, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1103 EP 1117 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03625.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900002 ER PT J AU Fulford, JM AF Fulford, JM TI Accuracy and consistency of water-current meters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE instrumentation; water-current meters; water-velocity measurement; discharge measurement; mechanical water-current meters; electromagnetic water-current meters AB The measurement of discharge in natural streams requires hydrographers to use accurate meters that have consistent performance among meters of the same model. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the accuracy and consistency of four models of current meters - Price Type-AA, Price Pygmy, Marsh McBirney 2000, and Swoffer 2100. Test results for six meters of each model are presented. Variation of meter performance within a model is used as an indicator of consistency, and percent velocity error that is computed from a measured reference velocity is used as an indicator of meter accuracy. Velocities measured by each meter are also compared to the manufacturer's published or advertised accuracy limits. The investigation found the Price models to be more accurate and consistent than the other models. The Price models met their respective accuracy limits over the range of test velocities better than the other models. The Marsh McBirney model usually measured within its accuracy specification. The Swoffer meters did not meet the stringent Swoffer accuracy limits for all the velocities tested. The Swoffer model had accuracies similar to the Price Type-AA model when individual meter rating equations were computed and used. Every model tested had meters that did not meet manufacturer accuracy limits. Because current meters are not consistently accurate within a model, hydrographers should periodically check meters against a velocity standard. C1 US Geol Survey, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Fulford, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Bldg 2101,MS 1501, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1215 EP 1224 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03633.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900010 ER PT J AU Castro, JM Jackson, PL AF Castro, JM Jackson, PL TI Bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and regional hydraulic geometry relationships: Patterns in the Pacific Northwest, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE hydraulic geometry; bankfull discharge recurrence interval; surface water hydrology; hydraulics; channel-forming flow; regional curves; ecoregion AB The model bankfull discharge recurrence interval (annual series) (T-a) in streams has been approximated at a 1.5-year flow event. This study tests the linkage between regional factors (climate, physiography, and ecoregion) and the frequency of bankfull discharge events in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Patterns of Ta were found to be significant when stratified by EPA Ecoregion. The mean value for T-a in the PNW is 1.4 years; however, when the data is stratified by ecoregion, the humid areas of western Oregon and Washington have a mean value of 1.2 years, while the dryer areas of Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington have a mean value of 1.4 to 1.5 years. Among the four factors evaluated, vegetation association and average annual precipitation are the primary factors related to channel form and T-a. Based on the results of the Ta analyses, regional hydraulic geometry relationships of streams were developed for the PNW, which relate variables, such as bankfull cross-sectional area, width, depth, and velocity, to bankfull discharge and drainage area. The verification of Ta values, combined with the development of regional hydraulic geometry relationships, provides geographically relevant information that will result in more accurate estimates of hydraulic geometry variables in the PNW. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR 97266 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Castro, JM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2600 SE 98th Ave,Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266 USA. NR 27 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1249 EP 1262 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03636.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900013 ER PT J AU Larson, SJ Gilliom, RJ AF Larson, SJ Gilliom, RJ TI Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in US streams from watershed characteristics SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE modeling; water quality; pesticides; nonpoint source pollution; regression ID BASIN AB Regression models were developed for estimating stream concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin from use-intensity data and watershed characteristics. Concentrations were determined from samples collected from 45 streams throughout the United States during 1993 to 1995 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA). Separate regression models were developed for each of six percentiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th) of the annual distribution of stream concentrations and for the annual time-weighted mean concentration. Estimates for the individual percentiles can be combined to provide an estimate of the annual distribution of concentrations for a given stream. Agricultural use of the herbicide in the watershed was a significant predictor in nearly all of the models. Several hydrologic and soil parameters also were useful in explaining the variability in concentrations of herbicides among the streams. Most of the regression models developed for estimation of concentration percentiles and annual mean concentrations accounted for 50 percent to 90 percent of the variability among streams. Predicted concentrations were nearly always within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations for the model-development streams, and predicted concentration distributions reasonably matched the actual distributions in most cases. Results from application of the models to streams not included in the model development data set are encouraging, but further validation of the regression approach described in this paper is needed. C1 US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Larson, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 500 Pillsbury Dr SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1349 EP 1367 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03644.x PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900021 ER PT J AU Bruce, BW Oelsner, GR AF Bruce, BW Oelsner, GR TI Contrasting water quality from paired domestic/public supply wells, Central High Plains SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; ground water; High Plains aquifer; Ogallala aquifer; public supply; domestic supply AB Closely located domestic and public supply wells were sampled using identical sampling procedures to allow comparison of water quality associated with well type. Water samples from 15 pairs of wells with similar screened intervals completed in the central High Plains regional aquifer in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were analyzed for more than 200 water quality constituents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of naturally-derived constituents (major ions, trace elements, and radon) in paired wells. However, differences in water quality between paired wells were observed for selected anthropogenic compounds (pesticides and tritium), in that some public supply wells produced water that was more recently recharged and contained constituents derived from surface activities. The presence of recently recharged water and compounds indicative of anthropogenic activities in some public supply wells was likely due to operational variations (pumping rate and pumping cycles), as demonstrated in a particle tracking simulation. Water containing surface-derived anthropogenic compounds from near the water table was more quickly drawn to high volume public supply wells (less than five years) than domestic wells (greater than 120 years) with small pumping rates. These findings indicate that water quality samples collected from different well types in the same area are not necessarily directly comparable. Sampling domestic wells provides the best broad-scale assessment of water quality in this aquifer setting because they are less susceptible to localized contamination from near the water table. However, sampling public supply wells better represents the quality of the used resource because of the population served. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Bruce, BW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS-415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1389 EP 1403 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03647.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900024 ER PT J AU Jutila, HM AF Jutila, HM TI Effect of flooding and draw-down disturbance on germination from a seashore meadow seed bank SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE delta; elevation; organic layer ID UNGRAZED COASTAL MEADOWS; PLANT-SPECIES RICHNESS; WATER TIDAL WETLAND; COMMUNITY BIOMASS; SALT-MARSH; VEGETATION; GRADIENT; SALINITY; ZONATION; TEMPERATURE AB The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of flooding and draw-down on the germination from the coastal grassland seed banks and to determine whether the effect of flooding varies between the delta and the seashore. Seed bank samples were collected from three shore transects in SW Finland, two on the shore of the Baltic Sea and one on the delta of River Kokemaenjoki. Samples were germinated in non-flooded and flooded conditions for over a month. after which both treatments were maintained in non-flooded conditions, A total of 9267 seedlings of 47 species germinated and mean density of seeds in the soil was cu. 84 000/m(2). Most of the seedlings were monocots (98%) and perennials (98%). Ca. 30-40% of the species found in the above-ground vegetation had a seed bank including the majority of the most abundant species. The number of seeds and species richness increased as the organic layer became thicker. The organic layer was thicker in the seashore samples and the seed bank was significantly larger than in the delta. The flooding and draw-down treatment significantly increased the number of germinating seedlings in the seashore and also increased species richness in two transects, one in the delta and the other in the seashore. Two species. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani and Typha latifolia, had significantly higher germination in the flooded treatment than in the non-flooded. Apparently, many species in these coastal grasslands have adapted to flood disturbance and for seeds of some species flooding may work as a positive signal, possibly breaking dormancy. C1 Turku Univ, Satakunta Environm Res Ctr, Vanha Ulvila 28450, Finland. RP Jutila, HM (reprint author), USGS, NWRC, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 46 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 15 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5 BP 729 EP 738 DI 10.2307/3236914 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 503DV UT WOS:000172783900016 ER PT J AU Wetzel, LR Raffensperger, JP Shock, EL AF Wetzel, LR Raffensperger, JP Shock, EL TI Predictions of hydrothermal alteration within near-ridge oceanic crust from coordinated geochemical and fluid flow models SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium Liquid Fractionation and the Formation of Cumulates in the Ocean Crust and Layered Intrusions held at the Boston AGU Spring Meeting CY 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS DE hydrothermal alteration; hydrology; geochemistry; heat flow; oceanic crust ID DRILLING PROJECT HOLE-395A; URANIUM ORE-DEPOSITS; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; COSTA-RICA RIFT; HEAT-FLOW; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; HIGH-PRESSURES; DEEP AB Coordinated geochemical and hydrological calculations guide our understanding of the composition. fluid flow patterns, and thermal structure of near-ridge oceanic crust. The case study presented here illustrates geochemical and thermal changes taking place as oceanic crust ages from 0.2 to 1.0 Myr. Using a finite element code, we model fluid flow and heat transport through the upper few hundred meters of an abyssal hill created at an intermediate spreading rate. We use a reaction path model with a customized database to calculate equilibrium fluid compositions and mineral assemblages of basalt and seawater at 500 bars and temperatures ranging from 150 to 400degreesC. In one scenario, reaction path calculations suggest that volume increases on the order of 10% may occur within portions of the basaltic basement. If this change in volume occurred, it would be sufficient to fill all primary porosity in some locations, effectively scaling off portions of the oceanic crust. Thermal profiles resulting from fluid flow simulations indicate that volume changes along this possible reaction path occur primarily within the first 0.4 Myr of crustal aging. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Eckerd Coll, Galbraith Marine Sci Lab, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, GEOPIG, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Wetzel, LR (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Galbraith Marine Sci Lab, Dept Marine Sci, 4200 54th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. OI Raffensperger, Jeff/0000-0001-9275-6646 NR 69 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 110 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 319 EP 341 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00215-3 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 508AG UT WOS:000173064000007 ER PT J AU Zarnke, RL Evermann, J Hoef, JMV McNay, ME Boertje, RD Gardner, CL Adams, LG Dale, BW Burch, J AF Zarnke, RL Evermann, J Hoef, JMV McNay, ME Boertje, RD Gardner, CL Adams, LG Dale, BW Burch, J TI Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE canine coronavirus; Canis lupus; serology; survey; wolf ID COYOTES; DOG; PARVOVIRUS; INFECTIONS; POPULATION; PARASITES; PATHOGENS; DISEASES AB Wolves (Canis lupus) were captured in three areas of Interior Alaska (USA). Four hundred twenty-five sera were tested for evidence of exposure to canine coronavirus by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. Serum antibody prevalence averaged 70% (167/240) during the spring collection period and 25% (46/185) during the autumn collection period. Prevalence was 0% (0/42) in the autumn pup cohort (age 4-5 mo), and 60% (58/97) in the spring pup cohort (age 9-10 mo). Prevalence was lowest in the Eastern Interior study area. A statistical model indicates that prevalence increased slightly each year in all three study areas, These results indicate that transmission occurs primarily during the winter months, antibody decay is quite rapid, and reexposure during the summer is rare. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Tok, AK 99780 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Zarnke, RL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 1300 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. OI Boertje, Rodney/0000-0001-9970-331X; Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 740 EP 745 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 491XH UT WOS:000172135000009 PM 11763737 ER PT J AU Castle, KT Biggins, D Carter, LG Chu, M Innes, K Wimsatt, J AF Castle, KT Biggins, D Carter, LG Chu, M Innes, K Wimsatt, J TI Susceptibility of the Siberian polecat to subcutaneous and oral Yersinia pestis exposure SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE black-footed ferret; experimental infection; ferret; Mustela eversmannii; Mustela nigripes; plague; Siberian polecat; Yersinia pestis ID TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; PLAGUE; CATS AB To determine if the Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmannii) represents a suitable model for the study of plague pathogenesis and prevention in the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), polecats were exposed to 10(3), 10(7) or 10(10) Yersinia pestis organisms by subcutaneous injection; an additional group was exposed to Y. pestis da ingestion of a plague-killed mouse. Plague killed 88% of polecats exposed to Y. pestis (71% mortality in the 10(3) group, 100% mortality in the 10(7) and 10(10) groups, and 83% mortality in the mouse-fed group), Within the challenged group, mean day of death post-challenge ranged from 3.6 to 7.6 days; all polecats died on or before day 12 post-challenge. Animals receiving the lowest parenteral dose survived significantly longer than those receiving higher parenteral doses. Within challenged animals, mean survival time was lower in those presenting vith significant weight loss by day 3, lethargy, and low fecal output; time to onset of lethargy and other signs was also related to risk of dying and/or plague dose. Six polecats developed serum antibody titers to the Y. pestis F1 protein. Three seropositive polecats survived the initial challenge and a subsequent exposure to a plague-killed mouse, while two seropositive animals later died. This study confirms that the Siberian polecat is susceptible to plague and suggests that this species will offer an appropriate surrogate for black-footed ferrets in future plague studies and related vaccine trials. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinental Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Castle, KT (reprint author), 2411 Dalton Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 746 EP 754 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 491XH UT WOS:000172135000010 PM 11763738 ER PT J AU Schreiber, EA Doherty, PF Schenk, GA AF Schreiber, EA Doherty, PF Schenk, GA TI Effects of a chemical weapons incineration plant on red-tailed tropicbirds SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE chemical munitions; contaminants; heavy metals; JACADS; Johnston Atoll; long-term monitoring; Phaethon rubricauda; red-tailed tropicbird; reproductive success; survival ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; MARKED ANIMALS; SURVIVAL; POPULATIONS; AGE; SEABIRDS; MOVEMENT; GROWTH; CHICKS AB From 1990 to 2000, the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) incinerated part of the U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons on Johnston Atoll, central Pacific Ocean, which also is a National Wildlife Refuge and home to approximately a half-million breeding seabirds. The effect on wildlife of incineration of these weapons is unknown. Using a multi-strata mark-recapture analysis, we investigated the effects of JACADS on reproductive success, survival, and movement probabilities of red-tailed tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) nesting both downwind and upwind of the incineration site. We found no effect of chemical incineration on these tropicbird demographic parameters over the 8 years of our study. An additional 3 years of monitoring tropicbird demography will take place, post-incineration. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, MRC 116, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Bird Banding Lab, USGS, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Schreiber, EA (reprint author), 4109 Komes Court, Alexandria, VA 22306 USA. NR 69 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 685 EP 695 DI 10.2307/3803020 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200009 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, PW Wheeler, WE Moser, TJ Vine, LE Sullivan, BD Rusch, DH AF Rasmussen, PW Wheeler, WE Moser, TJ Vine, LE Sullivan, BD Rusch, DH TI Measurements of Canada goose morphology - Sources of error and effects on classification of subspecies SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Branta canadensis interior; Branta canadensis maxima; Canada goose; classification; measurement error; morphology; morphometrics; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves; subspecies; variation ID GEESE; DISCRIMINATION; ACCURACY; GIANT AB Subspecific classification of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) based on morphological measurements serves many management and research functions, such as determining harvest pressure on subspecies or estimating the population composition of wintering flocks. Despite this widespread use, the magnitude of error involved in such measurements. the effect of observer experience on measurement error, and the effect of measurement error on classification are not known. To investigate these issues, we carried out a study on Canada geese harvested in Wisconsin involving replicated measurements by observers of different experience levels. Measurement error for experienced observers was half as large as that for inexperienced observers (6-10% vs. 13-21% of all variability for all structures except the tarsus). Experienced observers measured the skull and culmen most precisely, the tarsus, least precisely. Consistent differences among observers (observer bias) that could bias classification were smaller for experienced observers. We used reference data and distributional assumptions to estimate that without observer bias or other forms of measurement error. 8-9% of geese measured would be misclassified because of actual size overlap between subspecies. Without observer bias, remaining measurement error among experienced and inexperienced observers increased misclassification by 1% and 2%, respectively. Observer bias can increase misclassification substantially beyond these levels, depending on the magnitude and direction of observer bias and the prevalence of the subspecies. Misclassification of geese resulted in overestimating the prevalence of the less common subspecies in mixed populations. which may be important in developing management strategies. We recommend training observers and standardizing measurement procedures primarily to reduce observer bias that leads to biased classification of geese, and secondarily to reduce other components of measurement error. C1 Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Horicon, WI 53032 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NatureBent Inc, Austin, TX 78715 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Rasmussen, PW (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, 1350 Femrite Dr, Monona, WI 53716 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 716 EP 725 DI 10.2307/3803022 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200011 ER PT J AU Royle, JA Dubovsky, JA AF Royle, JA Dubovsky, JA TI Modeling spatial variation in waterfowl band-recovery data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE band-recovery models; capture-recapture; Markov chain Monte Carlo; random effects; spatial modeling; spatial statistics; waterfowl banding; waterfowl harvest rate ID MANAGEMENT; HARVESTS AB Historically, the statistical complexity of modeling spatial relationships in band-recovery data has limited the use of spatial models in the management of waterfowl populations. Consequently, managers have assumed simplified spatial relationships (e.g., by stratification and pooling data over large geographic areas) to obtain spatially explicit estimates of vital rates. As an alternative. we used a binomial random effects approach it) modeling spatial variation in band-recovery, data. The model accommodates spatial correlation and heterogeneity in recovery rates and facilitates spatially explicit estimation of recovery, rates with sparse data and at arbitrary levels of spatial resolution. Although the model is structurally simple, estimation using conventional likelihood techniques is complex. Instead, we rely on a technique known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. We used this model to construct a map of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) recovery rates on a relatively fine-grained grid and for estimation of recovery rates within predefined geographic strata. The results show a strong gradient in recovery rate. with lower values in the western United States and higher values in the eastern United States. The spatial correlation in the model allows useful stratum-level estimates to be produced for strata with small sample sizes. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Royle, JA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 726 EP 737 DI 10.2307/3803023 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200012 ER PT J AU Davis, JB Kaminski, RM Leopold, BD Cox, RR AF Davis, JB Kaminski, RM Leopold, BD Cox, RR TI Survival of female wood ducks during brood rearing in Alabama and Mississippi SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Aix sponsa; Alabama; brood rearing; female; Mississippi; radiotelemetry; survival; wood duck ID NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; MALLARD DUCKLINGS AB Knowledge of survival of female ducks is important for understanding population dynamics and managing hunted species, We estimated survival of Female wood ducks (Aix sponsa) during brood rearing in different wetland environments in Mississippi (1996-1999) and Alabama (1998-1999). Survival was 0.90 +/- 0.05 (S +/- SE) in Mississippi and 0.92 +/- 0.07 in Alabama. A composite estimate of female survival for all years and both areas was 0.90 +/- 0.04. High survival of females during brood rearing in our study areas Suggests that this factor may be less important than other population factors (e.g., duckling survival) influencing fall recruitment in these wood (luck populations. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Davis, JB (reprint author), Ducks Unltd Inc, 4511 E 43rd St, N Little Rock, AR 72117 USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 738 EP 744 DI 10.2307/3803024 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200013 ER PT J AU Robb, JR Tori, GM Kroll, RW AF Robb, JR Tori, GM Kroll, RW TI Condition indices of live-trapped American black ducks and mallards SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American black duck; Anas platyrhynchos; Anas rubripes; body weight; condition index; Lake Erie; mallard; Ohio; physiological condition ID BODY-MASS; INCREASING MALLARDS; NO EVIDENCE; WINTER; SURVIVAL; VULNERABILITY; CANVASBACKS; ONTARIO; WEIGHT; AUTUMN AB We compared condition indices of interacting American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (A. platyrhynchos) during staging to contrast changes in energy reserves that potentially influence survival or other population parameters. We live-trapped and banded 1,126 black ducks and 1,292 mallards from October through January, during 1990-1993 on Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Ohio, USA. Ducks were aged, sexed, and weighed; total body length, wing chord, culmen, and tarsus were measured to compute condition indices. The condition indices were used as dependent variables in multiple regression models to measure influences of annual date, species, and ambient temperature for each age-sex class. Adult male black ducks usually had slightly higher (1% to 3%) condition indices than adult male mallards. Initially, in 1990 and 1992,juvenile female mallards had 6% higher condition indices than juvenile female black ducks, but during these 2 years, black duck juvenile females improved condition at higher rates than their mallard counterparts. Temperature effects on condition of live-trapped birds were noted, especially during November 1991, when decreased body weights corresponded with frozen wetland foraging areas. Daily temperature similarly influenced black duck and mallard egress from the Lake Erie marshes. Species differences in breeding chronology and breeding ground productivity could influence the body condition of these birds and the observed seasonal trends. The poor body condition of juvenile black duck females observed during some years could possibly contribute to lower survival and reproductive performance during the following spring if these differences continue through the remainder of the winter. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Ohio Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio Div Wildlife, Crane Creek Wildlife Res Stn, Oak Harbor, OH 43449 USA. Winous Point Shooting Club, Port Clinton, OH 43452 USA. RP Robb, JR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1661 W JPG Niblo Rd, Madison, IN 47250 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 755 EP 764 DI 10.2307/3803026 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200015 ER PT J AU Reynolds, RE Shaffer, TL Renner, RW Newton, WE Batt, BDJ AF Reynolds, RE Shaffer, TL Renner, RW Newton, WE Batt, BDJ TI Impact of the conservation reserve program on duck recruitment in the US Prairie Pothole Region SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; Anas clypeata; Anas discors; Anas platyrhynchos; Anas strepera; blue-winged teal; Conservation Reserve Program; CRP; ducks; gadwall; mallard; nest success; northern pintail; northern shoveler; Prairie Pothole Region; recruitment ID HABITAT PATCH SIZE; NEST SUCCESS; WATER CONDITIONS; SURVIVAL; DENSITY; COVER AB The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)'s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) resulted in the conversion of about 1.9 million ba of cropland to perennial grass cover in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, South Dakota, and northeastern Montana by 1992. Many wildlife managers believed this cover would provide benefits to wildlife, including upland nesting ducks. During 1992-1995, we evaluated success of 5 duck species nesting in CRP fields and nearby Waterfowl Production Areas (WPA) throughout the region. We examined relationships between daily survival rates (DSR) of duck nests in CRP cover and landscape-level habitat and population parameters. We Computed DSR of duck nests in other major cover types in our study area from data collected during 1980-1984 (pre-CRP) and 1990-1994 (CRP) periods. We then applied recruitment models to estimate duck production in our study area during peak CRP years (1992-1997) and compared these results with those that simulated the scenario in which cropland was in place of CRP cover (i.e,, the CRP had not occurred). DSR were higher in all habitats combined during the CRP period compared to the pre-CRP period. Regressions of DSR in CRP cover on the percent of each study plot in perennial cover and geographic location were significant (P< 0.01) for 4 of 5 duck (Anas spp.) species. Estimated nest success and recruitment rates for the 5 species combined during 1992-1997 were 46% and 30% higher, respectively, with CRP cover on the landscape compared to a scenario where we simulated cropland in place of CRP. Our model estimated an additional 12.4 million recruits front our study area to the fall flight as a consequence of the CRP during 1992-1997. Our results document benefits to 5 duck species in the northern plains associated with a farm program that provided Financial incentives to landowners for planting undisturbed grass cover as an alternative to annual crops. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Ducks Unltd Inc, Great Plains Reg Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. Ducks Unltd Inc, Natl Headquarters, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. RP Reynolds, RE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team Off, 3425 Miriam Ave, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. NR 60 TC 89 Z9 101 U1 5 U2 38 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 765 EP 780 DI 10.2307/3803027 PG 16 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200016 ER PT J AU Afton, AD Anderson, MG AF Afton, AD Anderson, MG TI Declining scaup populations: A retrospective analysis of long-term population and harvest survey data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE age ratios; Aythya affinis; Aythya marila; body condition; boreal forest; Canada; greater scaup; harvest; harvest rates; lesser scaup; population decline; recruitment; sex ratios; survival ID MIDWINTER WATERFOWL INVENTORY; ATLANTIC FLYWAY; LESSER SCAUP; PACIFIC AB We examined long-term databases concerning population status of scaup (lesser [Aythya affinis] and greater scaup [A. marila] combined) and harvest statistics of lesser scaup to identify factors potentially limiting population growth. Specifically, we explored evidence for and against the general hypotheses that scaup populations have declined in association with declining recruitment and/or female survival. We examined geographic heterogeneity in scaup demographic patterns that could yield evidence about potential limiting factors. Several biases exist in survey methodology used to estimate scaup populations and harvest statistics; however, none Of these biases likely accounted for our major findings that (1) the continental scaup breeding population has declined over the last 20 years, with widespread and consistent declines within surveyed areas of the Canadian western boreal forest where most lesser scaup breed; (2) sex ratios of lesser scaup in the U.S. harvest have increased (more males now relative to females): and (3) age ratios of lesser scaup in the U.S. harvest have declined (fewer immatures now relative to adults), especially in the midcontinent region, We interpreted these major findings as evidence that (1) recruitment of lesser scaup has declined over the last 20 years, particularly in the Canadian western boreal forest; and (2) survival of female lesser scaup has declined relative to that of males. We found little evidence that harvest was associated with the scaup population decline. Our findings underscore the need for both improvements and changes to population survey procedures and new research to discriminate among various hypotheses explaining the recent scaup population decline. C1 Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Ducks Unlimited Canada, Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, Stonewall, MB R0C 2Z0, Canada. RP Afton, AD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 39 TC 72 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 781 EP 796 DI 10.2307/3803028 PG 16 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200017 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Goldberg, DR Smith, AE Baranyuk, YV Cooch, EG AF Samuel, MD Goldberg, DR Smith, AE Baranyuk, YV Cooch, EG TI Neckband retention for lesser snow geese in the western Arctic SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Banks Island; Canada; Chen caerulescens caerulescens; lesser snow geese; neckbands; neckband retention; Pacific Flyway; Russia; survival analysis; Wrangel Island ID WHITE-FRONTED GEESE; CANADA GEESE; SURVIVAL RATES; COLLAR RETENTION; BAND LOSS; FLYWAY; BIAS AB Neckbands are commonly used in waterfowl studies (especially geese) to identify individuals for determination of movement and behavior and to estimate population parameters. Substantial neckband loss can adversely affect these research objectives and produce biased survival estimates. We used capture, recovery, and observation histories for lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) banded in the western Arctic, 1993-1996, to estimate neckband retention. We found that neckband retention differed between snow goose breeding colonies at Wrangel Island, Russia, and Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Mate snow geese had higher neckband loss than females, a pattern similar to that found for Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and lesser snow geese in Alaska. We found that the rate of neckband loss increased with time, suggesting that neckbands are lost as the plastic deteriorates. Survival estimates for geese based on resighting neckbands will be biased unless estimates are corrected for neckband loss. We recommend that neckband loss be estimated using survival estimators that incorporate recaptures, recoveries, and observations of marked birds. Research and management studies using neckbands should be designed to improve neckband retention and to include the assessment of neckband retention. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Wrangel Isl Nat Reserve, Magadan Reg, Ushakovskoye, Russia. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 NR 57 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 797 EP 807 DI 10.2307/3803029 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200018 ER PT J AU Guthery, FS King, NM Kuvlesky, WP DeStefano, S Gall, SA Silvy, NJ AF Guthery, FS King, NM Kuvlesky, WP DeStefano, S Gall, SA Silvy, NJ TI Comparative habitat use by three quails in desert grassland SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Arizona; Callipepla gambelii; Callipepla squamata; Colinus virginianus; Gambel's quail; habitat partitioning; masked bobwhite; neural network model; operative temperature; scaled quail ID NORTHERN BOBWHITES; SCALED QUAIL; TEXAS; SELECTION; SUMMER AB During 1994-1996. we studied comparative habitat use by 3 sympatric quails in Southern Arizona, USA, to better understand habitat partitioning and the potential for interference competition. Masked bobwhites (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii), and Arizona scaled quail (C. squamala pallida) responded in common to the randomly available environment by using patches that apparently reduced risks from raptors and hyperthermia. Bobwhites used patches with cooler temperatures and lower exposure to ground and aerial predators than the other species. Gambel's quail used patches with higher canopy coverage of woody vegetation and exposure of bare ground in comparison with scaled quail. Multivariate discrimination models (used vs. random patches) indicated a potential for interference competition among the quails. However. we interpreted the data to indicate that different manners of habitat use may lead to common outcomes (degree of exposure to predators) in risk avoidance; thus, the potential for interference competition probably was low. We surmised that the addition of woody cover to scaled quail habitat may create Gambel's quail habitat, and the addition of herbaceous cover to Gambel's quail habitat may create masked bobwhite habitat. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Buenos Aires Natl Wildlife Refuge, Sasabe, AZ 85633 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Guthery, FS (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 850 EP 860 DI 10.2307/3803034 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200023 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Smith, DW Murphy, KM MacNulty, DR AF Mech, LD Smith, DW Murphy, KM MacNulty, DR TI Winter severity and wolf predation on a formerly wolf-free elk herd SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; Cervus elaphus; elk; nutritional condition; predation; snow; winter severity; wolf; Yellowstone National Park ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; GRAY WOLF; CARIBOU; IDAHO AB We studied wolf (Canis lupus) predation on elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park from 17 March to 15 April 1997 (severe winter conditions) and from 2 to 31 March 1998 (mild winter conditions) 2-3 years after wolves were reintroduced to the park. Elk composed 91% of 117 kills. Data comparisons for 1997 versus 1998 were: hunting success race, 26% versus 15%; kill rate, 17.1 kg/wolf/day versus 6.1 percent of kill consumed in first day, 7 versus 86; percent femur marrow fat of adult kills, 27 versus 70: calf.-adult ratios of kills, 2:33 versus 17:23; sex ratio of kills. 14M:19F versus 17M:6F; mean age of elk killed, males 6.1 years, females 15.2 versus males, 4.8, females 13.0. Winter severity influenced the wolf-elk relationship more than the naivete of the elk herd to predation by wolves. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Gabbert Raptor Ctr, 1920 Fitch St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI MacNulty, Dan/L-3965-2016 NR 25 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 38 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 998 EP 1003 DI 10.2307/3803048 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200037 ER PT J AU Russell, WH Carnell, K McBride, JR AF Russell, WH Carnell, K McBride, JR TI Black bear (Ursus americanus Pallas) feeding damage across timber harvest edges in northern California coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens[D. Don] Endl.) forests, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE black bear; edge effects; timber harvest; tree damage; wildlife management ID GROWTH AB Feeding damage to trees by black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) was recorded in proximity to timber harvest edges in harvested and old-growth stands of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [D. Don] Endl.) in northern California, USA. Bears exhibited distinct preference in their feeding patterns related to stand structure and composition and to distance from the timber-harvest edge. Most damage was recorded within regenerating stands. Regression analysis indicated that density of damaged trees was negatively correlated with distance from timber harvest edges within old-growth stands. A significant negative correlation was also found between the density of trees damaged by bears and habitat diversity (H') as measured by the Shannon diversity index. In addition, bears exhibited preference for pole-size trees (dbh = 10-50 cm) over all other size classes, and coast redwood over other species. In general, damage by bears appeared to act as a natural thinning agent in even-aged stands. No damage was recorded in old-growth stands except in close proximity to the timber-harvest edge where subcanopy recruitment was high. C1 US Geol Survey, Golden Gate Field Stn, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. Watershed Stewards Project, Ft Bragg, CA 95437 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Sci Div, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Russell, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Golden Gate Field Stn, Bldg 1063, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 324 EP 329 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 486NF UT WOS:000171823300005 ER PT J AU Goward, SN Masek, JG Williams, DL Irons, JR Thompson, RJ AF Goward, SN Masek, JG Williams, DL Irons, JR Thompson, RJ TI The Landsat 7 mission - Terrestrial research and applications for the 21st century SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; FUTURE; CARBON AB The Landsat Earth observation approach introduced in 1972 created a new way of monitoring land cover and land use globally. The Landsat 7 mission, successfully launched on April 15, 1999, continues those observations and demonstrates significant progress in precise numerical radiometry, spectral differentiation, and seasonally repetitive monitoring. Substantial improvements in calibration procedures, both prior to launch and during normal operations, have also been made to ensure long-term stability in the acquired spectral radiometry. Landsat 7 data acquisitions are being driven by a long-term data acquisition plan that was designed to ensure that substantially cloud-free, seasonal coverage would be recorded and archived in the US for all land areas of the globe. NASA competitively selected a Landsat Science Team, consisting of representatives from US universities and government agencies, to exploit the Landsat 7 record for global change research. This team is addressing the technical and analytical means to process and analyze the core of this observation record, and for the first time in the history of the Landsat mission, the technical and operational aspects of the mission are being driven by the goals of the US science community. The expected outcome of these efforts is a rapid improvement in understanding the Earth system, as well as conceptual knowledge that will underpin significant advancements in the application of this technology for commercial, operational, educational, and research purposes. Pathways to achieve effective Landsat continuity in the early decades of the 21st century are also being given careful attention, and there is no question that the lessons teamed from the Landsat 7 mission will strongly influence these next-generation sensor systems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Landsat Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Goward, SN (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing, Lefrak Hall,Room 1113, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sg21@umail.umd.edu RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Irons, James/D-8535-2012 NR 32 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00262-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 481NE UT WOS:000171525000002 ER PT J AU Vogelmann, JE Helder, D Morfitt, R Choate, MJ Merchant, JW Bulley, H AF Vogelmann, JE Helder, D Morfitt, R Choate, MJ Merchant, JW Bulley, H TI Effects of landsat 5 thematic mapper and Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper plus radiometric and geometric calibrations and corrections on landscape characterization SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID DRIFT AB The Thematic Mapper (TM) instruments onboard Landsats 4 and 5 provide high-quality imagery appropriate for many different applications, including land cover mapping, landscape ecology, and change detection. Precise calibration was considered to be critical to the success of the Landsat 7 mission and, thus, issues of calibration were given high priority during the development of the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Data sets from the Landsat 5 TM are not routinely corrected for a number of radiometric and geometric artifacts, including memory effect, gain/bias, and interfocal plane misalignment. In the current investigation, the effects of correcting vs. not correcting these factors were investigated for several applications. Gain/bias calibrations were found to have a greater impact on most applications than did memory effect calibrations. Correcting interfocal plane offsets was found to have a moderate effect on applications. On June 2, 1999, Landsats 5 and 7 data were acquired nearly simultaneously over a study site in the Niobrara, NE area. Field radiometer data acquired at that site were used to facilitate crosscalibrations of Landsats 5 and 7 data. Current findings and results from previous investigations indicate that the internal calibrator of Landsat 5 TM tracked instrument gain well until 1988. After this, the internal calibrator diverged from the data derived from vicarious calibrations. Results from this study also indicate very good agreement between prelaunch measurements and vicarious calibration data for all Landsat 7 reflective bands except Band 4. Values are within about 3.5% of each other, except for Band 4, which differs by 10%. Coefficient of variation (CV) values derived from selected targets in the imagery were also analyzed. The Niobrara Landsat 7 imagery was found to have lower CV values than Landsat 5 data, implying that lower levels of noise characterize Landsat 7 data than current Landsat 5 data. It was also found that following radiometric normalization, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery and classification products of Landsats 5 and 7 were very similar. This implies that data from the two sensors can be used to measure and monitor the same landscape phenomena and that Landsats 5 and 7 data can be used interchangeably with proper caution. In addition, it was found that difference imagery produced using Landsat 7 ETM+ data are of excellent quality. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Raytheon Corp, USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, CALMIT, Lincoln, NE 68506 USA. RP Vogelmann, JE (reprint author), Raytheon Corp, USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Vogelmann, James/0000-0002-0804-5823 NR 24 TC 82 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 55 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00249-8 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 481NE UT WOS:000171525000006 ER PT J AU Vannucchi, P Scholl, DW Meschede, M McDougall-Reid, K AF Vannucchi, P Scholl, DW Meschede, M McDougall-Reid, K TI Tectonic erosion and consequent collapse of the Pacific margin of Costa Rica: Combined implications from ODP Leg 170, seismic offshore data, and regional geology of the Nicoya Peninsula SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION EROSION; CONVERGENT MARGIN; FORE-ARC; ACCRETIONARY PRISM; SEDIMENT SUBDUCTION; QUATERNARY UPLIFT; COCOS PLATE; FLUID-FLOW; HISTORY; TRENCH AB The convergent margin off the Pacific coast of the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica exhibits evidence for subduction erosion caused by the underthrusting Cocos plate. Critical evidence for efficacy of this process was recovered at the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) drilling Site 1042 (Leg 170), positioned similar to7 km landward of the Middle America trench axis off the Nicoya Peninsula. The primary drilling objective at this site was to identify the age and origin of a regionally extensive and prominent seismic discontinuity, the so-called base-of-slope sediment (BOSS) horizon or surface. The BOSS horizon, which can be traced landward from near the trench to the Nicoya coastal area and parallel to it for hundreds of kilometers, separates a low-velocity (similar to2.0-2.5 km s(-1)) sequence of slope sediment, from an underlying sequence of much higher-velocity (>4-4.5 km s(-1)) rock. Site 1042 reached the acoustically defined BOSS horizon at a below sea level depth of similar to 3900 m and yielded a carbonate-cemented calcarenitic breccia of early-middle Miocene age. Sedimentological, geochemical, paleontological, and cement paragenesis data document that the breccia accumulated in a shallow water depositional environment. On the basis of coastal exposures, the BOSS horizon, as a margin-wide geologic interface, can be temporally and lithostratigraphically correlated to a regional angular unconformity. This unconformity, known as the Mal Pais unconformity, separates Neogene and younger shelf-to-littoral beds from the underlying mafic units of the Mesozoic Nicoya Complex and Cretaceous and early Tertiary sedimentary sequences. At Site 1042 it is inferred that tectonism caused the vertical subsidence of the early Neogene breccia from a shallow to a deep water setting. The Mal Pais unconformity of the BOSS horizon thus connects the rock fabric of the outermost part of margin to that of coastal Nicoya and implies that in the early Neogene the Nicoya shelf extended seaward to near the present trench axis. This circumstance requires that the early Neogene trench axis was at least 50 km seaward of where it is now located. The long-term effects of subduction erosion, similar to those described for the scientifically drilled Japan, Tonga, and Peru margins, best account for offshore and onshore evidence for a post-Paleogene history of crustal thinning and landward trench migration of Costa Rica's Pacific margin. During the past 16-17 Myr the calculated mass removal and landward migration rates are 34-36 km(3) Myr(-1) km(-1) of margin, and 3 km Myr(-1), respectively. These values are similar to those found for other Pacific margins dominated by nonaccretionary subduction zone processes. C1 Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Earth Sci, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Tubingen, Inst Geol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Vannucchi, P (reprint author), Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Earth Sci, Piazzale S Eufemia 19, I-41100 Modena, Italy. NR 73 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD OCT PY 2001 VL 20 IS 5 BP 649 EP 668 DI 10.1029/2000TC001223 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 476QQ UT WOS:000171240600003 ER PT J AU Powell, CL AF Powell, CL TI Geologic and molluscan evidence for a previously misunderstood late pleistocene, cool water, open coast terrace at Newport Bay, southern California SO VELIGER LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL; QUATERNARY AB A macro-in vertebrate fauna from a 7 m elevation terrace remnant on the front of the Newport Mesa contains 63 mollusks, 58 specifically identified. These taxa represent a mixed death assemblage similar to that seen on rocky terrace platforms at intertidal depths in southern to central California today. The extralimital northern bivalve Macoma inquinata (Carpenter) and gastropods Tectura sp., cf. T. persona (Ratlike), and Tegula montereyi (Kiener) suggest slightly cooler water temperatures than present today. These extralimital cool-water taxa, along with the terrace's geomorphic position in the palisades along the front of Newport Mesa, below other mapped terraces, separate it from the well known first terrace and its associated warm-water fauna recognized by previous authors, and suggest a younger age than the first terrace around Newport Bay. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Powell, CL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU CALIF MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOC INC PI SANTA BARBARA PA SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, 2559 PUESTA DEL SOL RD, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93105 USA SN 0042-3211 J9 VELIGER JI Veliger PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 340 EP 347 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 481AM UT WOS:000171496200002 ER PT J AU Ivahnenko, T Szabo, Z Gibs, J AF Ivahnenko, T Szabo, Z Gibs, J TI Changes in sample collection and analytical techniques and effects on retrospective comparability of low-level concentrations of trace elements in ground water SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ground-water sampling; trace levels; trace elements; quality assurance; baseline studies; environmental surveys ID COASTAL-PLAIN; MERCURY; FIELD AB Ground-water sampling techniques were modified to reduce random low-level contamination during collection of filtered water samples for determination of trace-element concentrations. The modified sampling techniques were first used in New Jersey by the US Geological Survey in 1994 along with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to determine the concentrations of 18 trace elements at the one microgram-per-liter (mug/L) level in the oxic water of the unconfined sand and gravel Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, The revised technique tested included a combination of the following: collection of samples (1) with flow rates of about 2 L per minute, (2) through acid-washed single-use disposable tubing and (3) a single-use disposable 0.45-mum pore size capsule filter, (4) contained within portable glove boxes, (5) in a dedicated clean sampling van, (6) only after turbidity stabilized at values less than 2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), when possible. Quality-assurance data, obtained from equipment blanks and split samples, indicated that trace element concentrations, with the exception of iron, chromium, aluminum, and zinc, measured in the samples collected in 1994 were not subject to random contamination at 1 mug/L. Results from samples collected in 1994 were compared to those from samples collected in 1991 from the same 12 PVC-cased observation wells using the available sampling and analytical techniques at that time. Concentrations of copper, lead, manganese and zinc were statistically significantly lower in samples collected in 1994 than in 1991. Sampling techniques used in 1994 likely provided trace-element data that represented concentrations in the aquifer with less bias than data from 1991 when samples were collected without the same degree of attention to sample handling. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Szabo, Z (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd,Suite 206 W, Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 35 IS 15 BP 3611 EP 3624 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00094-X PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 470RY UT WOS:000170886000012 PM 11561622 ER PT J AU Su, GW Geller, JT Pruess, K Hunt, JR AF Su, GW Geller, JT Pruess, K Hunt, JR TI Solute transport along preferential flow paths in unsaturated fractures SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER-FUNCTION MODEL; ROCK FRACTURES; WATER SEEPAGE; POROUS-MEDIUM; INFILTRATION; INSTABILITY; CHALK; ZONES; FRONT AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to study solute transport along preferential flow paths in unsaturated, inclined fractures. Qualitative aspects of solute transport were identified in a miscible dye tracer experiment conducted in a transparent replica of a natural granite fracture. Additional experiments were conducted to measure the breakthrough curves of a conservative tracer introduced into an established preferential flow path in two different fracture replicas and a rock-replica combination. The influence of gravity was investigated by varying fracture inclination. The relationship between the travel times of the solute and the relative influence of gravity was substantially affected by two modes of intermittent flow that occurred: the snapping rivulet and the pulsating blob modes. The measured travel times of the solute were evaluated with three transfer function models: the axial dispersion, the reactors-in-series, and the lognormal models. The three models described the solute travel times nearly equally well. A mechanistic model was also formulated to describe transport when the pulsating blob mode occurred which assumed blobs of water containing solute mixed with residual pools of water along the flow path. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Su, GW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 421, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 10 BP 2481 EP 2491 DI 10.1029/2000WR000093 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 476DQ UT WOS:000171211300004 ER PT J AU Barth, GR Hill, MC Illangasekare, TH Rajaram, H AF Barth, GR Hill, MC Illangasekare, TH Rajaram, H TI Predictive modeling of flow and transport in a two-dimensional intermediate-scale, heterogeneous porous medium SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STATE GROUNDWATER-FLOW; PARAMETER-IDENTIFICATION; ASSESSING RELIABILITY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; DISPERSION AB As a first step toward understanding the role of sedimentary structures in flow and transport through porous media, this work deterministically examines how small-scale laboratory-measured values of hydraulic conductivity relate to in situ values of simple, artificial structures in an intermediate-scale (10 m long), two-dimensional, heterogeneous, laboratory experiment. Results were judged based on how well simulations using measured values of hydraulic conductivities matched measured hydraulic heads, net flow, and transport through the tank. Discrepancies were investigated using sensitivity analysis and nonlinear regression estimates of the in situ hydraulic conductivity that produce the best fit to measured hydraulic heads and net flow. Permeameter and column experiments produced laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity for each of the sands used in the intermediate-scale experiments. Despite explicit numerical representation of the heterogeneity the laboratory-measured values underestimated net flow by 12-14% and were distinctly smaller than the regression-estimated values. The significance of differences in measured hydraulic conductivity values was investigated by comparing variability of transport predictions using the different measurement methods to that produced by different realizations of the heterogeneous distribution. Results indicate that the variations in measured hydraulic conductivity were more important to transport than variations between realizations of the heterogeneous distribution of hydraulic conductivity. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Barth, GR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 33 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 10 BP 2503 EP 2512 DI 10.1029/2001WR000242 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 476DQ UT WOS:000171211300006 ER PT J AU Despain, DG Weaver, T Aspinall, RJ AF Despain, DG Weaver, T Aspinall, RJ TI A rule-based model for mapping potential exotic plant distribution SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem CY OCT, 1999 CL YELLOWSTONE NATL PK, WYOMING DE maps; exotics; weeds; GIS; Yellowstone National Park; modeling; Centaurea; Cirsium; Melilotus; Phleum AB Wildland managers need a method to predict which portions of the lands under their stewardship are susceptible to invasion by exotic plants. We combined a database listing exotic plant species known to occur in major environmental types (habitat types) throughout the northern Rocky Mountains with a digital vegetation map of environmental types for a major national park in the region (Yellowstone National Park) to produce maps of areas potentially threatened by major exotic species. Such maps should be helpful to managers concerned with monitoring and controlling exotic plants. C1 USGS, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Geog Informat & Anal Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Despain, DG (reprint author), USGS, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, POB 173492, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2001 VL 61 IS 4 BP 428 EP 433 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497DD UT WOS:000172436700006 ER PT J AU Delgiudice, GD Moen, RA Singer, FJ Riggs, MR AF Delgiudice, GD Moen, RA Singer, FJ Riggs, MR TI Winter nutritional restriction and simulated body condition of yellowstone elk and bison before and after the fires of 1988 SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE bison; Bison bison; Cercus elaphus; condition; drought; elk; fire; food habits; physiological model; potassium : creatinine; urea nitrogen : creatinine; urine; winter severity; Yellowstone National Park ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; URINARY UREA NITROGEN; MUSCLE PROTEIN CATABOLISM; FREE-RANGING ELK; NATIONAL-PARK; MULE DEER; CREATININE RATIOS; SNOW-URINE; PHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES AB We collected and chemically analyzed urine in snow (snow-urine) and simulated physiology of elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) at the population level to assess changes in nutritional restriction, physical condition (i.e., fat reserves), and mortality rates on the Northern and Madison-Firehole ranges and at Pelican Valley in Yellowstone National Park during winters 1987-88 (1988) to 1989-90 (1990). On the Northern and Madison-Firehole ranges, elk diets varied over the 3 winters with lowest consumption of grasses (P less than or equal to 0.006) and highest consumption of conifers (P less than or equal to 0.044) during the first winter post-fire (1989), which was also the most severe winter with respect to snow depth. Sedge use by Northern range elk also varied (P less than or equal to 0.002) with lowest use during pre-fire winter 1988 and greatest use during winter 1990; sedge use was stable at the more thermally-influenced Madison-Firehole range. Decreasing (F less than or equal to 0.014) mean urinary potassium:creatinine (K:C) ratios reflected progressive nutritional restriction on all sampling areas during all 3 winters. Mean urinary urea nitrogen:creatinine (UN:C) ratios of elk varied (P < 0.001) on the lower, middle, and upper Northern range and at Madison-Firehole during all 3 winters, except on the lower Northern range during winter 1989. Values of mean UN:C ratios and temporal trends indicated nutritional restriction was greatest during winter 1989, and restriction was increasingly severe from the lower to upper elevations of the Northern range and most severe at Madison-Firehole, where snow depths were greatest. On the Northern and Madison-Firehole ranges, bison use of grasses decreased (F less than or equal to 0.006) and sedges increased (P less than or equal to 0.005), while conifer use remained low and stable throughout the study. In Pelican Valley, bison food habits were unaltered during the study. Bison and elk diets were more similar at Madison-Firehole than on the Northern range, suggesting greater competition for food at Madison-Firehole. Mean K:C ratios of bison declined (P less than or equal to 0.014) throughout all winters on all sampling areas. Mean UN:C ratios increased (P less than or equal to 0.030) on the Northern, Madison-Firehole, and Pelican Valley ranges in each winter. Mean UN:C ratios were lower in bison than in elk, but temporal trends indicated that nutritional restriction of bison progressively increased each winter and was most severe during winter 1989. Measured UN:C ratios and herd composition were used by the physiological model to predict DEI on each range for bison and elk. At the predicted DEI on each range, there were spatial and temporal differences in fat reserves and mortality rates of elk and bison. The physiological model predicted that Madison-Firehole elk and bison were more severely nutritionally restricted and had lower fat reserves during winter 1989 than elk and bison on the Northern range. Lower fat reserves and higher winter mortality rates of elk and bison calves compared to cows predicted by the physiological model were consistent with the differential pressure exerted by density-dependent factors and amplified during the more severe winter. C1 Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Forest Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Ctr Water & Environm, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Natl Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Dept Stat Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Delgiudice, GD (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Forest Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RI Moen, Ron/M-3177-2014 NR 189 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD OCT PY 2001 IS 147 BP 1 EP + PG 61 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 487KK UT WOS:000171874100001 ER PT J AU Veverka, J Farquhar, B Robinson, M Thomas, P Murchie, S Harch, A Antreasian, PG Chesley, SR Miller, JK Owen, WM Williams, BG Yeomans, D Dunham, D Heyler, G Holdridge, M Nelson, RL Whittenburg, KE Ray, JC Carcich, B Cheng, A Chapmank, C Bell, JF Bell, M Bussey, B Clark, B Domingue, D Gaffey, MJ Hawkins, E Izenberg, N Joseph, J Kirk, R Lucey, P Malin, M McFadden, L Merline, WJ Peterson, C Prockter, L Warren, J Wellnitz, D AF Veverka, J Farquhar, B Robinson, M Thomas, P Murchie, S Harch, A Antreasian, PG Chesley, SR Miller, JK Owen, WM Williams, BG Yeomans, D Dunham, D Heyler, G Holdridge, M Nelson, RL Whittenburg, KE Ray, JC Carcich, B Cheng, A Chapmank, C Bell, JF Bell, M Bussey, B Clark, B Domingue, D Gaffey, MJ Hawkins, E Izenberg, N Joseph, J Kirk, R Lucey, P Malin, M McFadden, L Merline, WJ Peterson, C Prockter, L Warren, J Wellnitz, D TI The landing of the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft on asteroid 433 Eros SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID EJECTA BLOCKS; 243-IDA AB The NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft was designed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the S-type asteroid 433 Eros (refs 1-3), an irregularly shaped body with approximate dimensions of 34x13x13 km. Following the completion of its yearlong investigation, the mission was terminated with a controlled descent to its surface, in order to provide extremely high resolution images. Here we report the results of the descent on 12 February 2001, during which 70 images were obtained. The landing area is marked by a paucity of small craters and an abundance of 'ejecta blocks'. The properties and distribution of ejecta blocks are discussed in a companion paper(4). The last sequence of images reveals a transition from the blocky surface to a smooth area, which we interpret as a 'pond'. Properties of the 'ponds' are discussed in a second companion paper(5). The closest image, from an altitude of 129 m, shows the interior of a 100-m-diameter crater at 1-cm resolution. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Sci, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst Inc, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Veverka, J (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Wellnitz, Dennis/B-4080-2012; McFadden, Lucy-Ann/I-4902-2013; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Izenberg, Noam/F-3952-2015 OI McFadden, Lucy-Ann/0000-0002-0537-9975; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Izenberg, Noam/0000-0003-1629-6478 NR 14 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 6 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 27 PY 2001 VL 413 IS 6854 BP 390 EP 393 DI 10.1038/35096507 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 475UY UT WOS:000171188700045 PM 11574879 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Dohm, JM Golombek, MP Haldemann, AFC Franklin, BJ Tanaka, KL Lias, J Peer, B AF Anderson, RC Dohm, JM Golombek, MP Haldemann, AFC Franklin, BJ Tanaka, KL Lias, J Peer, B TI Primary centers and secondary concentrations of tectonic activity through time in the western hemisphere of Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THARSIS REGION; VALLES MARINERIS; ORIENTATION DATA; ORIGIN; PROVINCE; TOPOGRAPHY; THAUMASIA; EVOLUTION; TROUGHS; HISTORY AB Five main stages of radial and concentric structures formed around Tharsis from the Noachian through the Amazonian as determined by geologic mapping of 24,452 structures within the stratigraphic framework of Mars and by testing their radial and concentric orientations. Tectonic activity peaked in the Noachian (stage 1) around the largest center, Claritas, an elongate center extending more than 20 degrees in latitude and defined by about half of the total grabens which are concentrated in the Syria Planum, Thaumasia, and Tempe Terra regions. During the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian (stage 2), extensional structures formed along the length of present-day Valles Marineris and in Thaumasia (with a secondary concentration near Warrego Vallis) radial to a region just to the south of the central margin of Valles Marineris. Early Hesperian (stage 3) radial grabens in Pavonis, Syria, Ulysses, and Tempe Terra and somewhat concentric wrinkle ridges in Lunae and Solis Plana and in Thaumasia, Sirenum, Memnonia, and Amazonis are centered northwest of Syria with secondary centers at Thaumasia, Tempe Terra, Ulysses Fossae, and western Valles Marineris. Late Hesperian/Early Amazonian (stage 4) structures around Alba Patera, the northeast trending alignment of Tharsis Montes, and Olympus Mons appears centered on Alba Patera. Stage 5 structures (Middle-Late Amazonian) represent the last pulse of Tharsis-related activity and are found around the large shield volcanoes and are centered near Pavonis Mons. Tectonic activity around Tharsis began in the Noachian and generally decreased through geologic time to the Amazonian. Statistically significant radial distributions of structures formed during each stage, centered at different locations within the higher elevations of Tharsis. Secondary centers of radial structures during many of the stages appear related to previously identified local magmatic centers that formed at different times and locations throughout Tharsis. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM R.C.Anderson@jpl.nasa.gov; jmd@hwr.arizona.edu; M.P.Golombek@jpl.nasa.gov; A.F.C.Haldemann@jpl.nasa.gov; B.J.Franklin@jpl.nasa.gov; ktanaka@usgs.gov; juan_lias@urscorp.com RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 51 TC 163 Z9 164 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E9 BP 20563 EP 20585 DI 10.1029/2000JE001278 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 474HH UT WOS:000171099900004 ER PT J AU Studinger, M Bell, RE Blankenship, DD Finn, CA Arko, RA Morse, DL Joughin, I AF Studinger, M Bell, RE Blankenship, DD Finn, CA Arko, RA Morse, DL Joughin, I TI Subglacial sediments: A regional geological template for ice flow in West Antarctica SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STREAM; SHEET; BENEATH AB We use aerogeophysical data to estimate the distribution of marine subglacial sediments and fault-bounded sedimentary basins beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). We find that significant ice flow occurs exclusively in regions covered by subglacial sediments. The onsets and lateral margins of ice streams coincide with the limit of marine sediments. Lateral margins are also consistently linked with fault-bounded basins. We predict that the inland migration of ice streams B and C-1 towards the ice divide outside the region covered by marine or rift sediments is unlikely. The subglacial geology has the potential to modulate the dynamic evolution of the ice streams and the WAIS. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Studinger, M (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, POB 1000, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM mstuding@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Blankenship, Donald/G-5935-2010; Joughin, Ian/A-2998-2008 OI Joughin, Ian/0000-0001-6229-679X NR 17 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 18 BP 3493 EP 3496 DI 10.1029/2000GL011788 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 473HN UT WOS:000171035000019 ER PT J AU McGarr, A Fletcher, JB AF McGarr, A Fletcher, JB TI A method for mapping apparent stress and energy radiation applied to the 1994 Northridge earthquake fault zone - revisited SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW AB McGarr and Fletcher (2000) introduced a technique for estimating apparent stress and seismic energy radiation associated with small patches of a larger fault plane and then applied this method to the slip model of the Northridge earthquake (Wald et al., 1996). These results must be revised because we did not take account of the difference between the seismic energy near the fault and that in the farfield. The fraction f(v(R)) of the near-field energy that propagates into the far-field is a monotonic function that ranges from 0.11 to 0.40 as rupture velocity v(R) increases from 0.6 beta to 0.95 beta, where beta is the shear wave speed. The revised equation for apparent stress for subfault ij is tau (ij)(a) = f(v(R))/2 rho beta /D-ij integral (D) over dot (t)(ij)(2)dt, where rho is density, D(t)(ij) is the time-dependent slip, and D-ij is the final slip. The corresponding seismic energy is E-a(ij) = AD(ij)tau (ij)(a), where A is the subfault area. Our corrected distributions of apparent stress and radiated energy over the Northridge earthquake fault zone are about 35 % of those published before. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McGarr, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 18 BP 3529 EP 3532 DI 10.1029/2001GL013094 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 473HN UT WOS:000171035000028 ER PT J AU Hayes, ML Bonaventura, J Mitchell, TP Prospero, JM Shinn, EA Van Dolah, F Barber, RT AF Hayes, ML Bonaventura, J Mitchell, TP Prospero, JM Shinn, EA Van Dolah, F Barber, RT TI How are climate and marine biological outbreaks functionally linked? SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE disease; dust; HABs; iron; NAO; pathogen ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; AFRICAN DUST; SAHARAN DUST; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; MINERAL DUST; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; BACTERIAL-GROWTH AB Since the mid-1970s, large-scale episodic events such as disease epidemics, mass mortalities, harmful algal blooms and other population explosions have been occurring in marine environments at an historically unprecedented rate. The variety of organisms involved (host. pathogens and other opportunists) and the absolute number of episodes have also increased during this period, Are these changes coincidental? Between 1972 and 1976, a global climate regime shift took place, and it is manifest most clearly by a change in strength of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Pressure systems. Consequences of this regime shift arc: (1) prolonged drought conditions in the Sahel region of Africa: (2) increased dust supply to the global atmosphere, by a factor of approximately Four; 3) increased easterly trade winds across the Atlantic; (4) increased colian transport of dust to the Atlantic and Caribbean basins; and (5) increased deposition of iron-rich colian dust to typically iron-poor marine regions. On the basis of well-documented climate and dust observations and the widely accepted increase in marine outbreak rates, this paper proposes that the increased iron supply has altered the micronutrient factors limiting growth of opportunistic organisms and virulence of pathogenic microbes, particularly in macronutrient-rich coastal systems. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. USGS Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Hayes, ML (reprint author), Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. OI Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160 NR 91 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 460 BP 213 EP 220 DI 10.1023/A:1013121503937 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 511DJ UT WOS:000173249100020 ER PT J AU Webb, MAH Van Eenennaam, JP Feist, GW Linares-Casenave, J Fitzpatrick, MS Schreck, CB Doroshov, SI AF Webb, MAH Van Eenennaam, JP Feist, GW Linares-Casenave, J Fitzpatrick, MS Schreck, CB Doroshov, SI TI Effects of thermal regime on ovarian maturation and plasma sex steroids in farmed white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE oocyte maturation; ovarian regression; plasma steroids; water temperature; white sturgeon ID FINAL OOCYTE MATURATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; ATLANTIC CROAKER; COHO SALMON; GONADOTROPIN; PROFILES; INDUCTION; GROWTH AB Recently, commercial aquaculture farms in Northern California have exposed gravid, cultured white sturgeon females to cold water (12 +/-1 degreesC) throughout the late phase of vitellogenesis and ovarian follicle maturation resulting in improved ovulation rates and egg quality. However, the optimum timing for transfer of broodfish to the cold water and the capacity of transferred broodfish to maintain reproductive competence over an extended time in cold water had not been evaluated. Gravid white sturgeon females that have been raised at water temperatures of 16-20 degreesC were transported to either cold water (12 +/-1 degreesC; Group 1) in November 1997 or maintained in ambient water temperatures (10-19 degreesC; Group 2) until early spring. In March 1998, half of the fish in Group 2 had regressed ovaries, but the remaining females had intact ovarian follicles and were transported to the cold water. Ovarian follicles and blood were collected from females until they reached the stage of spawning readiness (determined by germinal vesicle position and an oocyte maturation assay) or underwent ovarian regression. Exposure of gravid sturgeon females to ambient water temperatures (14.5 +/-2.3 degreesC, mean +/- S.D.) from October to March led to a decrease in plasma sex steroids and a high incidence of ovarian regression in fish with a more advanced stage of oocyte development. Transfer of females with intact ovarian follicles to cold water (12 +/-1 degreesC) in the fall or early spring resulted in normal ovarian development in the majority of females. Holding females in cold water does not seem to override their endogenous reproductive rhythms but extends their capacity to maintain oocyte maturational competence over a longer period of time. A temperature-sensitive phase in ovarian development may occur during the transition from vitellogenic growth to oocyte maturation, and the degree and timing of sensitivity to environmental temperature are dependent on the female's endogenous reproductive rhythm. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Webb, MAH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD SEP 14 PY 2001 VL 201 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00550-6 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 473TA UT WOS:000171063100010 ER PT J AU Segall, P Cervelli, P Owen, S Lisowski, M Miklius, A AF Segall, P Cervelli, P Owen, S Lisowski, M Miklius, A TI Constraints on dike propagation from continuous GPS measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA-VOLCANO; RAPID DEFORMATION; BASALTIC MAGMA; HAWAII; ERUPTION; SUMMIT; STRESS; BODY AB The January 1997 East Rift Zone eruption on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, occurred within a network of continuous Global Positioning System (CPS) receivers. The CPS measurements reveal the temporal history of deformation during dike intrusion, beginning similar to 8 hours prior to the onset of the eruption. The dike volume as a function of time, estimated from the CPS data using elastic Green's functions for a homogeneous half-space, shows that only two thirds of the final dike volume accumulated prior to the eruption and the rate of volume change decreased with time. These observations are inconsistent with simple models of dike propagation, which predict accelerating dike volume up to the time of the eruption and little or no change thereafter. Deflationary tilt changes at Kilauea summit mirror the inferred dike volume history, suggesting that the rate of dike propagation is limited by flow of magma into the dike. A simple, lumped parameter model of a coupled dike magma chamber system shows that the tendency for a dike to end in an eruption (rather than intrusion) is favored by high initial dike pressures, compressional stress states, large, compressible magma reservoirs, and highly conductive conduits linking the dike and source reservoirs. Comparison of model predictions to the observed dike volume history, the ratio of erupted to intruded magma, and the deflationary history of the summit magma chamber suggest that most of the magma supplied to the growing dike came from sources near to the eruption through highly conductive conduits. Interpretation is complicated by the presence of multiple source reservoirs, magma vesiculation and cooling, as well as spatial variations in dike-normal stress. Reinflation of the summit magma chamber following the eruption was measured by CPS and accompanied a rise in the level of the Pu'u O'o lava lake. For a spheroidal chamber these data imply a summit magma chamber volume of similar to 20 km(3), consistent with recent estimates from seismic tomography. Continuous deformation measurements can be used to image the spatiotemporal evolution of propagating dikes and to reveal quantitative information about the volcanic plumbing systems. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Volcanos Natl Pk, HI USA. RP Segall, P (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM segall@stanford.edu; owen@terra.usc.edu; mlisowski@usgs.gov; asta@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B9 BP 19301 EP 19317 DI 10.1029/2001JB000229 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 472FV UT WOS:000170973600008 ER PT J AU Larson, KM Cervelli, P Lisowski, M Miklius, A Segall, P Owen, S AF Larson, KM Cervelli, P Lisowski, M Miklius, A Segall, P Owen, S TI Volcano monitoring using the Global Positioning System: Filtering strategies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PHASE AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SURFACE DEFORMATION; RAPID DEFORMATION; SOUTH FLANK; GPS; MOTION; HAWAII; CALIFORNIA AB Permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) networks are routinely used for producing improved orbits and monitoring secular tectonic deformation. For these applications, data are transferred to an analysis center each day and routinely processed in 24-hour segments. To use GPS for monitoring volcanic events, which may last only a few hours, real-time or near realtime data processing and subdaily position estimates are valuable. Strategies have been researched for obtaining station coordinates every 15 min using a Kalman filter; these strategies have been tested on data collected by a GPS network on Kilauea Volcano. Data from this network are tracked continuously, recorded every 30 s, and telemetered hourly to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. A white noise model is heavily impacted by data outages and poor satellite geometry, but a properly constrained random walk model fits the data well. Using a borehole tiltmeter at Kilauea's summit as ground-truth, solutions using different random walk constraints were compared. This study indicates that signals on the order of 5 mm/h are resolvable using a random walk standard deviation of 0.45 cm/rooth. Values lower than this suppress small signals, and values greater than this have significantly higher noise at periods of 1-6 hours. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Cascades Volcano Observ, US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Hawaiian Volcano Observ, US Geol Survey, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Larson, KM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Campus Box 429, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kristine.larson@colorado.edu; cervelli@pangea.stanford.edu; mlisowski@usgs.gov; asta@usgs.gov; segall@pangea.stanford.edu; owen@terra.usc.edu NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B9 BP 19453 EP 19464 DI 10.1029/2001JB000305 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 472FV UT WOS:000170973600017 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Wicks, C Thatcher, W AF Pollitz, FF Wicks, C Thatcher, W TI Mantle flow beneath a continental strike-slip fault: Postseismic deformation after the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; LOWER CRUSTAL FLOW; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; UNITED-STATES; MOJAVE DESERT; CORE COMPLEX; RHEOLOGY; SURFACE AB Two recent large earthquakes in the Mojave Desert, California-the magnitude 7.3 1992 Landers and magnitude 7.1 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes-have each been followed by elevated crustal strain rates over periods of months and years. Geodetic data collected after the Hector Mine earthquake exhibit a temporally decaying horizontal velocity field and a quadrant uplift pattern opposite to that expected for localized shear beneath the earthquake rupture. We interpret the origin of this accelerated crustal deformation to be vigorous flow in the upper mantle in response to the stress changes generated by the earthquake. Our results suggest that transient flow in the upper mantle is a fundamental component of the earthquake cycle and that the lower crust is a coherent stress guide coupling the upper crust with the upper mantle. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 177 Z9 186 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 7 PY 2001 VL 293 IS 5536 BP 1814 EP 1818 DI 10.1126/science.1061361 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 470WN UT WOS:000170894400042 PM 11546869 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD AF McCormick, SD TI Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 04-08, 2000 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; YOLK-SAC MEMBRANE; NA+-K+-ATPASE; ATRIAL-NATRIURETIC-FACTOR; CHLORIDE CELL MORPHOLOGY; FRESH-WATER TELEOST; RAINBOW-TROUT AB As the primary link between environmental change and physiological response, the neuroendocrine system is a critical part of osmoregulatory adaptations. Cortisol has been viewed as 'the' seawater-adapting hormone in fish and prolactin as 'the' fresh water adapting hormone. Recent evidence indicates that the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis is also important in seawater adaptation in several teleosts of widely differing evolutionary lineages. In salmonids, growth hormone acts in synergy with cortisol to increase seawater tolerance, at least partly through the upregulation of gill cortisol receptors. Cortisol under some conditions may promote ion uptake and interacts with prolactin during acclimation to fresh water. The osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone and prolactin are antagonistic. In some species, thyroid hormones support the action of growth hormone and cortisol in promoting seawater acclimation. Although a broad generalization that holds for all teleosts is unlikely, our current understanding indicates that growth hormone promotes acclimation to seawater, prolactin promotes acclimation to fresh water, and cortisol interacts witch both of these hormones thus having a dual osmoregulatory function. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. NR 117 TC 454 Z9 481 U1 13 U2 94 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 41 IS 4 BP 781 EP 794 DI 10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0781:ECOOIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 513WG UT WOS:000173403000009 ER PT J AU Sigman, DM Casciotti, KL Andreani, M Barford, C Galanter, M Bohlke, JK AF Sigman, DM Casciotti, KL Andreani, M Barford, C Galanter, M Bohlke, JK TI A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC FLUXES; DENITRIFICATION; OXYGEN; WATER; N-15; FRACTIONATION; GROUNDWATER; ABUNDANCE AB We report a new method for measurement of the isotopic composition of nitrate (NO3-) at the natural-abundance level in both seawater and freshwater. The method is based on the isotopic analysis of nitrous oxide (N2O) generated from nitrate by denitrifying bacteria that lack N2O-reductase activity. The isotopic composition of both nitrogen and oxygen from nitrate are accessible in this way. In this first of two companion manuscripts, we describe the basic protocol and results for the nitrogen isotopes. The precision of the method is better than 0.2 parts per thousand (1 SD) at concentrations of nitrate down to 1 muM, and the nitrogen isotopic differences among various standards and samples are accurately reproduced. For samples with 1 muM nitrate or more, the blank of the method is less than 10% of the signal size, and various approaches may reduce it further. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Magistere Sci Terre, F-69394 Lyon, France. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Sigman, DM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Andreani, Muriel/A-8958-2010; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008 OI Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973 NR 34 TC 630 Z9 657 U1 26 U2 181 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 17 BP 4145 EP 4153 DI 10.1021/ac010088e PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 470FG UT WOS:000170859300024 PM 11569803 ER PT J AU Kitaysky, AS Wingfield, JC Piatt, JF AF Kitaysky, AS Wingfield, JC Piatt, JF TI Corticosterone facilitates begging and affects resource allocation in the black-legged kittiwake SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE begging; corticosterone; food stress; kittiwakes; parent-offspring conflict; Rissa tridactyla; seabirds ID PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT; SIBLING COMPETITION; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; PELAGIC SEABIRD; STRESS-RESPONSE; PIED FLYCATCHER; FORAGING TRIPS; ENERGETIC COST; BODY CONDITION; BEHAVIOR AB Parent black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and their dependent chicks respond to food shortages by increasing circulating levels of corticosterone. To examine the behavioral significance of corticosterone release, we experimentally increased levels of circulating corticosterone in parents and chicks up to the levels observed during food shortages. We found that corticosterone-implanted chicks begged more frequently than sham-implanted controls. Corticosterone-implanted chicks in broods of two begged more frequently than singletons. Parent kittiwakes then responded to the increase in corticosterone levels in their chicks by increasing chick-feeding rates. However, feeding rates were not different among corticosterone-implanted chicks in broods of two and singletons. We also found that corticosterone-implanted parents spent more time away from the nest-perhaps foraging-and less time brooding/guarding chicks than sham-implanted controls. Untreated mates of the corticosterone-implanted bird did not compensate for the change in their partner's behavior; consequently, chicks were left unattended about 20% of the time compared to 1% at the control nests. However, corticosterone-implanted parents did not decrease their chick-feeding rates. Our findings suggest two functional implications of the increased corticosterone secretion during food shortages in the black-legged kittiwake: it facilitates begging in chicks, and it affects time allocated by parents to guarding young at the nest. Thus, release of corticosterone might provide a mechanistic link between physiological condition and behavioral interactions among adults and their young. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Serv Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kitaysky, AS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, 24 Kincaid Hall,Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM kitaysky@u.washington.edu NR 54 TC 216 Z9 217 U1 3 U2 40 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 EI 1465-7279 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5 BP 619 EP 625 DI 10.1093/beheco/12.5.619 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 467LE UT WOS:000170702700015 ER PT J AU Dearborn, DC Anders, AD Flint, EN AF Dearborn, DC Anders, AD Flint, EN TI Trends in reproductive success of Hawaiian seabirds: is guild membership a good criterion for choosing indicator species? SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE indicator species; seabirds; Hawaiian Islands; foraging guild; nest site; reproductive success ID FOOD; ANTARCTICA; COLONY; BIRDS AB Because it is rarely possible to monitor all species that occur in sensitive or threatened ecosystems, much theoretical consideration has been given to the process of choosing indicator species. We evaluated whether foraging guild classification or nest site might be an adequate means to select indicator species for monitoring the reproductive success of a suite of Hawaiian seabird species. We examined the reproductive success of six species representing three foraging guilds and two types of nest sites over an 18-year period. For two of the three foraging guilds, there was a strong correlation between the reproductive success of birds from the same guild, and there was a weaker correlation for the third guild. In contrast, there were no significant reproductive success correlations for pairs of species from different foraging guilds but with the same nest sites. Thus, the within-guild correlations are likely to be driven by guild-specific food availability rather than by similarity in nest site. Because of the weak nature of one of the within-guild correlations, and because there is little detailed information on the causes of nest failure in this system, we recommend continuing to monitor multiple indicator species per foraging guild. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Nature Conservancy, Ft Hood, TX 76544 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Dearborn, DC (reprint author), Southwestern Univ, Dept Biol, POB 770, Georgetown, TX 78627 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 101 IS 1 BP 97 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00030-1 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461LA UT WOS:000170364700010 ER PT J AU Johnson, MT Yang, PJ Huber, JT Jones, VP AF Johnson, MT Yang, PJ Huber, JT Jones, VP TI Egg parasitoids of Sophonia rufofascia (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Sophonia rufofascia; leafhopper egg parasitoids; Mymaridae; Polynema sp.; Schizophragma sp.; Chaetomymar sp.; Myrica faya; biological control ID LEAFHOPPER; INVASION AB Parasitism of the leafhopper Sophonia rufofascia (Kuoh and Kuoh), a recent immigrant that has become a widespread pest in Hawaii, was examined in a 1-year survey in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Samples of young leaves of four plant species infested with eggs of S. rufofascia were collected at five sites ranging from 880 to 1190 in in elevation. Leafhopper eggs were parasitized principally by three species of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera): Polynema sp., Schizophragma sp. probably bicolor (Dozier), and Chaetomymar sp. Although parasitism by each species fluctuated at levels usually below 10%, all three were detected consistently across most host plants, sites, and sample periods. Total parasitism differed at a marginally significant level among host plants and sites, but not among sample periods. Total parasitism averaged 14.3% (maximum: 26.3%) on Dodonaea viscosa Jacquin, 10.6% (maximum: 17.5%) on Myrica faya Aiton, 8.7% (maximum: 29.5%) on Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich-Beaupre, and 1.6% (maximum: 4.3%) on Vaccinium reticulatum Smith. Parasitism was generally higher at sites lower in elevation. Further monitoring is recommended to determine whether parasitism will increase to levels that can effectively suppress S. rufofascia populations. The efficacy of natural enemies already present in Hawaii is important because concern over nontarget impacts on endemic leafhoppers makes introduction of new biological control agents difficult. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USGS, Biol Res Div, Kilauea Expt Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Canadian Natl Collect Insects, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RP Johnson, MT (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0946 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 469MV UT WOS:000170820200002 ER PT J AU Nipper, M Carr, RS AF Nipper, M Carr, RS TI Porewater toxicity testing: A novel approach for assessing contaminant impacts in the vicinity of coral reefs SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring and Restoration CY APR 14-16, 1999 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA ID URCHIN DIADEMA-ANTILLARUM; MASS MORTALITY; SEA-URCHIN; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; TRACE-METALS; SEDIMENT; MARINE; FLORIDA; COMMUNITIES; POLLUTION AB Coral reef communities can be deleteriously affected by exposure to low levels of anthropogenic contaminants. Sediments in the vicinity of coral reefs serve as a sink (and when resuspended., as a source) for contaminants and provide an integrative measure of low and intermittent exposure. Sediment porewater toxicity tests using gametes and embryos of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata were employed to provide a measure of the presence of bioavailable contaminants. As sediments are patchy and composed predominately of sand in reef areas, sediment samples were collected by divers using hand cores. The utility of this approach was assessed at coral reef sites in Hawaii and southeastern Mexico. Toxicity was observed at several reef sites off Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii and at the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve in Quintana Roo. Mexico. The results of these studies have demonstrated that porewater toxicity tests are sensitive enough to differentiate among sediments with low to moderate levels of contamination and would be a valuable tool for assessing and monitoring contaminant exposure in coral reef ecosystems. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Nipper, M (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, 6300 Ocean Dr,NRC,Suite 3200, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 71 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 407 EP 420 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 500CU UT WOS:000172609000015 ER PT J AU Rogers, CS Miller, J AF Rogers, CS Miller, J TI Coral bleaching, hurricane damage, and benthic cover on coral reefs in St John, US Virgin Islands: A comparison of surveys with the chain transect method and videography SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring and Restoration CY APR 14-16, 1999 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA AB The linear chain transect method and videography were used to quantify the percent cover by corals, macroalgae, gorgonians, other living organisms, and substrate along permanent transects on two fringing reefs off St. John. Both methods were used simultaneously on Lameshur reef in November 1998, and on Newfound reef in March and October 1998, Hurricane Georges passed over St. John in September 1998, and a severe coral bleaching episode began the same month. Both methods gave remarkably similar values for coral cover, while the video method gave consistently higher values for gorgonians and macroalgae. The most dramatic difference was in the quantification of bleaching. At Newfound. the chain method indicated 13.4% (SD = 14.1) of the coral tissues were bleached and the video method, 43.4% (SD = 13.0). Corresponding values at Lameshur were 18.1% (SD = 22.3) and 46.5% (SD = 13.3). Although hurricane damage was conspicuous at Newfound reef, neither method showed significant changes in coral cover or other categories as a result of the storm. C1 US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI 00830 USA. Natl Pk Serv, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Rogers, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, POB 710, St John, VI 00830 USA. NR 6 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 459 EP 470 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 500CU UT WOS:000172609000018 ER PT J AU Miller, J Beets, J Rogers, C AF Miller, J Beets, J Rogers, C TI Temporal patterns of fish recruitment on a fringing coral reef in Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, US Virgin Islands SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring and Restoration CY APR 14-16, 1999 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL ID POPULATIONS; REPLENISHMENT; MORTALITY; DYNAMICS; BARBADOS; HABITAT C1 US Geol Survey, St John, VI 00830 USA. Jacksonville State Univ, Dept Biol & Marine Sci, Jacksonville, FL 32211 USA. RP US Geol Survey, POB 710, St John, VI 00830 USA. EM jeffmiller@islands.vi; JBeets@ju.edu; Caroline_Rogers@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 EI 1553-6955 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 567 EP 577 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 500CU UT WOS:000172609000028 ER PT J AU Rogers, CS Garrison, VH AF Rogers, CS Garrison, VH TI Ten years after the crime: Lasting effects of damage from a cruise ship anchor on a coral reef in St. John, US Virgin Islands SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring and Restoration CY APR 14-16, 1999 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA ID RECRUITMENT; PATTERNS AB In October 1988, a cruise ship dropped its anchor on a coral reef in Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, creating a distinct scar roughly 128 m long and 3 m wide from a depth of 22 m to a depth of 6 m. The anchor pulverized coral colonies and smashed part of the reef framework. In April 1991, nine permanent quadrats (I m(2)) were established inside the scar over a depth range of 9 m to 12.5 m. At that time, average coral cover inside the scar was less than 1%. These quadrats were surveyed again in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1998. Recruits of 19 coral species have been observed, with Agaricia agaricites and Porites spp. the most abundant. Quadrats surveyed outside the scar in June 1994 over the same depth range had a higher percent coral cover (mean = 7.4%, SD = 4.5) and greater average size (maximum length) of coral colonies than in quadrats inside the damaged area. Although coral recruits settle into the scar in high densities, live coral cover has not increased significantly in the last 10 yrs, reflecting poor survival and growth of newly settled corals. The relatively planar aspect of the scar may increase the vulnerability of the recruits to abrasion and mortality from shifting sediments. Ten years after the anchor damage occurred, live coral cover in the still-visible scar (mean = 2.6%, SID 2.7) remains well below the cover found in the adjacent, undamaged reef. