FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Shealer, DA Spendelow, JA AF Shealer, DA Spendelow, JA TI Individual foraging strategies of kleptoparasitic Roseate Terns SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE data pooling; Falkner Island; foraging behavior; food theft; kleptoparasitism; parental care; Roseate Tern; Sterna dougallii ID GULL LARUS-AUDOUINII; HOST SELECTION; KELP GULLS; GREAT FRIGATEBIRD; LAUGHING GULLS; BROWN PELICANS; SEX-RATIO; SUCCESS; BEHAVIOR; PREDATION AB We describe the kleptoparasitic behavior of ten adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougathi) breeding at a colony at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA between 1995 and 1998. These birds were considered habitual kleptoparasites because they stole fish repeatedly from other terns in every year they were observed at the site. No other breeding individuals were observed attempting to steal fish during our study. Kleptoparasitic techniques included aerial piracy, ground-based attacks, and deceptive behavior, but with one exception, each individual used one method exclusively. Success varied among individuals, but overall, kleptoparasites obtained prey at a significantly higher rate than did "honest" foragers. Eight of the ten kleptoparasites were females, suggesting a sex-biased tendency in Roseate Terns to engage in this behavior. Our observations indicate that kleptoparasitism by Roseate Terns is a specialized behavior, used regularly by only a few individuals at this breeding colony. This conclusion is consistent with a recent theoretical prediction regarding kleptoparasitism in birds. C1 Loras Coll, Dept Biol, Dubuque, IA 52004 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Shealer, DA (reprint author), Loras Coll, Dept Biol, Dubuque, IA 52004 USA. EM dshealer@loras.edu NR 31 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 9 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 EI 1938-5390 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 436 EP 441 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0436:IFSOKR]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 620LW UT WOS:000179535700007 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Evers, DC Douglas, DC Hines, J AF Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Evers, DC Douglas, DC Hines, J TI Use of satellite telemetry to identify Common Loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Common Loon; Gavia immer; migration; movements; platform terminal transmitter; PTT; radiomark; satellite telemetry; wintering ID SPECTACLED EIDERS; UNITED-STATES; AT-SEA; TRANSMITTERS AB We developed a satellite transmitter attachment technique for adult Common Loons (Gavia immer) that would help in identifying important migration routes, staging areas, and the location of wintering grounds of birds that breed in the north central United States. During the autumn and winter of 1998, the migration of six adult loons that were radio marked in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota was monitored. The results of this work offer insight into autumn movement patterns of Common Loons. Timing of autumn staging and migration to wintering grounds appeared to be related to low pressure systems that delivered winter weather to the Upper Midwest. Most of the radiomarked birds staged on the Great Lakes and then followed one of two distinct migration routes to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. Several of the birds used lakes and reservoirs in the southeastern United States during migration. This study provides a basis for more extensive studies of Common Loon migration. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. BioDivers Res Inst, Falmouth, ME 04105 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Eveleth, MN 55734 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 23 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 28 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 449 EP 458 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0449:UOSTTI]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 620LW UT WOS:000179535700009 ER PT J AU Austin, JE AF Austin, JE TI Responses of dabbling ducks to wetland conditions in the Prairie Pothole region SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; Anas clypeata; Anas discors; Anas platyrhynchos; Blue-winged Teal; Mallard; Northern Pintail; Northern Shoveler; Prairie Pothole Region; scale; breeding waterfowl population; wetlands ID SASKATCHEWAN; POPULATIONS AB The relationships between wetland water conditions and breeding numbers of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern Pintail (A. acuta), Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), and Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata) during May of 1992-1995, were examined on twelve study areas in the eastern Prairie Pothole Region. Data were collected on water levels (by wetland class [temporary, seasonal, semipermanent]), pond density (density of wet basins), and numbers of indicated pairs for each species from weekly roadside transect surveys. Comparison of models relating duck numbers to wetlands using Akaike's Information Criterion indicated that measures of water condition generally were of similar value for explaining duck numbers. The model containing effects of semipermanent wetland water levels was among the best in explaining duck numbers for all species. Inclusion of temporary and seasonal wetland water levels in models for Mallard and Northern Pintail was not strongly supported by the data. Variation in duck numbers was much higher among areas than among years. Water conditions accounted for nearly all among-year variation for individual sites, but a large proportion of residual variation remained unexplained. Water condition measures (excluding spatial and temporal factors) explained 9-49% of variation in duck numbers, leaving 51-91% unexplained. Comparisons of these results to those of studies conducted at local or regional scale indicated that the relationship between duck numbers and pond numbers varied with scale, and suggested that other area-related factors should be considered at smaller landscape scales. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Austin, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 465 EP 473 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0465:RODDTW]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 620LW UT WOS:000179535700012 ER PT J AU Clausnitzer, D Huddleston, JH AF Clausnitzer, D Huddleston, JH TI Wetland determination of a southeast Oregon vernal pool and management implications SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE wetland delineation; wetlands; hydrophytic vegetation; hydric soils; wetland hydrology; disturbed wetlands ID VEGETATION AB Numerous landscape depressions on the High Lava Plain of southeast Oregon, USA are ponded in most years, but their wetland status has not been examined closely. We applied the standard wetland criteria (hydrology, soils, and vegetation) to one such pool to evaluate whether the pool meets federal criteria as a jurisdictional wetland. Welland hydrology was determined to be present based on data from piezometer and ponding observations. Soils were determined to be hydri based on hydrology, soil temperature, and redox potentials. Vegetation met wetland criteria according to the 50/20 rule. Vegetation was similar to that of California Northern Basalt Flow vernal pools. Oregon pools are locally called "upland playas," but they fit the definition of vernal pools. Many southeast Oregon vernal pools are dug out as waterholes for livestock, increasing ponding depth and duration. Increased water availability can alter biological communities within pools and on surrounding semi-arid uplands. Effects due to grazing and excrement inputs have not yet been investigated. Vernal pools constitute distinct habitat sites within semi-arid landscapes and, therefore, probably play an important, and so far poorly understood, ecological role on the southeast Oregon steppe. C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Clausnitzer, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 677 EP 685 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0677:WDOASO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 632YU UT WOS:000180253100005 ER PT J AU Marburger, JE Johnson, WE Gross, TS Douglas, DR Di, J AF Marburger, JE Johnson, WE Gross, TS Douglas, DR Di, J TI Residual organochlorine pesticides in soils and fish from wetland restoration areas in central Florida, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; Florida; fish; flooded farmland; organochlorine pesticides; soils; wetland restoration ID GREAT-LAKES; TOXAPHENE; DDT; TOXICITY; SEDIMENT; TROUT AB Four wetland restoration sites in the Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area located in central Florida, USA were flooded between 1992 and 1994. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission stocked largemouth bass in the flooded areas from 1992 to 1996. In 1996, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in flooded soils and in black crappie, brown bullhead catfish, and largemouth bass from the four sites. Areas 5 and 7 had the highest concentrations of total residual OCPs in the flooded soils, including dieldrin (385 +/- 241 mug/kg), sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE (7,173 +/- 1,710 mug/kg), and toxaphene (39,444 11,284 mug/kg). Sum of chlordane residuals was highest in area 5 (1,766 +/- 1,037 mug/kg). ANOVA indicated significant differences in location and fish muscle tissue concentrations for chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and dieldrin. Fish from areas 5 and 7 had the greatest concentrations of chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and dieldrin, which corresponded to the higher soil concentrations in these two areas. OCPs in muscle tissue were below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration action limits for human consumption. For three-year-old bass collected from Area 5, mean concentrations of chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and dieldrin were 15-17 times higher in ovary tissue and 76-80 times higher in fat tissue compared with muscle tissue. Mean toxaphene levels in bass ovary and fat tissues were 9 and 39 times higher, respectively, than in muscle tissues. Tissue OCP concentrations were consistent,with site OCPs, regardless of fish species. C1 St Johns River Water Management Dist, Div Environm Sci, Dept Water Resources, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Eustis, FL 32727 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol Program, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Marburger, JE (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Div Resource Management, Indiana Dunes Natl Lakeshore, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 705 EP 711 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0705:ROPISA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 632YU UT WOS:000180253100008 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Scalf, JD Jamison, BE Lutz, RS AF Cox, RR Scalf, JD Jamison, BE Lutz, RS TI Using an electronic compass to determine telemetry azimuths SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE azimuth; efficiency; electronic compass; precision; radiotelemetry ID HABITAT AB Researchers typically collect azimuths from known locations to estimate locations of radiomarked animals. Mobile, vehicle-mounted telemetry receiving systems frequently are used to gather azimuth data. Use of mobile systems typically involves estimating the vehicle's orientation to grid north (vehicle azimuth), recording an azimuth to the transmitter relative to the vehicle azimuth from a fixed rosette around the antenna mast (relative azimuth), and subsequently calculating an azimuth to the transmitter (animal azimuth). We incorporated electronic compasses into standard null-peak antenna systems by mounting the compass sensors atop the antenna masts and evaluated the precision of this configuration. This system increased efficiency by eliminating vehicle orientation and calculations to determine animal azimuths and produced estimates of precision (azimuth SD=2.6degrees, SE=0.16degrees) similar to systems that required orienting the mobile system to grid north. Using an electronic compass increased efficiency without sacrificing precision and should produce more accurate estimates of locations when marked animals are moving or when vehicle orientation is problematic. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cox, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1039 EP 1043 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900007 ER PT J AU Bender, L Fowler, PE Bernatouwicz, JA Masser, JL Stream, LE AF Bender, L Fowler, PE Bernatouwicz, JA Masser, JL Stream, LE TI Effects of open-entry spike-bull, limited-entry branched-bull harvesting on elk composition in Washington SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus; composition ratios; elk; harvest; Washington AB The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife implemented an open-entry spike-bull, limited-entry branched-bull elk (Cervus elaphus) harvest stratugy in the Blue Mountains (1989), Yakima (1994), and Colockum (1994) herd areas of Washington state with goals of increasing numbers of adult bulls to increase breeding efficiency and possibly calf recruitment. Numbers of total bulls/100 cows ((x) over bar = 5.4) and branched bulls/100 cows ((x) over bar= 5.3) increased with the change in harvest strategy, while yearling bulls/100 cows remained unchanged; calves/100 cows declined ((x) over bar=-8.6). Calves/100 cows were always negatively correlated with both total bulls/100 cows and branched bulls/100 COWS in each area; correlations were significant in 5 of 9 comparisons with total-bull ratios and 5 of 9 comparisons with branched-bull ratios. Open-entry spike-bull, limited-entry branched-bull harvesting can be used to increase total-bull and branched-bulls ratios in hunted elk populations. However, the increased ratios of bulls and branched bulls were unimportant in influencing calf recruitment, likely because of the importance of female condition on production and survival of young. C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Cle Elum, WA 98922 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Yakima, WA 98902 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Bender, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 30003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1078 EP 1084 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900013 ER PT J AU Checkett, JH Drobney, RD Petrie, MJ Graber, DA AF Checkett, JH Drobney, RD Petrie, MJ Graber, DA TI True metabolizable energy of moist-soil seeds SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity; moist-soil; true metabolizable energy; waterfowl ID MALLARDS; PLANTS; YIELD; WINTER AB Habitat objectives for migrating and wintering waterfowl are often established by converting population energy demands into an equivalent measure of foraging habitat. In some areas, seeds produced from moist-soil plants provide a significant proportion of the energy available to waterfowl. To accurately establish habitat objectives for migrating and wintering waterfowl, managers must estimate seed production from moist-soil plants and have information on metabolizable energy (ME) of moist-soil seeds. Although methods for estimating seed production have been developed, ME has been determined for few natural seeds. We determined true metabolizable energy (TME) of 10 moist-soil seeds commonly consumed by wintering and migrating ducks. TME estimates were similar (P>0.05) for hairy crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis; 3.09 kcal/g), little hairy crabgrass (D. ischaemum; 3.10 kcal/g), pigweed (Amaranthus spp.; 2.97 kcal/g), yellow foxtail (Setaria lutescens; 2.88 kcal/g), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum; 2.75 kcal/g), curly dock (Rumex crisious; 2.68 kcal/g), and wild millet (Echinochloa crusgalli; 2.61 kcal/g), but less (P<0.05) for beakrush (Rynchospora corniculata; 1.86 kcal/g), paspalum (Paspalum laeve; 1.57 kcal/g), and nodding or curltop ladysthumb smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium; 1.52 kcal/g). TME values determined for moist-soil seeds in this study will allow managers to accurately estimate carrying capacity of waterfowl habitats. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Ducks Unilimited Inc, Pacific NW Off, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Checkett, JH (reprint author), Arkansas Game & Fish Commiss, 2 Nat Resources Dr, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1113 EP 1119 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900017 ER PT J AU Rich, TA AF Rich, TA TI Using breeding land birds in the assessment of western riparian systems SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE assessment; biotic integrity; land birds; proper functioning condition; riparian ID HABITAT; FOREST; INDICATORS; INTEGRITY AB In the western United States, riparian ecosystems are among the highest priorities for improved management and restoration. Riparian vegetation has been widely destroyed or seriously degraded by livestock grazing, water diversions, altered flood regimes, and other human activities. Riparian degradation has led to a major federal initiative to assess riparian areas and prioritize them for restoration. Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) assessment has served as the main methodology for assessing riparian health by the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Forest Service (USFS), and United States Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). PFC is a quantitative rapid assessment method whose purpose is to assess "how well the physical processes are functioning" (BLM 1998a:1). Here, I propose a simple method for incorporating in assessment of the breeding land-bird community into the PFC methodology. This would bring PFC assessment closer to an evaluation of biotic integrity. Experts identified 77 species as obligate or dependent breeding riparian land birds in the western United States, and their occurrence serves as the standard to which site data can be compared. The method is illustrated with sample data from the Boise River in southwestern Idaho. The first step was to construct a list of riparian obligate and dependent land-bird species that should occur on the site during the breeding season. Relative abundance data from the Breeding Bird Survey could be used to fine-tune the list of expected obligate and dependent species. The simplest scoring was to calculate the percentage of potential obligate and dependent species that actually occurred on the site (i.e., 44% [n=25] in this example). Knowledge of the ecology of those species actually on the site and those missing should be used along with the score to help determine conservation priority. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Rich, TA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 1387 S Vinnell Way, Boise, ID 83709 USA. EM terry_rich@fws.gov NR 40 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1128 EP 1139 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900019 ER PT J AU Collis, K Roby, DD Thompson, CW Lyons, DE Tirhi, M AF Collis, K Roby, DD Thompson, CW Lyons, DE Tirhi, M TI Barges as temporary breeding sites for Caspian terns: Asessing potential sites for colony restoration SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Caspian tern; Commencement Bay; conservation; nesting barge; predation; salmonids; Sterna caspia ID STERNA-CASPIA; MANAGEMENT; ISLANDS AB Management proposals to reduce Caspian tern (Sterna caspia) predation on juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Columbia River estuary include relocating some terns from the large colony in the estuary to several smaller colonies outside the Columbia River basin. The welfare of other listed or beleaguered salmonid stocks has been a primary concern in areas considered for restoration of Caspian tern colonies, demonstrating a need for empirical evidence on the effects of tern predation on fisheries prior to restoration of permanent colonies. The main objectives of this stUdy were to determine 1) whether Caspian terns would readily use a barge as a temporary nesting site and 2) whether tern diet composition and productivity data could he collected at the barge. A small, sand-covered barge equipped with tern decoys and sound systems was anchored in Commencement Bay, Washington in 2001. Approximately 88 tern nests Were initiated on the barge in a 17-day time period. We monitored diet composition at the barge site by direct observation of fish (n=1,097) in the bills of nesting adults. Tern diets during May were 65% juvenile salmonids; marine forage fishes comprised the remainder of the diet. Predation on tern eggs by glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) was frequently observed during the first 10 days following the onset of egg lying; however, predation declined once incubating terns were densely packed on the barge, This study demonstrated that terns might rapidly colonize a barge and that diet composition and productivity data can be collected at the barge site. Barges may be used to assess prospective colony restoration sites; however, these efforts must be carefully conceived and coordinated with resource managers to avoid new resource management conflicts. C1 Real Time Res, Bend, OR 97701 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Mill Creek, WA 98012 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Kent, WA 98032 USA. RP Collis, K (reprint author), Real Time Res, 201 Yellowtail Hawk Ave, Bend, OR 97701 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1140 EP 1149 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900020 ER PT J AU Laidre, KL Jameson, RJ Jeffries, SJ Hobbs, RC Bowlby, CE VanBlaricom, GR AF Laidre, KL Jameson, RJ Jeffries, SJ Hobbs, RC Bowlby, CE VanBlaricom, GR TI Estimates of carrying capacity for sea otters in Washington state SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity; Enhydra lutris kenyoni; sea otter; Washington ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; CALIFORNIA; POPULATION; PATTERNS AB We obtained index estimates of carrying capacity W for the Washington sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) population as products of the density of sea otters at equilibrium within a portion of their existing range and the total amount of available habitat. We classified sea otter habitat as rocky, sandy, or mixed during aerial surveys along the Washington coast in March 2000. We characterized substrate type and kelp composition from the coast to the 40-m depth contour and computed area (km(2)) and available coastline (km) within each habitat. We calculated maximum foraging depths and maximum distance from shore for 68 sea otters radiotagged between 1994 and 1998 and used the estimites to approximate the offshore extent of sea otter habitat. We used the most current population survey data (1996-1999) to obtain equilibrium densities of sea otters in rocky habitat in Washington. Because sea otters have only recently occupied sandy or mixed sites, the equilibrium densities for these habitats represent a proportional density, based on current counts in the rocky equilibrium region in Washington and available data from the California sea otter population. Index estimates of K for the Washington sea otter population range from 1,372 (CV 0.13) to 2,734 (CV 0.13). These estimates are useful for sea otter management because they directly relate to the index counts Used to monitor the population since 1977. Our results will facilitate decision-making by entrusted management agencies regarding stock assessment and population status under the United States Marine Mammal Protection Act. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Geol Survey, W Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Investigat, Tacoma, WA 98498 USA. NOAA, Olympic Coast Natl Marine Sanctuary, Port Angles, WA 98362 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washingtn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Laidre, KL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1172 EP 1181 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900023 ER PT J AU Lor, S Malecki, RA AF Lor, S Malecki, RA TI Call-response surveys to monitor marsh bird population trends SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE call playback; marsh birds; monitoring; power analysis; surveys ID RAILS AB Most marsh birds are inconspicuous, occupy dense habitats, and are difficult to detect by sight or vocalization. They are seldom recorded by local or national monitoring efforts, such as the United State Geological Survey's Breeding Bird Survey. Taped call-response surveys can increase the detection rates of secretive birds such as American bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus), pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps), soras (Porzana carolina), and Virginia rails (Rallus limicola). Using tape-playback calls, we demonstrated that the sample size required to effectively establish a monitoring program to detect a 5% population change in 5 secretive marsh-bird species over a 5-year period was 24 stations for American bitterns, 28 for least bitterns, 31 for pied-billed grebes, 27 for soras, and 13 for Virginia rails. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Agassiz Natl Wildlife Refuge, Middle River, MN 56737 USA. Cornell Univ, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Lor, S (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Agassiz Natl Wildlife Refuge, 22996 290th St NE, Middle River, MN 56737 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1195 EP 1201 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900025 ER PT J AU von der Ohe, CG Servheen, C AF von der Ohe, CG Servheen, C TI Measuring stress in mammals using fecal glucocorticoids: opportunities and challenges SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE enzyme immunoassay; feces; glucocorticoids; non-invasive measures; radio-immunoassay; stress physiology ID CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; CHRONIC ETHANOL STRESS; CORTISOL-LEVELS; URINARY CORTISOL; CORTICOSTERONE SECRETION; GONADOTROPIN-SECRETION; INDUCED SUPPRESSION; STEROID-HORMONES; ACTH-SECRETION AB Measurement of fecal glucocorticoids is a new and non-invasive approach to studying stress in free-ranging animals and is being applied to an increasing number of species. The purpose of this review is to discuss the physiology underlying the stress response, measurement of fecal glucocorticoids in mammals, and nonstress factors affecting fecal excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites. We argue that adaptation and sensitization, sex, reproductive events, diet, prehibernatory preparations, inter-species differences, and assay methods are potential sources of difficulty in interpreting data when adapting this approach to studies of stress in wildlife. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP von der Ohe, CG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Sci Biol, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 98 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 27 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1215 EP 1225 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900028 ER PT J AU Taylor, JG Vaske, JJ Shelby, LB Donnelly, MP Browne-Nunez, CM AF Taylor, JG Vaske, JJ Shelby, LB Donnelly, MP Browne-Nunez, CM TI Visitor response to demonstration fees at National Wildlife Refuges SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE displacement potential; fee demonstration program; National Wildlife Refuge; recreation fees; user fees ID USER FEES AB In response to a request from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, we examined the likelihood of visitors changing their plans for future visits to National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) because of changes in entrance or use fees. We obtained data for this study from 3,173 respondents from 14 NWRs between 1998 and 2000. Overall, only 8%, of All respondents reported potential displacement as a likely response to fee chinges. Bivariate analyses indicated that displacement was related to the NWR visited, participation in consumptive or nonconsumptive activities, amount of fees paid, and respondents' income, but the strength of these relationships was weak. Beliefs about the fee program and attitude toward fees paid were better predictors of displacement potential. Multivariate log-linear analysis highlighted significant interactions among the variables and complexity of understanding the displacement process. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Taylor, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1238 EP 1244 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900030 ER PT J AU Maehr, DS Thompson, BC Mattfeld, GF Montei, K Haufler, JB Kerns, JD Ramakka, J AF Maehr, DS Thompson, BC Mattfeld, GF Montei, K Haufler, JB Kerns, JD Ramakka, J TI Directions in professionalism and certification in The Wildlife Society SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE accreditation; certification; historical perspective; performance standards; professionalism AB Certified wildlife biologists make up a minority of The Wildlife Society (TWS or Society) membership. Although professionalism and minimum standards are issues that have consistently confronted the profession since before the inception of the Society in 1937, a low rate of certification suggests disinterest among members and ineffective marketing by Society leaders. Certification has the potential to be a surrogate for accreditation of university wildlife curricula and could encourage high standards of professionalism among members. This will not occur until more members ascribe a value to certification. It is important that wildlife agencies and other employers of wildlife biologists offer incentives to those who are certified and that they encourage certification for employees who are not. Universities also must do a better job of linking wildlife curricula with certification standards. One alternative to more effectively promoting certification is to accept it as only partially fulfilling its intended purpose. Certification can become more widespread if TWS leaders provide clearer indications about specific types of professionals it seeks to certify and how such professionals can gain from that recognition. Effective leadership is required from TWS to stimulate employers to require certification for specific professional assignments. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY 12233 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Parks, Pratt, KS 67124 USA. Ecosyst Managment Res Inst, Seeley Lake, MT 59868 USA. White Sands Missile Range, CSTE DTC WS ES ES, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 USA. Chaco CNHP, Nageezi, NM 87037 USA. RP Maehr, DS (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, 205 Cooper Bldg, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. EM dmaehr@uky.edu NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1245 EP 1252 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900031 ER PT J AU Bridges, AS Olfenbuttel, C Vaughan, MR AF Bridges, AS Olfenbuttel, C Vaughan, MR TI A mixed regression model to estimate neonatal black bear cub age SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE age estimation; aging; black bear; cub; development; growth; juvenile; mixed regression; model; neonatal; Ursus americanus; Virginia ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BIRTH-DATE; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB Determining ages of neonatal black bear (Ursus americanus) cubs is complicated by difficulty in obtaining accurate birth dates while parturient females are secluded in dens. We used data gathered from 43 cubs from 18 wild female bears held at theVirginia Tech Center for Ursid Research to model neonatal black bear cub growth in relation to age. We determined which morphological measurements were the best indicators of age and used mixed regression to develop a model to estimate cub ages from 1-88 days after birth. Hair length, skull width, total length, and ear length were most strongly correlated (r(2)>0.90, P>0.001) with age. Our mixed regression model employing hair and ear length estimated cub ages to +/-6 days of actual age for 93.6% of 219 observations of <70day-old cubs. Our model provides an accurate means by which to estimate neonatal black bear cub ages and a foundation for future efforts to estimate and model neonatal survival rates and associated covariates. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Bridges, AS (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1253 EP 1258 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900032 ER PT J AU Jones, SL Dieni, JS Araya, AC AF Jones, SL Dieni, JS Araya, AC TI Reproductive biology of Canyon Wrens in the Front Range of Colorado SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Canyon Wrens (Catherpes mexicanus) occur throughout the semiarid regions of the western United States in habitats dominated by canyons and steep rock formations. Their inaccessible habitat has made them one of the least studied among North American birds. We studied a population of Canyon Wrens in the Front Range of Colorado, documenting many aspects of their breeding biology. We report on territory density and size, nest site characteristics, nesting phenology, nesting success, and nestling development. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Jones, SL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, DFC, Reg 6,POB 25486, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 114 IS 4 BP 446 EP 449 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0446:RBOCWI]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 693VQ UT WOS:000183739400002 ER PT J AU Hoekman, ST Ball, IJ Fondell, TF AF Hoekman, ST Ball, IJ Fondell, TF TI Grassland birds orient nests relative to nearby vegetation SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SITE SELECTION; AVIAN INCUBATION; PREDATION; MICROCLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; SUCCESS; WOODPECKER; ENTRANCES; SPARROWS; WIND AB We studied orientation of nest sites relative to nearby vegetation for dabbling ducks (Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera; Blue-winged Teal, A. discors; Gadwall, A. strepera; Mallard, A. platyrhynchos; and Northern Shoveler, A. clypeata) and Short-eared Owls (Asio flammeus) in ungrazed grassland habitat during 1995-1997 in westcentral Montana. We estimated an index of vegetation height and density in intercardinal directions (NE, SE, SW, NW) immediately around nests. All species oriented nests with the least vegetation to the southeast and the most vegetation to either the southwest or northwest. Furthermore, maximum vegetation around nests shifted from the southwest to the northwest with increasing nest initiation date, apparently as a response of individuals tracking, seasonal change in the afternoon solar path. Thus, nests were relatively exposed to solar insolation during cool morning hours but were shaded from intense insolation in the afternoon throughout the breeding season We suggest that nest microhabitat was selected in part to moderate the thermal environment. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Coop Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Hoekman, ST (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM fnsth1@aurora.uaf.edu NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 114 IS 4 BP 450 EP 456 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0450:GBONRT]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 693VQ UT WOS:000183739400003 ER PT J AU Miller, MW Greenstone, EM Greenstone, W Bildstein, KL AF Miller, MW Greenstone, EM Greenstone, W Bildstein, KL TI Timing and magnitude of Broad-winged hawk migration at Montclair Hawk Lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RAPTORS; COUNTS AB The Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) breeds in eastern and central Canada and the United States, and winters in Central America and northern and central South America. Birders and ornithologists count migrating Broad-winged Hawks at dozens of traditional watch sites throughout the northeastern United States. We modeled counts of migrating Broad-winged Hawks from two raptor migration watch sites: Montclair Hawk Lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania, to determine whether annual abundance and trend estimates from individual sites within the mid-Atlantic states are representative of the region as a whole. We restricted ourselves to counts made between 10:00 and 16:00 EST during September to standardize count effort between sites. We created one model set for annual counts and another model set for daily counts. When modeling daily counts we incorporated weather and identity of individual observers. Akaike's Information Criteria were used to select the best model from an initial set of competing models. Annual counts declined at both sites during 1979-1998. Broad-winged Hawk migration began, peaked, and ended later at Montclair than at Hawk Mountain, even though Hawk Mountain is 155 km west-southwest of Montclair. Mean annual counts of hawks at Montclair were more than twice those at Hawk Mountain, but were not correlated. Broad-winged Hawks counted at Montclair may not be the same birds as those counted at Hawk Mountain. Rather, the two sites may be monitoring different regional subpopulations. Broad-winged Hawks counted at the two sites may use different migration tactics, with those counted at Hawk Mountain being more likely to slope soar, and those at Montclair more likely to use thermal soaring. A system of multiple watch sites is needed to monitor various breeding populations of this widely dispersed migrant. C1 Hawk Mt Sanctuary, Kempton, PA 19529 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Miller, Mark/F-6284-2015 OI Miller, Mark/0000-0003-4211-1393 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 114 IS 4 BP 479 EP 484 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0479:TAMOBW]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 693VQ UT WOS:000183739400007 ER PT J AU Winker, K Gibson, DD Sowls, AL Lawhead, BE Martin, PD Hoberg, EP Causey, D AF Winker, K Gibson, DD Sowls, AL Lawhead, BE Martin, PD Hoberg, EP Causey, D TI The birds of St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LAWRENCE-ISLAND; ALEUTIAN-ISLANDS; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; CENTRAL ALASKA; NORTH AMERICA; RECORDS; AVIFAUNA; CAPE; TAXA AB St. Matthew Island (60degrees 24' N, 172degrees 42' W) and its small nearby satellites, Hall Island and Pinnacle Rock, are isolated in the northcentral Bering Sea. This infrequently visited location occupies a georaphic position with a deep Bering Land Bridge history and is in an area of interdigitation of the Old World, New World, and Beringian avifaunas. It is known for its three Beringian endemics, a bird (McKay's Bunting, Plectrophenax hyperboreus), a small mammal, and a plant. This level of endemism is striking for a high-latitude island. The only previous summary of the avifauna of St. Matthew island (Hanna 1917) included 37 species. Our report considers more than 125 species and synthesizes data on presence and absence, abundance, and phenology. Because visits have been infrequent and concentrated during summer, our understanding of migration in this region remains poor, but the area is clearly affected by both the Old and New world migration systems. There is sufficient evidence to show that some profound changes among the island's breeding birds have occurred during the past century. In particular, the breeding range of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) has been extended north to include St. Matthew, a change that is correlated with a northward shift in the extent of sea. ice (Maslanik et al. 1996). King and Common eiders (Somateria spectabilis and S. mollissima) also have shown substantial changes in summer abundance. Other changes in the summer avifauna (e.g., among shorebirds) may reflect the dynamics of edge-of-range phenomena. Because of its central position in a region undergoing profound climate change and its demonstrated track record in showing avifaunal shifts, St. Matthew Island may represent an important bellwether for monitoring the biological effects of further climate change in the northern Bering Sea. C1 Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, LA USA. ABR Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. USDA ARS, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Winker, K (reprint author), Univ Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Causey, Douglas/A-1675-2009; Winker, Kevin/M-2042-2014 OI Causey, Douglas/0000-0002-4302-1771; Winker, Kevin/0000-0002-8985-8104 NR 75 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 114 IS 4 BP 491 EP 509 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0491:TBOSMI]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 693VQ UT WOS:000183739400009 ER PT J AU Bissonette, JA AF Bissonette, JA TI Scaling roads and wildlife: the Cinderella principle SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR JAGDWISSENSCHAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Congress of the International-Union-of-Game-Biologists (IUGB) CY SEP 03-07, 2001 CL LEMESOS, CYPRUS SP International Union Game Biologists (IUGB) DE highway mortality; landscapes; populations; roads; road-kill; scale; wildlife mortality ID BREEDING BIRD POPULATIONS; UNITED-STATES; HABITAT LOSS; DENSITY; DEER; FRAGMENTATION; MORTALITY; PROXIMITY; WOODLAND; HIGHWAY AB It is clear that a reduction in both direct and indirect effects of roads and road networks must be the goal of management agencies. However, increased permeability of roaded landscapes can only be achieved by up-front planning and subsequent mitigative actions. The key is to understand that roads must be made permeable to the movement of animals. More profoundly, ecosystem services, i.e., clean water, clean air, uncontaminated soil, natural landscapes, recreation opportunities, abundant wildlife, and life sustaining ecological processes must not be seriously impacted. In other words, quality of life as measured by ecosystem services should be a major component of the planning process when roads are constructed or improved. Mitigative structures exist to increase permeability of roads. Wildlife overpasses and underpasses, often referred to as ecoducts or green bridges, with associated structures to enable larger animals to exit the road right of way, e.g., earthen escape ramps (BISSONETTE and HAMMER, 2001), various culvert designs for smaller animals including badger pipes and amphibian and reptile tunnels, and fish ladders are but a small sampling of the structures already in place around the world. What is needed is attention to the big picture. Landscapes need to be reconnected and made more permeable. Responsible agencies and organizations need to be aggressive about promoting mitigations and a conservation ethic into road planning. Only with a broad based effort between a concerned public, a database to work from, and a willingness of responsible agencies, will the now very large virtual footprint of roads and road networks be reduced to more closely approximate the physical footprint. By embracing the Cinderella Principle of making the virtual shoe fit more closely the actual physical footprint of roads, we will be able to achieve a closer connection with ecological harmony with its resultant effect of abundant wildlife. C1 Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bissonette, JA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0044-2887 J9 Z JAGDWISS JI Z. Jagdwiss. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 48 SU S BP 208 EP 214 DI 10.1007/BF02192410 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 696RA UT WOS:000183899600027 ER PT J AU Guisan, A Edwards, TC Hastie, T AF Guisan, A Edwards, TC Hastie, T TI Generalized linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions: setting the scene SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE statistical modeling; generalized linear model; generalized additive model; species distribution; predictive modeling ID ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; ECOLOGICAL MODELS; RICHNESS; PATTERNS; VARIABLES; SCALE; TERRAIN; FOREST; ASSUMPTIONS AB An important statistical development of the last 30 years has been the advance in regression analysis provided by generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs). Here we introduce a series of papers prepared within the framework of an international workshop entitled: Advances in GLMs/GAMs modeling: from species distribution to environmental management, held in Riederalp, Switzerland, 6-11 August 2001. We first discuss some general uses of statistical models in ecology, as well as provide a short review of several key examples of the use of GLMs and GAMs in ecological modeling efforts. We next present an overview of GLMs and GAMs, and discuss some of their related statistics used for predictor selection, model diagnostics, and evaluation. Included is a discussion of several new approaches applicable to GLMs and GAMs, such as ridge regression, an alternative to stepwise selection of predictors, and methods for the identification of interactions by a combined use of regression trees and several other approaches. We close with an overview of the papers and how we feel they advance our understanding of their application to ecological modeling. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Swiss Ctr Faunal Cartog, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Utah State Univ, USGS Biol Resources, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Guisan, A (reprint author), Swiss Ctr Faunal Cartog, Terreaux 14, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. RI Guisan, Antoine/A-1057-2011 OI Guisan, Antoine/0000-0002-3998-4815 NR 81 TC 718 Z9 783 U1 32 U2 282 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 30 PY 2002 VL 157 IS 2-3 BP 89 EP 100 AR PII S0304-3800(02)00204-1 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00204-1 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615JD UT WOS:000179241300001 ER PT J AU Redman, RS Sheehan, KB Stout, RG Rodriguez, RJ Henson, JM AF Redman, RS Sheehan, KB Stout, RG Rodriguez, RJ Henson, JM TI Thermotolerance generated by plant/fungal symbiosis SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, WFRC, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Thermal Biol Inst, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Rodriguez, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WFRC, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 9 TC 236 Z9 272 U1 5 U2 80 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 22 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 5598 BP 1581 EP 1581 DI 10.1126/science.1072191 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 617KV UT WOS:000179361600038 PM 12446900 ER PT J AU Markon, CJ Peterson, KM AF Markon, CJ Peterson, KM TI The utility of estimating net primary productivity over Alaska using baseline AVHRR data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Circumpolar Symposium on Remote Sensing of Polar Environments CY JUN 12-14, 2000 CL YELLOWKNIFE, CANADA SP Govt NW Territories, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SATELLITE IMAGERY; VEGETATION INDEX; TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; GLOBAL VEGETATION; WATERSHED SCALE AB Net primary productivity (NPP) is a fundamental ecological variable that provides information about the health and status of vegetation communities. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI, derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is increasingly being used to model or predict NPP, especially over large remote areas. In this article, seven seasonally based metrics calculated from a seven-year baseline NDVI dataset were used to model NPP over Alaska, USA. For each growing season, they included maximum, mean and summed NDVI, total days, product of total days and maximum NDVI, an integral estimate of NDVI and a summed product of NDVI and solar radiation. Field ( plot) derived NPP estimates were assigned to 18 land cover classes from an Alaskan statewide land cover database. Linear relationships between NPP and each NDVI metric were analysed at four scales: plot, 1-km, 10-km and 20-km pixels. Results show moderate to poor relationship between any of the metrics and NPP estimates for all data sets and scales. Use of NDVI for estimating NPP may be possible, but caution is required due to data seasonality, the scaling process used and land surface heterogeneity. C1 US Geol Survey, Raytheon Corp, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Markon, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raytheon Corp, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 115 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 21 BP 4571 EP 4596 DI 10.1080/01431160110113926 PG 26 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 609PW UT WOS:000178915000004 ER PT J AU Milici, RC Warwick, PD Attanasi, E Wandrey, CJ AF Milici, RC Warwick, PD Attanasi, E Wandrey, CJ TI To sell or not sell: Assessments of Bangladesh hydrocarbons SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Milici, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD NOV 18 PY 2002 VL 100 IS 47 BP 24 EP 28 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 617HA UT WOS:000179355200008 ER PT J AU Kraemer, TF Doughten, MW Bullen, TD AF Kraemer, TF Doughten, MW Bullen, TD TI Use of ICP/MS with ultrasonic nebulizer for routine determination of uranium activity ratios in natural water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; THORIUM; SOILS AB A method is described that allows precise determination of U-234/U-238 activity ratios WAR) in most natural waters using commonly available inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) instrumentation and accessories. The precision achieved by this technique (+/-0.5% RSD, 1 sigma) is intermediate between thermal ionization mass spectrometry (+/-0.25% RSD, 1 sigma) and alpha particle spectrometry (+/-5% RSD, 1 sigma). It is precise and rapid enough to allow analysis of a large number of samples in a short period of time at low cost using standard, commercially available quadrupole instrumentation with ultrasonic nebulizer and desolvator accessories. UARs have been analyzed successfully in fresh to moderately saline waters with U concentrations of from less than 1 mug/L to nearly 100 mug/L. An-example of the uses of these data is shown for a study of surface-water mixing in the North Platte River in western Nebraska. This rapid and easy technique should encourage the wider use of uranium isotopes in surface-water and groundwater investigations, both for qualitative (e.g. identifying sources of water) and quantitative (e.g. determining, end-member mixing ratios purposes. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kraemer, TF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 430,12201 Sunrise Valley, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 22 BP 4899 EP 4904 DI 10.1021/es020522+ PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 617EN UT WOS:000179348500027 PM 12487315 ER PT J AU Melcher, NB Costa, JE Haeni, FP Cheng, RT Thurman, EM Buursink, M Spicer, KR Hayes, E Plant, WJ Keller, WC Hayes, K AF Melcher, NB Costa, JE Haeni, FP Cheng, RT Thurman, EM Buursink, M Spicer, KR Hayes, E Plant, WJ Keller, WC Hayes, K TI River discharge measurements by using helicopter-mounted radar SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LAYER AB The United States Geological Survey and the University of Washington collaborated on a series of initial experiments on the Lewis, Toutle, and Cowlitz Rivers during September 2000 and a detailed experiment on the Cowlitz River during May 2001 to determine the feasibility of using helicopter-mounted radar to measure river discharge. Surface velocities were measured using a pulsed Doppler radar, and river depth was measured using ground-penetrating radar. Surface velocities were converted to mean velocities, and horizontal registration of both velocity and depth measurements enabled the calculation of river discharge. The magnitude of the uncertainty in velocity and depth indicate that the method error is in the range of 5 percent. The results of this experiment indicate that helicopter-mounted radar can make the rapid, accurate discharge measurements that are needed in remote locations and during regional floods. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USGS, Portland, OR USA. USGS, Storrs Mansfield, CT USA. USGS, Menlo Pk, CA USA. USGS, Lawrence, KS USA. USGS, Vancouver, WA USA. USGS, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Melcher, NB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 221, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 12 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 22 AR 2084 DI 10.1029/2002GL015525 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639FM UT WOS:000180617000041 ER PT J AU Vue, C Schmidt, LJ Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH AF Vue, C Schmidt, LJ Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH TI Liquid chromatographic determination of florfenicol in the plasma of multiple species of fish SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE fish; florfenicol ID SALMO-SALAR L; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHLORAMPHENICOL; THIAMPHENICOL; EFFICACY AB A simple method was developed for determining florfenicol concentration in a small volume (250 mul) of plasma from five phylogenetically diverse species of freshwater fish. Florfenicol was isolated from the plasma matrix through C-18 solid-phase extraction and quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The accuracy (84-104%), precision (%RSDless than or equal to8), and sensitivity (quantitation limit <30 ng/ml) of the method indicate its usefulness for conducting pharmacokinetic studies on a variety of freshwater fish. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Vue, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 12 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0232 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 780 IS 1 BP 111 EP 117 AR PII S1570-0232(02)00441-5 DI 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00441-5 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 613BF UT WOS:000179110200013 PM 12383486 ER PT J AU Colman, SM AF Colman, SM TI In honor of Kerry Kelts: Kerry's dreams SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 187 IS 3-4 BP 207 EP 208 AR PII S0031-0182(02)00477-7 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00477-7 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 609UK UT WOS:000178922800001 ER PT J AU Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD Perchuc, E Thybo, H AF Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD Perchuc, E Thybo, H TI Processes of lithosphere evolution: new evidence on the structure of the continental crust and uppermost mantle SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE lithosphere; crust; mantle ID SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY; BENEATH CONTINENTS; NORTH-AMERICA; EARTHS MANTLE; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; SUBDUCTED SLABS; PLATE-TECTONICS; DEEP-STRUCTURE; CONVECTION AB We discuss the structure of the continental lithosphere, its physical properties, and the mechanisms that formed and modified it since the early Archean. The structure of the upper mantle and the crust is derived primarily from global and regional seismic tomography studies of Eurasia and from global and regional data on seismic anisotropy. These data as documented in the papers of this special issue of Tectonophysics are used to illustrate the role of different tectonic processes in the lithospheric evolution since Archean to present. These include, but are not limited to, cratonization, terrane accretion and collision, continental rifting (both passive and active), subduction, and lithospheric basal erosion due to a relative motion of cratonic keels and the convective mantle. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 EOST, Inst Phys Globe, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geophys, Warsaw 42, Poland. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Artemieva, IM (reprint author), EOST, Inst Phys Globe, 5 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. EM irina.artemieva@eost.u-strasbg.fr RI Artemieva, Irina/C-2106-2013; Thybo, Hans/B-9292-2008 OI Artemieva, Irina/0000-0002-3207-2901; Thybo, Hans/0000-0002-3945-8065 NR 105 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 EI 1879-3266 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 14 PY 2002 VL 358 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 15 AR PII S0040-1951(02)00530-9 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00530-9 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 615ZY UT WOS:000179278300001 ER PT J AU Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD AF Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD TI On the relations between cratonic lithosphere thickness, plate motions, and basal drag SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE continental lithosphere; plate motions; Archean; Proterozoic; lithosphere thickness ID CONTINENTAL HEAT-FLOW; MANTLE CONVECTION; THERMAL HISTORY; ARCHEAN CRATONS; SOUTHERN-AFRICA; SLAVE CRATON; MOBILE BELTS; DEEP MANTLE; BENEATH; PLUMES AB An overview of seismic, thermal, and petrological evidence on the structure of Precambrian lithosphere suggests that its local maximum thickness is highly variable (140-350 km), with a bimodal distribution for Archean cratons (200-220 km and 300-350 km). We discuss the origin of such large differences in lithospheric thickness, and propose that the lithospheric base can have large depth variations over short distances. The topography of Bryce Canyon (western USA) is proposed as an inverted analog of the base of the lithosphere. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of Archean cratons are strongly correlated: larger cratons have thicker lithosphere. Analysis of the bimodal distribution of lithospheric thickness in Archean cratons shows that the "critical" surface area for cratons to have thick (>300 km) keels is >6-8 x 10(6) km(2). Extrapolation of the linear trend between Archean lithospheric thickness and cratonic area to zero area yields a thickness of 180 km. This implies that the reworking of Archean crust should be accompanied by thinning and reworking of the entire lithospheric column to a thickness of 180 km in accord with thickness estimates for Proterozoic lithosphere. Likewise, extrapolation of the same trend to the size equal to the total area of all Archean cratons implies that the lithospheric thickness of a hypothesized early Archean supercontinent could have been 350-450 km decreasing to 280-400 km for Gondwanaland. We evaluate the basal drag model as a possible mechanism that may thin the cratonic lithosphere. Inverse correlations are found between lithospheric thickness and (a) fractional subduction length and (b) the effective ridge length. In agreement with theoretical predictions, lithospheric thickness of Archean keels is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the craton length (along the direction of plate motion) to the plate velocity. Large cratons with thick keels and low plate velocities are less eroded by basal drag than small fast-moving cratons. Basal drag may have varied in magnitude over the past 4 Ga. Higher mantle temperatures in the Archean would have resulted in lower mantle viscosity. This in turn would have reduced basal drag and basal erosion, and promoted the preservation of thick (>300 km) Archean keels, even if plate velocities were high during the Archean. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, S-75632 Uppsala, Sweden. USGS MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Artemieva, IM (reprint author), IPGS, EOST, 5 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RI Artemieva, Irina/C-2106-2013 OI Artemieva, Irina/0000-0002-3207-2901 NR 94 TC 49 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 14 PY 2002 VL 358 IS 1-4 BP 211 EP 231 AR PII S0040-1951(02)00425-0 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00425-0 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 615ZY UT WOS:000179278300012 ER PT J AU Kolar, CS Lodge, DM AF Kolar, CS Lodge, DM TI Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL INVADERS; INVASIONS AB Methods of risk assessment for alien species, especially for nonagricultural systems, are largely qualitative. Using a generalizable risk assessment approach and statistical models of fish introductions into the Great Lakes, North America, we developed a quantitative approach to target prevention efforts on species most likely to cause damage. Models correctly categorized established, quickly spreading, and nuisance fishes with 87 to 94% accuracy. We then identified fishes that pose a high risk to the Great Lakes if introduced from unintentional ( ballast water) or intentional pathways ( sport, pet, bait, and aquaculture industries). C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Kolar, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 26 TC 450 Z9 481 U1 25 U2 180 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 8 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 5596 BP 1233 EP 1236 DI 10.1126/science.1075753 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 612MQ UT WOS:000179080400050 PM 12424378 ER PT J AU Dawson, VK Schreier, TM Boogaard, MA Spanjers, NJ Gingerich, WH AF Dawson, VK Schreier, TM Boogaard, MA Spanjers, NJ Gingerich, WH TI Rapid loss of lampricide from catfish and rainbow trout following routine treatment SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lampricide; Bayluscide; niclosamide; residues; fish ID 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL; GLUCURONIDE AB Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and Bayluscide (niclosamide) during a sea lamprey control treatment of the Ford River, located in the upper peninsula of Michigan. Caged fish were exposed to a nominal concentration of 0.02 mg/L of niclosamide for a period of approximately 12 h. Samples of fillet tissue were collected from each fish species before treatment and at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h following the arrival of the block of chemical at the exposure site. The fish were dissected, homogenized, extracted, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The major residues found in the fillet tissues were TFM and niclosamide. Niclosamide concentrations were highest 12 h after arrival of the chemical block for rainbow trout (0.0395 +/- 0.0251 mug/g) and 18 h after arrival of the chemical block for channel catfish (0.0465 +/- 0.0212 mug/g). Residues decreased rapidly after the block of lampricide had passed and were below the detection limits in fillets of rainbow trout within 24 h and channel caff ish within 96 h after the arrival of the lampricide. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Dawson, VK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 6 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 23 BP 6780 EP 6785 DI 10.1021/jf020443h PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 610UV UT WOS:000178980400022 PM 12405775 ER PT J AU Vue, C Bernardy, JA Hubert, TD Gingerich, WH Stehly, GR AF Vue, C Bernardy, JA Hubert, TD Gingerich, WH Stehly, GR TI Relatively rapid loss of lampricide residues from fillet tissue of fish after routine treatment SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TFM; TFM glucuronide; sea lamprey; lampricide; rainbow trout; channel catfish ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CULTURED RAINBOW-TROUT; 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TFM; GLUCURONIDE; METABOLISM; PHARMACOKINETICS; TESTES AB The selective sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is currently used to control parasitic sea lampreys in tributaries to the Great Lakes basin. The concentration and persistence of TFM and its major metabolite, TFM glucuronide (TFM-glu), was determined in fillet tissue of fish after a typical stream application. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to a nominal concentration of 12.6 nmol/mL TFM for about 12 h during a sea lamprey control treatment of the Ford River in Michigan. Concentrations of TFM and TFM-glu were greatest in the fillet tissues during the exposure period, with greater residues in channel catfish (wet wt; mean, 6.95 nmol/g TFM; mean, 2.40 nmol/g TFM-glu) than in rainbow trout (wet wt; mean, 1.45 nmol/g TFM; mean, 0.93 nmol/g TFM-glu). After the exposure period, residues in both species decreased by 90-99% within 6-12 h and were less than the quantitation limit (<0.03 nmol/g) within 36 h. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Hubert, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM terry_hubert@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 6 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 23 BP 6786 EP 6789 DI 10.1021/jf0204708 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 610UV UT WOS:000178980400023 PM 12405776 ER PT J AU Shurr, GW Ridgley, JL AF Shurr, GW Ridgley, JL TI Unconventional shallow biogenic gas systems SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID MILK RIVER FORMATION; SOUTHERN ALBERTA; WESTERN CANADA; SOUTHEASTERN ALBERTA; COALBED METHANE; MICHIGAN BASIN; GENERATION; WATER; ACCUMULATIONS; COLORADO AB Unconventional shallow biogenic gas falls into two distinct systems that have different attributes. Early-generation systems have blanketlike geometries, and gas generation begins soon after deposition of reservoir and source rocks. Late-generation systems have ringlike geometries,and long time intervals separate deposition of reservoir and source rocks from gas generation. For both types of systems, the gas is dominantly methane and is associated with source rocks that are not thermally mature. Early-generation biogenic gas systems are typified by production from low-permeability Cretaceous rocks in the northern Great Plains of Alberta Saskatchewan, and Montana. The main area of production is on the southeastern margin of the Alberta basin and the northwestern margin of the Williston basin. The huge volume of Cretaceous rocks has a generalized regional pattern of thick, non-marine, coarse clastics to the west and thinner, finer grained marine lithologies to the east. Reservoir rocks in the lower part tend to be finer grained and have lower porosity and permeability than those in the upper part. Similarly, source beds in the lower units have higher values of total organic carbon. Patterns of erosion, deposition, deformation, and production in both the upper and lower units are related to the geometry of lineament-bounded basement blocks. Geochemical studies show that gas and coproduced water are in equilibrium and that the fluids are relatively old, namely, as much as 66 Ma. Other examples of early-generation systems include Cretaceous clastic reservoirs on the southwestern margin of Williston basin and chalks on the eastern margin of the Deliver basin. Late-generation biogenic gas systems have as an archetype the Devonian Antrim Shale on the northern margin of the Michigan basin. Reservoir rocks are fractured, organic-rich black shales that also serve as source rocks. Although fractures are important for production, the relationships to specific geologic structures are not clear. Large quantities of water are coproduced with the gas, and geochemical data indicate that the water is fairly fresh and relatively young. Current thinking holds that biogenic gas was generated, and perhaps continues to be, when glacial meltwater descended into the plumbing system provided by fractures. Other examples of late-generation systems include the Devonian New Albany Shale on the eastern margin of the Illinois basin and the Tertiary coalbed methane production on the northwestern margin of the Powder River basin. Both types of biogenic gas systems have a similar resource development history. Initially, little technology is used, and gas is consumed locally; eventually, sweet spots are exploited, widespread unconventional reservoirs are developed, and transport of gas is interstate or international. However, drilling and completion techniques are very different between the two types of systems. Early-generation systems have water-sensitive reservoir rocks, and consequently water is avoided or minimized in drilling and completion. In contrast, water is an important constituent of late-generation systems; gas production is closely tied to dewatering the system during production. Existing production and resource estimates generally range from 10 to 100 tcf for both types of biogenic gas systems. Although both system types are examples of relatively continuous accumulations, the geologic frameworks constrain most-economic production to large geologic structures on the margins of basins. Shallow biogenic gas systems hold important resources to meet the increased domestic and international demands for natural gas. C1 GeoShurr Resources LLC, Ellsworth, MN 56129 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Shurr, GW (reprint author), GeoShurr Resources LLC, Rt 1,Box 91A, Ellsworth, MN 56129 USA. NR 116 TC 40 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1939 EP 1969 PG 31 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 608WK UT WOS:000178870400005 ER PT J AU Collett, TS AF Collett, TS TI Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID METHANE HYDRATE; RESERVOIR AB The discovery of large gas hydrate accumulations in terrestrial permafrost regions of the Arctic and beneath the sea along the outer continental margins of the world's oceans has heightened interest in gas hydrates as a possible energy resource. However, significant to potentially insurmountable technical issues must be resolved before gas hydrates can be considered a viable option for affordable supplies of natural gas. The combined information from Arctic gas hydrate studies shows that, in permafrost regions, gas hydrates may exist at subsurface depths ranging from about 130 to 2000 m, The presence of gas hydrates in offshore continental margins has been inferred mainly from anomalous seismic reflectors, known as bottom-simulating reflectors, that have been mapped at depths below the sea floor ranging from about 100 to 1100 m. Current estimates of the amount of gas in the world's marine and permafrost gas hydrate accumulations are in rough accord at about 20,000 trillion m(3). Disagreements over fundamental issues such as the volume of gas stored within delineated gas hydrate accumulations and the concentration of gas hydrates within hydrate-bearing strata have demonstrated that we know little about gas hydrates. Recently, however, several countries, including Japan, India, and the United States, have launched ambitious national projects to further examine the resource potential of gas hydrates. These projects may help answer key questions dealing with the properties of gas hydrate reservoirs, the design of production systems, and, most important, the costs and economics of gas hydrate production. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-939, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 42 TC 206 Z9 260 U1 7 U2 68 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1971 EP 1992 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 608WK UT WOS:000178870400006 ER PT J AU Schmoker, JW AF Schmoker, JW TI Resource-assessment perspectives for unconventional gas systems SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Concepts are described for assessing those unconventional gas systems that can also be defined as continuous accumulations. Continuous gas accumulations exist more or less independently of the water column and do not owe their existence directly to the buoyancy of gas in water. They cannot be represented in terms of individual, countable fields or pools delineated by downdip water contacts. For these reasons, traditional resource-assessment methods based on estimating the sizes and numbers of undiscovered discrete fields cannot be applied to continuous accumulations. Specialized assessment methods are required. Unconventional gas systems that are also continuous accumulations include coalbed methane, basin-centered gas, so-called tight gas, fractured shale (and chalk) gas, and gas hydrates. Deep-basin and bacterial gas systems may or may not be continuous accumulations, depending on their geologic setting. Two basic resource-assessment approaches have been employed for continuous accumulations. The first approach is based on estimates of gas in place. A volumetric estimate of total gas in place is commonly coupled with an overall recovery factor to narrow the assessment scope from a treatment of gas volumes residing in sedimentary strata to a prediction of potential additions to reserves. The second approach is based on the production performance of continuous gas reservoirs, as shown empirically by wells and reservoir-simulation models. In these methods, production characteristics (as opposed to gas in place) are the foundation for forecasts of potential additions to reserves. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Schmoker, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 939, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 111 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1993 EP 1999 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 608WK UT WOS:000178870400007 ER PT J AU Srodon, J Clauer, N Eberl, DDD AF Srodon, J Clauer, N Eberl, DDD TI Interpretation of K-Ar dates of illitic clays from sedimentary rocks aided by modeling SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID TEXAS GULF-COAST; CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES; ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENT; BURIAL METAMORPHISM; SMECTITE DIAGENESIS; GROWTH MECHANISMS; THEORETICAL TEST; SHALES; CONVERSION AB K-Ar dates of illitic clays from sedimentary rocks may contain "mixed ages," i.e., may have ages that are intermediate between the ages of end-member events. Two phenomena that may cause mixed ages are: (1) long-lasting reaction during the burial illitization of smectite; and (2) physical mixing of detrital and diagenetic components. The first phenomenon was investigated by simulation of illitization reactions using a nucleation and growth mechanism. These calculations indicate that values for mixed ages are related to burial history: for an equivalent length of reaction time, fast burial followed by slow burial produces much older mixed ages than slow burial followed by fast. The type of reaction that occurred in a rock can be determined from the distribution of ages with respect to the thickness of illite crystals. Dating of artificial mixtures confirms a non-linear relation between mixed ages and the proportions of the components. Vertical variation of K-Ar age dates from Gulf Coast shales can be modeled by assuming diagenetic illitization that overprints a subtle vertical trend (presumably of sedimentary origin) in detrital mineral content. C1 PAN, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. ULP, CNRS, Ctr Geochim Surface, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Srodon, J (reprint author), PAN, Inst Geol Sci, Senacka 1, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. NR 39 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 87 IS 11-12 BP 1528 EP 1535 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 618JZ UT WOS:000179416100003 ER PT J AU Bove, DJ Eberl, DD McCarthy, DK Meeker, GP AF Bove, DJ Eberl, DD McCarthy, DK Meeker, GP TI Characterization and modeling of illite crystal particles and growth mechanisms in a zoned hydrothermal deposit, Lake City, Colorado SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; XRD MEASUREMENT; SMECTITE; THICKNESS; SIZE; ILLITE/SMECTITE AB Mean thickness measurements and crystal-thickness distributions (CTDs) of illite particles vary systematically with changes in hydrothermal alteration type, fracture density, and attendant mineralization in a large acid-sulfate/Mo-porphyry hydrothermal system at Red Mountain, near Lake City, Colorado. The hydrothermal illites characterize an extensive zone of quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration beneath two deeply rooted bodies of magmatic-related, quartz-alunite altered rock. Nineteen illites from a 3000 ft vertical drill hole were analyzed by XRD using the PVP-10 intercalation method and the computer program MudMaster (Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique). Mean crystallite thicknesses, as determined from 001 reflections, range from 5-7 nanometers (nm) at depths from 0-1700 ft, then sharply increase to 10-16 nm at depths between 1800-2100 ft, and decrease again to 4-5 nm below this level. The interval of largest particle thickness correlates strongly with the zone of most intense quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration (QSP) and attendant high-density stockwork fracturing, and with the highest concentrations of Mo within the drill core. CTD shapes for the illite particles fall into two main categories: asymptotic and lognormal. The shapes of the CTDs are dependent on conditions of illite formation. The asymptotic CTDs correspond to a nucleation and growth mechanism, whereas surface-controlled growth was the dominant mechanism for the lognormal CTDs. Lognormal CTDs coincide with major through-going fractures or stockwork zones, whereas asymptotic CTDs are present in wallrock distal to these intense fracture zones. The increase in illite particle size and the associated zone of intense QSP alteration and stockwork veining was related by proximity to the dacitic magma(s), which supplied both reactants and heat to the hydrothermal system. However, no changes in illite polytype, which in other studies reflect temperature transitions, were observed within this interval. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Texaco EPTD, Houston, TX 77042 USA. RP Bove, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 87 IS 11-12 BP 1546 EP 1556 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 618JZ UT WOS:000179416100005 ER PT J AU Gieskes, JM Simoneit, BRT Shanks, WC Goodfellow, WD James, RH Baker, PA Ishibashi, J AF Gieskes, JM Simoneit, BRT Shanks, WC Goodfellow, WD James, RH Baker, PA Ishibashi, J TI Geochemistry of fluid phases and sediments: relevance to hydrothermal circulation in Middle Valley, ODP Legs 139 and 169 SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA-RIDGE; NORTHERN JUAN; GUAYMAS BASIN; SUBDUCTION ZONES; ORGANIC-MATTER; SEA-FLOOR; PETROLEUM; SYSTEMS; GULF; CALIFORNIA AB Geochemical and isotopic studies of pore fluids and solid phases recovered from the Dead Dog and Bent Hill hydrothermal sites in Middle Valley (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 169) have been compared with similar data obtained previously from these sites during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 139. Although generally the hydrothermal systems reflect non-steady state conditions, the data allow an assessment of the history of the hydrothermal processes. Sediment K/Al ratios as well as the distribution of anhydrite in the sediments suggest that the Dead Dog hydrothermal field has been, and still is, active. In contrast, similar data in the Bent Hill hydrothermal field indicate a waning of hydrothermal activity. Pore fluid and hydrothermal vent data in the Dead Dog hydrothermal field are similar in nature to the data collected during ODP Leg 139. In the area of the Bent Hill sulfide deposit, however, the pore water data indicate that recent wholesale flushing of the sediment column with relatively unaltered seawater has obliterated a previous record of hydrothermal activity in the pore fluids. Data from the deepest part of Hole 1035A in the Bent Hill locality show the presence of hydrothermal fluids at greater depths in this area. This suggests the origin of the hydrothermal fluids found to be emanating from Hole 1035F, which constitutes one of the first man made hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley hydrothermal system. Similarly, CORKed Hole 858G, because of seal failures, has acted as a hydrothermal vent, with sulfide deposits forming inside the CORK. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Duke Univ, Dept Geol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP Gieskes, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI James, Rachael/G-8613-2011; SIMONEIT, BERND/A-2008-2013 NR 41 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 11 BP 1381 EP 1399 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00108-7 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00108-7 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 602PA UT WOS:000178512600002 ER PT J AU Ishibashi, J Sato, M Sano, Y Wakita, H Gamo, T Shanks, WC AF Ishibashi, J Sato, M Sano, Y Wakita, H Gamo, T Shanks, WC TI Helium and carbon gas geochemistry of pore fluids from the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL GASES; GUAYMAS BASIN; JAPAN; CALIFORNIA; ORIGIN; GULF; DEPOSITS; ISOTOPES; CHINA AB Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 169, which was conducted in 1996 provided an opportunity to study the gas geochemistry in the deeper part of the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough. Gas void samples obtained from the core liner were analyzed and their results were compared with analytical data of vent fluid samples collected by a submersible dive program in 1988. The gas geochermstry of the pore fluids consisted mostly of a hydrothermal component and was basically the same as that of the vent fluids. The He isotope ratios (R/R-A = 5.6-6.6) indicated a significant mantle He contribution and the C isotopic compositions of the hydrocarbons [delta(13)C(CH4) = -43parts per thousand, delta(13)C(C2H6) = -20parts per thousand] were characterized as a thermogenic origin caused by hydrothermal activity. On the other hand, the pore fluids in sedimentary layers away from the hydrothermal fields showed profiles which reflected lateral migration of the hydrothermal hydrocarbons and abundant biogenic CH4. Helium and C isotope systematics were shown to represent a hydrothermal component and useful as indicators for their distribution beneath the seafloor. Similarities in He and hydrocarbon signatures to that of the Escanaba Trough hydrothermal system were found in some terrestrial natural gases, which suggested that seafloor hydrothermal activity in sediment-rich environments would be one of the possible petroleum hydrocarbon generation scenarios in unconventional geological settings. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Earthquake Chem Lab, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Nakano Ku, Tokyo 1648567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ishibashi, J (reprint author), Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 11 BP 1457 EP 1466 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00112-9 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00112-9 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 602PA UT WOS:000178512600006 ER PT J AU DeFelice, T AF DeFelice, T TI Physical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cloud microphysics; amid-canopy clouds; cloud-canopy interactions ID CLOUDWATER DEPOSITION; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; WATER DEPOSITION; RED SPRUCE; MAJOR IONS; MECHANISMS; EPISODES; CANOPIES; TERRAIN; WET AB Cloud or fog water collected by forest canopies of any elevation could represent significant sources of required moisture and nutrients for forest ecosystems, human consumption, and as an alternative source of water for agriculture and domestic use. The physical characteristics of fogs and other clouds have been well studied, and this information can be useful to water balance or canopycloud interaction model verification and to calibration or training of satellite-borne sensors to recognize atmospheric attributes, such as optical thickness, albedo, and cloud properties. These studies have taken place above-canopy or within canopy clearings and rarely amid the canopy. Simultaneous physical and chemical characteristics of clouds amid and above the trees of a mountain forest, located about 3.3 kin southwest of Mt. Mitchell, NC, were collected between 13 and 22 June 1993. This paper summarizes the physical characteristics of the cloud portions amid the trees. The characteristic cloud amid the trees (including cloud and precipitation periods) contained 250 droplet/ cm 3 with a mean diameter of 9.5 mum and liquid water content (LWC) of 0.11m(-3). The cloud droplets exhibited a bimodal distribution with modes at about 2 and 8 mum and a mean diameter near 5 mum during precipitation-free periods, whereas the concurrent above-canopy cloud droplets had a unimodal distribution with a mode near 6 gin and a mean diameter of 6 gm. The horizontal cloud water flux is nonlinearly related to the rate of collection onto that surface amid the trees, especially for the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC sampling device, whereas it is linear when the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) are is used. These findings suggest that statements about the effects clouds have on surfaces they encounter, which are based on above-canopy or canopy-clearing data, can be misleading, if not erroneous. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, SAB, EROS Data Ctr, Sci Dept,RAYTHEON ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP DeFelice, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SAB, EROS Data Ctr, Sci Dept,RAYTHEON ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM Thomas_DeFelice@raytheon.com NR 42 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 EI 1873-2895 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 34 AR PII S0169-8095(02)00112-6 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00112-6 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 622XM UT WOS:000179673000002 ER PT J AU DeFelice, TP AF DeFelice, TP TI Chemical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cloud water chemistry; amid-canopy cloud water chemistry; canopy-cloud interactions ID SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; RED SPRUCE; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; CLOUDWATER DEPOSITION; MAJOR IONS; DROP SIZE; NITROGEN; DECLINE AB Simultaneous physical and chemical characteristics of clouds amid and above the trees of a montane forest, located about 3.3 kin southwest of Mt. Mitchell, NC, were collected between 13 and 22 June 1993. This paper summarizes the chemical characteristics of the cloud droplets amid the trees. The ionic composition and pH of the analyzed amid-canopy cloud water samples are generally consistent with those of previous above-canopy cloud water samples obtained at this site. Magnesium, sodium, and calcium are highly correlated to each other amid the canopy as compared to above the canopy. Above-canopy and amid-canopy cloud-only episodes, with concurrent event-averaged cloud water pH values at or below 3.1, generally contain more magnesium, sodium, and calcium in the amid-canopy cloud water samples compared to concurrent above-canopy cloud water samples. The observed chemical differences between the amid-canopy cloud and the above-canopy cloud suggest an unhealthier environment for the tree canopy when the cloud water traversing this site has a pH value at or below 3.1. The predominant ion deposition fluxes were calculated to provide preliminary data for studies designed to explicitly quantify how the chemical composition of cloud water affects tree health. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, EROS Data Ctr, RAYTHEON ITSS, SAB,Sci Dept, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP DeFelice, TP (reprint author), USGS, EROS Data Ctr, RAYTHEON ITSS, SAB,Sci Dept, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM Thomas_DeFelice@raytheon.com NR 49 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 EI 1873-2895 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 50 AR PII S0169-8095(02)00140-0 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00140-0 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 622XM UT WOS:000179673000003 ER PT J AU Skerratt, L AF Skerratt, L TI Untitled SO AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Madison, WI USA. RP Skerratt, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Madison, WI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY ASSN PI MELBOURNE PA 272 BRUNSWICK RD BRUNSWICK, MELBOURNE, VIC 3056, AUSTRALIA SN 0005-0423 J9 AUST VET J JI Aust. Vet. J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 671 EP 671 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 615QT UT WOS:000179258600007 PM 12465822 ER PT J AU Forys, EA Allen, CR Wojcik, DP AF Forys, EA Allen, CR Wojcik, DP TI Influence of the proximity and amount of human development and roads on the occurrence of the red imported fire ant in the lower Florida Keys SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE red imported fire ant; Solenopsis invicta; lower Keys of Florida; invasion biology; non-indigenous species; fragmentation ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; IMPACT AB We examined the influence of both the proximity and extent of human developments and paved roads on the presence of the predatory, non-indigenous, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). This species was inadvertently introduced into the United States at the port of Mobile, Alabama, around 1930 and rapidly spread to many southeastern states, including Florida. More recently, S. invicta colonized the Florida Keys, an area with a high proportion of rare and endemic vertebrate and invertebrate species. We placed bait transects in transitional salt-marsh, pineland, and hardwood hammocks on 13 of the lower Florida Keys and compared habitat type, the shortest distance of the bait transect to a development or road, and area of development and roads 50, 70, 100, and 150 m around each bait transect for areas with and without red imported fire ants. Red imported fire ants were detected on 21 of the 80 transects and were equally abundant in all habitat types. While all of the development and road variables differed significantly between bait transects with and without red imported fire ants, transects that were closest to roads and that had the largest amount of development within a 150 m radii had the highest probability of presence of red imported fire ants. Recovery efforts for endangered species in areas invaded by red imported fire ants should include analyses of the cumulative impacts of roads and developments in areas near protected lands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Forys, EA (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, 4200 54th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. EM forysea@eckerd.edu NR 37 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 108 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00086-1 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00086-1 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 591NB UT WOS:000177885800003 ER PT J AU Williamson, KS Petty, JD Huckins, JM Lebo, JA Kaiser, EA AF Williamson, KS Petty, JD Huckins, JM Lebo, JA Kaiser, EA TI HPLC-PFD determination of priority pollutant PAHs in water, sediment, and semipermeable membrane devices SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE HPLC-PFD; SPMDs; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; fluorescence; PAHs ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PASSIVE AIR SAMPLERS; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLUOROMETRIC DETECTION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SPMDS AB High performance liquid chromatography coupled with programmable fluorescence detection was employed for the determination of 15 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPPAHs) in water, sediment, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Chromatographic separation using this analytical method facilitates selectivity, sensitivity (ppt levels), and can serve as a non-destructive technique for subsequent analysis by other chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Extraction and sample cleanup procedures were also developed for water, sediment, and SPMDs using various chromatographic and wet chemical methods. The focus of this publication is to examine the enrichment techniques and the analytical methodologies used in the isolation, characterization, and quantitation of 15 PPPAHs in different sample matrices. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Free Rad Biol & Aging Res Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Williamson, KS (reprint author), Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Free Rad Biol & Aging Res Program, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 7 BP 703 EP 715 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00394-6 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00394-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 607RQ UT WOS:000178804900003 PM 12431007 ER PT J AU Williamson, KS Petty, JD Huckins, JN Lebo, JA Kaiser, EM AF Williamson, KS Petty, JD Huckins, JN Lebo, JA Kaiser, EM TI Sequestration of priority pollutant PAHs from sediment pore water employing semipermeable membrane devices SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE HPLC-PFD; SPMDs; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; fluorescence; PAHs; sediment pore water ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PASSIVE AIR SAMPLERS; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SPMDS; DIALYSIS; EXTRACTION; SOLVENT AB Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were employed to sample sediment pore water in static exposure studies under controlled laboratory conditions using (control pond and formulated) sediments fortified with 15 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPPAHs). The sediment fortification level of 750 ng/g was selected on the basis of what might be detected in a sediment sample from a contaminated area. The sampling interval consisted of 0, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days for each study. The analytical methodologies, as well as the extraction and sample cleanup procedures used in the isolation, characterization, and quantitation of 15 PPPAHs at different fortification levels in SPMDs, water, and sediment were reported previously (Williamson, M.S. Thesis, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA; Williamson et al., Chemosphere (This issue-PII: S0045-6535(02)00394-6)) and used for this project. Average (mean) extraction recoveries for each PPPAH congener in each matrix are reported and discussed. No procedural blank extracts (controls) were found to contain any PPPAH residues above the method quantitation limit, therefore, no matrix interferences were detected. The focus of this publication is to demonstrate the ability to sequester environmental contaminants, specifically PPPAHs, from sediment pore water using SPMDs and two different types of fortified sediment. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Free Rad Biol & Aging Res Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Williamson, KS (reprint author), Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Free Rad Biol & Aging Res Program, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 7 BP 717 EP 729 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00393-4 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00393-4 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 607RQ UT WOS:000178804900004 PM 12431008 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Chernyak, SM Begnoche, L Quintal, R Hickey, J AF Rice, CP Chernyak, SM Begnoche, L Quintal, R Hickey, J TI Comparisons of PBDE composition and concentration in fish collected from the Detroit river, MI and Des Plaines River, IL SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE polybrominated diphenyl ethers; carp; Detroit River; Des Plaines River; large mouth bass ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DIETARY UPTAKE AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified in fish collected from the Detroit River, MI and Des Plaines Rivers, IL. In the Detroit River fish, carp and large mouth bass, the congener patterns were dominated by the 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo (BDE-47) congener; however, in Des Plaines River carp the dominant isomers were the heptabromo congeners BDE-181 and BDE-183 and lesser amounts of another heptabromo congener, BDE-190, and two hexabromo congeners, BDE-154 and BDE-153. Three possible sources exist for these less-commonly identified PBDE congeners: (a) waste discharge from manufacturing or discarded products near the river, (b) public owned treatment work (POTW) effluents which constitute more than 75% of the flow in the Des Plaines River, (c) or formation of these congeners by debromination of in-place deposits of decabromodiphenyl ether. Average concentration totals (sum of concentrations for seven of the dominant PBDE congeners) were similar on a wet weight bases for the carp (5.39 ng/g wet weight) and large mouth bass (5.25 ng/g) in the Detroit River samples; however, the bass were significantly higher, rho = 0.01, when compared on a lipid basis (bass-163 ng/g vs. carp-40.5 ng/g lipid weight). Some of the PBDE congeners were positively correlated with increasing lipid levels in both fish species. Average total PBDE concentrations in the carp from the Des Plaines River (12.48 ng/g wet weight) were significantly higher, rho = 0.01, than in carp from the Detroit River. The residues were isolated using standard organochlorine methods for fish and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-negative chemical ionization methods. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Rice, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Qual Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 224,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 7 BP 731 EP 737 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00398-3 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00398-3 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 607RQ UT WOS:000178804900005 PM 12431009 ER PT J AU Fournier, F Karasov, WH Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Hines, RK AF Fournier, F Karasov, WH Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Hines, RK TI The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (Gavia immer) chicks SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd ICCPB Meeting CY AUG 18-24, 2001 CL KASANE, SOUTH AFRICA DE bioavailability; common loon; elimination; feathers; mercury; methylmercury; toxicokinetics; compartment modeling ID METHYL MERCURY; CHEMICAL FORM; DOSE-RESPONSE; AUTUMN MOLT; FEATHERS; BLOOD; WISCONSIN; EXCRETION; KINETICS; BIRDS AB We compared the toxicokinetics of methylmercury in captive common loon chicks during two time intervals to assess the impact of feather growth on the kinetics of mercury We also determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during these trials to test for age-related changes. The blood concentration-time curves for individuals dosed during feather development (initiated 35 days post hatch) were best described by a one-compartment toxicokinetic model with an elimination half-life of 3 days. The data for birds dosed following completion of feather growth (84 days post hatch) were best fitted by a two-compartment elimination model that includes an initial rapid distribution phase with a half-life of 0.9 days, followed by a slow elimination phase with a half-life of 116 days. We determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during the first dosing interval by comparing the ratios of the area under the blood concentration-time curves (AUC(0-->infinity)) for orally and intravenously dosed chicks. The oral bioavailability of methylmercury during the first dosing period was 0.83. We also determined bioavailability during both dosing periods using a second measure because of irregularities with intravenous results in the second period. This second bioavailability measure estimated the percentage of the dose that was deposited in the blood volume (f), and the results show that there was no difference in bioavailability among dosing periods. The results of this study highlight the importance of feather growth on the toxicokinetics of methylmercury. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USGS Biol Resources Div, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Fournier, F (reprint author), Univ Moncton, Dept Biol, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada. NR 46 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 133 IS 3 BP 703 EP 714 AR PII S1095-6433(02)00140-X DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00140-X PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 628WH UT WOS:000180019200026 PM 12443928 ER PT J AU Petersen, MR Flint, PL AF Petersen, MR Flint, PL TI Population structure of Pacific Common Eiders breeding in Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Pacific Common Eider; population structure; Somateria mollissima v-nigrum; winter ID SPECTACLED EIDERS; SOMATERIA-MOLLISSIMA; HARLEQUIN-DUCKS; AT-SEA; ANATIDAE; PATTERNS; BIRDS AB We used satellite telemetry to study the migration routes and wintering areas of two allopatric breeding populations of Pacific Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) in Alaska: the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and the western Beaufort Sea coast. Only 6% (2 of 36) of females wintered within the wintering area of the other breeding population. Both breeding populations wintered in the closest available ice-free habitat. perhaps to minimize migratory distance. Two Beaufort Sea females wintered in areas used by Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta females, implying potential gene flow among breeding areas. Yet. we conclude that these two populations are largely geographically isolated throughout the annual cycle and the environmental factors influencing survival and reproduction likely differ between these groups of birds. Thus, regardless of the potential gene flow among breeding populations, we suggest that birds from these two breeding areas should be managed as separate populations. C1 USGS, BRD, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Petersen, MR (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 38 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 780 EP 787 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0780:PSOPCE]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 614LG UT WOS:000179190400007 ER PT J AU Kus, BE AF Kus, BE TI Fitness consequences of nest desertion in an endangered host, the Least Bells Vireo SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE brood parasitism; Brown-Headed Cowbird; endangered species; Least Bell's Vireo; Molothrus ater; nest desertion; Vireo bellii pusillus ID AVIAN BROOD PARASITISM; BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; SEASONAL FECUNDITY; RESPONSES; PREDATION; BEHAVIOR AB Recent analyses of the impact of cowbird parasitism on host productivity suggest that while parasitism reduces productivity on a per-nest basis, the ability of pairs to desert parasitized nests and renest allows them to achieve productivity comparable to that of unparasitized pairs. This has implications for the management of several endangered species that are highly vulnerable to parasitism and consequently the target of cowbird control programs. I calculated seasonal nesting effort (number of nests per pair) and productivity of 568 pairs of Least Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus) monitored over 11 years at the San Luis Rey River in San Diego County, California (where cowbird trapping has reduced, but not eliminated, parasitism), assigning pairs to one of three groups: (1) deserters, (2) rescued (parasitized pairs with nests "rescued" from probable failure by the removal of cowbird eggs), and (3) unparasitized. Parasitized pairs attempted significantly more nests per season than did unparasitized pairs, with deserters producing more nests than rescued pairs. However, productivity of deserting pairs was significantly lower than that of both rescued and unparasitized pairs, largely because subsequent nests of deserting pairs were also parasitized. Seasonal productivity of rescued and unparasitized pairs was comparable, indicating that in this species, reduction of cowbird impacts through nest manipulation to remove cowbird eggs is effective. Desertion by Least Bell's Vireos does not appear to be an adequate natural defense against parasitism, suggesting the need for continued cowbird control while vireo populations are re-established. C1 USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Kus, BE (reprint author), USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 5745 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite M, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. EM barbara-kus@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 795 EP 802 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0795:FCONDI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 614LG UT WOS:000179190400009 ER PT J AU Harding, AMA van Pelt, TI Piatt, JF Kitaysky, AS AF Harding, AMA van Pelt, TI Piatt, JF Kitaysky, AS TI Reduction of provisioning effort in response to experimental manipulation of chick nutritional status in the horned puffin SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Fratercula corniculata; Horned Puffin; nutritional status; regulation of food provisioning; reproductive effort; seabirds ID FRATERCULA-ARCTICA; PARENTAL EFFORT; MANX SHEARWATERS; NESTLING OBESITY; BODY CONDITION; FOOD DELIVERY; STORM-PETREL; ADJUSTMENT; RATES; DENSITY AB Using a supplemental feeding experiment, we investigated the ability of adult Horned Puffins to decrease provisioning effort in response to reduced nutritional requirements of chicks. We found no difference between experimental and control groups in parental provisioning before supplementary feeding was initiated. After receiving supplemental food for seven days, experimental chicks grew faster, gained more mass and received 87% less food from their parents than did control chicks. These results demonstrate that Homed Puffin parents can decrease food provisioning in response to a decrease in their chick nutritional requirements. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Piatt, JF (reprint author), USGS, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 842 EP 847 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0842:ROPEIR]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 614LG UT WOS:000179190400015 ER PT J AU Paxton, EH Sogge, MK McCarthey, TD Keim, P AF Paxton, EH Sogge, MK McCarthey, TD Keim, P TI Nestling sex ratio in the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Empidonax traillii; endangered species; nestling sex ratio; Willow Flycatcher ID BIRDS; SEQUENCE AB Using molecular-genetic techniques, we determined the gender of 202 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) nestlings from 95 nests sampled over a five-year period. Overall nestling sex ratio did not vary significantly from 50:50 among years, by clutch order, or by mating strategy (monogamous vs. polygamous pairings). However, we did observe significant differences among the four sites sampled, with sex ratios biased either toward males or females at the different sites. Given the small population sizes and geographic isolation of many of the endangered subspecies' breeding populations, sex-ratio differences may have localized negative impacts. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. RP Paxton, EH (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RI Keim, Paul/A-2269-2010; OI Paxton, Eben/0000-0001-5578-7689 NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 877 EP 881 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0877:NSRITS]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 614LG UT WOS:000179190400021 ER PT J AU Lawler, JJ Edwards, TC AF Lawler, JJ Edwards, TC TI Composition of cavity-nesting bird communities in montane aspen woodland fragments: The roles of landscape context and forest structure SO CONDOR LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SITES; EDGE; PREDATION; RIPARIAN; NESTERS; HABITAT AB We compared cavity-nesting bird communities in aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodland fragments classified on the basis of vegetation structure (tree density) and landscape context (surrounding vegetation). We found very few cavity nesters in fragments predominantly surrounded by forests. Fragments adjacent to meadows contained more species and a greater abundance of cavity nesters. Species richness and abundance were higher in sparsely than in densely treed meadow fragments. Because secondary cavity nesters are often limited by cavity availability, we augmented natural cavities with nest boxes. Although only five boxes contained bird nests, these were all in sparse aspen fragments predominantly surrounded by meadows. However, we found 25 northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) nests in boxes, none of which were in sparse meadow fragments. In addition to highlighting the importance of landscape context in avian and mammalian habitat relationships, our results suggest that predator or competitor interactions may help structure this cavity-nester community. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Lawler, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 890 EP 896 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0890:COCNBC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 614LG UT WOS:000179190400024 ER PT J AU Hammer, JE Rutherford, MJ Hildreth, W AF Hammer, JE Rutherford, MJ Hildreth, W TI Magma storage prior to the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; EXPERIMENTAL PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; FE-TI OXIDES; THOUSAND-SMOKES; H2O CONTENTS; BISHOP TUFF; KATMAI; ANDESITE; SYSTEM; VALLEY AB New analytical and experimental data constrain the storage and equilibration conditions of the magmas erupted in 1912 from Novarupta in the 20th century's largest volcanic event. Phase relations at H2O + CO2 fluid saturation were determined for an andesite (58.7 wt% SiO2) and a dacite (67.7 wt%) from the compositional extremes of intermediate magmas erupted. The phase assemblages, matrix melt composition and modes of natural andesite were reproduced experimentally under H2O-saturated conditions (i.e., P-H2O P-TOT) in a negatively sloping region in T-P space from 930 degreesC/100 MPa to 960 degreesC/75 MPa with fO(2)similar toN NO + 1. The H2O-saturated equilibration conditions of the dacite are constrained to a T-P region from 850 degreesC/ 50 MPa to 880 degreesC/25 MPa. If H2O-saturated, these magmas equilibrated at (and above) the level where co-erupted rhyolite equilibrated (similar to100 MPa), suggesting that the andesite-dacite magma reservoir was displaced laterally rather than vertically from the rhyolite magma body. Natural mineral and melt compositions of intermediate magmas were also reproduced experimentally under saturation conditions with a mixed (H2O + CO2) fluid for the same range in P-H2O. Thus, a storage model in which vertically stratified mafic to silicic intermediate magmas underlay H2O-saturated rhyolite is consistent with experimental findings only if the intermediates have X-H2O(fl) = 0.7 and 0.9 for the extreme compositions, respectively. Disequilibrium features in natural pumice and scoria include pristine minerals existing outside their stability fields, and compositional zoning of titanomagnetite in contact with ilmenite. Variable rates of chemical equilibration which would eliminate these features constrain the apparent thermal excursion and re-distribution of minerals to the time scale of days. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hammer, JE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 53 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 144 IS 2 BP 144 EP 162 DI 10.1007/s00410-002-0393-2 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 620ZC UT WOS:000179563200002 ER PT J AU Moody, JA Troutman, BM AF Moody, JA Troutman, BM TI Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE channel; morphology; spatial variability; hydraulic geometry; scaling ID RIVER NETWORKS; FLOOD; HYDRAULICS; ELEVATION; STREAMS; WIDTH; MODEL AB The spatial variability of two fundamental morphological variables is investigated for rivers having a wide range of discharge (five orders of magnitude). The variables, water-surface width and average depth, were measured at 58 to 888 equally spaced cross-sections in channel links (river reaches between major tributaries). These measurements provide data to characterize the two-dimensional structure of a channel link which is the fundamental unit of a channel network. The morphological variables have nearly log-normal probability distributions. A general relation was determined which relates the means of the log-transformed variables to the logarithm of discharge similar to previously published downstream hydraulic geometry relations. The spatial variability of the variables is described by two properties: (1) the coefficient of variation which was nearly constant (0.13-0.42) over a wide range of discharge; and (2) the integral length scale in the downstream direction which was approximately equal to one to two mean channel widths. The joint probability distribution of the morphological variables in the downstream direction was modelled as a first-order, bivariate autoregressive process. This model accounted for up to 76 per cent of the total variance. The two-dimensional morphological variables can be scaled such that the channel width-depth process is independent of discharge. The scaling properties will be valuable to modellers of both basin and channel dynamics. Published in 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Moody, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 60 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1251 EP 1266 DI 10.1002/esp.403 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 620WQ UT WOS:000179556700001 ER PT J AU Updike, RG AF Updike, RG TI Dave Varnes, 1919-2002 SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Updike, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1354 EP 1354 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 620WQ UT WOS:000179556700009 ER PT J AU Palen, WJ Schindler, DE Adams, MJ Pearl, CA Bury, RB Diamonds, SA AF Palen, WJ Schindler, DE Adams, MJ Pearl, CA Bury, RB Diamonds, SA TI Optical characteristics of natural waters protect amphibians from UV-B in the US Pacific Northwest SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ambystoma gracile; Ambystoma macrodactylum; amphibian declines; Bufo boreas; Cascades frog; dissolved organic matter, DOM; long-toed salamander; morthwestern salamander; Pacific Northwest; Rana cascadae; UV-B radiation; western toad ID RADIATION CAUSES MORTALITY; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; POPULATION DECLINES; OZONE DEPLETION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LEGGED FROG; LAKES; RANA; ATTENUATION; CALIFORNIA AB Increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has been proposed as a major environmental stressor leading to global amphibian declines. Prior experimental evidence from the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) indicating the acute embryonic sensitivity of at least four amphibian species to UV-B has been, central to the literature about amphibian decline. However, these results have not been expanded to address population-scale effects and natural landscape variation in UV-B transparency of water at amphibian breeding sites: both necessary links to assess the importance of UV-B for amphibian declines. We quantified the UV-B transparency of 136 potential amphibian breeding sites to establish the pattern of UV-B exposure across two montane regions in the PNW. Our data suggest that 85% of sites - are naturally proiected by dissolved organic matter in pond water, and that only a fraction of breeding sites are expected to experience UV-B intensities exceeding levels associated with elevated egg mortality. Thus, the spectral characteristics of natural waters likely mediate the physiological effects of UV-B on amphibian eggs in all but the clearest waters. These data imply that UV-B is unlikely to cause broad amphibian declines across the landscape of the American Northwest. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland & Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Palen, WJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 49 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2951 EP 2957 DI 10.2307/3071829 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 622AT UT WOS:000179624600001 ER PT J AU Corn, PS Muths, E AF Corn, PS Muths, E TI Variable breeding phenology affects the exposure of amphibian embryos to ultraviolet radiation SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amphibians; boreal chorus frog; breeding phenology; global change; Pseudacris maculata; ultraviolet radiation ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; UV-RADIATION; B RADIATION; TOTAL OZONE; DECLINES; ACIDIFICATION; SURFACE AB Reduced water depth in dry years has been proposed to interact with ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and a pathogenic fungus to cause episodes of high mortality of amphibian embryos. Observations of breeding phenology of boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) in Colorado from 1986 to 2001 show that dry years result in earlier breeding. The earliest and latest dates of maximum calling activity by males were 20 May and 16 June, and the date of maximum calling was strongly related to the amount of snow accumulation during the winter. Surface UV-B flux, estimated from satellite-based measurements, was positively related to date of maximum calling. In dry years, surface UV-B during calling was reduced by an amount similar to that attributed to reduced depth. Although there was a significant trend of increasing UV-B from 1978 to 2001 on the average date (2 June) of maximum calling activity, there was no relationship between year and surface UV-B at actual dates of maximum calling. Exposure to extreme temperatures is an alternative explanation for increased mortality of:amphibian embryos in shallow water. C1 US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Corn, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 36 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2958 EP 2963 DI 10.2307/3071830 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 622AT UT WOS:000179624600002 ER PT J AU Garrott, RA Eberhardt, LL Otton, JK White, PJ Chaffee, MA AF Garrott, RA Eberhardt, LL Otton, JK White, PJ Chaffee, MA TI A geochemical trophic cascade in Yellowstone's geothermal environments SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE demography; fluoridosis; food web; population dynamics; silica; senescence; snowpack; survival; toxicology; trophic interactions ID NATIONAL-PARK; ELK; POPULATIONS; HERBIVORES; DYNAMICS; DEER AB We contrast the geochemistry of the Madison drainage, which has high concentrations of geothermal features, with the Lamar drainage of Yellowstone National Park, USA, and trace the consequences of geochemical differences through abiotic and biotic linkages in the ecosystem. Waters in the geothermal-dominated drainage contained anomalously high levels of fluoride (F) and silica (SiO2). Soils, stream sediments, and surface waters that interact or mix with geothermal waters, in turn, had elevated F and SiO2 concentrations compared to similar samples from the Lamar drainage. The geochemical differences were reflected in the chemistry of forage plants, with some plants from geothermally influenced areas containing four- to eightfold higher concentrations of F and SiO2 than similar plants in the Lamar drainage. Geothermal heat reduced snowpack, and we found that elk (Cervus elaphus) concentrated in these refugia as snowpack increased each winter. The consequent high dietary intake of F in animals associated with the geothermal areas was confirmed by the finding that bone samples from elk living in the Madison drainage contained sixfold higher concentrations of F than samples collected from animals wintering in the Lamar drainage. High F exposure resulted in compromised dentition due to fluoride toxicosis, which was undoubtedly exacerbated by the abrasive action of silica. The consequent accelerated and aberrant tooth wear resulted in early onset of senescence, reduced life span, and an abbreviated age structure. We speculate that these altered demographics, combined with spatial heterogeneity of snowpack, will result in increased vulnerability of this large herbivore population to wolf predation and less resiliency to compensate demographically for predation. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. RP Garrott, RA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV PY 2002 VL 5 IS 7 BP 659 EP 666 DI 10.1007/s10021-002-0211-8 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615YX UT WOS:000179275900006 ER PT J AU Cooter, EJ Hutzell, WT Foreman, WT Majewski, MS AF Cooter, EJ Hutzell, WT Foreman, WT Majewski, MS TI A regional atmospheric fate and transport model for atrazine. 2. Evaluation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI-RIVER VALLEY; MASS-BALANCE; PESTICIDES AB The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been adapted to simulate the regional fate and transport of atrazine. Model modifications and simulations spanning April to mid-July 1995 are described in a previous paper. CMAQ results for atrazine concentrations in air and rainfall are evaluated against field observations taken along the Mississippi River and the shores of Lake Michigan in 1995. CMAQ results agree within 10% of published annual wet deposition load estimates for Lake Michigan and predicted annual dry deposition lies within published error bounds. Comparisons of weekly observed and predicted air and rainfall concentrations along the Mississippi River yield order-of-magnitude differences. Precipitation weighting of concentrations in rainfall good agreement for seasonal time frames. Weekly ambient gas form concentrations tend to be overpredicted by the CMAQ and semivolatile particulate fractions are underpredicted. Uncertainty in CMAQ predictions of air and rainfall concentrations for atrazine appear to derive primarily from uncertainty in emissions estimates, simulated precipitation, and spatial scale. C1 US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Res Lab, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Cooter, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Res Lab, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 21 BP 4593 EP 4599 DI 10.1021/es011372q PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611ED UT WOS:000179002700033 PM 12433169 ER PT J AU Wang, ZJ Wang, Y Ma, M Lu, YB Huckins, J AF Wang, ZJ Wang, Y Ma, M Lu, YB Huckins, J TI Use of triolein-semipermeable membrane devices to assess the bioconcentration and sediment sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants in the Huaihe River, China SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydrophobic organic contaminants; partitioning; bioconcentration; sediment sorption; triolein-semipermeable membrane devices ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; POLLUTANTS; CHEMICALS; WATER; FISH; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; MODEL; PCBS AB Triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (triolein-SPMD) were deployed 1 m above the sediments at two sampling sites in the Huaihe River, China, for a period of 28 d. Sediment and fish samples were simultaneously collected from the same sampling sites. Concentrations of substituted benzenes, selected pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in triolein-SPMDs, sediments, and fishes. The concentrations of these hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in fish and in sediment organic carbon were correlated with HOCs accumulation in triolein-SPMDs. Our results showed reasonably good correlations between the log concentrations of contaminants in fish lipid and in triolein-SPMDs. Good correlations were also found between the log concentrations of contaminants in sediment organic carbon and in triolein-SPMDs (except for PAHs). The results were discussed in terms of the partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants among different compartments in the aquatic environment and the suitability of using triolein-SPMDs to predict bioconcentration factor (BCF) and sediment-water partitioning coefficient (K-oc). C1 Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Environm Aquat Chem, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Wang, ZJ (reprint author), Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Environm Aquat Chem, POB 2871, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. RI Wang, Zijian/A-1538-2009 OI Wang, Zijian/0000-0002-9847-9691 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 20 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 21 IS 11 BP 2378 EP 2384 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2378:UOTSMD>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 604ZP UT WOS:000178651200017 PM 12389917 ER PT J AU Gale, RW Bergeron, JM Willingham, EJ Crews, D AF Gale, RW Bergeron, JM Willingham, EJ Crews, D TI Turtle sex determination assay: Mass balance and responses to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; turtle; estrogen; sex determination ID EARED SLIDER TURTLE; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; STEROIDOGENIC FACTOR-1; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; DEVELOPING GONAD; TEMPERATURE; DIFFERENTIATION; ESTRADIOL AB Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons have been implicated in the anomalous sexual differentiation of mammals and reptiles. Here, a temperature-sensitive turtle sex determination assay using the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) was used to determine the estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126). Neither TCDD nor PCB-126 showed a statistically significant difference in the resulting sex ratios (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.45). As a consequence of the dosing technique (eggshell spotting), the shell retained 90 and 96% of the dose for PCB-126 and TCDD, respectively, similar to retention of estradiol-17 beta. However, the dosing allowed transfer of sufficient chemical to achieve tissue concentrations that were greater than most concentrations reported for environmentally incurred residues. Similar relative mass distributions of PCB-126 and TCDD were observed in albumin (14-20%), yolk (55-70%), and embryo (16-25%). Relative concentration distributions in the embryo approached those in the yolk, 37 to 40% and 40 to 52%, respectively, while relative concentrations in the albumin remained at 11 to 20%. Lipid-normalized TCDD and PCB-126 concentrations were 30- to 40-fold greater in the embryo than in the yolk. It is hypothesized that nonpassive partitioning processes may have occurred in the embryo. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Dept Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Gale, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM robert_gale@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 21 IS 11 BP 2477 EP 2482 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2477:TSDAMB>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 604ZP UT WOS:000178651200029 PM 12389929 ER PT J AU Terwilliger, VJ Betancourt, JL Leavitt, SW Van de Water, PK AF Terwilliger, VJ Betancourt, JL Leavitt, SW Van de Water, PK TI Leaf cellulose delta D and delta O-18 trends with elevation differ in direction among co-occurring, semiarid plant species SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-ISOTOPE RATIOS; TREE-RING CELLULOSE; D-H RATIO; CLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS; PINYON PINE; RIPARIAN TREES; D/H RATIOS; HYDROGEN; WATER; CARBON AB The potential to reconstruct paleoclimate from analyses of stable isotopes in fossil leaf cellulose could be enhanced by adequate calibration. This potential is likely to be particularly great in mid-latitude deserts, where a rich store of fossil leaves is available from rodent middens. Trends in deltaD and delta(18)O of leaf cellulose were examined for three species growing across climatic gradients caused by elevation and slope aspect in southeastern Utah, USA. The species differed in morphology (Pinus edulis vs. Yucca glauca), photosynthetic pathway (C-3 Y. glauca vs. CAM Yucca baccata) or both (P. edulis vs. Y. baccata). The deltaD(LCN), (leaf cellulose nitrate) and delta(18)O(LC) (leaf cellulose) values of P. edulis decreased with elevation. Stem water deltaD values either increased (in spring) or did not change with elevation (in summer). Needle water deltaD values usually decreased with elevation and differed greatly with leaf age. These results suggest that 5 cellulose values of P. edulis record the effects of climate on the isotopic composition of leaf water but not climate effects on meteoric water. In contrast to P. edulis, deltaD(LCN) values of Y. glauca increased with elevation. The delta(18)O(LC) values of Y. glauca also increased with elevation but less significantly and only on south-facing slopes. The 5 cellulose values in both P. edulis and Y. glauca were most significantly related to changes in temperature, although temperature and precipitation were negatively correlated in the study area. Where all three species co-occurred, their deltaD(LCN) values differed but their delta(18)O(LC) values were the same. The disparity in deltaD(LCN) between Y. baccata and the other species corresponds to differences in biochemical fractionations associated with photosynthetic pathway. Biochemical fractionations may also contribute to differences between the two C, species. Knowledge of factors affecting responses of individual plant species to environment may be required to infer climate from deltaD(LCN) and delta(18)O(LC). Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Evolut Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Desert Lab, United States Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Terwilliger, VJ (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. NR 57 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 2002 VL 66 IS 22 BP 3887 EP 3900 AR PII S0016-7037(02)00964-X DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00964-X PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 615AH UT WOS:000179223300003 ER PT J AU Biggs, TH Quade, J Webb, RH AF Biggs, TH Quade, J Webb, RH TI delta C-13 values of soil organic matter in semiarid grassland with mesquite (Prosopis) encroachment in southeastern Arizona SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE mesquite; soil organic matter; delta C-13; spatial distributions; desert grasslands ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; NATURAL C-13 ABUNDANCE; VEGETATION CHANGES; C-13/C-12 RATIOS; TROPICAL FOREST; DYNAMICS; TURNOVER; SAVANNA; CO2; BOUNDARY AB Over the past century, C3 woody plants and trees have increased in abundance in many semiarid ecosystems, displacing native C4 grasses. Livestock grazing, climatic fluctuations, and fire suppression are several reasons proposed for this shift. Soil carbon isotopic signatures are an ideal technique to evaluate carbon turnover rates in such ecosystems. On the gunnery ranges of Fort Huachuca in southeastern Arizona, study sites were established on homogeneous granitic alluvium to investigate the effects of fire frequency on delta(13)C values in surface soil organic matter (SOM). These ranges have had no livestock grazing for 50 years and a well-documented history of fires. Prosopis velutina Woot. (mesquite) trees have altered SOM delta(13)C pools by the concentration of plant nutrients and the addition of isotopically light litter. These soil carbon changes do not extend beyond canopy margins. Elevated total organic carbon (TOC), plant nutrient (N and P) concentrations, and depleted SOM delta(13)C values are associated with C3 Prosopis on an unburned plot, which enables recognition of former Prosopis-occupied sites on plots with recent fire histories. Elevated nutrient concentrations associated with former Prosopis are retained in SOM for many decades. Surface SOM delta(13)C values indicate the estimated minimum turnover time of C4-derived carbon beneath large mature Prosopis is about 100-300 years. In contrast, complete turnover of original C3 carbon to C4 carbon under grasslands is estimated to take a minimum of 150-500 years. Our study confirms that C4 grass cover has declined over the past 100 years, although isolated C3 trees or shrubs were not uncommon on the historic C4-dominated grasslands. We find evidence in surface soil layers for a modem C3 plant expansion reflected in the substantial shift of SOM delta(13)C values from C4 grasses to C3 shrublands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Biggs, TH (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 77 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1-2 BP 109 EP 130 AR PII S0016-7061(02)00227-6 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00227-6 PG 22 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 601XE UT WOS:000178473500007 ER PT J AU Poag, CW AF Poag, CW TI Synimpact-postimpact transition inside Chesapeake Bay crater SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breccia; Chesapeake Bay; dead zone; fallout; impact; microspherules ID IMPACT EJECTA; NEW-JERSEY; EOCENE; TEKTITE; MICROTEKTITES; BARBADOS; BOUNDARY; ATLANTIC; LAYER AB The transition from synimpact to postimpact sedimentation inside Chesapeake Bay impact crater began with accumulation of fallout debris, the final synimpact deposit. Evidence of a synimpact fallout layer at this site comes from the presence of unusual, millimeter-scale, pyrite microstructures at the top of the Exmore crater-fill breccia. The porous geometry of the pyrite microstructures indicates that they originally were part of a more extensive pyrite lattice that encompassed a layer of millimeter-scale glass microspherulles-fallout melt particles produced by the bolide impact. Above this microspherule layer is the initial postimpact deposit, a laminated clay-silt-sand unit, 19 cm thick. This laminated unit is a dead zone, which contains abundant stratigraphically mixed and diagenetically altered or impact-altered microfossils (foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, dinoflagellates, ostracodes), but no evidence of indigenous biota. By extrapolation of sediment-accumulation rates, I estimate that conditions unfavorable to microbiota persisted for as little as <1 k.y. to 10 k.y. after the bolide impact. Subsequently, an abrupt improvement of the late Eocene paleoenvironment allowed species-rich assemblages of foraminifera, ostracodes, dinoflagellates, radiolarians, and calcareous nannoplankton to quickly reoccupy the crater basin, as documented in the first sample of the Chickahominy Formation above the dead zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Poag, CW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 30 IS 11 BP 995 EP 998 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 609KH UT WOS:000178902000010 ER PT J AU Lee, MW AF Lee, MW TI Biot-Gassmann theory for velocities of gas hydrate-bearing sediments SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; METHANE HYDRATE; BASE; ZONE AB Elevated elastic velocities are a distinct physical property of gas hydrate-bearing sediments. A number of velocity models and equations (e.g., pore-filling model, cementation model, effective medium theories, weighted equations, and time-average equations) have been used to describe this effect. In particular, the weighted equation and effective medium theory predict reasonably well the elastic properties of unconsolidated gas hydrate-bearing sediments. A weakness of the weighted equation is its use of the empirical relationship of the time-average equation as one element of the equation. One drawback of the effective medium theory is its prediction of unreasonably higher shear-wave velocity at high porosities, so that the predicted. velocity ratio does not agree well with the observed velocity ratio. To overcome these weaknesses, a method is proposed, based on Biot-Gassmann theories and assuming the formation velocity ratio (shear to compressional velocity) of an unconsolidated sediment is related to the velocity ratio of the matrix material of the formation and its porosity. Using the Biot coefficient calculated from either the weighted equation or from the effective medium theory, the proposed method accurately predicts the elastic properties of unconsolidated sediments with or without gas hydrate concentration. This method was applied to the observed velocities at the Mallik 2L-39 well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1711 EP 1719 DI 10.1190/1.1527072 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 625XC UT WOS:000179840000003 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL Williams, JH Oki, DS Knutson, KD AF Paillet, FL Williams, JH Oki, DS Knutson, KD TI Comparison of formation and fluid-column logs in a heterogeneous basalt aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FLOW LOGS; PERMEABILITY; TESTS AB Deep observation boreholes in the vicinity of active production wells in Honolulu, Hawaii, exhibit the anomalous condition that fluid-column electrical conductivity logs and apparent profiles of pore-water electrical conductivity derived from induction conductivity logs are nearly identical if a formation factor of 12.5 is assumed. This condition is documented in three boreholes where fluid-column logs clearly indicate the presence of strong borehole flow induced by withdrawal from partially penetrating water-supply wells. This result appears to contradict the basic principles of conductivity-log interpretation. Flow conditions in one of these boreholes was investigated in detail by obtaining flow profiles under two water production conditions using the electromagnetic flowmeter. The flow-log interpretation demonstrates that the fluid-column log resembles the induction log because the amount of inflow to the borehole increases systematically upward through the transition zone between deeper salt water and shallower fresh water. This condition allows the properties of the fluid column to approximate the properties of water entering the borehole as soon as the upflow stream encounters that producing zone. Because this condition occurs in all three boreholes investigated, the similarity of induction and fluid-column logs is probably not a coincidence, and may relate to aquifer response under the influence of pumping from production wells. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 40 IS 6 BP 577 EP 585 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02544.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 614KH UT WOS:000179187500004 PM 12425345 ER PT J AU Weeks, EP AF Weeks, EP TI The Lisse effect revisited SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PARAMETERS; GREEN; SOILS; WATER; FLOW AB The Lisse effect is a rarely noted phenomenon occurring when infiltration caused by intense rain seals the surface soil layer to airflow, trapping air in the unsaturated zone. Compression of air by the advancing front results in a pressure increase that produces a water-level rise in an observation well screened below the water table that is several times as large as the distance penetrated by the wetting front. The effect is triggered by intense rains and results in a very rapid water-level rise, followed by a recession lasting a few days. The Lisse effect was first noted and explained by Thal Larsen in 1932 from water-level observations obtained in a shallow well in the village of Lisse, Holland. The original explanation does not account for the increased air pressure pushing up on the bottom of the wetting front. Analysis of the effect of this upward pressure indicates that a negative pressure head at the base of the wetting front, psi(f), analogous to that postulated by Green and Ampt (1911) to explain initially rapid infiltration rates into unsaturated soils, is involved in producing the Lisse effect. Analysis of recorded observations of the Lisse effect by Larsen and others indicates that the water-level rise, which typically ranges from 0.10 to 0.55 m, should be only slightly larger than \psi(f)\ and that the depth of penetration of the wetting front is no more than several millimeters. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80401 USA. RP Weeks, EP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80401 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 40 IS 6 BP 652 EP 656 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02552.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 614KH UT WOS:000179187500012 PM 12425353 ER PT J AU Alados, CL Giner, ML Dehesa, L Escos, J Barroso, FG Emlen, JM Freeman, DC AF Alados, CL Giner, ML Dehesa, L Escos, J Barroso, FG Emlen, JM Freeman, DC TI Developmental instability and fitness in Periploca laevigata experiencing grazing disturbance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE developmental instability; growth rhythm; grazing disturbance ID FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; SEXUAL SELECTION; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; DIRECTIONAL ASYMMETRY; FRACTAL ARCHITECTURE; GENETIC-BASIS; BIRCH LEAVES; STRESS; STABILITY; PLANTS AB We investigated the sensitivity of developmental instability measurements (leaf fluctuating asymmetry, floral radial asymmetry, and shoot translational asymmetry) to a long-standing natural stress (grazing) in a palatable tannin-producing shrub (Periploca laevigata Aiton). We also assessed the relationship between these measures of developmental instability and fitness components (growth and floral production). Developmental instability, measured by translational asymmetry, was the most accurate estimator of a plant's condition and, consequently, environmental stress. Plants with less translational asymmetry grew more and produced more flowers. Plants from the medium-grazed population were developmentally more stable, as estimated by translational and floral asymmetry, than either more heavily or more lightly grazed populations. Leaf fluctuating asymmetry was positively correlated with tannin concentration. The pattern of internode growth also responded to grazing impact. Plants under medium to heavy grazing pressure accelerated early growth and consequently escaped herbivory later in the season, i.e., at the beginning of the spring, when grazing activity was concentrated in herbaceous plants. Periploca laevigata accelerated growth and finished growing sooner than in the other grazing treatment. Thus, its annual growth was more mature and less palatable later in the season when grazers typically concentrate on shrubs. The reduction of developmental instability under medium grazing is interpreted as a direct effect of grazing and not as the release from competition. C1 CSIC, Inst Pirenaico Ecol, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. Univ Almeria, Dept Biol Aplicada, CITE 2B, Almeria, Spain. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Alados, CL (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Pirenaico Ecol, Ave Montanana 177,Apartado 202, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. RI Alados, Concepcion/K-8085-2014; Escos, Juan/L-4207-2014; OI Alados, Concepcion/0000-0002-6227-861X; Escos, Juan/0000-0003-2852-2911; Barroso, Fernando/0000-0001-8828-9686 NR 95 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 163 IS 6 BP 969 EP 978 DI 10.1086/342630 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 610QU UT WOS:000178972600010 ER PT J AU Fallon, JD Tierney, DP Thurman, EM AF Fallon, JD Tierney, DP Thurman, EM TI Movement of atrazine and deethylatrazine through a midwestern reservoir SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; SURFACE WATERS; UNITED-STATES; TRANSPORT; TRIBUTARIES AB The, three-dimensional visualization of atrazine and deethylatrazine in a reservoir was determined by five "snapshots" over a one-year period using immunoassay analyses, confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and visualized with a three-dimensional computer program. The surveys were conducted in Perry Lake in Kansas and showed that spring runoff laden with triazine herbicides entered the reservoir and did not mix immediately. Concentrations varied threefold between the inlet and the public water supply intakes located at the opposite end of the reservoir. The concentration range in the outflow varied much less than the concentration in the reservoir because of mixing throughout the season near the dam and outflow. A major conclusion from the study was that multiple analyses by a low-cost immunoassay technique coupled with computer visualization software gave a good three-dimensional view of the mass of herbicide present in a drinking water reservoir. C1 USGS, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Norvartis Crop Protect Inc, Greensboro, NC USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Fallon, JD (reprint author), USGS, 4821 Quail Crest Rd, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 94 IS 11 BP 54 EP 66 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 623LW UT WOS:000179705500018 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD Shrimpton, JM Moriyama, S Bjornsson, BT AF McCormick, SD Shrimpton, JM Moriyama, S Bjornsson, BT TI Effects of an advanced temperature cycle on smolt development and endocrinology indicate that temperature is not a zeitgeber for smolting in Atlantic salmon SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature; photoperiod; smolting; Atlantic salmon; Salmo salar; zeitgeber; gill Na+,K+-ATPase; growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor I; thyroid hormone ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; K+-ATPASE; HORMONE LEVELS; GILL NA+; SALAR; PARR; TRANSFORMATION; PHOTOPERIOD AB Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) juveniles were reared under simulated conditions of normal photoperiod (LDN) or short days (LD 9:15) and ambient temperature (AMB: normal temperature increases in April) or an advanced temperature cycle (ADV: temperature increases in February). Under both photoperiod conditions, the timing of increased and peak levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity were not altered by temperature, although the rate of increase was initially greater under ADV. ADV/LD 9:15 resulted in peak gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity that was half of that seen under normal photoperiod and temperature conditions. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels increased threefold in late March under ADV/LDN, but not under ADV/LD 9:15, indicating that there is a photoperioddependent effect of temperature on levels of this hormone. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) increased in spring in all groups, with increases occurring significantly earlier in the ADV/LDN group. In each photoperiod condition, the advanced temperature cycle resulted in large decreases in plasma thyroxine (T-4) levels in March, which subsequently recovered, whereas plasma 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T-3) levels were not substantially affected by either photoperiod or temperature. There was no consistent pattern of change in plasma cortisol levels. The results do not provide support for the role of temperature as a zeitgeber, but do indicate that temperature has a role in the timing of smolting by affecting the rate of development and interacting with the photoperiod. C1 USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Kitasato Univ, Sch Fisheries, Mol Endocrinol Lab, Sanriku, Iwate, Japan. Univ Gothenburg, Fish Endocrinol Lab, Dept Zool, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756 NR 31 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 18 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 205 IS 22 BP 3553 EP 3560 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 624BD UT WOS:000179738900013 PM 12364408 ER PT J AU Shrimpton, JM McCormick, SD AF Shrimpton, JM McCormick, SD TI Seasonal changes in androgen levels in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon parr and their relationship to smolting SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE testosterone; 11-ketotestosterone; Atlantic salmon; smelting; maturation ID MALE RAINBOW-TROUT; MATURE MALE PARR; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SEXUAL-MATURATION; BALTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; THYROID-HORMONES; IMMATURE PARR; SALAR L AB In stream-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, plasma androgens were significantly greater in mature male parr than immature mates and females in October, but had declined by January and did not differ significantly from immature fish throughout the spring. Immature fish in March were significantly larger and had greater gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than their previously mature counterparts. Bimodal growth distribution was seen in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon and a proportion of the male fish in the lower mode matured. Plasma testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were significantly elevated from September to December in mature male (1+ year) Parr. In January, plasma androgens had declined in mature males and did not differ significantly from immature fish. By May all the hatchery fish were large enough to smolt and a proportion of the previously mature males had increased gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Therefore elevated androgens in the previous autumn do not prevent smelting. Parr with higher plasma T and 11-KT in April and May, that are presumably beginning to mature, had lower gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, indicating that future maturation and associated increases in androgens may inhibit smolting. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Shrimpton, JM (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Biol Program, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1294 EP 1304 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2002.2156 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 636HD UT WOS:000180447800017 ER PT J AU Jolliff, B Knoll, A Morris, RV Moersch, J McSween, H Gilmore, M Arvidson, R Greeley, R Herkenhoff, K Squyres, S AF Jolliff, B Knoll, A Morris, RV Moersch, J McSween, H Gilmore, M Arvidson, R Greeley, R Herkenhoff, K Squyres, S TI Remotely sensed geology from lander-based to orbital perspectives: Results of FIDO rover May 2000 field tests SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE FIDO; Mars rover; rover field test; remote sensing; robotic ID LANDING SITE; CALIFORNIA; MISSION; LAKE AB [1] Blind field tests of the Field Integration Design and Operations (FIDO) prototype Mars rover were carried out 7-16 May 2000. A Core Operations Team (COT), sequestered at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory without knowledge of test site location, prepared command sequences and interpreted data acquired by the rover. Instrument sensors included a stereo panoramic camera, navigational and hazard-avoidance cameras, a color microscopic imager, an infrared point spectrometer, and a rock coring drill. The COT designed command sequences, which were relayed by satellite uplink to the rover, and evaluated instrument data. Using aerial photos and Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, and information from the rover sensors, the COT inferred the geology of the landing site during the 18 sol mission, including lithologic diversity, stratigraphic relationships, environments of deposition, and weathering characteristics. Prominent lithologic units were interpreted to be dolomite-bearing rocks, kaolinite-bearing altered felsic volcanic materials, and basalt. The color panoramic camera revealed sedimentary layering and rock textures, and geologic relationships seen in rock exposures. The infrared point spectrometer permitted identification of prominent carbonate and kaolinite spectral features and permitted correlations to outcrops that could not be reached by the rover. The color microscopic imager revealed fine-scale rock textures, soil components, and results of coring experiments. Test results show that close-up interrogation of rocks is essential to investigations of geologic environments and that observations must include scales ranging from individual boulders and outcrops (microscopic, macroscopic) to orbital remote sensing, with sufficient intermediate steps (descent images) to connect in situ and remote observations. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 1169, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM blj@levee.wustl.edu RI Moersch, Jeffrey/F-7189-2010; Gilmore, Martha/G-5856-2011 NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS E11 AR 8008 DI 10.1029/2000JE001470 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 639RQ UT WOS:000180643400021 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, S Ingebritsen, SE Sorey, ML AF Hurwitz, S Ingebritsen, SE Sorey, ML TI Episodic thermal perturbations associated with groundwater flow: An example from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Kilauea Volcano; heat transport; numerical modeling; hydrothermal system; temperature profile; groundwater flow ID FLUID-FLOW; TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT; PERMEABILITY; GRANITE; PRECIPITATION; CALDERA; SUMMIT; MODEL; THERMOELASTICITY; EARTHQUAKE AB [1] Temperature measurements in deep drill holes on volcano summits or upper flanks allow a quantitative analysis of groundwater induced heat transport within the edifice. We present a new temperature-depth profile from a deep well on the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, and analyze it in conjunction with a temperature profile measured 26 years earlier. We propose two groundwater flow models to interpret the complex temperature profiles. The first is a modified confined lateral flow model (CLFM) with a continuous flux of hydrothermal fluid. In the second, transient flow model (TFM), slow conductive cooling follows a brief, advective heating event. We carry out numerical simulations to examine the timescales associated with each of the models. Results for both models are sensitive to the initial conditions, and with realistic initial conditions it takes between 750 and 1000 simulation years for either model to match the measured temperature profiles. With somewhat hotter initial conditions, results are consistent with onset of a hydrothermal plume similar to550 years ago, coincident with initiation of caldera subsidence. We show that the TFM is consistent with other data from hydrothermal systems and laboratory experiments and perhaps is more appropriate for this highly dynamic environment. The TFM implies that volcano-hydrothermal systems may be dominated by episodic events and that thermal perturbations may persist for several thousand years after hydrothermal flow has ceased. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hurwitz, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 439,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM shaulh@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS B11 AR 2297 DI 10.1029/2001JB001654 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 637RR UT WOS:000180527200032 ER PT J AU Kumagai, H Chouet, BA Nakano, M AF Kumagai, H Chouet, BA Nakano, M TI Waveform inversion of oscillatory signatures in long-period events beneath volcanoes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES; SOURCE MECHANISM; SOURCE MODEL; TREMOR; REPRESENTATION; EARTHQUAKES; DIMENSIONS; EXCITATION; RESONANCE AB [1] The source mechanism of long-period (LP) events is examined using synthetic waveforms generated by the acoustic resonance of a fluid-filled crack. We perform a series of numerical tests in which the oscillatory signatures of synthetic LP waveforms are used to determine the source time functions of the six moment tensor components from waveform inversions assuming a point source. The results indicate that the moment tensor representation is valid for the odd modes of crack resonance with wavelengths 2L/n, 2W/n, n =3, 5, 7,..., where L and W are the crack length and width, respectively. For the even modes with wavelengths 2L/n, 2W/n, n =2, 4, 6,...,a generalized source representation using higher- order tensors is required, although the efficiency of seismic waves radiated by the even modes is expected to be small. We apply the moment tensor inversion to the oscillatory signatures of an LP event observed at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, central Japan. Our results point to the resonance of a subhorizontal crack located a few hundred meters beneath the summit crater lakes. The present approach may be useful to quantify the source location, geometry, and force system of LP events, and opens the way for moment tensor inversions of tremor. C1 Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Chikusa Ku, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Kumagai, H (reprint author), Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. EM kumagai@bosai.go.jp; chouet@chouet.wr.usgs.gov; nakano@sharaku.nuac.nagoya-u.ac.jp NR 26 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS B11 AR 2301 DI 10.1029/2001JB001704 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 637RR UT WOS:000180527200036 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Power, JA McConnell, VS Wicks, C Dzurisin, D AF Lu, Z Power, JA McConnell, VS Wicks, C Dzurisin, D TI Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE SAR; InSAR; interferometry; Makushin; deformation; coherence ID DEFORMATION; ETNA; KATMAI AB [1] Pilot reports in January 1995 and geologic field observations from the summer of 1996 indicate that a relatively small explosive eruption of Makushin, one of the more frequently active volcanoes in the Aleutian arc of Alaska, occurred on 30 January 1995. Several independent radar interferograms that each span the time period from October 1993 to September 1995 show evidence of similar to7 cm of uplift centered on the volcano's east flank, which we interpret as preeruptive inflation of a similar to7-km-deep magma source (DeltaV = 0.022 km(3)). Subsequent interferograms for 1995-2000, a period that included no reported eruptive activity, show no evidence of additional ground deformation. Interferometric coherence at C band is found to persist for 3 years or more on lava flow and other rocky surfaces covered with short grass and sparsely distributed tall grass and for at least 1 year on most pyroclastic deposits. On lava flow and rocky surfaces with dense tall grass and on alluvium, coherence lasts for a few months. Snow and ice surfaces lose coherence within a few days. This extended timeframe of coherence over a variety of surface materials makes C band radar interferometry an effective tool for studying volcano deformation in Alaska and other similar high-latitude regions. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Oregon Dept Geol & Mineral Ind, Baker City, OR 97814 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lu@usgs.gov; jpower@usgs.gov; vdogami@OregonVOS.net; cwicks@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS B11 AR 2266 DI 10.1029/2001JB000970 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 637RR UT WOS:000180527200002 ER PT J AU Castleberry, SB King, TL Wood, PB Ford, WM AF Castleberry, SB King, TL Wood, PB Ford, WM TI Microsatellite DNA analysis of population structure in allegheny woodrats (Neotoma magister) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Allegheny woodrat; genetic differentiation; microsatellite DNA; molecular markers; Neotoma magister; population genetics ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SPECIES GROUP; MARKERS; DISTANCES; ALLELES AB Eleven polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were screened to investigate patterns and processes of genetic variation in Allegheny woodrats at 2 spatial scales, geographically distinct populations and subpopulations within populations. The microsatellite markers detected considerable genetic variation and diversity, with an average heterozygosity of 62.0% (range 25.7-75.0%) and an average of 10.4 alleles per locus (range 5-19). Subpopulations conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in 98.9% of comparisons, and allele frequency differed among subpopulations in 99.3% of comparisons. All statistical tests indicated significant genetic subdivision at the population and subpopulation levels. Theoretical estimates of gene flow were low among subpopulations, suggesting that effective dispersal is limited among subpopulations separated by as little as 3 km. A significant range-wide relationship between geographic and genetic distance at both scales suggests isolation by distance as a mechanism for the observed differentiation. The relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among the 19 subpopulations within the central Appalachians was significant but weak. Results suggest that Allegheny woodrats associated with clusters of geographically proximate rock outcrops may function as population units. We recommend that individual rock outcrops or groups of geographically proximate outcrops be considered as population units for management. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Castleberry, SB (reprint author), Univ Athens, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1058 EP 1070 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<1058:MDAOPS>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 621HP UT WOS:000179583200015 ER PT J AU Monismith, SG Kimmerer, W Burau, JR Stacey, MT AF Monismith, SG Kimmerer, W Burau, JR Stacey, MT TI Structure and flow-induced variability of the subtidal salinity field in northern San Francisco Bay SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PARTIALLY STRATIFIED ESTUARY; BLOOM DYNAMICS; MASS-TRANSPORT; MIXED ESTUARY; RIVER FLOW; TURBULENCE; CURRENTS; MODEL AB The structure of the salinity field in northern San Francisco Bay and how it is affected by freshwater flow are discussed. Two datasets are examined: the first is 23 years of daily salinity data taken by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation along the axis of northern San Francisco Bay; the second is a set of salinity transects taken by the U. S. Geological Survey between 1988 and 1993. Central to this paper is a measure of salinity intrusion, X-2 : the distance from the Golden Gate Bridge to where the bottom salinity is 2 psu. Using X-2 to scale distance, the authors find that for most flow conditions, the mean salinity distribution of the estuary is nearly self-similar with a salinity gradient in the center 70% of the region between the Golden Gate and X-2 that is proportional to X-2(-1). Analysis of covariability of Q and X-2 showed a characteristic timescale of adjustment of the salinity field of approximately 2 weeks. The steady-state response deduced from the X-2 time series implies that X-2 is proportional to riverflow to the 1/7 power. This relation, which differs from the standard 1/3 power dependence that is derived theoretically assuming constant exchange coefficients, shows that the upstream salt flux associated with gravitational circulation is more sensitive to the longitudinal salinity gradient than theory supposes. This is attributed to the strengthening of stratification caused by the stronger longitudinal salinity gradient that accompanies larger river flows. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Terman Engn Ctr, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Calif Dist, Sacramento, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Monismith, SG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Terman Engn Ctr, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 41 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 3003 EP 3019 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3003:SAFIVO>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 608FD UT WOS:000178834000003 ER PT J AU Pyke, DA Herrick, JE Shaver, P Pellant, M AF Pyke, DA Herrick, JE Shaver, P Pellant, M TI Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE soil stability; hydrologic function; biological integrity; ecosystem status; erosion; infiltration; inventory ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; SOIL-EROSION; WIND EROSION; HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS; SEMIARID RANGELANDS; SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND; MESQUITE DUNELANDS; INTERRILL EROSION; FORMER GRASSLANDS; VEGETATION AB Panels of experts from the Society for Range Management and the National Research Council proposed that status of rangeland ecosystems could be ascertained by evaluating an ecological site's potential to conserve soil resources and by a series of indicators for ecosystem processes and site stability. Using these recommendations as a starting point, we developed a rapid, qualitative method for assessing a moment-in-time status of rangelands. Evaluators rate 17 indicators to assess 3 ecosystem attributes (soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and biotic integrity) for a given location. Indicators include rills, water flow patterns, pedestals and terracettes, bare ground, gullies, wind scour and depositional areas, litter movement, soil resistance to erosion, soil surface loss or degradation, plant composition relative to infiltration, soil compaction, plant functional/structural groups, plant mortality, litter amount, annual production, invasive plants, and reproductive capability. In this paper, we detail the development and evolution of the technique and introduce a modified ecological reference worksheet that documents the expected presence and amount of each indicator on the ecological site. In addition, we review the intended applications for this technique and clarify the differences between assessment and monitoring that lead us to recommend this technique be used for moment-in-time assessments and not be used for temporal monitoring of rangeland status. Lastly, we propose a mechanism for adapting and modifying this technique to reflect improvements in understanding of ecosystem processes. We support the need for quantitative measures for monitoring rangeland health and propose some measures that we believe may address some of the 17 indicators. C1 US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Grazing Land Technol Inst, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Idaho State Off, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Pyke, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david_a_pyke@usgs.gov; jherrick@nmsu.edu; patrick.shaver@orst.edu; mike_pellant@blm.gov NR 115 TC 103 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 52 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 584 EP 597 DI 10.2307/4004002 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614JM UT WOS:000179184900009 ER PT J AU Fuhlendorf, SD Woodward, AJW Leslie, DM Shackford, JS AF Fuhlendorf, SD Woodward, AJW Leslie, DM Shackford, JS TI Multi-scale effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on lesser prairie-chicken populations of the US Southern Great Plains SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agriculture; conservation ecology; fragmentation; grasslands; hierarchy; landscape change; landscape dynamics; landscape structure; lesser prairie-chicken; rangeland; S. Great Plains USA; scale; species conservation ID LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; BREEDING BIRDS; SPATIAL SCALE; LAND-USE; ECOLOGY; PATTERNS; EXTINCTION; COMMUNITIES; MOVEMENTS AB Large-scale patterns of land use and fragmentation have been associated with the decline of many imperiled wildlife populations. Lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) are restricted to the southern Great Plains of North America, and their population and range have declined by > 90% over the past 100 years. Our objective was to examine scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure and change and long-term population trends for lesser prairie-chicken populations in the southern Great Plains. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify landscape composition, pattern and change at multiple scales (extents) for fragmented agricultural landscapes surrounding 10 lesser prairie-chicken leks. Trend analysis of long-term population data was used to classify each population and landscape (declined, sustained). We analyzed metrics of landscape structure and change using a repeated measures analysis of variance to determine significant effects (alpha = 0.10) between declining and sustained landscapes across multiple scales. Four metrics of landscape structure and change (landscape change index, percent cropland, increases in tree-dominated cover types, and changes in edge density) contained significant interactions between population status and scale, indicating different scaling effects on landscapes with declining and stable populations. Any single spatial scale that was evaluated would not have given complete results of the influences of landscape structure and change on lesser prairie-chicken populations. The smallest spatial scales (452, 905, and 1,810 ha) predicted that changes in edge density and largest patch size were the only important variables, while large-scale analysis (7,238 ha) suggested that the amount of cropland, increase in trees (mostly Juniperus virginiana), and general landscape changes were most important. Changes in landscape structure over the past several decades had stronger relationships with dynamics of lesser prairie-chicken populations than current landscape structure. Observed changes suggest that these local populations may be appropriately viewed from a metapopulation perspective and future conservation efforts should evaluate effects of fragmentation on dispersal, colonization, and extinction patterns. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Fuhlendorf, SD (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM fuhlend@mail.pss.okstate.edu RI Fuhlendorf, Samuel/A-2931-2011 OI Fuhlendorf, Samuel/0000-0002-8726-9402 NR 72 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 51 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 7 BP 617 EP 628 DI 10.1023/A:1021592817039 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 624EB UT WOS:000179746400002 ER PT J AU Bemis, BE Spero, HJ Thunell, RC AF Bemis, BE Spero, HJ Thunell, RC TI Using species-specific paleotemperature equations with foraminifera: a case study in the Southern California Bight SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paleoclimatology; biogeochemistry; temperature; isotopes ID SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; OXYGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; LAST 8000 YEARS; PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; CURRENT SYSTEM; SEDIMENT TRAP; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; BORON ISOTOPES; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Species-specific paleotemperature equations were used to reconstruct a record of temperature from foraminiferal delta(18)O values over the last 25 kyr in the Southern California Bight. The equations yield similar temperatures for the delta(18)O values of Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. In contrast, applying a single palcotemperature equation to G. bulloides and N. pachyderma delta(18)O yields different temperatures, which has been used to suggest that these species record the surface-to-thermocline temperature gradient. In Santa Barbara Basin, an isotopically distinct morphotype of G. bulloides dominates during glacial intervals and yields temperatures that appear too cold when using a paleotemperature equation calibrated for the morphotype common today. When a more appropriate paleotemperature equation is used for glacial G. bulloides, we obtain more realistic glacial temperatures. Glacial-interglacial temperature differences (G-I DeltaT) calculated in the present study indicate significant cooling (similar to8-10degreesC) throughout the Southern California Bight during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The magnitude of glacial cooling varies from similar to8degreesC near the middle of the Southern California Bight (Tanner Basin and San Nicolas Basin) to similar to9degreesC in the north (Santa Barbara Basin) and similar to9.5-10degreesC in the south (Velero Basin and No Name Basin). Our temperature calculations agree well with previous estimates based on the modern analog technique. In contrast, studies using N. pachyderma coiling ratios, U-37(k') indices, and transfer functions estimate considerably warmer LGM temperatures and smaller G-I DeltaT. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Bemis, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 434, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Spero, Howard/0000-0001-5465-8607 NR 76 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 46 IS 3-4 BP 405 EP 430 AR PII S0377-8398(02)00083-X DI 10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00083-X PG 26 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 618RJ UT WOS:000179430800008 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, GB Johnson, JR AF Zydlewski, GB Johnson, JR TI Response of bull trout fry to four types of water diversion screens SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material AB Bull trout Salvelinus confluentus are currently listed as a threatened species in the western United States. Entrainment (the passage through screens of water diversion structures) has been identified as one cause of bull trout population decline. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether existing fish screen criteria developed for the Pacific Northwest are adequate to prevent bull trout fry from being impinged (having extended whole-body contact with a screen) or entrained by screened water intakes. Bull trout were exposed to four types of screens in an artificial stream. Recent emerged bull trout (median total length = 25.0 mm) we e tested in groups of 25 at 6-7degreesC for approximately 16 h. Only one bull trout was entrained during all the experiments. Bull trout were regularly impinged on the screens but, in most cases, escaped impingement and survived for at least 24 h. This implies that the currently specified screen regulations for salmonid fry might not need to be modified for bull trout fry. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. Smith Root Inc, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. RP Zydlewski, GB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1276 EP 1282 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1276:ROBTFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100021 ER PT J AU Garland, RD Tiffan, KF Rondorf, DW Clark, LO AF Garland, RD Tiffan, KF Rondorf, DW Clark, LO TI Comparison of subyearling fall chinook salmon's use of riprap, revetments and unaltered habitats in Lake Wallula of the Columbia River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID SMALLMOUTH BASS; STREAM; CALIFORNIA; SELECTION; MOVEMENT; FISH AB Subyearling fall chinook salmon's Oncorhynchus tshawytscha use of unaltered and riprap habitats in Lake Wallula of the Columbia River was determined with point abundance data collected by electrofishing in May 1994 and 1995. We documented the presence or absence of subyearlings at 277 sample sites and collected physical habitat information at each site. Based on logistic regression, we found that the probability of fish presence was greater in unaltered shoreline habitats than in riprap habitats. Substrate size was the most important factor in determining fish presence, with dominant substrates larger than 256 mm having the lowest probability of fish presence. Water velocity, also included in our model due to its biological importance, was not a significant factor affecting presence or absence (P = 0.1102). The correct prediction rate of fish presence or absence in our sample sites using cross validation was 67%. Our model showed that substrate was the most important factor determining subyearling habitat use, but the model did not include other habitat variables known to be important to subyearlings in more diverse systems. We suggest that resource managers consider alternative methods of bank stabilization that are compatible with the habitat requirements of the fish that use them. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Garland, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1283 EP 1289 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1283:COSFCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100022 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Willis, DW Holland, RS AF Paukert, CP Willis, DW Holland, RS TI Sample size requirements for in situ vegetation and substrate classifications in shallow, natural Nebraska lakes SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID MANAGEMENT; PRECISION; FEATURES AB We assessed the precision of visual estimates of vegetation and substrate along transects in 15 shallow, natural Nebraska lakes. Vegetation type (submergent or emergent), vegetation density (sparse, moderate, or dense), and substrate composition (percentage sand, muck, and clay; to the nearest 10%) were estimated at 25-70 sampling sites per lake by two independent observers. Observer agreement for vegetation type was 92%. Agreement ranged from 62.5% to 90.1% for substrate composition. Agreement was also high (72%) for vegetation density estimates. The relatively high agreement between estimates was likely attributable to the homogeneity of the lake habitats. Nearly 90% of the substrate sites were classified as 0% clay, and over 68% as either 0% or 100% sand. When habitats were homogeneous, less than 40 sampling sites per lake were required for 95% confidence that habitat composition was within 10% of the true mean, and over 100 sites were required when habitats were heterogeneous. Our results suggest that relatively high precision is attainable for vegetation and substrate mapping in shallow, natural lakes. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Nebraska Game Pk Commiss, Lincoln, NE 68701 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Ctr, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1329 EP 1333 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1329:SSRFIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100030 ER PT J AU Boxrucker, J Irwin, E AF Boxrucker, J Irwin, E TI Challenges of crappie management continuing into the 21st century SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AGE-0 BLACK CRAPPIE; THREADFIN SHAD; LAKE C1 Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Oklahoma Fishery Res Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Boxrucker, J (reprint author), Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Oklahoma Fishery Res Lab, 500 E Constellat, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NR 57 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1334 EP 1339 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1334:COCMCI>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100031 ER PT J AU Isermann, DA Sammons, SA Bettoli, PW Churchill, TN AF Isermann, DA Sammons, SA Bettoli, PW Churchill, TN TI Predictive evaluation of size restrictions as management strategies for Tennessee reservoir crappie fisheries SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB We evaluated the potential effect of minimum size restrictions on crappies Pomoxis spp. in 12 large Tennessee reservoirs. A Beverton-Holt equilibrium yield model was used to predict and compare the response of these fisheries to three minimum size restrictions: 178 mm (i.e., pragmatically, no size limit), 229 mm, and the current statewide limit of 254 mm. The responses of crappie fisheries to size limits differed among reservoirs and varied with rates of, conditional natural mortality (CM). Based on model results, crappie fisheries fell into one of three response categories: (1) In some reservoirs (N = 5), 254-mm and 229-mm limits would benefit the fishery in terms of yield if CM were low (30%); the associated declines in the number of crappies harvested would be significant but modest when compared with those in other reservoirs. (2) In other reservoirs (N = 6), little difference in yield existed among size restrictions at low to intermediate rates of CM (30-40%). In these reservoirs, a 229-mm limit was predicted to be a more beneficial regulation than the current 254-mm limit. (3) In the remaining reservoir, Tellico, size limits negatively affected all three harvest statistics. Generally, yield was negatively affected by size limits in all populations at a CM of 50%. The number of crappies reaching 300 mm was increased by size limits in most model scenarios; however, associated declines in the total number of crappies harvested often outweighed the benefits to size structure when CM was 40% or higher. When crappie growth was fast (reaching 254 mm in less than 3 years) and CM was low (30%), size limits were most effective in balancing increases in yield and size structure against declines in the total number of crappies harvested. The variability in predicted size-limit responses observed among Tennessee reservoirs suggests that using a categorical approach to applying size limits to crappie fisheries within a state or region would likely be a more effective management strategy than implementing a single, areawide regulation. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agcy, Ellington Agr Ctr, Nashville, TN 37204 USA. RP Isermann, DA (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Box 2140B,No Plains Biostress Lab 138, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1349 EP 1357 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1349:PEOSRA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100033 ER PT J AU Miranda, LE Brock, RE Dorr, BS AF Miranda, LE Brock, RE Dorr, BS TI Uncertainty of exploitation estimates made from tag returns SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; REPORTING RATE; RED DRUM AB Over 6,000 crappies Pomoxis spp. were tagged in five water bodies to estimate exploitation rates by anglers. Exploitation rates were computed as the percentage of tags returned after adjustment for three sources of uncertainty: postrelease mortality due to the tagging process, tag loss, and the reporting rate of tagged fish. Confidence intervals around exploitation rates were estimated by resampling from the probability distributions of tagging mortality, tag loss, and reporting rate. Estimates of exploitation rates ranged from 17% to 54% among the five study systems. Uncertainty around estimates of tagging mortality, tag loss, and reporting resulted in 90% confidence intervals around the median exploitation rate as narrow as 15 percentage points and as broad as 46 percentage points. The greatest source of estimation error was uncertainty about tag reporting. Because the large investments required by tagging and reward operations produce imprecise estimates of the exploitation rate, it may be worth considering other approaches to estimating it or simply circumventing the exploitation question altogether. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Miranda, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 9691, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Dorr, Brian/0000-0001-6857-8560 NR 31 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1358 EP 1363 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1358:UOEEMF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100034 ER PT J AU Sammons, SM Bettoli, PW Isermann, DA Churchill, TN AF Sammons, SM Bettoli, PW Isermann, DA Churchill, TN TI Recruitment variation of crappies in response to hydrology of Tennessee reservoirs SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BASS AB Black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white crappies P. annularis were sampled to index recruitment in seven Tennessee reservoirs (four main-stem and three tributary storage impoundments). Crappie recruitment in tributary storage impoundments appeared to be consistently higher in years of high discharge during the prespawn period (1 January-31 March). A similar relation was found in one main-stem impoundment; however, crappie recruitment in two main-stem impoundments was inversely related to discharge during the spawning period (1 April-30 May), and little recruitment variation was found in the fourth main-stem impoundment. In general, reservoir hydrology appeared to have a stronger effect on crappie recruitment in tributary storage impoundments than in main-stem impoundments, possibly because recruitment was more variable in tributary systems. Thus, it is likely that crappie populations will rarely have strong year-classes simultaneously over a wide geographic area or even within a single watershed. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agcy, Ellington Agr Ctr, Nashville, TN 37204 USA. RP Sammons, SM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1393 EP 1398 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1393:RVOCIR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100039 ER PT J AU Isermann, DA Bettoli, PW Sammons, SM Churchill, TN AF Isermann, DA Bettoli, PW Sammons, SM Churchill, TN TI Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID STRIPED BASS; HANDLING STRESS; FINGERLINGS; SURVIVAL; LARVAL AB Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline mark persistence, and year-class contribution were evaluated for black-nosed crappies, a morphological variant of the black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, stocked into Tennessee reservoirs during 1997-1999. Average initial poststocking mortality was low. ((x) over bar = 13%, N.= 44). Lake temperature and the difference between lake and hauling tank water temperatures were significant in explaining variability in arcsine-transformed mortality estimates; however, the variability explained by these factors was low (R-2 = 0.15). Oxytetracycline immersion was a highly effective marking tool; 97-100% of all crappies treated were marked, and 99% of the marks were visible 36-110 weeks after marking. All control otoliths were correctly scored as unmarked during the evaluation, and mortality rates did not differ between marked and unmarked crappies. Year-class contribution was variable across reservoirs and was highest in Normandy Reservoir (34-93% at ages 1-3). Contribution at ages I and 2 was 11-24% in Woods Reservoir. Stocking did not supplement the crappie population in Lake Graham. Black-nosed crappies made up a significant portion (>50%) of the crappies harvested by anglers in Center Hill Reservoir 3 years after stocking was initiated. Conversely, black-nosed crappies made up a relatively small percentage (less than or equal to12%) of the crappies harvested in Cherokee Reservoir in the 4 years after initial stocking. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agcy, Ellington Agr Ctr, Nashville, TN 37204 USA. RP Isermann, DA (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Box 2140B,No Plains Biostress Lab 138, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1399 EP 1408 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100040 ER PT J AU Dolan, CR Miranda, LE Henry, TB AF Dolan, CR Miranda, LE Henry, TB TI Electrofishing for crappies: Electrical settings influence immobilization efficiency, injury, and mortality SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ELECTROSHOCK; TROUT AB Continuous direct current (DC) and pulsed DC (PDC) of varying frequency and pulse period are commonly used to immobilize and collect crappies Pomoxis spp. in freshwater. However, little information is available about the minimum electrical-setting thresholds required for immobilization or how the settings relate to incidence of injury. We investigated the effect of increasing power densities on the immobilization and injury of black crappies P. nigromaculatus (average total length = 154 mm) treated with DC and various PDC settings. Forced swimming toward the electrodes was observed in black crappies exposed to DC, but that was less apparent for PDC. The minimum peak power densities required to immobilize black crappies ranged from 0.10 to 6.5 MW/cm(3) and depended on pulse frequency and period. The incidence of hemorrhaging ranged from 0% to 50% and that of spinal damage from 9% to 45%. However, the severity of injury also depended on pulse frequency and period. No fish suffered mortality at or below the immobilization thresholds, but mortality ranged from 0% to 15% at settings above the thresholds. Mortality was observed with PDC settings of 15 Hz only. Fish that were tetanized following electrical treatment were more prone to injury than those that exhibited narcosis. C1 US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Dolan, CR (reprint author), Illinois Dept Nat Resources, Off Resource Conservat, 1 Nat Resource Way, Springfield, IL 62702 USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1442 EP 1451 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1442:EFCESI>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100045 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Prichard, AK Roby, DD AF Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Prichard, AK Roby, DD TI Response of pigeon guillemots to variable abundance of high-lipid and low-lipid prey (vol 132, pg 286, 2002) SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD NOV PY 2002 VL 133 IS 3 BP 439 EP 439 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-1063-9 PG 1 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611UE UT WOS:000179035500021 ER PT J AU Hill, DP Pollitz, F Newhall, C AF Hill, DP Pollitz, F Newhall, C TI Earthquake-volcano interactions SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Article ID HECTOR-MINE-EARTHQUAKE; LANDERS; CALIFORNIA; SEISMICITY; MECHANISM; PRESSURE; SYSTEMS; BUBBLES; JAPAN C1 US Geol Survey, Long Valley Observ, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, Volcano Syst Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hill, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Long Valley Observ, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 26 TC 157 Z9 164 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 11 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1063/1.1535006 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 610HN UT WOS:000178954800017 ER PT J AU Filby, SK Locke, SM Person, MA Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Nieber, JL Gutowski, WJ Ito, E AF Filby, SK Locke, SM Person, MA Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Nieber, JL Gutowski, WJ Ito, E TI Mid-Holocene hydrologic model of the Shingobee Watershed, Minnesota SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE groundwater water; paleohydrology; pollen transfer functions; paleolinmology; climate change ID LATE QUATERNARY CLIMATE; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; LAKE; AMERICA AB A hydrologic model of the Shingobee Watershed in north-central Minnesota was developed to reconstruct mid-Holocene paleo-lake levels for Williams Lake, a surface-water body located in the southern portion of the watershed. Hydrologic parameters for the model were first estimated in a calibration exercise using a 9-yr historical record (1990-1998) of climatic and hydrologic stresses. The model reproduced observed temporal and spatial trends in surface/ groundwater levels across the watershed. Mid-Holocene aquifer and lake levels were then reconstructed using two paleoclimatic data sets: CCM1 atmospheric general circulation model output and pollen-transfer functions using sediment core data from Williams Lake. Calculated paleo-lake levels based on pollen-derived paleoclimatic reconstructions indicated a 3.5-m drop in simulated lake levels and were in good agreement with the position of mid-Holocene beach sands observed in a Williams Lake sediment core transect. However, calculated paleolake levels based on CCM1 climate forcing produced only a 0.05-m drop in lake levels. We found that decreases in winter precipitation rather than temperature increases had the largest effect on simulated mid-Holocene lake levels. The study illustrates how watershed models can be used to critically evaluate paleoclimatic reconstructions by integrating geologic, climatic, limnologic, and hydrogeologic data sets. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ So Maine, Portland, ME 04104 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Person, MA (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641; Ito, Emi/0000-0001-9401-243X NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 58 IS 3 BP 246 EP 254 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2377 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 625VG UT WOS:000179835800004 ER PT J AU Knott, JR Tinsley, JC Wells, SG AF Knott, JR Tinsley, JC Wells, SG TI Are the benches at Mormon Point, Death Valley, California, USA, scarps or strandlines? SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Death Valley; pluvial lakes; fault scrapes ID ANGLE NORMAL-FAULT; ROCK VARNISH; RANGE PROVINCE; BASIN; SURFACES; CHRONOLOGY; RECORD AB The benches and risers at Mormon Point, Death Valley, USA, have long been interpreted as strandlines cut by still-stands of pluvial lakes correlative with oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5e/6 (120,000186,000 yr B.P.) and OIS-2 (10,000-35,000 yr B.P.). This study presents geologic mapping and geomorphic analyses (Gilbert's criteria, longitudinal profiles), which indicate that only the highest bench at Mormon Point (similar to90 m above mean sea level (msl)) is a lake strandline. The other prominent benches on the north-descending slope immediately below this strandline are interpreted as fault scarps offsetting a lacustrine abrasion platform. The faults offsetting the abrasion platform most likely join downward into and slip sympathetically with the Mormon Point turtleback fault, implying late Quaternary slip on this low-angle normal fault. Our geomorphic reinterpretation implies that the OIS-Se/6 lake receded rapidly enough not to cut strandlines and was similar to90 m deep. Consistent with independent core studies of the salt pan, no evidence of OIS-2 lake strandlines was found at Mormon Point, which indicates that the maximum elevation of the OIS-2 lake surface was -30 m msl. Thus, as measured by pluvial lake depth, the OIS-2 effective precipitation was significantly less than during OIS-5e/6, a finding that is more consistent with other studies in the region. The changed geomorphic context indicates that previous surface exposure dates on fault scarps and benches at Mormon Point are uninterpretable with respect to lake history. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Geol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Knott, JR (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Geol Sci, POB 6850, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 58 IS 3 BP 352 EP 360 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2382 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 625VG UT WOS:000179835800014 ER PT J AU Carson, EC Fournelle, JH Miller, TP Mickelson, DM AF Carson, EC Fournelle, JH Miller, TP Mickelson, DM TI Holocene tephrochronology of the Cold Bay area, southwest Alaska Peninsula SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID ALEUTIAN ARC; QUATERNARY; VOLCANO; ASH AB The major-element glass geochemistry of 92 tephra samples from the southwest Alaska Peninsula provides the basis for establishing a Holocene tephrochronology for the region. Electron microprobe analysis has been combined with field descriptions of samples, stratigraphic relationships between tephra samples and sample localities, and glass shard micro-morphology to correlate these sampled distal tephra units throughout the area of Cold Bay and adjacent Morzhovoi Bay. Radiocarbon dating provides age constraints on correlated horizons. Previous research had clearly delineated only one horizon in the region, the so-called 'Funk/Fisher' ash, dating to between 8425 +/- 3 50 and 9130 +/- 140 C-14 yr BP. In addition to constraining the bimodal andesitic and dacitic glass chemistry of that horizon, this study has recognized six additional tephra layers in the area. Two horizons pre-date the Funk/Fisher ash and four are younger than it. A tephra containing dacitic and andesitic components was identified in the vicinity of Morzhovoi Bay, with a minimum age of 9300 +/- 80 C-14 yr BP and a maximum age of 10,200 +/- 75 C-14 yr BP. A rhyolitic horizon composed of cm-sized, rounded pumice clasts was identified in the vicinity of Cold Bay; it has been correlated to the ca 9500 BP eruption of Roundtop volcano on Unimak Island. The four younger tephra beds date to between 6070 +/- 340 and 3600 +/- 140 C-14 yr BP. The oldest of the four is rhyodacitic, followed by a mixed rhyodacitic andesitic horizon, another rhyodacitic horizon, and finally an andesitic layer. Comparison of all the correlated horizons to proximal samples collected on Unimak Island provides conclusive geochemical evidence that the ca 9100 BP Caldera-forming eruption of Fisher volcano is the source of the Funk/Fisher ash. Correlation between the rhyodacitic tephra horizons and proximal samples from Fisher volcano suggests that Fisher Caldera is the source of one of the rhyodacitic tephra horizons that post-dates the Funk/Fisher ash. Additional tephra samples from the southwest Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island that were collected prior to this study correlate to the tephra horizons identified in the Cold Bay area and identify one additional horizon. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Carson, EC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 21 IS 20-22 BP 2213 EP 2228 AR PII S0277-3791(02)00023-9 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00023-9 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 623TY UT WOS:000179720000007 ER PT J AU Wolfe, RE Nishihama, M Fleig, AJ Kuyper, JA Roy, DP Storey, JC Patt, FS AF Wolfe, RE Nishihama, M Fleig, AJ Kuyper, JA Roy, DP Storey, JC Patt, FS TI Achieving sub-pixel geolocation accuracy in support of MODIS land science SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; GEOMETRIC CORRECTION; MISREGISTRATION; NAVIGATION; INSTRUMENT; IMPACT; EARTH AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was launched in December 1999 on the polar orbiting Terra spacecraft and since February 2000 has been acquiring daily global data in 36 spectral bands-29 with 1 km, five with 500 m, and two with 250 m nadir pixel dimensions. The Terra satellite has on-board exterior orientation (position and attitude) measurement systems designed to enable geolocation of MODIS data to approximately 150 m (1 Q) at nadir. A global network of ground control points is being used to determine biases and trends in the sensor orientation. Biases have been removed by updating models of the spacecraft and instrument orientation in the MODIS geolocation software several times since launch and have improved the MODIS geolocation to approximately 50 m (1sigma) at nadir. This paper overviews the geolocation approach, summarizes the first year of geolocation analysis, and overviews future work. The approach allows an operational characterization of the MODIS geolocation errors and enables individual MODIS observations to be geolocated to the sub-pixel accuracies required for terrestrial global change applications. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SAIC GSC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. SAIC GSC, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. PITA Analyt Sci, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. Raytheon Co, ITSS, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Wolfe, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Code 922, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 34 TC 336 Z9 352 U1 4 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 49 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00085-8 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00085-8 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 613YW UT WOS:000179160200004 ER PT J AU Campagnolo, ER Johnson, KR Karpati, A Rubin, CS Kolpin, DW Meyer, MT Esteban, JE Currier, RW Smith, K Thu, KM McGeehin, M AF Campagnolo, ER Johnson, KR Karpati, A Rubin, CS Kolpin, DW Meyer, MT Esteban, JE Currier, RW Smith, K Thu, KM McGeehin, M TI Antimicrobial residues in animal waste and water resources proximal to large-scale swine and poultry feeding operations SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE animal feeding operation (AFO); animal manure; manure storage lagoon; swine; poultry; chemical pollutants; antimicrobial agents; surface water; groundwater ID SPECTROMETRY; ANTIBIOTICS AB Expansion and intensification of large-scale animal feeding operations (AFOs) in the United States has resulted in concern about environmental contamination and its potential public health impacts. The objective of this investigation was to obtain background data on a broad profile of antimicrobial residues in animal wastes and surface water and groundwater proximal to large-scale swine and poultry operations. The samples were measured for antimicrobial compounds using both radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/ ESI-MS) techniques. Multiple classes of antimicrobial compounds (commonly at concentrations of > 100 mug/l) were detected in swine waste storage lagoons. In addition, multiple classes of antimicrobial compounds were detected in surface and groundwater samples collected proximal to the swine and poultry farms. This information indicates that animal waste used as fertilizer for crops may serve as a source of antimicrobial residues for the environment. Further research is required to determine if the levels of antimicrobials detected in this study are of consequence to human and/or environmental ecosystems. A comparison of the radioimmunoassay and LC/ESI-MS analytical methods documented that radioimmunoassay techniques were only appropriate for measuring residues in animal waste samples likely to contain high levels of antimicrobials. More sensitive LC/ESI-MS techniques are required in environmental samples, where low levels of antimicrobial residues are more likely. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Bur Infect Dis Control, Columbus, OH 43215 USA. Univ Iowa, Inst Rural & Environm Hlth, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Johnson, KR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 31 TC 221 Z9 268 U1 19 U2 125 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 299 IS 1-3 BP 89 EP 95 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00233-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00233-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 619DP UT WOS:000179459100007 PM 12462576 ER PT J AU Worrall, F Besien, T Kolpin, DW AF Worrall, F Besien, T Kolpin, DW TI Groundwater vulnerability: interactions of chemical and site properties SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE chemical; monitoring; statistically; variance; significant; pesticides; groundwater; vulnerability; ANOVA ID WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT; LAND-USE; PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION; AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS; UNITED-STATES; SHARON REGION; NEW-ZEALAND; MODEL AB This study brings together extensive, multi-annual groundwater monitoring datasets from the UK and Midwestern US to test the relative importance of site (e.g. land use, soil and aquifer type) and chemical factors (e.g. solubility in water) and between and within year variations in controlling groundwater contamination by pesticides. ANOVA (general linear modelling) was used to test the significance and proportion of variation explained by each factor and their interactions. Results from both the UK and US datasets show that: (i) Chemical and site factors both have a statistically significant influence on groundwater pollution; (ii) Site factors on their own explain a greater proportion of data variance than chemical factors on their own; (iii) Interaction between site and chemical factors represents the most important control on the occurrence of pesticides in groundwater; (iv) Variation within the year was slight but still significant while there was no significant difference between data from consecutive years. The combination of factors analysed in this study were sufficient to explain the majority of the variation in the data save for that ascribable to the analytical detection limit. The results provide statistical evidence that it is viable to develop both molecular methods and groundwater vulnerability as tools to understanding pollution, but that a greater emphasis should be placed on their interaction to fully understand pesticide contamination. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Environm Agcy Thames Reg, Reading RG1 8DQ, Berks, England. US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Worrall, F (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. NR 30 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 299 IS 1-3 BP 131 EP 143 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00270-X DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00270-X PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 619DP UT WOS:000179459100011 PM 12462580 ER PT J AU Daniels, RA Riva-Murray, K Halliwell, DB Vana-Miller, DL Bilger, MD AF Daniels, RA Riva-Murray, K Halliwell, DB Vana-Miller, DL Bilger, MD TI An index of biological integrity for northern Mid-Atlantic Slope drainages SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ASSESSING BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAM FISH COMMUNITIES; ASSEMBLAGES AB An index of biological integrity (1131) was developed for streams in the Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna River drainages in the northeastern United States based on fish assemblage data from the Mohawk River drainage of New York. The original IBI, developed for streams in the U.S. Midwest, was modified to reflect the assemblage composition and structure present in Mid-Atlantic Slope drainages. We replaced several of the Midwestern IBI metrics and criteria scores because fishes common to the Midwest are absent from or poorly represented in the Northeast and because stream fish assemblages in the Northeast are less rich than those in the Midwest. For all replacement metrics we followed the ecology-based rationale used in the development of each of the metrics of the Midwestern IBI so that the basic theoretical underpinnings of the IBI remained unchanged. The validity of this modified IBI is demonstrated by examining the quality of streams in the Hudson, Delaware, and lower Susquehanna River basins. The relationships between the IBI and other indicators of environmental quality are examined using data on assemblages of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates and on chemical and physical stream characteristics obtained during 1993-2000 by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program in these three river basins. A principal components analysis (PCA) of chemical and physical variables from 27 sites resulted in an environmental quality gradient as the primary PCA axis (eigenvalue, 0.41). Principal components analysis site scores were significantly correlated with such benthic macroinvertebrate metrics as the percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (Spearman R = -0.66, P < 0.001). Index of biological integrity scores for sites in these three river basins were significantly correlated with this environmental quality gradient (Spearman R = -0.78, P = 0.0001). The northern Mid-Atlantic Slope IBI appears to be sensitive to environmental degradation in all three of the river basins addressed in this study. Adjustment of metric scoring criteria may be warranted, depending on composition of fish species in streams in the study area and on the relative effort used in the collection of fish assemblage data. C1 New York State Museum & Sci Serv, Cultural Educ Ctr, Albany, NY 12230 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Maine Dept Environm Protect, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. RP Daniels, RA (reprint author), New York State Museum & Sci Serv, Cultural Educ Ctr, 3140, Albany, NY 12230 USA. NR 69 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 131 IS 6 BP 1044 EP 1060 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<1044:AIOBIF>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643VE UT WOS:000180881100004 ER PT J AU Knudsen, KL Muhlfeld, CC Sage, GK Leary, RF AF Knudsen, KL Muhlfeld, CC Sage, GK Leary, RF TI Genetic structure of Columbia River redband trout populations in the Kootenai River Drainage, Montana, revealed by microsatellite and allozyme loci SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; HYBRIDIZATION; SALMON AB We describe the genetic divergence among 10 populations of redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri from the upper Columbia River drainage. Resident redband trout from two watersheds in the Kootenai River drainage and hatchery stocks of migratory Kamloops redband trout from Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, were analyzed using allele frequency data from microsatellite and allozyme loci. The Kamloops populations have significantly different allele frequencies from those of the Kootenai River drainage. Of the total genetic variation detected in the resident redband trout, 40.7% (microsatellites) and 15.5% (allozymes) were due to differences between populations from the two Kootenai River watersheds. The divergence among populations within each watershed, however, was less than 3.5% with both techniques. Our data indicate that watershed-specific broodstocks of redband trout are needed by fisheries managers for reintroduction or the supplementation of populations at risk of extinction. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Knudsen, KL (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 131 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1105 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<1093:GSOCRR>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643VE UT WOS:000180881100008 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD Kuris, AM AF Lafferty, KD Kuris, AM TI Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Editorial Material ID EVOLUTION; INFECTIONS; PARASITES; MODELS AB A primary difference between predators and parasites is the number of victims that an individual attacks throughout a life-history stage. A key division within natural enemies is whether a successful attack eliminates the fitness of the prey or the host. A third distinctive axis for parasites is whether the host must die to further parasite development. The presence or absence of intensity-dependent pathology is a fourth factor that separates macroparasites from microparasites; this also distinguishes between social and solitary predators. Combining these four dichotomies defines seven types of parasitism, seven corresponding parasites, three forms of predation and, when one considers obligate and facultative combinations of these forms, four types of predator. Here, we argue that the energetics underlying the relative and absolute sizes of natural enemies and their victims is the primary selective factor responsible for the evolution of these different trophic strategies. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM Lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 21 TC 128 Z9 135 U1 11 U2 61 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 11 BP 507 EP 513 AR PII S0169-5347(02)02615-0 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02615-0 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 604TV UT WOS:000178637900011 ER PT J AU Blasch, KW Ferre, TPA Christensen, AH Hoffmann, JP AF Blasch, Kyle W. Ferre, Ty P. A. Christensen, Allen H. Hoffmann, John P. TI New Field Method to Determine Streamflow Timing Using Electrical Resistance Sensors SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Electrical resistance (ER) sensors were constructed to monitor streambed saturation to infer ephemeral streamflow timing. The sensors were evaluated in an ephemeral stream through comparison with temperature-based methods, a stream gauge, and soil water content sensors. The ER sensors were more accurate at estimating streamflow timing and the resultant data required less interpretation than data from temperature-based methods. Accuracy was equivalent to timing methods using stream gauge and soil water content measurements. The ER sensors are advantageous for use in ephemeral stream channels because they are inexpensive, deployable above or below the sediment surface, insensitive to depth, and do not require connecting wires to an external datalogger or power source. On the basis of these results, we conclude that ER sensors may be used to monitor changes in soil water content within the vadose zone. Additionally, the sensors can be used to infer the presence of surface water in diversion canals, storm-water sewers, and in the form of overland runoff. C1 [Blasch, Kyle W.; Hoffmann, John P.] US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Blasch, Kyle W.; Ferre, Ty P. A.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Christensen, Allen H.] US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Blasch, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 221, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM kblasch@usgs.gov NR 11 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 1 IS 2 BP 289 EP 299 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UX UT WOS:000207557600008 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Wetherald, RT AF Milly, PCD Wetherald, RT TI Macroscale water fluxes - 3. Effects of land processes on variability of monthly river discharge SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE temporal variability; spectral analysis; snowmelt; storage; residence time AB A salient characteristic of river discharge is its temporal variability. The time series of flow at a point on a river can be viewed as the superposition of a smooth seasonal cycle and an irregular, random variation. Viewing the random component in the spectral domain facilitates both its characterization and an interpretation of its major physical controls from a global perspective. The power spectral density functions of monthly flow anomalies of many large rivers worldwide are typified by a "red noise'' process: the density is higher at low frequencies (e.g., <1 y(-1)) than at high frequencies, indicating disproportionate (relative to uncorrelated "white noise'') contribution of low frequencies to variability of monthly flow. For many high-latitude and arid-region rivers, however, the power is relatively evenly distributed across the frequency spectrum. The power spectrum of monthly flow can be interpreted as the product of the power spectrum of monthly basin total precipitation (which is typically white or slightly red) and several filters that have physical significance. The filters are associated with (1) the conversion of total precipitation (sum of rainfall and snowfall) to effective rainfall (liquid flux to the ground surface from above), (2) the conversion of effective rainfall to soil water excess (runoff), and (3) the conversion of soil water excess to river discharge. Inferences about the roles of each filter can be made through an analysis of observations, complemented by information from a global model of the ocean-atmosphere-land system. The first filter causes a snowmelt-related amplification of high-frequency variability in those basins that receive substantial snowfall. The second filter causes a relatively constant reduction in variability across all frequencies and can be predicted well by means of a semiempirical water balance relation. The third filter, associated with groundwater and surface water storage in the river basin, causes a strong reduction in high-frequency variability of many basins. The strength of this reduction can be quantified by an average residence time of water in storage, which is typically on the order of 20-50 days. The residence time is demonstrably influenced by freezing conditions in the basin, fractional cover of the basin by lakes, and runoff ratio (ratio of mean runoff to mean precipitation). Large lake areas enhance storage and can greatly increase total residence times (100 to several hundred days). Freezing conditions appear to cause bypassing of subsurface storage, thus reducing residence times (0-30 days). Small runoff ratios tend to be associated with arid regions, where the water table is deep, and consequently, most of the runoff is produced by processes that bypass the saturated zone, leading to relatively small residence times for such basins (0-40 days). C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 38 IS 11 AR 1235 DI 10.1029/2001WR000761 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637RX UT WOS:000180527800017 ER PT J AU Olivera, F Lear, MS Famiglietti, JS Asante, K AF Olivera, F Lear, MS Famiglietti, JS Asante, K TI Extracting low-resolution river networks from high-resolution digital elevation models SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE river network; surface water; global; continental; geographic information systems (GIS); digital elevation models (DEM) ID NORTHERN AFRICA; GLOBAL-SCALE; RUNOFF; FLOW; ALGORITHM; CLIMATE; SIMULATION; HYDROLOGY; HOLOCENE AB Including a global river network in the land component of global climate models (GCMs) is necessary in order to provide a more complete representation of the hydrologic cycle. The process of creating these networks is called river network upscaling and consists of lowering the resolution of already available fine networks to make them compatible with GCMs. Fine-resolution river networks have a level of detail appropriate for analysis at the watershed scale but are too intensive for global hydrologic studies. A river network upscaling algorithm, which processes fine-resolution digital elevation models to determine the flow directions that best describe the flow patterns in a coarser user-defined scale, is presented. The objectives of this study were to develop an algorithm that advances the previous work in the field by being applicable at a global scale, allowing for the upscaling to be performed in a projected environment, and generating evenly distributed flow directions. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Hart Crowser Inc, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. US Geol Survey, Raytheon EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Olivera, F (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 3136 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM folivera@civilmail.tamu.edu NR 26 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 38 IS 11 AR 1231 DI 10.1029/2001WR000726 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637RX UT WOS:000180527800013 ER PT J AU Bowman, CJ Kroll, KJ Gross, TG Denslow, ND AF Bowman, CJ Kroll, KJ Gross, TG Denslow, ND TI Estradiol-induced gene expression in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vitellogenin; mRNA; largemouth bass; estrogen receptor; estradiol; gene induction ID VITELLOGENIN MESSENGER-RNA; MINNOW CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; TROUT ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; RAINBOW-TROUT; IN-VIVO; IDENTIFICATION; XENOBIOTICS; INDUCTION; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN AB Vitellogenin (Vtg) and estrogen receptor (ER) gene expression levels were measured in largemouth bass to evaluate the activation of the ER-mediated pathway by estradiol (E-2). Single injections of E-2 ranging from 0.0005 to 5 mg/kg up-regulated plasma Vtg in a dose-dependent manner. Vtg and ER mRNAs were measured using partial cDNA sequences corresponding to the C-terminal domain for Vtg and the ligand-binding domain of ERalpha sequences. After acute E-2-exposures (2 mg/kg), Vtg and ER mRNAs and plasma Vtg levels peaked after 2 days. The rate of ER mRNA accumulation peaked 36-42 h earlier than Vtg mRNA. The expression window for ER defines the primary response to E-2 in largemouth bass and that for Vtg a delayed primary response. The specific effect of E-2 on other estrogen-regulated genes was tested during these same time windows using differential display RTPCR. Specific up-regulated genes that are expressed in the same time window as Vtg were ERp72 (a membrane-bound disulfide isomerase) and a gene with homology to an expressed gene identified in zebrafish. Genes that were expressed in a pattern that mimics the ER include the gene for zona radiata protein ZP2, and a gene with homology to an expressed gene found in winter flounder. One gene for fibrinogen gamma was down-regulated and an unidentified gene was transiently up-regulated after 12 h of exposure and returned to basal levels by 48 h. Taken together these studies indicate that the acute molecular response to E-2 involves a complex network of responses over time. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Program Pharmacol & Therapeut, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Caribbean Sci Div, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Denslow, ND (reprint author), Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES 07375] NR 39 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0303-7207 J9 MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. PD OCT 31 PY 2002 VL 196 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 77 AR PII S0303-7207(02)00224-1 DI 10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00224-1 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 610HR UT WOS:000178955100007 PM 12385826 ER PT J AU Neff, JC Townsend, AR Gleixner, G Lehman, SJ Turnbull, J Bowman, WD AF Neff, JC Townsend, AR Gleixner, G Lehman, SJ Turnbull, J Bowman, WD TI Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LEAF-LITTER DECOMPOSITION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; TEMPERATE FOREST; STORAGE; AVAILABILITY; DEPOSITION; DYNAMICS; LIGNIN; CYCLE AB Soils contain the largest near-surface reservoir of terrestrial carbon(1) and so knowledge of the factors controlling soil carbon storage and turnover is essential for understanding the changing global carbon cycle. The influence of climate on decomposition of soil carbon has been well documented(2,3), but there remains considerable uncertainty in the potential response of soil carbon dynamics to the rapid global increase in reactive nitrogen (coming largely from agricultural fertilizers and fossil fuel combustion). Here, using C-14, C-13 and compound-specific analyses of soil carbon from long-term nitrogen fertilization plots, we show that nitrogen additions significantly accelerate decomposition of light soil carbon fractions (with decadal turnover times) while further stabilizing soil carbon compounds in heavier, mineral-associated fractions (with multidecadal to century lifetimes). Despite these changes in the dynamics of different soil pools, we observed no significant changes in bulk soil carbon, highlighting a limitation inherent to the still widely used single-pool approach to investigating soil carbon responses to changing environmental conditions. It remains to be seen if the effects observed here-caused by relatively high, short-term fertilizer additions-are similar to those arising from lower, long-term additions of nitrogen to natural ecosystems from atmospheric deposition, but our results suggest nonetheless that current models of terrestrial carbon cycling do not contain the mechanisms needed to capture the complex relationship between nitrogen availability and soil carbon storage. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Div, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. RP Neff, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Div, Earth Surface Proc Team, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; OI NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472; Turnbull, Jocelyn/0000-0002-0306-9658 NR 25 TC 337 Z9 428 U1 30 U2 222 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 31 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6910 BP 915 EP 917 DI 10.1038/nature01136 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 609MN UT WOS:000178909700040 PM 12410307 ER PT J AU White, AF AF White, AF TI Determining mineral weathering rates based on solid and solute weathering gradients and velocities: application to biotite weathering in saprolites SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mineral weathering rates; biotite weathering; saprolites ID PUERTO-RICO; LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; SURFACE-AREA; DISSOLUTION; KINETICS; SOILS; TEMPERATURE; PHLOGOPITE; EVOLUTION; FELDSPAR AB Chemical weathering gradients are defined by the changes in the measured elemental concentrations in solids and pore waters with depth in soils and regoliths. An increase in the mineral weathering rate increases the change in these concentrations with depth while increases in the weathering velocity decrease the change. The solid-state weathering velocity is the rate at which the weathering front propagates through the regolith and the solute weathering velocity is equivalent to the rate of pore water infiltration. These relationships provide a unifying approach to calculating both solid and solute weathering rates from the respective ratios of the weathering velocities and gradients. Contemporary weathering rates based on solute residence times can be directly compared to long-term past weathering based on changes in regolith composition. Both rates incorporate identical parameters describing mineral abundance, stoichiometry, and surface area. Weathering gradients were used to calculate biotite weathering rates in saprolitic regoliths in the Piedmont of Northern Georgia, USA and in Luquillo Mountains of Puerto, Rico. Solid-state weathering gradients for Mg and K at Panola produced reaction rates of 3 to 6 x 10-(17) mol m-(2) s(-1) for biotite. Faster weathering rates of 1.8 to 3.6 x 10(-16) mol m(-2) s(-1) are calculated based on Mg and K pore water gradients in the Rio Icacos regolith. The relative rates are in agreement with a warmer and wetter tropical climate in Puerto Rico. Both natural rates are three to six orders of magnitude slower than reported experimental rates of biotite weathering. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 420,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA USA. NR 38 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 30 PY 2002 VL 190 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 89 AR PII S0009-2541(02)00111-0 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00111-0 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 617FB UT WOS:000179349900005 ER PT J AU Meibom, A Sleep, NH Chamberlain, CP Coleman, RG Frei, R Hren, MT Wooden, JL AF Meibom, A Sleep, NH Chamberlain, CP Coleman, RG Frei, R Hren, MT Wooden, JL TI Re-Os isotopic evidence for long-lived heterogeneity and equilibration processes in the Earth's upper mantle SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS; ABYSSAL PERIDOTITES; OSMIUM ISOTOPES; SYSTEMATICS; GEOCHEMISTRY; PERSPECTIVE; RESERVOIR; RHENIUM AB The geochemical composition of the Earth's upper mantle(1-3) is thought to reflect 4.5 billion years of melt extraction, as well as the recycling of crustal materials. The fractionation of rhenium and osmium during partial melting in the upper mantle makes the Re-Os isotopic system well suited for tracing the extraction of melt and recycling of the resulting mid-ocean-ridge basalt(3). Here we report osmium isotope compositions of more than 700 osmium-rich platinum-group element alloys derived from the upper mantle. The osmium isotopic data form a wide, essentially gaussian distribution, demonstrating that, with respect to Re-Os isotope systematics, the upper mantle is extremely heterogeneous. As depleted and enriched domains can apparently remain unequilibrated on a timescale of billions of years, effective equilibration seems to require high degrees of partial melting, such as occur under mid-ocean ridges or in back-arc settings, where percolating melts enhance the mobility of both osmium and rhenium. We infer that the gaussian shape of the osmium isotope distribution is the signature of a random mixing process between depleted and enriched domains, resulting from a 'plum pudding' distribution in the upper mantle, rather than from individual melt depletion events. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Meibom, A (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, 320 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM meibom@pangea.stanford.edu NR 29 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 13 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 17 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6908 BP 705 EP 708 DI 10.1038/nature01067 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 604JF UT WOS:000178615200036 PM 12384694 ER PT J AU Revesz, K Bohlke, JK AF Revesz, K Bohlke, JK TI Comparison of O-delta 18 measurements in nitrate by different combustion techniques SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN; DELTA-O-18; NITROGEN; ORIGIN; WATER AB Three different KNO3 salts with delta(18)O values ranging from about -31 to +54parts per thousand relative to VSMOW were used to compare three off-line, sealed glass tube combustion methods (widely used for isotope studies) with a more recently developed on-line carbon combustion technique. All methods yielded roughly similar isotope ratios for KNO3 samples with delta(18)O values in the midpoint of the delta(18)O scale near that of the nitrate reference material IAEA-NO-3 (around +21 to +25parts per thousand). This reference material has been used previously for one-point interlaboratory and intertechnique calibrations. However, the isotope ratio scale factors by all of the off-fine combustion techniques are compressed such that they are between 0.3 and 0.7 times that of the on-line combustion technique. The contraction of the delta(18)O scale in the off-line preparations apparently is caused by O isotope exchange between the sample and the glass combustion tubes. These results reinforce the need for nitrate reference materials with delta(18)O values far from that of atmospheric O-2, to improve interlaboratory comparability. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Revesz, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 20 BP 5410 EP 5413 DI 10.1021/ac025854b PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 604UP UT WOS:000178639700035 PM 12403600 ER PT J AU Kinner, NE Harvey, RW Shay, DM Metge, DW Warren, A AF Kinner, NE Harvey, RW Shay, DM Metge, DW Warren, A TI Field evidence for a protistan role in an organically-contaminated aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; GROUNDWATER BACTERIA; COUNTING BACTERIA; CAPE-COD; PROTOZOA; GROWTH; SOIL; BIODEGRADATION; PREDATION; DEGRADATION AB The association between protists, bacteria, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in an oxygen-depleted, 6 km-long wastewater contaminant plume within a sandy aquifer (Cape Cod, MA) was investigated by comparing abundance patterns along longitudinal and vertical transects and at a control site. Strong linear correlations were observed between unattached bacterial abundance and DOC for much of the upgradient-half of the plume (0.1-2.5 km downgradient from the source) that is characterized by quasi-steady state chemistry. However, a logarithmic decrease was observed between the number of protists supported per mg of DOC and the estimated age of the DOC within the plume. The relatively labile dissolved organic contaminants that characterize the groundwater sampled from the plume less than or equal to 0.1 km downgradient from the contaminant source appeared to indirectly support 3-4 times as many protists (per mg of DOC) as the older, more recalcitrant DOC in the alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)-contaminated zone at 3 km downgradient (similar to30 years travel time). Substantive numbers of protists (> 10(4)/cm(3)) were recovered from suboxic zones of the plume. The higher than expected ratios of protists to unattached bacteria (10 to 100:1) observed in much of the plume suggest that protists may be grazing upon both surface-associated and unattached bacterial communities to meet their nutritional requirements. In closed bottle incubation experiments, the presence of protists caused an increase in bacterial growth rate, which became more apparent at higher amendments of labile DOC (3-20 mgC/L). The presence of protists resulted in an increase in the apparent substrate saturation level for the unattached bacterial community, suggesting an important role for protists in the fate of more-labile aquifer organic contaminants. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Bedrock Bioremediat Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England. RP Kinner, NE (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Bedrock Bioremediat Ctr, 35 Colovos Rd,Environm Technol Bldg, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 59 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 20 BP 4312 EP 4318 DI 10.1021/es020611m PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 603VK UT WOS:000178581300015 PM 12387403 ER PT J AU Webb, MAH Feist, GW Trant, JM Van Eenennaam, JP Fitzpatrick, MS Schreck, CB Doroshov, SI AF Webb, MAH Feist, GW Trant, JM Van Eenennaam, JP Fitzpatrick, MS Schreck, CB Doroshov, SI TI Ovarian steroidogenesis in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) during oocyte maturation and induced ovulation SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oocyte maturation; maturation-inducing steroid; steroidogenesis; white sturgeon ID GOLDFISH CARASSIUS-AURATUS; IN-VITRO STEROIDOGENESIS; MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; PLASMA SEX STEROIDS; FINAL MATURATION; REPRODUCTIVE STEROIDS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; INTACT FOLLICLES; ATLANTIC CROAKER AB Ovarian follicles and plasma were collected from two female white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, injected with sturgeon pituitary homogenate followed 12 h later with GnRHa to induce ovulation. The oocytes of one female underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) but ovulation did not occur in response to hormonal stimulation (Female 1), while the oocytes of the other female underwent GVBD and ovulation (Female 2). Follicles collected 12h after the first injection to induce ovulation were incubated with radioinert pregnenolone (P5) or tritiated-P5 ([H-3]P5) plus radioinert P5. Steroids were extracted from media and intact follicles, and the extracts were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fractions from the incubation with radioinert precursor were used in a bioassay to determine the potency of the steroid products to induce GVBD. Plasma levels of testosterone (T), estradiol, and 17,20beta-diliydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20beta-P) were measured by radioimmunoassay during induced ovulation, and plasma collected at the time of ovulation (actual or expected) was analyzed by HPLC. A peak in plasma 17,20beta-P was detected at the time of the second injection to induce ovulation in Female 2 (the time at which follicles were collected for incubation with [3H]P5). The HPLC analysis revealed several progestins in the plasma of Female 2 at ovulation that were not present in Female I at the time of expected ovulation. A variety of C19 and C21 steroids were produced in vitro by ovarian follicles from both females. The "suggestive" identities of the major metabolites were 11-deoxycortisol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), and 17,20beta-P in Female 1 and cortisol, 17,20beta, 21-trihydroxyprogesterone (20beta-S), 11-deoxycortisol, T, 17OHP, and 17,20beta-P in Female 2. Several of the steroids were active in a GVBD bioassay, but the fractions that contained the steroid coeluting the authentic 11-deoxycortisol on the HPLC and 17,20beta-P (positively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were found to be the most potent. The results from this study combined with the results of Webb et al. (2001b) suggest the potential roles of 11-deoxycortisol, 17,20beta-P, 20beta-S, and P4 as maturation-inducing steroids in sturgeon. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Webb, MAH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 61 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 129 IS 1 BP 27 EP 38 AR PII S0016-6480(02)00508-7 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00508-7 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 616CP UT WOS:000179284400004 PM 12409093 ER PT J AU Blomqvist, D Andersson, M Kupper, C Cuthill, IC Kis, J Lanctot, RB Sandercock, BK Szekely, T Wallander, J Kempenaers, B AF Blomqvist, D Andersson, M Kupper, C Cuthill, IC Kis, J Lanctot, RB Sandercock, BK Szekely, T Wallander, J Kempenaers, B TI Genetic similarity between mates and extra-pair parentage in three species of shorebirds SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GREAT REED WARBLER; HATCHING FAILURE; BIRDS; PATERNITY; MICROSATELLITES; FERTILIZATIONS; PROMISCUITY; SURVIVAL; REVEAL; LEKS AB Matings between close relatives often reduce the fitness of offspring, probably because homozygosity leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles(1-5). Studies of several animals have shown that reproductive success is lower when genetic similarity between parents is high(4-7), and that survival and other measures of fitness increase with individual levels of genetic diversity(8-11). These studies indicate that natural selection may favour the avoidance of matings with genetically similar individuals. But constraints on social mate choice, such as a lack of alternatives, can lead to pairing with genetically similar mates. In such cases, it has been suggested that females may seek extra-pair copulations with less related males(4), but the evidence is weak or lacking(4,5). Here we report a strong positive relationship between the genetic similarity of social pair members and the occurrence of extra-pair paternity and maternity ('quasi-parasitism') in three species of shorebirds. We propose that extra-pair parentage may represent adaptive behavioural strategies to avoid the negative effects of pairing with a genetically similar mate. C1 Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany. Austrian Acad Sci, Konrad Lorenz Inst Comparat Ethol, A-1160 Vienna, Austria. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Behav Biol, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England. Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Inst Zool, Behav Biol Res Grp, H-1400 Budapest, Hungary. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66505 USA. Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England. RP Kempenaers, B (reprint author), Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, POB 1564, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany. RI Kupper, Clemens/D-8116-2011; Kis, Janos/D-2558-2013; Sandercock, Brett/L-1644-2016; OI Kupper, Clemens/0000-0002-1507-8033; Sandercock, Brett/0000-0002-9240-0268; Kis, Janos/0000-0001-9354-1292; Kempenaers, Bart/0000-0002-7505-5458 NR 30 TC 148 Z9 152 U1 4 U2 59 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6907 BP 613 EP 615 DI 10.1038/nature01104 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 602AT UT WOS:000178483100044 PM 12374978 ER PT J AU Rumbold, DG Fink, LE Laine, KA Niemczyk, SL Chandrasekhar, T Wankel, SD Kendall, C AF Rumbold, DG Fink, LE Laine, KA Niemczyk, SL Chandrasekhar, T Wankel, SD Kendall, C TI Levels of mercury in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) collected along a transect through the Florida Everglades SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury; alligator; Everglades; liver; tail muscle ID AMERICAN ALLIGATORS; SOUTH-CAROLINA AB As part of a multi-agency study of alligator health, 28 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were captured along a transect through the Florida Everglades in 1999. Liver and tail muscle tissues were sampled and analyzed on a wet weight basis for total mercury (THg) using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All tissues had detectable concentrations of THg that ranged from 0.6 to 17 mg/kg in liver and from 0.1 to 1.8 mg/kg in tail muscle. THg was more concentrated in liver tissue than tail muscle, but levels were highly correlated between tissues. THg concentrations in tissue differed significantly among locations, with animals from Everglades National Park (ENP) having mean concentrations of THg in liver (10.4 mg/kg) and tail muscle (1.2 mg/kg) that were twofold higher than basin-wide averages (4.9 and 0.64 mg/kg, respectively). The reasons for higher contamination of ENP alligators were unclear and could not be explained by differences in sex, length, weight or animal age. While 815 N values were positively correlated with THg concentrations in tail muscle, spatial patterns in isotopic composition did not explain the elevated THg levels in ENP alligators. Therefore, it appears that ENP alligators were more highly exposed to mercury in their environment than individuals in other areas. Comparisons to a previous survey by Yanochko et al. [Arch Environ Contarn Toxicol 32 (1997) 323] suggest that mercury levels have declined in some Everglades alligators since 1994. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All tights reserved. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Rumbold, DG (reprint author), S Florida Water Management Dist, Mail Code 4642,3301 Gun Club Rd, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 7 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 1-3 BP 239 EP 252 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00132-8 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00132-8 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 602EC UT WOS:000178491900020 PM 12389795 ER PT J AU Lu, YB Wang, ZJ Huckins, J AF Lu, YB Wang, ZJ Huckins, J TI Review of the background and application of triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices in aquatic environmental study SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE review; triolein-semipermeable membrane device; calibration; QA/QC; applications ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MONITORING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; FILLED DIALYSIS MEMBRANES; LOWER MISSOURI RIVER; MYTILUS-EDULIS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; LIPOPHILIC POLLUTANTS; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; UPTAKE KINETICS AB This paper briefly reviews research on passive in situ samplers for aquatic environments but focuses on the development and application of the triolein-containing semipermeable membrane device in aquatic environmental monitoring. Special attention is paid to the calibration of the devices, quality control issues, and its potential uses in environmental assessments of aquatic contaminants. Also, the suitability of the technique for incorporation with selected bioassays is examined. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Environm Aquat Chem, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. USGS, Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. RP Wang, ZJ (reprint author), Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Environm Aquat Chem, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. RI Wang, Zijian/A-1538-2009 OI Wang, Zijian/0000-0002-9847-9691 NR 78 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD OCT 2 PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 153 AR PII S0166-445X(02)00056-5 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00056-5 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 594TG UT WOS:000178066600011 PM 12204593 ER PT J AU Paine, LK Ribic, CA AF Paine, LK Ribic, CA TI Comparison of riparian plant communities under four land management systems in southwestern Wisconsin SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; reed canarygrass; Phalaris arundinacea L; woody buffer strips; grassy buffer strips; Wisconsin; continuous grazing; rotational grazing ID NORTH-AMERICA; VEGETATION; WETLAND; STREAMS; QUALITY; STRIPS; CATTLE AB Riparian plant community composition is influenced by moisture, erosion, original native plant communities, and current and past land use. This study compared riparian plant communities under four types of management: woody buffer strip, grassy buffer strip, rotational grazing, and continuous grazing. Study sites were located along spring-fed streams in the unglaciated region of southwestern Wisconsin, USA. At each site, plant community surveys were conducted using a point transect method. Among the treatments, woody buffer strips, rotationally grazed and continuously grazed riparian areas had greater plant species richness than grassy buffer strips, and woody buffer strips had the greatest native plant specie's richness. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was prevalent in grassy buffer strips (44% of all observations), common in woody buffer strips (15%), and rare in sites that were rotationally or continuously grazed (3 and 5%, respectively). Pasture sites had greater proportions of native grasses and grass relatives and moderate levels of overall native species richness. Considered a water quality best management practice, well-managed rotational grazing may be a reasonable alternative to buffer strips which can contribute to protection and enhancement of native vegetation biodiversity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin Extens Columbia Cty, Portage, WI 53901 USA. Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Univ Wisconsin Extens Columbia Cty, POB 567, Portage, WI 53901 USA. EM laura.paine@ces.uwex.edu NR 35 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 EI 1873-2305 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 93 EP 105 AR PII S0167-8809(01)00269-9 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00269-9 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596HP UT WOS:000178159100007 ER PT J AU Talbot, SL Talbot, SS AF Talbot, SL Talbot, SS TI A new population of Aleutian shield fern (Polystichum aleuticum C. Christens.) on Adak Island, Alaska SO AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB We report and describe a new population of the endangered Aleutian shield fern (Polystichum aleuticum C. Christens.) discovered on Mount Reed, Adak Island, Alaska. The new population is located at a lower elevation than the other known populations, placing the species' known elevational range between 338 m and 525 m. The discovery of this population is significant because it increases the total number of known populations and individuals for the species. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Talbot, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FERN SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O DAVID B LELLINGER, SMITHSONIAN INST, BOTANY DEPT, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0002-8444 J9 AM FERN J JI Am. Fern J. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 92 IS 4 BP 288 EP 293 DI 10.1640/0002-8444(2002)092[0288:ANPOAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 632BU UT WOS:000180204200003 ER PT J AU Lichtenberg, JS Lichtenberg, DA AF Lichtenberg, JS Lichtenberg, DA TI Weak trophic interactions among birds, insects and white oak saplings (Quercus alba) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HERBIVOROUS INSECTS; AVIAN PREDATION; FOREST; PLANT; COMMUNITY; IMPACT; CONSEQUENCES; ARTHROPODS; ECOSYSTEMS; NUTRIENTS AB We examined the interactions among insectivorous birds, arthropods and white oak saplings (Quercus alba L.) in a temperate deciduous forest under 'open' and 'closed' canopy environments. For 2 v, we compared arthropod densities, leaf damage and sapling growth. Saplings from each canopy environment were assigned to one of four treatments: (1) reference, (2) bird exclosure, (3) insecticide and (4) exclosure + insecticide. Sap-feeding insects were the most abundant arthropod feeding guild encountered and birds reduced sap-feeder densities in 1997, but not in 1998. Although there was no detectable influence of birds on leaf-chewer densities in either year, leaf damage to saplings was greater within bird exclosures than outside of bird exclosures in 1997. Insecticide significantly reduced arthropod densities and leaf damage to saplings, but there was no corresponding increase in sapling growth. Growth and biomass were greater for saplings in more open canopy environments for both years. Sap-feeder densities were higher on closed canopy than open canopy saplings in 1997, but canopy environment did not influence the effects of birds on lower trophic levels. Although previous studies have found birds to indirectly influence plant growth and biomass, birds did not significantly influence the growth or biomass of white oak saplings during our study. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Sci Biol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Johnson Controls World Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Lichtenberg, JS (reprint author), Wildlife Management Program, POB 278, Pablo, MT 59855 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 148 IS 2 BP 338 EP 349 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0338:WTIABI]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611JZ UT WOS:000179014900013 ER PT J AU Casciotti, KL Sigman, DM Hastings, MG Bohlke, JK Hilkert, A AF Casciotti, KL Sigman, DM Hastings, MG Bohlke, JK Hilkert, A TI Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CONTAINING NITRITE REDUCTASE; PSEUDOMONAS-STUTZERI; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; NITROUS-OXIDE; O-18; N-15; EXCHANGE; DELTA-O-18; DELTA-N-15; ORIGIN AB We report a novel method for measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition ((18)O/(16)O) of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) from both seawater and freshwater. The denitrifier method, based on the isotope ratio analysis of nitrous oxide generated from sample nitrate by cultured denitrifying bacteria, has been described elsewhere for its use in nitrogen isotope ratio ((15)N/(14)N) analysis of nitrate.(1) Here, we address the additional issues associated with (18)O/(16)O analysis of nitrate by this approach, which include (1) the oxygen isotopic difference between the nitrate sample and the N(2)O analyte due to isotopic fractionation associated with the loss of oxygen atoms from nitrate and (2) the exchange of oxygen atoms with water during the conversion of nitrate to N(2)O. Experiments with (18)O-labeled water indicate that water exchange contributes less than 10%, and frequently less than 3%, of the oxygen atoms in the N(2)O product for Pseudomonas aureofaciens. In addition, both oxygen isotope fractionation and oxygen atom exchange are consistent within a given batch of analyses. The analysis of appropriate isotopic reference materials can thus be used to correct the measured (18)O/(16)O ratios of samples for both effects. This is the first method tested for (18)O/(16)O analysis of nitrate in seawater. Benefits of this method, relative to published freshwater methods, include higher sensitivity (tested down to 10 nmol and 1 muM NO(3)(-)), lack of interference by other solutes, and ease of sample preparation. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. ThermoFinnigan MAT GmbH, D-28197 Bremen, Germany. RP Casciotti, KL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM cascioti@princeton.edu RI Hastings, Meredith/C-6199-2008; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008 OI Hastings, Meredith/0000-0001-6716-6783; Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973 NR 33 TC 564 Z9 580 U1 15 U2 128 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 19 BP 4905 EP 4912 DI 10.1021/ac020113w PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 600XY UT WOS:000178418100017 PM 12380811 ER PT J AU Lee, EA Zimmerman, LR Bhullar, SS Thurman, EM AF Lee, EA Zimmerman, LR Bhullar, SS Thurman, EM TI Linker-assisted immunoassay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of glyphosate SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WATER AB A novel, sensitive, linker-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (L'ELISA) was compared to on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) Kith high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) for the analysis of glyphosate in surface water and groundwater samples. The L'ELISA used succinic anhydride to derivatize glyphosate, which mimics the epitotic attachment of glyphosate to horseradish peroxidase hapten. Thus, L'ELISA recognized the derivatized glyphosate more effectively (detection limit of 0.1 mug/L) and with increased sensitivity (10-100 times) over conventional ELISA and showed the potential for other applications. The precision and accuracy of L'ELISA then was compared with on-line SPE/HPLC/MS, which detected glyphosate and its degradate derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate using negative-ion electrospray (detection limit 0.1 mug/ L, relative standard deviation +/-15%). Derivatization efficiency and matrix effects were minimized by adding an isotope-labeled glyphosate (2-(CN)-C-13-N-15). The accuracy of L'ELISA gave a false positive rate of 18% between 0.1 and 1.0 mug/L and a false positive rate of only 1% above 1.0 mug/L. The relative standard deviation was +/-20%. The correlation of L'ELISA and HPLC/MS for 66 surface water and groundwater samples was 0.97 with a slope of 1.28, with many detections of glyphosate and its degradate in surface water but not in groundwater. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Osborn Grp Inc, Olathe, KS 66062 USA. RP Lee, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Zimmerman, Lisa/K-6674-2012 NR 12 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 19 BP 4937 EP 4943 DI 10.1021/ac020208y PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 600XY UT WOS:000178418100022 PM 12380816 ER PT J AU Michalski, G Savarino, J Bohlke, JK Thiemens, M AF Michalski, G Savarino, J Bohlke, JK Thiemens, M TI Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Delta O-17 nitrate reference material SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN; AG(111) AB A thermal decomposition method was developed and tested for the simultaneous determination of delta(18)O and delta(17)O in nitrate. The thermal decomposition of AgNO3 allows for the rapid and accurate determination of O-18/ O-16 and O-17/O-16 isotopic ratios with a precision of +/-1.5parts per thousand for delta(18)O and +/-0.11parts per thousand for Delta(17)O (Delta(17)O = delta(17)O - 0.52 x delta(18)O). The international nitrate isotope reference material IAEA-NO3 yielded a delta(18)O value of +23.6parts per thousand and Delta(17)O of -0.2parts per thousand, consistent with normal terrestrial mass-dependent isotopic ratios. In contrast, a large sample of NaNO3 from the Atacama Desert Chile, was found to have Delta(17)O = 21.56 +/- 0.11parts per thousand and delta(18)O = 54.9 +/- 1.5parts per thousand, demonstrating a substantial mass-independent isotopic composition consistent with the proposed atmospheric origin of the desert nitrate. It is suggested that this sample (designated USGS-35) can be used to generate other gases (CO2, CO, N2O, O-2) with the same Delta(17)O to serve as measurement references for a variety of applications involving mass-independent isotopic compositions in environmental studies. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Michalski, G (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Savarino, Joel/H-9730-2012 OI Savarino, Joel/0000-0002-6708-9623 NR 18 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 19 BP 4989 EP 4993 DI 10.1021/ac0256282 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 600XY UT WOS:000178418100027 PM 12380821 ER PT J AU Oremland, RS Hoeft, SE Santini, JA Bano, N Hollibaugh, RA Hollibaugh, JT AF Oremland, RS Hoeft, SE Santini, JA Bano, N Hollibaugh, RA Hollibaugh, JT TI Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; LARGE-SUBUNIT; CALIFORNIA; ARSENATE; AMMONIA; MICROORGANISMS; SPECIATION; DIVERSITY; SEQUENCES AB Arsenite [As(III)]-enriched anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, produced arsenate [As(V)] during incubation with either nitrate or nitrite. No such oxidation occurred in killed controls or in live samples incubated without added nitrate or nitrite. A small amount of biological As(III) oxidation was observed in samples amended with Fe(III) chelated with nitrolotriacetic acid, although some chemical oxidation was also evident in killed controls. A pure culture, strain MLHE-1, that was capable of growth with As(111) as its electron donor and nitrate as its electron acceptor was isolated in a defined mineral salts medium. Cells were also able to grow in nitrate-mineral salts medium by using H, or sulfide as their electron donor in lieu of As(III). Arsenite-grown cells demonstrated dark (CO2)-C-14 fixation, and PCR was used to indicate the presence of a gene encoding ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Strain MLHE-1 is a facultative chemoautotroph, able to grow with these inorganic electron donors and nitrate as its electron acceptor, but heterotrophic growth on acetate was also observed under both aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate) conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence placed strain MLHE-1 within the haloalkaliphilic Ectothiorhodospira of the gamma-Proteobacteria. Arsenite oxidation has never been reported for any members of this subgroup of the Proteobacteria. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. La Trobe Univ, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 146 Z9 152 U1 8 U2 42 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 4795 EP 4802 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.10.4795-4802.2002 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 600FX UT WOS:000178380900013 PM 12324322 ER PT J AU Williams, DJ Bigham, JM Cravotta, CA Traina, SJ Anderson, JE Lyon, JG AF Williams, DJ Bigham, JM Cravotta, CA Traina, SJ Anderson, JE Lyon, JG TI Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; IRON; SCHWERTMANNITE; SULFATE; WATERS AB The pH of mine impacted waters was estimated from the spectral reflectance of resident sediments composed mostly of chemical precipitates. Mine drainage sediments were collected from sites in the Anthracite Region of eastern Pennsylvania, representing acid to near neutral pH. Sediments occurring in acidic waters contained primarily schwertmannite and goethite while near neutral waters produced ferrihydrite. The minerals comprising the sediments occurring at each pH mode were spectrally separable. Spectral angle difference mapping was used to correlate sediment color with stream water pH (r(2)=0.76). Band-center and band-depth analysis of spectral absorption features were also used to discriminate ferrihydrite and goethite and/or schwertmannite by analyzing the T-4(1)<--(6)A(1) crystal field transition (9001000 nm). The presence of these minerals accurately predicted stream water pH (r(2)=0.87) and provided a qualitative estimate of dissolved SO4 concentrations. Spectral analysis results were used to analyze airborne digital multispectral video (DMSV) imagery for several sites in the region. The high spatial resolution of the DMSV sensor allowed for precise mapping of the mine drainage sediments. The results from this study indicate that airborne and space-borne imaging spectrometers may be used to accurately classify streams impacted by acid vs. neutral-to-alkaline mine drainage after appropriate spectral libraries are developed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Williams, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 39 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 10 BP 1273 EP 1286 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00019-7 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 585UP UT WOS:000177543200001 ER PT J AU Lowe, TP Day, DD AF Lowe, TP Day, DD TI Metal concentrations in zebra mussels and sediments from embayments and riverine environments of Eastern Lake Erie, Southern Lake Ontario, and the Niagara River SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; HEAVY-METALS; DIVING DUCKS; GREAT-LAKES; FILTRATION-RATE; INVASION; ELEMENT; CONTAMINATION; BIOACCUMULATION AB Concentrations of 14 metals were studied in the soft tissues of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and sediments from 16 Great Lakes embayments and riverine environments. Samples were collected in 1993 and 1994 during the early and late autumn period when the body mass of mussels is least affected by reproductive activities. There was a significant difference in geometric mean concentrations of all metals except Cu in mussels sampled from different sites, and there was a significant difference in the geometric mean concentrations of all metals but Cd, Mn, and Zn between years. The higher metal concentrations in mussels from this study were generally similar to those in mussels from contaminated European and U.S. locations, and those with lower concentrations were similar to those from uncontaminated European and U.S. locations. Geometric mean sediment concentrations of all metals differed significantly among sites. Sediment concentrations of metals from some sites were above EPA guidelines for moderately polluted harbor sediments. Sites where zebra mussels had higher concentrations of Al, Cr, and V tended to be the same sites as those where sediment concentrations of these metals were also higher. However, there was not a significant statistical relationship between concentrations of metals in zebra mussels and sediments, except for Mg. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Lowe, TP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 43 IS 3 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-1176-5 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 591GR UT WOS:000177871800008 PM 12202926 ER PT J AU Buscemi, DM Hoffman, DJ Vyas, NB Spann, JW Kuenzel, WJ AF Buscemi, DM Hoffman, DJ Vyas, NB Spann, JW Kuenzel, WJ TI Effects of Phos-Chek G75-F and Silv-Ex on developing northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOAM-SUPPRESSANT CHEMICALS; EARLY-LIFE STAGES; ACUTE TOXICITY; AMERICAN KESTRELS; FIRE-RETARDANT; FATHEAD MINNOW; FORMULATIONS; PHOSPHATE; BIRDS; LIVER AB Eggs of nesting birds situated in peripheral areas serving as fire breaks are at risk of being sprayed with fire control chemicals. Acute toxicity tests were conducted by immersing northern bobwhite quail eggs for 10 s in different water-based concentrations of Silv-Ex(R) (SE), a foam-suppressant chemical, and Phos-Chek(R) G75-F (PC), a fire retardant chemical, on day 4 or day 11 of incubation. An attempt was made to relate the treatment concentrations to the actual field application levels. Mortality appeared higher in most groups exposed on day 11 than on day 4, suggesting that on day 11 the extensive chorioallantoic vascular network permitted greater uptake of chemical. Only 24-60% of the embryos survived to hatch at exposure concentrations of 202, 269, and 454 g/L PC when treated on incubation day 11. At higher concentrations including 681, 956, and 1,211 g/L PC, the compound did not completely dissolve in water and clumped on eggshells, resulting in greater hatching success. Exposures to SE at 100 g/L on incubation day I I did not significantly affect hatching success of embryos but did significantly reduce the percent hematocrit in blood compared with controls. Incubation day 11 exposure to 202 and 1,211 g/L PC led to a significant increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and day 4 exposure to 1,211 g/L PC resulted in a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase. In addition to elevated liver enzymes, these treatments resulted in a decrease in the number of hepatocyte profiles (1,211 g/L PC at day 4 and day 11) and an increase in hepatocyte size (202 and 1,211 g/L PC at day 11) in hatchlings. A combination of SE and PC was synergistic (202 g/L PC and 50 g/L SE) at day 11 of incubation with respect to decreased hatching success and reduced bone lengths. However, lower concentrations of SE (10 g/L or 30 g/L) combined with 202 g/L of PC appeared antagonistic. This may be due to SE, as a surfactant, altering the ability of PC to penetrate the egg. Our results show fewer adverse effects following exposure to SE than to PC; therefore application of SE may be less harmful to breeding bird populations. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Buscemi, DM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 43 IS 3 BP 330 EP 337 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-0218-3 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 591GR UT WOS:000177871800012 PM 12202930 ER PT J AU Harrington, BA Brown, SC Corven, J Bart, J AF Harrington, BA Brown, SC Corven, J Bart, J TI Collaborative approaches to the evolution of migration and the development of science-based conservation in shorebirds SO AUK LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN SHOREBIRDS; SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPERS; POPULATION TRENDS; WADERS CHARADRII; BAY; PREDATION; SURVIVAL; STOPOVER; COMPETE; AUTUMN C1 Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Harrington, BA (reprint author), Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, POB 1770, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 914 EP 921 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0914:CATTEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200002 ER PT J AU Nebel, S Lank, DB O'Hara, PD Fernandez, G Haase, B Delgado, F Estela, FA Ogden, LJE Harrington, B Kus, BE Lyons, JE Mercier, F Ortego, B Takekawa, JY Warnock, N Warnock, SE AF Nebel, S Lank, DB O'Hara, PD Fernandez, G Haase, B Delgado, F Estela, FA Ogden, LJE Harrington, B Kus, BE Lyons, JE Mercier, F Ortego, B Takekawa, JY Warnock, N Warnock, SE TI Western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) during the nonbreeding season: Spatial segregation on a hemispheric scale SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPERS; PACIFIC COAST; SEX-RATIOS; MIGRATION; HABITAT; EVOLUTION; WADERS AB The nonbreeding distribution of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) was documented using 19 data sets from 13 sites along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the Americas. Western Sandpipers showed latitudinal segregation with regard to sex and age. Females wintered farther south than males. A "U" shaped pattern was found with respect to age, with juveniles occurring at higher proportions at both the northern and southern ends of the range. Distribution of sexes might be affected by differences in bill length and a latitudinal trend in depth distribution of prey. For age class distribution, two different life-history tactics of juveniles might exist that are related to the higher cost of feather wear for juveniles compared to adults. Most juveniles complete three long-distance migrations on one set of flight feathers whereas adults complete two. Juveniles may winter either far north, thereby reducing feather wear induced by ultraviolet light, migration, or both, or far south and spend the summer on the nonbreeding area. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biosci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. FEMM, Guayaquil 11905, Ecuador. C Meliton Martin, Chitre, Herrera, Panama. Asociac Calidris, Cali, Colombia. Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Parks Canada, Hull, PQ K1A 0M5, Canada. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Victoria, TX 77901 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Point Reyes Bird Observ, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. RP Nebel, S (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biosci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RI Aceves, Guillermo/B-7534-2008; Nebel, Silke/D-4993-2009 OI Aceves, Guillermo/0000-0002-8478-5575; NR 38 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 922 EP 928 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0922:WSCMDT]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200003 ER PT J AU Van Riper, C Van Riper, SG Hansen, WR AF Van Riper, C Van Riper, SG Hansen, WR TI Epizootiology and effect of avian pox on Hawaiian forest birds SO AUK LA English DT Article ID MALARIA; EXTINCTION; ISLANDS AB We determined prevalence and altitudinal distribution of forest birds infected with avian pox at 16 locations on Hawaii, from sea level to tree line in mesic and xeric habitats, during 1977-1980. Isolates from lesions were cultured in the laboratory for positive identification of Poxvirus avium. Infected birds from the wild were brought into the laboratory to assess differences in the course of infection in native versus introduced species. We also documented distributions and activity cycles of potential avian pox vectors. Native forest birds were (1) more susceptible to avian pox infection than were introduced species, (2) most likely to be infected during the wet season, and (3) found to have a higher prevalence in mesic when compared to xeric forests. Avian pox occurred in forest birds at all elevations, but highest levels were in the mid-elevational ranges (similar to1,200 m) where vectors and native birds had the greatest overlap. Temporal and elevational differences in prevalence were apparent throughout the annual cycle. Avian pox probably did not reach epizootic proportions on Hawaii until after introduction of the mosquito and domestic birds in the early 1800s, and since then has had a negative effect on the population dynamics of native forest birds. Today, this introduced disease is an important factor that should be considered in future conservation efforts that are directed at the recovery of native forest birds in Hawaii. C1 No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Van Riper, C (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Box 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM charles.van.riper@nau.edu NR 59 TC 87 Z9 92 U1 6 U2 20 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 929 EP 942 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0929:EAEOAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200004 ER PT J AU Manolis, JC Andersen, DE Cuthbert, FJ AF Manolis, JC Andersen, DE Cuthbert, FJ TI Edge effect on nesting success of ground nesting birds near regenerating clearcuts in a forest-dominated landscape SO AUK LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; MIGRATORY SONGBIRDS; HARDWOOD FORESTS; PREDATION; FRAGMENTATION; MANAGEMENT; INTERIOR; SURVIVAL; SCALE; CUT AB Forest fragmentation has been implicated as a cause of population declines of several Neotropical migrant bird species. Fragmentation increases the amount of habitat edge, and reduced nesting success rates near forest edges are well documented in agricultural landscapes ("edge effects"). However, edge effects in predominantly forested landscapes, particularly those related to timber harvest, are poorly understood. This study examines nesting success of ground nesting birds in relation to clearcut edges in a forest-dominated landscape in north-central Minnesota. A total of 383 nests of seven species of ground nesting birds were found and monitored during 1992-1998. Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilus; n = 318) and Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus; n = 44) nests composed the majority of the sample. Predation accounted for 94% of all nest failures. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism was low (1.8% for all ground nests). Using proportional hazards regression, distance to nearest clearcut edge was the best predictor of nest failure. For all ground nests, nesting success was 0.18 at 0-100 m, 0.39 at 101-500 m, and 0.52 at 501-954 m from nearest clearcut edge. Source-sink modeling indicated that distances less than or equal to100 m from clearcut edges were sink habitats for Ovenbirds (i.e. recruitment was lower than survival). These results provide strong evidence of a negative edge effect on ground nests, extending 100 m or more from clearcut edges in a forest-dominated area of north-central Minnesota. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey,Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Manolis, JC (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Box 10,500 Lafayette Rd, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. EM jim.manolis@dnr.state.mn.us NR 65 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 955 EP 970 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0955:EEONSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200006 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA Laing, KK AF Schmutz, JA Laing, KK TI Variation in foraging behavior and body mass in broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica): Evidence for interspecific density dependence SO AUK LA English DT Article ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; BRANT BRANTA-BERNICLA; CACKLING CANADA GEESE; YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; BLACK BRANT; GOOSE GOSLINGS; BARNACLE GEESE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; NUTRIENT RESERVES; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AB Broods of geese spend time feeding according to availability and quality of food plants, subject to inherent foraging and digestive constraints. We studied behavioral patterns of broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, and examined how feeding and alert behavior varied in relation to habitat and goose density. During 1994-1996, time spent feeding by Emperor Goose goslings and adult females was positively related to multispecies goose densities near observation blinds, and not to just Emperor Goose density. Similarly, body mass of Emperor Goose goslings was more strongly related (negatively) to multispecies goose densities than intraspecific densities. A grazing experiment in 1995 indicated that most above ground primary production by Carex subspathacea, a preferred food plant, was consumed by grazing geese. Those results demonstrate that interspecific competition for food occurred, with greatest support for goslings whose behavioral repertoire is limited primarily to feeding, digesting, and resting. Although the more abundant Cackling Canada Geese (Branta canadensis minima) differed from Emperor Geese in their preferred use of habitats during brooding rearing (Schmutz 2001), the two species occurred in equal abundance in habitats preferred by Emperor Goose broods. Thus, Cackling Canada Geese were a numerically significant competitor with Emperor Geese. Comparing these results to an earlier study, time spent feeding by goslings, adult females, and adult males were greater during 1993-1996 than during 1985-1986. During the interval between those studies, densities of Cackling Canada Geese increased two to three times whereas Emperor Goose numbers remained approximately stable, which implies that interspecific competition affected foraging behavior over a long time period. These density-dependent changes in foraging behavior and body mass indicate that interspecific competition affects nutrient acquisition and gosling growth, which has a demonstrated effect (Schmutz 1993) on juvenile survival of Emperor Geese. Management of Emperor Geese should consider interspecific relations and densities of all goose species occurring on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM joel_schmutz@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 996 EP 1009 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0996:VIFBAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200009 ER PT J AU Hunter, FM Jones, IL Williams, JC Byrd, GV AF Hunter, FM Jones, IL Williams, JC Byrd, GV TI Breeding biology of the Whiskered Auklet (Aethia pygmaea) at Buldir Island, Alaska SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CRESTED AUKLETS; FOOD-HABITS; LEAST; QUALITY; SURVIVAL; ALCIDAE; COLONY; GROWTH; SIZE AB We quantified aspects of the breeding biology of Whiskered Auklets (Aethia pygmaea) at Buldir Island, western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, from 1993 to 1998 to provide a better understanding of this poorly known species' ecological relationship to other auklets (Aethia spp.). Whiskered Auklets nest in rock crevices in a range of habitats including talus slopes, cliffs, and beaches. No physical characteristic of nesting crevices predicted breeding success. Hatching dates varied among years; mean hatching dates averaged 20 June +/-6.8 days (range 16-27 June). Chicks remained in the nest for 39 :L 2 days, with mean annual fledging from 27 to 29 July. Eggs were 44.1 +/- 1.6 mm in length and 31.1 +/- 1.61 mm in breadth, and varied significantly in size among years. Chicks weighed 17.4 +/- 2.4 g (15.6% of adult mass) within two days of hatching and gained 3.8 g day(-1) in mass and 3.2 mm day(-1) in wing length during the linear growth period. Chicks fledged at 101.3 +/- 11.3 g (90.5% adult mass) after a prefledging mass recession of 8.9% of peak mass, and a wing length of 102.2 +/- 4.3 mm (93.5% adult wing length). Mass increase during the linear growth period and fledging mass varied among years, but wing growth and fledging wing length did not. Parents provisioned chicks after nightfall with copepods (Neocalanus spp.) and euphausiids (Thysanoessa spp.); the proportion of food types varied significantly among years. Eighty-nine percent of chicks that hatched survived to fledge; most of those that did not had died of starvation. Low-intensity monitoring underestimated breeding success but provided useful comparative information. Whiskered Auklets exhibited a suite of unique characteristics that make them an ecological outlier among Aethia auklets. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Biol, St Johns, NF A1B 3X9, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Aleutian Isl Unit, Adak, AK 99546 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Hunter, FM (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 1036 EP 1051 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1036:BBOTWA]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200012 ER PT J AU Fournier, F Karasov, WH Meyer, MW Kenow, KP AF Fournier, F Karasov, WH Meyer, MW Kenow, KP TI Daily energy expenditures of free-ranging common loon (Gavia immer) chicks SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINANTS; BIRDS AB We measured the daily energy expenditure of free-living Common Loon (Gavia immer) chicks using doubly labeled water (DLW). Average body mass of chicks during the DLW measures were 425, 1,052, and 1,963 g for 10 day-old (n = 5), 21 day-old (n = 6), and 35 day-old (n = 6) chicks, respectively, and their mean daily energy expenditures (DEE) were 686 kJ day(-1), 768 kJ day(-1), and 1,935 kJ day(-1), respectively. Variation in DEE was not due solely to variation in body mass, but age was also a significant factor independent of body mass. Energy deposited in new tissue was calculated from age-dependent tissue energy contents and measured gains in body mass, which were 51, 54, and 33 g day(-1) from the youngest to oldest chicks. Metabolizable energy (the sum of DEE and tissue energy) was used to estimate feeding rates of loon chicks and their exposure to mercury in the fish they consume. We calculated that loon chicks in Wisconsin consumed between 162 and 383 g wet mass of fish per day (depending on age), corresponding to intakes of mercury of 16-192 mug day(-1). C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Fournier, F (reprint author), Univ Moncton, Dept Biol, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 1121 EP 1126 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1121:DEEOFR]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200021 ER PT J AU Williams, GE Wood, PB AF Williams, GE Wood, PB TI Are traditional methods of determining nest predators and nest fates reliable? An experiment with wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) using miniature video cameras SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BLACK RAT SNAKES; SUCCESS; ECOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION; SINKS; BIRDS; EGGS AB We used miniature infrared video cameras to monitor Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nests during 1998-2000. We documented nest predators and examined whether evidence at nests can be used to predict predator identities and nest fates. Fifty-six nests were monitored; 26 failed, with 3 abandoned and 23 depreciated. We predicted predator class (avian, mammalian, snake) prior to review of video footage and were incorrect 57% of the time. Birds and mammals were underrepresented whereas snakes were over-represented in our predictions. We documented greater than or equal to9 nest-predator species, with the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) taking the most nests (n = 8). During 2000, we predicted fate (fledge or fail) of 27 nests; 23 were classified correctly. Traditional methods of monitoring nests appear to be effective for classifying success or failure of nests, but ineffective at classifying nest predators. C1 US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Williams, GE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 6 U2 36 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 1126 EP 1132 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1126:ATMODN]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200022 ER PT J AU Dyer, WG Williams, EH Giannoni, AA Jimenez-Marrero, NM Williams, LB Moore, DP Pence, DB AF Dyer, WG Williams, EH Giannoni, AA Jimenez-Marrero, NM Williams, LB Moore, DP Pence, DB TI Helminth and arthropod parasites of the brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, in Puerto Rico, with a compilation of all metazoan parasites reported from this host in the Western Hemisphere SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA; BIRDS AB Seven species of helminths and six species of arthropods are reported from 23 of 40 brown pelicans, Pelecanus occidentalis, collected from various localities in Puerto Rico. Helminth parasites include three nematodes (Contracaecum multipapillatum, Contracaecum mexicanum, and Eustrongylides sp.), three trematodes (Galactosomum darbyi, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, and Ribeiroia ondatrae), and one cestode (Tetrabothrium sulae). Arthropod parasites include Colpocephalum occidentalis, Neottialges apunctatus, Ornithodoros capensis, Phalacrodectus pelecani, Phalacrodectus punctatissimus, and Phalacrodectus sp. The presence of R. ondatrae in the brown pelican is a new species host record, and P. pelecani, P. punctatissimus and N. apunctatus are new subspecies host records. C. multipapillatum, C. mexicanum, G. darbyi and M. appendiculatoides are new locality records for Puerto Rico, and N. apunctatus, P. pelecani, P. punctatissimus and T. sulae are new locality records for the Caribbean. Necrosis produced by C. multipapillatum, C. mexicanum, and R. ondatrae may have contributed to the emaciation and death of the brown pelicans examined in the present study. C1 Univ Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Dept Marine Sci, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Ctr Systemat Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ Metropolitana, Caribbean Stranding Network, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ Metropolitana, Dept Sci & Technol, Caribbean Marine Mammal Lab, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Caribbean Field Off, Boqueron, PR 00625 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, Caribbean Aquat Anim Hlth Project, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Caribbean Ctr Marine Studies, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. Vet Clin, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. RP Williams, EH (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Dept Marine Sci, POB 908, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873 NR 52 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 441 EP 448 DI 10.1080/030794502100000518 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 599VW UT WOS:000178356700005 PM 12427338 ER PT J AU Chauhan, V Sheikh, A Chauhan, A Tsiouris, J Malik, M Vaughan, M AF Chauhan, V Sheikh, A Chauhan, A Tsiouris, J Malik, M Vaughan, M TI Changes during hibernation in different phospholipid and free and esterified cholesterol serum levels in black bears SO BIOCHIMIE LA English DT Article DE bears; cholesterol; hibernation; lipids; phospholipids ID ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; MAMMALIAN HIBERNATION; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; SEASONAL PATTERNS; BODY-TEMPERATURE; GROUND-SQUIRRELS; METABOLISM; INFLAMMATION; HAPTOGLOBIN; PROTEIN AB During hibernation, fat is known to be the preferred source of energy. A detailed analysis of different phospholipids, as well as free and esterified cholesterol, was conducted to investigate lipid abnormalities during hibernation. The levels of total phospholipids and total cholesterol in the serum of black bears were found to increase significantly in hibernation as compared with the active state. Both free and esterified cholesterol were increased in the hibernating state in comparison with the active state (P < 0.05). The percentage increase during hibernation was more in free cholesterol (57%) than in esterified cholesterol (27%). Analysis of subclasses of serum phospholipids showed that choline containing phospholipids, i.e., sphingomyelin (SPG) (14%) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (76%), are the major phospholipids in-the serum of bear. The minor phospholipids included 8% of phosphatidylserine (PS) + phosphatidylinositol (PI), while phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was only 2% of the total phospholipids. A comparison of phospholipid subclasses showed that PC, PS + PI and SPG were significantly increased, while PE was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the hibernating state as compared with the active state in black bears. These results suggest that the catabolism of phospholipids and cholesterol is decreased during hibernation in black bears, leading to their increased levels in the hibernating state as compared with the active state. In summary, our results indicate that serum cholesterol and phospholipid fractions (except PE) are increased during hibernation in bears. It is proposed that the increase of these lipids may be due to the altered metabolism of lipoproteins that are responsible for the clearance of the lipids. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS and Societe francaise de biochimie et biologie moleculaire. All rights reserved. C1 New York State Inst Basic Res Dev Disabil, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. Virginia Tech, USGS, BRD, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Chauhan, V (reprint author), New York State Inst Basic Res Dev Disabil, 1050 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. EM chauhanvps@aol.com NR 30 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0300-9084 J9 BIOCHIMIE JI Biochimie PD OCT PY 2002 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1031 EP 1034 AR PII S0300-9084(02)00006-8 DI 10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00006-8 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 634DB UT WOS:000180323800007 PM 12504283 ER PT J AU Bridges, CM Dwyer, FJ Hardesty, DK Whites, DW AF Bridges, CM Dwyer, FJ Hardesty, DK Whites, DW TI Comparative contaminant toxicity: Are amphibian larvae more sensitive than fish? SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TADPOLES; CARBARYL; EXPOSURE; METALS C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Bridges, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 69 IS 4 BP 562 EP 569 DI 10.1007/s00128-002-0098-2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 597CD UT WOS:000178203800014 PM 12232728 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ Dawson, TE Personius, SF Seitz, GG Reidy, LM Schwartz, DP AF Lienkaemper, JJ Dawson, TE Personius, SF Seitz, GG Reidy, LM Schwartz, DP TI A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; MAGNITUDE; SLIP AB The Hayward fault, a major branch of the right-lateral San Andreas fault system, traverses the densely populated eastern San Francisco Bay region, California. We conducted a paleoseismic investigation to better understand the Hayward fault's past earthquake behavior. The site is near the south end of Tyson's Lagoon, a sag pond formed in a right step of the fault in Fremont. Because the Hayward fault creeps at the surface, we identified paleoseismic events using features that we judge to be unique to ground ruptures or the result of strong ground motion, such as the presence of fault-scarp colluvial deposits and liquefaction. We correlate the most recent event evidence (E1) to the historical 1868 M 6.9 earthquake that caused liquefaction in the pond and recognize three additional paleoruptures since A.D. 1470 +/- 110 yr. Event ages were estimated by chronological modeling, which incorporated historical and stratigraphic information and radiocarbon and pollen data. Modeled, mean age and 95-percentile ranges of the three earlier events are A.D. 1730 (1650-1790) yr (E2), A.D. 1630 (1530-1740) yr (E3), and A.D. 1470 (1360-1580) (E4). The ages of these paleoearthquakes yield a mean recurrence of 130 +/- 40 yr. Although the mean recurrence is well determined for the period A.D. 1470-1868, individual intervals are less well determined: E1-E2, 140 + 80/ - 70 yr; E2-E3, 100 + 90/ - 100 yr; and E3-E4, 150 + 130/ - 110 yr. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 977 Menlo Pk, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlienk@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2637 EP 2658 DI 10.1785/0120000611 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800005 ER PT J AU Lindvall, SC Rockwell, TK Dawson, TE Helms, JG Bowman, KW AF Lindvall, SC Rockwell, TK Dawson, TE Helms, JG Bowman, KW TI Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on the San Andreas fault at Frazier Mountain, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1857 EARTHQUAKE; CARRIZO PLAIN; CALIBRATION; RECURRENCE; TREES; SLIP AB We conducted paleoseismic studies in a closed depression along the San Andreas fault on the north flank of Frazier Mountain near Frazier Park, California. We recognized two earthquake ruptures in our trench exposure and interpreted the most recent rupture, event 1, to represent the historical 1857 earthquake. We also exposed evidence of an earlier surface rupture, event 2, along an older group of faults that did not rerupture during event 1. Radiocarbon dating of the stratigraphy above and below the earlier event constrains its probable age to between A.D. 1460 and 1600. Because we documented continuous, unfaulted stratigraphy between the earlier event horizon and the youngest event horizon in the portion of the fault zone exposed, we infer event 2 to be the penultimate event. We observed no direct evidence of an 1812 earthquake in our exposures. However, we cannot preclude the presence of this event at our site due to limited age control in the upper part of the section and the possibility of other fault strands beyond the limits of our exposures. Based on overlapping age ranges, event 2 at Frazier Mountain may correlate with event B at the Bidart fan site in the Carrizo Plain to the northwest and events V and W4 at Pallett Creek and Wrightwood, respectively, to the southeast. If the events recognized at these multiple sites resulted from the same surface rupture, then it appears that the San Andreas fault has repeatedly failed in large ruptures similar in extent to 1857. C1 William Lettis & Associates Inc, Valencia, CA 91355 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP William Lettis & Associates Inc, 28470 Ave Stanford,Suite 120, Valencia, CA 91355 USA. OI Rockwell, Thomas/0000-0001-5319-6447 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2689 EP 2703 DI 10.1785/0120000610 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800008 ER PT J AU Weldon, RJ Fumal, TE Powers, TJ Pezzopane, SK Scharer, KM Hamilton, JC AF Weldon, RJ Fumal, TE Powers, TJ Pezzopane, SK Scharer, KM Hamilton, JC TI Structure and earthquake offsets on the San Andreas fault at the Wrightwood, California, paleoseismic site SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; RECURRENCE INTERVAL; PALLETT CREEK; SLIP; DEFORMATION AB Thirty-eight trenches and natural exposures across the San Andreas fault zone, four km northwest of Wrightwood, California, reveal the structure and stratigraphy of this paleoseismic site. A 25-m-thick stratigraphic section of late Holocene, peat, debris flows, and fluvial sediments have accumulated syntectonically and are deformed in a complicated flower, or flake, structure within the fault zone. Whereas slip is everywhere parallel to the trend of the San Andreas fault, layering within the fan-shaped section guides the surface faulting, and transtensive portions of the structure are connected to transpressive portions by bedding-parallel detachment faults. The structure has grown through time, widely distributing the evidence for individual earthquakes. The broad zone of deformation and rapid sedimentation permit the characterization of an unusually large number of prehistoric earthquakes. The presence of at least four geomorphically similar sites within 10 km along the fault zone suggests that this kind of site is common and other sites should be exploited. To date, the upper 12 m of section, deposited during the past similar to1600 yr, has been completely characterized and dated to show evidence of 14 prehistoric earthquakes. The A.D. 1857 earthquake produced only 1-2 m of slip here, commensurate with the site's proximity to the southern end of the rapture. Six to 10 m of slip accumulated during the past three earthquakes, and 30-60 m of cumulative slip occurred during the past 14 events, suggesting a mean displacement of 2-4 m per event at the site. Coupled with the mean recurrence interval of slightly more than 100 yr, this implies a slip rate of 2-4 cm/yr for the San Andreas fault north of its junction with the San Jacinto fault. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2704 EP 2725 DI 10.1785/0120000612 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800009 ER PT J AU Fumal, TE Weldon, RJ Biasi, GP Dawson, TE Seitz, GG Frost, WT Schwartz, DP AF Fumal, TE Weldon, RJ Biasi, GP Dawson, TE Seitz, GG Frost, WT Schwartz, DP TI Evidence for large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault at the Wrightwood, California, paleoseismic site: AD 500 to present SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LATE-GLACIAL EVENTS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PALLETT CREEK; RECURRENCE INTERVAL; RADIOCARBON AGES; CAJON-PASS; PEAT; SLIP; PRETREATMENT; MACROFOSSILS AB We present structural and stratigraphic evidence from a paleoseismic site near Wrightwood, California, for 14 large earthquakes that occurred on the southern San Andreas fault during the past 1500 years. In a network of 38 trenches and creek-bank exposures, we have exposed a composite section of interbedded debris flow deposits and thin peat layers more than 24 m thick; fluvial deposits occur along the northern margin of the site. The site is a 150-m-wide zone of deformation bounded on the surface by a main fault zone along the northwest margin and a secondary fault zone to the southwest. Evidence for most of the 14 earthquakes occurs along structures within both zones. We identify paleoearthquake horizons using infilled fissures, scarps, multiple rupture terminations, and widespread folding and tilting of beds. Ages of stratigraphic units and earthquakes are constrained by historic data and 72 C-14 ages, mostly from samples of peat and some from plant fibers, wood, pine cones, and charcoal. Comparison of the long, well-resolved paleoseimic record at Wrightwood with records at other sites along the fault indicates that rupture lengths of past earthquakes were at least 100 kin long. Paleoseismic records at sites in the Coachella Valley suggest that each of the past five large earthquakes recorded there ruptured the fault suggest at least as far northwest as Wrightwood. Comparisons with event chronologies at Pallett Creek and sites to the northwest suggests that approximately the same part of the fault that ruptured in 1857 may also have failed in the early to mid-sixteenth century and several other times during the past 1200 years. Records at Pallett Creek and Pitman Canyon suggest that, in addition to the 14 earthquakes we documents one and possibly two other large earthquakes ruptured the part of the fault including Wrightwood since about A.D. 500. These observations and elapsed times that are significantly longer than mean recurrence intervals at Wrightwood and sites to the southeast suggest that at least the southermost 200 km of the San Andreas fault is near failure. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Nevada, Seismol Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 377, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 56 TC 66 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2726 EP 2760 DI 10.1785/0120000608 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800010 ER PT J AU Biasi, GP Weldon, RJ Fumal, TE Seitz, GG AF Biasi, GP Weldon, RJ Fumal, TE Seitz, GG TI Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID IRREGULAR RECURRENCE; PALLETT CREEK; INTERVAL AB We introduce a quantitative approach to paleoearthquake dating and apply it to paleoseismic data from the Wrightwood and Pallett Creek sites on the southern San Andreas fault. We illustrate how stratigraphic ordering, sedimentological, and historical data can be used quantitatively in the process of estimating earthquake ages. Calibrated radiocarbon age distributions are used directly from layer dating through recurrence intervals and recurrence probability estimation. The method does not eliminate subjective judgements in event dating, but it does provide a means of systematically and objectively approaching the dating process. Date distributions for the most recent 14 events at Wrightwood are based on sample and contextual evidence in Fumal et al. (2002) and site context and slip history in Weldon et al. (2002). Pallett Creek event and dating descriptions are from published sources. For the five most recent events at Wrightwood, our results are consistent with previously published estimates, with generally comparable or narrower uncertainties. For Pallett Creek, our earthquake date estimates generally overlap with previous results but typically have broader uncertainties. Some event date estimates are very sensitive to details of data interpretation. The historical earthquake in 1857 ruptured the ground at both sites but is not constrained by radiocarbon data. Radiocarbon ages, peat accumulation rates, and historical constraints at Pallett Creek for event X yield a date estimate in the earliest 1800s and preclude a date in the late 1600s. This event is almost certainly the historical 1812 earthquake, as previously concluded by Sieh et al. (1989). This earthquake also produced ground deformation at Wrightwood. All events at Pallett Creek, except for event T, about A.D. 1360, and possibly event I, about A.D. 960, have corresponding events at Wrightwood with some overlap in age ranges. Event T falls during a period of low sedimentation at Wrightwood when conditions were not favorable for recording earthquake evidence. Previously proposed correlations of Pallett Creek X with Wrightwood W3 in the 1690s and Pallett Creek event V with W5 around 1480 (Fumal et al., 1993) appear unlikely after our dating reevaluation. Apparent internal inconsistencies among event, layer, and dating relationships around events R and V identify them as candidates for further investigation at the site. Conditional probabilities of earthquake recurrence were estimated using Poisson, lognormal, and empirical models. The presence of 12 or 13 events at Wrightwood during the same interval that 10 events are reported at Pallett Creek is reflected in mean recurrence intervals of 105 and 135 years, respectively. Average Poisson model 30-year conditional probabilities are about 20% at Pallett Creek and 25% at Wrightwood. The lognormal model conditional probabilities are somewhat higher, about 25% for Pallett Creek and 34% for Wrightwood. Lognormal variance sigma(1n) estimates of 0.76 and 0.70, respectively, imply only weak time predictability. Conditional probabilities of 29% and 46%, respectively, were estimated for an empirical distribution derived from the data alone. Conditional probability uncertainties are dominated by the brevity of the event series; dating uncertainty contributes only secondarily. Wrightwood and Pallett Creek event chronologies both suggest variations in recurrence interval with time, hinting that some form of recurrence rate modulation may be at work, but formal testing shows that neither series is more ordered than might be produced by a Poisson process. C1 Univ Nevada, Seismol Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Univ Nevada, Seismol Lab, MS 174, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 30 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2761 EP 2781 DI 10.1785/0120000605 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800011 ER PT J AU Kendrick, KJ Morton, DM Wells, SG Simpson, RW AF Kendrick, KJ Morton, DM Wells, SG Simpson, RW TI Spatial and temporal deformation along the northern San Jacinto fault, southern California: Implications for slip rates SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TRIPLE JUNCTION REGION; ANDREAS FAULT; STRIKE-SLIP; TIMOTEO BADLANDS; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; CRUZ MOUNTAINS; CAJON PASS; ZONE; EVOLUTION; EXAMPLES AB The San Timoteo badlands is an area of uplift and erosional dissection that has formed as a result of late Quaternary uplift along a restraining bend in the San Jacinto fault, of the San Andreas fault system in southern California. This bend currently is located in a region where late Quaternary deposits and associated surfaces have formed in lower San Tintoteo Canyon. We have used morphometric analysis of these surfaces, in conjunction with computer modeling of deformational patterns along the San Jacinto fault, to reconstruct spatial and temporal variations in uplift along the bend. Morphometric techniques used include envelope/subenvelope mapping, a gradient-length index along channels, and denudation values. Age control is determined using a combination of thermoluminescence (TL) and near infrared optical simulation luminescence dating (IROSL) and correlation of soil-development indices. These approaches are combined with an elastic half-space model used to determine the deformation associated with the fault bend. The region of modeled uplift has a similar distribution as that determined by morphometric techniques. Luminescence dates and soil-correlation age estimates generally agree. Based on soil development, surfaces within the study area were stabilized at approximately 300-700 ka for Q3, 43-67 ka for Q2, and 27.5-67 ka for Q1. Luminescence ages (both TL and IROSL) for the formation of the younger two surfaces are 58 to 94 ka for Q2 and 37 to 62 ka for Q1 (ages reported to la uncertainty). Periods of uplift were determined for the surfaces in the study area, resulting in approximate uplift rates of 0.34 to 0.84 m/ka for the past 100 ka and 0.13 to 1.00 m/ka for the past 66 ka. Comparison of these rates of uplift to those generated by the model support a higher rate of lateral slip along the San Jacinto fault than commonly assumed (greater than 20 mm/yr, as compared to 8-12 mm/yr commonly cited). This higher slip rate supports the proposal that a greater amount of slip has transferred from the San Andreas fault to the San Jacinto fault than generally held. The San Jacinto fault may have accommodated a significant portion of the plate boundary slip during the past 100 ka. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, US Geol Survey, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kendrick, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 69 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2782 EP 2802 DI 10.1785/0120000615 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800012 ER PT J AU Fumal, TE Rymer, MJ Seitz, GG AF Fumal, TE Rymer, MJ Seitz, GG TI Timing of large earthquakes since AD 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; COACHELLA VALLEY; SLIP; CALIBRATION; TRANSPRESSION; AREA AB Paleoseismic investigations across the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault at Thousand Palms Oasis indicate that four and probably five surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred during the past 1200 years. Calendar age estimates for these earthquakes are based on a chronological model that incorporates radiocarbon dates from 18 in situ burn layers and stratigraphic ordering constraints. These five earthquakes occurred in about A.D. 825 (770-890) (mean, 95% range), A.D. 982 (840-1150), A.D. 1231 (1170-1290), A.D. 1502 (1450-1555), and after a date in the range of A.D. 1520-1680. The most recent surface-rupturing earthquake at Thousand Palms is likely the same as the A.D. 1676 +/- 35 event at Indio reported by Sieh and Williams (1990). Each of the past five earthquakes recorded on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley strongly overlaps in time with an event at the Wrightwood paleoseismic site, about 120 km northwest of Thousand Palms Oasis. Correlation of events between these two sites suggests that at least the southernmost 200 km of the San Andreas fault zone may have ruptured in each earthquake. The average repeat time for surface-rupturing earthquakes on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley is 215 +/- 25 years, whereas the elapsed time since the most recent event is 326 +/- 35 years. This suggests the southernmost San Andreas fault zone likely is very near failure. The Thousand Palms Oasis site is underlain by a series of six channels cut and filled since about A.D. 800 that cross the fault at high angles. A channel margin about 900 years old is offset right laterally 2.0 +/- 0.5 m, indicating a slip rate of 4 +/- 2 mm/yr. This slip rate is low relative to geodetic and other geologic slip rate estimates (26 +/- 2 mm/yr and about 23-35 nun/yr, respectively) on the southernmost San Andreas fault zone, possibly because (1) the site is located in a small step-over in the fault trace and so the rate is not be representative of the Mission Creek fault, (2) slip is partitioned northward from the San Andreas fault and into the eastern California shear zone, and/or (3) slip is partitioned onto the Banning strand of the San Andreas fault zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Fumal, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 40 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 2841 EP 2860 DI 10.1785/0120000609 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 628ZW UT WOS:000180026800014 ER PT J AU Klug, C Cashman, KV Bacon, CR AF Klug, C Cashman, KV Bacon, CR TI Structure and physical characteristics of pumice from the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VESICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; CALCALKALINE MAGMA CHAMBER; BUBBLE-GROWTH; EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS; EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS; VESICULATING MAGMAS; DEGASSING PROCESSES; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; RHYOLITIC MELTS; HIGH-PRESSURE AB The vesicularity, permeability, and structure of pumice clasts provide insight into conditions of vesiculation and fragmentation during Plinian fall and pyroclastic flow-producing phases of the similar to7,700 cal. year B.P. Climactic eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon. We show that bulk properties (vesicularity and permeability) can be correlated with internal textures and that the clast structure can be related to inferred changes in eruption conditions. The vesicularity of all pumice clasts is 75-88%, with >90% interconnected pore volume. However, pumice clasts from the Plinian fall deposits exhibit a wider vesicularity range and higher volume percentage of interconnected vesicles than do clasts from pyroclastic-flow deposits. Pumice permeabilities also differ between the two clast types, with pumice from the fall deposit having higher minimum permeabilities (similar to5x10(-13) m(2)) and a narrower permeability range (5-50x10(-13) m(2)) than clasts from pyroclastic-flow deposits (0.2-330x10(-13) m(2)). The observed permeability can be modeled to estimate average vesicle aperture radii of 1-5 mum for the fall deposit clasts and 0.25-1 mum for clasts from the pyroclastic flows. High vesicle number densities (similar to10(9) cm(-3)) in all clasts suggest that bubble nucleation occurred rapidly and at high supersaturations. Post-nucleation modifications to bubble populations include both bubble growth and coalescence. A single stage of bubble nucleation and growth can account for 35-60% of the vesicle population in clasts from the fall deposits, and 65-80% in pumice from pyroclastic flows. Large vesicles form a separate population which defines a power law distribution with fractal dimension D=3.3 (range 3.0-3.5). The large D value, coupled with textural evidence, suggests that the large vesicles formed primarily by coalescence. When viewed together, the bulk properties (vesicularity, permeability) and textural characteristics of all clasts indicate rapid bubble nucleation followed by bubble growth, coalescence and permeability development. This sequence of events is best explained by nucleation in response to a downward-propagating decompression wave, followed by rapid bubble growth and coalescence prior to magma disruption by fragmentation. The heterogeneity of vesicle sizes and shapes, and the absence of differential expansion across individual clasts, suggest that post-fragmentation expansion played a limited role in the development of pumice structure. The higher vesicle number densities and lower permeabilities of pyroclastic-flow clasts indicate limited coalescence and suggest that fragmentation occurred shortly after decompression. Either increased eruption velocities or increased depth of fragmentation accompanying caldera collapse could explain compression of the pre-fragmentation vesiculation interval. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Cashman, KV (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. EM cashman@oregon.uoregon.edu NR 58 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 64 IS 7 BP 486 EP 501 DI 10.1007/s00445-002-0230-5 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610VM UT WOS:000178982200004 ER PT J AU Nenneman, MP Murphy, RK Grant, TA AF Nenneman, MP Murphy, RK Grant, TA TI Cooper's hawks, Accipiter cooperii, successfully nest at high densities in the northern great plains SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Cooper's hawk; Accipiter cooperii; nesting density; reproductive success; North Dakota; Great Plains ID AREA AB Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) has been classified as a species of special concern in most northern Great Plains states and provinces, mainly because of sparse data and poor understanding of its demography in the region. We measured the reproductive success and nesting density of Cooper's Hawks in the Souris River basin of north-central North Dakota during 1994-1996 and 1998-2000. Eleven of 14 (79%) nest areas located in 1986-87 were reoccupied when first checked during our study, and 10 of 12 (83%) nest areas occupied in 1994 were reoccupied in 2000, suggesting a stable population. Reproductive success (69% nest success and 2.0 large young/occupied nest, n = 96) was comparable to that reported for other regions. Nest success differed among three woodland types studied (P = 0.034). On two intensively searched areas, Cooper's Hawks were the most common nesting falconiform observed; nesting densities were one occupied nest/292 ha and one occupied nest/395 ha, among the highest reported for the species. Our data suggest that the Cooper's Hawk may be a common breeding species wherever deciduous woodlands are an important part (>10%) of northern Great Plains landscapes. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, J Clark Salyer Natl Wildlife Refuge, Upham, ND 58789 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. RP Nenneman, MP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Valentine Natl Wildlife Refuge, HC 37 Box 37, Valentine, NB 69201, Canada. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 116 IS 4 BP 580 EP 584 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 684TY UT WOS:000183223700008 ER PT J AU Dudek, T Srodon, J Eberl, DD Elsass, F Uhlik, P AF Dudek, T Srodon, J Eberl, DD Elsass, F Uhlik, P TI Thickness distribution of illite crystals in shales. I: X-ray diffraction vs. high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE BWA analysis; crystal size distribution; fundamental particles; HRTEM; illitesmectite; lognormal distribution MudMaster; XRD ID WARREN-AVERBACH TECHNIQUE; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; GROWTH MECHANISMS; XRD MEASUREMENT; SMECTITE; INDEX; TEM; EVOLUTION; PELITES; STRAIN AB Two independent methods of crystal-size distribution analysis were compared: the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach XRD technique (MudMaster computer program) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). These techniques were used to measure thickness distributions of illite crystals (fundamental particles) from sets of illite-smectites from shales and bentonites that had expandabilities ranging from 86%S to 6%S. The illite-smectites were treated with a polymer (polyvinylopyrolidone, PVP) to separate them into fundamental particles for XRD and HRTEM investigations. A systematic difference between XRD and HRTEM results was observed: XRD (area-weighted distributions) detected a larger fraction of thick (>4 nm) and a smaller fraction of thin crystals as compared to HRTEM (number-weighted distributions). As a result, XRD-determined distributions have larger mean thickness values and larger distribution parameters (alpha and beta(2)). The measurements performed by the two techniques were verified by modeling XRD patterns of the PVP-illites, using the measured distributions as inputs. The modeling indicated that the XRD-determined distributions are very accurate. Selecting broader thickness distributions in MudMaster further improved the modeling results. The HRTEM measurements underestimate the proportion of coarse particles, in particular in shale samples, and this inaccuracy is attributed to the effect of using number-weighted (rather than area-weighted) distributions and to inaccurate counting statistics for thick crystals. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Sci Sol INRA, Versailles, France. Comenius Univ, Dept Mineral Deposits, Bratislava, Slovakia. RP Dudek, T (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Senacka 1, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 8 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI AURORA PA PO BOX 460130, AURORA, CO 80046-0130 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 50 IS 5 BP 562 EP 577 DI 10.1346/000986002320679305 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 610EJ UT WOS:000178947500004 ER PT J AU Irwin, ER Freeman, MC AF Irwin, ER Freeman, MC TI Proposal for adaptive management to conserve biotic integrity in a regulated segment of the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSTREAM FLOW STANDARDS; FISH ASSEMBLAGE; UNCERTAINTY; ECOSYSTEM; RECOVERY; REGIMES; WATER; NEED AB Conserving river biota will require innovative approaches that foster and utilize scientific understanding of ecosystem responses to alternative river-management scenarios. We describe ecological and societal issues involved in flow management of a section of the Tallapoosa River (Alabama, U.S.A.) in which a species-rich native fauna is adversely affected by flow alteration by an upstream hydropower dam. We hypothesize that depleted low flows, flow instability, and thermal alteration resulting from pulsed flow releases at the hydropower dam are most responsible for changes in the Tallapoosa River biota. However, existing data are insufficient to prescribe with certainty minimum flow levels or the frequency and duration of stable flow periods that would be necessary or sufficient to protect riverine biotic integrity. Rather than negotiate a specific change in the flow regime, we propose that stakeholders-including management agencies, the power utility, and river advocates-engage in a process of adaptive-flow management. This process would require that stakeholders (1) develop and agree to management objectives; (2) model hypothesized relations between dam operations and management objectives; (3) implement a change in dam operations; and (4) evaluate biological responses and other stakeholder benefits through an externally reviewed monitoring program. Models would be updated with monitoring data and stakeholders would agree to further modify flow regimes as necessary to achieve management objectives. A primary obstacle to adaptive management will be a perceived uncertainty of future costs for the power utility and other stakeholders. However, an adaptive, iterative approach offers the best opportunity for improving flow regimes for native biota while gaining information critical to guiding management decisions in other flow-regulated rivers. C1 Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Irwin, ER (reprint author), Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 108 M White Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1212 EP 1222 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00514.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600008 ER PT J AU Wisdom, MJ Rowland, MM Wales, BC Hemstrom, MA Hann, WJ Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Gravenmier, RA Rich, TD AF Wisdom, MJ Rowland, MM Wales, BC Hemstrom, MA Hann, WJ Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Gravenmier, RA Rich, TD TI Modeled effects of sagebrush-steppe restoration on Greater Sage-Grouse in the interior Columbia Basin, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIVER BASIN; LAND MANAGEMENT; HABITATS; TRENDS AB Habitats of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have declined across western North America, and most remaining habitats occur on lands administered by the U.S. Forest Service (FS) and U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Consequently, managers of FS-BLM lands need effective strategies to recover sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats on which this species depends. In response to this need, we evaluated the potential benefits of two restoration scenarios on Greater Sage-Grouse in the interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions of the Great Basin of the western United States. Scenario 1 assumed a 50% reduction in detrimental grazing effects (through changes in stocking rates and grazing systems) and a six-fold increase in areas treated with active restoration (e.g., prescribed burning, native seedings, wildfire suppression) compared with future management proposed by the FS-BLM. Scenario 2 assumed a 100% reduction in detrimental grazing effects and the same increase in active restoration as scenario 1. To evaluate benefits, we estimated the risk of population extirpation for sage grouse 100 years in the future under the two scenarios and compared this risk with that estimated for proposed (100-year) FS-BLM management. We used estimates of extirpation risk for historical (circa 1850-1890) and current time periods as a context for our comparison. Under historical conditions, risk of extirpation was very low on FS-BLM lands, but increased to a moderate probability under current conditions. Under proposed FS-BLM management, risk of extirpation on FS-BLM lands increased to a high probability 100 years in the future. Benefits of the two restoration scenarios, however, constrained the future risk of extirpation to a moderate probability. Our results suggest that expansive and sustained habitat restoration can maintain desired conditions and reduce future extirpation risk for sage grouse on FS-BLM lands in western North America. The continued spread of exotic plants, however, presents a formidable challenge to successful restoration and warrants substantial research and management attention. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Bur Land Management, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Forest Serv, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Wisdom, MJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1223 EP 1231 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01073.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600009 ER PT J AU Wisdom, MJ Wales, BC Rowland, MM Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Rich, TD Saab, VA AF Wisdom, MJ Wales, BC Rowland, MM Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Rich, TD Saab, VA TI Performance of Greater Sage-Grouse models for conservation assessment in the interior Columbia Basin, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAND MANAGEMENT; HABITATS AB Valid modeling of habitats and populations of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus ) is a critical management need because of increasing concern about population viability. Consequently, we evaluated the performance of two models designed to assess landscape conditions for Greater Sage-Grouse across 13.6 million ha of sagebrush steppe in the interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions of the Great Basin of the western United States (referred to as the basin). The first model, the environmental index model, predicted conditions at the scale of the subwatershed (mean size of approximately 7800 ha) based on inputs of habitat density, habitat quality, and effects of human disturbance. Predictions ranged on a continuous scale from 0 for lowest environmental index to 2 for optimal environmental index. The second model, the population outcome model, predicted the composite, range-wide conditions for sage grouse based on the contribution of environmental index values from all subwatersheds and measures of range extent and connectivity. Population outcomes were expressed as five classes (A through E) that represented a gradient from continuous, well-distributed populations (outcome A) to sparse, highly isolated populations with a high likelihood of extirpation (outcome E). To evaluate performance, we predicted environmental index values and population outcome classes in areas currently occupied by sage grouse versus areas where extirpation has occurred. Our a priori expectations were that models should predict substantially worse environmental conditions (lower environmental index) and a substantially higher probability of extirpation (lower population outcome class) in extirpated areas. Results for both models met these expectations. For example, a population outcome of class E was predicted for extirpated areas, as opposed to class C for occupied areas. These results suggest that our models provided reliable landscape predictions for the conditions tested. This finding is important for conservation planning in the basin, where the models were used to evaluate management of federal lands for sage grouse. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Bur Land Management, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Wisdom, MJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1232 EP 1242 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01074.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600010 ER PT J AU Haight, RG Cypher, B Kelly, PA Phillips, S Possingham, HP Ralls, K Starfield, AM White, PJ Williams, D AF Haight, RG Cypher, B Kelly, PA Phillips, S Possingham, HP Ralls, K Starfield, AM White, PJ Williams, D TI Optimizing habitat protection using demographic models of population viability SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JOAQUIN KIT FOXES; NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; OPTIMIZATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; REPRODUCTION; ABUNDANCE; PREY; GIS AB Expanding habitat protection is a common tactic for species conservation. When unprotected habitat is privately owned, decisions must be made about which areas to protect by land purchase or conservation easement. To address this problem, we developed an optimization framework for choosing the habitat-protection strategy that minimizes the risk of population extinction subject to an upper bound on funding. The framework is based on the idea that an extinction-risk function that predicts the relative effects of varying the quantity and quality of habitat can be estimated from the results of a demographic model of population viability. We used the framework to address the problem of expanding the protected habitat of a core population of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in the Panoche area in central California. We first developed a stochastic demographic model of the kit fox population. Predictions from the simulation model were used to estimate an extinction-risk function that depended on areas of good- and fair-quality habitat. The risk function was combined with costs of habitat protection to determine cost-efficient protection strategies and risk-cost curves showing how extinction risk could be reduced at minimum cost for increasing levels of funding. One important result was that cost-efficient shares of the budget used to protect different types of habitat changed as the budget increased and depended on the relative costs of available habitat and the relative effects of habitat protection on extinction risk. Another important finding was the sensitivity of the location and slope of the risk-cost curve to assumptions about the spatial configuration of available habitat. When the location and slope of the risk-cost curve are sensitive to model assumptions, resulting predictions of extinction risk and risk reduction per unit cost should be used very cautiously in ranking conservation options among different species or populations. The application is an example of how the results of a complex demographic model of population viability can be synthesized for use in optimization analyses to determine cost-efficient habitat-protection strategies and risk-cost tradeoffs. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Bakersfield, CA 93389 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Dept Math, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Smithsonian Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Dept Biol Sci, Turlock, CA 95382 USA. RP Haight, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Possingham, Hugh/B-1337-2008 OI Possingham, Hugh/0000-0001-7755-996X NR 44 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1386 EP 1397 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99510.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600025 ER PT J AU Yechieli, Y Wood, WW AF Yechieli, Y Wood, WW TI Hydrogeologic processes in saline systems: playas, sabkhas, and saline lakes SO EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE brines; sabkhas; playa; fresh-saline water interface; hydrogeology; groundwater chemistry ID SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; PERSIAN-GULF; ABU-DHABI; DEAD-SEA; EARLY DOLOMITIZATION; COASTAL SABKHAS; STABLE ISOTOPE; ARABIAN GULF; GROUNDWATER; BASINS AB Pans, playas, sabkhas, Salinas, saline lakes, and salt flats are hydrologically similar, varying only in their boundary conditions. Thus, in evaluating geochemical processes in these systems, a generic water and solute mass-balance approach can be utilized. A conceptual model of a coastal sabkha near the Arabian Gulf is used as an example to illustrate the various water and solute fluxes. Analysis of this model suggests that upward flux of ground water from underlying formations could be a major source of solutes in the sabkha, but contribute only a small volume of the water. Local rainfall is the main source of water in the modeled sabkha system with a surprisingly large recharge-to-rainfall ratio of more than 50%. The contribution of seawater to the solute budget depends on the ratio of the width of the supratidal zone to the total width and is generally confined to a narrow zone near the shoreline of a typical coastal sabkha. Because of a short residence time of water, steady-state flow is expected within a short time (<100 years), while steady state for solutes may take much longer (>50,000 years). The solute composition of the brine in a closed saline system depends largely on the original composition of the input water. The high total ion content in the brine limits the efficiency of water-rock interaction and absorption. Because most natural systems are hydrologically open, the chemistry of the brines and the associated evaporite deposits may be significantly different than that predicted for hydrologically closed systems. Seasonal changes in temperature of the unsaturated zone cause precipitation of minerals in saline systems undergoing evaporation. Thus, during the hot dry season months, minerals exhibit retrograde solubility so that gypsum, anhydrite and calcite precipitate. Evaporation near the surface is also a major process that causes mineral precipitation in the upper portion of the unsaturated zone (e.g. halite and carnallite), provided that the relative humidity of the atmosphere is less, than the activity of water. The slope of the fresh/brine-water interface in saline lake systems is shallower than in fresh/seawater interface because of the greater density difference between the fresh/brine-water bodies. The interface between sabkha brines and seawater slopes seaward, unlike normal marine-fresh water systems that slope landward. Moreover, the brine/seawater interface does not achieve steady state because it is pushed toward the sea by the sabkha's brine. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. US Geol Survey, MS 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Yechieli, Y (reprint author), Geol Survey Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 96 TC 120 Z9 128 U1 7 U2 61 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-8252 J9 EARTH-SCI REV JI Earth-Sci. Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 3-4 BP 343 EP 365 AR PII S0012-8252(02)00067-3 DI 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00067-3 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 607UC UT WOS:000178808300005 ER PT J AU Baron, JS Poff, NL Angermeier, PL Dahm, CN Gleick, PH Hairston, NG Jackson, RB Johnston, CA Richter, BD Steinman, AD AF Baron, JS Poff, NL Angermeier, PL Dahm, CN Gleick, PH Hairston, NG Jackson, RB Johnston, CA Richter, BD Steinman, AD TI Meeting ecological and societal needs for freshwater SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE ecological education; ecological integrity; ecosystem protection; ecosystem services, freshwater; freshwater ecosystems; lakes; restoration; rivers; waterflow : quantity, quality, timing, seasonality; water management policy; watersheds; wetlands ID COLORADO-RIVER DELTA; UNITED-STATES; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; FOOD WEBS; WATER; RESTORATION; WETLANDS; LAKE; PERSPECTIVE; FISH AB Human society has used freshwater from rivers, lakes, groundwater,, and wetlands for many different urban, agricultural, and industrial activities, but in doing so has overlooked its value in supporting ecosystems. Freshwater is vital to human life and societal well-being, and thus its utilization for consumption, irrigation, and transport has long taken precedence over other commodities and services provided by freshwater ecosystems. However, there is growing recognition that functionally intact and biologically complex aquatic ecosystems provide many economically valuable services and long-term benefits to society. The short-term benefits include ecosystem goods and services, such as food supply, flood control, purification of human and industrial wastes, and habitat for plant and animal life-and these are costly, if, not impossible, to replace. Long-term benefits include the sustained provision of those goods and services, as well as the adaptive capacity of aquatic ecosystems to respond to future environmental alterations, such as climate change. Thus, maintenance of the processes and properties that support freshwater ecosystem integrity should be included in debates over sustainable water resource allocation. The purpose of this report is to explain how the integrity of freshwater ecosystems depends upon adequate quantity, quality, timing, and temporal variability of water flow. Defining these requirements in a comprehensive but general manner provides a better foundation for their inclusion in current and future debates about allocation of water resources. In this way the needs of freshwater ecosystems can be legitimately recognized and addressed. We also recommend ways in which freshwater ecosystems can be protected, maintained, and restored. Freshwater ecosystem structure and function are tightly linked to the watershed or catchment of which they are a part. Because riverine networks, lakes, wetlands, and their connecting groundwaters, are literally the "sinks" into 'Which landscapes drain, they are greatly influenced by terrestrial processes, including many human uses or modifications of land and water. Freshwater ecosystems, whether lakes, wetlands, or rivers, have specific requirements in terms of quantity, quality, and seasonality of their water supplies. Sustainability normally requires these systems to fluctuate within a natural range of variation. Flow regime, sediment and organic matter inputs, thermal and light characteristics, chemical and nutrient characteristics, and biotic assemblages are fundamental defining attributes of freshwater ecosystems. These attributes impart relatively unique characteristics of productivity and biodiversity to each ecosystem. The natural range of variation in each of these attributes is critical to maintaining the integrity and dynamic potential of aquatic ecosystems; therefore, management should allow for dynamic change. Piecemeal approaches cannot solve the problems confronting freshwater ecosystems. Scientific definitions of the requirements to protect and maintain aquatic ecosystems are necessary but insufficient for establishing the appropriate distribution between societal and ecosystem water needs. For scientific knowledge to be implemented science must be connected to a political agenda for sustainable development. We offer these recommendations as. a beginning to redress how water is viewed and managed in the United States: (1) Frame national and regional water management policies to explicitly incorporate freshwater ecosystem needs, particularly those related to naturally variable flow regimes and to the linking of water quality with water quantity; (2) Define water resources to include watersheds, so that freshwaters are viewed within a landscape, or systems context; (3) Increase communication and education across disciplines, especially among engineers, hydrologists, economists, and ecologists to facilitate an integrated view of freshwater resources; (4) Increase restoration efforts, using well-grounded ecological principles as guidelines; (5) Maintain and protect the remaining freshwater ecosystems that have high integrity; and (6) Recognize the dependence of human society on naturally functioning ecosystems. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Pacific Inst Studies Dev Environm & Secur, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Cornell Univ, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Environm Biol, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Nature Conservancy, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RP Baron, JS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Poff, Nathan/C-1239-2009; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016; Gleick, Peter/E-5528-2015; OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251; Gleick, Peter/0000-0001-7232-9284; Johnston, Carol/0000-0002-9663-5048; Steinman, Alan/0000-0002-4886-4305 NR 106 TC 236 Z9 244 U1 49 U2 429 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1247 EP 1260 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614PM UT WOS:000179198600001 ER PT J AU Davidson, DW Bowker, M George, D Phillips, SL Belnap, J AF Davidson, DW Bowker, M George, D Phillips, SL Belnap, J TI Treatment effects on performance of N-fixing lichens in disturbed soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biological soil crusts; Collema; Colorado Plateau; cryptobiotic crusts; cyanobacteria; lichen; microbiotic crusts; Microcoleus vaginatus; microtopography; nutrients; Utah ID MICROBIOTIC CRUSTS; DESERT; STABILIZATION; PLANTS AB Biological soil crusts arrest soil erosion and supply nitrogen to and ecosystems. To understand their recovery from disturbance, we studied performances of Collema spp. lichens relative to four experimental treatments plus microtopography of soil pedicels, oriented north-northwest to south-southeast in crusts. At sites in Needles (NDLS) and Island in the Sky (ISKY) districts of Canyonlands National Park, lichens were transplanted to NNW, SSE, ENE, WSW, and TOP pedicel faces and exposed to a full-factorial, randomized block experiment with four treatments: nutrient addition (P and K), soil stabilization with polyacrylamide resin (PAM), added cyanobacterial fiber, and biweekly watering. After 14.5 mo (NDLS) and 24 mo (ISKY), both visual rankings of lichen condition and measures of chlorophyll fluorescence were generally higher at ISKY than on more fertile but less stable soils at NDLS. On ENE and NNW pedicel faces, both these values and nitrogenase activity (NDLS only) exceeded corresponding values on WSW and SSE faces. Treatment effects were site specific and largely negative at NDLS; both nutrient and cyanobacterial addition led to poorer lichen condition, and added nutrients led to reduced fluorescence, Responses to nutrients may have been mediated partly by disturbance of. unstable soils and by competition with cyanobacteria. In a separate experiment investigating recruitment responses to adding fungal spores or Nostoc cells, rates of Collema establishment responded significantly to the former but not the latter. Low establishment overall suggests that natural recruitment may occur mainly from iscidia or thallus fragments not spores. Measured simultaneously on artificial soil pedicels at NDLS and ISKY, both deposition and erosion declined at NDLS across the four pedicel microaspects as: WSW > SSE > NNW > ENE (or ENE > NNW), during fall and spring trials. Patterns were similar at ISKY, but WSW SSE for spring deposition, and deposition did not differ by microaspect in fall. Greater deposition at ISKY, despite higher abundance of cyanobacteria, may be explained by stronger wind velocities. Together, microtopographic differences in erosion, microclimate, and nutrient regimes help explain variable lichen performance, but microtopography influenced lichen performance more consistently than did any treatment.. Demonstrated effects of pedicel development in crust recovery concur with prior surveys showing greatest microbial biomass and/or cover on ENE and NNW exposures at various spatial scales. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Davidson, DW (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 South,1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 43 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1391 EP 1405 DI 10.2307/3099979 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614PM UT WOS:000179198600012 ER PT J AU Allen, CD Savage, M Falk, DA Suckling, KF Swetnam, TW Schulke, T Stacey, PB Morgan, P Hoffman, M Klingel, JT AF Allen, CD Savage, M Falk, DA Suckling, KF Swetnam, TW Schulke, T Stacey, PB Morgan, P Hoffman, M Klingel, JT TI Ecological restoration of Southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE anthropogenic change; ecological restoration; ecosystem management; fire suppression effects; forest restoration programs; ponderosa pine forests; reference conditions; Southwestern United States; natural range of variation ID RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; FOREST RESTORATION; NORTHERN ARIZONA; FIRE MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; NEW-MEXICO; PATTERNS; HEALTH; VARIABILITY AB The purpose of this paper is to promote a broad and flexible perspective on ecological restoration of Southwestern (U.S.) ponderosa pine forests. Ponderosa pine forests in the region have been radically altered by Euro-American land uses, including livestock grazing, fire suppression, and logging. Dense thickets of young trees now abound, old-growth and biodiversity have declined, and human and ecological communities are increasingly vulnerable to destructive crown fires. A consensus has emerged that it is urgent to restore more natural conditions to these forests. Efforts to restore Southwestern forests will require extensive projects employing varying combinations of young-tree thinning and reintroduction of low-intensity fires. Treatments must be flexible enough to recognize and accommodate: high levels of natural heterogeneity; dynamic ecosystems; wildlife and other biodiversity considerations; scientific uncertainty; and the challenges of on-the-ground implementation. Ecological restoration should reset ecosystem trends toward an envelope of "natural variability," including the reestablishment of natural processes. Reconstructed historic reference conditions are best used as general guides rather than rigid restoration prescriptions. In the long term, the best way to align forest conditions to track ongoing climate changes is to restore fire, which naturally correlates with current climate. Some stands need substantial structural manipulation (thinning) before fire can safely be reintroduced. In other areas, such as large wilderness and roadless areas, fire alone may suffice as the main tool of ecological restoration, recreating the natural interaction of structure and process. Impatience, overreaction to crown fire risks, extractive economics, or hubris could lead to widespread application of highly intrusive treatments that may further damage forest ecosystems. Investments in research and monitoring of restoration treatments are essential to refine restoration methods. We support the development and implementation of a diverse range of scientifically viable restoration approaches in these forests, suggest principles for ecologically sound restoration that immediately reduce crown fire risk and incrementally return natural variability and resilience to Southwestern forests, and present ecological perspectives on several forest restoration approaches. C1 US Geol Survey, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Ctr Biol Divers, Tucson, AZ 85702 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. SW Forest Alliance, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. New Mexico Dept Game & Fish, Santa Fe, NM 87504 USA. RP Allen, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Jemez Mt Field Stn, HCR 1,Box 1,15, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM craig_allen@usgs.gov RI hu, ruishan/F-8110-2011 NR 113 TC 444 Z9 465 U1 22 U2 190 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1418 EP 1433 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614PM UT WOS:000179198600014 ER PT J AU Lucas, LV Cloern, JE Thompson, JK Monsen, NE AF Lucas, LV Cloern, JE Thompson, JK Monsen, NE TI Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE benthic growing; Corbicula; hydrodynamics; pelagic consumers; phlytoplankton; restoration; San Francisco Bay Delta; shallow water habitat; tidal; zooplankton ID GOVERNING PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS; BENTHIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; MYTILUS-EDULIS-L; FRANCISCO BAY; CRITICAL DEPTH; ESTUARIES; MODEL; CALIFORNIA; DYNAMICS; SHALLOW AB We have now entered an era of large-scale attempts to restore ecological functions and biological communities in impaired ecosystems. Our knowledge base of complex ecosystems and interrelated functions is limited, so the outcomes of specific restoration actions are highly uncertain. One approach for exploring that uncertainty and anticipating the range of possible restoration outcomes is comparative study of existing habitats similar to future habitats slated for construction. Here we compare two examples of one habitat type targeted for restoration in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. We compare one critical ecological function provided by these shallow tidal habitats-production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass as the food supply to pelagic consumers. We measured spatial and short-term temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass and growth rate and quantified the hydrodynamic and biological processes governing that variability. Results show that the production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass can be highly variable within and between nearby habitats of the same type, due to variations in phytoplankton sources, sinks, and transport. Therefore, superficially similar, geographically proximate habitats can function very differently, and that functional variability introduces large uncertainties into the restoration process. Comparative study of existing habitats is one way ecosystem science can elucidate and potentially minimize restoration uncertainties, by identifying processes shaping habitat functionality, including those that can be controlled in the restoration design. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lucas, LV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 63 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1528 EP 1547 DI 10.2307/3099989 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614PM UT WOS:000179198600022 ER PT J AU Sherman, PW Runge, MC AF Sherman, PW Runge, MC TI Demography of a population collapse: The Northern Idaho ground squirrel (Spermophilus brunneus brunneus) SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE anthropogenic causes of population decline; demography; elasticity; evolutionary trap; fire suppression; grazing; life-history evolution; matrix model; Northern Idaho ground squirrel; phenotypic plasticity; population collapse; Spermophilus brunneus brunneus ID LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION; ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTS; SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; BODY-COMPOSITION; MARK-RECAPTURE; FOOD RESOURCES; FIRE HISTORY AB We studied the demography of a population of Northern Idaho ground squirrels (Spermophilus brunneus brunneus) in Adams County, Idaho. The population was completely censused yearly from 1987 to 1999, during which time it declined from 272 to 10 animals. The finite population growth rate, based on a Leslie matrix model of average life-history parameters, was only 0.72 (i.e., significantly < 1.0). Growth rate was more sensitive to proportional changes in juvenile female survival than to any other single life-history parameter. Comparisons with self-sustaining populations of closely related ground squirrel species revealed that juvenile survival and breeding rates of yearling females were anomalously low. We believe that the ultimate cause of the population's collapse was inadequacy of food resources, particularly seeds, due to drying of the habitat and changes in plant species composition, likely the result of fire suppression and grazing. No "rescue" by immigration occurred, probably because S. b. brunneus seldom disperse long distances and fire suppression has allowed conifers to encroach on inhabited meadows, shrinking them and closing dispersal routes. The proximate cause of the population's collapse was mortality of older breeding females, which reduced the mean age of breeders. Younger females had lower average pregnancy rates and litter sizes. To place our results in context we developed a new, general classification of anthropogenic population declines, based on whether they are caused by changes in the means of the life-history parameters (blatant disturbances), their variances (inappropriate variations), or the correlations among them (evolutionary traps). Many S. b. brunneus populations have disappeared in recent years, apparently due to blatant disturbances, especially loss of habitat and changes in food-plant composition, resulting in inadequate prehibernation nutrition and starvation overwinter. In addition, our study population may have been caught in an evolutionary trap, because the vegetational cues that could potentially enable the animals to adjust reproduction to the anticipated food supply no longer correlate with availability of fat-laden seeds. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Sherman, PW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, W307 Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 117 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 32 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 10 BP 2816 EP 2831 DI 10.2307/3072018 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 617ER UT WOS:000179348800015 ER PT J AU Link, WA Sauer, JR AF Link, WA Sauer, JR TI A hierarchical analysis of population change with application to Cerulean Warblers SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cerulean Warblers; Dendroica cerulea; hierarchical models; Markov chain Monte Carlo; North American Breeding Bird Survey; population change; trends ID BREEDING BIRD SURVEY; MODELS; TRENDS AB Estimation of population change from count surveys is complicated by variation in quality of information among sample units, by the need for covariates to accommodate factors that influence detectability of animals, and by multiple geographic scales of interest. We present a hierarchical model for estimation of population change from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Hierarchical models, in which population parameters at different geographic scales are viewed as random variables, provide a convenient framework for summary of population change among regions, accommodating regional variation in survey quality and a variety of distributional assumptions about observer effects and other nuisance parameters. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods provide a convenient means for fitting these models and also allow for construction of estimates of derived variables such as weighted regional trends and composite yearly population indices. We construct an overdispersed Poisson regression model for estimation of trend and year effects for Cerulean Warblers (Dendroica cerulea), accommodating nuisance covariates for observer and start-up effects, and estimating abundance- and area-weighted annual indices at regional and continent-wide geographic scales. A goodness-of-fit test is also presented for the model. Cerulean Warbers declined at a rate of 3.04% per year over the interval 1966-2000. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 28 TC 150 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 37 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 10 BP 2832 EP 2840 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2832:AHAOPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 617ER UT WOS:000179348800016 ER PT J AU Morris, JT Sundareshwar, PV Nietch, CT Kjerfve, B Cahoon, DR AF Morris, JT Sundareshwar, PV Nietch, CT Kjerfve, B Cahoon, DR TI Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; optimal elevation, model; salt marsh; sea-level rise; sediment accretion; sedimentation; Spartina ID SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA LOISEL; SALT-MARSH; RISE; SEDIMENT; GROWTH; ACCUMULATION; ACCRETION; LOUISIANA; BALANCE; RATES AB Salt marsh ecosystems are maintained by the dominant macrophytes that regulate the elevation of their habitat within a narrow portion of the intertidal zone by accumulating organic matter and trapping inorganic sediment. The long-term stability of these ecosystems is explained by interactions among sea level, land elevation, primary production, and sediment accretion that regulate the elevation of the sediment surface toward an equilibrium with mean sea level. We show here in a salt marsh that this equilibrium is adjusted upward by increased production of the salt marsh macrophyte Spartina alterniflora and downward by an increasing rate of relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Adjustments in marsh surface elevation are slow in comparison to interannual anomalies and long-period cycles of sea level, and this lag in sediment elevation results in significant variation in annual primary productivity. We describe a theoretical model that predicts that the system will be stable against changes in relative mean sea level when surface elevation is greater than what is optimal for primary production. When surface elevation is less than optimal, the system will be unstable. The model predicts that there is an optimal rate of RSLR at which the equilibrium elevation and depth of tidal flooding will be optimal for plant growth However, the optimal rate of RSLR also represents an upper limit because at higher rates of RSLR the plant community cannot sustain an elevation that is within its range of tolerance. For estuaries with high sediment loading, such as those on the southeast coast of the United States, the limiting rate of RSLR was predided to be at most 1.2 cm/yr, which is 3.5 times greater than the current, long-term rate of RSLR. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Biol & Coastal Res, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Marine Sci Program, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Morris, JT (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 39 TC 534 Z9 547 U1 50 U2 410 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 10 BP 2869 EP 2877 DI 10.2307/3072022 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 617ER UT WOS:000179348800019 ER PT J AU Morton, RA AF Morton, RA TI Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal hazards; environmental geology; shorelines; water levels; wetlands ID SOUTH-AMERICA AB The primary geoindicators appropriate for monitoring environmental changes in the humid tropics are transitory surface water levels, shoreline position, wetlands distribution, coral reefs, land-forms, and sediment sequence and composition. Lateral zonations and temporal successions of vegetation also can be used as geoindicators of riverine and shoreline changes. All of these coastal geoindicators are sensitive to regional tectonic processes and anthropogenic alterations and they typically reflect significant changes in coastal conditions such as fluvial processes, coastal energy, water quality, relative sea level, and sediment supply. Where humid tropical coasts coincide with active tectonic margins, indicators of seismic activity are critical to understanding coastal changes associated with co-seismic subsidence or uplift, tsunamis, and liquefaction of coastal sediments. Coastal landforms and sedimentary deposits that record late Quaternary environmental changes include perched fluvial and marine terraces, delta-plain morphologies, crevasses-play deposits, peats and other paleosols, beach ridges, mud capes, and mud volcanoes. Although these features and deposits typically reflect environmental changes spanning more than 100 years, they are relevant to modern processes, management of coastal lands and resources, and prediction of future conditions. In some regions of the humid tropics, large coastal areas are unaffected by hurricanes or typhoons. Nevertheless, these tropical coasts are vulnerable to other non-storm processes, such as El Nino events, tsunamis, and monsoons that increase water levels, and cause widespread flooding and beach erosion. The environmental and political significance of coastal geoindicators increases when they are integrated and applied to issues of human safety and health such as hazards mapping, risk assessment, and dispersion of contaminated sediments. However, to be relevant, those socio-environmental applications demand accurate predictions of future trends and rates of change. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol & Reg Marine Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol & Reg Marine Studies, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 50 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 7 BP 711 EP 724 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 614JG UT WOS:000179184400002 ER PT J AU Osterkamp, WR AF Osterkamp, WR TI Geoindicators for river and river-valley monitoring in the humid tropics SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geoindicators; humid tropics; monitoring; river valley ID PUERTO-RICO; AMAZON RIVER; SEDIMENTATION; MORPHOLOGY; SLOPES AB Geoindicators for rivers and river valleys in the humid tropics are suggested to indicate environmental change during periods of up to a century. Geoindicators suggested for upland areas of supply are rainfall-runoff relations, rates of soil movement and slope failure, and analyses of drainage density. Data applicable to sediment storage in lowlands are rates of sediment deposition as shown by monuments, short-lived radioisotopes, and pollen. Discharges of water, sediment, and dissolved solids are basic geoindicators for large streams, especially when analyses include flood frequency, stage-discharge relations, flow duration, sedimentrating curves, and comparisons of dissolved loads to sediment loads. The utility of geoindicators in the humid tropics may be greatest if observation sites are selected with a network design to permit comparisons of sites with similar conditions of climate and drainage-basin characteristics. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Osterkamp, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. EM wroster@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 7 BP 725 EP 735 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 614JG UT WOS:000179184400003 ER PT J AU Drexel, RT Haitzer, M Ryan, JN Aiken, GR Nagy, KL AF Drexel, RT Haitzer, M Ryan, JN Aiken, GR Nagy, KL TI Mercury(II) sorption to two Florida Everglades peats: Evidence for strong and weak binding and competition by dissolved organic matter released from the peat SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SEDIMENT PORE WATERS; METHYLATING BACTERIA; MERCURIC SULFIDE; NATURAL-WATERS; REDUCED SULFUR; SPECIATION; COMPLEXATION; HG(II); BIOAVAILABILITY AB The binding of mercury(II) to two peats from Florida Everglades sites with different rates of mercury methylation was measured at pH 6.0 and 0.01 M ionic strength. The mercury(II) sorption isotherms, measured over a total mercury(II) range of 10(-7.4) to 10(-3.7) M, showed the competition for mercury(II) between the peat and dissolved organic matter released from the peat and the existence of strong and weak binding sites for mercury(II). Binding was portrayed by a model accounting for strong and weak sites on both the peat and the released DOM. The conditional binding constants (for which the ligand concentration was set as the concentration of reduced sulfur in the organic matter as measured by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy) determined for the strong sites on the two peats were similar (K-peat,K-s = 10(21.8+/-01) and 10(22.0+/-0.1) M-1), but less than those determined for the DOM strong sites (K-dom,K-s = 10(22.8+/-0.1) and 10(23.2+/-0.1) M-1), resulting in mercury(II) binding by the DOM at low mercury(II) concentrations. The magnitude of the strong site binding constant is indicative of mercury(II) interaction with organic thiol functional groups. The conditional binding constants determined for the weak peat sites (K-peat,K-w = 10(11.5+/-0.1) and 10(11.8+/-0.1) M-1) and weak DOM sites (K-dom,K-w = 10(8.7+/-3.0) and 10(7.3+/-4.5) M-1) were indicative of mercury(II) interaction with carboxyl and phenol functional groups. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ryan, JN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012 NR 32 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 9 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 19 BP 4058 EP 4064 DI 10.1021/es0114005 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 599TT UT WOS:000178351800022 PM 12380075 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH TI TBA biodegradation in surface-water sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; REDOX CONDITIONS; MTBE; METABOLISM; SUBSURFACE; ALCOHOL; MINERALIZATION; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION AB The potential for [U-C-14] TBA biodegradation was examined in laboratory microcosms under a range of terminal electron accepting conditions. TBA mineralization to CO2 was substantial in surface-water sediments under oxic, denitrifying, or Mn(IV)-reducing conditions band statistically significant but low under SO4-reducing conditions. Thus, anaerobic TBA biodegradation may be a significant natural attenuation mechanism for TBA in the environment, and stimulation of in situ TBA bioremediation by addition of suitable terminal electron acceptors may be feasible. No degradation of [U-C-14] TBA was observed under methanogenic or Fe(III)-reducing conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 25 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 19 BP 4087 EP 4090 DI 10.1021/es011480c PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 599TT UT WOS:000178351800026 PM 12380079 ER PT J AU Franson, JC Hoffman, DJ Schmutz, JA AF Franson, JC Hoffman, DJ Schmutz, JA TI Blood selenium concentrations and enzyme activities related to glutathione metabolism in wild emperor geese SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE emperor goose; selenium; glutathione metabolism; biomarker ID WESTERN ALASKA; MALLARD DUCKS; SELENOMETHIONINE; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL; LEAD; PEROXIDASE; DUCKLINGS; TISSUE; EIDERS AB In 1998, we collected blood samples from 63 emperor geese (Chen canagica) on their breeding grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) in western Alaska, USA. We studied the relationship between selenium ccricentrations in whole blood and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductuse in plasma. Experimental studies have shown that plasma activities of these enzymes are useful biomarkers of selenium-induced oxidative stress, but little information is available on their relationship to selenium in the blood of wild birds. Adult female emperor geese incubating their eggs in mid-June had a higher mean concentration of selenium in their blood and a greater activity of glutathione peroxidase in their plasma than adult geese or goslings that were sampled during the adult flight feather-motting period in late July and early August. Glutathione peroxidase activity was positively correlated with the concentration of selenium in the blood of emperor geese, and the rate of increase relative to selenium was greater in goslings than in adults. The activity of glutathione reductase was greatest in the plasma of goslings and was greater in molting adults than incubating females but was not significantly correlated with selenium in the blood of adults or goslings. Incubating female emperor geese had high selenium concentrations in their blood, accompanied by increased glutathione peroxidase activity consistent with early oxidative stress. These findings indicate that further study of the effects of selenium exposure. particularly oil reproductive success. is warranted in this species. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 21 IS 10 BP 2179 EP 2184 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2179:BSCAEA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 596FJ UT WOS:000178153300022 PM 12371495 ER PT J AU Kuhne, WW Caldwell, CA Gould, WR Fresquez, PR Finger, S AF Kuhne, WW Caldwell, CA Gould, WR Fresquez, PR Finger, S TI Effects of depleted uranium on the health and survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ceriodaphnia dubia; Hyalella azteca; depleted uranium; aquatic toxicity; radionuclides ID TOXICITY; DAPHNIA AB Depleted uranium (DU) has been used as a substitute for the fissionable enriched uranium component of atomic weapons tested at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) (Los Alamos, NM, USA) since the early 1950s, resulting in considerable concentrations of DU in the soils within the test sites. Although the movement of DU into major aquatic systems has been shown to be minimal, there are many small-order ephemeral streams and areas of standing water in canyons throughout LANL that may be affected by inputs of DU via runoff, erosion, and leaching. Ninety-six-hour acute and 7-d chronic toxicity assays were conducted to measure the toxicity of DU on survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dabia. A 14-d water-only assay was conducted to measure survival and growth of Hyalella azteca. The estimated median lethal concentration (LC50) to produce 50% mortality of the test population for the 96-h Ceriodaphnia dubia assay was 10.50 mg/L. Reproductive effects occurred at a lowest-observable-effect concentration greater than or equal to3.91 mg/L with a no-observable-effect concentration of 1.97 mg/L. The estimated 14-d LC50 for the Hyalella azteca assay was 1.52 mg/L. No significant relationship was detected between growth and DU concentrations. Concentrations at which toxicity effects were observed in this study for both invertebrates exceeded concentrations of total uranium observed in runoff from LANL lands. Thus, it is likely that current runoff levels of uranium do not pose a threat to the these types of aquatic invertebrates. C1 New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ecol Grp, Environm Safety & Hlth Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Kuhne, WW (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, POB 30003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 21 IS 10 BP 2198 EP 2203 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2198:EODUOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 596FJ UT WOS:000178153300025 PM 12371498 ER PT J AU Angermann, JE Fellers, GM Matsumura, F AF Angermann, JE Fellers, GM Matsumura, F TI Polychlorinated biphenyls and toxaphene in Pacific tree frog tadpoles (Hyla regilla) from the California Sierra Nevada, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; toxaphene; Sierra Nevada; Pacific tree frog; principal components analysis ID CURRENT-USE PESTICIDES; CANYON-NATIONAL-PARKS; RANA-MUSCOSA; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; POPULATION DECLINES; MOUNTAIN-RANGE; CENTRAL VALLEY; NATIVE FROG; FISH; AMPHIBIANS AB Pacific tree frog (Hyla regilla) tadpoles were collected throughout the Sierra Nevada mountain range, California, USA, in 1996 and 1997 and analyzed for the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxaphene. Whole-tadpole Sigma PCB levels ranged from 244 ng/g (wet wt) at lower elevations on the western slope to 1.6 ng/g high on the eastern slope, whereas Sigma toxaphene levels ranged from 15.6 to 1.5 ng/g. Linear regression of PCB and toxaphene residue levels versus elevation indicated a significant relationship with an r(2) value of 0.33 for PCB and 0.45 for toxaphene indicating a significant elevation effect on PCB and toxaphene bioaccumulation in Sierra Nevada H. regilla. Tadpole samples from sites in east-facing versus west-facing drainage basins showed significant differences in PCB and toxaphene residue levels. suggesting the possibility of a rain-shadow effect in the long-range atmospheric transport of these contaminants to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes Stn, CA USA. RP Matsumura, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 21 IS 10 BP 2209 EP 2215 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2209:PBATIP>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 596FJ UT WOS:000178153300027 PM 12371500 ER PT J AU Rybczyk, JM Cahoon, DR AF Rybczyk, JM Cahoon, DR TI Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; MARSHES; MEXICO; GULF; PRODUCTIVITY; SUBSIDENCE; LOUISIANA; BIOMASS; GROWTH AB We used a combined field and modeling approach to estimate the potential for submergence for one rapidly deteriorating (Bayou Chitigue Marsh) and one apparently stable (Old Oyster Bayou Marsh) saltmarsh wetland in coastal Louisiana, given two eustatic sea level rise scenarios: the current rate (0.15 cm year(-1)); and the central value predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (48 cm. by the year 2100). We also used the model to determine what processes were most critical for maintaining and influencing salt marsh elevation including, mineral matter deposition, organic matter production, shallow subsidence (organic matter decomposition + primary sediment compaction), deep subsidence, and sediment pulsing events (e.g., hurricanes). Eight years of field measurements from feldspar marker horizons and surface elevation tables revealed that the rates of vertical accretion at the Bayou Chitigue Marsh were high (2.26 (0.09) cm yr(-1) (mean +/- SE)) because the marsh exists at the lower end of the tidal range. The rate of shallow subsidence was also high (2.04 (0.1) cm yr(-1)), resulting in little net elevation gain (0.22 (0.06) cm yr(-1)). In contrast, vertical accretion at the Old Oyster Bayou Marsh, which is 10 cm higher in elevation, was 0.48 (0.09) cm yr(-1). However, there was a net elevation gain of 0.36 (0.08) cm yr(-1) because there was no significant shallow subsidence. When these rates of elevation gain were compared to rates of relative sea level rise (deep subsidence plus eustatic sea level rise), both sites showed a net elevation deficit although the Bayou Chitigue site was subsiding at approximately twice the rate of the Old Oyster Bayou site (1.1 cm yr(-1) versus 0.49 cm yr(-1) respectively). These field data were used to modify, initialize, and calibrate a previously published wetland soil development model that simulates primary production and mineral matter deposition as feedback functions of elevation. Sensitivity analyses revealed that wetland elevation was most sensitive to changes in the rates of deep subsidence, a model forcing function that is difficult to measure in the field and for which estimates in the literature vary widely. The model also revealed that, given both the current rate of sea level rise and the central value estimate, surface elevation at both sites would fall below mean sea level over the next 100 years. Although these results were in agreement with the field study, they contradicted long term observations that the Old Oyster Bayou site has been in equilibrium with sea level for at least the past 50 years. Further simulations showed that the elevation at the Old Oyster Bayou site could keep pace with current rates of sea level rise if either a lower rate for deep subsidence was used as a forcing function, or if a periodic sediment pulsing function (e.g., from hurricanes) was programmed into the model. C1 Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Rybczyk, JM (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. EM john.rybczyk@wwu.edu NR 34 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 28 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 5 BP 985 EP 998 DI 10.1007/BF02691346 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 611BP UT WOS:000178996800009 ER PT J AU Posey, MH Alphin, TD Cahoon, LB Lindquist, DG Mallin, MA Nevers, MB AF Posey, MH Alphin, TD Cahoon, LB Lindquist, DG Mallin, MA Nevers, MB TI Top-down versus bottom-up limitation in benthic infaunal communities: Direct and indirect effects SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT-ENRICHMENT; ORGANIC ENRICHMENT; NORTH-CAROLINA; FOOD-WEB; INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; CHLOROPHYLL-A; CAPITELLA SP; ECOSYSTEMS; PREDATION; GROWTH AB Top-down effects of predators and bottom-up effects related to resource availability can be important in determining community structure and function through both direct and indirect processes. Their relative influence may vary among habitats. We examined the effects of nutrient enhancement and predation in southeastern North Carolina to determine relative effects on benthic macrofaunal communities. Short-term nutrient additions and predator exclusions were conducted in two estuaries to examine main and interactive effects on benthic microalgae and infauna. This experimental approach was complemented by comparisons of microalgal biomass, infaunal abundance and composition, predator abundance and predator exclusion among four estuarine systems that varied in background nutrient levels. In the short-term experiments, nutrient enhancement induced increased microalgal biomass but had limited effects on abundances or sizes of infauna. Predator exclusion increased the density of sedentary and near-surface dwelling fauna, but we did not observe interactions between predation and responses to nutrient additions, as might be predicted from a simple cascade model. General patterns of abundance were explained to a larger extent by interannual and among-estuary patterns. These results indicate a lack of simple trophic cascade responses for this community over a short time scale and little evidence for local interactive effects. The lack of interactive effects may reflect the opportunistic nature of the dominant infaunal species and potentially different time and spatial scales for the effects of predation and resource controls. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Posey, MH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734 NR 90 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 29 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 5 BP 999 EP 1014 DI 10.1007/BF02691347 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 611BP UT WOS:000178996800010 ER PT J AU Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ AF Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ TI Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus mykiss; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; antibody response ID AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; ATLANTIC SALMON; VACCINE ADJUVANTS; GENETIC-VARIATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; GAIRDNERI; QUANTIFICATION; SALAR; FISH C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Alcorn, SW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 13 IS 4 BP 327 EP 333 DI 10.1006/fsim.2001.0404 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 597RK UT WOS:000178234400006 PM 12443014 ER PT J AU Hayes, MC Carmichael, RW AF Hayes, MC Carmichael, RW TI Salmon restoration in the Umatilla River: A study of straying and risk containment SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID FALL CHINOOK SALMON; FISH STOCKING PROGRAMS; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; COLUMBIA RIVER; PINK SALMON; PRACTICAL APPROACH; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; HATCHERY; PATTERNS AB The use of artificial propagation may produce unexpected results and the need for risk containment. Stray chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Umatilla River releases put the threatened Snake River stock at risk, caused conflict between two plans, altered management, and greatly increased the costs for hatchery-based restoration. Stray Umatilla returns captured or observed in the Snake River averaged more than 200 fish annually and comprised up to 26% of the escapement. The risk to the threatened population stimulated a series of containment actions, including wire tagging 2-3 million fish annually, use of acclimation ponds, altering release locations, flow enhancement, and broodstock management changes. Actions for the use of artificial propagation where straying or unexpected results are a concern include marking or tagging most or all fish, limiting the number of fish initially released, recognizing environmental variables that influence straying, ensuring that funding for risk containment is available when undesirable results occur, and recognizing that unexpected results may not be manifested or identified immediately. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hayes, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. OI HAYES, MICHAEL/0000-0002-9060-0565 NR 56 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2002 VL 27 IS 10 BP 10 EP 19 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2002)027<0010:SRITUR>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 601KC UT WOS:000178444000007 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH AF Work, TM Balazs, GH TI Necropsy findings in sea turtles taken as bycatch in the North Pacific longline fishery SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREEN TURTLES; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 22 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 876 EP 880 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600019 ER PT J AU Magoulick, DD Lewis, LC AF Magoulick, DD Lewis, LC TI Predation on exotic zebra mussels by native fishes: effects on predator and prey SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blue catfish; energy content; predator-prey interactions; prey shifts; zebra mussels ID CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; NORTH-AMERICA; LAKE; FOOD; CONSUMPTION; MOLLUSK; GROWTH AB 1. Exotic zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, occur in southern U.S. waterways in high densities, but little is known about the interaction between native fish predators and zebra mussels. Previous studies have suggested that exotic zebra mussels are low profitability prey items and native vertebrate predators are unlikely to reduce zebra mussel densities. We tested these hypotheses by observing prey use of fishes, determining energy content of primary prey species of fishes, and conducting predator exclusion experiments in Lake Dardanelle, Arkansas. 2. Zebra mussels were the primary prey eaten by 52.9% of blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus ; 48.2% of freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens; and 100% of adult redear sunfish, Lepomis microlophus. Blue catfish showed distinct seasonal prey shifts, feeding on zebra mussels in summer and shad, Dorosoma spp., during winter. Energy content (joules g(-1)) of blue catfish prey (threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense ; gizzard shad, D. cepedianum ; zebra mussels; and asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea) showed a significant species by season interaction, but shad were always significantly greater in energy content than bivalves examined as either ash-free dry mass or whole organism dry mass. Fish predators significantly reduced densities of large zebra mussels (>5 mm length) colonising clay tiles in the summers of 1997 and 1998, but predation effects on small zebra mussels (less than or equal to5 mm length) were less clear. 3. Freshwater drum and redear sunfish process bivalve prey by crushing shells and obtain low amounts of higher-energy food (only the flesh), whereas blue catfish lack a shell-crushing apparatus and ingest large amounts of low-energy food per unit time (bivalves with their shells). Blue catfish appeared to select the abundant zebra mussel over the more energetically rich shad during summer, then shifted to shad during winter when shad experienced temperature-dependent stress and mortality. Native fish predators can suppress adult zebra mussel colonisation, but are ultimately unlikely to limit population density because of zebra mussel reproductive potential. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arkansas Field Off, Conway, AR USA. RP Magoulick, DD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM danmag@uark.edu NR 40 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 47 IS 10 BP 1908 EP 1918 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00940.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 599QR UT WOS:000178347100009 ER PT J AU Stevens, CH Stone, P AF Stevens, CH Stone, P TI Correlation of Permian and Triassic deformations in the western Great Basin and eastern Sierra Nevada: Evidence from the northern Inyo Mountains near Tinemaha Reservoir, east-central California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE deformation; Great Basin; Permian-Triassic; Sierra Nevada; tectonics ID ROOF PENDANTS; ROCKS AB Geologic relationships exposed near Tinemaha Reservoir southeast of Big Pine, east-central California, provide key chronological and structural constraints for linking Permian and Triassic deformational events recognized in the White and Inyo Mountains in the western Great Basin with those in the eastern Sierra Nevada, particularly the Mount Morrison and Saddlebag Lake pendants. Permian to earliest Triassic deformation in the Tinemaha Reservoir area produced a large north- to northwest-trending, east-vergent, originally recumbent syncline (Mule Spring syncline) cut by an overriding thrust (Strange Hill thrust). We correlate this deformation with a middle Permian to earliest Triassic contractional deformation recognized in the southern Inyo Mountains, and with a major episode of folding and thrust faulting in the eastern Sierra Nevada. After a period of tectonic quiescence and marine sedimentation in the Early Triassic, rocks in the Tinemaha Reservoir area were refolded twice, producing distinctive sets of steeply plunging folds. Similar structures in the Mount Morrison pendant that formed prior to intrusion of a 225 +/- 16 Ma dike along the Laurel-Convict fault are correlated with those in. the Tinemaha Reservoir area. The timing of these folding events may be similar to that of displacement on the Golconda and/or Lundy Canyon thrusts in the Saddlebag Lake pendant. Close structural and stratigraphic ties suggest that rocks in the northeastern part of the Mount Morrison pendant and Tinemaha Reservoir area, now separated by similar to65 km of dextral displacement along the cryptic Tinemaha fault, originally lay adjacent to one another. This offset postdates Triassic folding and is inferred to predate emplacement of the latest Triassic Wheeler Crest Granodiorite, which crops out across the projected fault trace. C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stevens, CH (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 5 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 114 IS 10 BP 1210 EP 1221 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1210:COPATD>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 602DG UT WOS:000178490000002 ER PT J AU Christiansen, RL Foulger, GR Evans, JR AF Christiansen, RL Foulger, GR Evans, JR TI Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE helium; hot spots; mantle plumes; tomography; upper mantle; Yellowstone National Park ID SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE; PLATE-TECTONIC EVOLUTION; PRIMORDIAL NOBLE-GASES; HELIUM-ISOTOPES; RANGE PROVINCE; UNITED-STATES; NATIONAL-PARK; CENOZOIC VOLCANISM; CONVECTION PLUMES AB Fundamental features of the geology and tectonic setting of the northeast-propagating Yellowstone hotspot are not explained by a simple deep-mantle plume hypothesis and, within that framework, must be attributed to coincidence or be explained by auxiliary hypotheses. These features include the persistence of basaltic magmatism along the hotspot track, the origin of the hotspot during a regional middle Miocene tectonic reorganization, a similar and coeval zone of northwestward magmatic propagation, the occurrence of both zones of magmatic propagation along a first-order tectonic boundary, and control of the hotspot track by preexisting structures. Seismic imaging provides no evidence for, and several contraindications of, a vertically extensive plume-like structure beneath Yellowstone ora broad trailing plume head beneath the eastern Snake River Plain. The high helium isotope ratios observed at Yellowstone and other hotspots are commonly assumed to arise from the lower mantle, but upper-mantle processes can explain the observations. The available evidence thus renders an upper-mantle origin for the Yellowstone system the preferred model; there is no evidence that the system extends deeper than similar to200 km, and some evidence that it does not. A model whereby the Yellowstone system reflects feedback between upper-mantle convection and regional litbospheric tectonics is able to explain the observations better than a deep-mantle plume hypothesis. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Christiansen, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 89 TC 158 Z9 160 U1 6 U2 43 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 114 IS 10 BP 1245 EP 1256 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 602DG UT WOS:000178490000004 ER PT J AU Haeussler, PJ Best, TC Waythomas, CF AF Haeussler, PJ Best, TC Waythomas, CF TI Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Castle Mountain Fault; liquefaction; paleoseismology; Quaternary; trenching ID TEPHRA DEPOSITS; SAND BOILS; EARTHQUAKE AB Most paleoseismic studies are at low to moderate latitudes. Here we present results from a high-latitude (61degrees30' N) trenching study of the Castle Mountain fault in south-central Alaska. This fault is the only one known in the greater Anchorage, Alaska, area with historical seismicity and a Holocene fault scarp. It strikes east-northeast and cuts glacial and postglacial sediments in an area of boreal spruce-birch forest, shrub tundra, and sphagnum bog. The fault has a prominent vegetation lineament on the upthrown, north side of the fault. Nine trenches Were logged across the fault in glacial and postglacial deposits, seven along the main trace, and two along a splay. In addition to thrust and strike-slip faulting, important controls on observed relationships in the trenches are the season in which faulting occurred, the physical properties of the sediments, liquefaction, a shallow water table, soil-forming processes, the strength of the modern root mat, and freeze-thaw processes. Some of these processes and physical properties are unique to northern-latitude areas and result in seismic disturbance effects not observed at lower latitudes. The two trenches across the Castle Mountain fault splay exposed a thrust fault and few liquefaction features. Radiocarbon ages of soil organic matter and charcoal within and overlying the fault indicate movement on the fault at ca. 2735 cal. (calendar) yr B.P. and no subsequent movement. In the remaining seven trenches, surface faulting was accompanied by extensive liquefaction and a zone of disruption 3 m or more wide. The presence of numerous liquefaction features at depths of <0.5-1.0 m indicates faulting when the ground was not frozen-i.e., from about April to October. Sandy-matrix till, sand, silt, gravel, and pebbly peat were injected up to the base of the modern soil, but did not penetrate the interlocking spruce-birch root mat. The strength of the root mat prohibited development of a nonvegetated scarp face and colluvial wedge. In only one trench did we observe a discrete fault plane with measurable offset. It lay beneath a 2-m-thick carapace of liquefied sand and silt and displayed a total of 0.9-1.85 m of thrust motion since deposition of the oldest deposits in the trenches at ca. 13,500 yr B.P. We found liquefaction ejecta on paleosols at only one other trench, where there were bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) tussocks that lacked an extensive root mat. From crosscutting relationships, we interpret three paleoliquefaction events on the main trace of the Castle Mountain fault: 2145-1870, 13751070, and 730-610 cal. yr B.P. These four earthquakes on the Castle Mountain fault in the past similar to2700 yr indicate an average recurrence interval of similar to700 yr. As it has been 600-700 yr since the last significant earthquake, a significant (magnitude 6-7) earthquake in the near future may be likely. Paleoseismic data indicate that the timing and recurrence interval of megathrust earthquakes is similar to the timing and recurrence interval of Castle Mountain fault earthquakes, suggesting a possible link between faulting on the megathrust and on "crustal" structures. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Best & Associates, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Haeussler, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. OI Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 114 IS 10 BP 1296 EP 1310 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1296:PAHLSD>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 602DG UT WOS:000178490000006 ER PT J AU Harries, PJ Johnston, KR Cobban, WA Nichols, DJ AF Harries, PJ Johnston, KR Cobban, WA Nichols, DJ TI Marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section in southwestern South Dakota: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Denver Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Denver, CO 80205 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Harries, PJ (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, 4202 E Fowler Ave,SCA 528, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 30 IS 10 BP 954 EP 955 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0955:MCTBSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA 602CY UT WOS:000178489000027 ER PT J AU Terry, DO Chamberlain, JA Stoffer, PW Messina, P Jannett, PA AF Terry, DO Chamberlain, JA Stoffer, PW Messina, P Jannett, PA TI Marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section in southwestern South Dakota: Reply SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEBRASKA C1 Temple Univ, Dept Geol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, Dept Geol, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. US Geol Survey Lib, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Terry, DO (reprint author), Temple Univ, Dept Geol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 30 IS 10 BP 955 EP 956 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0956:>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA 602CY UT WOS:000178489000028 ER PT J AU Pair, DL Kappel, WM AF Pair, DL Kappel, WM TI Geomorphic studies of landslides in the Tully Valley, New York: implications for public policy and planning SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium CY NOV 12-14, 1999 CL BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK DE landslide; tully valley; public policy and planning ID HOLOCENE LAKE-LEVEL AB On April 27, 1993, a large landslide in the Tully Valley, Onondaga County, NY, destroyed three houses and resulted in the evacuation of four others; it also triggered a loss of potable drinking water for about 15 homes north of the slide area and affected a total of 20 ha of land. In the 7 years following this slide, several studies have been conducted by federal and state environmental agencies and by local universities. The goal of these investigations has been to determine what caused this slide, document the history of past landslides in the region, and establish whether future slides are likely to occur. This paper reports on the results of these investigations and examines their effect on the Tully Valley community. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Dayton, Dept Geol, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Pair, DL (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Dept Geol, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2-4 BP 125 EP 135 AR PII S0169-555X(02)00099-5 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00099-5 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 596LW UT WOS:000178167200003 ER PT J AU Dargaville, RJ Heimann, M McGuire, AD Prentice, IC Kicklighter, DW Joos, F Clein, JS Esser, G Foley, J Kaplan, J Meier, RA Melillo, JM Moore, B Ramankutty, N Reichenau, T Schloss, A Sitch, S Tian, H Williams, LJ Wittenberg, U AF Dargaville, RJ Heimann, M McGuire, AD Prentice, IC Kicklighter, DW Joos, F Clein, JS Esser, G Foley, J Kaplan, J Meier, RA Melillo, JM Moore, B Ramankutty, N Reichenau, T Schloss, A Sitch, S Tian, H Williams, LJ Wittenberg, U TI Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models with atmospheric CO2 measurements: Results from transient simulations considering increasing CO2, climate, and land-use effects SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; atmospheric transport modeling; terrestrial biosphere modeling; model evaluation; seasonal cycle; interannual variability ID PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY NPP; COMPARING GLOBAL-MODELS; SEASONAL CYCLE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; AMAZONIAN ECOSYSTEMS; HIGH-LATITUDES; UNITED-STATES; DIOXIDE DATA; STORAGE; SINKS AB [1] An atmospheric transport model and observations of atmospheric CO2 are used to evaluate the performance of four Terrestrial Carbon Models (TCMs) in simulating the seasonal dynamics and interannual variability of atmospheric CO2 between 1980 and 1991. The TCMs were forced with time varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations, climate, and land use to simulate the net exchange of carbon between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere. The monthly surface CO2 fluxes from the TCMs were used to drive the Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry and the simulated seasonal cycles and concentration anomalies are compared with observations from several stations in the CMDL network. The TCMs underestimate the amplitude of the seasonal cycle and tend to simulate too early an uptake of CO2 during the spring by approximately one to two months. The model fluxes show an increase in amplitude as a result of land-use change, but that pattern is not so evident in the simulated atmospheric amplitudes, and the different models suggest different causes for the amplitude increase (i.e., CO2 fertilization, climate variability or land use change). The comparison of the modeled concentration anomalies with the observed anomalies indicates that either the TCMs underestimate interannual variability in the exchange of CO2 between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere, or that either the variability in the ocean fluxes or the atmospheric transport may be key factors in the atmospheric interannual variability. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Giessen, Inst Pflanzenokol, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. Univ Wisconsin, SAGE, Madison, WI USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Dargaville, RJ (reprint author), CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climate & Environm, Lorme Merisiers,Bat 709, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM dargavil@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; martin.heimann@bgc-jena.mpg.de; ffadm@uaf.edu; colin.prentice@bgc-jena.mpg.de; dkick@mbl.edu; joos@climate.unibe.ch; fnjsc4@uaf.edu; gerd.esser@bot2.bio.uni-giessen.de; jfoley@wisc.edu; jkaplan@bgc-jena.mpg.de; fnram2@uaf.edu; jmelillo@mbl.edu; b.moore@unh.edu; ramanku@wisc.edu; tim.reichenau@bio.uni-giessen.de; annette.schloss@unh.edu; sitch@pik-potsdam.de; htian@mbl.edu; ljwillia@epri.com; uwe.wittenberg@merck.de RI Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012; Sitch, Stephen/F-8034-2015; Kaplan, Jed/P-1796-2015; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091; Sitch, Stephen/0000-0003-1821-8561; Kaplan, Jed/0000-0001-9919-7613; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 57 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1092 DI 10.1029/2001GB001426 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100039 ER PT J AU Torn, MS Lapenis, AG Timofeev, A Fischer, ML Babikov, BV Harden, JW AF Torn, MS Lapenis, AG Timofeev, A Fischer, ML Babikov, BV Harden, JW TI Organic carbon and carbon isotopes in modern and 100-year-old-soil archives of the Russian steppe SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-13; C-14; grassland; land use; organic matter; sequestration; prairie ID SOIL CARBON; MATTER DYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TEMPERATE FOREST; RADIOCARBON; TURNOVER; ACCUMULATION; ALLOCATION; CROPLAND; DIOXIDE AB Archived soils can provide valuable information about changes in the carbon and carbon isotope content of soils during the past century. We characterized soil carbon dynamics in a Russian steppe preserve using a 100-year-old-soil archive and modern samples collected from the same site. The site has been protected since 1885 to the present, during which time the region has experienced widespread conversion to cultivation, a decrease in fire frequency, and a trend of increasing precipitation. In the preserve, the amount of organic carbon did not change appreciably between the 1900 and 1997 sampling dates, with 32 kg C/m(2) in the top meter and a third of that in the top 20 cm. Carbon and nitrogen stocks varied by less than 6% between two replicate modern soil pits or between the modern sites and the archive. Radiocarbon content decreased with depth in all sites and the modern SOM had positive Delta values near the surface due to nuclear weapons testing in the early 1960s. In the upper 10 cm, most of the SOM had a turnover time of 6-10 years, according to a model fit to the radiocarbon content. Below about 10 cm, the organic matter was almost all passive material with long (millennial) turnover times. Soil respiration Delta(14)CO(2) on a summer day was 106-109parts per thousand, an isotopic disequilibrium of about 9parts per thousand relative to atmospheric (CO2)-C-14 . In both the modern and archive soil, the relative abundance of (13) C in organic matter increased with depth by 2parts per thousand in the upper meter from delta(13)C = -26parts per thousand at 5 cm to -24parts per thousand below a meter. In addition, the slope of delta(13) C vs. depth below 5 cm was the same for both soils. Given the age of the soil archive, these results give clear evidence that the depth gradients are not due to depletion of atmospheric (CO2)-C-13 by fossil fuel emissions but must instead be caused by isotopic fractionation between plant litter inputs and preservation of SOM. Overall, the data show that these soils have a large reservoir of recalcitrant C and stocks had not changed between sampling dates 100 years apart. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Geog & Planning, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Acad Forestry, St Petersburg, Russia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Torn, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012; Torn, Margaret/D-2305-2015 NR 51 TC 66 Z9 74 U1 4 U2 42 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 8 IS 10 BP 941 EP 953 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00477.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 590YT UT WOS:000177853000002 ER PT J AU Graham, TB AF Graham, TB TI Survey of aquatic macroinvertebrates and amphibians at Wupatki National Monument, Arizona, USA: An evaluation of selected factors affecting species richness in ephemeral pools SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Colorado Plateau; Sinagua culture; catch basins; community structure; dispersal; branchiopods; aquatic insects; amphibians; invertebrates ID SYMPATRIC OCCURRENCE; ANOSTRACA; NOTOSTRACA; BRANCHIOPODA; SPINICAUDATA; COMMUNITIES; CRUSTACEA; PONDS; IDENTIFICATION; EUBRANCHIOPODA AB Ephemeral aquatic habitats in Wupatki National Monument vary from naturally formed pools in arroyos over 5000 years old, to constructed catchment basins with ages estimated at 60-1000+ years old, and borrow pits and stock ponds 30-60 years old. The different ages of these pools provide different histories of colonization by amphibians and aquatic invertebrates, especially temporary pool specialists such as spadefoot toads and branchiopod crustaceans. Ten pools of five different origins and ages were surveyed in August and/or September 1997 for aquatic organisms; a total of 13 surveys were conducted. Twenty-two taxa were found, with the number of species in a pool during any survey ranging from one to 10. Species composition of the communities changed from one sampling date to the next within individual pools. Community structure is an amalgam of species with different dispersal mechanisms that are influenced by different pool characteristics. Age appears to have little effect overall, but may have influenced branchiopod presence/absence. Distance to permanent water, frequency of disturbance, and current pool size were correlated with presence/absence of some species. C1 US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Field Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Graham, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Field Stn, 2290 S W Resources Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2002 VL 486 IS 1 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.1023/A:1021311120799 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 622HK UT WOS:000179641100023 ER PT J AU Papa, F Legresy, B Mognard, NM Josberger, EG Remy, F AF Papa, F Legresy, B Mognard, NM Josberger, EG Remy, F TI Estimating terrestrial snow depth with the Topex-Poseidon altimeter and radiometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA DE microwave radiometry; Northern Great Plains of the United States; radar altimetry; snow depth ID ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; VARIABILITY; COVER AB Active and passive microwave measurements obtained by the dual-frequency Topex-Poseidon radar altimeter from the Northern Great Plains of the United States are used to develop a snow pack radar backscatter model. The model results are compared with daily time series of surface snow observations made by the U.S. National Weather Service. The model results show that Ku-band provides more accurate snow depth determinations than does C-band. Comparing the snow depth determinations derived from the Topex-Poseidon nadir-looking passive microwave radiometers with the oblique-looking Satellite Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave observations and surface observations shows that both instruments accurately portray the temporal characteristics of the snow depth time series. While both retrievals consistently underestimate the actual snow depths, the Topex-Poseidon results are more accurate. C1 Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Lab Etud Geodesie & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France. Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere, F-31400 Toulouse, France. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Papa, F (reprint author), Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Lab Etud Geodesie & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France. RI Papa, Fabrice/D-3695-2009 OI Papa, Fabrice/0000-0001-6305-6253 NR 25 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 2162 EP 2169 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.802463 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 625CC UT WOS:000179798500007 ER PT J AU White, WA Warne, AG Guevara, EH Aslan, A Tremblay, TA Raney, JA AF White, WA Warne, AG Guevara, EH Aslan, A Tremblay, TA Raney, JA TI Geo-environments of the northwest Orinoco Delta, Venezuela SO INTERCIENCIA LA English DT Article DE delta ecosystems; distributary channel; geo-environments; interdistributary basins; NW Orinoco Delta; Venezuela ID RIVER AB The Orinoco Delta is a largely undeveloped complex of tropical wetlands and shallow aquatic ecosystems within the coastal plain of eastern Venezuela. It is a dynamic and complex system that is vulnerable to human activities. This article summarizes results of geo-environmental mapping in the northwestern delta. Geo-environments are land- and water-resource units that are defined by the physical, chemical, hydrological, and biological properties and processes that establish, maintain, and modify them. More than 20 geo-environments were defined and delineated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) format through integrated remote sensing, statistical, and field analyses. Map units were grouped into five major geomorphic/ecologic systems: 1) marine-influenced coast; 2) marine-influenced distributary-channel. and island, 3) fluvial/marine transitional, 4) distributary-channel, and 5) interdistributary basin. The most extensive, are the interdistributary basins and distributary-channel systems, which comprise 44% and 15% of the map area, respectively. Although the Orinoco Delta is largely undeveloped, human activity in the northwestern delta,,especially construction of the Volcan dam, has substantially altered geo-environments in this region. The defined distribution and characteristics of the geo-environments provide a basis for designing strategic plans for prudent and sustained development of this portion of the Orinoco Delta ecosystem complex. C1 John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Univ Stn, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. Mesa State Coll, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. RP White, WA (reprint author), John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Univ Stn, Bur Econ Geol, Box X, Austin, TX 78713 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD OCT PY 2002 VL 27 IS 10 BP 521 EP + PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 606DD UT WOS:000178717400003 ER PT J AU Doe, BR AF Doe, BR TI Further considerations of the Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce plot in volcanology and tectonics SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Review ID SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE; PLATEAU VOLCANIC FIELD; TRACE-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY; MAUNA-KEA VOLCANO; TRISTAN-DA-CUNHA; DE-FUCA RIDGE; MAGMA GENESIS; ISLAND-ARC; KERGUELEN PLUME; CANARY-ISLANDS AB A plot of Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce, for locality averages, effectively separates mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) (Ce/Yb <10, Ba/Ce 1-4.2), oceanic island volcanics (OIV) (Ce/Yb >10, Ba/Ce <6), which are generally hotspot related, and island are volcanics (IAV) (Ce/Yb <23, Ba/Ce >4.2). The conventional interpretation is that these three types of volcanic environments involve oceanic rift-related, large-volume partial melts (-20-30%) of a depleted source (MORB), small volume melts (-5% for alkalic volcanics) of enriched sources related to plumes (OIV), and melts of hydrous-enriched sources during subduction, especially for Ba (IAV). Three OIV sites, however, have average ratios that fall in the MORB field (e.g., Krafla Volcano, Iceland), and these localities also tend to have other geochemical data similar to MORB. Average ratios of Hawaiian tholeiitic shield basalts of Mauna Kea and Koolau volcanoes occupy a restricted field on a plot of Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce of 10-18 for Ce/Yb and 2.8-3.1 for Ba/Ce, a field toward which other shield basalts and cone-building volcanics regress. In general, post-shield alkalic rocks have higher values of Ce/Yb than do tholeiites. Peralkalic basalts (basanites, melilitites, and phonolites) have even higher values of Ce/Yb, reflecting smaller degrees of partial melting (perhaps 1-2%) and melting of sources containing phlogopite that were enriched by CO2-dominated fluids. The minor post-erosion nephelinitic suites of Hawaii (e.g., the Honolulu Series on Oahu, and the Koloa suite on Kauai) generally have values both greater than IAV for Ce/Yb and greater than other kinds of OIV for Ba/Ce in a part of the plot previously not found to be occupied by data. Alkali basalts of both these nephelinitic series have the lowest and similar ratios (Ce/Yb -25; Ba/Ce -10). In the Hawaiian Islands, there are two trends. One (a), where phlogopite has been interpreted to remain in the source, generally has Ba/Ce decrease away from the alkali basalts as Ce/Yb increases. The other (b), where phlogopite has been interpreted to enter the melt, occupies a field that is high in both Ce/Yb (>30) relative to IAV and in Ba/Ce (>8) relative to the OIV field. There are some exceptions, also, for IAV that plot outside the IAV field. The values of Ce/Yb in Mariana Islands samples, for example, are exceptionally low for the IAV (Ce/Yb <5 with many samples <2). Examples of two cross-chain Kasuga Islands, however, have average values of Ce/Yb considerably greater than for any other Mariana Islands data, and individual samples extend from within the IAV field into the OIV field, which may indicate a mixture of IAV and OIV sources (rather than involvement of a hotspot, these island volcanics have been interpreted as magma of OIV entrapped "plums" in an IAV "pudding" by Stern et al., 1993). Not surprisingly, continental arc volcanics (CAV) are generally similar to IAV, but with somewhat greater dispersion in Ce/Yb, perhaps representing a larger contribution of continental materials to the volcanics. Continental rift volcanics (CRV) are complex. The Antarctic rift data fall in the OIV field, and clearly define a hotspot origin for the rift with little contamination in the continental lithosphere, but most CRV data fall in the IAV field (Rio Grande rift tholeiites, Yellowstone Plateau basalts, Columbia River basalts, East African rift basalts). The Yellowstone basalt samples judged to be least crustally contaminated from other considerations (e.g., through Ph and Sr isotopes) approach closest to the OIV or hotspot field in the Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce plot, compatible with a hotspot origin with variable continental lithosphere interactions. The data from the Rio Grande rift have no such trend in CefYb vs. Ba/Ce. Other trace element and isotopic data are suggestive of a different kind of origin, perhaps melting in the continental lithosphere from pressure release or other causes as suggested in the literature. Carbonatites, kimberlites, and ultrapotassic rocks form extreme end members for the peralkalic rocks on the continents with Ce/Yb values in the hundreds and even exceeding 1,000 in natrocarbonatite. Carbonatites and kimberlite type I, however, have Ba/Ce <8 with few exceptions. Ultrapotassic rocks and kimberlite type II also have Ce/Yb values in the hundreds but with Ba/Ce >9. These rocks, although rare in the ocean basins (e.g., carbonatite on Sao Vicente Island in the Cape Verdes archipelago, Indian Ocean) plot similarly to their continental cousins. For Hawaii, the nephelinitic suites of both the Honolulu and Koloa series trend from alkali and alkali olivine basalt ratios toward higher signatures for Ce/Yb for other rock types. The Honolulu series, however, progresses towards smaller values of Ba/Ce for nephelinite-melilitite (Ce/Yb -85; Ba/Ce -5-7) near the low end of Ce/Yb found in carbonatite/kimberlite type I, whereas the Koloa series progresses toward higher Ba/Ce (Ce/Yb -65; Ba/Ce -14-15) for nephelinite-melilitite with Ce/Yb values near the lower end of kimberlite type II/ultrapotassic rocks. Carbonated phlogopitie sources have been proposed for peralkalic rocks of both oceans and continents. Carbonatites and/or kimberlites are suggested to possibly be present at depth under the Hawaiian nephelinitic series and in other OIV environments containing peralkalic Suites. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Doe, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. NR 126 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP 877 EP 912 DI 10.2747/0020-6814.44.10.877 PG 36 WC Geology SC Geology GA 634GL UT WOS:000180331600001 ER PT J AU Belnap, J AF Belnap, J TI Impacts of off road vehicles on nitrogen cycles in biological soil crusts: resistance in different US deserts SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE soil surface disturbance; microbiotic soil crust; arid land; nitrogen cycles; biological soil crust ID SURFACE DISTURBANCES; WIND EROSION; PLANTS; FIXATION AB Biological soil crusts are an important component of desert ecosystems, as they influence soil stability and fertility. This study examined and compared the short-term vehicular impacts on lichen cover and nitrogenase activity (NA) of biological soil crusts. Experimental disturbance was applied to different types of soil in regions throughout the western U.S. (Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, Sonoran, Chihuahuan, and Mojave deserts). Results show that pre-disturbance cover of soil lichens is significantly correlated with the silt content of soils, and negatively correlated with sand and clay. While disturbance appeared to reduce NA at all sites, differences were statistically significant at only 12 of the 26 sites. Cool desert sites showed a greater decline than hot desert sites, which may indicate non-heterocystic cyanobacterial species are more susceptible to disturbance than non-heterocystic species. Sandy soils showed greater reduction of NA as sand content increased, while fine-textured soils showed a greater decline as sand content increased. At all sites, higher NA before the disturbance resulted in less impact to NA post-disturbance. These results may be useful in predicting the impacts of off road vehicles in different regions and different soils. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Field Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Field Stn, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 32 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 5 U2 38 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1006/jare.2002.0991 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 621HM UT WOS:000179583000001 ER PT J AU Pearlstine, LG Smith, SE Brandt, LA Allen, CR Kitchens, WM Stenberg, J AF Pearlstine, LG Smith, SE Brandt, LA Allen, CR Kitchens, WM Stenberg, J TI Assessing state-wide biodiversity in the Florida Gap analysis project SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; land cover classification; habitat modeling; gap analysis program; Florida AB The Florida Gap (Fl-Gap) project provides an assessment of the degree to which native animal species and natural communities are or are not represented in existing conservation lands. Those species and communities not adequately represented in areas being managed for native species constitute 'gaps' in the existing network of conservation lands. The United States Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program is a national effort and so, eventually, all 50 states will have completed it. The objective of Fl-Gap was to provide broad geographic information on the status of terrestrial vertebrates, butterflies, skippers and ants and their respective habitats to address the loss of biological diversity. To model the distributions and potential habitat of all terrestrial species of mammals, breeding birds, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, skippers and ants in Florida, natural land cover was mapped to the level of dominant or co-dominant plant species. Land cover was classified from Landsat Thematic Mapper (I-M) satellite imagery and auxiliary data such as the national wetlands inventory (NWI), soils maps, aerial imagery, existing land use/land cover maps, and on-the-ground surveys. Wildlife distribution models were produced by identifying suitable habitat for each species within that species' range. Mammalian models also assessed a minimum critical area required for sustainability of the species' population. Wildlife species richness was summarized against land stewardship ranked by an area's mandates for conservation protection. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Civil Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, ARM Loxahatchee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Boynton Beach, FL 33437 USA. S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. St Johns River Water Management Dist, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. RP Pearlstine, LG (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM pearlstn@ufl.edu NR 36 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 127 EP 144 DI 10.1006/jema.2002.0551 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 598UA UT WOS:000178293800003 PM 12418159 ER PT J AU Marion, JL Farrell, TA AF Marion, JL Farrell, TA TI Management practices that concentrate visitor activities: camping impact management at Isle Royale National Park, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE campsite impact; campsite management; impact assessment and monitoring; recreation ecology; recreation impact management; wilderness management ID WILDERNESS CAMPSITES; RECREATION AB This study assessed campsite conditions and the effectiveness of campsite impact management strategies at Isle Royale National Park, USA. Protocols for assessing indicators of vegetation and soil conditions were developed and applied to 156 campsites and 88 shelters within 36 backcountry campgrounds. The average site was 68 m(2) and 83% of sites lost vegetation over areas less than 47 m(2). We believe that management actions implemented to spatially concentrate camping activities and reduce camping disturbance have been highly successful. Comparisons of disturbed area/overnight stay among other protected areas reinforces this assertion. These reductions in area of camping disturbance are attributed to a designated site camping policy, limitation on site numbers, construction of sites in sloping terrain, use of facilities, and an ongoing program of campsite maintenance. Such actions are most appropriate in higher use backcountry and wilderness settings. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Virginia Tech,Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Sch Field Studies, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. RP Marion, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Virginia Tech,Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM jmarion@vt.edu NR 38 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1006/jema.2002.0584 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 598UA UT WOS:000178293800008 PM 12418164 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Horz, F Lucey, PG Christensen, PR AF Johnson, JR Horz, F Lucey, PG Christensen, PR TI Thermal infrared spectroscopy of experimentally shocked anorthosite and pyroxenite: Implications for remote sensing of Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review DE anorthosite; pyroxenite; shock; spectra; thermal infrared; remote sensing; Mars ID EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; HIGH-PRESSURE; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; MARTIAN SURFACE; MU-M; PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPARS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; PLANETARY SURFACES; STILLWATER-COMPLEX; DIAPLECTIC GLASS AB The feldspar and pyroxene mineralogies on Mars revealed by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on Mars Global Surveyor likely record a variety of shock effects, as suggested by petrologic analyses of the Martian meteorites and the abundance of impact craters on the planet's surface. To study the effects of shock pressures on thermal infrared spectra of these minerals, we performed shock recovery experiments on orthopyroxenite and anorthosite samples from the Stillwater Complex (Montana) over peak pressures from 17 to 63 GPa. We acquired emissivity and hemispherical reflectance spectra (350-1400 cm(-1); similar to7-29 mum) of both coherent chips and fine-grained powders of shocked and unshocked samples. These spectra are more directly comparable to remotely sensed data of Mars (e.g., TES) than previously acquired absorption or transmission spectra of shocked minerals. The spectra of experimentally shocked feldspar show systematic changes with increasing pressure due to depolymerization of the silica tetrahedra. For the spectra of chips, this includes the disappearance of small bands in the 500-650 cm(-1) region and a strong band at 1115 cm(-1), and changes in positions of a strong band near 940 cm(-1) and the Christiansen feature near 1250 cm(-1). Spectra of the shocked powders show the gradual disappearance of a transparency feature near 830 cm(-1). Fewer changes are observed in the pyroxene spectra at pressures as high as 63 GPa. Spectra of experimentally shocked minerals will help identify more precisely the mineralogy of rocks and soils not only from TES but also from Mars instruments such as miniTES and THEMIS. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jrjohnson@usgs.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 118 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS E10 AR 5073 DI 10.1029/2001JE001517 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 639MW UT WOS:000180634100003 ER PT J AU Kumagai, H Chouet, BA Nakano, M AF Kumagai, H Chouet, BA Nakano, M TI Temporal evolution of a hydrothermal system in Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, Japan, inferred from the complex frequencies of long-period events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE long-period event; crack model; hydrothermal fluid; magmatic heat; Q; Sompi method ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; BAND SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS; LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM; ASO-VOLCANO; ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES; SAKURAJIMA VOLCANO; STROMBOLI VOLCANO; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; SOURCE MECHANISM; HARMONIC TREMOR AB [1] We present a detailed description of temporal variations in the complex frequencies of long-period (LP) events observed at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano. Using the Sompi method, we analyze 35 LP events that occurred during the period from August 1992 through January 1993. The observed temporal variations in the complex frequencies can be divided into three periods. During the first period the dominant frequency rapidly decreases from 5 to 1 Hz, and Q of the dominant spectral peak remains roughly constant with an average value near 100. During the second period the dominant frequency gradually increases up to 3 Hz, and Q gradually decreases from 160 to 30. During the third period the dominant frequency increases more rapidly from 3 to 5 Hz, and Q shows an abrupt increase at the beginning of this period and then remains roughly constant with an average value near 100. Such temporal variations can be consistently explained by the dynamic response of a hydrothermal crack to a magmatic heat pulse. During the first period, crack growth occurs in response to the overall pressure increase in the hydrothermal system caused by the heat pulse. Once crack formation is complete, heat gradually changes the fluid in the crack from a wet misty gas to a dry gas during the second period. As heating of the hydrothermal system gradually subsides, the overall pressure in this system starts to decrease, causing the collapse of the crack during the third period. C1 Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Kumagai, H (reprint author), Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan. EM kumagai@bosai.go.jp; chouet@chouet.wr.usgs.gov; nakano@sharaku.nuac.nagoya-u.ac.jp NR 44 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS B10 AR 2236 DI 10.1029/2001JB000653 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 637RC UT WOS:000180525500030 ER PT J AU Mankinen, EA Lindsley-Griffin, N Griffin, JR AF Mankinen, EA Lindsley-Griffin, N Griffin, JR TI Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID APPARENT POLAR WANDER; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS; PALEOMAGNETIC POLES; ULTRAMAFIC COMPLEX; BUSHVELD COMPLEX; UNITED-STATES; DUKE-ISLAND; MAIN ZONE; U-PB AB [1] New paleomagnetic results from the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California show that Neoproterozoic rocks of the Trinity ophiolitic complex and overlying Middle Devonian volcanic rocks are latitudinally concordant with cratonal North America. Combining paleomagnetic data with regional geologic and faunal evidence suggests that the Trinity Complex and related terranes of the eastern Klamath plate were linked in some fashion to the North American craton throughout that time, but that distance between them may have varied considerably. A possible model that is consistent with our paleomagnetic results and the geologic evidence is that the Trinity Complex formed and migrated parallel to paleolatitude in the basin between Laurasia and Australia-East Antarctica as the Rodinian supercontinent began to break up. It then continued to move parallel to paleolatitude at least through Middle Devonian time. Although the eastern Klamath plate served as a nucleus against which more western components of the Klamath Mountains province amalgamated, the Klamath superterrane was not accreted to North America until Early Cretaceous time. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM emank@usgs.gov NR 107 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS B10 AR 2254 DI 10.1029/2001JB001623 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 637RC UT WOS:000180525500048 ER PT J AU Hubbard, EF Schwartz, GE Thibodeaux, KG Turcios, LM AF Hubbard, EF Schwartz, GE Thibodeaux, KG Turcios, LM TI Closure to "Price current-meter standard rating development by the US geological survey" by E. F. Hubbard, G. E. Schwarz, K. G. Thibodeaux, and Lisa M. Turcios SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, Natl Ctr 415, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water Hydraul Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, Natl Ctr 415, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Hubbard, EF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, Natl Ctr 415, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2002 VL 128 IS 10 BP 953 EP 953 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:10(953) PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 598UV UT WOS:000178295600012 ER PT J AU Hay, LE Clark, MP Wilby, RL Gutowski, WJ Leavesley, GH Pan, Z Arritt, RW Takle, ES AF Hay, LE Clark, MP Wilby, RL Gutowski, WJ Leavesley, GH Pan, Z Arritt, RW Takle, ES TI Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PARAMETERIZATIONS; PRECIPITATION; SCENARIOS; PROJECT AB Daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature time series from a regional climate model (RegCM2) configured using the continental United States as a domain and run on a 52-km (approximately) spatial resolution were used as input to a distributed hydrologic model for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado; east fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada; and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). For comparison purposes, spatially averaged daily datasets of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature were developed from measured data for each basin. These datasets included precipitation and temperature data for all stations (hereafter, All-Sta) located within the area of the RegCM2 output used for each basin, but excluded station data used to calibrate the hydrologic model. Both the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data capture the gross aspects of the seasonal cycles of precipitation and temperature. However, in all four basins, the RegCM2- and All-Sta-based simulations of runoff show little skill on a daily basis [Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) values range from 0.05 to 0.37 for RegCM2 and -0.08 to 0.65 for All-Sta]. When the precipitation and temperature biases are corrected in the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data (Bias-RegCM2 and Bias-All, respectively) the accuracy of the daily runoff simulations improve dramatically for the snowmelt-dominated basins (NS values range from 0.41 to 0.66 for RegCM2 and 0.60 to 0.76 for AllSta). In the rainfall-dominated basin, runoff simulations based on the Bias-RegCM2 output show no skill (NS value of 0.09) whereas Bias-All simulated runoff improves (NS value improved from -0.08 to 0.72). These results indicate that measured data at the coarse resolution of the RegCM2 output can be made appropriate for basin-scale modeling through bias correction (essentially a magnitude correction). However, RegCM2 output, even when bias corrected, does not contain the day-to-day variability present in the All-Sta dataset that is necessary for basin-scale modeling. Future work is warranted to identify the causes for systematic biases in RegCM2 simulations, develop methods to remove the biases, and improve RegCM2 simulations of daily variability in local climate. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Kings Coll London, Dept Geog, London WC2R 2LS, England. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA USA. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Box 25046,MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM lhay@usgs.gov RI Pan, Zaitao/D-7846-2012; Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015 OI Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625 NR 30 TC 97 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 3 IS 5 BP 571 EP 590 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 606QU UT WOS:000178745300005 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JD Cayan, DR AF Lundquist, JD Cayan, DR TI Seasonal and spatial patterns in diurnal cycles in streamflow in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPH; MELTWATER MOVEMENT; DEEP SNOWPACK; TEMPERATURE; CONDUCTANCE; SIMULATION; SEPARATION; RUNOFF; BASIN; FLOW AB The diurnal cycle in streamflow constitutes a significant part of the variability in many rivers in the western United States and can be used to understand some of the dominant processes affecting the water balance of a given river basin. Rivers in which water is added diurnally, as in snowmelt, and rivers in which water is removed diurnally, as in evapotranspiration and infiltration, exhibit substantial differences in the timing, relative magnitude, and shape of their diurnal flow variations. Snowmelt-dominated rivers achieve their highest sustained flow and largest diurnal fluctuations during the spring melt season. These fluctuations are characterized by sharp rises and gradual declines in discharge each day. In large snowmelt-dominated basins, at the end of the melt season, the hour of maximum discharge shifts to later in the day as the snow line retreats to higher elevations. Many evapotranspiration/infiltration-dominated rivers in the western states achieve their highest sustained flows during the winter rainy season but exhibit their strongest diurnal cycles during summer months, when discharge is low, and the diurnal fluctuations compose a large percentage of the total flow. In contrast to snowmelt-dominated rivers, the maximum discharge in evapotranspiration/infiltration-dominated rivers occurs consistently in the morning throughout the summer. In these rivers, diurnal changes are characterized by a gradual rise and sharp decline each day. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Lundquist, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 33 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 3 IS 5 BP 591 EP 603 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0591:SASPID>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 606QU UT WOS:000178745300006 ER PT J AU Work, TM Massey, JG Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP AF Work, TM Massey, JG Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP TI Toxoplasmosis in three species of native and introduced Hawaiian birds SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; GONDII AB Toxoplasma gondii was found in endemic Hawaiian birds, including 2 nene geese (Nesochen sandvicensis), 1 red-footed booby (Sula sula), and an introduced bird, the Erckels francolin (Francolinus erckelii). All 4 birds died of disseminated toxoplasmosis; the parasite was found in sections of many organs, and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-T. gondii-specific polyclonal antibodies. This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in these species of birds. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Makawao, HI 96795 USA. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20507 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090; Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 9 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1040 EP 1042 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1040:TITSON]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611KL UT WOS:000179016200042 PM 12435157 ER PT J AU Ellingson, AR Andersen, DC Kondratieff, BC AF Ellingson, AR Andersen, DC Kondratieff, BC TI Observations of the larval stages of Diceroprocta apache Davis (Homoptera : Tibicinidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Diceroprocta apache; cicada; life history ID PERIODICAL CICADAS; COMMUNITIES; CICADIDAE AB Diceroprocta apache Davis is a locally abundant cicada in the riparian woodlands of the southwestern United States. While its ecological importance has often been hypothesized, very little is known of its specific life history. This paper presents preliminary information on life history of D. apache from larvae collected in the field at seasonal intervals as well as a smaller number of reared specimens. Morphological development of the fore-femoral comb closely parallels growth through distinct size classes. The data indicate, the presence of five larval instars in D. apache. Development times from greenhouse-reared specimens suggest a 3-4 year life span and overlapping broods were present in the field. Sex ratios among pre-emergent larvae suggest the asynchronous emergence of sexes.(1) C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. USGS Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ellingson, AR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 75 IS 4 BP 283 EP 289 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 622UT UT WOS:000179666000007 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Thomas, NJ Augspurger, T Miller, K AF Rocke, TE Thomas, NJ Augspurger, T Miller, K TI Epizootiologic studies of avian vacuolar meylinopathy in waterbirds SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE American coots; avian vacuolar myelinopathy; mallards; sentinels ID SENTINEL MALLARDS AB Epizootic avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was first recognized as a neurologic disease in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and American coots (Fulica americana) in Arkansas, USA in 1994 and 1996, respectively, but attempts to identify the etiology of the,disease have been unsuccessful to date. Between 1998 and 2001, wing clipped sentinel birds (wild American coots and game farm mallards [Anas platyrhynchos]) were released at Lake Surf, North Carolina, a lake with recurrent outbreaks of AVM, in order to gain a better understanding of the epizootiology of the disease. As early as 5-7 days post-release, sentinel coots and mallards showed neurologic signs of disease and were confirmed with AVM upon histologic examination of their brains. Serial releases of sentinel mallards during the summer, fall, and winter of 2000-01 demonstrated that exposure to the causative agent at a threshold sufficient to manifest disease was seasonal and occurred over about a 2 mo period, during November and December. Our findings that disease onset can be very rapid (5-7 days) and that exposure to the causative agent of AVM is site-specific, seasonal (late fall to early winter), and occurs over a relatively short duration (several months) supports the hypothesis that the disease is caused by a chemical substance, most likely of natural origin. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 4 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 678 EP 684 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500002 PM 12528432 ER PT J AU Quist, CF Nettles, VF Manning, EJB Hall, DG Gaydos, JK Wilmers, TJ Lopez, RR AF Quist, CF Nettles, VF Manning, EJB Hall, DG Gaydos, JK Wilmers, TJ Lopez, RR TI Paratuberculosis in key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Johne's disease; Key deer; Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis; Odocoileus virginianus clavium; paratuberculosis ID AMERICAN WILD RUMINANTS; PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM-PARATUBERCULOSIS; TULE ELK; PATHOLOGY; PATHOGENESIS; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS; CULTURE; TESTS AB Paratuberculosis was diagnosed in an endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) in November 1996. Between 10 April 1997 and 28 September 2000, the Key deer population was monitored for infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by necropsy of available carcasses (n=170), fecal cultures, and serology. One additional clinically affected Key deer was discovered in July 1998, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured from the feces of one live, asymptomatic deer. The results of this study provided sufficient evidence to consider the Key deer herd infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis at very low prevalence. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Johnes Testing Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, FL 33043 USA. RP Nettles, VF (reprint author), Wildlife Hlth Associates, POB 109, Dillon, MT 59725 USA. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 729 EP 737 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500009 PM 12528439 ER PT J AU Telesco, RL Sovada, MA AF Telesco, RL Sovada, MA TI Immobilization of swift foxes with ketamine hydrochloride-xylazine hydrochloride SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE immobilization; ketamine hydrochloride; swift fox; Vulpes velox; xylazine hydrochloride ID VULPES-VULPES AB There is an increasing need to develop field immobilization techniques that allow researchers to handle safely swift foxes (Vulpes velox) with minimal risk of stress or injury. We immobilized captive swift foxes to determine the safety and effectiveness of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride at different dosages. We. attempted to determine appropriate dosages to immobilize swift foxes for an adequate field-handling period based on three anesthesia intervals (induction period, immobilization period, and recovery period) and physiologic responses (rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate). Between October 1998-July 1999, we conducted four trials, evaluating three different dosage ratios of ketamine and xylazine (2.27:1.2, 5.68:1.2, and 11.4:1.2 mg/kg ketamine:mg/kg xylazine, respectively), followed by a fourth trial with a higher dosage at the median ratio (11.4 mg/kg ketamine:2.4 mg/kg xylazine). We found little difference in induction and recovery periods among trials 1-3, but immobilization time increased with increasing dosage (P<0.08). Both the immobilization period and recovery period increased in trial 4 compared with trials 1-3 (Pless than or equal to0.03). There was a high variation in responses of individual foxes across trials, making it difficult to identify an appropriate dosage for field handling. Heart rate and respiration rates were depressed but all physiologic measures remained within normal parameters established for domestic canids. We recommend a dosage ratio of 10 mg/kg ketamine to 1 mg/kg xylazine to immobilize swift foxes for field handling. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Sovada, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 764 EP 768 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500014 PM 12528444 ER PT J AU Johnson, DH AF Johnson, DH TI The importance of replication in wildlife research SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE control; experiment; metareplication; observational study; pseudoreplication; randomization; replication; sample survey; science ID ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL TESTS; NULL HYPOTHESIS; PSEUDOREPLICATION; INFERENCE; METAANALYSIS; REGRESSION; REDUCTION; ECOLOGY; FIELD AB Wildlife ecology and management studies have been widely criticized for deficiencies in design or analysis. Manipulative experiments-with controls, randomization, and replication in space and time-provide powerful ways of learning about natural systems and establishing causal relationships, but such studies are rare in our field. Observational studies and sample surveys are more common; they also require appropriate design and analysis. More important than the design and analysis of individual studies is metareplication: replication of entire studies. Similar conclusions obtained from studies of the same phenomenon conducted under widely differing conditions will give us greater confidence in the generality of those findings than would any single study, however well designed and executed. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Johnson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 76 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 4 U2 46 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 919 EP 932 DI 10.2307/3802926 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800001 ER PT J AU Swann, DE Averill-Murray, RC Schwalbe, CR AF Swann, DE Averill-Murray, RC Schwalbe, CR TI Distance sampling for Sonoran Desert tortoises SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE abundance estimation; Arizona; density estimation; desert tortoise; distance sampling; Gopherus agassizii; line transect; radiotelemetry; Sonoran Desert ID DENSITY; SIZE AB We used line transects and distance sampling in combination with radiotelemetry to estimate density of a desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Rincon Mountains near Tucson, Arizona, USA, as part of a long. term study evaluating the impact of urban development on tortoises. During 2000, 34 I-km transects were each sampled twice in the 368.5-ha study area. We observed 46 tortoises with midline carapace lengths greater than or equal to 150 mm (subadults and adults) plus 7 juveniles on transects. For subadults and adults, the encounter rate was 0.63 tortoises/km, and the mean proportion of tortoises observable during radiotelemetry, conducted concurrently with transect sampling, was 82%. Corrected mean density based on line transects and radiotelemetry was 0.523 tortoises/ha (CV = 22.99, 95% CI = 0.29-0.79), and absolute abundance in the study area was estimated to be 193 (CV = 23.0%, CI = 107-291). Using the 2 independent coverages of transects as separate samples, the Lincoln-Petersen mark-recapture estimator produced an abundance estimate of 224 subadult and adult tortoises (CV = 53.9%, CI = 72-440). Transects measured on the ground over uneven topography resulted in 3% smaller estimates of density when compared to analysis with transect lengths determined from coordinates plotted on a map. Distance sampling appears to be a feasible method of estimating density of Sonoran Desert populations of the desert tortoise, but transect lengths should be based on mapped rather than measured distances to prevent biases caused by uneven topography. C1 Saguaro Natl Pk, Tucson, AZ 85730 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Sonoran Desert Field Stn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Swann, DE (reprint author), Saguaro Natl Pk, 3693 S Old Spanish Trail, Tucson, AZ 85730 USA. EM Don_Swann@nps.gov OI Averill-Murray, Roy/0000-0002-4424-2269 NR 29 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 969 EP 975 DI 10.2307/3802929 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800004 ER PT J AU Fletcher, RJ Koford, RR AF Fletcher, RJ Koford, RR TI Habitat and landscape associations of breeding birds in native and restored grasslands SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bird density; edge effects; grassland birds; habitat relationships; Iowa; landscape fragmentation; Prairie Pothole Region; restoration; tallgrass prairie ID CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM; AREA SENSITIVITY; NORTH-DAKOTA; ABUNDANCE; PRAIRIE; FIELDS; FRAGMENTATION; VEGETATION; SPARROWS; GRASSHOPPER AB In the midwestern United States, less than 1% of the original tallgrass prairie ecosystem remains. State and federal agencies have responded to this habitat loss with programs and land acquisition that have increased the amount of grassland on the landscape by restoring grassland from other land-Use practices. We assessed the effects of habitat restoration and the relative contribution of local habitat and landscape factors on breeding grassland birds in northern Iowa. During the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons, we Surveyed grassland birds in 10 tallgrass prairies and 10 restored grasslands that contained a wide diversity of habitat and landscape conditions. Densities of common bird species were similar between habitat types, except for grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), which were 4 and 9 times more dense in restored grasslands, respectively. Species richness of breeding birds was similar between habitat types. Habitat structure was different in prairies and restored grasslands; restored grasslands had 7% less total vegetation cover and 3% more bare ground. A nested, multiscale analysis indicated that habitat structure explained some variation in species richness and bird density of all common species, yet addition of landscape structure improved models for species richness and for density of 4 of 8 species considered, explaining an additional 10-29% of the variation. Edge-density metrics were the most common variables entering into landscape models; most species had lower densities in landscapes with high edge density. Our results indicate that restored grassland habitats contain bird communities generally similar to those in native prairie habitats in northern Iowa, suggesting that restored grasslands may provide similar habitat suitability for most grassland birds. In addition, both local habitat and landscape factors can be important for managing breeding grassland birds. C1 Iowa State Univ, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Fletcher, RJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Sci Hall 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rjfletch@iastate.edu OI Fletcher, Robert/0000-0003-1717-5707 NR 58 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 57 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1011 EP 1022 DI 10.2307/3802933 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800008 ER PT J AU Otis, DL AF Otis, DL TI Survival models for harvest management of mourning dove populations SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE annual survival; band recovery; compensatory mortality; harvest management; hunting mortality; mourning dove; Zenaida macroura ID RATES AB Quantitative models of the relationship between annual survival and harvest rate of migratory game-bird populations are essential to science-based harvest management strategies. I used the best available band-recovery, and harvest data for mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) to build a set of models based on different assumptions about compensatory harvest mortality. Although these models stiffer from lack of contemporary data, they can be used in development of an initial set of population models that synthesize existing demographic data on a management-unit scale, and serve as a tool for prioritization of population demographic information needs. Credible harvest management plans for mourning dove populations will require a long-term commitment to population monitoring and iterative population analysis. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Otis, DL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1052 EP 1063 DI 10.2307/3802937 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800012 ER PT J AU Ball, LC AF Ball, LC TI A strategy for describing and monitoring bat habitat SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Antrozous pallidus; cumulative impact; ecological neighborhood; Great Basin; Nevada; pallid bat; roost ID BIG-EARED BAT; BROWN BAT; EPTESICUS-FUSCUS; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY; INDIANA AB Bats use more features in the landscape than a hibernaculum or maternity roost, but management plans often are made without more information than this because it is time-consuming and costly to collect. This leads to management based on oversimplified bat ecology with no way of incorporating those knowledge gaps. Ecological neighborhoods are the space used by a single organism or a group of organisms during a time period of interest. I used information about the behavior of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) to create an ecological neighborhood for a colony in central Nevada and compared it to a neighborhood created with empirical data collected from the same individuals. I also present. a method for ranking the Conservation value of neighborhoods that incorporates ecology and differences in data quality. I demonstrated how to use ecological neighborhoods to identify potential conflicts in natural resource management, quantity habitat loss, and monitor cumulative impacts. C1 Univ Nevada, Biol Resources Res Ctr, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Ball, LC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 6010 Hidden Valley Rd, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. EM Lianne_Ball@r1.fws.gov NR 21 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1148 EP 1153 DI 10.2307/3802947 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800022 ER PT J AU Ricca, MA Anthony, RG Jackson, DH Wolfe, SA AF Ricca, MA Anthony, RG Jackson, DH Wolfe, SA TI Survival of Columbian white-tailed deer in western Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adult; Columbian white-tailed deer; endangered species; fawn; Kaplan-Meier; Odocoileus virginianus leucurus; Oregon; suburban; survival ID NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; MULE DEER; NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SEXUAL SEGREGATION; HABITAT SELECTION; MORTALITY-RATES; NEW-BRUNSWICK; SOUTH TEXAS AB Columbian white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus; CWTD) are an endangered Subspecies on which little demographic information exists. We determined survival rates and causes of mortality for 64 radiocollared adults from 1996 to 1998, and for 63 radiocollared neonatal fawns during the Summer and fall months of 1996-2001 in Douglas County, Oregon, USA. Annual adult survival rates averaged 0.74 over 3 years, and most mortality (73%) occurred between fall and winter. Seasonal survival was lowest (0.75) for the fall-winter 1997-1998, and was >0.90 during all spring-summer periods. Annual and seasonal survival rates did not differ by gender. Average annual survival was 0.77 for deer in wildland areas compared with 0.66 for deer in Suburban areas, but these differences were not consistent between years and seasons. Survival over the entire 3-year study was low (0.38). Eight deer died from a combination of emaciation and disease, and almost all (92%) necropsied deer were in poor body condition. Fawn survival to 7 months was low (0.14, 95% CI = 0.02-0.26) and declined most rapidly during the first 1.5 months of life. Predation (n = 21) and abandonment (n = 6) were the most frequent known causes of death for fawns. Our results suggest that CWTD may have responded to density-dependent factors during this short-term study, although the effects of other environmental or intrinsic factors cannot be ignored. Fawn survival may be insufficient to produce enough recruits for population growth and eventual range expansion. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. RP Ricca, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave,Kerr Hall Room 278, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mark_ricca@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1255 EP 1266 DI 10.2307/3802958 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800033 ER PT J AU Bothner, MH Casso, MA Rendigs, RR Lamothe, PJ AF Bothner, MH Casso, MA Rendigs, RR Lamothe, PJ TI The effect of the new Massachusetts Bay sewage outfall on the concentrations of metals and bacterial spores in nearby bottom and suspended sediments SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE sewage; outfall; metals; sediment; suspended particulate matter; Massachusetts Bay ID CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS AB Since the new outfall for Boston's treated sewage effluent began operation on September 6, 2000, no change has been observed in concentrations of silver or Clostridium perfringens spores (an ecologically benign tracer of sewage), in bottom sediments at a site 2.5 km west of the outfall. In suspended sediment samples collected with a time-series sediment trap located 1.3 km south of the outfall, silver and C. perfringens spores increased by 38% and 103%, respectively, in post-outfall samples while chromium, copper. and zinc showed no change. All metal concentrations in sediments are <50% of warning levels established by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. An 11-year data set of bottom sediment characteristics collected three times per year prior to outfall startup provides perspective for the interpretation of post-outfall data. A greater than twofold increase in concentrations of sewage tracers (silver and C. perfringens) was observed in muddy sediments following the exceptional storm of December 11-16, 1992 that presumably moved contaminated inshore sediment offshore. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mbothner@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1063 EP 1070 AR PII S0025-326X(02)00158-3 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00158-3 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 616GW UT WOS:000179296900021 PM 12474967 ER PT J AU Leach, DL Bradley, D Lewchuk, M Symons, DTA Premo, W Brannon, J de Marsily, G AF Leach, DL Bradley, D Lewchuk, M Symons, DTA Premo, W Brannon, J de Marsily, G TI Reply to Discussion on "Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research" by S.E. Kesler and C.W. Carrigan (2001) Mineralium Deposita 36 : 711-740 SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Editorial Material DE age-dating research; lead-zinc deposits; Mississippi Valley; reply ID ORE-DEPOSITS; REMAGNETIZATION; SPHALERITES; TENNESSEE; GENESIS; FLOW C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Sarkeys Energy Ctr 810, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Geol Appl, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Leach, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 8 BP 803 EP 805 DI 10.1007/s00126-002-0292-5 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 611QW UT WOS:000179030100013 ER PT J AU Manley, DG Radke, WR AF Manley, DG Radke, WR TI Synonymy of Dasymutilla sicheliana (Saussure) (Hymenoptera : Mutillidae) SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Insecta; Hymenoptera; Mutillidae; Dasymutilla sicheliana; Dasymutilla intermixta; Dasymutilla thalia; synonymy ID FOX HYMENOPTERA AB Dasymutilla sicheliana (Saussure) and D. thera (Cameron) have been known from females only, and were synonymized by Mickel in 1965. Dasymutilla intermixta Mickel and D. thalia (Cameron) have been known from males only. Examination of the holotypes and long series of specimens of both has shown these males to be the same species. Pitfall trap collections of both males and females at the Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge near Douglas, Arizona, as well as collection data from specimens collected in both the United States and Mexico, have led to the conclusion that these are male and female of the same species. The name D. sicheliana has precedence. A complete synonymy is included. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Enteroviruses, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Bernardino Leslie Canyon Natl Wildlife Refuge, Douglas, AZ 85608 USA. RP Manley, DG (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Enteroviruses, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, 2200 Pocket Rd, Florence, SC 29506 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 78 IS 4 BP 230 EP 234 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 655EN UT WOS:000181538500002 ER PT J AU Loveland, TR Sohl, TL Stehman, SV Gallant, AL Sayler, KL Napton, DE AF Loveland, TR Sohl, TL Stehman, SV Gallant, AL Sayler, KL Napton, DE TI A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; IMPACT AB Information on the rates of land-use and land-cover change is important in addressing issues ranging from the health of aquatic resources to climate change. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information on land-use and land-cover change except at very local levels. We describe a strategy for estimating land-cover change across the conterminous United States over the past 30 years. Change rates are estimated for 84 ecoregions using a sampling procedure and five dates of Landsat imagery. We have applied this methodology to six eastern U.S. ecoregions. Results show very high rates of change in the Plains ecoregions, high to moderate rates in the Piedmont ecoregions, and moderate to low rates in the Appalachian ecoregions. This indicates that ecoregions are appropriate strata for capturing unique patterns of land-cover change. The results of the study are being applied as we undertake the mapping of the rest of the conterminous United States. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EROS Data Ctr, USGS, ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD USA. SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Geog, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Loveland, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Sohl, Terry/0000-0002-9771-4231 NR 36 TC 143 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 1091 EP 1099 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 599MM UT WOS:000178338800016 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Bohlke, JK De Bievre, P Ding, T Holden, NE Hopple, JA Krouse, HR Lamberty, A Peiser, HS Revesz, K Rieder, SE Rosman, KJR Roth, E Taylor, PDP Vocke, RD Xiao, YK AF Coplen, TB Bohlke, JK De Bievre, P Ding, T Holden, NE Hopple, JA Krouse, HR Lamberty, A Peiser, HS Revesz, K Rieder, SE Rosman, KJR Roth, E Taylor, PDP Vocke, RD Xiao, YK TI Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements - (IUPAC Technical Report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; ATOMIC-WEIGHT; REFERENCE SAMPLE; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE ABUNDANCE; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; NATURAL VARIATIONS; CALCIUM ISOTOPES; FORMATION WATERS AB Documented variations in the isotopic compositions of some chemical elements are responsible for expanded uncertainties in the standard atomic weights published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This report summarizes reported variations in the isotopic compositions of 20 elements that are due to physical and chemical fractionation processes (not due to radioactive decay) and their effects on the standard atomic-weight uncertainties. For 11 of those elements (hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and selenium), standard atomic-weight uncertainties have been assigned values that are substantially larger than analytical uncertainties because of common isotope-abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin. For 2 elements (chromium and thallium), recently reported isotope-abundance variations potentially are large enough to result in future expansion of their atomic-weight uncertainties. For 7 elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium), documented isotope variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin are too small to have a significant effect on their standard atomic-weight uncertainties. This compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Deposits, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, WA 6001, Australia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sinica, Qinghai Inst Salt Lakes, Xining 810008, Qinghai, Peoples R China. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tbcoplen@usgs.gov RI Shrestha, Yesha/N-8890-2014 NR 140 TC 229 Z9 242 U1 7 U2 58 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 74 IS 10 BP 1987 EP 2017 DI 10.1351/pac200274101987 PG 31 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 623YL UT WOS:000179732500017 ER PT J AU Reese, HM Lillesand, TM Nagel, DE Stewart, JS Goldmann, RA Simmons, TE Chipman, JW Tessar, PA AF Reese, HM Lillesand, TM Nagel, DE Stewart, JS Goldmann, RA Simmons, TE Chipman, JW Tessar, PA TI Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data - A retrospective of the WISCLAND project SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID IMAGERY; CLASSIFICATION AB Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were the basis in production of a statewide land cover data set for Wisconsin, undertaken in partnership with U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Gap Analysis Program (GAP). The data set contained seven classes comparable to Anderson Level I and 24 classes comparable to Anderson Level II/III. Twelve scenes of dual-date TM data were processed with methods that included principal components analysis, stratification into spectrally consistent units, separate classification of upland, wetland, and urban areas, and/a hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification called "guided clustering." The final data had overall accuracies of 94% for Anderson Level I upland classes, 77% for Level II/III upland classes, and 84% for Level II/III wetland classes. Classification accuracies for deciduous and coniferous forest were 95% and 93%, respectively, and forest species' overall accuracies ranged from 70% to 84%. Limited availability of acceptable imagery necessitated use of an early May date in a majority of scene pairs, perhaps contributing to lower accuracy for upland deciduous forest species, The mixed deciduous/coniferous forest class had the lowest accuracy, most likely due to distinctly classifying a purely mixed class. Mixed forest signatures containing oak were often confused with pure oak. Guided clustering was seen as an efficient classification method, especially at the tree species level, although its success relied in part on image dates, accurate ground truth, and some analyst intervention. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Geo Serv Sect, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Remote Sensing, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI USA. RP Reese, HM (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Resource Management & Geomat, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. RI Reese, Heather/B-5719-2008 OI Reese, Heather/0000-0003-2128-7787 NR 40 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 224 EP 237 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00039-1 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 595TA UT WOS:000178123800005 ER PT J AU Liao, T Mayne, PW Tuttle, MP Schweig, ES Van Arsdale, RB AF Liao, T Mayne, PW Tuttle, MP Schweig, ES Van Arsdale, RB TI CPT site characterization for seismic hazards in the New Madrid seismic zone SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake engineering (SDEE 01) CY OCT 07-10, 2001 CL DREXEL UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA HO DREXEL UNIV DE cone-penetration test; in situ tests; site characterization; liquefaction; paleoliquefaction; porewater pressures; seismic hazard; shear waves ID CONE PENETRATION TEST; SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY; LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE; EARTHQUAKES; SOILS AB A series of cone penetration tests (CPTs) were conducted in the vicinity of the New Madrid seismic zone in central USA for quantifying seismic hazards, obtaining geotechnical soil properties, and conducting studies at liquefaction sites related to the 1811-1812 and prehistoric New Madrid earthquakes. The seismic piezocone provides four independent measurements for delineating the stratigraphy, liquefaction potential, and site amplification parameters. At the same location, two independent assessments of soil liquefaction susceptibility can be made using both the normalized tip resistance (q(clN)) and shear wave velocity (V-sl). In lieu-of traditional deterministic approaches, the CPT data can be processed using probability curves to assess the level and likelihood of future liquefaction occurrence. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. M Tuttle & Associates, Georgetown, ME 04548 USA. US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Earth Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Liao, T (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 790 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 22 IS 9-12 BP 943 EP 950 AR PII S0267-7261(02)00118-5 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00118-5 PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 628PG UT WOS:000180004500025 ER PT J AU Sherrod, SK Belnap, J Miller, ME AF Sherrod, SK Belnap, J Miller, ME TI Comparison of methods for nutrient measurement in calcareous soils: Ion-exchange resin bag, capsule, membrane, and chemical extractions SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil nutrient extraction; ion-exchange resin bags; capsules; membranes; chemical extraction; calcareous soils ID NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; TEMPERATURE; CATIONS AB Four methods for measuring quantities of 12 plant-available nutrients were compared using three sandy soils in a series of three experiments. Three of the methods use different ion-exchange resin forms-bags, capsules, and membranes-and the fourth was conventional chemical extraction. The first experiment compared nutrient extraction data from a medium of sand saturated with a nutrient solution. The second and third experiments used Nakai and Sheppard series soils from Canyonlands National Park, which are relatively high in soil carbonates. The second experiment compared nutrient extraction data provided by the four methods from soils equilibrated at two temperatures, "warm" and "cold." The third experiment extracted nutrients from the same soils in a field equilibration. Our results show that the four extraction techniques are not comparable. This conclusion is due to differences among the methods in the net quantities of nutrients extracted from equivalent soil volumes, in the proportional representation of nutrients within similar soils and treatments, in the measurement of nutrients that were added in known quantities, and even in the order of nutrients ranked by net abundance. We attribute the disparities in nutrient measurement among the different resin forms to interacting effects of the inherent differences in resin exchange capacity, differences among nutrients in their resin affinities, and possibly the relatively short equilibration time for laboratory trials. One constraint for measuring carbonate-related nutrients in high-carbonate soils is the conventional ammonium acetate extraction method, which we suspect of dissolving fine CaCO3 particles that are more abundant in Nakai series soils, resulting in erroneously high Ca2+ estimates. For study of plant-available nutrients, it is important to identify the nutrients of foremost interest and understand differences in their resin sorption dynamics to determine the most appropriate extraction method. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Denver, CO 80210 USA. Bur Land Management, Grand Staircase Escalante Natl Monument, Kanab, UT 84741 USA. RP Sherrod, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 24 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 167 IS 10 BP 666 EP 679 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000034852.98442.be PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 605UH UT WOS:000178695100005 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA AF Kvenvolden, KA TI Methane hydrate in the global organic carbon cycle SO TERRA NOVA LA English DT Article ID GAS HYDRATE; DISSOCIATION; DESTABILIZATION; BLAST; PAST AB The global occurrence of methane hydrate in outer continental margins and in polar regions, and the magnitude of the amount of methane sequestered in methane hydrate suggest that methane hydrate is an important component in the global organic carbon cycle. Various versions of this cycle have emphasized the importance of methane hydrate, and in the latest version the role of methane hydrate is considered to be analogous to the workings of an electrical circuit. In this circuit the methane hydrate is a condenser and the consequences of methane hydrate dissociation are depicted as a resistor and inductor, reflecting temperature change and changes in earth surface history. These consequences may have implications for global change including global climate change. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kvenvolden, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 37 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0954-4879 J9 TERRA NOVA JI Terr. Nova PD OCT PY 2002 VL 14 IS 5 BP 302 EP 306 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00414.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609BT UT WOS:000178883300002 ER PT J AU Schlaepfer, MA Runge, MC Sherman, PW AF Schlaepfer, MA Runge, MC Sherman, PW TI Ecological and evolutionary traps SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; HABITAT; SUCCESS; DENSITY; CONSEQUENCES; SELECTION; LANDSCAPE; PREDATION; OBESITY; BIRDS AB Organisms often rely on environmental cues to make behavioral and life-history decisions. However, in environments that have been altered suddenly by humans, formerly reliable cues might no longer be associated with adaptive outcomes. In such cases, organisms can become 'trapped' by their evolutionary responses to the cues and experience reduced survival or reproduction. Ecological traps occur when organisms make poor habitat choices based on cues that correlated formerly with habitat quality. Ecological traps are part of a broader phenomenon, evolutionary traps, involving a dissociation between cues that organisms use to make any behavioral or life-history decision and outcomes normally associated with that decision. A trap can lead to extinction if a population falls below a critical size threshold before adaptation to the novel environment occurs. Conservation and management protocols must be designed in light of, rather than in spite of, the behavioral mechanisms and evolutionary history of populations and species to avoid 'trapping' them. C1 Cornell Univ, Field Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Schlaepfer, MA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Field Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 57 TC 546 Z9 560 U1 51 U2 321 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 10 BP 474 EP 480 AR PII S0169-5347(02)02580-6 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02580-6 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 594WW UT WOS:000178075900011 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Macroscale water fluxes - 1. Quantifying errors in the estimation of basin mean precipitation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE error; sampling; topography; interpolation ID SURFACE RADIATION; NETWORKS AB [1] Developments in analysis and modeling of continental water and energy balances are hindered by the limited availability and quality of observational data. The lack of information on error characteristics of basin water supply is an especially serious limitation. Here we describe the development and testing of methods for quantifying several errors in basin mean precipitation, both in the long-term mean and in the monthly and annual anomalies. To quantify errors in the long-term mean, two error indices are developed and tested with positive results. The first provides an estimate of the variance of the spatial sampling error of long-term basin mean precipitation obtained from a gauge network, in the absence of orographic effects; this estimate is obtained by use only of the gauge records. The second gives a simple estimate of the basin mean orographic bias as a function of the topographic structure of the basin and the locations of gauges therein. Neither index requires restrictive statistical assumptions (such as spatial homogeneity) about the precipitation process. Adjustments of precipitation for gauge bias and estimates of the adjustment errors are made by applying results of a previous study. Additionally, standard correlation-based methods are applied for the quantification of spatial sampling errors in the estimation of monthly and annual values of basin mean precipitation. These methods also perform well, as indicated by network subsampling tests in densely gauged basins. The methods are developed and applied with data for 175 large (median area of 51,000 km(2)) river basins of the world for which contemporaneous, continuous (missing fewer than 2% of data values), long-term (median record length of 54 years) river discharge records are also available. Spatial coverage of the resulting river basin data set is greatest in the middle latitudes, though many basins are located in the tropics and the high latitudes, and the data set spans the major climatic and vegetation zones of the world. This new data set can be applied in diagnostic and theoretical studies of water balance of large basins and in the evaluation of performance of global models of land water balance. C1 US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 10 AR 1205 DI 10.1029/2001WR000759 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637PJ UT WOS:000180521100023 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Macroscale water fluxes - 2. Water and energy supply control of their interannual variability SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water balance; interannual variability; runoff; radiation ID CLIMATE CHANGE AB [1] Controls on interannual variations in water and energy balances of large river basins (10,000 km(2) and greater) are evaluated in the framework of the semiempirical relation (E) over bar/(P) over bar [1 + ((R) over bar/(P) over bar)(-nu)](-1/nu) in which and E, P, and R are basin mean values of annual evaporation, precipitation, and surface net radiation, respectively, expressed as equivalent evaporative water flux, overbars denote long-term means, and nu is a parameter. Precipitation is interpolated from gauges; evaporation is taken as the difference between precipitation and runoff, with the latter determined from basin discharge measurements and a simple storage-delay model; and radiation is based on a recent analysis in which 8 years of satellite observations were assimilated into radiative transfer models. Objective estimates of precipitation errors are considered; results suggest that past estimates of nu may have been biased by systematic errors in estimates of precipitation. Under the assumption that the semiempirical relation applies also to annual values, long-term mean observations are sufficient to predict the sensitivity of annual runoff to fluctuations in precipitation or net radiation. Additionally, an apparent sensitivity of runoff to precipitation can be inferred from the observations by linear regression. This apparent sensitivity is generally in good agreement with the predicted sensitivity. In particular, the apparent sensitivity increases with decreasing basin (R) over bar/(P) over bar; however, slightly excessive apparent sensitivity (relative to the prediction) is found in humid basins of the middle latitudes. This finding suggests a negative correlation between precipitation and net radiation: the increase in runoff caused by a positive precipitation anomaly is amplified by an accompanying decrease in surface net radiation, possibly induced by increased cloud cover. The inferred sensitivity of radiation (water flux equivalent) to precipitation is on the order of -0.1. Such a value is supported by independent direct analysis of annual precipitation and radiation data. The fraction of interannual variance in runoff explained by the annual precipitation anomaly (including any correlative influence of net radiation) varies systematically with climatic aridity, approaching unity in humid basins and falling to 40-80% in very arid basins. We conclude that the influence of seasonality of the precipitation anomaly on annual runoff is negligible under humid conditions, though it may be significant under arid conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 10 TC 105 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 10 AR 1206 DI 10.1029/2001WR000760 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637PJ UT WOS:000180521100024 ER PT J AU Nimmo, JR Deason, JA Izbicki, JA Martin, P AF Nimmo, JR Deason, JA Izbicki, JA Martin, P TI Evaluation of unsaturated zone water fluxes in heterogeneous alluvium at a Mojave Basin Site SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE unsaturated zone; vadose zone; recharge; flux measurement; stratification; Darcian flow ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; FIELD; SOIL AB [1] Vertical and horizontal water fluxes in the unsaturated zone near intermittent streams critically affect ecosystems, water supply, and contaminant transport in arid and semiarid regions. The subsurface near the Oro Grande Wash is typical in having great textural diversity, pronounced layer contrasts, and extremely low hydraulic conductivities associated with nearly dry media. These features prevent a straightforward application of the Darcian method for recharge estimation, which has provided high-quality flux estimates at simpler, wetter sites. We have augmented the basic Darcian method with theoretical developments such that a small number of core sample unsaturated hydraulic property measurements, combined with additional, easily obtained data (e. g., drillers' logs) can provide useful flux estimates and knowledge of two-dimensional water behavior beneath the wash. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Nimmo, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-421,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 10 AR 1215 DI 10.1029/2001WR000735 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637PJ UT WOS:000180521100033 ER PT J AU Jackson, ST Lyford, ME Betancourt, JL AF Jackson, ST Lyford, ME Betancourt, JL TI A 4000-year record of woodland vegetation from Wind River Canyon, central Wyoming SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE juniper woodlands; vegetation history; woodrat middens; central Wyoming; natural invasions; late Holocene AB Plant macrofossil analyses of 16 radiocarbon-dated woodrat middens spanning the past 4000 years from the Wind River Canyon region in central Wyoming provide information concerning late Holocene development of juniper woodlands, The study sites are currently dominated by Juniperus osteosperma, with J. scopulorum present locally. Woodlands in the region were dominated by J. scopulorum from ca 4000 yr BP until at least 2800 yr BR Juniperus osteosperma invaded and expanded before 2000 yr BR This expansion fits a regional pattern of J. osteosperma colonization and expansion in north central Wyoming during a relatively dry period between 2800 and 1000 yr BP At the time the Wind River Canyon region was colonized by J. osteosperma, the species had populations 50-100 km to both the north and south. Long-distance seed dispersal was required for establishment in the study area. Genetic studies are necessary to identify source populations and regions. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Jackson, ST (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Aven Nelson Bldg, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 62 IS 4 BP 405 EP 413 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 613LM UT WOS:000179133800002 ER PT J AU Conroy, MJ Miller, MW Hines, JE AF Conroy, MJ Miller, MW Hines, JE TI Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE adaptive harvest management; American black duck; Anas platyrhynchos; A. rubripes; estimation; harvest; mallard; modeling; waterfowl ID SYMPATRIC FEMALE MALLARDS; ANAS-RUBRIPES; HABITAT USE; INCREASING MALLARDS; CENTRAL ONTARIO; RECOVERY RATES; SURVIVAL RATES; CHESAPEAKE BAY; NOVA-SCOTIA; FORESTED ENVIRONMENT AB We reviewed the literature on factors potentially affecting the population status of American black ducks (Anas rupribes). Our review suggests that there is some support for the influence of 4 major, continental-scope factors in limiting or regulating black duck populations: 1) loss in the quantity or quality of breeding habitats; 2) loss in the quantity or quality of wintering habitats; 3) harvest, and 4) interactions (competition, hybridization) with mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) during the breeding and/or wintering periods. These factors were used as the basis of an annual life cycle model in which reproduction rates and survival rates were modeled as functions of the above factors, with parameters of the model describing the strength of these relationships. Variation in the model parameter values allows for consideration of scientific uncertainty as to the degree each of these factors may be contributing to declines in black duck populations, and thus allows for the investigation of the possible effects of management (e.g., habitat improvement, harvest reductions) under different assumptions. We then used available, historical data on black duck populations (abundance, annual reproduction rates, and survival rates) and possible driving factors (trends in breeding and wintering habitats, harvest rates, and abundance of mallards). to estimate model parameters. Our estimated reproduction submodel included parameters describing negative density feedback of black ducks, positive influence of breeding habitat, and negative influence of mallard densities; our survival submodel included terms for positive influence of winter habitat on reproduction rates, and negative influences of black duck density (i.e., compensation to harvest mortality). Individual models within each group (reproduction, survival) involved various combinations of these factors, and each was given an information theoretic weight for use in subsequent prediction. The reproduction model with highest AIC weight (0.70) predicted black duck age ratios increasing as a function of decreasing mallard abundance and increasing acreage of breeding habitat; all models considered involved negative density dependence for black ducks. The survival model with highest AIC weight (0.51) predicted nonharvest survival increasing as a function of increasing acreage of wintering habitat and decreasing harvest rates (additive mortality); models involving compensatory mortality effects received approximate to0.12 total weight, vs. 0.88 for additive models. We used the combined model, together with our historical data set, to perform a series of 1-year population forecasts, similar to those that might be performed under adaptive management. Initial model forecasts over-predicted observed breeding populations by approximate to25%. Least-squares calibration reduced the bias to 0.5% under prediction. After calibration, model-averaged predictions over the 16 alternative models (4 reproduction x 4 survival, weighted by AIC model weights) explained 67% of the variation in annual breeding population abundance for black ducks, suggesting that it might have utility as a predictive tool in adaptive management. We investigated the effects of statistical uncertainty in parameter values on predicted population growth rates for the combined annual model, via sensitivity analyses. Parameter sensitivity varied in relation to the parameter values over the estimated confidence intervals, and in relation to harvest rates and mallard abundance. Forecasts of black duck abundance were extremely sensitive to variation in parameter values for the coefficients for breeding and wintering habitat effects. Model-averaged forecasts of black duck abundance were also sensitive to changes in harvest rate and mallard abundance, with rapid declines in black duck abundance predicted for a range of harvest rates and mallard abundance higher than current levels of either factor, but easily envisaged, particularly given current rates of growth for mallard populations. Because of concerns about sensitivity to habitat coefficients, and particularly in light of deficiencies in the historical data used to estimate these parameters, we developed a simplified model that excludes habitat effects. We also developed alternative models involving a calibration adjustment for reproduction rates, survival rates, or neither. Calibration of survival rates performed best (AIC weight 0.59, % BIAS = -0.280, R(2) = 0.679), with reproduction calibration somewhat inferior (AIC weight 0.41, % BIAS = -0.267, R(2) = 0.672); models without calibration received virtually no AIC weight and were discarded. We recommend that the simplified model set (4 biological models x 2 alternative calibration factors) be retained as the best working set of alternative models for research and management. Finally, we provide some preliminary guidance for the development of adaptive harvest management for black ducks, using our working set of models. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Conroy, MJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM conroy@smokey.forestry.uga.edu RI Miller, Mark/F-6284-2015 OI Miller, Mark/0000-0003-4211-1393 NR 211 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD OCT PY 2002 IS 150 BP 1 EP 64 PG 64 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 653RT UT WOS:000181451400001 ER PT J AU Forsman, ED Anthony, RG Reid, JA Loschl, PJ Sovern, SG Taylor, M Biswell, BL Ellingson, A Meslow, EC Miller, GS Swindle, KA Thrailkill, JA Wagner, FF Seaman, DE AF Forsman, ED Anthony, RG Reid, JA Loschl, PJ Sovern, SG Taylor, M Biswell, BL Ellingson, A Meslow, EC Miller, GS Swindle, KA Thrailkill, JA Wagner, FF Seaman, DE TI Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE banding; dispersal; inbreeding; mortality; northern spotted owl; Oregon; predation; radiotelemetry; Strix occidentalis caurina; Washington ID GREAT HORNED OWLS; STRIX-OCCIDENTALIS-CAURINA; INBREEDING AVOIDANCE; TENGMALMS OWL; TERRITORY QUALITY; POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; HABITAT SELECTION; AEGOLIUS-FUNEREUS; ACORN WOODPECKER AB We studied the dispersal behavior of 1,475 northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during banding and radio-telemetry studies in Oregon and Washington in 1985-1996. The sample included 324 radio-marked juveniles and 1,151 banded individuals (711 juveniles, 440 non-juveniles) that were recaptured or resighted after dispersing from file initial banding location. Juveniles typically left the nest during the last week in May and the first two weeks in June ((x) over bar +/- SE = 8 June +/- 0,53 days, n = 320, range = 15 May-1 July). and spent an average of 103.7 days in the natal territory after leaving the nest (SE = 0.986 days, n = 137, range = 76-147 days). The estimated mean date that juveniles began to disperse was 19 September in Oregon (95% CI = 17-21 September) and 30 September in Washington (95% CI = 25 September-4 October). Mean dispersal dates did not differ between males and females or among years. Siblings dispersed independently. Dispersal was typically initiated with a series of rapid movements away from the natal site during file first few days or weeks of dispersal, Thereafter, most juveniles settled into temporary home ranges in late October or November and remained there for several months, In February-April there was a second pulse of dispersal activity, with many owls moving considerable distances before Scaling again in their second summer, Subsequent dispersal patterns were highly variable, with Some individuals settling permanently in their second summer and others occupying a series of temporary home ranges before eventually settling on territories,when they were 2-5 years old. Final dispersal distances ranged from 0.6-111.2 km for handed juveniles arid 1,8-103.5 km for radio-marked juveniles. The distribution of dispersal distances was strongly skewed towards shorter distances, with only 8.7% of individuals dispersing more than 50 km. Median natal dispersal distances were 14,6 kin for banded malus. 13.5 kill for radio-marked males, 24.5 km for banded females, and 22.9 km for radio-marked females. On average, banded males and females Settled within 4.2 and 7.0 territory widths of their natal sites, respectively. Maximum and final dispersal distances were largely independent of the number of days that juveniles were tracked, Although statistical tests of dispersal direction based on all owls indicated that direction of natal dispersal was non-random, the mean angular deviations and 95% CI's associated with the samples were large, and r-values (vector length) were small. This lead us to conclude that significant test results were the result of large sample size and were not biologically meaningful. Our samples were not large enough to test whether dispersal direction from individual territories was random. In the sample of radio-marked owls, 22% of males and 44% of females were paired at I year of age, but only 1.5% of males arid 1.6% of females were actually breeding at I year of age. At 2 years of age, 68% of males and 77% of females were paired. but only 5.4% of males and 2.6% of females were breeding. In contrast to the radio-marked owls, most juveniles that were banded and relocated at I or 2 scars of age were paired, although few were breeding. Although recruitment into the territorial population typically occurred when owls were 1-5 years old, 9% of handed juveniles were not recaptured until they were >5 years old. We suspect that our estimates of age at recruitment of banded owls are biased high because of the likelihood that some individuals were not recaptured in the first year that they entered the territorial population. A minimum of 6% of the banded, non-juvenile owls on our demographic study areas changed territories each year (breeding dispersal), The likelihood of breeding dispersal was higher for females, young owls, owls that did not have a mate in the previous year, and owls that lost their Mate from the previous year through death or divorce. Mean and median distances dispersed by adults were shorter than for juveniles and did not differ between the sexes or study areas ((x) over bar = 6.1 km median = 15 km). Owls that were 1-2 years old tended to disperse father than owls that were >2 years old, The direction of post-natal dispersal did not differ from random. The large nonforested valleys of western Oregon (Willamette, Umpqua, Rogue Valleys) acted as barriers to dispersal between the Coast Ranges and the Cascade Mountains. However, dispersal did occur between the Coast Ranges and Cascade Mountains in the forested foothills be between the non-forested valleys. Forest landscapes traversed by dispersing owls typically included a fragmented mosaic of roads, clear-cuts, non-forest areas, and a variety of forest age classes ranging from young forests on cutower areas, to old-growth forests greater than or equal to250 years old. Our data fit the general pattern observed in birds in that females dispersed farther than males and dispersal distances were negatively skewed towards short distance dispersers. Comparison of data from radio-marked arid banded owls demonstrated that the negatively skewed distribution of dispersal distances represented the actual distribution of dispersal distances, arid was not the result of small study area bias on recaptures. We found no correlation between dispersal distance and age at first breeding, which suggests that reproductive fitness is not affected by dispersal distance. We observed only 3 cases of close inbreeding (parent-offspring or sibling pairs) in thousands of pairs of spotted owls, suggesting that dispersal results in a very low incidence of close inbreeding in the spotted owl. However, Inbreeding with more distant relatives was common. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Roseburg Field Stn, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Cle Elum Field Stn, Cle Elum, WA 98922 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olympic Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Forsman, ED (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 148 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 7 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD OCT PY 2002 IS 149 BP 1 EP + PG 36 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 654AW UT WOS:000181471100001 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ Holley, KM Buhl, KJ Bullard, FA Weston, LK McDonald, SF AF Hamilton, SJ Holley, KM Buhl, KJ Bullard, FA Weston, LK McDonald, SF TI Toxicity of selenium and other elements in food organisms to razorback sucker larvae SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE razorback sucker; Colorado River; endangered fish; selenium; trace elements; survival; growth ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; BLUEGILLS LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; JUVENILE RAINBOW-TROUT; MIDDLE GREEN-RIVER; DIETARY SELENIUM; XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; WATERBORNE SELENIUM; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; CHINOOK SALMON AB Elevated selenium concentrations documented in water, sediment, and biota in irrigation drain water studies by U.S. Department of the Interior agencies and academia have raised concerns that selenium may be adversely affecting endangered fish in the upper Colorado River basin. The objective of the study was to determine the effects on endangered razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) larvae from exposure to selenium and other trace elements in water and zooplankton collected from sites adjacent to the Colorado River near Grand Junction, CO. A 30-day study was initiated with 5-day-old larvae exposed in a 4 x 4 factor experiment with four food and four water treatments, and the biological endpoints measured were survival, growth, development, and whole-body residues of selenium. Mean selenium concentration in reference water (24-Road) was < 0.7 mug/l, in reference food (brine shrimp) was 3.2 mug/g, at Horsethief was 1.6 mug/l in water and 6.0 mug/g in zooplankton, at Adobe Creek was 3.4 mug/l in water and 32 mug/g in zooplankton, and at Walter Walker was 13 mug/l in water and 52 mug/g in zooplankton. Although there were differences in concentrations of inorganic elements in water and biota among the three sites, selenium was apparently the only element elevated to concentrations of concern. Effects on survival were more prominent from dietary exposure compared to waterborne exposure. Selenium concentrations of greater than or equal to4.6 mug/g in food organisms adversely affected the survival of razorback sucker larvae. The onset of mortality in larvae exposed to food and water from Walter Walker seemed delayed compared to mortality in larvae exposed to food and water from Horsethief, which has been observed in two other studies. Elevated arsenic in one food source seemed to interact with selenium to reduce the toxic effects of selenium. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, Biol Resources Div, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, Biol Resources Div, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 108 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD SEP 24 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 3-4 BP 253 EP 281 AR PII S0166-445X(01)00257-0 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00257-0 PG 29 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 585BQ UT WOS:000177503600010 PM 12127741 ER PT J AU St-Hilaire, S Ribble, CS Stephen, C Anderson, E Kurath, G Kent, ML AF St-Hilaire, S Ribble, CS Stephen, C Anderson, E Kurath, G Kent, ML TI Epidemiological investigation of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in salt water net-pen reared Atlantic salmon in British Columbia, Canada SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE infectious hematopoictic necrosis (IHN virus); farmed Atlantic salmon; surveillance; outbreak investigation ID AMPLIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; DIVERSITY; PATHOGENS; FISH AB An epidemiological study of infectious hematopoietic necrosis viral disease (IHN) in farmed Atlantic salmon in British Columbia was conducted to better understand the management of this disease. The study consisted of a descriptive retrospective investigation of 18 IHN outbreaks on farms between 1992 and 1996, and a prospective surveillance program for the viral disease, after an area management plan was implemented to reduce the viral load around farms and farm-to-farm spread of the virus. The crude cumulative mortality associated with IHNV in Atlantic salmon was high (average 47%), and outbreaks lasted 5.8 months on average. On the two farms where the virus was detected during the surveillance program, IHNV was confirmed in all pens within 1 month. On two of three sites where fish were kept on farms after the initial disease outbreak subsided, IHN reoccurred within 30 weeks. The presentation of IHNV on farms, the spatial and temporal patterns of the outbreaks between 1992 and 1996, and the genetic similarity between isolates collected from nine outbreaks spanning a 5-year period, all supported the plausibility of farm-to-farm spread of the virus. Furthermore, the marked decrease in the incidence rate of IHN in fanned Atlantic salmon after the implementation of an area-based management plan aimed at reducing farm-to-farm spread of the virus also supported this hypothesis. Although the source of IHNV for the index case was not determined in this study, secondary spread of the virus between farms via management practices, such as movement of fish, co-habiting naive fish with survivors of the viral disease, and movement of equipment, likely accounted for some farm outbreaks. This suggested that many cases of IHN may be preventable using good on-farm biosecurity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC G0L 1H0, Canada. Ctr Coastal Hlth, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP St-Hilaire, S (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD SEP 23 PY 2002 VL 212 IS 1-4 BP 49 EP 67 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00201-6 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00201-6 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 593YT UT WOS:000178022600005 ER PT J AU Stein, RS AF Stein, RS TI Earth science: Parkfield's unfulfilled promise SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stein, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 19 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6904 BP 257 EP 258 DI 10.1038/419257a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 594NH UT WOS:000178056300027 PM 12239548 ER PT J AU Burgisser, A Bergantz, GW AF Burgisser, A Bergantz, GW TI Reconciling pyroclastic flow and surge: the multiphase physics of pyroclastic density currents SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE density currents; pyroclastic surges; pyroclastic flows; turbulence ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; 2-DIMENSIONAL MIXING LAYERS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; TAUPO IGNIMBRITE; HEAVY-PARTICLES; LAACHER SEE; ASH FLOWS; EMPLACEMENT; TURBULENCE; VOLCANO AB Two end-member types of pyroclastic density current are commonly recognized: pyroclastic surges are dilute currents in which particles are carried in turbulent suspension and pyroclastic flows are highly concentrated flows. We provide scaling relations that unify these end-members and derive a segregation mechanism into basal concentrated flow and overriding dilute cloud based on the Stokes number (S-T), the stability factor (Sigma(T)) and the dense-dilute condition (D-D). We recognize five types of particle behaviors within a fluid eddy as a function of S-T and Sigma(T): (1) particles sediment from the eddy, (2) particles are preferentially settled out during the downward motion of the eddy, but can be carried during its upward motion, (3) particles concentrate on the periphery of the eddy, (4) particles settling can be delayed or 'fast-tracked' as a function of the eddy spatial distribution, and (5) particles remain homogeneously distributed within the eddy. We extend these concepts to a fully turbulent flow by using a prototype of kinetic energy distribution within a full eddy spectrum and demonstrate that the presence of different particle sizes leads to the density stratification of the current. This stratification may favor particle interactions in the basal part of the flow and D-D determines whether the flow is dense or dilute. Using only intrinsic characteristics of the current, our model explains the discontinuous features between pyroclastic flows and surges while conserving the concept of a continuous spectrum of density currents. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Burgisser, A (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 52 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 202 IS 2 BP 405 EP 418 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00789-6 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00789-6 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 597MY UT WOS:000178226400016 ER PT J AU Koplin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT AF Koplin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT TI Response to comment on "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID WATER C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Koplin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 18 BP 4004 EP 4004 AR UNSP ES0201350 DI 10.1021/es0201350 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593WC UT WOS:000178016600018 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT AF Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT TI Response to Comment on,"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID MUNICIPAL C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 5 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 80 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 18 BP 4007 EP 4008 AR UNSP ES020136S DI 10.1021/es020136s PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593WC UT WOS:000178016600020 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Masterlark, T Power, J Dzurisin, D Wicks, C AF Lu, Z Masterlark, T Power, J Dzurisin, D Wicks, C TI Subsidence at Kiska Volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; TOPOGRAPHY; ETNA AB [1] Sequential interferometric synthetic aperture radar images of Kiska, the westernmost historically active volcano in the Aleutian arc, show that a circular area about 3 km in diameter centered near the summit subsided by as much as 10 cm from 1995 to 2001, mostly during 1999 and 2000. An elastic Mogi-type deformation model suggests that the source is within 1 km of the surface. Based on the shallow source depth, the copious amounts of steam during recent eruptions, and recent field reports of vigorous steaming and persistent ground shaking near the summit area, we attribute the subsidence to decreased pore-fluid pressure within a shallow hydrothermal system beneath the summit area. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. USGS, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. USGS, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lu@usgs.gov; masterlark@usgs.gov; jpower@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov; cwicks@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 18 AR 1855 DI 10.1029/2002GL014948 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 635KL UT WOS:000180398000002 ER PT J AU Sheets, RA Darner, RA Whitteberry, BL AF Sheets, RA Darner, RA Whitteberry, BL TI Lag times of bank filtration at a well field, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE bank filtration; specific conductance; temperature; statistical analysis; traveltime ID GROUND-WATER; RIVER WATER; INFILTRATION; TRANSPORT; AQUIFER AB Wells placed next to surface-water bodies to induce infiltration have come under scrutiny because of the presence of the potential pathogens in surface water. Removal of pathogens and other contaminants by bank filtration is assumed, but regulatory agencies question the effectiveness of this process. To investigate transport processes of biological constituents, advective groundwater traveltimes to production wells under the influence of surface water need to be established first to determine appropriate water-quality sampling schedules. This paper presents the results of a study of bank filtration at a well field in southwestern Ohio. Field parameters such as water level, specific conductance, and water temperature were measured at least hourly at a streamflow gaging station and at five monitoring wells each at two separate sites, corresponding to two nearby production wells. Water-quality samples also were collected in all wells and the streamflow gaging station. Specific conductance is directly related to concentration of chloride, a chemically conservative constituent. Cross-correlation methods were used to determine the average traveltime from the river to the monitoring wells. Traveltimes based on specific conductance ranged from approximately 20 h to 10 days at one site and 5 days to 3 months at the other site. Calculated groundwater flow velocities ranged from 2.1 x 10(-3) to 6.0 x 10(-3) cm/s and 3.5 x 10(-4) to 7.1 x 10(-4) cm/s at the two sites. Data collected when a production well is continuously pumping reveal shorter and more consistent traveltimes than when the same well is pumped intermittently. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, OH 45228 USA. RP Sheets, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 266 IS 3-4 BP 162 EP 174 AR PII S0022-1694(02)00164-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00164-6 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 595LH UT WOS:000178110400003 ER PT J AU Verstraeten, IM Thurman, EM Lindsey, ME Lee, EC Smith, RD AF Verstraeten, IM Thurman, EM Lindsey, ME Lee, EC Smith, RD TI Changes in concentrations of triazine and acetamide herbicides by bank filtration, ozonation, and chlorination in a public water supply SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Triazines; Acetamides; metabolites; bank filtration; ozonation; public water supply; water treatment ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; SURFACE WATERS; GROUND-WATER; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; ATRAZINE; METABOLITES; OZONE AB The changes in triazine and acetamide concentrations in water during natural and artificial treatment by bank filtration, ozonation, filtration, and chlorination were measured at the well field and drinking water treatment plant of Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. The city's groundwater supply is affected by induced infiltration and transport of triazines and acetamide herbicides from the Platte River in late spring and early summer. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of infiltration and treatment on the presence of triazines and acetamides in drinking water. Samples of river water, well water, and public supply water at various stages of water treatment were collected from 1997-1999 during spring-runoff when the presence of herbicides in the Platte River is largest. In 1999, parent compounds were reduced by 76% of the concentration present in river water (33% by bank filtration, 41% by ozonation, and 1.5% by chlorination). Metabolites of herbicides for which analytical techniques existed were reduced by 21% (plus 26% by bank filtration, minus 23% by ozonation, and minus 24% by chlorination). However, increases in concentrations of specific metabolite compounds were identified after bank filtration and ozonation. After bank filtration, increases in cyanazine amide, cyanazine acid, and deethyleyanazine acid were identified. After ozonation, concentrations of deisopropylatrazine, deethylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, atrazine amide-I, hydroxydeethylatrazine, hydroxydeisopopylatrazine, deethylcyanazine acid, and deethylcyanazine increased. Concentrations of cyanazine acid and ethanesulfonic and oxanilic acids of acetamides decreased during ozonation. Our findings suggest that bank filtration and ozonation of water in part can shift the assessment of risk to human health associated with the consumption of the water from the parent compounds to their degradation products. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. City Lincoln Water Syst, Ashland, NE 68003 USA. RP Verstraeten, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 40 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 266 IS 3-4 BP 190 EP 208 AR PII S0022-1694(02)00163-4 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00163-4 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 595LH UT WOS:000178110400005 ER PT J AU Ray, C Soong, TW Lian, YQ Roadcap, GS AF Ray, C Soong, TW Lian, YQ Roadcap, GS TI Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE flood; riverbank filtration; bank filtrate; water quality; numerical modeling ID DRINKING-WATER; INFILTRATION; MOVEMENT AB Riparian municipal wells, that are located on riverbanks, are specifically designed to capture a portion of the river water through induced infiltration. Runoff from agricultural watersheds is found to carry enormous amounts of pesticides and nitrate. While the risk of contamination for a vast majority of sites with small-capacity vertical wells is low, potential exists for medium to large capacity collector wells to capture a fraction of the surface water contaminants during flood. Prior monitoring and current modeling results indicate that a small-capacity (peak pumpage 0.0315 m(3)/s) vertical bank filtration well may not be affected by river water nitrate and atrazine even during flood periods. For a medium capacity (0.0875-0.175 m(3)/s) hypothetical collector well at the same site, potential exists for a portion of the river water nitrate and atrazine to enter the well during flood periods. Various combinations of hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed or bank material were used. For nitrate, it was assumed either no denitrification occurred during the period of simulation or a half-life of 2 years. Equilibrium controlled sorption (organic carbon partition coefficient of 52 ml/g) and a half-life of between 7.5 and 15 weeks were considered for atrazine. Combinations of these parameters were used in various simulations. Peak concentrations of atrazine or nitrate in pumped water could vary from less than 1% to as high as 90% of that in the river. It was found that a combination of river stage, pumping rates, hydraulic properties of the riverbed and bank, and soil/pesticide properties could affect contaminant entry from river water to any of these wells. If the hydraulic conductivity of the bed and bank material were low, atrazine would not reach the pumping well with or without sorption and degradation. However, for moderately low permeable bank and bed materials, some atrazine from river water could enter a hypothetical collector well while pumping at 0.0875 m(3)/s. It was interesting to note that doubling the pumpage of this collector well would bring in more ground water from the aquifer (with no atrazine) and thus have a lower concentration of atrazine in the filtrate. For highly conductive banks, it is possible to find some atrazine at a vertical well for a sustained pumpage rate of 0.0125 m(3)/s if the effect of sorption is neglected. However, with equilibrium sorption, the concentration would be below the detection limit. On the other hand, if a collector well of capacity 0.0875 m(3)/s is used at the place of the vertical well with highly conductive banks, atrazine concentration in the filtrate would be about 80% of river water even assuming equilibrium sorption and a half-life of 7.5 weeks. Remediation of river water contamination of the aquifer using `scavenger' wells between the river and the pumping well(s) was not a feasible option due to the contact of the aquifer with a highly conductive bank at the site. However, moving the existing pumping well(s) 100 m upstream would have negligible impact from the bank-stored water. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil Engn & Water Resources Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Ray, C (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil Engn & Water Resources Res Ctr, 2540 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 40 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 266 IS 3-4 BP 235 EP 258 AR PII S0022-1694(02)00168-3 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3 PG 24 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 595LH UT WOS:000178110400008 ER PT J AU Lekve, K Boulinier, T Stenseth, NC Gjosaeter, J Fromentin, JM Hines, JE Nichols, JD AF Lekve, K Boulinier, T Stenseth, NC Gjosaeter, J Fromentin, JM Hines, JE Nichols, JD TI Spatio-temporal dynamics of species richness in coastal fish communities SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE species richness; time-series; spatial pattern; local extinction; turnover; Skagerrak ID NORWEGIAN SKAGERRAK COAST; LONG-TERM; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; REGIONAL PROCESSES; POPULATION-SIZE; BIODIVERSITY; PATTERNS; EXTINCTION; DIVERSITY; COD AB Determining patterns of change in species richness and the processes underlying the dynamics of biodiversity are of key interest within the field of ecology, but few studies have investigated the dynamics of vertebrate communities at a decadal temporal scale. Here, we report findings on the spatio-temporal variability in the richness and composition of fish communities along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast having been surveyed for more than half a century. Using statistical models incorporating non-detection and associated sampling variance, we estimate local species richness and changes in species composition allowing us to compute temporal variability in species richness. We tested whether temporal variation could be related to distance to the open sea and to local levels of pollution. Clear differences in mean species richness and temporal variability are observed between fjords that were and were not exposed to the effects of pollution. Altogether this indicates that the fjord is an appropriate scale for studying changes in coastal fish communities in space and time. The year-to-year rates of local extinction and turnover were found to be smaller than spatial differences in community composition. At the regional level, exposure to the open sea plays a homogenizing role, possibly due to coastal currents and advection. C1 Univ Oslo, Div Zool, Dept Biol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Univ Paris 06, Ecol Lab, CNRS, UMR 7625, F-75252 Paris, France. Flodevigen Marine Res Stn, Inst Marine Res, N-4817 His, Norway. IFREMER, F-34203 Sete, France. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Univ Oslo, Div Zool, Dept Biol, POB 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM n.c.stenseth@bio.uio.no RI Stenseth, Nils Chr./G-5212-2016; OI Stenseth, Nils Chr./0000-0002-1591-5399; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 57 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 EI 1471-2954 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD SEP 7 PY 2002 VL 269 IS 1502 BP 1781 EP 1789 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2058 PG 9 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 593QW UT WOS:000178004500006 PM 12350265 ER PT J AU Toda, S Stein, RS Sagiya, T AF Toda, S Stein, RS Sagiya, T TI Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu islands earthquake swarm that stressing rate governs seismicity SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; CENTRAL JAPAN; PENINSULA; MAGMA; ICELAND; MODEL AB Magma intrusions and eruptions commonly produce abrupt changes in seismicity far from magma conduits(1-4) that cannot be associated with the diffusion of pore fluids or heat(5). Such 'swarm' seismicity also migrates with time, and often exhibits a 'dog-bone'-shaped distribution(3,4,6-9). The largest earthquakes in swarms produce aftershocks that obey an Omori-type (exponential) temporal decay(10-12), but the duration of the aftershock sequences is drastically reduced, relative to normal earthquake activity(7,13). Here we use one of the most energetic swarms ever recorded to study the dependence of these properties on the stress imparted by a magma intrusion(8,11,14,15). A 1,000-fold increase in seismicity rate and a 1,000-fold decrease in aftershock duration occurred during the two-month-long dyke intrusion. We find that the seismicity rate is proportional to the calculated stressing rate, and that the duration of aftershock sequences is inversely proportional to the stressing rate. This behaviour is in accord with a laboratory-based rate/state constitutive law 16, suggesting an explanation for the occurrence of earthquake swarms. Any sustained increase in stressing rate-whether due to an intrusion, extrusion or creep event-should produce such seismological behaviour. C1 AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Geol Survey Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050811, Japan. RP Toda, S (reprint author), AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. NR 22 TC 231 Z9 232 U1 0 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 5 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6902 BP 58 EP 61 DI 10.1038/nature00997 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 589YF UT WOS:000177788600035 PM 12214230 ER PT J AU Bowser, CJ Jones, BF AF Bowser, CJ Jones, BF TI Mineralogic controls on the composition of natural waters dominated by silicate hydrolysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID GEOCHEMICAL MASS BALANCES; SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE; GROUNDWATER CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; WEATHERING RATES; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; SIERRA-NEVADA; LONG-TERM; LABRADORITE SURFACES AB A detailed mineral-solute mass-balance spreadsheet model has been developed to improve understanding of mineralogic controls on water composition in surface waters and groundwater systems dominated by silicate lithologies. The spreadsheet-based approach is used to investigate mass-balance solutions over a range of mineral compositions for predominant, multi-element phases such as plagioclase, biotite, chlorite, amphibole, and dioctahedral smectite. The mass-balance technique has been applied to a variety of hydrogeologic environments including calibrated watersheds, springs and groundwater systems. Lithologic settings include plutonic, metamorphic, minor volcanic, and sedimentary (alluvial and glacial deposits) materials. Sites investigated, most of which allowed comparison with earlier work, include ephemeral and perennial springs of the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California; the Loch Vale, Colorado high-altitude watershed; four catchments in the Inyo Mountains, California and Nevada; watersheds in the Catoctin Mountain, Maryland area; and ground-water How systems in Vekol Valley, Arizona and in the Trout Lake area, Wisconsin. Analytical mass balances were derived with a novel approach that permits graphic analysis of the functional dependency of mineral mass-transfer coefficients on variations in major silicate composition. A 10 x 10 matrix of mineral-solute reaction equations was used to solve for the best mass balances. Alternative methods were developed to investigate cases where the number of mineral phases exceeds the number of solute constraints (10) that are commonly found in clastic, silicate-dominated systems with diverse sources and/or phase mixtures of variable chemistry (such as an assortment of plagioclase compositions). Techniques were also developed to allow for important structurally controlled compositional variation in clay minerals. Final mass-balance choices were tempered by thermodynamic stability calcudations for various minerals under near-surface weathering conditions. Mineral mass-transfer ratios were also found to be useful in restricting mass balances. Additional constraints were provided by establishing consistent sets of similar mineral assemblages and mineral compositions for a series of wells along a ground-water flow path, or through comparison of multiple nearby watersheds subject to similar climatic and vegetative conditions. Whereas unique analytical solutions from spreadsheet mass balances were not always possible, a surprisingly limited range was obtained for mineral assemblages and compositions satisfying observed mineral occurrences and thermodynamic stability conditions. Our results demonstrate the importance of having well-characterized mineral compositions for both reactant and product phases. The mass-balance results are particularly sensitive to the compositions of plagioclase, dioctahedral smectite, and a few primary mafic mineral groups (trioctahedral mica, amphibole, and pyroxene). In addition to mineral controls, the specific examples studied demonstrate effects of dolomite and calcite overprints on silicate weathering, biomass fluctuations, road salt contamination, and on buried evaporite salts. A comparison of the mass-balance results from surface- and groundwater systems indicates strong similarities, suggesting that similar processes dominate the mineral controls in both settings, and that, under soil weathering conditions ion exchange might have been overemphasized, except under conditions where pre-existing waters are displaced by solutions of significantly different composition. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Bowser, CJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 148 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 EI 1945-452X J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 302 IS 7 BP 582 EP 662 DI 10.2475/ajs.302.7.582 PG 81 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 602PP UT WOS:000178513900002 ER PT J AU Khatri, V Ram, S Snodgrass, RT O'Brien, GM AF Khatri, V Ram, S Snodgrass, RT O'Brien, GM TI Supporting user-defined granularities in a spatiotemporal conceptual model SO ANNALS OF MATHEMATICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Spatial and Temporal Granularities CY JUL 30, 2000 CL AUSTIN, TEXAS ID TEMPORAL DATABASES; INFORMATION; SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB Granularities are integral to spatial and temporal data. A large number of applications require storage of facts along with their temporal and spatial context, which needs to be expressed in terms of appropriate granularities. For many real-world applications, a single granularity in the database is insufficient. In order to support any type of spatial or temporal reasoning, the semantics related to granularities needs to be embedded in the database. Specifying granularities related to facts is an important part of conceptual database design because under-specifying the granularity can restrict an application, affect the relative ordering of events and impact the topological relationships. Closely related to granularities is indeterminacy, i.e., an occurrence time or location associated with a fact that is not known exactly. In this paper, we present an ontology for spatial granularities that is a natural analog of temporal granularities. We propose an upward-compatible, annotation-based spatiotemporal conceptual model that can comprehensively capture the semantics related to spatial and temporal granularities, and indeterminacy without requiring new spatiotemporal constructs. We specify the formal semantics of this spatiotemporal conceptual model via translation to a conventional conceptual model. To underscore the practical focus of our approach, we describe an on-going case study. We apply our approach to a hydrogeologic application at the United States Geologic Survey and demonstrate that our proposed granularity-based spatiotemporal conceptual model is straightforward to use and is comprehensive. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept MIS, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Comp Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Khatri, V (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept MIS, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. NR 64 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1012-2443 J9 ANN MATH ARTIF INTEL JI Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 1-2 BP 195 EP 232 DI 10.1023/A:1015868307494 PG 38 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 562FB UT WOS:000176185800008 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA Runkel, RL Walton-Day, K Bencala, KE AF Kimball, BA Runkel, RL Walton-Day, K Bencala, KE TI Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; UPPER ARKANSAS RIVER; MOUNTAIN STREAM; SURFACE WATERS; HEAVY-METALS; IRON; ALUMINUM; PRECIPITATION; ADSORPTION; SIMULATION AB Watersheds in mineralized zones may contain many mines, each of which can contribute to acidity and the metal load of a stream. In this study the authors delineate hydrogeologic characteristics determining the transport of metals from the watershed to the stream in the watershed of Cement Creek, Colorado. Combining the injection of a chemical tracer, to determine a discharge, with synoptic sampling, to obtain chemistry of major ions and metals, spatially detailed load profiles are quantified. Using the discharge and load profiles, the authors (1) identified sampled inflow sources which emanate from undisturbed as well as previously mined areas; (2) demonstrate, based on simple hydrologic balance, that unsampled, likely dispersed subsurface, inflows are significant; and (3) estimate attenuation. For example, along the 12-km study reach, 108 kg per day of Zn were added to Cement Creek. Almost half of this load came from 10 well-defined areas that included both mined and non-mined parts of the watershed. However, the combined effect of many smaller inflows also contributed a substantial load that could limit the effectiveness of remediation. Of the total Zn load, 58.3 kg/day came from stream segments with no visible inflow, indicating the importance of contributions from dispersed subsurface inflow. The subsurface inflow mostly occurred in areas with substantial fracturing of the bedrock or in areas downstream from tributaries with large alluvial fans. Despite a pH generally less than 4.5, there was 58.4 kg/day of Zn attenuation that occurred in mixing zones downstream from inflows with high pH. Mixing zones can have local areas of pH that are high enough for sorption and precipitation reactions to have an effect. Principal component analysis classified inflows into 7 groups with distinct chemical signatures that represent water-rock interaction with different mineral-alteration suites in the watershed. The present approach provides a detailed snapshot of metal load for the watershed to support remediation decisions, and quantifies processes affecting metal transport. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010 NR 50 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1183 EP 1207 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00017-3 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00017-3 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 580MA UT WOS:000177237300002 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Goodwin, KD AF Miller, LG Goodwin, KD TI Untitled - Foreword SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, NOAA, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Miller, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 2002 VL 60 IS 2 BP 119 EP 120 DI 10.1023/A:1019829214796 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 586GC UT WOS:000177575400001 ER PT J AU Bill, M Miller, LG Goldstein, AH AF Bill, M Miller, LG Goldstein, AH TI Carbon isotope fractionation of methyl bromide during agricultural soil fumigations SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Halocarbons - Global Biogeochemistry and Contaminant Transformations held at the 2000 Fall AGU Meeting CY 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE atmosphere; carbon isotopes; fractionation; methyl bromide; soil fumigation ID COVERED FIELD; EMISSIONS; VOLATILIZATION; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION; BACTERIA; CH3BR AB The isotopic composition of methyl bromide (CH3Br) has been suggested to be a potentially useful tracer for constraining the global CH3Br budget. In order to determine the carbon isotopic composition of CH3Br emitted from the most significant anthropogenic application (pre-plant fumigation) we directly measured the delta(13)C of CH3Br released during commercial fumigation. We also measured the isotopic fractionation associated with degradation in agricultural soil under typical field fumigation conditions. The isotopic composition of CH3Br collected in soil several hours after injection of the fumigant was -44.5parts per thousand and this value increased to -20.7parts per thousand over the following three days. The mean kinetic isotope effect (KIE) associated with degradation of CH3Br in agricultural soil (12parts per thousand) was smaller than the reported value for methylotrophic bacterial strain IMB-1, isolated from previously fumigated agricultural soil, but was similar to methylotrophic bacterial strain CC495, isolated from a pristine forest litter zone. Using this fractionation associated with the degradation of CH3Br in agricultural soil and the mean delta(13)C of the industrially manufactured CH3Br (-54.4parts per thousand), we calculate that the agricultural soil fumigation source has a carbon isotope signature that ranges from -52.8parts per thousand to -42.0parts per thousand. Roughly 65% of industrially manufactured CH3Br is used for field fumigations. The remaining 35% is used for structural and post-harvest fumigations with a minor amount used during industrial chemical manufacturing. Assuming that the structural and post-harvest fumigation sources of CH3Br are emitted without substantial fractionation, we calculate that the delta(13)C of anthropogenically emitted CH3Br ranges from -53.2parts per thousand to -47.5parts per thousand. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bill, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Bill, Markus/D-8478-2013 OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Bill, Markus/0000-0001-7002-2174 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 2002 VL 60 IS 2 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1023/A:1019864024307 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 586GC UT WOS:000177575400005 ER PT J AU Harden, JW Fries, TL Pavich, MJ AF Harden, JW Fries, TL Pavich, MJ TI Cycling of beryllium and carbon through hillslope soils in Iowa SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon cycling; deposition; element cycling; erosion; radiocarbon; soil ID ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; COSMOGENIC BE-10; NORTH-AMERICA; LAND-USE; EVOLUTION; TEMPERATURE; NUCLIDES; PROFILE; TRACER; MODELS AB Isotopes of Be and C were used to reconstruct loess accumulation, hillslope evolution, and agricultural modification in soils of western Iowa. While both elements are derived from additions by the atmosphere (via plants in the case of carbon), the differences in element cycling allow erosional and depositional processes to be separated from biochemical processing. Based on 10 Be, loess accumulation likely occurred simultaneously with hillslope degradation. Rates of loess accumulation declined fivefold between early stages (late Pleistocene and early Holocene) and later stages (late Holocene) of accumulation, but the absolute timing of accumulation requires independent dating methods. Based on C-14 measurements, plant inputs and decomposition are significant near the surface, but below 1-1.5 m carbon inputs are minimal and decomposition is nearly arrested. The amount of carbon below 1.5 m is constant (0.1%) and is composed of soil organic matter that was buried by loess. Agricultural modification results in a dramatic redistribution of 10 Be through soil erosion and deposition. By contrast, the redistribution of soil organic matter is masked by the rapid cycling of C through the topsoil as it continually decomposes and is replaced by plant inputs. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Harden, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 48 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 2002 VL 60 IS 3 BP 317 EP 335 DI 10.1023/A:1020308729553 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 597CW UT WOS:000178205400003 ER PT J AU Brooks, ML Matchett, JR AF Brooks, ML Matchett, JR TI Sampling methods and trapping success trends for the Mohave ground squirrel, Spermophilus mohavensis SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB The Mohave ground squirrel, Spermophilus mohavensis, is listed as threatened by the California Fish and Game Commission. Challenges to this listing have focused on the general lack of information on this species, which prompted this review of sampling data. We found that current datasets, while a rich source of data on squirrel occurrences, are of limited use for developing Mohave ground squirrel habitat models because survey methods varied in reliability, surveys that did not find squirrels are rarely reported,and many important environmental variables were inconsistently reported. To improve the utility of future datasets, we recommend that reports attempt to include 40 variables related to trap characteristics, trapping protocol, demographic features, health information, weather parameters, and site descriptions. We also found that trapping success decreased significantly between 1980 and 2000 across most of the Mohave ground squirrel range, and this decline was not correlated with winter rainfall which generally increased between 1984 and 1998. We recommend that the results of project surveys and trapping studies should be maintained by the CDFG, allowing for future population trend analyses and development of habitat models. We also recommend that studies be initiated to determine if the decline in trapping success continues into the near future and to identify the causes of this trend. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. RP Brooks, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, 160 N Stephanie St, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD FAL PY 2002 VL 88 IS 4 BP 165 EP 177 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 699NE UT WOS:000184062200002 ER PT J AU Peterson, DW Peterson, DL Ettl, GJ AF Peterson, DW Peterson, DL Ettl, GJ TI Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SUB-ALPINE MEADOWS; OLYMPIC-MOUNTAINS; ABIES-LASIOCARPA; TREE-GROWTH; DENDROCLIMATIC RESPONSE; SPATIAL PATTERNS; HIGH-ELEVATION; NATIONAL-PARK; WASHINGTON; TEMPERATURE AB We studied regional variation in growth-limiting factors and responses to climatic variability in subalpine forests by analyzing growth patterns for 28 tree-ring growth chronologies from subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) stands in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains (Washington and Oregon, U.S.A.). Factor analysis identified four distinct time series of common growth patterns; the dominant growth pattern at any site varied with annual precipitation and temperature (elevation). Throughout much of the region, growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation and spring snowpack depth, indicating that growth is limited primarily by short growing seasons. On the driest and warmest sites, growth is negatively correlated with previous summer temperature, suggesting that low summer soil moisture limits growth. Growth patterns in two regions were sensitive to climatic variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, apparently responding to low-frequency variation in spring snowpack and summer soil moisture (one negatively, one positively). This regional-scale analysis shows that subalpine fir growth in the Cascades and Olympics is limited by different climatic factors in different subregional climates. Climate-growth relationships are similar to those for a co-occurring species, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carriere), suggesting broad biogeographic patterns of response to climatic variability and change by subalpine forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. St Josephs Univ, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19131 USA. RP Peterson, DW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RI Peterson, David/B-1105-2008 NR 57 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1503 EP 1517 DI 10.1139/X02-072 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 602NE UT WOS:000178510700001 ER PT J AU Bakker, VJ Hastings, K AF Bakker, VJ Hastings, K TI Den trees used by northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in southeastern Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; HABITAT SELECTION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WESTERN OREGON; FIR FORESTS; BIRDS; PREDATION; MICROCLIMATE; EVOLUTION AB Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) dens are reportedly associated with features characteristic of older forests, and den availability is a potential limiting factor in younger forests. We assessed den sites used by northern flying squirrels in southeastern Alaska, where we expected den-site selection to differ from more southerly forests, owing to increased thermal stress but reduced predation and competition. We located 27 squirrels in 76 dens and compared den trees with 1875 matched random trees. Most dens (greater than or equal to73%) were in cavities and 21% were at heights of less than or equal to3 m. This high rate of cavity use, including cavities low in the bole, likely reflects the importance of weatherproof dens in this cool wet region. Northern flying squirrels preferentially used trees with indicators of cavity presence, selecting for snags and for larger diameter trees with bole entries, conks, abundant mistletoe, and dead tops. Although cavity availability is probably not limiting populations in this region currently, cavity-supporting trees would be one of the last elements of old-growth forests to develop in intensively logged stands. Retention of small groups of large snags and live trees exhibiting evidence of disease or physical defects would ensure availability of denning structures after logging. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bakker, VJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM vjbakker@ucdavis.edu NR 62 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1623 EP 1633 DI 10.1139/Z02-155 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 607YC UT WOS:000178817500017 ER PT J AU Perez-Garcia, J Joyce, LA McGuire, AD Xiao, XM AF Perez-Garcia, J Joyce, LA McGuire, AD Xiao, XM TI Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CARBON STORAGE; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; AMAZONIAN ECOSYSTEMS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; UNITED-STATES; SENSITIVITY; MODEL; VARIABILITY AB The path and magnitude of future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide will likely influence changes in climate that may impact the global forest sector. These responses in the global forest sector may have implications for international efforts to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This study takes a step toward including the role of global forest sector in integrated assessments of the global carbon cycle by linking global models of climate dynamics, ecosystem processes and forest economics to assess the potential responses of the global forest sector to different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. We utilize three climate scenarios and two economic scenarios to represent a range of greenhouse gas emissions and economic behavior. At the end of the analysis period (2040), the potential responses in regional forest growing stock simulated by the global ecosystem model range from decreases and increases for the low emissions climate scenario to increases in all regions for the high emissions climate scenario. The changes in vegetation are used to adjust timber supply in the softwood and hardwood sectors of the economic model. In general, the global changes in welfare are positive, but small across all scenarios. At the regional level, the changes in welfare can be large and either negative or positive. Markets and trade in forest products play important roles in whether a region realizes any gains associated with climate change. In general, regions with the lowest wood fiber production cost are able to expand harvests. Trade in forest products leads to lower prices elsewhere. The low-cost regions expand market shares and force higher-cost regions to decrease their harvests. Trade produces different economic gains and losses across the globe even though, globally, economic welfare increases. The results of this study indicate that assumptions within alternative climate scenarios and about trade in forest products are important factors that strongly influence the effects of climate change on the global forest sector. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Perez-Garcia, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 42 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD SEP PY 2002 VL 54 IS 4 BP 439 EP 461 DI 10.1023/A:1016124517309 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 572NP UT WOS:000176781800005 ER PT J AU Walters, C Touchell, DH Power, P