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Rogers, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Caribbean Field Stn, POB 710, St John, VI 00830 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 13 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 793 EP 803 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 500CU UT WOS:000172609000042 ER PT J AU Alcolado, PM Alleng, G Bonair, K Bone, D Buchan, K Bush, PG De Meyer, K Garcia, JR Garzon-Ferreira, J Gayle, PMH Gerace, DT Geraldes, FX Jordan-Dahlgren, E Kjferve, B Klein, E Koltes, K Laydoo, RS Linton, DM Ogden, JC Oxenford, HA Parker, C Penchaszadeh, P Pors, LPPJ Ramirez-Ramirez, J Ruiz-Renteria, F Ryan, JD Smith, SR Tschirky, J Varela, R Walker, S Weil, E Wiebe, WJ Woodley, JD Zieman, JC AF Alcolado, PM Alleng, G Bonair, K Bone, D Buchan, K Bush, PG De Meyer, K Garcia, JR Garzon-Ferreira, J Gayle, PMH Gerace, DT Geraldes, FX Jordan-Dahlgren, E Kjferve, B Klein, E Koltes, K Laydoo, RS Linton, DM Ogden, JC Oxenford, HA Parker, C Penchaszadeh, P Pors, LPPJ Ramirez-Ramirez, J Ruiz-Renteria, F Ryan, JD Smith, SR Tschirky, J Varela, R Walker, S Weil, E Wiebe, WJ Woodley, JD Zieman, JC CA CARICOMP TI The Caribbean coastal marine productivity program (CARICOMP) SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring and Restoration CY APR 14-16, 1999 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA ID SEA AB CARICOMP is a regional scientific program to study land-sea interaction processes in the Caribbean coastal zone. It has been collecting data since 1992, when a Data Management Centre was established at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica. Initially it focuses on documenting the structure and productivity of major coastal communities (mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and coral reefs) at relatively undisturbed sites in diverse physical settings. Second, by regular recording of physical and biological parameters, it monitors for change, seeking to distinguish natural from anthropogenic disturbance. Third it constitutes a regional network of observers, able to collaborate on studies of region-wide events. Examples are presented of the diverse data sets collected by the Program. C1 Univ W Indies, Ctr Marine Sci, Caribbean Coastal Data Ctr, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Inst Marine Affairs, Carenage, Trinid & Tobago. Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Biol Organismos, Caracas 1080, Venezuela. Univ Simon Bolivar, INTECMAR, Caracas 1080, Venezuela. Saba Marine Pk, The Bottom, Saba, Neth Antilles. Dept Environm, Protect & Conservat Unit, Grand Cayman, W Ind Assoc St. Bonaire Marine Pk, Bonaire, Neth Antilles. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Isla Magueyes Labs, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. INVEMAR, Inst Invest Marinas & Costeras, Santa Marta, Colombia. Discovery Bay Marine Lab, Discovery Bay, St Ann, Jamaica. Univ Autonoma Santo Domingo, CIBIMA, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. Bahamian Field Stn, San Salvador, Bahamas. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ciencias Mar & Limnol, Estac Puerto Morelos, Cancun 77500, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Program, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Biol & Coastal Res, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Estudios Ambientales, Caracas 1080, Venezuela. Smithsonian Inst, Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosyst Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Dept Interior, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ W Indies, Ctr Marine Sci, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Florida Inst Oceanog, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. McGill Univ, Bellairs Res Inst, Holetown, St James, Barbados. Univ W Indies, Marine Resource & Environm Management Programme, Cave Hill, Barbados. Stinapa Fdn, Curacao, Neth Antilles. Carmabi Fdn, Curacao, Neth Antilles. Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, IPN Unidad Merida, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico. Ctr Invest & Documentac Costa Atlantica, Bluefields, Nicaragua. Corn Isl Environm Educ Fdn, Off Mayor, Corn Isl, Nicaragua. Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GE01, St George, Bermuda. Nature Conservancy, Latin Amer & Caribbean Div, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Fdn La Salle Ciencias Nat, EDIMAR, Estac Invest Marinas Margarita, Porlamar 6301A, Isla De Margari, Venezuela. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. Minist Ciencia Tecnol & Medio Ambiente, Inst Oceanol, Playa 12100, Ciudad De La Ha, Cuba. RP Linton, DM (reprint author), Univ W Indies, Ctr Marine Sci, Caribbean Coastal Data Ctr, Kingston 7, Jamaica. OI Klein, Eduardo/0000-0003-2935-7065 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 18 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 819 EP 829 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 500CU UT WOS:000172609000044 ER PT J AU Saiki, MK Martin, BA AF Saiki, MK Martin, BA TI Survey of fishes and environmental conditions in Abbotts Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore, California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB This study was conducted to gain a better understanding of fishery resources in Abbotts Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore. During February/March, May,August,and November 1999, fish were sampled with floating, variable-mesh gill nets and small minnow traps from as many as 14 sites in the lagoon. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total ammonia(NH3 + NH4+), salinity, turbidity, water depth, and bottom substrate composition were also measured at each site.. A total of 2,656 fish represented by eight species was captured during the study. Gill nets captured Sacramento perch, Archoplites interruptus; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi; prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, silver surfperch, Hyperprosopon ellipticum; longfin smelt, Spirinchus thateichthys; and striped bass, Morone saxatilis; whereas minnow traps captured Sacramento perch; prickly sculpin; and threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Cluster analysis (Ward's minimum variance method) of fish catch statistics identified two major species assemblages--the first dominated by Sacramento perch and, to a lesser extent, by largemouth bass, and the second dominated by Pacific herring and threespine stickleback. Simple discriminant analysis of environmental variables indicated that salinity contributed the most towards separating the. two assemblages. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Saiki, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD FAL PY 2001 VL 87 IS 4 BP 123 EP 138 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 667VJ UT WOS:000182254500001 ER PT J AU Schroeter, SC Reed, DC Kushner, DJ Estes, JA Ono, DS AF Schroeter, SC Reed, DC Kushner, DJ Estes, JA Ono, DS TI The use of marine reserves in evaluating the dive fishery for the warty sea cucumber (Parastichopus parvimensis) in California, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOREPLICATION; MANAGEMENT; REFUGIA AB Management of sustainable fisheries depends upon reliable estimates of stock assessment. Assessment of many stocks is based entirely on fishery-dependent data (e.g., catch per unit effort), which can be problematic. Here we use fishery-independent data on stock size, collected within and outside of no-take reserves before and after the onset of fishing, to evaluate the status of the dive fishery for warty sea cucumbers, Parastichopus parvimensis, in southern California. Long-term monitoring data showed that abundance decreased throughout the Channel Islands within 3-6 years after the onset of fishing. No significant changes in the abundance of P. parvimensis were observed at the two non-fished reserve sites, although densities tended to increase following onset of the fishery. Before-after, control-impact (BACI) analyses of seven fished and two non-fished sites implicated fishing mortality as the cause of 33-83% stock declines. In sharp contrast, stock assessment based on CPUE data showed no declines and a significant increase at one island. To date, most discussion on marine reserves has focused on the protection and enhancement of exploited populations. Our study demonstrates the critically important, but often overlooked, role that marine reserves can play in providing reliable information on stock assessment. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Channel Isl Natl Pk, Ventura, CA 93001 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Santa Barbara, CA 93109 USA. RP Schroeter, SC (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 9 BP 1773 EP 1781 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-9-1773 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 469JT UT WOS:000170811300008 ER PT J AU Letcher, BH King, TL AF Letcher, BH King, TL TI Parentage and grandparentage assignment with known and unknown matings: application to Connecticut River Atlantic salmon restoration SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; BREEDING PROGRAMS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; SALAR; PATERNITY; HATCHERY; GROWTH; LOCI AB Large-scale use of parentage assignment of stocked Connecticut River, U.S.A., Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry to determine stocking tributary of emigrating smolts and returning adults requires both parentage assignment and grandparentage assignment. Using computer simulations, we explored the levels of genetic diversity necessary to provide adequate parentage and grandparentage assignment. When matings were known, as in a hatchery, 95% correct grandparentage assignment typically required at least twofold more alleles per locus than did 95% correct parentage assignment. Parentage assignment with unknown matings (as in the wild when parental genotypes can be assayed) required an intermediate number of alleles per locus and grandparentage assignment with unknown matings required the greatest genetic diversity. Computer simulations using empirical parental genotypes (14 loci) and known P1 matings indicated that the genetic diversity of Connecticut River Atlantic salmon broodstock is sufficient to assign all F1 and 97% of F2 offspring to the correct set of two parents or four grandparents, respectively. Grandparentage assignment with unknown P1 matings was ineffective (assignment success = 20%). These results indicate that the combination of parentage and grandparentage assignment can be used as a non-lethal, permanent, heritable "mark" to identify stocking tributary or other management directed characteristics of stocked fry. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Letcher, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, 1 Migratory Way,POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 9 BP 1812 EP 1821 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-9-1812 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 469JT UT WOS:000170811300012 ER PT J AU Petersen, JH Kitchell, JF AF Petersen, JH Kitchell, JF TI Climate regimes and water temperature changes in the Columbia River: bioenergetic implications for predators of juvenile salmon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; PACIFIC-SALMON; SMALLMOUTH BASS; SNAKE RIVER; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; POPULATION VIABILITY; SOCKEYE-SALMON; SURVIVAL RATES AB We examined how climatic regime shifts may have affected predation rates on juvenile Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis, also called northern pikeminnow), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in the Columbia River. During 1933-1996, oceanic, coastal, and freshwater indices of climate were highly correlated, and an index for the Columbia River Basin suggested that climate shifts may have occurred about 1946, 1958, 1969, and 1977. Summer water temperature varied as much as 2 degreesC between climate periods. We used a bioenergetics model for northern squawfish, the most important piscivore, to predict that predation on salmonids would have been 26-31% higher during two periods with relatively warm spring-summer water temperatures (1933-1946, 1978-1996) than during an extremely cold period (1947-1958). Predicted predation rates of northern squawfish were 68-96% higher in the warmest year compared with the coldest year. Predation rates of smallmouth bass and walleye on juvenile salmonids varied among climate periods similar to rates predicted for northern squawfish. Climatic effects need to be understood in both freshwater and nearshore marine habitats, since growth rates of salmon populations are especially sensitive to mortality during early life stages. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Petersen, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM jim_petersen@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 30 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 9 BP 1831 EP 1841 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-9-1831 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 469JT UT WOS:000170811300014 ER PT J AU Striegl, RG Wickland, KP AF Striegl, RG Wickland, KP TI Soil respiration and photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide by ground-cover plants in four ages of jack pine forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; EXCHANGE; HARVEST; BOREAS AB Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission (soil respiration), net CO2 exchange after photosynthetic uptake by ground-cover plants, and soil CO2 concentration versus depth below land surface were measured at four ages of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest in central Saskatchewan. Soil respiration was smallest at a clear-cut site, largest in an 8-year-old stand, and decreased with stand age in 20-year-old and mature (60-75 years old) stands during May- September 1994 (12.1, 34.6, 31.5, and 24.9 mol Cm-2, respectively). Simulations of soil respiration at each stand based on continuously recorded soil temperature were within one standard deviation of measured flux for 48 of 52 measurement periods, but were 10%-30% less than linear interpolations of measured flux for the season. This was probably due to decreased soil respiration at night modeled by the temperature-flux relationships, but not documented by daytime chamber measurements. CO2 uptake by ground-cover plants ranged from 0 at the clear-cut site to 29, 25, and 9% of total growing season soil respiration at the 8-year, 20-year, and mature stands. CO2 concentrations were as great as 7150 ppmv in the upper 1 m of unsaturated zone and were proportional to measured soil respiration. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Striegl, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, POB 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1540 EP 1550 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-9-1540 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900006 ER PT J AU Diaz-Avalos, C Peterson, DL Alvarado, E Ferguson, SA Besag, JE AF Diaz-Avalos, C Peterson, DL Alvarado, E Ferguson, SA Besag, JE TI Space-time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS; FIRE HISTORY; SPATIAL STATISTICS; BAYESIAN-ANALYSIS; FOREST; DISTURBANCES; LANDSCAPES; FREQUENCY; SYSTEMS AB Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to study the effect of vegetation cover, elevation, slope, and precipitation on the probability of ignition in the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and to estimate the probability of ignition occurrence at different locations in space and in time. Data on starting location of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains between April 1986 and September 1993 constituted the base for the analysis. The study area was divided into a pixel-time array. For each pixel-time location we associated a value of 1 if at least one ignition occurred and 0 otherwise. Covariate information for each pixel was obtained using a geographic information system. The GLMMs were fitted in a Bayesian framework. Higher ignition probabilities were associated with the following cover types: subalpine herbaceous, alpine tundra, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.). Within each vegetation type, higher ignition probabilities occurred at lower elevations. Additionally, ignition probabilities are lower in the northern and southern extremes of the Blue Mountains. The GLMM procedure used here is suitable for analysing ignition occurrence in other forested regions where probabilities of ignition are highly variable because of a spatially complex biophysical environment. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Sistemas, Mexico City 0100, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Diaz-Avalos, C (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Sistemas, Apartado Postal 20-726 Del Alvaro Obregon, Mexico City 0100, DF, Mexico. OI Diaz-Avalos, Carlos/0000-0002-1455-8676 NR 66 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1579 EP 1593 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-9-1579 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900010 ER PT J AU Tappeiner, JC Zasada, JC Huffman, DW Ganio, LM AF Tappeiner, JC Zasada, JC Huffman, DW Ganio, LM TI Salmonberry and salal annual aerial stem production: the maintenance of shrub cover in forest stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GAULTHERIA-SHALLON; HARDWOOD FOREST; RUBUS-IDAEUS; OREGON; GROWTH; POPULATION; AGE; MINNESOTA; SEEDLINGS; DENSITY AB Annual sprouting of aerial stems and ramets enables populations of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh), salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh), and probably other forest shrubs to maintain dense covers (> 20 000 stems/ha). We studied annual stem production of salmonberry on cut (all stems cut within 15 cm of the ground) and uncut (stems were not treated) plots for 8 years and salal for 5 years in the understories of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), alder, and riparian stands, as well as clearcuts, which are all common stand types in western Oregon. Mean salmonberry stem production on uncut plots ranged from 4.7 stems.m(-2).year(-1) (95% CI 2.9-7.4) in alder stands and clearcuts to 1.6 stems.m(-2).year(-1) (95% CI 1.0-2.6) in conifer stands. Mean salal production was greater, ranging from 58 stems.m(-2).year(-1) (95% CI 25-135) to 8.6 stems.m(-2).year(-1) (95% CI 3.7-20.1) on uncut plots in clearcuts and unthinned Douglas-fir stands, respectively. Annual production of both species was somewhat greater on cut plots. Most stems produced in early spring die by December, but enough are recruited to replace mortality of older stems. Stem density was maintained for 8 years for salmonberry and 5 years for salal on both cut and uncut plots. Based on length of rhizomes and bud density we estimate that only 1-5% of the buds in the rhizomes are needed to support this annual stem production. Although these species sprout vigorously after their aerial stems are killed, disturbance is not necessary for maintaining a dense cover. It appears that, once established, salal, salmonberry, and probably other clonal forest shrubs can maintain a dense cover that can interfere with establishment of trees and other shrubs in canopy gaps or other openings. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Tappeiner, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1629 EP 1638 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900014 ER PT J AU Matsuoka, SM Handel, CM Ruthrauff, DR AF Matsuoka, SM Handel, CM Ruthrauff, DR TI Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an Alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SUB-ALPINE FORESTS; THROATED BLUE WARBLERS; KENAI PENINSULA; NEST PREDATION; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; WHITE SPRUCE; LUTZ SPRUCE; FIRE; STANDS; COMMUNITIES AB We examined bird and plant communities among forest stands with different levels of spruce mortality following a large outbreak of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) in the Copper River Basin, Alaska. Spruce beetles avoided stands with black spruce (Picea mariana) and selectively killed larger diameter white spruce (Picea glauca), thereby altering forest structure and increasing the dominance of black spruce in the region. Alders (Alnus sp.) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) were more abundant in areas with heavy spruce mortality, possibly a response to the death of overstory spruce. Grasses and herbaceous plants did not proliferate as has been recorded following outbreaks in more coastal Alaskan forests. Two species closely tied to coniferous habitats, the tree-nesting Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) and the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), a major nest predator, were less abundant in forest stands with high spruce mortality than in low-mortality stands. Understory-nesting birds as a group were more abundant in forest stands with high levels of spruce mortality, although the response of individual bird species to tree mortality was variable. Birds breeding in stands with high spruce mortality likely benefited reproductively from lower squirrel densities and a greater abundance of shrubs to conceal nests from predators. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Matsuoka, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Handel, Colleen/0000-0002-0267-7408 NR 91 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1678 EP 1690 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-9-1678 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 472ZE UT WOS:000171014200018 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Wicks, CM AF Katz, BG Wicks, CM TI Special issue: Hydrochemistry of springs - Preface SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 227 N Bronough St,Ste 3015, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 179 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00311-4 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 459LD UT WOS:000170251100001 ER PT J AU Davis, SN Cecil, LD Zreda, M Moysey, S AF Davis, SN Cecil, LD Zreda, M Moysey, S TI Chlorine-36, bromide, and the origin of spring water SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE radionuclides; groundwater; springs; hydrochemistry AB Natural ratios of chlorine-36 (Cl-36) to stable chlorine (i.e.. Cl-36/Cl X 10(-15)) vary in shallow groundwater of the United States from about 50 in coastal areas to about 1400 in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ratios lower than these indicate the presence of chloride (Cl-) that has been isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds of thousands of years, if not longer. Higher ratios, which can exceed 5000, usually originate from fallout from testing thermonuclear devices in the western Pacific in the 1950s. Natural mass ratios of chloride to bromide (Cl-/Br-) in precipitation vary in the United States from about 250 in coastal areas to about 50 in the north-central states. Lower ratios may suggest contamination from human sources. Higher ratios, which may exceed 2000, commonly reflect the dissolution of halite. Seawater has a Cl-/Br- ratio of 290. Both (36) Cl and Cl-/Br- ratios have been measured in 21 samples of spring water collected from springs in 10 different states. Brackish water from Saratoga Springs area in New York has low values for both Cl-36 and Cl-/Br- ratios. This indicates that a large component of the water has a very deep origin. Brackish water from Alexander Springs in Florida has a low Cl-36 ratio but a high Cl-/Br- ratio similar to seawater. This suggests the addition of ancient seawater that may be trapped in the aquifer. Big Spring in Iowa discharges water with a very high Cl-/Br- ratio but a moderate C-36, ratio. The high ratio of Cl-/Br- may be produced by dissolution of road salt or agricultural chemicals. Of the 21 springs sampled, only 10 appeared to have potable water not significantly affected by human activity. Chlorine-36 from testing of nuclear devices is still being flushed out of four of the spring systems that were sampled. Thus, more than 45 years have passed since Cl-36 was introduced into the aquifers feeding the springs and the systems, as yet, have not been purged. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, INEEL Ice Core Project, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Davis, SN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Moysey, Stephen/H-4658-2012 NR 40 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 179 IS 1-4 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00312-6 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 459LD UT WOS:000170251100002 ER PT J AU Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Bohlke, JK Nelms, DL Michel, RL Schlosser, P AF Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Bohlke, JK Nelms, DL Michel, RL Schlosser, P TI Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, USA: a multi-tracer approach SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE springs; groundwater age; residence time; Shenandoah National Park; environmental tracers ID KARSTIC LIMESTONE AQUIFER; DATING YOUNG GROUNDWATER; UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; COSMOGENIC S-35; COASTAL-PLAIN; RIVER WATER; FLOW AB Chemical and isotopic properties of water discharging from springs and wells in Shenandoah National Park (SNP), near the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains, VA, USA were monitored to obtain information on groundwater residence times. Investigated time scales included seasonal (wet season, April, 1996; dry season, August-September, 1997), monthly (March through September, 1999) and hourly (30-min interval recording of specific conductance and temperature, March, 1999 through February, 2000). Multiple environmental tracers, including tritium/helium-3 (H-3/He-3), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), sulfur-35 (S-35), and stable isotopes (delta O-18 and delta H-2) of water, were used to estimate the residence times of shallow groundwater discharging from 34 springs and 15 wells. The most reliable ages of water from springs appear to be based on SF6 and H-3/He-3, with most ages in the range of 0-3 years. This range is consistent with apparent ages estimated from concentrations of CFCs; however, CFC-based ages have large uncertainties owing to the post-1995 leveling-off of the CFC atmospheric growth curves. Somewhat higher apparent ages are indicated by S-35 (> 1.5 years) and seasonal variation of delta O-18 (mean residence time of 5 years) for spring discharge. The higher ages indicated by the S-35 and delta O-18 data reflect travel times through the unsaturated zone and, in the case of S-35, possible sorption and exchange of S with soils or biomass. In springs sampled in April, 1996, apparent ages derived from the H-3/He-3 data (median age of 0.2 years) are lower than those obtained from SF6 (median age of 4.3 years), and in contrast to median ages from H-3/He-3 (0.3 years) and SF6 (0.7 years) obtained during the late summer dry season of 1997. Monthly samples from 1999 at four springs in SNP had SF, apparent ages of only 1.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.8 years, and were consistent with the 1997 SF6 data. Water from springs has low excess air (0-1 cm(3) kg(-1)) and N-2-Ar temperatures that vary seasonally. Concentrations of He and Ne in excess of solubility equilibrium indicate that the dissolved gases are not fractionated. The seasonal variations in N-2-Ar temperatures suggest shallow, seasonal recharge, and the excess He and Ne data suggest waters mostly confined to gas exchange in the shallow, mountain-slope, water-table spring systems. Water from wells in the fractured rock contains up to 8 cm(3) kg(-1) of excess air with ages in the range of 0-25 years. Transient responses in specific conductance and temperature were observed in spring discharge within several hours of large precipitation events in September, 1999; both parameters increased initially, then decreased to values below pre-storm base-flow values. The groundwater residence times indicate that flushing rates of mobile atmospheric constituents through groundwater to streams draining the higher elevations in SNP average less than 3 years in base-flow conditions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Richmond, VA 23228 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Engn, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Plummer, LN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Nelms, David/A-8107-2010; Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012; OI Nelms, David/0000-0001-5747-642X; Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203; Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 54 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 179 IS 1-4 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00317-5 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 459LD UT WOS:000170251100007 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Bohlke, JK Hornsby, HD AF Katz, BG Bohlke, JK Hornsby, HD TI Timescales for nitrate contamination of spring waters, northern Florida, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE timescales; nitrate contamination; spring waters ID KARSTIC LIMESTONE AQUIFER; RIVER WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS; GROUNDWATER MIXTURES; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; YOUNG FRACTION; FLOW; NITROGEN; HE-3; DENITRIFICATION AB Residence times of groundwater, discharging from springs in the middle Suwannee River Basin, were estimated using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium ((3) H), and tritium/helium-3 (H-3/He-3) age-dating methods to assess the chronology of nitrate contamination of spring waters in northern Florida. During base-flow conditions for the Suwannee River in 1997-1999, 17 water samples were collected from 12 first, second, and third magnitude springs discharging groundwater from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Extending age-dating techniques, using transient tracers to spring waters in complex karst systems, required an assessment of several models [piston-flow (PFM), exponential mixing (EMM), and binary-mixing (BMM)] to account for different distributions of groundwater age. Multi-tracer analyses of four springs yielded generally concordant PFM ages of around 20 +/- 2 years from CFC- 12, CFC- 113, H-3, and He-3. with evidence of partial CFC- 11 degradation. The EMM gave a reasonable fit to CFC- 113, CFC- 12. and H-3 data, but did not reproduce the observed He-3 concentrations or H-3/He-3 ratios, nor did a combination PFM-EMM. The BMM could reproduce most of the multi-tracer data set only if both endmembers had H-3 concentrations not much different front modern values. CFC analyses of 14 additional springs yielded apparent PFM ages from about 10 to 20 years from CFC- 113, with evidence of partial CFC- 11 degradation and variable CFC-12 contamination. While it is not conclusive, with respect to the age distribution within each spring, the data indicate that the average residence times were in the order of 10-20 years and were roughly proportional to spring magnitude. Applying similar models to recharge and discharge of nitrate based on historical nitrogen loading data yielded contrasting trends for Suwanee County and Lafayette County. In Suwance County, spring nitrate trends and nitrogen isotope data were consistent with a peak in fertilizer input in the 1970s and a relatively high overall ratio of artificial fertilizer/manure whereas in Lafayette County, spring nitrate trends and nitrogen isotope data were consistent with a more monotonic increase in fertilizer input and relatively low overall ratio of artificial fertilizer/manure. The combined results of this study indicate that the nitrate concentrations of springs in the Suwannee River basin have responded to increased nitrogen loads from various sources in the watersheds over the last few decades, however, the responses have been subdued and delayed because the average residence time of groundwater discharging from springs are in the order of decades. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Suqannee River Water Management Dist, Live Oak, FL 32060 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Suite 3015,227 N Bronough St, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. NR 55 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 179 IS 1-4 BP 167 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00321-7 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 459LD UT WOS:000170251100011 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, PW Reich, CD Spechler, RM Kindinger, JL Moore, WS AF Swarzenski, PW Reich, CD Spechler, RM Kindinger, JL Moore, WS TI Using multiple geochemical tracers to characterize the hydrogeology of the submarine spring off Crescent Beach, Florida SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE submarine ground water discharge; radium isotopes; carbonate aquifers; northeastern Florida; submarine spring ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL WATERS; SEA-WATER; NEARSHORE; RN-222; INPUTS; RADIUM; BARIUM AB A spectacular submarine spring is located about 4 km east of Crescent Beach, FL, in the Atlantic Ocean. The single vent feature of Crescent Beach Spring provides a unique opportunity to examine onshore -offshore hydrogeologic processes, as well as point source submarine ground water discharge. The Floridan aquifer system in northeastern Florida consists of Tertiary interspersed limestone and dolomite strata. Impermeable beds confine the water-bearing zones under artesian pressure. Miocene and younger confining strata have been eroded away at the vent feature, enabling direct hydrologic communication of Eocene ground water with coastal bottom waters. The spring water had a salinity of 6.02, which was immediately diluted by ambient seawater during advection/mixing. The concentration of major solutes in spring water and onshore well waters confirm a generalized easterly flow direction of artesian ground water. Nutrient concentrations were generally low in the reducing vent samples. and the majority of the total nitrogen species existed as NH3. The submarine ground water tracers, Rn-222 (1174 dpm l(-1), dpm), methane (232 nM) and barium (294.5 nM) were all highly enriched in the spring water relative to ambient seawater. The concentrations of the reverse redox elements U, V and Mo were expectedly low in the submarine waters. The strontium isotope ratio of the vent water (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.70798) suggests that the spring water contain an integrated signature indicative of Floridan aquifer system ground water. Additional Sr isotopic ratios from a series of surficial and Lower Floridan well samples suggest dynamic ground water mixing, and do not provide clear evidence for a single hydrogeologic water source at the spring vent. In this karst-dominated aquifer, such energetic mixing at the vent feature is expected, and would be facilitated by conduit and fractured flow. Radium isotope activities were utilized to estimate flow-path trajectories and to provide information on potential travel times between an onshore well and the spring. Using either Ra-223 and Ra-224 or Ra-228, and qualifying this approach with several key assumptions, estimates of water mass travel times from an upper Floridan well in Crescent Beach to the submarine vent feature (distance = 4050 m) are in the order of similar to 0.01-0.1 m min(-1). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Swarzenski, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RI Moore, Willard/B-6096-2016 OI Moore, Willard/0000-0001-5930-5325 NR 59 TC 74 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 179 IS 1-4 BP 187 EP 202 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00322-9 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 459LD UT WOS:000170251100012 ER PT J AU Sucha, V Srodon, J Clauer, N Elsass, F Eberl, DD Kraus, I Madejova, J AF Sucha, V Srodon, J Clauer, N Elsass, F Eberl, DD Kraus, I Madejova, J TI Weathering of smectite and illite-smectite under temperate climatic conditions SO CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE detrital mica; dissolution; illite-smectite; K/Ar dates; smectite; weathering ID ILLITE/SMECTITE; DIFFRACTION; CLAYS AB Weathering profiles developed on the top surface of a bentonite (containing Al-Mg montmorillonite) and a K-bentonite (containing mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S)) under Central European temperate conditions were studied by XRD, HRTEM, FTIR, K-Ar and chemical analyses. Weathering of montmorillonite results in the decrease of cation exchange capacity (CEC), total surface area and Mg content. The process is interpreted as montmorillonite dissolution and precipitation of amorphous SiO(2). Weathering of I-S produces an increase in CEC and total surface area. The XRD data suggest dissolution of I-S and appearance of smectite as a separate phase at intermediate depths. The fixation of ammonium is documented in the topmost sample. In both profiles, abundant acolian contaminants, including mica, were identified and their migration was traced using K-Ar dating. C1 Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. PAN, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, Ctr Geochim Surface, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. INRA, F-78026 Versailles, France. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80225 USA. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Inorgan Chem, Bratislava, Slovakia. RP Sucha, V (reprint author), Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. EM sucha@fns.uniba.sk NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC PI TWICKENHAM PA 12 BAYLIS MEWS, AMYAND PARK ROAD,, TWICKENHAM TW1 3HQ, MIDDLESEX, ENGLAND SN 0009-8558 J9 CLAY MINER JI Clay Min. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3 BP 403 EP 419 DI 10.1180/000985501750539490 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy GA 478UH UT WOS:000171363400011 ER PT J AU Rhymer, JM Fain, MG Austin, JE Johnson, DH Krajewski, C AF Rhymer, Judith M. Fain, Matthew G. Austin, Jane E. Johnson, Douglas H. Krajewski, Carey TI Mitochondrial phylogeography, subspecific taxonomy, and conservation genetics of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis; Aves: Gruidae) SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE geographic variation; Grus canadensis; sandhill cranes; subspecies mitochondrial DNA sequences ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; CONTINENTAL NORTH-AMERICA; GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; AVIAN POPULATIONS; SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; BIRDS; DIFFERENTIATION; SARUS; RATES AB Six subspecies of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) have been denoted based on perceived morphological and/or breeding locality differences among them. Three subspecies are migratory, breeding from the high arctic in North America and Siberia (lesser sandhill, G. c. canadensis), south through central Canada (Canadian sandhill, G. c. rowani) and into the northern United States (greater sandhill, G. c. tabida). A review of sandhill crane taxonomy indicates that the size variation, on the basis of which these subspecies were named, may be clinal and not diagnostic. The other three subspecies, all listed as endangered or threatened, are non-migratory, resident in Florida (G. c. pratensis), Mississippi (G. c. pulla), and Cuba (G. c. nesiotes). We used analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) sequences to determine whether haplotypes representing current subspecies show any genetic cohesion or are more consistent with a pattern of clinal variation in morphology. CR sequences indicate that only two highly divergent (5.3%) lineages of sandhill cranes occur in North America: one lineage composed only of arctic-nesting G. c. canadensis, the other of the remaining North American subspecies (we lack data on the Cuban population). The deep split between lineages is consistent with an estimated isolation of approximately 1.5 Mya (mid-Pleistocene), while the distribution of mutational changes within lineages is consistent with an hypothesis of rapid, post-Pleistocene population expansions. No other phylogeographic structuring is concordant with subspecific boundaries, however, analysis of molecular variance indicates that there is significant population genetic differentiation among all subspecies except G. c. tabida and G. c. rowani, which are indistinguishable. We suggest that recognition of the recently named G. c. rowani be abandoned. C1 [Rhymer, Judith M.] Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Fain, Matthew G.; Krajewski, Carey] So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. [Fain, Matthew G.; Krajewski, Carey] So Illinois Univ, Ctr Systemat Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. [Austin, Jane E.; Johnson, Douglas H.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Rhymer, JM (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM jrhymer@umenfa.maine.edu OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 FU United States Fish and Wildlife Service; North Dakota Game and Fish Department; Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation; National Science Foundation [DEB-9419907]; The American Philosophical Society FX Funding for collection of sandhill cranes in Canada was provided by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, and Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. We thank Murray Gillespie, Dale Hjertaas, Eldon Bruns, Albert Bourque, Raymond Bourget, Rod Brook, Robert Bromley, Robert Knudson, and Jim Leafloor for their assistance in collections. We also thank George Archibald, Claire Mirande, and the staff of the International Crane Foundation for the Florida and greater sandhill crane samples and George Gee of the United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center for the Mississippi sandhill crane samples. Carey Krajewski was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB-9419907) and Matt Fain by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Judith Rhymer received funding from The American Philosophical Society. NR 72 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 203 EP 218 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA V22NP UT WOS:000208282200002 ER PT J AU Moody, JA Martin, DA AF Moody, JA Martin, DA TI Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Review DE erosion; deposition; landscape evolution; sediment transport; wildfire ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; FIRE; SEDIMENT; CALIFORNIA; CHARCOAL; EVENTS; FLOWS AB A wildfire in May 1996 burned 4690 hectares in two watersheds forested by ponderosa pine and Douglas fir in a steep, mountainous landscape with a summer, convective thunderstorm precipitation regime. The wildfire lowered the erosion threshold in the watersheds, and consequently amplified the subsequent erosional response to shorter time interval episodic rainfall and created both erosional and depositional features in a complex pattern throughout the watersheds. The initial response during the first four years was an increase in runoff and erosion rates followed by decreases toward pre-fire rates. The maximum unit-area peak discharge was 24 m(3) s(-1) km(-2) for a rainstorm in 1996 with a rain intensity of 90 min h(-1). Recovery to pre-fire conditions seems to have occurred by 2000 because for a maximum 30-min rainfall intensity of 50 mm. h(-1), the unit-area peak discharge in 1997 was 6.6 m(3) s(-1) km(-2), while in 2000 a similar intensity produced only 0.11 m(3) s(-1) km(-2). Rill erosion accounted for 6 per cent, interrill erosion for 14 per cent, and drainage erosion for 80 per cent of the initial erosion in 1996. This represents about a 200-fold increase in erosion rates on hillslopes which had a recovery or relaxation time of about three years. About 67 per cent of the initially eroded sediment is still stored in the watersheds after four years with an estimated residence time greater than 300 years. This residence time is much greater than the fire recurrence interval so erosional and depositional features may become legacies from the wildfire and may affect landscape evolution by acting as a new set of initial conditions for subsequent wildfire and flood sequences. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Moody, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 104 TC 196 Z9 200 U1 3 U2 52 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1049 EP 1070 DI 10.1002/esp.253 PG 22 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 475KC UT WOS:000171162300002 ER PT J AU Guo, QF AF Guo, QF TI Early post-fire succession in California chaparral: Changes in diversity, density, cover and biomass SO ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biomass; chaparral; cover; density; fire; nitrogen-fixing species; plant groups; species richness; succession ID PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES; DISTURBANCE; VEGETATION; MECHANISMS; ECOSYSTEMS; STABILITY; AUSTRALIA AB For four consecutive years, following the fires in November 1993, temporal variations in species richness, cover and biomass of component plant groups in early post-fire chaparral succession were monitored on different aspects at the Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Reserve, southern California. Plant groups were categorized based on growth form, life form, ability to fix nitrogen, geographic origin and regeneration strategies. North-facing slopes exhibited higher species richness, higher species turnover rate over time and faster vegetation recovery in terms of biomass accumulation and return to pre-fire species composition. This was probably due to higher species richness and biomass of nitrogen-fixing species found on north-facing slopes in comparison to south-facing slopes. On both north- and south-facing slopes, annuals had the highest species turnover rate, followed by herbaceous perennials and shrubs. In the first four post-fire years, annual species were the largest floristic group, but herbaceous perennials and shrubs were the major contributors to community biomass. Nitrogen-fixing species and exotics contributed significantly to early post-fire community structure. Although the general trends in post-fire succession are clear in terms of temporal changes in the relative proportions of different plant groups, environmental variation and the nature of plant life histories of component species, especially dominant species, could alter such trends significantly. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biomath, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RI Guo, Qinfeng/A-8034-2009 NR 50 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0912-3814 J9 ECOL RES JI Ecol. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 471 EP 485 DI 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00410.x PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474VA UT WOS:000171126500011 ER PT J AU Farrell, TA Marion, JL AF Farrell, TA Marion, JL TI Identifying and assessing ecotourism visitor impacts at eight protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE visitor impacts; impact assessment; ecotourism; trail surveys; impact management; impact monitoring ID NATIONAL-PARK; TRAIL AB Protected area visitation is an important component of ecotourism, and as such, must be sustainable. However, protected area visitation may degrade natural resources, particularly in areas of concentrated visitor activities like trails and recreation sites. This is an important concern in ecotourism destinations such as Belize and Costa Rica, because they actively promote ecotourism and emphasize the pristine qualities of their natural resources. Research on visitor impacts to protected areas has many potential applications in protected area management, though it has not been widely applied in Central and South America. This study targeted this deficiency through manager interviews and evaluations of alternative impact assessment procedures at eight protected areas in Belize and Costa Rica. Impact assessment procedures included qualitative condition class systems, ratings systems, and measurement-based systems applied to trails and recreation sites. The resulting data characterize manager perceptions of impact problems, document trail and recreation site impacts, and provide examples of inexpensive, efficient and effective rapid impact assessment procedures. Interview subjects reported a variety of impacts affecting trails, recreation sites, wildlife, water, attraction features and other resources. Standardized assessment procedures were developed and applied to record trail and recreation site impacts. Impacts affecting the study areas included trail proliferation, erosion and widening, muddiness on trails, vegetation cover loss, soil and root exposure, and tree damage on recreation sites. The findings also illustrate the types of assessment data yielded by several alternative methods and demonstrate their utility to protected area managers. The need for additional rapid assessment procedures for wildlife, water, attraction feature and other resource impacts was also identified. C1 Virginia Tech, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Sch Field Studies, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. RP Marion, JL (reprint author), Virginia Tech, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, 304 Cheatham Hall 0324, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 11 U2 53 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 215 EP 225 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 495JN UT WOS:000172337500004 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Gregonis, SM Waltman, SW Omernik, JM Thorson, TD Freeouf, JA Rorick, AH Keys, JE AF McMahon, G Gregonis, SM Waltman, SW Omernik, JM Thorson, TD Freeouf, JA Rorick, AH Keys, JE TI Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological region; spatial framework; ecologically oriented management; land resources; ecosystem management ID SOIL SURVEY; ECOREGIONS; CLASSIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; SCIENCE; FOREST AB In 1996, nine federal agencies with mandates to inventory and manage the nation's land, water, and biological resources signed a memorandum of understanding entitled "Developing a Spatial Framework of Ecological Units of The United States." This spatial framework is the basis for interagency coordination and collaboration in the development of ecosystem management strategies One of the objectives in this memorandum is the development of a map of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States. The regions defined in the spatial framework will be areas within which biotic, abiotic, terrestrial, and aquatic capacities and potentials are similar. The agencies agreed to begin by exploring areas of agreement and disagreement in three federal natural-resource spatial frameworks-Major Land Resource Areas of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Hierarchy of Ecological Units of the USDA Forest Service, and Level III Ecoregions of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The explicit intention is that the framework will foster an ecological understanding of the landscape, rather than an understanding based on a single resource, single discipline, or single agency perspective. This paper describes the origin, capabilities, and limitations of three major federal agency frameworks and suggests why a common ecological framework is desirable. The scientific and programmatic benefits of common ecological regions are described, and a proposed process for development of the common framework is presented. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. US Forest Serv, Golden, CO 80225 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Forest Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97055 USA. US Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 96 TC 73 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 293 EP 316 DI 10.1007/s0026702429 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462EY UT WOS:000170408800002 PM 11531234 ER PT J AU Riley, SJ Malecki, RA AF Riley, SJ Malecki, RA TI A landscape analysis of cougar distribution and abundance in Montana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cougars; habitat; landscapes; Montana; predators; prey; puma concolor ID SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA; LAND-USE AB Recent growth in the distribution and abundance of cougars (Puma concolor) throughout western North America has created opportunities, challenges, and problems for wildlife managers and raises questions about what factors affect cougar populations. We present an analysis of factors thought to affect cougar distribution and abundance across the broad geographical scales on which most population management decisions are made. Our objectives were to: (1) identify and evaluate landscape parameters that can be used to predict the capability of habitats to support cougars, and (2) evaluate factors that may account for the recent expansion in cougar numbers. Habitat values based on terrain ruggedness and forested cover explained 73% of the variation in a cougar abundance index. Indices of cougar abundance also were spatially and temporally correlated with ungulate abundance. An increase in the number and total biomass of ungulate prey species is hypothesized to account for recent increases in cougars. Cougar populations in Montana are coping with land development by humans when other components of habitat and prey populations are sufficient. Our analysis provides a better understanding of what may have influenced recent growth in cougar distribution and abundance in Montana and, when combined with insights about stakeholder acceptance capacity, offers a basis for cougar management at broad scales. Long-term conservation of cougars necessitates a better understanding of ecosystem functions that affect prey distribution and abundance, more accurate estimates of cougar populations, and management abilities to integrate these components with human values. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, USGS, BRD, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Riley, SJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 40 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 34 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1007/s0026702503 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462EY UT WOS:000170408800003 PM 11531235 ER PT J AU McMaster, ME Jardine, JJ Ankley, GT Benson, WH Greeley, MS Gross, TS Guillette, LJ MacLatchy, DL Orlando, EF Van der Kraak, GJ Munkittrick, KR AF McMaster, ME Jardine, JJ Ankley, GT Benson, WH Greeley, MS Gross, TS Guillette, LJ MacLatchy, DL Orlando, EF Van der Kraak, GJ Munkittrick, KR TI An interlaboratory study on the use of steroid hormones in examining endocrine disruption SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE steroid hormones; interlaboratory study; endocrine disruption; pulp mill effluent; radioimmunoassay variability ID KRAFT PULP-MILL; O-DEETHYLASE ACTIVITY; WHITE SUCKER; EFFLUENT; FISH; WILDLIFE; EXPOSURE; GROWTH; STRESS AB In recent years, there has been an increased use of the measurement of sex steroid hormone levels in the blood of animals exposed to chemicals as an indicator of reproductive impairment or an alteration in endocrine function. Although levels of hormones are often compared among animals and laboratories, there has been no study to examine the between-lab oratory variability in actual steroid measurements. Therefore, we initiated a study with white sucker collected from a site receiving pulp mill effluent, previously documented as having reduced steroid levels, to address this issue. Samples of plasma and media from in vitro gonadal incubations were delivered to eight outside laboratories with the ability to measure steroid hormones. These laboratories ran-ed from well-established fish endocrine laboratories to wildlife toxicology laboratories, which have recently implemented the methods to measure steroid hormones. In this study, we have considered both the absolute measure of steroid content between laboratories as well as the ability to discriminate between reference and exposed populations as important criteria when evaluating the utility of these measures. Of the eight outside laboratories conducting the analyses, six detected identical site differences in circulating levels of testosterone and 17 beta -estradiol to those documented by our Burlington laboratory (ON, Canada). However, the absolute value of the steroid hormones measured in the plasma varied significantly (plasma testosterone 0.6-23.1 ng/ml, 17 beta -estradiol 77.6-1782.7 pg/ml) with coefficients of variation of 70.4% and 60.3% respectively. Similar results were demonstrated for the measurement of steroid hormones in media following in vitro gonadal incubation. Although there was a fair amount of variability in the absolute measure of steroid hormone levels, we would predict a far greater coherence of interlaboratory results through the sharing of reagents and the use of a common methodology between laboratories. These results are very promising, providing evidence for the inclusion of steroid hormones in monitoring endocrine disruption in wildlife species. C1 Environm Canada, Canada Ctr Inland Waters, Natl Water Res Inst, Aquat Ecosyst Protect Res Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ New Brunswick, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ New Brunswick, Environm Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. RP McMaster, ME (reprint author), Environm Canada, Canada Ctr Inland Waters, Natl Water Res Inst, Aquat Ecosyst Protect Res Branch, 867 Lakeshore Rd POB 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RI Munkittrick, Kelly/B-1462-2014; Greeley, Mark/D-2330-2016 OI Greeley, Mark/0000-0002-6088-5942 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 2081 EP 2087 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2081:AISOTU>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 465RF UT WOS:000170603200030 PM 11521838 ER PT J AU Stafford, CP Haines, TA AF Stafford, CP Haines, TA TI Mercury contamination and growth rate in two piscivore populations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fish; mercury; biodilution; growth; bioenergetics ID LAKE TROUT; FISH; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; MODEL; PCB; BIOENERGETICS; DYNAMICS; OTOLITHS; COMPLEX AB We found no relationship between fish growth rate and mercury concentration in a lake trout population and conditional support for an inverse relationship in a smallmouth bass population. A bioenergetics model indicated that mercury concentration was more responsive to dietary mercury intake than to growth rate. When biodilution is evident, it may bias contaminant versus fish size relationships. C1 Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Orono Field Stn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Stafford, CP (reprint author), Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, 311 Bio Stn Lane, Polson, MT 59860 USA. NR 17 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 21 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 2099 EP 2101 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2099:MCAGRI>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 465RF UT WOS:000170603200033 PM 11521841 ER PT J AU Schaffler, JJ Isely, JJ AF Schaffler, JJ Isely, JJ TI Retention of coded wire tags, and their effect on maturation and survival of yellow mealworms (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID DISPERSAL; RECAPTURE; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; INSECTS C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Schaffler, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 454 EP 456 DI 10.2307/3496512 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700024 ER PT J AU Leland, HV Brown, LR Mueller, DK AF Leland, HV Brown, LR Mueller, DK TI Distribution of algae in the San Joaquin River, California, in relation to nutrient supply, salinity and other environmental factors SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic algae; community structure; modeling; nitrogen; phytoplankton; primary production; river; salinity ID LAND-USE; DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES; CONSTITUENT LOADS; CANADA LAKES; PHYTOPLANKTON; SEDIMENT; MODEL; PESTICIDES; GEOLOGY; ECOLOGY AB 1. The taxonomic composition and biomass of the phytoplankton and the taxonomic composition of the phytobenthos of the San Joaquin River and its major tributaries were examined in relation to water chemistry, habitat and flow regime. Agricultural drainage and subsurface flow contribute to a complex gradient of salinity and nutrients in this eutrophic, 'lowland type' river. 2. Because of light-limiting conditions for growth, maintenance demands of the algae exceed production during summer and autumn in the San Joaquin River where there is no inflow from tributaries. In contrast to substantial gains in concentration of inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus during the summer of normal-flow years, net losses of algal biomass (2-4 mug L-1 day(-1) chlorophyll a) occurred in a mid-river segment with no significant tributary inflow. However, downstream of a large tributary draining the Sierra Nevada, a substantial net gain in algal biomass (6-11 mug L-1 day(-1)) occurred in the summer, but not in the spring (loss of 1-6 mug L-1 day(-1)) or autumn (loss of 2-5 mug L-1 day(-1)). 3. The phytoplankton was dominated in summer by 'r-selected' centric diatoms (Thalassiosirales), species both tolerant of variable salinity and widely distributed in the San Joaquin River. Pennate diatoms were proportionally more abundant (in biomass) in the winter, spring and autumn. Abundant taxa included the diatoms Cyclotella meneghiniana, Skeletonema cf. potamos, Cyclostephanos invisitatus, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Nitzschia acicularis, N. palea and N. reversa, and the chlorophytes Chlamydomonas sp. and Scenesdesmus quadricauda. Patterns in the abundance of species indicated that assembly of the phytoplankton is limited more by light and flow regime than by nutrient supply. 4. The phytobenthos was dominated by larger, more slowly reproducing pennate diatoms. Few of the abundant species are euryhaline. The diatoms Navicula recens and Nitzschia inconspicua and cyanophytes, Oscillatoria spp., were the principal late-summer benthic species upstream in the mainstem and in drainages of the San Joaquin Valley. Many of the other abundant diatoms (Amphora veneta, Bacillaria paxillifer, Navicula symmetrica, Nitzschia amphibia, N. fonticola, N. palea, Pleurosigma salinarum) of late-summer assemblages in these segments also are motile species. While many of these species also were abundant in segments downstream of confluences with rivers draining the Sierra Nevada, the relative abundance of prostrate (Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Navicula minima) and erect or stalked (Achnanthidium deflexum, Achnanthes lanceolata, Gomphonema kobayasii, G. parvulum var. lagenula) diatoms and Stigeoclonium sp. was greater in these lower San Joaquin River segments. 5. A weighted-averaging regression model, based on salinity and benthic-algal abundance in the San Joaquin River and segments of its major tributaries within the San Joaquin Valley, yielded a highly significant coefficient-of-determination (r(2) = 0.84) and low prediction error between salinity inferred from the species and that observed, indicating that salinity tolerance is a primary constraint on growth and assembly of the phytobenthos. The same measures of predictability indicated poor performance of a model based on inorganic nitrogen. However, with a greater representation of tributaries (including segments within the Sierra Nevada foothills) in the sample set, an inorganic nitrogen model also yielded a highly significant coefficient-of-determination (r(2) = 0.87) and low prediction error between the species-inferred and the observed concentration. As with the salinity model (r(2) = 0.94) for the enlarged data set, a systematic difference (increased deviation of residuals) existed at high inorganic nitrogen concentrations. These results indicate substantial interaction between salinity and inorganic nitrogen as constraints on the structure of benthic-algal communities of the San Joaquin River basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Leland, HV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM hvleland@usgs.gov NR 86 TC 63 Z9 72 U1 4 U2 46 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0046-5070 EI 1365-2427 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 46 IS 9 BP 1139 EP 1167 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00740.x PG 29 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 477LK UT WOS:000171284900001 ER PT J AU Hernes, PJ Benner, R Cowie, GL Goni, MA Bergamaschi, BA Hedges, JI AF Hernes, PJ Benner, R Cowie, GL Goni, MA Bergamaschi, BA Hedges, JI TI Tannin diagenesis in mangrove leaves from a tropical estuary: A novel molecular approach SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; NITROGEN IMMOBILIZATION; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; DETRITUS NITROGEN; NEUTRAL SUGARS; LITTER; DECOMPOSITION; SEDIMENTS; PRODUCTS AB Molecular-level condensed tannin analyses were conducted on a series of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) leaves at various stages of decomposition in a tropical estuary. Total molecular tannin yields ranged from 0.5% ash-free dry weight (AFDW) in the most highly degraded black leaves (6-7 weeks in the water) up to >7% AFDW in fresh leaves (<1 week in the water). Total tannin exhibits an intermediate lability in these leaves relative to other measured biochemicals. Leaching is an important mechanism in tannin removal from leaves as indicated by the 30% loss of measurable tannin during a leaching experiment. Condensed tannin was >80% procyanidin (PC) with the remainder being prodelphinidin (PD). PD tannin, with its higher degree of hydroxylation, proved to be more labile than PC tannin. Average chain length of condensed tannin (degree of polymerization) exhibited an initial increase in response to leaching, but later decreased in the subsequent shift toward abiotic or microbially mediated chemical reactions. Several trends point toward a possible condensation reaction in which tannin plays a role in nitrogen immobilization. These include an apparent inverse correlation between molecular tannin and nitrogen, a positive correlation between molecular tannin and percent basic amino acids, (13)C-NMR data indicating transformation of tannin as opposed to remineralization, and (13)C-NMR data showing loss of condensed tannin B-ring phenolic carbons coupled with preservation of A-ring phenolic carbon. In addition to condensed tannin, the molecular method used also yielded several triterpenoids. Triterpenoids accounted for up to 3.5% AFDW of the leaf material and exhibited a threefold increase between yellow senescent leaves entering the estuary and black leaves. This trend is likely due to the weakening of protective cuticular membranes during leaf decomposition, which leads to increased yields in the acidic conditions used for tannin analyses. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Marine & Environm Geosci Grp, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US Geol Survey, Calif Dist Off, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. RP Hernes, PJ (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Biol & Coastal Res, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM pjhernes@biol.sc.edu RI Goni, Miguel/E-4456-2014; Benner, Ronald/M-4412-2015; OI Benner, Ronald/0000-0002-1238-2777; Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581 NR 41 TC 105 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2001 VL 65 IS 18 BP 3109 EP 3122 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00641-X PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 472HL UT WOS:000170978000008 ER PT J AU Moore, DE Hickman, S Lockner, DA Dobson, PF AF Moore, DE Hickman, S Lockner, DA Dobson, PF TI Hydrothermal minerals and microstructures in the Silangkitang geothermal field along the Great Sumatran fault zone, Sumatra, Indonesia SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal conditions; Indonesia; mineral assemblages; strike-slip faults; Sumatra ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; PUNCHBOWL FAULT; CALIFORNIA; STRESS; DEFORMATION; STATE; PERMEABILITY; MECHANISMS; ADJACENT AB Detailed study of core samples of silicic tuff recovered from three geothermal wells along the strike-slip Great Sumatran fault zone near Silangkitang, North Sumatra, supports a model for enhanced hydrothermal circulation adjacent to this major plate-boundary fault. Two wells (A and C) were drilled nearly vertically similar to1 km southwest of the eastern (i.e., the principal) fault trace, and the third, directional well (B) was drilled eastward from the site of well A to within similar to 100 m of the principal fault trace. The examined core samples come from depths of 1650-2120 m at measured well temperatures of 180-320 degreesC. The samples collected near the principal fault trace have the highest temperatures, the largest amount of secondary pore space that correlates with high secondary permeability, and the most extensive hydrothermal mineral development. Secondary permeability and the degree of hydrothermal alteration decrease toward the southwestern margin of the fault zone. These features indicate episodic, localized flow of hot, possibly CO2-rich fluids within the fault zone. The microstructure populations identified in the core samples correlate to the subsidiary fault patterns typical of strike-slip faults. The geothermal reservoir appears to be centered on the fault zone, with the principal fault strands and adjoining, highly fractured and hydrothermally altered rock serving as the main conduits for vertical fluid flow and advective heat transport from deeper magmatic sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Unocal Geothermal & Power Operat, Santa Rosa, CA 95401 USA. RP Moore, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Dobson, Patrick/D-8771-2015 OI Dobson, Patrick/0000-0001-5031-8592 NR 57 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 113 IS 9 BP 1179 EP 1192 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1179:HMAMIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 470GQ UT WOS:000170862900006 ER PT J AU Atwater, BF Yamaguchi, DK Bondevik, S Barnhardt, WA Amidon, LJ Benson, BE Skjerdal, G Shulene, JA Nanayama, F AF Atwater, BF Yamaguchi, DK Bondevik, S Barnhardt, WA Amidon, LJ Benson, BE Skjerdal, G Shulene, JA Nanayama, F TI Rapid resetting of an estuarine recorder of the 1964 Alaska earthquake SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Alaska; earthquakes; estuaries; Holocene; stratigraphy ID UPPER COOK INLET; RHYTHMITES; ZONE AB Tides and plants have already restored much of a landscape that the 1964 Alaska earthquake destroyed. At the head of a macrotidal estuary near Anchorage, in the vicinity of Portage, subsidence during the earthquake changed meadows, thickets, and spruce groves into barren tidal flats. Tidal-flat silt and sand soon buried the pre-earthquake landscape while filling intertidal space that the subsidence had made. The flats supported new meadows and thickets by 1973 and new spruce by 1980. Three new findings confirm that the flats aggraded rapidly and that their vegetation is maturing. (1) Most of the postearthquake deposits at Portage date from the first decade after the 1964 earthquake. Their thickness of 23 sites in a 0.5 km(2) area was 1.4 +/- 0.2 m in 1973, 1.6 +/- 0.2 m in 1991, and 1.6 +/- 0.3 rn in 1998. (2) Many of the deposits probably date from the first months after the earthquake. The deposits contain sedimentary couplets in which coarse silt or very fine sand is capped by fine or medium silt. About 100 such couplets make up the lowest 0.5 m or more of the postearthquake deposits in two outcrops. These couplets thicken and thin rhythmically, both as groups of 5-20 couplets and as pairs of successive couplets. Probably, the groups of thick couplets represent the highest tides, the groups of thin couplets represent some of the lesser high tides, and the pairs record inequality between twice-daily high tides. (3) In the 1980s and 1990s, thickets expanded and spruce multiplied. The vegetation now resembles the fossil assemblage rooted in the buried landscape from 1964. Had the 1964 Alaska earthquake been repeated a decade later, the two earthquakes would now be recorded by two superposed, buried landscapes near Portage. Much more than a decade is probably needed to reset similar recorders at mesotidal estuaries of the Cascadia subduction zone. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Tromso, Dept Geol, N-9073 Tromso, Norway. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. GeoEngn Inc, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RP Atwater, BF (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 113 IS 9 BP 1193 EP 1204 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1193:RROAER>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 470GQ UT WOS:000170862900007 ER PT J AU Coombs, ML Gardner, JE AF Coombs, ML Gardner, JE TI Shallow-storage conditions for the rhyolite of the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rhyolite; Katmai; Novarupta; crystallization; phase equilibria ID KATMAI-NATIONAL-PARK; THOUSAND-SMOKES; VALLEY; EVOLUTION; MAGMAS; LAKE AB Recent studies have proposed contrasting models for the plumbing system that fed the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska. Here, we investigate the conditions under which the rhyolitic part of the erupted magma last resided in the crust prior to eruption. Geothermometry suggests that the rhyolite was held at similar to 800-850 degreesC, and analyses of melt inclusions suggest that it was fluid saturated and contained similar to4 wt% water. Hydrothermal, water-saturated experiments on rhyolite pumice reveal that at those temperatures the rhyolite was stable between 40 and 100 MPa, or a depth of 1.8-4.4 km. These results suggest that pre-eruptive storage and crystal growth of the rhyolite were shallow; if the rhyolite ascended from greater depths, it did so slowly enough for unzoned phenocrysts to grow as it passed through the shallow crust. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Alaska Volcano Observ, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Coombs, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mcoombs@usgs.gov RI Gardner, James/H-1713-2011 NR 25 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2001 VL 29 IS 9 BP 775 EP 778 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0775:SSCFTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 470GR UT WOS:000170863000004 ER PT J AU Reid, ME Sisson, TW Brien, DL AF Reid, ME Sisson, TW Brien, DL TI Volcano collapse promoted by hydrothermal alteration and edifice shape, Mount Rainier, Washington SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landslide; volcano; debris flow; slope stability; hydrothermal alteration; Mount Rainier ID AVALANCHE; STABILITY AB Catastrophic collapses of steep volcano flanks threaten many populated regions, and understanding factors that promote collapse could save lives and property. Large collapses of hydrothermally altered parts of Mount Rainier have generated far-traveled debris flows; future flows would threaten densely populated parts of the Puget Sound region. We evaluate edifice collapse hazards at Mount Rainier using a new three-dimensional slope stability method incorporating detailed geologic mapping and subsurface geophysical imaging to determine distributions of strong (fresh) and weak (altered) rock. Quantitative three-dimensional slope stall calculations reveal that sizeable flank collapse (>0.1 km(3)) is promoted by voluminous, weak, hydrothermally altered rock situated high on steep slopes. These conditions exist only on Mount Rainier's upper west slope, consistent with the Holocene debris-flow history. Widespread alteration on lower flanks or concealed in regions of gentle slope high on the edifice does not greatly facilitate collapse. Our quantitative stability assessment method can also provide useful hazard predictions using reconnaissance geologic information and is a potentially rapid and inexpensive new tool for aiding volcano hazard assessments. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Reid, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 29 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2001 VL 29 IS 9 BP 779 EP 782 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0779:VCPBHA>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 470GR UT WOS:000170863000005 ER PT J AU Tilmann, FJ Benz, HM Priestley, KF Okubo, PG AF Tilmann, FJ Benz, HM Priestley, KF Okubo, PG TI P-wave velocity structure of the uppermost mantle beneath Hawaii from traveltime tomography SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; hotspots; magma flow; P waves; seismic tomography; upper mantle ID SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; TIME TOMOGRAPHY; MELT GENERATION; ICELAND; OAHU; LITHOSPHERE; CALDERA; SUMMIT AB We examine the P-wave velocity structure beneath the island of Hawaii using P-wave residuals from teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory seismic network. The station geometry and distribution of events makes it possible to image the velocity structure between similar to 40 and 100 km depth with a lateral resolution of similar to 15 km and a vertical resolution of similar to 30 km. For depths between 40 and 80 km, P-wave velocities are up to 5 per cent slower in a broad elongated region trending SE-NW that underlies the island between the two lines defined by the volcanic loci. No direct correlation between the magnitude of the lithospheric anomaly and the current level of volcanic activity is apparent, but the slow region is broadened at similar to 19.8 degreesN and narrow beneath Kilauea. In the case of the oceanic lithosphere beneath Hawaii, slow seismic velocities are likely to be related to magma transport from the top of the melting zone at the base of the lithosphere to the surface. Thermal modelling shows that the broad elongated low-velocity zone cannot be explained in terms of conductive heating by one primary conduit per volcano but that more complicated melt pathways must exist. C1 Univ Cambridge, Bullard Labs, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaii Volcano Observ, Honolulu, HI 96718 USA. RP Tilmann, FJ (reprint author), Univ Kiel, GEOMAR, Wischofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. RI Tilmann, Frederik/E-4293-2012 OI Tilmann, Frederik/0000-0002-7439-8782 NR 55 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 146 IS 3 BP 594 EP 606 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2001.00480.x PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 474VD UT WOS:000171126800003 ER PT J AU Tomatsu, T Kumagai, H Dawson, PB AF Tomatsu, T Kumagai, H Dawson, PB TI Tomographic inversion of P-wave velocity and Q structures beneath the Kirishima volcanic complex, southern Japan, based on finite difference calculations of complex traveltimes SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE active seismic experiment; attenuation; autoregressive model; pipe-like structure; pulse width ID ATTENUATION TOMOGRAPHY; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; EARTHQUAKE DATA; CASCADE RANGE; CALIFORNIA; REGION; HAWAII AB We estimate the P-wave velocity and attenuation structures beneath the Kirishima volcanic complex, southern Japan, by inverting the complex traveltimes (arrival times and pulse widths) of waveform data obtained during an active seismic experiment conducted in 1994. In this experiment, six 200-250 kg shots were recorded at 163 temporary seismic stations deployed on the volcanic complex. We use first-arrival times for the shots, which were hand-measured interactively. The waveform. data are Fourier transformed into the frequency domain and analysed using a new method based on autoregressive modelling of complex decaying oscillations in the frequency domain to determine pulse widths for the first-arrival phases. A non-linear inversion method is used to invert 893 first-arrival times and 325 pulse widths to estimate the velocity and attenuation structures of the volcanic complex. Wavefronts for the inversion are calculated with a finite difference method based on the Eikonal equation, which is well suited to estimating the complex traveltimes for the structures of the Kirishima volcano complex, where large structural heterogeneities are expected. The attenuation structure is derived using ray paths derived from the velocity structure. We obtain 3-D velocity and attenuation structures down to 1.5 and 0.5 km below sea level, respectively. High-velocity pipe-like structures with correspondingly low attenuation are found under the summit craters. These pipe-like structures are interpreted as remnant conduits of solidified magma. No evidence of a shallow magma chamber is visible in the tomographic images. C1 Nagoya Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Tomatsu, T (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 146 IS 3 BP 781 EP 794 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2001.00491.x PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 474VD UT WOS:000171126800016 ER PT J AU Kumagai, H Chouet, BA AF Kumagai, H Chouet, BA TI The dependence of acoustic properties of a crack on the resonance mode and geometry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; HARMONIC TREMOR; EVENTS AB We examine the dependence of the acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids on the resonance mode and geometry to quantify the source properties of long-period (LP) events observed in volcanic areas. Our results, based on spectral analyses of synthetic waveforms generated with a fluid-driven crack model, indicate that the basic features of the dimensionless frequency (nu) and quality factor (Q(r)) for a crack containing various types of fluids are not strongly affected by the choice of mode, although the actual ranges of Q(r) and nu both depend on the mode. The dimensionless complex frequency systematically varies with changes in the crack geometry, showing increases in both Q(r) and nu as the crack length to aperture ratio decreases. The present results may be useful for the interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the observed complex frequencies of LP events. C1 Natl Res Inst Earth & Disaster Prevent, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kumagai, H (reprint author), Natl Res Inst Earth & Disaster Prevent, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 17 BP 3325 EP 3328 DI 10.1029/2001GL013025 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 467JM UT WOS:000170698700029 ER PT J AU Beeler, NM AF Beeler, NM TI Stress drop with constant, scale independent seismic efficiency and overshoot SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID APPARENT STRESS; EARTHQUAKES; FRICTION; SLIP; VELOCITY; RUPTURE; SYSTEM; STATE AB To model dissipated and radiated energy during earthquake stress drop, I calculate dynamic fault slip using a single degree of freedom spring-slider block and a laboratory-based static/kinetic fault strength relation with a dynamic stress drop proportional to effective normal stress. The model is scaled to earthquake size assuming a circular rupture; stiffness varies inversely with rupture radius. and rupture duration is proportional to radius. Calculated seismic efficiency, the ratio of radiated to total energy expended during stress drop, is in good agreement with laboratory and field observations. Predicted overshoot, a measure of how much the static stress drop exceeds the dynamic stress drop, is higher than previously published laboratory and seismic observations and fully elasto-dynamic calculations. Seismic efficiency and overshoot are constant, independent of normal stress and scale. Calculated variation of apparent stress with seismic moment resembles the observational constraints of McGarr [ 1999]. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Beeler, NM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 17 BP 3353 EP 3356 DI 10.1029/2001GL012906 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 467JM UT WOS:000170698700036 ER PT J AU Hunter, KL Betancourt, JL Riddle, BR Van Devender, TR Cole, KL Spaulding, WG AF Hunter, KL Betancourt, JL Riddle, BR Van Devender, TR Cole, KL Spaulding, WG TI Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE amphitropical, autopolyploidy, creosote bush; deserts; guard cell size; Holocene; Larrea tridentata; North America; packrat middens; Pleistocene ID FOSSIL PACKRAT MIDDENS; HOLOCENE VEGETATION; SOUTHERN ARIZONA; FLOWERING PLANTS; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; SONORAN DESERT; MOJAVE-DESERT; STABLE CARBON; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE; POLYPLOIDY AB 1 A classic biogeographic pattern is the alignment of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid races of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) across the Chihuahuan, Sonoran and Mohave Deserts of western North America. We used statistically robust differences in guard cell size of modern plants and fossil leaves from packrat middens to map current and past distributions of these ploidy races since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). 2 Glacial/early Holocene (26-10 C-14 kyr BP or thousands of radiocarbon years before present) populations included diploids along the lower Rio Grande of west Texas, 650 km removed from sympatric diploids and tetraploids in the lower Colorado River Basin of south-eastern California/ south-western Arizona. Diploids migrated slowly from lower Rio Grande refugia with expansion into the northern Chihuahuan Desert sites forestalled until after similar to4.0 C-14 kyr Bp. Tetraploids expanded from the lower Colorado River Basin into the northern limits of the Sonoran Desert in central Arizona by 6.4 C-14 kyr BP. Hexaploids appeared by 8.5 C-14 kyr BP in the lower Colorado River Basin, reaching their northernmost limits (similar to 37 degreesN) in the Mohave Desert between 5.6 and 3.9 C-14 kyr BP. 3 Modern diploid isolates may have resulted from both vicariant and dispersal events. In central Baja California and the lower Colorado River Basin, modern diploids probably originated from relict populations near glacial refugia. Founder events in the middle and late Holocene established diploid outposts on isolated limestone outcrops in areas of central and southern Arizona dominated by tetraploid populations. 4 Geographic alignment of the three ploidy races along the modern gradient of increasingly drier and hotter summers is clearly a postglacial phenomenon, but evolution of both higher ploidy races must have happened before the Holocene. The exact timing and mechanism of polyploidy evolution in creosote bush remains a matter of conjecture. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, FRESC Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Dames & Moore, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Hunter, KL (reprint author), Salisbury Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1101 Camden Ave, Salisbury, MD 21801 USA. RI Munguia-Vega, Adrian/G-8417-2012 NR 56 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 521 EP 533 DI 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00254.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 482PL UT WOS:000171584400005 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL AF Paillet, FL TI Hydraulic head applications of flow logs in the study of heterogeneous aquifers SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID BOREHOLE FLOWMETER; FRACTURE; CONDUCTIVITY; TESTS AB Permeability profiles derived from high-resolution flow logs in heterogeneous aquifers provide a limited sample of the most permeable beds or fractures determining the hydraulic properties of those aquifers. This paper demonstrates that flow logs can also be used to infer the large-scale properties of aquifers surrounding boreholes. The analysis is based on the interpretation of the hydraulic head values estimated from the flow log analysis. Pairs of quasi-steady flow profiles obtained under ambient conditions and while either pumping or injecting are used to estimate the hydraulic head in each water-producing zone. Although the analysis yields localized estimates of transmissivity for a few water-producing zones, the hydraulic head estimates apply to the farfield aquifers to which these zones are connected. The hydraulic head data are combined with information from other sources to identify the large-scale structure of heterogeneous aquifers. More complicated cross-borehole flow experiments are used to characterize the pattern of connection between large-scale aquifer units inferred from the hydraulic head estimates. The interpretation of hydraulic heads in situ under steady and transient conditions is illustrated by several case studies, including an example with heterogeneous permeable beds in an unconsolidated aquifer, and four examples with heterogeneous distributions of bedding planes and/or fractures in bedrock aquifers. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 403, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 39 IS 5 BP 667 EP 675 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02356.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 468YC UT WOS:000170784900005 PM 11554244 ER PT J AU Drew, LJ Schuenemeyer, JH Armstrong, TR Sutphin, DM AF Drew, LJ Schuenemeyer, JH Armstrong, TR Sutphin, DM TI Initial yield to depth relation for water wells drilled into crystalline bedrock - Pinardville quadrangle, New Hampshire SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB A model is proposed to explain the statistical relations between the mean initial water well yields from eight time increments from 1984 to 1998 for wells drilled into the crystalline bedrock aquifer system in the Pinardville area of southern New Hampshire and the type of bedrock, mean well depth, and mean well elevation. Statistical analyses show that the mean total yield of drilling increments is positively correlated with mean total well depth and mean well elevation. In addition, the mean total well yield varies with rock type from a minimum of 46.9 L/min (12.4 gpm) in the Damon Pond granite to a maximum of 74.5 L/min (19.7 gpm) in the Permian pegmatite and granite unit. Across the eight drilling increments that comprise 211 wells each, the percentages of very low-yield wells (1.9 L/min [0.5 gpm] or less) and high-yield wells (151.4 L/min [40 gpm) or more) increased, and those of intermediate-yield wells decreased. As housing development progressed during the 1984 to 1998 interval, the mean depth of the wells and their elevations increased, and the mix of percentages of the bedrock types drilled changed markedly. The proposed model uses a feed-forward mechanism to explain the interaction between the increasing mean elevation, mean well depth, and percentages of very low-yielding wells and the mean well yield. The increasing percentages of very low-yielding wells through time and the economics of the housing market may control the system that forces the mean well depths, percentages of high-yield wells, and mean well yields to increase. The reason for the increasing percentages of very low-yield wells is uncertain, but the explanation is believed to involve the complex structural geology and tectonic history of the Pinardville quadrangle. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. SW Stat Consulting, Cortex, CO 81321 USA. RP Drew, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 39 IS 5 BP 676 EP 684 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02357.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 468YC UT WOS:000170784900006 PM 11554245 ER PT J AU Hunt, RJ Steuer, JJ Mansor, MTC Bullen, TD AF Hunt, RJ Steuer, JJ Mansor, MTC Bullen, TD TI Delineating a recharge area for a spring using numerical modeling, Monte Carlo techniques, and geochemical investigation SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; ISOTOPES; WATER; TRANSPORT; CHEMISTRY; DISCHARGE; STRONTIUM; IMPACTS; ZONE AB Recharge areas of spring systems can be hard to identify, but they can be critically important for protection of a spring resource. A recharge area for a spring complex in southern Wisconsin was delineated using a variety of complementary techniques. A telescopic mesh refinement (TMR) model was constructed from an existing regional-scale ground water flow model. This TMR model was formally optimized using parameter estimation techniques; the optimized "best fit" to measured heads and fluxes was obtained by using a horizontal hydraulic conductivity 200% larger than the original regional model for the upper bedrock aquifer and 80% smaller for the lower bedrock aquifer. The uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity was formally considered using a stochastic Monte Carlo approach. Two-hundred model runs used uniformly distributed, randomly sampled, horizontal hydraulic conductivity values within the range given by the TMR optimized values and the previously constructed regional model. A probability distribution of particles captured by the spring, or a "probabilistic capture zone," was calculated from the realistic Monte Carlo results (136 runs of 200). In addition to portions of the local surface watershed, the capture zone encompassed areas outside of the watershed-demonstrating that the ground watershed and surface watershed do not coincide. Analysis of water collected from the site identified relatively large contrasts in chemistry, even for springs within 15 in of one another. The differences showed a distinct gradation from Ordovician-carbonate-dominated water in western spring vents to Cambrian-sandstone-influenced water in eastern spring vents. The difference in chemistry was attributed to distinctive bedrock geology as demonstrated by overlaying the capture zone derived from numerical modeling over a bedrock geology map for the area. This finding gives additional confidence to the capture zone calculated by modeling. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hunt, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 39 IS 5 BP 702 EP 712 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02360.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 468YC UT WOS:000170784900009 PM 11554248 ER PT J AU Spitz, FJ Nicholson, RS Pope, DA AF Spitz, FJ Nicholson, RS Pope, DA TI A nested rediscretization method to improve pathline resolution by eliminating weak sinks representing wells SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB This paper discusses a method for overcoming the problem of weak sinks representing wells that result from spatial discretization effects when using MODPATH, the particle-tracking postprocessor for the ground water flow model MODFLOW. Weak sink cells are model cells that represent a well that does not discharge at a sufficiently large rate to capture all of the flow entering the cell; therefore, flowpaths within these cells cannot be uniquely defined because it is impossible to know whether a given water particle discharges to the well or passes through the cell. Creating a submodel of the well cell by using the nested rediscretization method can eliminate this ambiguity by converting the weak sink cell into a strong sink cell. The method is designed to be run manually for each well and for steady-state conditions. Other advantages, disadvantages, technical considerations, and limitations of the method are presented. Software created for the method consists of five Fortran programs that are operated using a set of instructions. A practical application of the method is presented by using an example wellhead-protection problem that demonstrates that nested rediscretization can provide more accurate particle-tracking results than those obtained by using a coarsely discretized model alone. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Spitz, FJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 39 IS 5 BP 778 EP 785 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02369.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 468YC UT WOS:000170784900018 PM 11554257 ER PT J AU Job, C Patterson, G AF Job, C Patterson, G TI Data elements for reporting water-quality results SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Mailcode 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 36 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00640.x PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 494QW UT WOS:000172298200002 ER PT J AU Ottinger, MA Abdelnabi, MA Henry, P McGary, S Thompson, N Wu, JM AF Ottinger, MA Abdelnabi, MA Henry, P McGary, S Thompson, N Wu, JM TI Neuroendocrine and behavioral implications of endocrine disrupting chemicals in quail SO HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 6th International Conference on Hormones, Brain, and Behavior/Society-for-Behavioral-Neuroendocrinology CY AUG 05-09, 2000 CL MADRID, SPAIN SP Soc Behav Neuroendocrinol ID COTURNIX-COTURNIX-JAPONICA; MALE JAPANESE QUAIL; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CRITICAL PERIOD; BRAIN; METHOXYCHLOR; EXPOSURE; VINCLOZOLIN; ESTRADIOL AB Studies in our laboratory have focused on endocrine, neuroendocrine, and behavioral components of reproduction in the Japanese quail. These studies considered various stages in the life cycle, including embryonic development, sexual maturation, adult reproductive function, and aging. A major focus of our research has been the role of neuroendocrine systems that appear to synchronize both endocrine and behavioral responses. These studies provide the basis for our more recent research on the impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on reproductive function in the Japanese quail. These endocrine active chemicals include pesticides, herbicides, industrial products, and plant phytoestrogens. Many of these chemicals appear to mimic vertebrate steroids, often by interacting with steroid receptors. However, most EDCs have relatively weak biological activity compared to native steroid hormones. Therefore, it becomes important to understand the mode and mechanism of action of classes of these chemicals and sensitive stages in the life history of various species. Precocial birds, such as the Japanese quail, are likely to be sensitive to EDC effects during embryonic development, because sexual differentiation occurs during this period. Accordingly, adult quail may be less impacted by EDC exposure. Because there are a great many data available on normal development and reproductive function in this species, the Japanese quail provides an excellent model for examining the effects of EDCs. Thus, we have begun studies using a Japanese quail model system to study the effects of EDCs on reproductive endocrine and behavioral responses. In this review, we have two goals: first, to provide a summary of reproductive development and sexual differentiation in intact Japanese quail embryos, including ontogenetic patterns in steroid hormones in the embryonic and maturing quail. Second, we discuss some recent data from experiments in our laboratory in which EDCs have been tested in Japanese quail. The Japanese quail provides an excellent avian model for testing EDCs because this species has well-characterized reproductive endocrine and behavioral responses. Considerable research has been conducted in quail in which the effects of embryonic steroid exposure have been studied relative to reproductive behavior. Moreover, developmental processes have been studied extensively and include investigations of the reproductive axis, thyroid system, and stress and immune responses. We have conducted a number of studies, which have considered long-term neuroendocrine consequences as well as behavioral responses to steroids. Some of these studies have specifically tested the effects of embryonic steroid exposure on later reproductive function in a multigenerational context. A multigenerational exposure provides a basis for understanding potential exposure scenarios in the field. In addition, potential routes of exposure to EDCs for avian species are being considered, as well as differential effects due to stage of the life cycle at exposure to an EDC. The studies in our laboratory have used both diet and egg injection as modes of exposure for Japanese quail. In this way, birds were exposed to a specific dose of an EDC at a selected stage in development by injection. Alternatively, dietary exposure appears to be a primary route of exposure; therefore experimental exposure through the diet mimics potential field situations. Thus, experiments should consider a number of aspects of exposure when attempting to replicate field exposures to EDCs. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20706 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Ottinger, MA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20706 USA. NR 70 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0018-506X J9 HORM BEHAV JI Horm. Behav. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 2 BP 234 EP 247 DI 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1695 PG 14 WC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 470HK UT WOS:000170865000023 PM 11534988 ER PT J AU Carter, JL Fend, SV AF Carter, JL Fend, SV TI Inter-annual changes in the benthic community structure of riffles and pools in reaches of contrasting gradient SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE benthic invertebrates; geomorphology; community structure; inter-annual; hydrology ID MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNA; STREAM; INVERTEBRATES; MICRODISTRIBUTION; INSECTS; FISH AB The inter-annual variation in the structure of the benthic community of riffles and pools was evaluated in contrasting geomorphic settings. The community structure of riffles and pools was a function of habitat. reach gradient, and discharge and was taxon specific. In years of below average peak discharge, riffles had higher taxon richness than pools (66 versus 47) but richness was similar between habitats during a year of average discharge (56 versus 54). The percentage composition of oligochaetes and elmid beetles was more variable inter-annually in pools and low gradient reaches than in high gradient reaches. Differences in the percentage of collector-gatherers and scrapers in riffles and pools appeared related to inter-annual differences in discharge regimes. Two components of the annual discharge regime appear to differentially affect the composition of the benthic community in the snow melt dominated stream studied: the magnitude of the annual peak discharge and the duration and timing of the period of extended high flow. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Carter, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd MS 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 459 BP 187 EP 200 DI 10.1023/A:1012535013043 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 511DG UT WOS:000173248900019 ER PT J AU Donohue, R Davidson, WA Peters, NE Nelson, S Jakowyna, B AF Donohue, R Davidson, WA Peters, NE Nelson, S Jakowyna, B TI Trends in total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations of tributaries to the Swan-Canning Estuary, 1987 to 1998 SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE nutrient; non-parametric; groundwater; water quality; Mann-Kendall; Seasonal Kendall; autocorrelation; nitrogen; phosphorus; surface water; eutrophication ID WATER-QUALITY; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA AB Temporal wet-season trends from 1987 to 1998 of total N and total P concentrations (TN and TP, respectively) in 14 tributaries to the Swan-Canning Estuary in Western Australia were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall or Seasonal kendall tests. Six of the catchments drained clay soils primarily on the Darling Plateau, which borders the sandy coastal plain on the east; two rural catchments drained the coastal plain; and six urban catchments drained the coastal plain. Generally, TN and TP were lower in tributaries draining clay soils than in tributaries draining siliceous sandy soils. Annual median TN and TP were relatively constant and no trends were detected in tributaries draining clay soils. TN and TP were higher (median TN = 1.6 and TP = 0.1 mg 1(-1)) and more variable temporally in tributaries draining the coastal plain. Statistically significant (alpha < 0.01) TN trends were detected in 50% of the urban coastal plain tributaries and most were decreasing (-0.07 to +0.53 mg 1(-1) year(-1)). Decreasing TP trends were detected at the two rural coastal plain tributaries and two of the urban drains (-0.01 to 0.15 mg 1(-1) year(-1) over periods from 5 to 12 years). Flow adjustment of TN and TP was responsible for removing trends in the raw data at some sites. The inter-annual variability of TN and TP of coastal plain tributaries was also related to the proximity of the water table to the land surface, which in turn was related to the annual precipitation. Fixed-interval sampling may be able to detect TN and TP changes associated with the implementation of management strategies in sandy coastal plain catchments. Tributary sampling during rainstorms and continuous monitoring of discharge are needed to better define processes controlling nutrient flux and concentration variability, and to detect trends in the urban catchments and the clay soil catchments, primarily those draining the Darling Plateau. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Water & Rivers Commiss, Hyatt Ctr, Perth, WA 6004, Australia. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Donohue, R (reprint author), Water & Rivers Commiss, Hyatt Ctr, Perth, WA 6004, Australia. NR 38 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 15 IS 13 BP 2411 EP 2434 DI 10.1002/hyp.300 PG 24 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 476LY UT WOS:000171229600004 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Donohue, R AF Peters, NE Donohue, R TI Nutrient transport to the Swan-Canning Estuary, Western Australia SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; nitrogen; agriculture; urbanization; fertilizer; runoff; solute transport ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; RESIDUE RED MUD; BAUXITE RESIDUE; MARINE EUTROPHICATION; PHOSPHORUS RETENTION; SURFACE WATERS; HARVEY ESTUARY; COASTAL-PLAIN; STORM-RUNOFF; PEEL INLET AB Catchment nutrient availability in Western Australia is primarily controlled by the disposal of animal waste and the type and rate of fertilizer application, particularly on the relatively narrow (similar to 25 km wide), sandy coastal plain. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and fluxes during the wet season of 15 tributaries, including four urban drains to the Swan-Canning Estuary, were evaluated from 1986 to 1992 and additionally concentrations only were evaluated throughout the year from 1993 to 1996. Concentrations of filtered reactive P (FRP) and total P (TP) were generally low, with the volume-weighted means for all sites being 0.06 mg 1(-1) and 0.12 mg 1(-1) respectively. The urban drains had higher TP concentrations (volume-weighted mean of 0.21 mg 1(-1)) than the streams (0.12 mg 1(-1)), with the high concentrations associated with particulate matter. Total inorganic N (TIN, NH4N plus NO3N) and total N (TN), which is of interest to eutrophic status of the N-limited estuary, were likewise low, compared with other developed areas having a similar climate. Both TIN and TN were higher in the urban drains (0.76 mg 1(-1) and 1.5 mg 1(-1) respectively) than the streams (0.31 mg 1(-1) and 1.2 mg 1(-1) respectively). The Avon River, which drains 98.5% of the 121000 km(2) catchment area, contributes most of the N (0.03 kg ha(-1) year(-1) or 65%) and a high percentage of the P (<0.01 kg ha(-1) year(-1) or 32%) to the estuaries. The Avon River nutrient fluxes are much less than other tributaries closer to the estuary. The coastal plain receives significantly higher rainfall (1,200 mm year(-1)) and has more intense horticulture and animal production than inland areas (< 300 mm year(-1)). Annual rainfall is seasonal, occurring primarily from May through December. The surficial aquifers on the coastal plain generally are sandy with a low nutrient retention capacity, and rapidly transmit soluble and colloidal material in subsurface flow. Ellen Brook, on the coastal plain, drains pastures treated with superphosphate and has the highest FRP (0.51 mg 1(-1)), TP (0.7 mg 1(-1)) and TN (2.1 mg 1(-1)) of any tributary to the estuary. The coastal plain is also undergoing urbanization, particularly in areas adjacent to the estuary. Nutrients are subsequently available for transport during the onset of seasonal wet weather. Perennial baseflow from urban areas is an important source of nutrients. Water yield from the urban areas was high, being as much as 50% of annual rainfall. The timing of the nutrients delivered by the tributaries may be an important control on estuarine ecology. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. Water & Rivers Commiss, Perth, WA 6004, Australia. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 72 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 15 IS 13 BP 2555 EP 2577 DI 10.1002/hyp.304 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 476LY UT WOS:000171229600012 ER PT J AU Oberst, J Mottola, S Di Martino, M Hicks, M Buratti, B Soderblom, L Thomas, N AF Oberst, J Mottola, S Di Martino, M Hicks, M Buratti, B Soderblom, L Thomas, N TI A model for rotation and shape of asteroid 9969 Braille from ground-based observations and images obtained during the deep space 1 (DS1) flyby SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE asteroids; rotation ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; RADAR AB Image data from the DSI encounter with Asteroid 9969 Braille and data from a coordinated ground-based photometric observing campaign are combined to study the physical properties of this small Mars crosser. From telescope data the object's brightness was found to vary by up to 0.5 mag from night to night, with the most probable synodic rotational period being 226.4 +/- 1.3 h (9.4 days) and a mean lightcurve magnitude R(1, alpha = 24) =17.04 +/- 0.10. During the flyby of the spacecraft, two frame images from a range of approximately 13,500 km and phase angle 82.4 degrees, which impose strong constraints on size, shape, and albedo of the object, were obtained. Using telescope and flyby data in combination, the asteroid is estimated to have a size of 2.1 x 1 x 1 km(3) and shown to have photometric properties similar to the asteroid 4 Vesta, notably a comparably high albedo. The high albedo supports the notion (L. Soderblom et at. 1999, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 31,) that Braille is of the V or Q taxonomic type. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 DLR, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Osservatorio Torino, Turin, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Katlenburg Duhm, Germany. RP Oberst, J (reprint author), DLR, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, Rutherfordstr 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 DI 10.1006/icar.2001.6648 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 481JE UT WOS:000171515500002 ER PT J AU Laakkonen, J Fisher, RN Case, TJ AF Laakkonen, J Fisher, RN Case, TJ TI Effect of land cover, habitat fragmentation and ant colonies on the distribution and abundance of shrews in southern California SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Argentine ant; edge effect; habitat fragmentation; population dynamics; shrews ID SMALL MAMMALS; SOREX-ARANEUS; LONG-TERM; EXTINCTION; BIRDS; POPULATIONS; VERTEBRATES; DEMOGRAPHY; COMMUNITY; SELECTION AB 1. Because effects of habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic disturbance on native animals have been relatively little studied in and areas and in insectivores, we investigated the roles of different land covers, habitat fragmentation and ant colonies on the distribution and abundance of shrews, Notiosorex crawfordi and Sorex ornatus, in southern California. 2. Notiosorex crawfordi was the numerically dominant species (trap-success rate 0.52) occurring in 21 of the 22 study sites in 85% of the 286 pitfall arrays used in this study. Sorex ornatus was captured in 14 of the sites, in 52% of the arrays with a total trap-success rate of 0.2. Neither of the species was found in one of the sites. 3. The population dynamics of the two shrew species were relatively synchronous during the 4-5-year study; the peak densities usually occurred during the spring. Precipitation had a significant positive effect, and maximum temperature a significant negative effect on the trap-success rate of S. ornatus. 4. Occurrence and abundance of shrews varied significantly between sites and years but the size of the landscape or the study site had no effect on the abundance of shrews. The amount of urban edge had no significant effect on the captures of shrews but increased edge allows invasion of the Argentine ants, which had a highly significant negative impact on the abundance of N crawfordi. 5. At the trap array level, the percentage of coastal sage scrub flora had a significant positive, and the percentage of other flora had a significant negative effect on the abundance of N. crawfordi. The mean canopy height and the abundance of N. crawfordi had a significant positive effect on the occurrence of S. ornatus. 6. Our study suggests that the loss of native coastal sage scrub flora and increasing presence of Argentine ant colonies may significantly effect the distribution and abundance of N. crawfordi. The very low overall population densities of both shrew species in most study sites make both species susceptible to extinction in isolated habitat fragments due to environmental stochasticity, and anthropogenic disturbance. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Sect Ecol Behav & Evolut, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Laakkonen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Sect Ecol Behav & Evolut, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. OI Laakkonen, Juha/0000-0002-4040-6588 NR 63 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 70 IS 5 BP 776 EP 788 DI 10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00542.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 474WA UT WOS:000171128800007 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH Greseth, SL AF Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH Greseth, SL TI Performance of a proposed determinative method for p-TSA in rainbow trout fillet tissue and bridging the proposed method with a method for total chloramine-T residues in rainbow trout fillet tissue SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID GILL AB Chloramine-T is an effective drug for controlling fish mortality caused by bacterial gill disease. As part of the data required for approval of chloramine-T use in aquaculture, depletion of the chloramine-T marker residue (para-toluenesulfonamide; p-TSA) from edible fillet tissue of fish must be characterized. Declaration of p-TSA as the marker residue for chloramine-T in rainbow trout was based on total residue depletion studies using a method that used time consuming and cumbersome techniques. A simple and robust method recently developed is being proposed as a determinative method for p-TSA in fish fillet tissue. The proposed determinative method was evaluated by comparing accuracy and precision data with U.S. Food and Drug Administration criteria and by bridging the method to the former method for chloramine-T residues. The method accuracy and precision fulfilled the criteria for determinative methods; accuracy was 92.6, 93.4, and 94.6% with samples fortified at 0.5X, 1X, and 2X the expected 1000 ng/g tolerance limit for p-TSA, respectively. Method precision with tissue containing incurred p-TSA at a nominal concentration of 1000 ng/g ranged from 0.80 to 8.4%0. The proposed determinative method was successfully bridged with the former method. The concentrations of p-TSA developed with the proposed method were not statistically different at p < 0.05 from p-TSA concentrations developed with the former method. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 84 IS 5 BP 1332 EP 1336 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 479UB UT WOS:000171421000004 PM 11601449 ER PT J AU Elliott, DG Pascho, RJ AF Elliott, DG Pascho, RJ TI Evidence that coded-wire-tagging procedures can enhance transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum in Chinook salmon SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; COHO SALMON; MICROSCOPY; PROGENY AB Binary coded wire tags (CWTs) are used extensively for identification and management of anadromous salmonid populations. A study of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in two brood year groups of hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha provided strong evidence that horizontal transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of BKD, might be enhanced by CWT-marking procedures. About 4 months after CWTs were implanted in the snouts of juvenile fish, 14-16 different tissues were sampled from each of 60 fish per brood year group for histological analysis. Of the fish that were positive for R. salmoninarum by histological examination, 41% (7 of 17) of the 1988 brood year fish and 24% (10 of 42) of the 1989 brood year fish had BKD lesions confined to the head near the site of tag implantation. These lesions often resulted in the destruction of tissues of one or both olfactory organs. No focal snout infections were observed in fish that had not been marked with CWTs. Further data obtained from tissue analyses by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a fluorescent antibody test for detection of R. salmoninarum supported the hypothesis that infections of R. salmoninarum can be initiated in the snout tissues of CWT-marked fish and then spread to other organs. The tagging procedures might promote transmission of the pathogen among fish via contaminated tagging needles, by facilitating the entry of pathogens through the injection wound, or both. Limited evidence from this study suggested that implantation of passive integrated transponder tags in the peritoneal cavities of fish might also promote the transmission of R. salmoninarunt or exacerbate existing infections. The results indicated a need for strict sanitary procedures during the tagging of fish in populations positive for R. salmoninarum to reduce the probability of enhanced horizontal transmission of the pathogen. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Elliott, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 3 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 479AP UT WOS:000171382000001 ER PT J AU Densmore, CL Blazer, VS Cartwright, DD Schill, WB Schachte, JH Petrie, CJ Batur, MV Waldrop, TB Mack, A Pooler, PS AF Densmore, CL Blazer, VS Cartwright, DD Schill, WB Schachte, JH Petrie, CJ Batur, MV Waldrop, TB Mack, A Pooler, PS TI A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead in field and laboratory trials SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMONID WHIRLING DISEASE; WILD TROUT; MYXOZOA; AGENT AB Three strains of rainbow trout and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were evaluated for the presence of whirling disease in field and laboratory trials. In the field exposures, fingerling Salmon River steelhead and Cayuga Lake and Randolph strains of rainbow trout were placed in wire cages in an earthen, stream-fed pond in New York State that was known to harbor Myxobolus cerebralis. Control fish were held at another hatchery that was free of whirling disease. In the controlled trials at the National Fish Health Research Laboratory, fingerling steelhead and Cayuga Lake and Mount Lassen rainbow trout were exposed to triactinomyxons at low (200 triactinomyxons/fish) or high (2,000 triactinomyxons/fish) levels for 2 h. Controls of each group were sham-exposed. Following an incubation period of 154 d for laboratory trials and 180 d for field trials. cranial tissue samples were taken for spore enumeration (field and laboratory trials) and histological analyses (laboratory only). Clinical signs of disease, including whirling behavior, blacktail, and skeletal, deformities, were recorded for each fish in the laboratory trial at the terminal sampling. No clinical evidence of disease was noted among fish in the field trials. Clinical signs were noted among all strains in the laboratory trials at both exposure levels, and these signs were consistently greatest for the Mount Lassen strain. Whirling and skeletal deformities were more evident in the steelhead than in the Cayuga Lake rainbow trout; blacktail was more common in the Cayuga Lake fish. In both field and laboratory trials, spore counts were significantly higher for Cayuga Lake rainbow trout than in steelhead. In laboratory trials, moderate to marked cranial tissue lesions predominated in all three strains. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Fish Dis Control Unit, Rome, NY 13440 USA. Caledonia State Fish Hatchery, New York Dept Environm Conservat, Caledonia, NY 14423 USA. US Geol Survey, Aquat Ecol lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Densmore, CL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. OI Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 3 BP 220 EP 227 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0220:ACOSTM>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 479AP UT WOS:000171382000005 ER PT J AU Crippen, TL Bootland, LM Leong, JAC Fitzpatrick, MS Schreck, CB Vella, AT AF Crippen, TL Bootland, LM Leong, JAC Fitzpatrick, MS Schreck, CB Vella, AT TI Analysis of salmonid leukocytes purified by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LEUKOCYTES; FISH LYMPHOCYTES; INVITRO; CYTOTOXICITY; SEPARATION; CELLS AB A technique that uses hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes was optimized for the purification of leukocytes from the peripheral blood and anterior kidney (pronephros) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comparisons of initial blood dilution (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6) and the time of exposure to hypotonic conditions (10, 20, and 40 s) revealed that a dilution of 1:2 provided the most complete hemolysis after,20 or 40 s in a hypotonic solution. For pronephros, a 1:5 (w:v) dilution and lysis in hypotonic solution for 10-40 s was effective in eliminating erythrocytes. Total leukocyte yield from the blood and pronephros by use of the hypotonic lysis method was comparable with that obtained by use of typical density gradient centrifugation, and cell viability was 97% or greater. Differential cell counts showed that hypotonic lysis resulted in a distribution of leukocyte cell types similar to that of density gradient separation. Hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method of purifying leukocytes from salmonid fish blood and pronephros. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Ctr Salmon Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. DiagXot Inc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Vella, AT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 3 BP 234 EP 245 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0234:AOSLPB>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 479AP UT WOS:000171382000007 ER PT J AU Garcia-Hernandez, J King, KA Velasco, AL Shumilin, E Mora, MA Glenn, EP AF Garcia-Hernandez, J King, KA Velasco, AL Shumilin, E Mora, MA Glenn, EP TI Selenium, selected inorganic elements, and organochlorine pesticides in bottom material and biota from the Colorado River delta SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Colorado River delta; DDE; DDT; dynamics of selenium; metals; redox potential; selenium; wetland management ID KESTERSON RESERVOIR; MEXICALI VALLEY; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; AQUATIC BIRDS; WATER; BIOACCUMULATION; WETLANDS; SUCCESS; STATES; USA AB Concentrations of selenium (Se) in bottom material ranged from 0.6 to 5.0 mug g(-1), and from 0.5 to 18.3 mug g(-1) in biota; 23% of samples exceeded the toxic threshold. Concentrations of DDE in biota exceeded the toxic threshold in 30% of the samples. Greater concentrations of selenium in biota were found at sites with strongly reducing conditions, no output, alternating periods of drying and flooding or dredging activities, and at sites that received,,vater directly from the Colorado River. The smallest Se concentrations in biota were found at sites where an outflow and exposure or physical disturbance of the bottom material were uncommon. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Arizona, Environm Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arizona Ecol Serv Field Off, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, La Paz 23096, BCS, Mexico. Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Garcia-Hernandez, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Environm Res Lab, 2601 E Airport Dr, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. OI Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 57 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 65 EP 89 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0836 PG 25 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474GB UT WOS:000171097000006 ER PT J AU Hinojosa-Huerta, O DeStefano, S Shaw, WW AF Hinojosa-Huerta, O DeStefano, S Shaw, WW TI Distribution and abundance of the Yuma clapper rail (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) in the Colorado River delta, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE call-response surveys; Cienega de Santa Clara; Colorado River delta; endangered species; marshbirds; marsh wetlands; Rallus longirostris yumanensis; Yuma clapper rail ID GROWTH AB We estimated the abundance of Yuma clapper rails in the Cienega de Santa Clara and determined the distribution of the subspecies in the Colorado River delta region in Mexico, The maximum estimate of abundance was 6629 individuals (95% C.I. 4859-8399), assuming a response rate by rails to taped calls of 60%. Rails were widely distributed in the delta, occupying almost all marshlands dominated by cattail. As this is an endangered subspecies shared by Mexico and the U.S., the conservation of the delta ecosystem should be the interest of both countries, especially when water management decisions upstream in the U.S. have an impact over natural areas downstream in Mexico. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Holdsworth Nat Resource Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Hinojosa-Huerta, O (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 171 EP 182 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0841 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474GB UT WOS:000171097000012 ER PT J AU Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Goolsby, DA AF Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Goolsby, DA TI Differentiating nonpoint sources of deisopropylatrazine in surface water using discrimination diagrams SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CLAY LOAM SOIL; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; C-14 ATRAZINE; DEGRADATION; METABOLITES; CYANAZINE; DEETHYLATRAZINE; DISSIPATION AB Pesticide degradates account for a significant portion of the pesticide load in surface water. Because pesticides with similar structures may degrade to the same degradate, it is important to distinguish between different sources of parent compounds that have different regulatory and environmental implications. A discrimination diagram, which is a sample plot of chemical data that differentiates between different parent compounds, was used for the first time to distinguish whether sources other than atrazine (6-chloro-N-2-ethyl-N-4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) contributed the chlorinated degradate, deisopropylatrazine (DIA; 6-chloro-N-ethhyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) to the Iroquois and Delaware Rivers. The concentration ratio of deisopropylatrazine to deethylatrazine [6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], called the (DR)-R-2, was used to discriminate atrazine as a source of DIA from other parent sources, such as cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile) and simazine (6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diammine ). The ratio of atrazine to cyanazine (ACR) used in conjunction with the (DR)-R-2 showed that after atrazine, cyanazine was the main contributor of DIA in surface water. The (DR)-R-2 also showed that cyanazine, and to a much lesser extent simazine, contributed a considerable amount (similar to40%) of the DIA that was transported during the flood of the Mississippi River in 1993. The (DR)-R-2 may continue to be a useful discriminator in determining changes in the nonpoint sources of DIA in surface water as cyanazine is currently being removed from the market. C1 US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Meyer, MT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4500 SW 40th Ave, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1836 EP 1843 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300041 PM 11577893 ER PT J AU Bart, J Battaglia, D Senner, N AF Bart, J Battaglia, D Senner, N TI Effects of color bands on Semipalmated Sandpipers banded at hatch SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEBRA FINCHES; FOOT LOSS AB Effects of color bands on adult birds have been investigated in many studies, but much less is known about the effects of bands on birds handed at hatch. We captured Semi-palmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) chicks at hatch on the Alaskan North Slope and attached 0-3 bands to them. The chicks were resighted and reweighed during the subsequent two weeks. The number of chicks banded varied from 18 to 21 among treatments; 6-9 were resighted, and 6-7 were reweighed, per treatment. The proportion resighted varied from 0.33 to 0.45. The estimated resighting probability, given that we encountered a brood. was 82%. We tested for effects Of the bands on survival and mass gain by analyzing whether the proportion of chicks resighted, or their mass, varied with the number of bands. We found no evidence that bands affected the chicks and were able to rule out (with 95% confidence) a decline in survivorship Of more than 13% and a loss of mass of more than 10%. Although bands had little if any effect on chicks in our study, we believe their effects should be evaluated whenever survivorship or mass gain atc estimated using color-marked chicks. C1 USGS, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Bart, J (reprint author), USGS, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 72 IS 4 BP 521 EP 526 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 497HQ UT WOS:000172449700004 ER PT J AU Thompson, BC Knadle, GE Brubaker, DL Brubaker, KS AF Thompson, BC Knadle, GE Brubaker, DL Brubaker, KS TI Nest success is not an adequate comparative estimate of avian reproduction SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATH-ANALYSIS; PRODUCTIVITY; PREDATION; EVOLUTION; HABITAT AB Quantifying productivity of bird populations often involves calculating nest success from samples of nests found during a breeding season. Female reproductive output (annual or lifetime) is important to demographic modeling of birds, but nest success is a poor metric to compare productivity. among areas or populations. Based on preliminary review, we hypothesized that avian literature poorly distinguishes annual reproductive success from nest success regardless of species' breeding strategies, and that the influence of renesting and Multiple brooding on Asian productivity is infrequently recognized. We investigated the reporting of nest success, annual reproductive success, renesting, and multiple brooding in 356 articles across 81 journal-years for nine journals that frequently publish ornithological literature. We found 54% of 356 articles reporting productivity estimators used variations of nest success. However. only 10% of articles reported estimates of annual reproductive output. We found that 28% of articles reported the breeding strategy Of the species studied, and 47%, acknowledged renesting or multi-brooded species. There was no temporal increase in acknowledgment of species' breeding strategy, renesting, or multi-brooding. Our review indicated little distinction between nest success and annual reproductive success. To accurately, support conservation evaluations, we believe use of nest success in assessing avian productivity must be critically examined. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Thompson, BC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 30003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 32 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 17 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 72 IS 4 BP 527 EP 536 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 497HQ UT WOS:000172449700005 ER PT J AU LaPatra, SE Batts, WN Overturf, K Jones, GR Shewmaker, WD Winton, JR AF LaPatra, SE Batts, WN Overturf, K Jones, GR Shewmaker, WD Winton, JR TI Negligible risk associated with the movement of processed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from an infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) endemic area SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cell culture; detection; infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV); polymerase chain reaction (PCR); rainbow trout; risk; serology ID HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS; PARTICLES AB To assess the risk of transmission of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) associated with the movement of processed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, from an area where the virus is endemic, 240 freshly eviscerated fish (225-500 g) exhibiting spinal curvature or spinal compression types of deformities were tested for IHNV by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Commercially produced rainbow trout, approximately 1-year-old, that exhibited spinal deformities were considered to have had a high likelihood of having survived an outbreak of IHN. Serological analysis of fish exhibiting spinal curvature or spinal compression types of deformities for anti-IHNV antibodies resulted in 71 and 50% of the serum samples, respectively, with detectable neutralization activity suggesting previous infection with IHNV. A portion of the skin and muscle in the area of the deformity was collected, as well as brain tissue from each commercially processed fish. Tissue homogenates were tested for IHNV using the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line pretreated with polyethylene glycol and the chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cell line using standard methods. Nested, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR for the detection of IHNV used the central 1231 by portion of the glycoprotein (G) gene. All brain and skin-muscle homogenates were negative for IHNV by virus isolation and by nested RT-PCR. To assess virus clearance experimentally, groups of 100 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rainbow trout (mean weight, 100 g) were either intraperitoneally injected with IHNV or sham infected and held separately in 385 L aquaria in SPF water at 15 degreesC. In the first study, a total of 33% of the infected fish died. Ten days after the last mortality or 34 days after post-infection, six fish from each treatment were killed at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Kidney and brain homogenates from individual fish were tested by virus isolation and nested RT-PCR using the nucleoprotein (N) gene. All tissue homogenates were negative for IHNV. When this study was repeated, 54% of the infected fish died and beginning 34 days post-infection, six fish from each treatment were killed at biweekly intervals for 8 weeks, and kidney and brain homogenates from individual fish were tested by virus isolation and quantitative real-time PCR utilizing primers and fluorescent labelled probes generated for the specific identification of the N and G genes of IHNV. One brain specimen from an IHN survivor obtained 34 days post-infection was positive by both virus isolation and quantitative PCR; however, all remaining tissue specimens were negative over the 8-week period. Intraperitoneal injection of supernatants from pooled kidney or brain tissue obtained from control or IHN survivor fish into SPF rainbow trout (mean weight, 10 g) also failed to establish virus infection. A strong humoral response was detected in the IHN survivors in both challenge studies and is suggested as a mechanism responsible for virus clearance. These results provide scientific information that can be used to assess the risk associated with the movement of processed rainbow trout from an IHNV endemic area. C1 Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hagerman, ID USA. RP LaPatra, SE (reprint author), Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, POB 712, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 24 IS 7 BP 399 EP 408 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00316.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 466VR UT WOS:000170667300004 ER PT J AU Jordan, GR Willis, DW AF Jordan, GR Willis, DW TI Seasonal variation in sampling indices for shovelnose sturgeon, river carpsucker, and shorthead redhorse collected from the Missouri river below fort Randall dam, South Dakota SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Gill nets and electrofishing were utilized in the Missouri River below Fort Randall Darn, South Dakota to sample river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum), and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). Shorthead redhorse, shovelnose sturgeon, and river carpsucker all exhibited significant monthly variation in mean relative weight (WR) during at least one sample year (P < 0.05). In general, Wr values for all species tended to be highest early in the year followed by a steady decline to a seasonal low during the later sample months. Shorthead redhorse and river carpsucker catch per unit effort (CPUE) followed a similar bimodal pattern of spring and fall peaks with lower CPUE during summer. Catch per unit effort of shovelnose sturgeon was highest in the fall at the lower site (P < 0.001, October 1998; P = 0.006 and P = 0.009, September and October 1999) with no differences found at the upper site. Within-site variations in size generally were not significant for any species analyzed (P > 0.05). However, the median length of fishes tended to be higher at the upper site during early sample months and higher at the lower site during the later sample months, suggesting a migratory pattern for adult fish. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Jordan, GR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Great Plains Management Assistance Off, 420 S Garfield Ave,Suite 400, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 331 EP 340 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663820 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 474JC UT WOS:000171102500002 ER PT J AU McCoy, CM Madenjian, CP Adams, JV Harman, WN AF McCoy, CM Madenjian, CP Adams, JV Harman, WN TI The fish community of a small impoundment in upstate New York SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Moe Pond is a dimictic impoundment with surface area of 15.6 ha, a mean depth of 1.8 m, and an unexploited fish community of only two species: brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). The age-1 and older brown bullhead population was estimated to be 4,057 individuals, based on the Schnabel capture-recapture method of population estimation. Density and biomass were respectively estimated at 260 individuals/ha and 13 kg/ha. Annual survival rate of age-2 through age-5 brown bullheads was estimated at 48%. The golden shiner length-frequency distribution was unimodal with modal length of 80 mm and maximum total length of 115 mm. The golden shiner population estimate was 7,154 individuals, based on seven beach seine haul replicate samples; the density and biomass were 686 shiners/ha and 5 kg/ha, respectively. This study provides an information baseline that may be useful in understanding food web interactions and whole-pond nutrient flux. C1 SUNY Coll Oneonta, Biol Field Stn, Cooperstown, NY 13326 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP McCoy, CM (reprint author), SUNY Coll Oneonta, Biol Field Stn, 5838 State Highway 80, Cooperstown, NY 13326 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 389 EP 394 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663827 PG 6 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 474JC UT WOS:000171102500009 ER PT J AU Lu, N Kwicklis, EM Rousseau, JP AF Lu, N Kwicklis, EM Rousseau, JP TI Determining fault permeability from subsurface barometric pressure SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL AIR PERMEABILITY; TIME-SERIES; WELLS AB Measured barometric pressure fluctuations in a borehole drilled 600 m into the unsaturated zone at a site on the eastern slope of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, are used to compute pneumatic diffusivities and air permeabilities of layered tuffaceous rocks. Of particular interest is the occurrence of increasing pressure amplitude and decreasing phase lags observed at several deep stations. The pressure amplitude increases by 13% and the pressure peak arrives 65 to 72 h earlier as the depth of the unsaturated zone increases from 407 to 436 m. This observation is inconsistent with a conventional ID downward pressure decay model, but can be explained by hypothesizing the existence of a lateral pneumatic flow path from a nearby fault. A 2D numerical model has been constructed to test this lateral flow hypothesis. The modeling results indicate that a leaky-fault hypothesis can reconcile the measured barometric data with other geologic mapping and permeability measurements at the site. The inferred fault permeability ranges from 0.6 x 10(-12) to 0.12 x 10(-9) m(2), and that of the surrounding tuff layers ranges from 0.4 x 10(-13) to 0.8 x 10(-12) m(2). Our analysis also demonstrates that although the larger-amplitude, longer-period synoptic signals lack coherence and periodicity, determination of air permeability in deep unsaturated zones must rely on these longer-period oscillations of barometric pressure whose periods are on the order of weeks to months because the shorter-period diurnal and semidiurnal barometric oscillations generally are not detectable at deep depths. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, INEEL, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. RP Lu, N (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 127 IS 9 BP 801 EP 808 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:9(801) PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 464BE UT WOS:000170512000011 ER PT J AU Holloway, JM Dahlgren, RA AF Holloway, JM Dahlgren, RA TI Seasonal and even-scale variations in solute chemistry for four Sierra Nevada catchments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; scream; hydrologic cycle; water-rock interaction; soil solution ID NITROGEN SATURATION; FOREST; SOIL; HYDROCHEMISTRY; DYNAMICS; RELEASE; CYCLES; WELSH; ROCK; AREA AB Hydrobiogeochemical processes controlling stream water chemistry were examined in four small (<5 km(2)) catchments having contrasting bedrock lithologies in the western Sierra Nevada foothills of California. The Mediterranean climate with its cool/wet and hot/dry cycle produces strong seasonal patterns in hydrological, biological and geochemical processes. stream water solutes fall into three general groups according to seasonal fluctuation in concentration: strong, rainy season minimum-dry season maximum (Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), base canons); weak, rainy season minimum-dry season maximum (Si); and rainy season maximum-dry season minimum (NO(3)(-) and K(+)). Solute dynamics in soil solutions and stream water suggest that mixing of drainage waters from bedrock and soil sources regulate stream water solute concentrations. Patterns are further altered by the leaching of solutes accumulated in the soil over the summer period of desiccation and the temporal discoupling of nutrient cycles that occurs due to differences in the timing between vegetation growth (late spring) and leaching (early winter). Solute concentrations are remarkably similar between watersheds with varying bedrock types, with the exception of nitrate, sulfate and bicarbonate. Three watersheds have nitrogen-bearing metasedimentary bedrock that contributes to elevated nitrate concentrations in stream waters. Watersheds whose bedrock includes mineralized veins of sulfide and carbonate minerals similarly have greater sulfate and bicarbonate concentrations in stream water. Hydrobiogeochemical processes are highly dynamic at the seasonal and storm-event temporal scales and spatially complex at the watershed scale making management of stream water chemical composition, such as nitrate concentrations, very challenging. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Holloway, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jhollow@usgs.gov; radahlgren@ucdavis.edu RI Holloway, JoAnn/A-2089-2012 OI Holloway, JoAnn/0000-0003-3603-7668 NR 36 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 250 IS 1-4 BP 106 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00424-3 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 459PX UT WOS:000170260800008 ER PT J AU Renfrew, RB Ribic, CA AF Renfrew, RB Ribic, CA TI Grassland birds associated with agricultural riparian practices in southwestern Wisconsin SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE pastures; rotational grazing; species richness; density; dominance; buffer strips ID IOWA ROWCROP FIELDS; SPECIES RICHNESS; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE AB Rotational grazing has been proposed as a Best Management Practice (BMP) for minimizing runoff in Wisconsin agricultural riparian areas. The influence of this land management practice on grassland birds has not been evaluated in relation to more traditional agricultural land management systems in Midwestern riparian areas. This study compared the grassland bird community in riparian areas in Wisconsin that were rotationally grazed to common land use practices along streams in Wisconsin: continuously grazed pastures and rowcrop fields with 10-m-wide ungrazed buffer strips located along the stream. We calculated total number of birds, the Berger-Parker Index of Dominance, and number of birds ha(-1) for each site. Vegetation variables used were height-density, litter depth, and percent bare ground. Bird species richness, species dominance, and density did not differ among land use types. In contrast, grassland bird species of management concern [Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis Gmelin), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna L.), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus L.)] were found on continuous and rotational pastures but very rarely or never occurred on buffer strips. Contrary to previous research, however, rotationally grazed pastures did not support more of these species than continuously grazed pastures. Bird density was related to vegetation structure, with higher densities found on sites with deeper litter. Within the pasture land use types, there were no consistent differences between species richness and density near the stream (< 10 m) and away (> 10 m). C1 Univ Wisconsin, USGS BRD, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Renfrew, RB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USGS BRD, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 546 EP 552 DI 10.2307/4003583 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700005 ER PT J AU Wolken, PM Sieg, CH Williams, SE AF Wolken, PM Sieg, CH Williams, SE TI Quantifying suitable habitat of the threatened western prairie fringed orchid SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Platanthera praeclara; wetland; tallgrass prairie; threatened plant; edaphic factors; logistic regression; soil moisture; North Dakota ID CONSERVATION; PLANTS AB Land managers need accurate and quick techniques to identify suitable habitat of species of interest. For species protected by federal or state laws, identification of suitable habitat is critical for developing a conservation strategy that includes reestablishing populations and altering management to address this need. In this research, we quantified vegetative and edaphic habitat of the western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles), a federally listed threatened plant. Lowlands (swales) that supported orchids in our southeastern North Dakota study area were characterized as having a higher soil moisture content within the top 10 cm, when compared to swales devoid of orchids. The vegetative composition of orchid-supporting swales reflected this higher moisture content. These data were then used in developing a logistic regression model to differentiate suitable habitat. The model correctly classified 84% of 38 swales as either orchid-supporting or non-orchid-supporting using 4 variables: percent canopy cover of Baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.) and hedge-nettle (Stachys palustris L.), soluble soil magnesium and August surface soil moisture. Land managers can use this model to rapidly assess the suitability of a site in this ecoregion for the orchid. By collecting data on the cover of just Baltic rush, which would take about 45 minutes, and entering it in the equation, a land manager could correctly classify 66% of the orchid swales as either suitable or unsuitable as orchid habitat. This approach, because it incorporates quantitative data and allows managers to rapidly and accurately identify suitable habitats, shows promise for other plant species. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Utah Field Off, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Wyoming, Grad Sch, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Wolken, PM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Utah Field Off, 145 E 1300 S,Suite 404, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 12 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 611 EP 616 DI 10.2307/4003592 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700014 ER PT J AU Boal, CW AF Boal, CW TI Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cooper's Hawk; Accipiter cooperii; agnostic behavior; nest defense; extra-pair copulation ID TERRITORIAL DEFENSE; HARRIERS; NEST; KITES C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Boal, CW (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 253 EP 256 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 484BY UT WOS:000171671400011 ER PT J AU Slown, J AF Slown, J TI Restoring nature: Perspectives from the social sciences and humanities SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION LA English DT Book Review C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reg Off 2, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Architecture & Planning, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Slown, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reg Off 2, Albuquerque, NM USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PLANNING ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 1313 EAST 60 STREET, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2891 USA SN 0194-4363 J9 J AM PLANN ASSOC JI J. Am. Plan. Assoc. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 4 BP 473 EP 474 PG 2 WC Planning & Development; Urban Studies SC Public Administration; Urban Studies GA 482KT UT WOS:000171575900020 ER PT J AU Beerling, DJ Lomax, BH Upchurch, GR Nichols, DJ Pillmore, CL Handley, LL Scrimgeour, CM AF Beerling, DJ Lomax, BH Upchurch, GR Nichols, DJ Pillmore, CL Handley, LL Scrimgeour, CM TI Evidence for the recovery of terrestrial ecosystems ahead of marine primary production following a biotic crisis at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary SO JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Cretaceous; Tertiary; biodiversity; carbon isotopes; cuticles; palynology; productivity ID NEW-MEXICO; WESTERN INTERIOR; RATON BASIN; EXTINCTION; SEDIMENTS; DECREASE; COLORADO AB The fossil record demonstrates that mass extinction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary is more severe in the marine than the terrestrial realm. We hypothesize that terrestrial ecosystems were able to recover faster than their marine counterparts. To test this hypothesis, we measured sedimentary delta C-13 as a tracer for global carbon cycle changes and compared it with palaeovegetational changes reconstructed from palynomorphs and cuticles across the K-T boundary at Sugarite, New Mexico, USA. Different patterns of perturbation and timescales of recovery of isotopic and palaeobotanical records indicate that the delta C-13 excursion reflects the longer recovery time of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Beerling, DJ (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RI Beerling, David/C-2840-2009; Lomax, Barry/B-1136-2010 OI Beerling, David/0000-0003-1869-4314; Lomax, Barry/0000-0003-0475-7839 NR 32 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0016-7649 J9 J GEOL SOC LONDON JI J. Geol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 158 BP 737 EP 740 PN 5 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 485CA UT WOS:000171734900001 ER PT J AU Newton, TJ Monroe, EM Kenyon, R Gutreuter, S Welke, KI Thiel, PA AF Newton, TJ Monroe, EM Kenyon, R Gutreuter, S Welke, KI Thiel, PA TI Evaluation of relocation of unionid mussels into artificial ponds SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE unionids; relocation; conservation; survival; growth; physiological condition ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; AMBLEMA-PLICATA; CONSERVATION; BIVALVES; INFESTATION; MANAGEMENT; REGRESSION; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL AB Relocation of unionid mussels into refuges (e.g., hatchery ponds) has been suggested as a management tool to protect these animals from the threat of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion. To evaluate the efficacy of relocation, we experimentally relocated 768 mussels, representing 5 species (Leptodea fragilis, Obliquaria reflexa, Fusconaia flaw, Amblema plicata, and Quadrula quadrula) into an earthen pond at a National Fish Hatchery or back into the river. In both locations, mussels were placed into 1 of 4 treatments (mesh bags, corrals, and buried or suspended substrate-filled trays), Mussels were examined annually for survival, growth (shell length and wet mass), and physiological condition (glycogen concentration in foot and mantle and tissue condition index) for 36 mo in the pond or 40 mo in the river. We observed significant differences in mortality rates between locations (mortality was 4 times greater in the pond than in the river), among treatments (lowest mortality in the suspended trays), and among species (lower mortality in the amblemines than lamp-silines). Overall survival in both locations averaged 80% the 1st year; survival in the pond decreased dramatically after that. Although length and weight varied between locations and over time, these changes were small, suggesting that their utility as short-term measures of well being in long-lived unionids is questionable. Mussels relocated to the pond were in poor physiological condition relative to those in the river, but the magnitude of these differences was small compared to the inherent variability in physiological condition of reference mussels. These data suggest that relocation of unionids into artificial ponds is a high-risk conservation strategy; alternatives such as introduction of infected host fish, identification of mussel beds at greatest risk from zebra mussels, and a critical, large-scale assessment of the factors contributing to their decline should be explored. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. Woscpmsom Det Mat Respirces, Prairie Du Chien, WI 53821 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fishery Resources Off, Onlaska, WI 54650 USA. RP Newton, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM teresa_newton@usgs.gov OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 41 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 13 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3 BP 468 EP 485 DI 10.2307/1468042 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 463AD UT WOS:000170453900011 ER PT J AU Campbell, SG Hanna, RB Flug, M Scott, JF AF Campbell, SG Hanna, RB Flug, M Scott, JF TI Modeling Klamath River system operations for quantity and quality SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Alternative water management scenarios for a portion of the mainstem Klamath River from Keno, Oregon, to Seiad Valley, California, were evaluated using computer models of water quantity (MODSIM) and quality (HEC-5Q). These models were used to explore the potential for changing system operations to improve summer/fall water quality conditions to benefit declining anadromous fish populations such as steelhead, coho, and fall chinook salmon. By comparing and contrasting several model simulation results, some operational strategies that could improve water quality were determined. Most of the alternatives evaluated decreased water temperature less than 2 degreesC. For some alternatives, dissolved oxygen could be changed as much as 5 mg/L, but was often reduced, rather than increased (or improved). Resource managers need to be made aware that implementation of any strategy to enhance water quality conditions in the Klamath River could produce desirable beneficial results that are both spatially and temporally limited. In addition, undesirable water quality conditions, i.e.. higher water temperature or lower dissolved oxygen concentration at other upstream or downstream locations, may also result. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Inst Water Environm Syst, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Campbell, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave Ft, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 5 BP 284 EP 294 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:5(284) PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 465ZW UT WOS:000170620700002 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN Zipfel, J AF Grossman, JN Zipfel, J TI The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 85, 2001 September SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Meteoritical Bulletin No. 85 lists information for 1376 newly classified meteorites, comprising 658 from Antarctica, 409 from Africa, 265 from Asia (262 of which are from Oman), 31 from North America, 7 from South America, 3 from Australia, and 3 from Europe. Information is provided for 11 falls (Dergaon, Dunbogan, Gujba, Independence, Itqiy, Moravka, Oued el Hadjar, Sayama, Sologne, Valera, and Worden). Noteworthy non-Antarctic specimens include 5 martian meteorites (Dar al Gani 876, Northwest Africa 480 and 817, and Sayh al Uhaymir 051 and 094); 6 lunar meteorites (Dhofar 081, 280, and 287, and Northwest Africa 479, 482, and 773); an ungrouped enstatite-rich meteorite (Itqiy); a Bencubbin-like meteorite (Gujba); 9 iron meteorites; and a wide variety of other interesting stony meteorites, including CH, CK, CM, CO, CR, CV, R, enstatite, and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, primitive achondrites, HED achondrites, and ureilites. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 14 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP A293 EP A322 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 480LD UT WOS:000171462100012 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN AF Grossman, JN TI Meteorite discoveries: Challenges of rapid growth and commercialization SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP A6 EP A7 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 480LD UT WOS:000171462100002 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB AF Lowenstern, JB TI Carbon dioxide in magmas and implications for hydrothermal systems SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Review ID FLUID INCLUSIONS; UPPER-MANTLE; EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; MELT INCLUSIONS; ALKALIC BASALTS; KILAUEA VOLCANO; PHASE-RELATIONS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; GOLD DEPOSITS AB This review focuses on the solubility, origin, abundance, and degassing of carbon dioxide (CO2) in magma-hydrothermal systems, with applications for those workers interested in intrusion-related deposits of gold and other metals. The solubility of CO2 increases with pressure and magma alkalinity. Its solubility is low relative to that of H2O, so that fluids exsolved deep in the crust tend to have high CO2/H2O compared with fluids evolved closer to the surface. Similarly, CO2/H2O will typically decrease during progressive decompression- or crystallization-induced degassing. The temperature dependence of solubility is a function of the speciation of CO2, which dissolves in molecular form in rhyolites (retrograde temperature solubility), but exists as dissolved carbonate groups in basalts (prograde). Magnesite and dolomite are stable under a relatively wide range of mantle conditions, but melt just above the solidus, thereby contributing CO2 to mantle magmas. Graphite, diamond, and a free CO2-bearing fluid may be the primary carbon-bearing phases in other mantle source regions. Growing evidence suggests that most CO2 is contributed to arc magmas via recycling of subducted oceanic crust and its overlying sediment blanket. Additional carbon can be added to magmas during magma-wallrock interactions in the crust. Studies of fluid and melt inclusions from intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks yield ample evidence that many magmas are vapor saturated as deep as the mid crust (10 15 km) and that CO2 is an appreciable part of the exsolved vapor. Such is the case in both basaltic and some silicic magmas. Under most conditions, the presence of a CO2-bearing vapor does not hinder, and in fact may promote, the ascent and eruption of the host magma. Carbonic fluids are poorly miscible with aqueous fluids, particularly at high temperature and low pressure, so that the C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 115 TC 160 Z9 188 U1 3 U2 44 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 490 EP 502 DI 10.1007/s001260100185 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 476WM UT WOS:000171251800002 ER PT J AU Roe, KJ Hartfield, PD Lydeard, C AF Roe, KJ Hartfield, PD Lydeard, C TI Phylogeographic analysis of the threatened and endangered superconglutinate-producing mussels of the genus Lampsilis (Bivalvia : Unionidae) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fresh water; Lampsilis; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeny; phylogeography; Unionidae ID FRESH-WATER MUSSEL; PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; UNITED-STATES; EVOLUTIONARY TREES; PROTEIN SEQUENCES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CONSERVATION; MOLLUSCA; SPECIATION AB Several species of freshwater unionid mussels in the genus Lampsilis exhibit a remarkable reproductive strategy. Female mussels of these species enclose their larvae in a minnow-like lure, called a 'superconglutinate', to attract piscivorous fishes. When a fish attempts to ingest the superconglutinate the lure ruptures and the larvae are released to parasitize the fish. Of the four species of mussel which exhibit this strategy and are endemic to the Gulf Coast drainages of the southeastern United States, three are protected under the Endangered Species Act, and one is recognized as imperilled. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and the first subunit of the cytochrome oxidase c genes was conducted on IS individual specimens representing these four species and six outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of these data support the monophyly of the superconglutinate-producing mussels, and indicates a strong geographical component to the data. The zoogeographic patterns of the four taxa included in the study are congruent with those seen in freshwater vertebrates, and are consistent with a vicariant pattern resulting from fluctuations in sea level during the Pleistocene. Despite the strong geographical structuring of the data, only one species, Lampsilis subangulata, was recovered as monophyletic. The authors attribute the lack of support for the monophyly of the remaining species to insufficient sequence variation and the recent origin of the ancestor of these taxa. Based on these data, any future captive breeding projects aimed at augmenting or re-establishing populations should do so only from the appropriate source populations so as to maintain the genetic integrity of these nascent species. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Endangered Species Off, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Roe, KJ (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NR 57 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 10 IS 9 BP 2225 EP 2234 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01361.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 474VN UT WOS:000171127700010 PM 11555264 ER PT J AU Wright, RG AF Wright, RG TI Preserving Yellowstone's natural conditions: Science and the perception of nature SO MONTANA-THE MAGAZINE OF WESTERN HISTORY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Idaho, USGS Idaho Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Wright, RG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, USGS Idaho Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MONTANA HISTORICAL SOC PI HELENA PA 225 N ROBERTS ST, HELENA, MT 59601 USA SN 0026-9891 J9 MONTANA JI Mont.-Mag. West. Hist. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3 BP 69 EP 70 PG 2 WC History SC History GA 474MC UT WOS:000171110200008 ER PT J AU Redman, RS Dunigan, DD Rodriguez, RJ AF Redman, RS Dunigan, DD Rodriguez, RJ TI Fungal symbiosis from mutualism to parasitism: who controls the outcome, host or invader? SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE symbiosis; fungal lifestyle; plant fitness; drought tolerance; disease resistance; Colletotrichum ID TALL FESCUE; ENDOPHYTIC MUTUALIST; COLLETOTRICHUM-MAGNA; GROWTH; CONVERSION; CONTINUUM; GRASSES AB Plant symbiotic fungi are generally thought to express a single lifestyle that might increase (mutualism), decrease (parasitism), or have no influence (commensalism) on host fitness. However, data are presented here demonstrating that plant pathogenic Colletotrichum species are able to asymptomatically colonize plants and express nonpathogenic lifestyles. Experiments were conducted in growth chambers and plant colonization was assessed by emergence of fungi from surface sterilized plant tissues. Expression of symbiotic lifestyles was assessed by monitoring the ability of fungi to confer disease resistance, drought tolerance and growth enhancement. Several pathogenic Colletotrichum species expressed either mutualistic or commensal lifestyles in plants not known to be hosts. Mutualists conferred disease resistance, drought tolerance, and/or growth enhancement to host plants. Lifestyle-altered mutants expressing nonpathogenic lifestyles had greater host ranges than the parental wildtype isolate. Successive colonization studies indicated that the ability of a symbiont to colonize a plant was dependent on previous colonization events and the lifestyles expressed by the initial colonizing fungus. The results indicate that the outcome of symbiosis is controlled by the plant's physiology. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rodriguez, RJ (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 30 TC 120 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 46 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 151 IS 3 BP 705 EP 716 DI 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00210.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 467PK UT WOS:000170712800016 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Garcia, AP Connor, AH Garton, EO Groves, PA Chandler, JA AF Connor, WP Garcia, AP Connor, AH Garton, EO Groves, PA Chandler, JA TI Estimating the carrying capacity of the snake river for fall Chinook salmon redds SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPAWNING HABITAT USE; COLUMBIA-RIVER; HANFORD-REACH; CALIFORNIA AB Recovery planning for imperiled populations of anadromous salmonids can require estimates of the carrying capacity of a river for redds (hereafter, redd capacity). We estimated redd capacity for the 106 known fall chinook salmon spawning sites in the upper and lower reaches of the Snake River. we used a modification of the Instream. Flow Incremental Methodology to estimate spawning area (m(2)) for 12 representative study sites. We estimated that one redd occupied 70 m(2) of spawning area at the most heavily utilized site. Spawning area was estimated at the 12 study sites using a stable flow that was implemented to prevent redd dewatering, and two other flows that encompassed natural fluctuation. We estimated redd capacity for each study site by dividing the amount of spawning area modeled at each of the three flows by 70 m(2). We input the redd capacity estimates for the study sites into the equation for a stratified random sample to make three estimates of redd capacity for all 106 known spawning sites. The estimates ranged between 2,446 and 2,570 redds. We conclude that the Snake River can support the 1,250 redds needed to satisfy Endangered Species Act de-listing criteria. However, annual surveys should be conducted to eventually determine if recruitment efficiency is affected by density dependent factors before the recovery goal is achieved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsakha, ID 83520 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 18, Ahsakha, ID 83520 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 4 BP 363 EP 371 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505BX UT WOS:000172892300004 ER PT J AU Bury, RB Loafman, P Rofkar, D Mike, KI AF Bury, RB Loafman, P Rofkar, D Mike, KI TI Clutch sizes and nests of tailed frogs from the Olympic peninsula, Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASCAPHUS-TRUEI; GROWTH FORESTS; CALIFORNIA; AMPHIBIANS; STREAMS; AGE AB In the summers 1995-1998, we sampled 168 streams (1,714 in of randomly selected 1-m bands) to determine distribution and abundance of stream amphibians in Olympic National Park, Washington. We found six nests (two in one stream) of the tailed frog, compared to only two nests with clutch sizes reported earlier for coastal regions. This represents only one nest per 286 in searched and one nest per 34 streams sampled. Tailed frogs occurred only in 94 (60%) of the streams and, for these waters, we found one nest per 171 in searched or one nest per 20 streams sampled. The numbers of eggs for four masses ((x) over bar = 48.3, range 40-55) were low but one single strand in a fifth nest had 96 eggs. One nest with 185 eggs likely represented communal egg deposition. Current evidence indicates a geographic trend with yearly clutches of relatively few eggs in coastal tailed frogs compared to biennial nesting with larger clutches for inland populations in the Rocky Mountains. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 4 BP 419 EP 422 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505BX UT WOS:000172892300011 ER PT J AU Petty, DG Skogerboe, JG Getsinger, KD Foster, DR Houtman, BA Fairchild, JF Anderson, LW AF Petty, DG Skogerboe, JG Getsinger, KD Foster, DR Houtman, BA Fairchild, JF Anderson, LW TI The aquatic fate of triclopyr in whole-pond treatments SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aquatic plant management; aquatic herbicide environmental fate; Eurasian watermilfoil; triclopyr; TCP; TMP ID HERBICIDE TRICLOPYR; DISSIPATION; RATES AB The aquatic fate of the triethylamine salt formulation of triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) was determined in whole-pond applications in closed (no water exchange) systems in California, Missouri and Texas in two studies conducted in 1995 and 1996. These studies determined dissipation rates of triclopyr and its principal metabolites, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine (TMP) in water, sediment and finfish. Ponds at each site containing a healthy biological community were treated at 2.5 mg AE litre(-1) triclopyr. Water and sediment samples were collected through 12 weeks post-treatment, and non-target animals were collected through 4 weeks post-treatment. Dissipation rates for triclopyr, TCP and TMP were similar at each of the study sites, despite differences in weather, water quality, biotic community, light transmission and geographic location. Half-lives of triclopyr in water ranged from 5.9 to 7.5 days, while those of TCP and TMP ranged from 4 to 8.8 and 4 to 10 days, respectively. Levels of triclopyr and TCP declined in sediments at half-lives ranging from 2.8 to 4.6 days and 3.8 to 13.3 days, respectively. No TMP was detected in sediment. Triclopyr and TCP cleared from fish in relation to concentrations found in the water column. TMP levels in fish were generally an order of magnitude higher than levels of triclopyr and TCP, particularly in the visceral portion of the animals. No adverse effects on water quality or on the non-target biotic community were found following triclopyr applications. Results of these studies were comparable to those of triclopyr dissipation studies conducted in reservoirs, lakes and riverine systems in Georgia, Florida, Minnesota and Washington, indicating that the degradation and dissipation of triclopyr and its metabolites are similar in representative systems throughout the USA. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NDR Res, Plainfield, IN 46168 USA. Dow AgroSci, Indianapolis, IN USA. US Geol Survey, Columbian Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Control Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Getsinger, KD (reprint author), USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 57 IS 9 BP 764 EP 775 DI 10.1002/ps.343 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 469BU UT WOS:000170793300003 PM 11561400 ER PT J AU Benson, BE Atwater, BF Yamaguchi, DK Amidon, LJ Brown, SL Lewis, RC AF Benson, BE Atwater, BF Yamaguchi, DK Amidon, LJ Brown, SL Lewis, RC TI Renewal of tidal forests in Washington state after a subduction earthquake in AD 1700 SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE spruce; estuary; earthquake; subduction; Cascadia; Washington ID CASCADIA EARTHQUAKE; COASTAL WASHINGTON; TREES; ZONE AB With few exceptions, today's tidal trees near Washington's Pacific coast postdate an earthquake that lowered the region by 1 m or more. The earthquake, which occurred in A.D. 1700, is the most recent to have ruptured much of the plate boundary at this central part of the Cascadia subduction zone. Because of the coseismic subsidence, lowland forests became tidal flats where thousands of trees died. Most of the trees killed were Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). In the centuries since the earthquake, tidal deposits have built new land that has been colonized by new Sitka spruce. All but several tens of the region's tidal spruce consequently postdate 1700, as shown by counts of annual rings in 121 of the largest spruce in tidal forests at Copalis River, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay. Forests began to return to each of these estuaries in the early 1700s and spread seaward in the late 1700s and 1800s. Annual rings in the oldest of the trees thus record a large fraction of the earthquake-recurrence interval that began with the 1700 earthquake. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 GeoEngineers Inc, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Benson, BE (reprint author), GeoEngineers Inc, 8410 154th Ave NE, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2251 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 472XW UT WOS:000171011100001 ER PT J AU Placzek, C Quade, J Betancourt, JL AF Placzek, C Quade, J Betancourt, JL TI Holocene lake-level fluctuations of Lake Aricota, southern Peru SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO VARIABILITY; CENTRAL ANDES; BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO; TROPICAL ANDES; ATACAMA DESERT; NORTHERN CHILE; CLIMATE; TITICACA; PALEOHYDROLOGY; AMERICA AB Lacustrine deposits exposed around Lake Aricota, Peru (17 degrees 22 'S), a 7.5-km(2) lake dammed by debris flows, provide a middle to late Holocene record of lake-level fluctuations. Chronological context for shoreline deposits was obtained from radiocarbon dating of vascular plant remains and other datable material with minimal C-14 reservoir effects (< 350 yr). Diatomites associated with highstands several meters above the modem lake level indicate wet episodes. Maximum Holocene lake level was attained before 6100 C-14 yr B.P. and ended similar to 2700 C-14 yr B.P. Moderately high lake levels occurred at 1700 and 1300 C-14 yr B.P. The highstand at Lake Aricota during the middle Holocene is coeval with a major lowstand at Lake Titicaca (16 degreesS), which is only 130 km to the northeast and shares a similar climatology. Comparisons with other marine and terrestrial records highlight emerging contradictions over the nature of mid-Holocene climate in the central Andes. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Placzek, C (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Placzek, Christa/B-6240-2012 NR 34 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2263 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 472XW UT WOS:000171011100006 ER PT J AU Holmgren, CA Betancourt, JL Rylander, KA Roque, J Tovar, O Zeballos, H Linares, E Quade, J AF Holmgren, CA Betancourt, JL Rylander, KA Roque, J Tovar, O Zeballos, H Linares, E Quade, J TI Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE paleovegetation; Holocene; Atacama Desert ID EL-NINO; LAKE TITICACA; SOUTH-AMERICA; CENTRAL ANDES; CLIMATE; LEVEL; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; EVOLUTION AB Rodent (Abrocoma, Lagidium, Phyllotis) middens collected from 2350 to 2750 m elevation near Arequipa, Peru (16 degreesS), provide an similar to 9600-yr vegetation history of the northern Atacama Desert, based on identification of > 50 species of plant macrofossils. These midden floras show considerable stability throughout the Holocene, with slightly more mesophytic plant assemblages in the middle Holocene. Unlike the southwestern United States, rodent middens of mid-Holocene age are common. In the Arequipa area, the midden record does not reflect any effects of a mid-Holocene mega drought proposed from the extreme lowstand (100 in below modern levels, > 6000 to 3500 yr B.P.) of Lake Titicaca, only 200 km east of Arequipa. This is perhaps not surprising, given other evidence for wetter summers on the Pacific slope of the Andes during the middle Holocene as well as the poor correlation of summer rainfall among modern weather stations in the central Andes-Atacama Desert. The apparent difference in paleoclimatic reconstructions suggests that it is premature to relate changes observed during the Holocene to changes in El Nino Southern Oscillation modes. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Museo Hist Nat, Dept Monocotiledoneas & Gimnospermas, Lima 14, Peru. Univ San Agustin, Dept Ciencias Biol & Agropecuarias, Arequipa, Peru. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Holmgren, CA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. OI Roque, Jose/0000-0001-6840-6603 NR 33 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 242 EP 251 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2262 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 472XW UT WOS:000171011100012 ER PT J AU Jahren, AH Amundson, R Kendall, C Wigand, P AF Jahren, AH Amundson, R Kendall, C Wigand, P TI Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in delta O-18 of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oxygen isotope; paleoclimate; hackberry carbonate ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS; STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION; BIOMINERALIZATION; DISCRIMINATION; GROWTH; TREES; SEEDS AB Celtis sp. (commonly known as "hackberry") fruits were collected from 101 North American sites located in 13 states and one Canadian province between the years of 1979-1994. The biomineralized carbonate endocarp of the hackberry, which is a common botanical fossil found throughout the Quaternary sediments of the Great Plains, was analyzed for its delta O-18 value and plotted against the delta O-18 value of site environmental water to demonstrate the potential of the hackberry as a paleoclimate indicator. This correlation was reinforced by intensive studies on extracted tissue-water delta O-18 value and hackberry endocarp carbonate delta O-18 value from three trees in Sterling, Colorado. The observed correlation in the large data set between hackberry endocarp carbonate delta O-18 value and environmental water is [endocarp delta O-18 = 38.56 + 0.69 x environmental water delta O-18] (R = 0.88; R-2 = 0.78; p value < 0.0001). The relation of the hackberry carbonate to temperature in the Great Plains was the following: (average daily-maximum growing season temperature [ CI) = 6.33 + 0.67 (delta O-18 of endocarp carbonate) (R = 0.73; R-2 = 0.54; P value = 0.0133). The 6180 value of early Holocene fossil hackberry carbonate in the Pintwater Cave, southern Nevada, suggested precipitation delta O-18 values more positive than today (similar to -4 parts per thousand early Holocene vs similar to -9 to -10 parts per thousand today). This shift, combined with paleobotanical data, suggests an influx of summer monsoonal moisture to this region in the early Holocene. Alternatively, the more positive delta O-18 values could be viewed as suggestive of warmer temperatures, although the direct use of Great Plains hackberry/temperature relationships to the Great Basin is of debatable value. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Great Basin & Mojave Paleoenvironm Consulting, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Jahren, AH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Amundson, Ronald /E-2654-2015 NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 252 EP 263 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2259 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 472XW UT WOS:000171011100013 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Hodgson, ME Sapkota, SK Nelson, GA AF Ramsey, EW Hodgson, ME Sapkota, SK Nelson, GA TI Forest impact estimated with NOAA AVHRR and Landsat TM data related to an empirical hurricane wind-field distribution SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE forested wetlands; hurricane impacts; satellite remote sensing; wind-field model ID LANDFALL; WETLANDS; DAMAGE AB An empirical model was used to relate forest type and hurricane-impact distribution with wind speed and duration to explain the variation of hurricane damage among forest types along the Atchafalaya River basin of coastal Louisiana. Forest-type distribution was derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper image data, hurricane-impact distribution from a suite of transformed advanced very high resolution radiometer images, and wind speed and duration from a wind-field model. The empirical model explained 73%, 84%, and 87% of the impact variances for open, hardwood, and cypress-tupelo forests, respectively. These results showed that the estimated impact for each forest type was highly related to the duration and speed of extreme winds associated with Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The wind-field model projected that the highest wind speeds were in the southern basin, dominated by cypress-tupelo and open forests, while lower wind speeds were in the northern basin, dominated by hardwood forests. This evidence could explain why, on average, the impact to cypress-tupelos was more severe than to hardwoods, even though cypress-tupelos are less susceptible to wind damage. Further, examination of the relative importance of wind speed in explaining the impact severity to each forest type showed that the impact to hardwood forests was mainly related to tropical-depression to tropical-storm force wind speeds. Impacts to cypress-tupelo and open forests (a mixture of willows and cypress-tupelo) were broadly related to tropical-storm force wind speeds and by wind speeds near and somewhat in excess of hurricane force. Decoupling the importance of duration from speed in explaining the impact severity to the forests could not be fully realized. Most evidence, however, hinted that impact severity was positively related to higher durations at critical wind speeds. Wind-speed intervals, which were important in explaining the impact severity on hardwoods, showed that higher durations, but not the highest wind speeds, were concentrated in the northern basin, dominated by hardwoods. The extreme impacts associated with the cypress-tupelo forests in the southeast corner of the basin intersected the highest durations as well as the highest wind speeds. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Johnson COntrols World Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 77 IS 3 BP 279 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00217-6 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 470BK UT WOS:000170850400004 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE Pierson, EA AF Bowers, JE Pierson, EA TI Implications of seed size for seedling survival in Carnegiea gigantea and Ferocactus wislizeni (Cactaceae) SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SONORAN DESERT; LIFE-HISTORY; CACTI; ESTABLISHMENT; DISTRIBUTIONS; GERMINATION; EMERGENCE; BIOLOGY; PLANTS; GROWTH AB Larger seeds have been shown to convey benefits for seedling survival but the mechanisms of this process are not well understood. In this study, seed size and seedling survival were compared for 2 sympatric cactus species, Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose and Ferocactus Wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose, in laboratory and field experiments in the northern Sonoran Desert. Both species have small seeds, but Ferocactus seeds are nearly twice as long and 3 times as heavy as those of Garnegiea. The difference in size is perpetuated after germination: new Ferocactus seedlings have 4 times the estimated volume of new Carnegiea seedlings. In an outdoor experiment, annual survivorship of both species was low but was 6 times higher for Ferocactus (6 seedlings, 8.1%) than Carnegiea (1 seedling, 1.4%). The pattern of seedling mortality in relation to temperature and rain suggests that, after the initial flush of seed and seedling predation, drought and heat took a greater toll on Carnegiea than Ferocactus seedlings, probably because the larger seedling volume of Ferocactus conferred greater drought tolerance. In addition, F wislizeni could become established without benefit of nurse plants whereas C gigantea, could not; this might reflect differential tolerance to high soil temperatures. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 41 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 272 EP 281 DI 10.2307/3672423 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 488AT UT WOS:000171912400002 ER PT J AU Oyler-McCance, SJ Burnham, KP Braun, CE AF Oyler-McCance, SJ Burnham, KP Braun, CE TI Influence of changes in sagebrush on Gunnison sage grouse in southwestern Colorado. SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID POPULATION AB The decline in abundance of the newly recognized Gunnison sage grouse (Centrocercus minimus) in southwestern Colorado is thought to be linked to loss and fragmentation of its habitat, sagebrush (Artemisia) vegetation. We documented changes in sagebrush-dominated areas between the 1950s and 1990s by comparing low level aerial photographs taken in these time periods. We documented a loss of 20% or 155,673 ha of sage brush-dominated areas in southwestern Colorado between 1958 and 1993. The amount of sagebrush-dominated area was much higher and loss rates were much lower in the Gunnison Basin. We also found that 37% of plots sampled underwent substantial fragmentation of sagebrush vegetation. If current trends of habitat loss and fragmentation continue, Gunnison sage grouse (and perhaps other sagebrush-steppe obligates) may become extinct. Protecting the remaining habitat from further loss and fragmentation is paramount to the survival of this species. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Oyler-McCance, SJ (reprint author), Univ Denver, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Dept Biol Sci, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 323 EP 331 DI 10.2307/3672428 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 488AT UT WOS:000171912400007 ER PT J AU Peterson, JT Rabeni, CF AF Peterson, JT Rabeni, CF TI Evaluating the physical characteristics of channel units in an Ozark stream SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION AB To evaluate a hierarchical channel-unit-based habitat classification for warmwater streams, we measured the physical characteristics of I I channel units (CUs) in two different-sized reaches of an Ozark stream. The physical characteristics of CU types differed from one another within and between reaches, although the relative physical characteristics of identical CU types were similar for both reaches. Reach-specific habitat differences were due to local and watershed-level features such as drainage area and channel gradient. Discriminant analysis of physical characteristics indicated that variations, in depth and current velocity accounted for more than 81% and 86% of the variance among CUs in headwater and downstream reaches, respectively, and thus that they could be used to differentiate among upper-level CU types (pools and riffles). Additional physical variables (vegetation, woody debris, and substrate composition) were needed to discriminate among secondary-level CUs (types of pools and riffles). A V-fold cross validation classification procedure also indicated that the physical characteristics of CUs were predictable, with an average classification accuracy of 75% and 80% in headwater and downstream reaches, respectively. Our results indicate that the physical characteristics of CUs are distinct and predictable and that they may be useful for defining warmwater stream habitats. However, reach-specific differences suggest that stream biologists should incorporate the effects of local and watershed-level characteristics into study designs. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Natl Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 5 BP 898 EP 910 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0898:ETPCOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 467UQ UT WOS:000170722500014 ER PT J AU Peterson, JT Rabeni, CF AF Peterson, JT Rabeni, CF TI The relation of fish assemblages to channel units in an Ozark stream SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; HABITAT USE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; GRADIENT ANALYSIS; WARMWATER STREAM; SPECIES RICHNESS; NICHE OVERLAP; SIZE; COMPETITION; HYDRAULICS AB To evaluate a hierarchical channel-unit-based habitat classification system for warm-water streams, we sampled fishes in 11 channel units in both headwater and downstream reaches of an Ozark stream during summer and winter. There was significantly greater species richness (total number of species) at the downstream reach and greater biomass at the upstream reach, as revealed by multifactor analyses of variance. There were significant differences in both species richness and biomass among channel units and seasons and significant channel unit X season interactions, which together suggest that fish changed habitat use between summer and winter. Cross-validation procedures indicated that the fish assemblages in channel units at the headwater site, which had an average channel unit classification accuracy of 47%, were less predictable than those of downstream reaches, which averaged 61% accuracy. These differences were attributed to differences in habitat specialization between fishes of the headwater and downstream reaches. A cross-classification procedure also indicated that channel unit fish assemblages differed substantially between the headwater and downstream reaches. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that fish distribution at both sites was highly related to mean depth and current velocity. The magnitude of the association of individual habitat characteristics and fish distribution also differed between seasons and suggested that the availability of bluff pools and backwater habitats during winter may influence the population size of some fish species. Channel units may be useful for defining warmwater stream habitats, but the utility of the classification is influenced by longitudinal factors. We propose a hierarchical model for the utility of a channel-unit-based habitat system, with upper-level constraints such as longitudinal position having the greatest influence on stream fish community structure and the utility of the classification. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM rabeniC@missouri.edu NR 79 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 5 BP 911 EP 926 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0911:TROFAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 467UQ UT WOS:000170722500015 ER PT J AU Burkhead, NM Jelks, HL AF Burkhead, NM Jelks, HL TI Effects of suspended sediment on the reproductive success of the tricolor shiner, a crevice-spawning minnow SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER FISHES; UNITED-STATES; CONSERVATION STATUS; NOTROPIS; FAUNA AB Excessive sedimentation of rivers and creeks has been linked to increasing levels of imperilment in the diverse Fish fauna of the southeastern United States. In particular, benthic-spawning fishes have decreased in both numbers and range. The tricolor shiner Cyprinella trichroistia is a crevice-spawning minnow that is widespread in the eastern Mobile River drainage above the Fall Line. While they are less sensitive to perturbation than the federally threatened blue shiner C. caerulea, tricolor shiners have decreased in numbers and range during the past few decades. This experiment examined the effects of 0 (control), 100, 300, and 600 mg/L initial concentrations of suspended sediment on the reproductive success of the tricolor shiner. Increasing levels of suspended sediment caused decreasing levels of reproductive success (fewer spawns and fewer eggs laid when spawning occurred). Increasing levels of suspended sediment also delayed the onset of spawning, resulting in distinct frequency distributions of clear eggs, eyed eggs, and larvae across treatments. Mortality of eggs and larvae was not a factor in the experiment. We examined daily sediment concentration data recorded at three sites in the upper Coosa River over the April-August spawning season of 1963. By weighting our experimental results by the number of days above each sediment concentration, we estimated that 20% fewer eggs were laid than would have been laid if conditions had been like those of the controls. Albeit our model is simplistic, it provides insight into how excessive sedimentation contributes to population extirpation. Mitigation of suspended sediments is an important management action for the conservation of southern Appalachian fishes that spawn in benthic habitats. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Burkhead, NM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 56 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 5 BP 959 EP 968 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0959:EOSSOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 467UQ UT WOS:000170722500018 ER PT J AU Brenkman, SJ Larson, GL Gresswell, RE AF Brenkman, SJ Larson, GL Gresswell, RE TI Spawning migration of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout in a natural area SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; LIFE-HISTORY; RIVER; MONTANA; SALMON; LAKE AB We investigated the spawning migration of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout Sulvelinus confluentus in the North Fork Skokomish River in Olympic National Park (Washington State) during 1996. Day-snorkeling and electrofishing were conducted to determine timing and duration of the migration and the distribution and abundance of bull trout, The primary spawning migration began in early October and was waning by December. Bull trout migrated 6 km or less up the river from Lake Cushman. Increased river discharge and decreased water temperature appeared to be the primary environmental variables corresponding to the initiation of the migration. Mean length of migratory bull trout increased from June to December. Comparisons with other lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout populations in Oregon, Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia suggested that these populations exhibit specific migratory strategies related to local environmental conditions. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Brenkman, SJ (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Olymp Natl Pk,600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 5 BP 981 EP 987 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0981:SMOLAB>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 467UQ UT WOS:000170722500021 ER PT J AU Yuan, YP Bingner, RL Rebich, RA AF Yuan, YP Bingner, RL Rebich, RA TI Evaluation of AnnaGNPS on Mississippi Delta MSEA watersheds SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE AnnAGNPS evaluation; BMPs assessment; watershed management; watershed modeling ID SEDIMENT YIELD; MODEL AB Sediment and its associated pollutants entering a water body can be very destructive to the health of that system. Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be used to reduce these pollutants, but understanding the most effective practices is very difficult. Watershed models are the most cost-effective tools to aid in the decision-making process of selecting the BMP that is most effective in reducing the pollutant loadings. The Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutant Loading model (AnnAGNPS) is one such tool. The objectives of this study were to assemble all necessary data from the Mississippi Delta Management System Evaluation Area (MDMSEA) Deep Hollow watershed to validate AnnAGNPS, and to use the validated AnnAGNPS to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs for sediment reduction. In this study, AnnAGNPS predictions were compared with three years of field observations from the MDMSEA Deep Hollow watershed. Using no calibrated parameters, AnnAGNPS underestimated observed runoff for extreme events, but the relationship between simulated and observed runoff on an event basis was significant (R-2 = 0.9). In contrast, the lower R-2 of 0.5 for event comparison of predicted and observed sediment yields demonstrated that the model was not best suited for short-term individual event sediment prediction. This may be due to the use of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) within AnnAGNPS, and parameters associated with determining soil loss were derived from long-term average annual soil loss estimates. The agreement between monthly average predicted sediment Yield and monthly, average observed sediment yield had an R-2 of 0.7. Three-year predicted total run off was 89% of observed total runoff, and three-year predicted total sediment yield was 104% of observed total sediment yield. Alternative scenario simulations showed that winter cover crops and impoundments are promising BMPs for sediment reduction. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USGS, Div Water Resources, Pearl, MS USA. RP Yuan, YP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1183 EP 1190 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200017 ER PT J AU Schmeeckle, MW Nelson, JM Pitlick, J Bennett, JP AF Schmeeckle, MW Nelson, JM Pitlick, J Bennett, JP TI Interparticle collision of natural sediment grains in water SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONSTANT NORMAL FORCE; BED-LOAD TRANSPORT; THIN FLUID LAYER; ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC COLLISION; SALTATING GRAINS; PARALLEL PLATES; SPHERES; MODEL; MOTION AB Elastohydrodynamic theory and measurements of particle impacts on an inclined glass plane in water are used to investigate the mechanics of interparticle collisions in sediment-transporting flows. A collision Stokes number is proposed as a measure of the momentum of an interparticle collision versus the viscous pressure force in the interstitial gap between colliding particles. The viscous pressure force opposes motion of the particles on approach and rebound. A Stokes number of between 39 and 105 is estimated as the critical range below which particle impacts are completely viscously damped and above which impacts are partially elastic. The critical Stokes number is shown to roughly coincide with the Bagnold number transition between macroviscous and grain inertial debris flows and the transition between damped and partially elastic bed load transport saltation impacts. The nonspherical nature of natural particles significantly alters the motion of the center of mass after a partially elastic collision. The normal to the point of contact between the particles does not necessarily go through the center of mass. Thus normal rebound of the center of mass may not occur. A model of particle motion after rebound for particles of arbitrary shape, conserving both linear and angular momentum, is proposed. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RP Schmeeckle, MW (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 108 Carraway Bldg, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 37 IS 9 BP 2377 EP 2391 DI 10.1029/2001WR000531 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 466AV UT WOS:000170622900009 ER PT J AU Nelson, CM AF Nelson, CM TI Ferdinand V. Hayden: Entrepreneur of science SO WESTERN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY LA English DT Book Review C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Nelson, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN HISTORY ASSOCIATION PI LOGAN PA UTAH STATE UNIV, UMC 0740, LOGAN, UT 84322 USA SN 0043-3810 J9 WESTERN HIST QUART JI West. Hist. Q. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 32 IS 3 BP 383 EP 384 DI 10.2307/3650760 PG 2 WC History SC History GA 468GQ UT WOS:000170750100027 PM 16845784 ER PT J AU Sprenger, MD Smith, LM Taylor, JP AF Sprenger, MD Smith, LM Taylor, JP TI Testing control of saltcedar seedlings using fall flooding SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE saltcedar; cottonwood; restoration; flooding; riparian ID RIPARIAN; RESTORATION; DISTURBANCE; DOWNSTREAM; PLAINS; DAMS AB Because germination requirements of the exotic saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and native cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii) are similar, efforts to establish cottonwoods often result in concurrent establishment of saltcedars. We evaluated the success of fall flooding to reduce saltcedar seedling density in the Rio Grande floodplain of central New Mexico, USA. We also evaluated the effects of flooding on cottonwood seedlings. Six- to 8-week-old saltcedars and cottonwoods and 4-week-old saltcedars were completely submerged for a 30 day period from late August to late September. Effects of submergence were compared to a no submergence (control) treatment. Survival of 6- to 8-week-old saltcedar was 43.5 +/- 5.61% in the submerged treatment and 66.25 +/- 4.85% in the control. Survival of 4-week-old saltcedar was 2.0 +/- 2.0% and 65.75 +/- 8.74%, respectively, in submerged and control treatments. Cottonwood did not survive in the submergence treatment and 78.5 +/- 10.4% in the control. Because of the high mortality of cottonwood in response to complete submergence, flooding saltcedar seedlings may not be desirable when submergence of cottonwood seedlings will also occur. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Sprenger, MD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, HC5,POB 114, Martin, SD 57551 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 437 EP 441 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0437:TCOSSU]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 477KB UT WOS:000171281800013 ER PT J AU Williams, BK Nichols, JD AF Williams, BK Nichols, JD TI Systems identification and the adaptive management of waterfowl in the United States SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Hunting as Sustainable Resource Utilisation: Experiences and Challenges CY FEB 14-16, 2000 CL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY DE adaptive management; dynamic optimization; harvest; mallards; population models; sport hunting; waterfowl ID UNCERTAINTY; OPTIMIZATION; HARVESTS; POPULATIONS; RESOURCES AB Waterfowl management in the United States is one of the more visible conservation success stories in the United States. It is authorized and supported by appropriate legislative authorities, based on large-scale monitoring programs, and widely accepted by the public. The process is one of only a limited number of large-scale examples of effective collaboration between research and management, integrating scientific information with management in a coherent framework for regulatory decision-making. However, harvest management continues to face some serious technical problems, many of which focus on sequential identification of the resource system in a context of optimal decision-making. The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical foundation of adaptive harvest management, the approach currently in use in the United States for regulatory decision-making. We lay out the legal and institutional framework for adaptive harvest management and provide a formal description of regulatory decision-making in terms of adaptive optimization. We discuss some technical and institutional challenges in applying adaptive harvest management and focus specifically on methods of estimating resource states for linear resource systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Units, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Williams, BK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Units, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM Byron_Ken_Williams@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 EI 1903-220X J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 223 EP 236 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 477VJ UT WOS:000171304700012 ER PT J AU Arnett, EB Anderson, RJ Sokol, C Isaacs, FB Anthony, RG Erickson, WP AF Arnett, EB Anderson, RJ Sokol, C Isaacs, FB Anthony, RG Erickson, WP TI Relationships between nesting bald eagles and selective logging in south-central Oregon SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Klamath Basin; Oregon; productivity; selective logging; territory occupancy ID COMMUNAL ROOSTS; POWER ANALYSIS; PSEUDOREPLICATION AB Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) often use tall, large-diameter trees to nest, and so the potential for conflict with forest management exists. Responses of bald eagles to forest management practices, particularly selective logging, have not been investigated thoroughly. We present a case study describing relationships between territory occupancy and productivity of bald eagles and selective logging of a mixed-conifer forest in the Klamath Basin in south-central Oregon. Selective logging was implemented across more than 3,000 ha of mixed-conifer forest in the Doak Mountain Management Area (Doak), 80% of which occurred in territories of bald eagles. Fifty-seven known nest trees and 5,040 trees suitable for immediate and future nesting by bald eagles were retained and protected during operations. Within the matrix of nest and replacement trees, operators also retained 153-753 trees/ha ((x) over bar= 373, SE= 103.2) across a range of diameters (10 to 110 cm DBH; (x) over bar 27.7, SE=2.3) among 4 species of trees. We determined territory occupancy and productivity from territories of bald eagles at Doak and in reference areas within the Klamath Basin and throughout Oregon prior to (1978-1992) and following (1993-1999) selective logging. Mean territory occupancy increased in all areas during the post-treatment period, rising nearly 10% at Doak ((x) over bar =90.1%, SE=2.38, n=15 pre-treatment; (x) over bar =98.9%, SE=1.10, n=7 post-treatment). Mean difference in territory occupancy between Doak and all reference areas was higher and indicated improvement post-treatment compared to pre-treatment. Productivity of bald eagles was lower at Doak ((x) over bar =0.73, SE=0.04, n=15) compared to all other areas during the pre-treatment period, but increased at Doak and other territories on Upper Klamath Lake during the post-treatment period. Differences in mean productivity between Doak and Upper Klamath Lake were not significantly different post-treatment compared to pre-treatment and reflect comparable productivity of eagles at Doak during the post-treatment period. Our results indicate that territory occupancy and productivity of bald eagles can be maintained in conjunction with careful forest management planning and implementation. C1 Weyerhaeuser Co, Western Timberlands Res, Springfield, OR 97477 USA. US Timberlands, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Western EcoSyst Technol, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Arnett, EB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 795 EP 803 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200005 ER PT J AU Lehman, RN AF Lehman, RN TI Raptor electrocution on power lines: current issues and outlook SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE electrocution; mortality; power lines; raptors AB Electrocution on power lines is one of many human-caused mortality factors that affect raptors. Cost-effective and relatively simple raptor-safe standards for power line modification and construction have been available for over 25 years. During the 1970s and early 1980s, electric industry efforts to reduce raptor electrocutions were very coordinated and proactive, but predictions about resolving the problem were overly optimistic. Today, raptors continue to be electrocuted, possibly in large numbers. The electrocution problem has not been resolved, partly because of the sheer number of potentially lethal power poles in use and partly because electrocution risks may be more pervasive and sometimes less conspicuous than once believed. Also, responses to the problem by individual utilities have not been uniform, and deregulation of the electric industry during the 1990s may have deflected attention from electrocution issues. To control raptor electrocutions in the future, the industry must increase information sharing and technology transfer, increase efforts to retrofit lethal power poles, and above all ensure that every new and replacement line constructed incorporates raptor-safe standards at all phases of development. Finally, responsibility for the electrocution problem must be shared. Federal, state, and local governments, academic institutions, the conservation community, and the consumer all can play critical roles in an effort that will, by necessity, extend well into the new century. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Lehman, RN (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 804 EP 813 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200006 ER PT J AU Truett, JC Dullam, JLD Matchell, MR Owens, E Seery, D AF Truett, JC Dullam, JLD Matchell, MR Owens, E Seery, D TI Translocating prairie dogs: a review SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE capture; Cynomys; prairie dog; release; restoration; translocation; transport ID COLONIES; PLAGUE; MEXICO AB Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) have declined greatly in abundance during the past century, and this warrants efforts to restore populations. Restoration often requires translocating animals to previously occupied areas. Workers should follow standard protocols for animal handling and care. Translocation involves selecting source populations and release sites, capturing and transporting animals, preparing release sites with attendant soft-release infrastructure, and monitoring and managing animals. Source populations should be free of plague and genetically appropriate for the translocation strategy. Release sites ideally have physical or historical evidence of previous occupancy, but also may be selected based on soils, slope, and vegetation. Capture, transport, and release of animals must comply with federal, state, and local regulations. Animals have been commonly captured with live traps, by flooding their burrows, or by using a specially adapted vacuum truck; those captured in plague-prone areas are treated to control fleas. Captives usually are hauled to release sites in covered pickup truck beds or trailers. High-quality release sites have short vegetation (< 12 cm tall) and pre-existing burrows; sites without these qualities may need modification. Retention baskets or fenced enclosures, sometimes combined with artificial underground nest chambers, have been used to reduce dispersal and predation. Control of predators may be needed prior to or following release. Post-release monitoring to detect and remedy potential problems such as dispersal and predation is recommended, and providing a food subsidy may reduce dispersal and elevate survival. C1 Turner Endangered Species Fund, Glenwood, NM 88039 USA. Charles M Russell Natl Wildlife Refuge, Lewiston, MT 59457 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 USA. Rocky Mt Arsenal Natl Wildlife Refuge, Commerce City, CO 80022 USA. RP Truett, JC (reprint author), Turner Endangered Species Fund, POB 211, Glenwood, NM 88039 USA. NR 40 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 863 EP 872 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200014 ER PT J AU Mitchell, CD Maher, CR AF Mitchell, CD Maher, CR TI Are horn characteristics related to age in male pronghorns? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE age; Antilocapra americana; asymmetry; horns; management; morphometrics; pronghorns ID DEER CERVUS-ELAPHUS; ANTLER CHARACTERISTICS; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; ANTILOCAPRA-AMERICANA; QUALITY; FITNESS; GROWTH; TRAITS; PARASITES; ALLOZYMES AB Wildlife managers often use horn characteristics to assess and manage populations indirectly; however, only one published study has examined relationships between horn characteristics and age in pronghorns (Antilocapra americana). We compared ages and horn measurements (i.e., length, base, widest spread, and symmetry) for 85 pronghorns shot by hunters from 1995 to 1997 on Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, Montana. Horn length and base circumference were related nonlinearly with age in 1995-1997 and in 1995-1996, respectively. Asymmetry of horn length was related to age in 1995 and 1996 and older males had more symmetrical horns. However, asymmetry in circumference was related to age in 1997 such that older males had less symmetrical horns. We observed no significant relationships between asymmetry and other horn traits. Pronghorns attained adult-sized horns at 2 or 3 years old, and the largest horn measurements also came from 2- and 3-year-old males. If other populations show similar patterns, then managers can manipulate pronghorn populations for a younger age structure and still provide for maximum yield or trophy hunting. C1 Univ So Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Portland, ME 04104 USA. United States Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lewistown, MT 59457 USA. RP Mitchell, CD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 74 Grays Lake Rd, Wayan, ID 83285 USA. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 908 EP 916 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200019 ER PT J AU Maughan, OE Bounds, DL Morales, SM Villegas, SV AF Maughan, OE Bounds, DL Morales, SM Villegas, SV TI A successful educational program for minority students in natural resources SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE diversity; graduate; minorities; Minority Training Program; undergraduate; University of Arizona ID AFRICAN-AMERICANS; PAST IMPERFECT; WILDLIFE; FUTURE; DIVERSITY; FISHERIES; SCIENCE; WOMEN AB Historically, employees in natural resource professions have been predominantly Caucasian males. However, projected trends in population growth predict that by the year 2050, minorities will comprise almost half the United States (U.S.) population. Federal and state agencies have expressed an interest in diversifying their workforce to match the overall U.S. population. Unfortunately, many such programs have generally not been successful. One successful program is the Minority Training Program at the Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The program began in 1988, and 26 undergraduate and 10 graduate degrees have been granted. All students who have completed the program have been placed in natural resource professions with federal, state, tribal, or private organizations. A key factor in the success of this program is the strong mentoring component. The average annual cost/student is approximately $3,500. We believe the concepts used in this program are applicable throughout the country. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, United States Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. Univ Arizona, United States Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 917 EP 928 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200020 ER PT J AU Everette, AL O'Shea, TJ Ellison, LE Stone, LA McCance, JL AF Everette, AL O'Shea, TJ Ellison, LE Stone, LA McCance, JL TI Bat use of a high-plains urban wildlife refuge SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE activity; bats; big brown bat; Eptesicus fuscus; habitat use; hoary bat; Lasionycteris noctivagans; Lasiurus cinereus; prairie; roosts; silver-haired bat; urban wildlife ID EPTESICUS-FUSCUS CHIROPTERA; BIG BROWN; ECHOLOCATION CALLS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; VESPERTILIONIDAE; ONTARIO AB Bats are significant components of mammalian diversity and in many areas are of management concern. However, little attention has been given to bats in urban or prairie landscapes. In 1997 and 1998, we determined species richness, relative abundance, roosting habits, and echolocation activity of bats at Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge (RMA), the largest urban unit in the United States refuge system, located on the high plains near Denver, Colorado. An inventory using mist nets revealed 3 species foraging at this site: big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans). Big brown bats comprised 86% of captures (n = 176). This pattern was consistent with continental-scale predictions of bat species richness and evenness based on availability of potential roosts. Relative abundance based on captures was similar to that revealed by echolocation detector Surveys, except that the latter revealed the likely presence of at least 2 additional species (Myotis spp. and red bats [Lasiurus borealis]). Echolocation activity was significantly greater (P=0.009) in areas with tree or water habitat edges than in open prairie, suggesting that maintaining such features is important for bats. Big brown bats commuted greater distances (9.2-18.8 km) from roosts in urban core areas to foraging sites on the refuge than typically reported for this species elsewhere, emphasizing the value of the site to these bats. Urban refuges can provide habitat of importance to bat populations, but may be characterized by abundant bats that roost in buildings if a variety of other kinds of roosting habitats are unavailable. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Everette, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 34 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 967 EP 973 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200025 ER PT J AU Hunter, JE Bond, ML AF Hunter, JE Bond, ML TI Residual trees: wildlife associations and recommendations SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE forestry; redwood; residual trees; Sequoia sempervirens ID NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; MANAGED FORESTS; WESTERN OREGON; COMMUNITIES; HABITAT AB Managers and researchers have devoted considerable attention to old-growth forests and specific components of these forests such as snags and large woody debris. Large green residual or remnant trees have been less emphasized. Within the intensively managed coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests of northwestern California, these residual trees are often the only remaining complex structural elements in a matrix of younger forest. As such, they provide important habitat for wildlife normally associated with older forests such as red tree vole (Arborimus pomo), fisher (Martes pennanti), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), Vaux's swift (Chaetura vauxi), and wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans). Despite the obvious value of these trees to wildlife, and the fact that they are essentially a nonrenewable resource, no regulatory protection exists for these monetarily valuable trees. Accordingly, we recommend increased retention and management of these resources, as well as increased research on their role in managed forest ecosystems. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arcata Fish & Wildlife Off, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Hunter, JE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arcata Fish & Wildlife Off, 1655 Heindon Rd, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM John_E_Hunter@fws.gov RI Bond, Monica/E-3161-2013 OI Bond, Monica/0000-0002-1042-9543 NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 995 EP 999 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200029 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Wright, RG Samuel, MD Rasmussen, PW AF Kenow, KP Wright, RG Samuel, MD Rasmussen, PW TI Integrating SAS and GIS software to improve habitat-use estimates from radiotelemetry data SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Geographic Information System; habitat use; misclassification error; radiotelemetry; telemetry error ID AVAILABILITY DATA AB Radiotelemetry has been used commonly to remotely determine habitat use by a variety of wildlife species. However, habitat misclassification can occur because the true location of a radiomarked animal can only be estimated. Analytical methods that provide improved estimates of habitat use from radiotelemetry location data using a subsampling approach have been proposed previously. We developed software, based on these methods, to conduct improved habitat-use analyses. A Statistical Analysis System (SAS)-executable file generates a random subsample of points from the error distribution of an estimated animal location and formats the output into ARC/INFO-compatible coordinate and attribute files. An associated ARC/INFO Arc Macro Language (AML) creates a coverage of the random points, determines the habitat type at each random point from an existing habitat coverage, sums the number of subsample points by habitat type for each location, and outputs the results in ASCII format. The proportion and precision of habitat types used is calculated from the subsample of points generated for each radiotelemetry location. We illustrate the method and software by analysis of radiotelemetry data for a female wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 1006 EP 1009 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200033 ER PT J AU Murphy, RK Smith, KA Casler, BR Althoff, DP AF Murphy, RK Smith, KA Casler, BR Althoff, DP TI Reproduction and spacing of Piping Plovers breeding at high density at Appam Lake, North Dakota SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREAT-PLAINS; PREDATION AB Knowledge of potential breeding density and associated reproduction is critical for conserving Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) in the northern Great Plains. Each year during 1995-1998 we observed 34-50 plover pairs nesting on Appam Lake, an isolated 1.9-km(2) alkali lake in northwestern North Dakota. During peak abundance in 1996 and 1997, there were 4.2 and 5.3 pairs/km of available beach, respectively; mean distances between nest sites of nearest neighbor pairs were 99.4 m and 79.5 m. We detected no relationship between spacing and numbers of fledglings produced by individual breeding pairs. Mean production was 1.2 fledglings/pair (0.9 during 1996 and 1.5 during 1997, n = 25 and 29 pairs, respectively). Our observations suggest Piping Plovers may reproduce adequately at high breeding densities on prairie alkali lakes, but further study of the relationship between breeding density and reproductive success is needed. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. Nature Conservancy, Bismarck, ND 58502 USA. RP Murphy, RK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge, 8315 Hwy 8, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. EM bob_murphy@fws.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 113 IS 3 BP 331 EP 335 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0331:RASOPP]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 545VT UT WOS:000175238800012 ER PT J AU De Natale, G Kilburn, C Chouet, B AF De Natale, G Kilburn, C Chouet, B TI Special issue - Mechanics and thermalfluid-dynamics of volcanic processes - Overview SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Osserv Vesuviano, I-80123 Naples, Italy. UCL, Dept Geol Sci, Benfield Greig Hazard Res Ctr, London WC1E 6BT, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP De Natale, G (reprint author), Osserv Vesuviano, Via Manzoni 249, I-80123 Naples, Italy. RI De Natale, Giuseppe/M-6763-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 30 PY 2001 VL 109 IS 1-3 SI SI BP VII EP VII PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 487XU UT WOS:000171905300001 ER PT J AU Stephens, CD Chouet, BA AF Stephens, CD Chouet, BA TI Evolution of the December 14, 1989 precursory long-period event swarm at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Geophysical-Society CY 1998 CL NICE, FRANCE SP European Geophys Soc DE volcano; long-period earthquakes; precursors; swarms; Redoubt ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; 1989-1990 ERUPTIONS; EARTHQUAKE; TREMOR; CALIFORNIA; WASHINGTON; FLOW AB The intermittency pattern and evolution in waveforms of long-period (LP) seismic events during the intense, 23-h swarm that preceded the December 14, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano are investigated. Utilizing cross correlation to exploit the high degree of similarity among waveforms, a substantially more complete event catalog is generated than was available from near realtime detection based on short-term/long-term. amplitude ratios, which was saturated by the high rate of activity. The temporal magnitude distribution of the predominant LP events is found to have an unusual banded structure in which the average magnitude of each band slowly increases and then decreases through time. A bifurcation that appears in the uppermost band shortly after the peak in magnitudes is characterized by a quasi-periodicity in intermittency and magnitude that is reminiscent of one of the classic routes to chaotic behavior in some non-linear systems. The waveforms of the predominant events evolve slowly but unsteadily through time. These gradual changes appear to result from variations in the relative amplitudes of spectral peaks that remain stable in frequency, which suggests that they are due to differential excitation of a single, resonant source. Two other previously unrecognized, repetitive waveforms are also identified, but the signals from these secondary events are not clearly recorded at distances beyond the closest station. Similarities among the spectra of the predominant and secondary events suggest that the signals from these events also could represent different modes of exciting the same source. Significant changes in the rates and the sizes of the largest of these secondary events appear to coincide with the peak in the size distribution of the predominant LPs. At least some of the non-repetitive LP waveforms in the swarm appear to be the result of the superposition of signals from the rapid repetition of predominant LP source, thus placing a constraint on the repeat time of the triggering mechanism for this source. A lone hybrid event, which has a waveform character intermediate between the predominant LP events and high-frequency volcano-tectonic events, was also identified in the swarm; the occurrence of this event provides important evidence that the low-frequency character of the LP events is a source rather than a path or site effect. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stephens, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,M-S 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 24 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 30 PY 2001 VL 109 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 133 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00308-5 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 487XU UT WOS:000171905300009 ER PT J AU Saccorotti, G Chouet, B Dawson, P AF Saccorotti, G Chouet, B Dawson, P TI Wavefield properties of a shallow long-period event and tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Geophysical-Society CY 1998 CL NICE, FRANCE SP European Geophys Soc DE volcanic tremor; volcanic earthquake; seismic source; Kilauea Volcano ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; ARRAY MEASUREMENTS; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; ERUPTION; SIGNALS; MODELS AB The wavefields of tremor and a long-period (LP) event associated with the ongoing eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, are investigated using a combination of dense small-aperture (300 m) and sparse large-aperture (5 km) arrays deployed in the vicinity of the summit caldera. Measurements of azimuth and slowness for tremor recorded on the small-aperture array indicate a bimodal nature of the observed wavefield. At frequencies below 2 Hz, the wavefield is dominated by body waves impinging the array with steep incidence. These arrivals are attributed to the oceanic microseismic noise. In the 2-6 Hz band, the wavefield is dominated by waves propagating from sources located at shallow depths (<1 km) beneath the eastern edge of the Halemaumau pit crater. The hypocenter of the LP event, determined from frequency-slowness analyses combined with phase picks, appears to be located close to the source of tremor but at a shallower depth (<0.1 km). The wavefields of tremor and LP event are characterized by a complex composition of body and surface waves, whose propagation and polarization properties are strongly affected by topographic and structural features in the summit caldera region. Analyses of the directional properties of the wavefield in the 2-6 Hz band point to the directions of main scattering sources, which are consistent with pronounced velocity contrasts imaged in a high-resolution three-dimensional velocity model of the caldera region. The frequency and Q of the dominant peak observed in the spectra of the LP event may be explained as the dominant oscillation mode of a crack with scale length 20-100 m and aperture of a few centimeters filled with bubbly water. The mechanism driving the shallow tremor appears to be consistent with a sustained excitation originating in the oscillations of a bubble cloud resulting from vesiculation and degassing in the magma. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Osserv Vesuviano, Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80124 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Saccorotti, G (reprint author), Osserv Vesuviano, Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Via Diocleziano 328, I-80124 Naples, Italy. OI Saccorotti, Gilberto/0000-0003-2915-1446 NR 39 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 30 PY 2001 VL 109 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 163 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00310-3 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 487XU UT WOS:000171905300011 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Niemeyer, TC Helm, PJ AF Gillette, DA Niemeyer, TC Helm, PJ TI Supply-limited horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted, unvegetated saline playa SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID THRESHOLD FRICTION VELOCITY; WIND EROSION; OWENS-LAKE; MASS FLUX; DUST; SALTATION; CALIFORNIA; PARTICLES AB A site at Owens Dry Lake was observed for more than 4 years. The site was a vegetation-free saline playa where the surface formed "ephemeral crusts," crusts that form after rainfall. Sometimes these crusts were destroyed and often a layer of particles on the crust would engage in vigorous aeolian activity. Three "phases" of active sand drifting are defined as almost no movement (extreme supply limitation), loose particles on crust with some degree of sand drift (moderate supply limitation), and unlimited source movement corresponding to a destroyed surface crust (unlimited supply). These "phases" occurred 45, 49, and 6% of the time, respectively. The accumulation of loose particles on the crust was mostly the result of in situ formation. Crusted sediments with loose particles on top can exhibit mass flux rates about the same as for noncrusted sediments. Crusted sediments limit or eliminate sand drift in two conditions: for rough crusts that effect a sufficiently high threshold friction velocity (above the wind friction velocity) and for limited amounts of loose particles on the crust where particle supply is less than would be transported in normal saltation for a thick sandy surface. These "supply-limited" cases are similar to wind erosion of limited spilled material on a hard concrete surface. We quantified "Supply limitation" by defining a "potential" or "supply unlimited" sand drift function Q = AG where A represents supply limitation that decreases as the particle source is depleted. Here Q is the mass of sand transported through a surface perpendicular to the ground and to the wind and having unit width during time period t, and G = integral u(*)(u(*)(2) - u(*t)(2)) dt for u(*) > u(*t). G is integrated for the same time period t as for Q, u(*) is the friction velocity of the wind, and u(*t) is the threshold friction velocity of the wind. Hard crusts (usually formed in the summer) tended to show almost no change of threshold friction velocity with time and often gave total protection from wind erosion. Rough crusts provided sufficient protection expressed as high threshold friction velocities. For these high threshold friction velocities, aeolian activity was greatly reduced or practically prevented. The softest crusts, usually formed in the winter, provided much less protection and sometimes were destroyed by the wind. Following this destruction the "potential" or "supply unlimited" sand drift would be observed. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Niemeyer, Ridgecrest, CA 93555 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, MD 81, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D16 BP 18085 EP 18098 DI 10.1029/2000JD900324 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 465FR UT WOS:000170579400032 ER PT J AU Husar, RB Tratt, DM Schichtel, BA Falke, SR Li, F Jaffe, D Gasso, S Gill, T Laulainen, NS Lu, F Reheis, MC Chun, Y Westphal, D Holben, BN Gueymard, C McKendry, I Kuring, N Feldman, GC McClain, C Frouin, RJ Merrill, J DuBois, D Vignola, F Murayama, T Nickovic, S Wilson, WE Sassen, K Sugimoto, N Malm, WC AF Husar, RB Tratt, DM Schichtel, BA Falke, SR Li, F Jaffe, D Gasso, S Gill, T Laulainen, NS Lu, F Reheis, MC Chun, Y Westphal, D Holben, BN Gueymard, C McKendry, I Kuring, N Feldman, GC McClain, C Frouin, RJ Merrill, J DuBois, D Vignola, F Murayama, T Nickovic, S Wilson, WE Sassen, K Sugimoto, N Malm, WC TI Asian dust events of April 1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; CHANGING SOURCES; AIR-POLLUTION; MAUNA-LOA; TRANSPORT; AEROSOL; OCEAN; NETWORK AB On April 15 and 19, 1998, two intense dust storms were generated over the Gobi desert by springtime low-pressure systems descending from the northwest. The windblown dust was detected and its evolution followed by its yellow color on SeaWiFS satellite images, routine surface-based monitoring, and through serendipitous observations. The April 15 dust cloud was recirculating, and it was removed by a precipitating weather system over east Asia. The April 19 dust cloud crossed the Pacific Ocean in 5 days, subsided to the surface along the mountain ranges between British Columbia and California, and impacted severely the optical and the concentration environments of the region. In east Asia the dust clouds increased the albedo over the cloudless ocean and land by up to 10-20%, but it reduced the near-UNI cloud reflectance, causing a yellow coloration of all surfaces. The yellow colored backscattering by the dust eludes a plausible explanation using simple Mie theory with constant refractive index. Over the West Coast the dust layer has increased the spectrally uniform optical depth to about 0.4, reduced the direct solar radiation by 30-40%, doubled the diffuse radiation, and caused a whitish discoloration of the blue sky. On April 29 the average excess surface-level dust aerosol concentration over the valleys of the West Coast was about 20-50 mug/m(3) with local peaks > 100 mug/m(3). The dust mass mean diameter was 2-3 mum, and the dust chemical fingerprints were evident throughout the West Coast and extended to Minnesota. The April 1998 dust event has impacted the surface aerosol concentration 2-4 times more than any other dust event since 1988. The dust events were observed and interpreted by an ad hoc international web-based virtual community. It would be useful to set up a community-supported web-based infrastructure to monitor the global aerosol pattern for such extreme aerosol events, to alert and to inform the interested communities, and to facilitate collaborative analysis for improved air quality and disaster management. C1 Washington Univ, Ctr Air Pollut Impact & Trend Anal, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. China Meteorol Adm, Natl Satellite Meteorol Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul, South Korea. Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Univ San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92110 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Atmospher Chem Studies, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. New Mexico Environm Dept, Air Qual Bur, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. Univ Oregon, Solar Monitoring Lab, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Tokyo Univ Mercantile Marine, Dept Phys, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Malta, Euro Mediterranean Ctr Insular Coastal Dynam ICoD, Valletta, Malta. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsububa, Iburaki, Japan. Colorado State Univ, NPS Air Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Husar, RB (reprint author), Washington Univ, Ctr Air Pollut Impact & Trend Anal, Campus Box 1124, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RI Husar, Rudolf/A-9000-2009; Tratt, David/A-7884-2009; Sugimoto, Nobuo/C-5189-2015; DuBois, David/F-6380-2015; Gasso, Santiago/H-9571-2014; OI Tratt, David/0000-0002-3942-6848; Sugimoto, Nobuo/0000-0002-0545-1316; DuBois, David/0000-0003-2560-505X; Gasso, Santiago/0000-0002-6872-0018; Gill, Thomas E/0000-0001-9011-4105 NR 51 TC 485 Z9 519 U1 8 U2 63 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D16 BP 18317 EP 18330 DI 10.1029/2000JD900788 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 465FR UT WOS:000170579400046 ER PT J AU Hinkley, TK Matsumoto, A AF Hinkley, TK Matsumoto, A TI Atmospheric regime of dust and salt through 75,000 years of Taylor Dome ice core: Refinement by measurement of major, minor, and trace metal suites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ROCK-FORMING METALS; GREENLAND SNOW; ANTARCTIC ICE; LEAD; CONSTRAINTS; CADMIUM AB Measurement of absolute and relative amounts of dust and salt deposited in the polar ice record is central to several fields of study, including nutrient delivery, atmospheric deposition of trace elements, past wind strengths, dust provenance, and other aspects of climate and geochemical history. We present a method intended to give a more accurate picture than has been possible before of the total amounts and relative proportions of the dust and salt deposited by the atmosphere into polar ice. It also permits us to distinguish different compositional types of dust in the ice. The method is based on precise measurement of a suite of several metals whose proportions contrast strongly between dust and salt and vary substantially between dust types. We apply the method to a small suite of ice samples from the Taylor Dome core in coastal West Antarctica. In full glacial times, when total impurities were high and dust dominated over salt, wind strength in the West Antarctic region was apparently high, and extensive sea-ice cover prevented incorporation of salt into the atmospheric load. At the termination of the glacial period, increased salt in the dust-salt mixture indicates that sea ice diminished, but wind strength continued high, and unchanged dust composition indicates unchanged source areas. At about 10,000-11,000 y.B.P., sea-ice cover appears to have briefly returned to glacial conditions, but wind conditions remained in the milder postglacial condition. Soon after, sea ice retreated, and an abrupt change in dust composition indicates changed source materials or terranes. If extended by analysis of more samples from more sites, such information on salt and dust could provide firm constraints on past wind strengths, extent of sea-ice cover, deposition fluxes of salt and dust, and changing continental source areas of dust, for both polar regions of the Earth. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RP Hinkley, TK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D16 BP 18487 EP 18493 DI 10.1029/2000JD900550 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 465FR UT WOS:000170579400059 ER PT J AU Malin, MC Caplinger, MA Carr, MH Squyres, S Thomas, P Veverka, J AF Malin, MC Caplinger, MA Carr, MH Squyres, S Thomas, P Veverka, J TI Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) on the Mars Polar Lander SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; FRACTALS AB The Mars Descent Imager, or MARDI, experiment on the Mars Polar Lander (MPL) consists of a camera characterized by small physical size and mass (similar to6 X 6 X 12 cm, including baffle; < 500 gm), low power requirements (< 2.5 W, including power supply losses), and high science performance (1000 X 1000 pixel, low noise). The intent of the investigation is to acquire nested images over a range of resolutions, from 8 m/pixel to better than 1 cm/pixel, during the roughly 2 min it takes the MPL to descend from 8 km to the surface under parachute and rocket-powered deceleration. Observational goals will include studies of (1) surface morphology (e.g., nature and distribution of landforms indicating past and present environmental processes); (2) local and regional geography (e.g., context for other lander instruments: precise location, detailed local relief); and (3) relationships to features seen in orbiter data. To accomplish these goals, MARDI will collect three types of images. Four small images (256 X 256 pixels) will be acquired on 0.5 s centers beginning 0.3 s before MPL's heatshield is jettisoned. Sixteen full-frame images (1024 X 1024, circularly edited) will be acquired on 5.3 s centers thereafter. Just after backshell jettison but prior to the start of powered descent, a "best final nonpowered descent image" will be acquired. Five seconds after the start of powered descent, the camera will begin acquiring images on 4 s centers. Storage for as many as ten 800 X 800 pixel images is available during terminal descent. A number of spacecraft factors are likely to impact the quality of MARDI images, including substantial motion blur resulting from large rates of attitude variation during parachute descent and substantial rocket-engine-induced vibration during powered descent. In addition, the mounting location of the camera places the exhaust plume of the hydrazine engines prominently in the field of view. C1 Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Malin, MC (reprint author), Malin Space Sci Syst, POB 910148, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E8 BP 17635 EP 17650 DI 10.1029/1999JE001144 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 465FU UT WOS:000170579600009 ER PT J AU Malin, MC Bell, JF Calvin, W Clancy, RT Haberle, RM James, PB Lee, SW Thomas, PC Caplinger, MA AF Malin, MC Bell, JF Calvin, W Clancy, RT Haberle, RM James, PB Lee, SW Thomas, PC Caplinger, MA TI Mars Color Imager (MARCI) on the Mars Climate Orbiter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID SOUTH POLAR-CAP; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; DUST STORMS; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; SURFACE-COMPOSITION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; LAYERED DEPOSITS; WIND STREAKS AB The Mars Color Imager, or MARCI, experiment on the Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO) consists of two cameras with unique optics and identical focal plane assemblies (FPAs), Data Acquisition System (DAS) electronics, and power supplies. Each camera is characterized by small physical size and mass (similar to6 X 6 X 12 cm, including baffle; < 500 g), low power requirements (< 2.5 W, including power supply losses), and high science performance (1000 X 1000 pixel, low noise). The Wide Angle (WA) camera will have the capability to map Mars in five visible and two ultraviolet spectral bands at a resolution of better than 8 km/pixel under the worst case downlink data rate. Under better downlink conditions the WA will provide kilometer-scale global maps of atmospheric phenomena such as clouds, hazes, dust storms, and the polar hood. Limb observations will provide additional detail on atmospheric structure at 1/3 scale-height resolution. The Medium Angle (MA) camera is designed to study selected areas of Mars at regional scale. From 400 km altitude its 6 degrees FOV, which covers similar to 40 km at 40 m/pixel, will permit all locations on the planet except the poles to be accessible for image acquisitions every two mapping cycles (roughly 52 sols). Eight spectral channels between 425 and 1000 nm provide the ability to discriminate both atmospheric and surface features on the basis of composition. The primary science objectives of MARCI are to (1) observe Martian atmospheric processes at synoptic scales and mesoscales, (2) study details of the interaction of the atmosphere with the surface at a variety of scales in both space and time, and (3) examine surface features characteristic of the evolution of the Martian climate over time. MARCI will directly address two of the three high-level goals of the Mars Surveyor Program: Climate and Resources. Life, the third goal, will be addressed indirectly through the environmental factors associated with the other two goals. C1 Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Malin, MC (reprint author), Malin Space Sci Syst, POB 910148, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. NR 81 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E8 BP 17651 EP 17672 DI 10.1029/1999JE001145 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 465FU UT WOS:000170579600010 ER PT J AU Bawden, GW Thatcher, W Stein, RS Hudnut, KW Peltzer, G AF Bawden, GW Thatcher, W Stein, RS Hudnut, KW Peltzer, G TI Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID METROPOLITAN REGION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; INTERFEROMETRY; EARTHQUAKES; HAZARDS; RADAR AB After the 1987 Whittier Narrows(1) and 1994 Northridge(2) earthquakes revealed that blind thrust faults represent a significant threat to metropolitan Los Angeles(3), a network of 250 continuously recording global positioning system (GPS) stations(4,5) was deployed to monitor displacements associated with deep slip on both blind and surface faults. Here we augment this GPS data with interferometric synthetic aperture radar imagery to take into account the deformation associated with groundwater pumping and strike-slip faulting. After removing these non-tectonic signals, we are left with 4.4 mm yr(-1) of uniaxial contraction across the Los Angeles basin, oriented N 36 degrees E (perpendicular to the major strike-slip faults in the area). This indicates that the contraction is primarily accommodated on thrust faults(6) rather than on the northeast-trending strike-slip faults. We have found that widespread groundwater and oil pumping obscures and in some cases mimics the tectonic signals expected from the blind thrust faults. In the 40-km-long Santa Ana basin, groundwater withdrawal and re-injection produces 12 mm yr(-1) of long-term subsidence, accompanied by an unprecedented seasonal oscillation of 55 mm in the vertical direction and 7 mm horizontally. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Bawden, GW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 20 TC 162 Z9 168 U1 2 U2 14 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 23 PY 2001 VL 412 IS 6849 BP 812 EP 815 DI 10.1038/35090558 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 465ET UT WOS:000170577200035 PM 11518964 ER PT J CA ArboNET Surveillance Grp US Geol Survey US Dept Agr Walter Reed Army Inst Res US Air Force CDC TI West Nile virus activity - Eastern United States, 2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 617-619, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Local Hlth Dept, ArboNET Surveillance Grp, Madison, WI USA. RP US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Local Hlth Dept, ArboNET Surveillance Grp, Madison, WI USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 22 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 8 BP 910 EP 911 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 465EU UT WOS:000170577300009 ER PT J AU Covert, HH Hamrick, MW Dzanh, T McKinney, KC AF Covert, HH Hamrick, MW Dzanh, T McKinney, KC TI Fossil mammals from the Late Miocene of Vietnam SO JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LATE EOCENE; THAILAND C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Anthropol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Kent State Univ, Div Biomed Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Geol Museum Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Covert, HH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Anthropol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Hamrick, Mark/K-1131-2016 NR 28 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY PI NORTHBROOK PA 60 REVERE DR, STE 500, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062 USA SN 0272-4634 J9 J VERTEBR PALEONTOL JI J. Vertebr. Paleontol. PD AUG 22 PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 633 EP 636 DI 10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0633:FMFTLM]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 467MK UT WOS:000170708200025 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, P AF Gonzalez, P TI Desertification and a shift of forest species in the West African Sahel SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE desertification; forest biodiversity; land cover change; natural regeneration of forest species; Senegal; vegetation zone shift; West African Sahel ID TROPICAL NORTH-AFRICA; BIOGEOPHYSICAL FEEDBACK; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; VEGETATION; DROUGHT; RAINFALL; LAND; FLUCTUATIONS; CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS AB Original field data show that forest species richness and tree density in the West African Sahel declined in the last half of the 20th century. Average forest species richness of areas of 4 km(2) in Northwest Senegal fell from 64 +/- 2 species ca 1945 to 43 +/- 2 species in 1993, a decrease significant at p < 0.001. Densities of trees of height greater than or equal to3 m declined from 10 +/- 0.3 trees ha(-1) in 1954 to 7.8 +/- 0.3 trees ha(-1) in 1989, also significant at p < 0.001. Standing wood biomass fell 2.1 t ha(-1) in the period 1956-1993, releasing CO2 at a rate of 60 kgC person(-1) yr(-1). These changes have shifted vegetation zones toward areas of higher rainfall at an average rate of 500 to 600 m yr(-1). Arid Sahel species have expanded in the north, tracking a concomitant retraction of mesic Sudan and Guinean species to the south. Multivariate analyses identify latitude and longitude, proxies for rainfall and temperature, as the most significant factors explaining tree and shrub distribution. The changes also decreased human carrying capacity to below actual population densities. The rural population of 45 people km(-2) exceeded the 1993 carrying capacity, for firewood from shrubs, of 13 people km(-2) (range 1 to 21 people km(-2)). As an adaptation strategy, ecological and socioeconomic factors favor the natural regeneration of local species over the massive plantation of exotic species. Natural regeneration is a traditional practice in which farmers select small field trees that they wish to raise to maturity, protect them, and prune them to promote rapid growth of the apical meristem. The results of this research provide evidence for desertification in the West African Sahel. These documented impacts of desertification foreshadow possible future effects of climate change. C1 US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Washington, DC 20523 USA. RP Gonzalez, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Washington, DC 20523 USA. RI Gonzalez, Patrick/B-9479-2013 OI Gonzalez, Patrick/0000-0002-7105-0561 NR 80 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 6 U2 32 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 17 IS 2 SI SI BP 217 EP 228 DI 10.3354/cr017217 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 484MY UT WOS:000171695200010 ER PT J AU Langenheim, VE Hauksson, E AF Langenheim, VE Hauksson, E TI Comparison between Crustal Density and Velocity Variations in Southern California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SALTON TROUGH; REGION; SEISMICITY; ANOMALIES; FAULT AB We predict gravity from a three-dimensional VP model of the upper crust and compare it to the observed isostatic residual gravity field. In general this comparison shows that the isostatic residual gravity field reflects the density variations in the upper to middle crust. Both data sets show similar density variations for the upper crust in areas such as the Peninsular Ranges and the Los Angeles basin. Both show similar variations across major faults, such as the San Andreas and Garlock faults in the Mojave Desert. The difference between the two data sets in regions such as the Salton Trough, the Eastern California Shear Zone, and the eastern Ventura basin (where depth to Moho is < 30 km), however, suggests high-density middle to lower crust beneath these regions. Hence the joint interpretation of these data sets improves the depth constraints of crustal density variations. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Langenheim, VE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 989, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 16 BP 3087 EP 3090 DI 10.1029/2001GL013392 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 461CV UT WOS:000170348100007 ER PT J AU Schoellhamer, DH AF Schoellhamer, DH TI Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS AB Geophysical time series often contain missing data, which prevents analysis with many signal processing and multivariate tools. A modification of singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data is developed and successfully tested with synthetic and actual incomplete time series of suspended-sediment concentration from San Francisco Bay. This method also can be used to low pass filter incomplete time series. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Schoellhamer, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 13 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 16 BP 3187 EP 3190 DI 10.1029/2000GL012698 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 461CV UT WOS:000170348100033 ER PT J AU Stacey, MT Burau, JR Monismith, SG AF Stacey, MT Burau, JR Monismith, SG TI Creation of residual flows in a partially stratified estuary SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TIDAL FLOWS AB The creation of residual flows in estuaries is examined using acoustic Doppler current profiler data sets from northern San Francisco Bay. The data sets are analyzed using principal component analysis to examine the temporal variability of the flows which create the residual circulation. It is seen that in this periodically and partially stratified estuary the residual flows are created through a series of pulses with strong variability at the 24-hour timescale, through the interaction of shear, stratification and mixing. This interaction is captured through the use of a dimensionless number, the horizontal Richardson number (Ri(x)), which is developed to examine the local balance between the stratifying and destratifying forces at the tidal timescale. It is seen that Rix is a valuable parameter in predicting the onset of the residual-creating events, with a threshold value of approximate to 3 on ebb tides. This critical value is argued to be a threshold, above which the stratification and shear flow create a feedback effect, each further intensifying the other. This feedback results in a highly variable exchange flow which creates the estuarine residual in intermittent pulses rather than as a steady flow. Although typically attributed to baroclinic forcing, an argument is made that these pulses of residual-creating exchange flow could be created by barotropic forcing in the presence of variable stratification which is asymmetric between flood and ebb tides. This result poses a great challenge for turbulence modeling, as the timing and magnitude of stratification and shear must be correctly simulated on the tidal timescale in order to reproduce the effects seen in the data sets presented. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Stacey, MT (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, VLSB 3060, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 31 TC 93 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 106 IS C8 BP 17013 EP 17037 DI 10.1029/2000JC000576 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 460UB UT WOS:000170326000028 ER PT J AU Morrissey, MM Chouet, BA AF Morrissey, MM Chouet, BA TI Trends in long-period seismicity related to magmatic fluid compositions SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IAVCEI General Assembly, Symposium 4 on Volcanic Gases CY JAN 19-24, 1997 CL PUERTO VALLARTA, MEXICO DE long-period seismicity; magmatic fluid compositions; fluid-driven crack model ID VOLCANIC TREMOR; REDOUBT-VOLCANO; DRIVEN CRACK; SOURCE MODEL; DYNAMICS; EVENTS; MECHANISM; ALASKA; EXCITATION; FREQUENCY AB Sound speeds and densities are calculated for three different types of fluids: gas-gas mixture; ash-gas mixture; and bubbly liquid. These fluid properties are used to calculate the impedance contrast (Z) and crack stiffness (C) in the fluid-driven crack model (Chouet: J. Geophys. Res., 91 (1986) 13,967; 101 (1988) 4375; A seismic model for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor. In: Gasparini, P., Scarpa, R., Aki, K. (Eds.), Volcanic Seismology, IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, Springer, Berlin, 3133). The fluid-driven crack model describes the far-field spectra of long-period (LP) events as modes of resonance of the crack. Results from our calculations demonstrate that ash-laden gas mixtures have fluid to solid density ratios comparable to, and fluid to solid velocity ratios lower than bubbly liquids (gas-volume fractions < 10%). This difference results in synthetic far-field spectra with higher impedance contrasts and narrower spectral bandwidths for ash-laden gas mixture than spectra for bubbly liquids. Spectral characteristics are described in terms of the quality factor Q(-1).Q(-1) is measured by the ratio of the frequency of the dominant spectral peak to the bandwidth of the peak measured at one half of its amplitude. This factor expresses the losses of energy due to elastic radiation Q(r)(-1) and other dissipative mechanisms Q(i)(-1) at the source, Q(-1) = Q(r)(-1) + Q(i)(-1). Spectra for LP events recorded at active volcanoes such as Galeras in Colombia and Kilauea in Hawaii, have Q-1 factors in the range of 0.1-0.002. The Q(r)(-1) factors due to radiation loss calculated for a sphere filled with a H2O-CO2 or H2O-SO2 gas mixture, vary between 0.0015 and 0.0040 with a change in wt% H2O at 800-1600 K and 10-50 MPa. For gas-rich mixtures, Q(r)(-1) has a strong dependence on resonator geometry (spherical versus rectangular). The spectra from a resonating sphere filled with gas-rich mixture yields values of Q(r)(-1) an order of magnitude smaller than those from a rectangular crack. For a resonating crack filled with an ash-gas mixture (or pseudogas), Q(r)(-1) varies parabolically from similar to0.006 for an ash-rich mixture, to 0.0015 or 0.0023 for a H2O-rich Or CO2-rich mixture at 800 K and 25 MPa. For low (< 20%) gas-volume fraction fluids (foams, bubbly fluids and ash-rich pseudogases), the magnitudes for Q(r)(-1) are independent of crack geometry. Spectra associated with a foam (gas-volume fractions 10-90%) or bubbly basalt (gas-volume fractions < 10%) may have a dominant spectral peak with values of Q(r)(-1) on the order of 0.01 and 0.1, respectively. The spectra from a resonating sphere filled with a foam containing > 20% gas-volume fraction yields values of Q(r)(-1) similar to those for a rectangular crack. As with gas-gas and ash-gas mixtures, an increase in mass fraction narrows the bandwidth of the dominant mode and shifts the spectra to lower frequencies. Including energy losses due to dissipative processes in a bubbly liquid increases attenuation. Attenuation may also be higher in ash-gas mixtures and foams if the effects of momentum and mass transfer between the phases were considered in the calculations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Morrissey, MM (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1-4 BP 265 EP 281 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00290-0 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 470DT UT WOS:000170855700016 ER PT J AU Sutton, AJ Elias, T Gerlach, TM Stokes, JB AF Sutton, AJ Elias, T Gerlach, TM Stokes, JB TI Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulfur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1979-1997 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IAVCEI General Assembly, Symposium 4 on Volcanic Gases CY JAN 19-24, 1997 CL PUERTO VALLARTA, MEXICO DE Kilauea; SO2; degassing; eruption rate; effusion rate; COSPEC ID LONG-PERIOD SEISMICITY; OO-KUPAIANAHA ERUPTION; GALERAS-VOLCANO; MAGMA; SO2; FLUX AB Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, currently hosts the longest running SO2 emission-rate data set on the planet, starting with initial surveys done in 1975 by Stoiber and his colleagues. The 17.5-year record of summit emissions, starting in 1979, shows the effects of summit and east rift eruptive processes, which define seven distinctly different periods of SO, release. Summit emissions jumped nearly 40% with the onset (3 January 1983) of the Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha eruption on the east rift zone (ERZ). Summit SO2 emissions from Kilauea showed a strong positive correlation with short-period, shallow, caldera events, rather than with long-period seismicity as in more silicious systems. This correlation suggests a maturation process in the summit magma-transport system from 1986 through 1993. During a steady-state throughput-equilibrium interval of the summit magma reservoir, integration of summit-caldera and ERZ SO2 emissions reveals an undegassed volume rate of effusion of 2.1 X 10(5) m(3)/d. This value corroborates the volume-rate determined by geophysical methods, demonstrating that, for Kilauea, SO2 emission rates can be used to monitor effusion rate, supporting and supplementing other, more established geophysical methods. For the 17.5 years of continuous emission rate records at Kilauea, the volcano has released 9.7 X 10(6) t (metric tonnes) Of SO2, 1.7 X 10(6) t from the summit and 8.0 X 10(6) t from the east rift zone. On an annual basis, the average SO2 release from Kilauea is 4.6 X 10(5) t/y, compared to the global annual volcanic emission rate of 1.2 X 10(7) t/y. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Sutton, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, POB 51, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 63 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1-4 BP 283 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00291-2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 470DT UT WOS:000170855700017 ER PT J AU Symonds, RB Gerlach, TM Reed, MH AF Symonds, RB Gerlach, TM Reed, MH TI Magmatic gas scrubbing: implications for volcano monitoring SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IAVCEI General Assembly, Symposium 4 on Volcanic Gases CY JAN 19-24, 1997 CL PUERTO VALLARTA, MEXICO DE scrubbing; volcanic emissions; volcanic gases; degassing; monitoring; hydrothermal system; volcano ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; MULTICOMPONENT CHEMICAL-EQUILIBRIA; RUAPEHU CRATER LAKE; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; POAS VOLCANO; NEW-ZEALAND; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; COSTA-RICA; ERUPTION AB Despite the abundance Of SO2(g) in magmatic gases, precursory increases in magmatic SO2(g) are not always observed prior to volcanic eruption, probably because many terrestrial volcanoes contain abundant groundwater or surface water that scrubs magmatic gases until a dry pathway to the atmosphere is established. To better understand scrubbing and its implications for volcano monitoring, we model thermochemically the reaction of magmatic gases with water. First, we inject a 915 degreesC magmatic gas from Merapi volcano into 25 degreesC air-saturated water (ASW) over a wide range of gas/water mass ratios from 0.0002 to 100 and at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa. Then we model closed-system cooling of the magmatic gas, magmatic gas-ASW mixing at 5.0 MPa, runs with varied temperature and composition of the ASW, a case with a wide range of magmatic-gas compositions, and a reaction of a magmatic gas-ASW mixture with rock. The modeling predicts gas and water compositions, and, in one case, alteration assemblages for a wide range of scrubbing conditions; these results can be compared directly with samples from degassing volcanoes. The modeling suggests that CO2(g) is the main species to monitor when scrubbing exists; another candidate is HS(g), but it can be affected by reactions with aqueous ferrous iron. In contrast, scrubbing by water will prevent significant SO2(g) and most HCl(g) emissions until dry pathways are established, except for moderate HCl(g) degassing from pH < 0.5 hydrothermal waters. Furthermore, it appears that scrubbing will prevent much, if any, SO2(g) degassing from long-resident boiling hydrothermal systems. Several processes can also decrease or increase H-2(g) emissions during scrubbing making H-2(g) a poor choice to detect changes in magma degassing. We applied the model results to interpret field observations and emission rate data from four eruptions: (1) Crater Peak on Mount Spurr (1992) where, except for a short post-eruptive period, scrubbing appears to have drastically diminished pre-, inter-, and post-eruptive SO2(g) emissions, but had much less impact on CO2(g) emissions. (2) Mount St. Helens where scrubbing Of SO2(g) was important prior to and three weeks after the 18 May 1980 eruption. Scrubbing was also active during a period of unrest in the summer of 1998. (3) Mount Pinatubo where early drying out prevented SO2(g) scrubbing before the climactic 15 June 1991 eruption. (4) The ongoing eruption at Popocatepetl in an and region of Mexico where there is little evidence of scrubbing. In most eruptive cycles, the impact of scrubbing will be greater during pre- and post-eruptive periods than during the main eruptive and intense passive degassing stages. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the following gases: CO2(g) and H2S(g) in precursory stages; CO2(g), H2S(g), SO2(g), HCl(g), and HF(g) in eruptive and intense passive degassing stages; and CO2(g) and H2S(g) again in the declining stages. CO2(g) is clearly the main candidate for early emission rate monitoring, although significant early increases in the intensity and geographic distribution of H2S(g) emissions should be taken as an important sign of volcanic unrest and a potential precursor. Owing to the difficulty of extracting SO2(g) from hydrothermal waters, the emergence of > 100 t/d (tons per day) of SO2(g) in addition to CO2(g) and H2S(g) should be taken as a criterion of magma intrusion. Finally, the modeling suggests that the interpretation of gas-ratio data requires a case-by-case evaluation since ratio changes can often be produced by several mechanisms; nevertheless, several gas ratios may provide useful indices for monitoring the drying out of gas pathways. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Symonds, RB (reprint author), Drilling Co, Ground Water Res Program, POB 15287, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. NR 102 TC 157 Z9 157 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1-4 BP 303 EP 341 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00292-4 PG 39 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 470DT UT WOS:000170855700018 ER PT J AU Eyles, N Daniels, J Osterman, LE Januszczak, N AF Eyles, N Daniels, J Osterman, LE Januszczak, N TI Ocean Drilling Program Leg 178 (Antarctic Peninsula): sedimentology of glacially influenced continental margin topsets and foresets SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ocean Drilling Program; Antarctic Peninsula; continental margin topsets and foresets; diamictite; deformation till; debris flow ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; DEBRIS FLOWS; SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY; PACIFIC MARGIN; BARENTS-SEA; STREAM-B; SEDIMENTATION; DEPOSITION; CANADA; SLOPE AB Ocean Drilling Program Leg 178 (February-April 1998) drilled two sites (Sites 1097 and 1103) on the outer Antarctic Peninsula Pacific continental shelf. Recovered strata are no older than late Miocene or early Pliocene (<4.6 Ma). Recovery at shallow depths in loosely consolidated and iceberg-turbated bouldery sediment was poor but improved with increasing depth and consolidation to allow description of lithofacies and biofacies and interpretation of depositional environment. Site 1097 lies on the outer shelf within Marguerite Trough which is a major outlet for ice expanding seaward from the Antarctic Peninsula and reached a maximum depth drilled of 436.6 m below the sea floor (mbsf). Seismic stratigraphic data show flat-lying upper strata resting on strata that dip gently seaward. Uppermost strata, to a depth of 150 mbsf, were poorly recovered, but data suggest they consist of diamictites containing reworked and abraded marine microfauna. This interval is interpreted as having been deposited largely as till produced by subglacial cannibalization of marine sediments (deformation till) recording ice sheet expansion across the shelf. Underlying gently dipping strata show massive, stratified and graded diamictite facies with common bioturbation and slump stuctures that are interbedded with laminated and massive mudstones with dropstones. The succession contains a well-preserved in situ marine microfauna typical of open marine and proglacial marine environments. The lower gently dipping succession at Site 1097 is interpreted as a complex of sediment gravity flows formed of poorly sorted glacial debris. Site 1103 was drilled in that part of the continental margin that shows uppermost flat-lying continental shelf topsets overlying steeper dipping slope foresets seaward of a structural mid-shelf high. Drilling reached a depth of 363 mbsf with good recovery in steeply dipping continental slope foreset strata. Foreset strata are dominated by massive and chaotically stratified diamictites interbedded with massive and graded sandstones and mudstones. The sedimentary record and seismic stratigraphy is consistent with deposition on a continental slope from debris flows and turbidity currents released from a glacial source. Data from Sites 1097 and 1103 suggest the importance of aggradation of the Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf by till deposition and progradation of the slope by mass flow. This may provide a model for the interpretation of Palaeozoic and Proterozoic glacial successions that accumulated on glacially influenced continental margins. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Eyles, N (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, 1265 Mil Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. NR 68 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 178 IS 1-4 BP 135 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00184-0 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 470ME UT WOS:000170875100008 ER PT J AU Quackenbush, SL Casey, RN Murcek, RJ Paul, TA Work, TM Limpus, CJ Chaves, A duToit, L Perez, JV Aguirre, AA Spraker, TR Horrocks, JA Vermeer, LA Balazs, GH Casey, JV AF Quackenbush, SL Casey, RN Murcek, RJ Paul, TA Work, TM Limpus, CJ Chaves, A duToit, L Perez, JV Aguirre, AA Spraker, TR Horrocks, JA Vermeer, LA Balazs, GH Casey, JV TI Quantitative analysis of herpesvirus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE herpesvirus; fibropapilloma; real-time PCR; marine turtles ID GREEN TURTLE; CHELONIA-MYDAS; CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS AB Quantitative real-time PCR has been used to measure fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) pol DNA loads in fibropapillomas, fibromas, and uninvolved tissues of green, loggerhead, and olive ridley turtles from Hawaii, Florida, Costa Rica, Australia, Mexico, and the West Indies. The viral DNA loads from tumors obtained from terminal animals were relatively homogenous (range 2-20 copies/cell), whereas DNA copy numbers from biopsied tumors and skin of otherwise healthy turtles displayed a wide variation (range 0.001-170 copies/cell) and may reflect the stage of tumor development. FPTHV DNA loads in tumors were 2.5-4.5 logs higher than in uninvolved skin from the same animal regardless of geographic location, further implying a role for FPTHV in the etiology of fibropapillomatosis. Although FPTHV pol sequences amplified from tumors are highly related to each other, single signature amino acid substitutions distinguish the Australia/Hawaii, Mexico/Costa Rica, and Florida/Caribbean groups. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Vet Med Ctr C5153, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Mol Biosci, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Queensland Parks & Wildlife Serv, Brisbane, Qld 4002, Australia. Inst Nacl Pesca, Ctr Mexicano Tortuga, Puerto Angel, Oaxaca National, Mexico. Wildlife Trust, Prospect Pk, PA 19076 USA. Colorado State Univ, State Vet Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ W Indies, Dept Biol & Chem Sci, Cave Hill, St Michael, Barbados. Bellairs Res Inst, Barbados Sea Turtle Project, St James, Barbados. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Casey, JV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Vet Med Ctr C5153, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU NCI NIH HHS [5T32CA09682] NR 17 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 287 IS 1 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.1023 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 465TT UT WOS:000170606600012 PM 11504546 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Barcelo, D AF Ferrer, I Barcelo, D TI Identification of a new degradation product of the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 in natural samples SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Symposium on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-MS, Capillary Electrophoresis-MS and Tandem Mass Spectrometry CY NOV 08-10, 2000 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND DE water analysis; environmental analysis; Irgarol; antifouling compounds ID COMPOUND IRGAROL-1051; SEAWATER SAMPLES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COASTAL WATERS; BY-PRODUCTS; CONTAMINATION; PAINTS AB A main degradation product of Irgarol [2-(methylthio)-4-(tert-butylamino)-6-(cyclopropylamino)-s-triazine], one of the most widely used compounds in antifouling paints, was detected at trace levels in seawater and sediment samples collected from several marinas on the Mediterranean coast. This degradation product was identified as 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-s-triazine. The unequivocal identification of this compound in seawater samples was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled on-line with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS). SPE was carried out by passing 150 ml of seawater sample through a cartridge containing a polymeric phase (PLRP-s), with recoveries ranging from 92 to 108% (n=5). Using LC-MS detection in positive ion mode, useful structural information was obtained by increasing the fragmentor voltage, thus permitting the unequivocal identification of this compound in natural samples. Method detection limits were in the range of 0.002 to 0.005 mug/l. Overall, the combination of on-line SPE and LC-APCI-MS represents an important advance in environmental analysis of herbicide degradation products in seawater, since it demonstrates that trace amounts of new polar metabolites may be determined rapidly. This paper reports the LC-MS identification of the main degradation product of Irgarol in seawater and sediment samples. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIC, Dept Environm Chem, IIQAB, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. RP Ferrer, I (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 407,Bldg 95, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008; OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851; Barcelo, Damia/0000-0002-8873-0491 NR 14 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 926 IS 1 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01068-8 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 465ZX UT WOS:000170620800022 PM 11554415 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J AF Gomberg, J TI The failure of earthquake failure models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TRIGGERED SEISMICITY; REGIONAL SEISMICITY; LOMA-PRIETA; MARCH 25; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA; LANDERS; STATE; LAW; RUPTURE AB In this study I show that simple heuristic models and numerical calculations suggest that an entire class of commonly invoked models of earthquake failure processes cannot explain triggering of seismicity by transient or "dynamic" stress changes, such as stress changes associated with passing seismic waves. The models of this class have the common feature that the physical property characterizing failure increases at an accelerating, rate when a fault is loaded (stressed) at a constant rate. Examples include models that invoke rate state friction or subcritical crack growth, in which the properties characterizing failure are slip or crack length, respectively. Failure occurs when the rate at which these grow accelerates to values exceeding some critical threshold. These accelerating failure models do not predict the finite durations of dynamically triggered earthquake sequences (e.g., at aftershock or remote distances). Some of the failure models belonging to this class have been used to explain static stress triggering of aftershocks. This may imply that the physical processes underlying dynamic triggering differs or that currently applied models of static triggering require modification. If the former is the case, we might appeal to physical mechanisms relying on oscillatory deformations such as compaction of saturated fault gouge leading to pore pressure increase, or cyclic fatigue. However, if dynamic and static triggering mechanisms differ, one still needs to ask why static triggering models that neglect these dynamic mechanisms appear to explain many observations. If the static and dynamic triggering mechanisms are the same, perhaps assumptions about accelerating failure and/or that triggering advances the failure times of a population of inevitable earthquakes are incorrect. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave,Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM gomberg@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B8 BP 16253 EP 16263 DI 10.1029/2000JB000003 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 461LF UT WOS:000170365200015 ER PT J AU Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD AF Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD TI Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID TERRESTRIAL HEAT-FLOW; EPISODIC CONTINENTAL GROWTH; SOUTHERN INDIAN SHIELD; TRANS-HUDSON OROGEN; CANADIAN SHIELD; SEISMIC VELOCITY; BALTIC SHIELD; UPPER-MANTLE; EUROPEAN GEOTRAVERSE; SUPERIOR PROVINCE AB The thermal thickness of Precambrian lithosphere is modeled and compared with estimates from seismic tomography and xenolith data. We use the steady state thermal conductivity equation with the same geothermal constraints for all of the Precambrian cratons (except Antarctica) to calculate the temperature distribution in the stable continental lithosphere. The modeling is based on the global compilation of heat flow data by Pollack ct al. [1993] and more recent data. The depth distribution of heat-producing elements is estimated using regional models for similar to 300 blocks with sizes varying from 1 degrees X 1 degrees to about 5 degrees X 5 degrees in latitude and longitude and is constrained by laboratory, seismic and petrologic data and, where applicable, empirical heat flow/heat production relationships. Maps of the lateral temperature distribution at depths 50, 100, and 150 km are presented for all continents except Antarctica. The thermal thickness of the lithosphere is calculated assuming a conductive layer overlying the mantle with an adiabat of 1300 degreesC. The Archean and early Proterozoic lithosphere is found to have two typical thicknesses, 200-220 km and 300-350 km. In general, thin (similar to 220 km) roots are found for Archean and early Proterozoic cratons in the Southern Hemisphere (South Africa, Western Australia, South America, and India) and thicker (> 300 km) roots are found in the Northern Hemisphere (Baltic Shield, Siberian Platform, West Africa, and possibly the Canadian Shield). We find that the thickness of continental lithosphere generally decreases with age from > 200 km beneath Archean cratons to intermediate values of 200 +/- 50 km in early Proterozoic lithosphere, to about 140 +/- 50 km in middle and late Proterozoic cratons. Using known crustal thickness, our calculated geotherms, and assuming that isostatic balance is achieved at the base of the lithosphere, we find that Archean and early Proterozoic mantle lithosphere is 1.5% less dense (chemically depleted) than the underlying asthenosphere, while middle and late Proterozoic subcrustal lithosphere should be depleted by similar to0.6-0.7%. Our results suggest three contrasting stages of lithosphere formation at the following ages: >2.5 Ga, 2.5-1.8 Ga, and <1.8 Ga. Ages of komatiites, greenstone belts, and giant dike swarms broadly define similar stages and apparently reflect secular changes in mantle temperature and, possibly, convection patterns. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Artemieva, IM (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Villavagen 16, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. EM iartem@geofys.uu.se; mooney@usgs.gov RI Artemieva, Irina/C-2106-2013 OI Artemieva, Irina/0000-0002-3207-2901 NR 191 TC 412 Z9 442 U1 5 U2 59 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B8 BP 16387 EP 16414 DI 10.1029/2000JB900439 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 461LF UT WOS:000170365200023 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH TI Strain accumulation near Yucca Mountain, Nevada, 1993-1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION AB A 50-km aperture geodetic network centered on the proposed high-level radioactive waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, was surveyed with GPS in 1993 and 1998. The average deformation rate across the area is described by the principal strain rates 22.8 +/-8.8 nstrain yr(-1) N77.6 degreesW +/- 13.5 degrees and -8.8 +/- 11.9 nstrain yr(-1) N12.5 degreesE +/- 13.5 degrees (extension reckoned positive) and a clockwise rotation rate about a vertical axis of 9.6 +/-7.4 nrad yr(-1) relative to fixed North America. Quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. Those strain rates are consistent with the geodetic strain rates (2 +/- 12 nstrain yr(-1) N87 degrees +/- 12 degreesW and -22 +/- 12 nstrain yr(-1) N03 degrees +/- 12 degreesE) previously reported by Savage et al. [1999] for the 1983-1998 interval and with the low extension rate (5-20 nstrain yr(-1)) [Marrett et al., 1998] inferred from the geologic record. None of those strain rates is consistent with the 50 +/-9 nstrain yr(-1) N65 degreesW extension rate for the area reported by Wernicke et al. [1998]. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jasavage@usgs.gov NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B8 BP 16483 EP 16488 DI 10.1029/2001JB000156 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 461LF UT WOS:000170365200027 ER PT J AU Roeloffs, EA AF Roeloffs, EA TI Creep rate changes at Parkfield, California 1966-1999: Seasonal, precipitation induced, and tectonic SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; SLIP; STRAIN; DEFORMATION AB Measured fault creep at Parkfield contains information about the slip rate on the San Andreas fault but also is affected by rainfall and other seasonal effects. Seven creep meters record a repeatable seasonal variation that can be removed from the data. Four of the creep meters exhibit surges in creep rate during the rainy season. For these instruments a function of rainfall is developed that crosses a threshold within a few days of the onset of accelerated creep. In addition to the seasonal variations and surges, most Parkfield creep meters record higher creep rates more frequently during the wet season than during the dry season. Characterizing this behavior makes it possible to distinguish between rainfall-influenced creep and creep rate changes of tectonic origin. Accelerated creep beginning in January 1983 was probably induced by rainfall, rather than by tectonic sources related to the Coalinga earthquake in May 1983. Four creep meters in the central part of the Parkfield fault segment are recording higher creep rates since 1993. A strong case can be made that the increased creep rate at CRR1 is tectonic, but for the other three creep meters an influence of rainfall is difficult to rule out. Strain rate changes recorded on three-component borehole strain meters suggest that the rate of subsurface creep to the northwest of these instruments is even greater. The 1993 creep rate increase is more abrupt and farther south than the expected signal from accelerating slip near the hypocenter of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake but is in the same location as rapid fault slip reported prior to that event. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Roeloffs, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM evelynr@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B8 BP 16525 EP 16547 DI 10.1029/2001JB000352 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 461LF UT WOS:000170365200031 ER PT J AU Ruble, TE Lewan, MD Philp, RP AF Ruble, TE Lewan, MD Philp, RP TI New insights on the Green River petroleum system in the Uinta basin from hydrous pyrolysis experiments SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID PLAYA-LAKE COMPLEX; OIL-SHALE; KINETIC-PARAMETERS; GENERATION; KEROGEN; MODEL; UTAH; CONSTITUENTS; PRESSURE; WATER AB The Tertiary Green River petroleum system in the Uinta basin generated about 500 million bbl of recoverable, high pour-point, paraffinic crude oil from lacustrine source rocks. A prolific complex of marginal and open-lacustrine source rocks, dominated by carbonate oil shales containing up to 60 wt. % type I kerogen, occur within distinct stratigraphic units in the basin. Petroleum generation is interpreted to originate from source pods in the basal Green River Formation buried to depths greater than 3000 m along the steeply dipping northern margin of the basin. Producing fields in the Altamont-Bluebell trend have elevated pore-fluid pressures approaching 80% of lithostatic pressure and are completed in strata where open fractures provide permeability. Active hydrocarbon generation is one explanation for the origin of the overpressured reservoirs. In this study, experiments were undertaken to examine the mechanisms of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the Uinta basin. We combined analyses of representative source rocks from the entire Green River stratigraphic section with detailed laboratory simulation experiments using both open- and closed-system pyrolysis. This information provides new insights on lacustrine source rock lithofacies, gas-oil-source rock correlations, hydrocarbon generation kinetics, and basin modeling. The results show that the basal Green River Formation contains a unique type I source facies responsible for generation of paraffinic crude oils. The classic type I oil shales in the upper Green River Formation correlate well with low-maturity aromatic-asphaltic samples. We determined kinetic parameters for the source rocks and used them to develop basin models for hydrocarbon generation. The models show that hydrous pyrolysis kinetic parameters are more consistent with the natural data in terms of predicted timing and extent of oil generation as compared to models using Rock-Eval kinetics. C1 CSIRO, Div Petr Resources, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Ruble, TE (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Petr Resources, Box 136, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. NR 109 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 1333 EP 1371 PG 39 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 472QL UT WOS:000170996400001 ER PT J AU Piper, DJW Normark, WR AF Piper, DJW Normark, WR TI Sandy fans - from Amazon to Hueneme and beyond SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID DEEP-SEA FAN; CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND; SANTA-MONICA BASIN; LATE QUATERNARY; TURBIDITY CURRENTS; SUBMARINE FAN; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; GROWTH-PATTERNS; FACIES ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES AB Most submarine fans are supplied with both sand and mud, but these become segregated during transport, typically with the sand becoming concentrated in channels and channel-termination lobes. New data from high-resolution seismic reflection surveys and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)/Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) wells from a variety of fans allow a synthesis of the architecture of those submarine fans that have important sand deposits. By analyzing architectural elements, we can better understand issues important for petroleum geology, such as the reservoir properties of the sand bodies and their lateral continuity and vertical connectivity. Our analysis of fan architecture is based principally on the Amazon and Hueneme fans, generally perceived to be classic examples of muddy and sandy systems, respectively. We recognize depositional elements, for example, channel deposits, levees, and lobes, from seismic reflection data and document sediment character in different elements from DSDP/ODP drill cores. We show the utility for petroleum geology of evaluating sandy and muddy elements rather than characterizing entire fans as sand rich or mud rich. We suggest that fan classification should include evaluation of source-sediment volumes and grain size, as well as the probable processes of turbidity-current initiation, because these factors control the character of fan elements and their response to changes in sea level, sediment supply, and autocyclic changes in channel pattern. Basin morphology, controlled by tectonics, influences overall geometry, as well as the balance between aggradation and progradation. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Piper, DJW (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. NR 116 TC 135 Z9 139 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 85 IS 8 BP 1407 EP 1438 PG 32 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 472QL UT WOS:000170996400003 ER PT J AU Aiken, G Kaplan, LA Weishaar, J AF Aiken, G Kaplan, LA Weishaar, J TI Assessment of analytical accuracy in the determination of organic matter concentrations in aquatic systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Stroud Water Res Ctr, Avondale, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 191-ENVR BP U449 EP U450 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002312 ER PT J AU Aiken, G Waples, J Nagy, KL Ryan, J Ravichandran, M AF Aiken, G Waples, J Nagy, KL Ryan, J Ravichandran, M TI Dissolution of cinnabar by dissolved organic matter. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geosci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 42-ENVR BP U425 EP U425 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002163 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, BA Fram, MS Fujii, R Aiken, GR Kendall, C Silva, SR AF Bergamaschi, BA Fram, MS Fujii, R Aiken, GR Kendall, C Silva, SR TI Recent progress on using the delta C-13 composition of trihalomethanes formed during chlorination to understand their provenance within the organic matter pool. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, USGS, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 12-GEOC BP U486 EP U486 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002490 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, BA Fram, MS AF Bergamaschi, BA Fram, MS TI Trihalomethane formation rates of dissolved organic carbon from different carbon sources within a watershed. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 201-ENVR BP U451 EP U451 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002322 ER PT J AU Bradley, PA Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE AF Bradley, PA Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE TI Potential contribution of microbial degradation to natural attenuation of MTBE in surface water systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 11-ENVR BP U420 EP U420 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002132 ER PT J AU Fram, MS Bergamaschi, BA Kendall, C Silva, SR Aiken, GR Fuji, R AF Fram, MS Bergamaschi, BA Kendall, C Silva, SR Aiken, GR Fuji, R TI Modeling changes in the carbon isotopic composition of trihalomethane formed during chlorination of dissolved humic material. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 200-ENVR BP U451 EP U451 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002321 ER PT J AU Fuller, CC Bargar, JR AF Fuller, CC Bargar, JR TI Characterization of uranium sorption by apatite in a permeable reactive barrier. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 41-GEOC BP U491 EP U491 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002519 ER PT J AU Haitzer, M Aiken, G AF Haitzer, M Aiken, G TI Binding of mercury(II) to aquatic humic substances: Determination of conditional distribution coefficients by an equilibrium dialysis ligand exchange method. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 49-ENVR BP U426 EP U426 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002170 ER PT J AU Holmes, CW Robbins, JA Reddy, KA AF Holmes, CW Robbins, JA Reddy, KA TI Influence of phosphorus on the timing and rate of cattail growth in the northern Florida Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33710 USA. Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 97-AGRO BP U68 EP U68 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000255 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Shaw, S Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE AF Kim, CS Shaw, S Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE TI Mercury(II) sorption to natural and synthetic (hydr)oxides: Effects of pH, chloride, and sulfate. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RI Shaw, Sam/D-6869-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 44-ENVR BP U425 EP U426 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002165 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM AF Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM TI Biodegradation of MTBE by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under artificial oxic conditions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 13-ENVR BP U420 EP U421 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002134 ER PT J AU Rebich, RA AF Rebich, RA TI Runoff flow monitoring and analysis in the Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area project: 1996-2000. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 118-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000276 ER PT J AU Reddy, MM Aiken, GR AF Reddy, MM Aiken, GR TI Fulvic acid-sulfide ion competition for mercury ion binding in the Florida Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 50-ENVR BP U426 EP U427 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002171 ER PT J AU Stahl, RS Custer, TW Pochop, PA Johnston, JJ AF Stahl, RS Custer, TW Pochop, PA Johnston, JJ TI Quantifying the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in bird tissues with a deuterated surrogate/GC/MS method. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. APHIS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 34-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000192 ER PT J AU Weishaar, J Aiken, G Fram, MS Bergamaschi, BA Fujii, R AF Weishaar, J Aiken, G Fram, MS Bergamaschi, BA Fujii, R TI Evaluation of specific UV absorbance as an indicator of the chemical content of dissolved organic carbon. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Calif State Univ, US Geol Survey, Placer Hall, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 199-ENVR BP U451 EP U451 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002320 ER PT J AU Mussler, BH Gutmann, B Chalup, A Plunkert, PA Cunningham, LD Rudolph, S Alt, C Bunt, N Parr, C Virta, RL Potter, MJ Kramer, DA Holroyd, B Karr, C Rieger, KC Hedrick, JB Bolen, WP Burns, L Lathrop, D Johnson, RL Perl, AS Russo, FP Partis, DA AF Mussler, BH Gutmann, B Chalup, A Plunkert, PA Cunningham, LD Rudolph, S Alt, C Bunt, N Parr, C Virta, RL Potter, MJ Kramer, DA Holroyd, B Karr, C Rieger, KC Hedrick, JB Bolen, WP Burns, L Lathrop, D Johnson, RL Perl, AS Russo, FP Partis, DA TI Alumina to zirconia SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 80 IS 8 BP 49 EP + PG 60 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 460RW UT WOS:000170323200003 ER PT J AU Plant, J Smith, D Smith, B Williams, L AF Plant, J Smith, D Smith, B Williams, L TI Environmental geochemistry at the global scale SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Asia Pacific Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry CY DEC 02-04, 1998 CL HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Hong Kong Polytechn Univ ID ARSENIC BIOAVAILABILITY; GEOLOGICAL-SURVEYS; ALUMINUM; LEAD AB Land degradation and pollution caused by population pressure and economic development pose a threat to the sustainability of the earth's surface, especially in tropical regions where a long history of chemical weathering has made the surface environment particularly Fragile. Systematic baseline geochemical data provide a means of monitoring the state of the environment and identifying problem areas. Regional surveys have already been carried out in some countries, and with increased national and international funding they can be extended to cover the rest of the land surface of the globe. Preparations have been made. under the auspices of the International Union of Geological Surveys (IUGS) and the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC) for the establishment of just such an integrated global database. (C) 2001 NERC. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Plant, J (reprint author), British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. NR 67 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 1291 EP 1308 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00036-1 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 441LN UT WOS:000169232000002 ER PT J AU Ding, ZH Zheng, BS Long, JP Belkin, HE Finkelman, RB Chen, CG Zhou, DX Zhou, YS AF Ding, ZH Zheng, BS Long, JP Belkin, HE Finkelman, RB Chen, CG Zhou, DX Zhou, YS TI Geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern Guizhou Province, China SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Asia Pacific Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry CY DEC 02-04, 1998 CL HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Hong Kong Polytechn Univ ID GOLD DEPOSITS; MODE AB Southwest Guizhou Province is one of the most important areas of disseminated. sediment-hosted-type Au deposits in China and is an important area of coal production. The chemistry of most of the coals in SW Guizhou is similar to those in other parts of China. Their As content is near the Chinese coal average. but some local. small coal mines contain high As coals. The highest As content is up to 3.5 wt.% in the coal. The use of high As coals has caused in excess of 3000 cases of As poisoning in several villages. The high As coals are in the Longtan formation, which is an alternating marine facies and terrestrial facies. The coals are distributed on both sides of faults that parallel the regional anticlinal axis. The As content of coal is higher closer to the fault plane. The As content of coal changes greatly in different coal beds and different locations of the same bed. Geological structures such as anticlines. faults and sedimentary strata control the distribution of high As coals. Small Au deposits as weil as Sb. Hg, and Th mineralization, are found near the high As coals. Although some As-bearing. minerals such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, realgar (?), As-bearing sulfate, As-bearing clays, and phosphate are found in the high As coals, their contents cannot account for the abundance of As in some coals. Analysis of the coal indicates that As mainly exists in the form of As5+ + and As3+, perhaps, combined with organic compounds. The occurrence of such exceptionally high As contents in coal and the fact that the As is dominantly organically associated are unique observations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Environm Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ding, ZH (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Environm Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 33 TC 92 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 1353 EP 1360 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00049-X PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 441LN UT WOS:000169232000007 ER PT J AU Sievering, H Kelly, T McConville, G Seibold, C Turnipseed, A AF Sievering, H Kelly, T McConville, G Seibold, C Turnipseed, A TI Nitric acid dry deposition to conifer forests: Niwot Ridge spruce-fir-pine study SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE nitric acid; dry deposition; conifer forests; spruce; fir; pine ID PARTICULATE NITRATE; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; HNO3; TROPOSPHERE; VEGETATION; RESISTANCE; COLORADO; SURFACES AB The dry deposition velocity of nitric acid, V-d(HNO3), over a 12-m (mean height) spruce-fir forest at Niwot Ridge, Colorado was estimated during 13 daytime periods using the flux-gradient approach. Turbulence intensity at this site is high (mean u* of 0.65 m s(-1) with u of 2.9 m s(-1)) and contributed to the large observed V-d(HNO3). The overriding contributor is identified to be the small aerodynamic needle width of the conifer trees. Two cases had inflated V-d(HNO3) due to height-differentiated nitric acid loss to soil-derived particle surfaces. Not considering these cases, the mean V-d(HNO3) was 7.6 cm s(-1). The mean laminar boundary layer resistance (R-b) was found to be 7.8 s m(-1) (of similar magnitude to that of the aerodynamic resistance, 8.5 s m(-1)). The data-determined R-b is bracketed by two theoretical estimates of the mean R-b, 5.9 and 8.6 s m(-1), that include consideration of the small canopy length scale (aerodynamic needle width), 1 mm. or less, at this conifer forest. However, the poor correlation of data-determined R-b values with both sets of theoretical estimates indicates that measurement error needs to be reduced and/or improved formulations of theoretical R-b values are in order. The large observed V-d(HNO3) at this conifer forest site is attributed to high turbulence intensity, and, especially, to small aerodynamic needle width. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Denver, CO 80217 USA. US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Mt Res Stn, Niwot Ridge, CO USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Niwot Ridge, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sievering, H (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, CB 172,POB 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA. NR 45 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 35 IS 22 BP 3851 EP 3859 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00156-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 462TQ UT WOS:000170436200011 ER PT J AU Turk, JT Taylor, HE Ingersoll, GP Tonnessen, KA Clow, DW Mast, MA Campbell, DH Melack, JM AF Turk, JT Taylor, HE Ingersoll, GP Tonnessen, KA Clow, DW Mast, MA Campbell, DH Melack, JM TI Major-ion chemistry of the Rocky Mountain snowpack, USA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE snowpack chemistry; national atmospheric deposition program; Rocky Mountains; acid deposition; sulfate; nitrate; calcium; wyoming; Colorado; Montana; New Mexico ID COLORADO AB During 1993-97, samples of the full depth of the Rocky Mountain snowpack were collected at 52 sites from northern New Mexico to Montana and analyzed for major-ion concentrations. Concentrations of acidity, sulfate, nitrate, and calcium increased from north to south along the mountain range. In the northern part of the study area, acidity was most correlated (negatively) with calcium. Acidity was strongly correlated (positively) with nitrate and sulfate in the southern part and for the entire network. Acidity in the south exceeded the maximum acidity measured in snowpack of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains. Principal component analysis indicates three solute associations we characterize as: (1) acid (acidity, sulfate, and nitrate), (2) soil (calcium, magnesium, and potassium), and (3) salt (sodium, chloride, and ammonium). Concentrations of acid solutes in the snowpack are similar to concentrations in nearby wetfall collectors, whereas, concentrations of soil solutes are much higher in the snowpack than in wetfall. Thus, dryfall of acid solutes during the snow season is negligible, as is gypsum from soils. Snowpack sampling offers a cost-effective complement to sampling of wetfall in areas where wetfall is difficult to sample and where the snowpack accumulates throughout the winter. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80003 USA. Univ Montana, Natl Pk Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Ingersoll, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 11 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 35 IS 23 BP 3957 EP 3966 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00189-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 462TZ UT WOS:000170437000005 ER PT J AU Scott, JM Murray, M Wright, RG Csuti, B Morgan, P Pressey, RL AF Scott, JM Murray, M Wright, RG Csuti, B Morgan, P Pressey, RL TI Representation of natural vegetation in protected areas: capturing the geographic range SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conservation strategies; reserve selection ID CONSERVATION; IDAHO AB Current conservation strategies for plant and animal species rarely address the need to protect the species throughout its geographic range thereby capturing potential genetic and ecological variation. We examined the degree that existing protected areas in the western United States satisfied this goal for four widespread vegetation cover types. We used latitude and longitude to stratify the distribution of these types into 16 cells, each of which was further stratified by up to five elevation classes. While protection of some vegetation types was high in parts of their range, it was minimal to nonexistent in other parts. While it is yet to be shown that protecting a given species throughout its geographic range is essential for its long-term existence, in the face of often unpredictable environmental changes, it seems a prudent course to follow. Our results suggest that if full range protection is a conservation goal, the existing network of protected areas may be inadequate for the task. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. New S Wales Natl Parks & Wildlife Serv, Armidale, NSW, Australia. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RI Pressey, Bob/C-8370-2013 OI Pressey, Bob/0000-0003-2740-0330 NR 20 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 10 IS 8 BP 1297 EP 1301 DI 10.1023/A:1016647726583 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457WM UT WOS:000170159900005 ER PT J AU Xie, Y Li, ZY Gregg, WP Dianmo, L AF Xie, Y Li, ZY Gregg, WP Dianmo, L TI Invasive species in China - an overview SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE China; fresh water fisheries; introduction; invasive species; lawn grasses AB China is a vast country with rich biodiversity, which makes China especially vulnerable to invasive species. It has a long history of introduction of non-native species, especially those with perceived beneficial impacts. Its rapid economic development, including an explosive growth in international trade and transportation, has increased the potential for new introductions. Currently, alien species are widespread in the country, occur in many ecosystems, represent most major taxonomic groups, and are introduced unintentionally as well as intentionally for cultivation. The paper lists various cases of invasive species which have caused significant threats or damages to local natural or artificial ecosystems, and indicates that two example industries (fresh water fisheries and lawn grasses) have brought or tend to bring in many invasive species and hence have caused or will cause changes and loss of biodiversity in local ecosystems. Based on these studies, it is suggested that China combat the problem through enhancing awareness, development of a database on invasive species, strengthening international co-operation, preparing case studies and introducing the necessary legislation, regulations and monitoring. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Systemat & Evolutionary Bot, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Xie, Y (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, 19 Zhongguancun Lu, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NR 75 TC 109 Z9 159 U1 6 U2 42 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 10 IS 8 BP 1317 EP 1341 PG 25 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457WM UT WOS:000170159900007 ER PT J AU Simonson, SE Opler, PA Stohlgren, TJ Chong, GW AF Simonson, SE Opler, PA Stohlgren, TJ Chong, GW TI Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE butterflies; exotic species invasions; landscape-scale diversity assessment; plant-butterfly relations; quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) ID MOUNTAIN NATIONAL-PARK; SPECIES RICHNESS; PLANT DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; RANGE; ASSEMBLAGES; LEPIDOPTERA; COMMUNITIES; REPRODUCTION; DISTURBANCE AB We present the results of a rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in the 754 ha Beaver Meadows study area in Rocky Mountain National Park, Larimer County, Colorado. We measured butterfly species richness and relative abundance as part of a landscape-scale investigation of diversity patterns involving several groups of organisms. A stratified random sampling design was used to include replication in both rare and common vegetation types. We recorded 49 butterfly species from the twenty-four 0.1 ha plots that were sampled four times during June, July, and August 1996. Butterfly species richness, diversity, and uniqueness were highest in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) groves and wet meadows, which occupy only a small proportion of the studied landscape. This result supports the suggestion that aspen areas represent 'hotspots' of biological diversity in this montane landscape. Patterns of butterfly species richness were positively correlated with total vascular plant species richness (r = 0.69; P < 0.001), and native plant species richness (r = 0.64; P < 0.001). However, exotic plant species richness (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) and the cover of exotic plant species (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) were the best predictors of butterfly species richness. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept bioagr Sci & Pest Management Entomol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Simonson, SE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 66 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 10 IS 8 BP 1369 EP 1386 DI 10.1023/A:1016663931882 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457WM UT WOS:000170159900009 ER EF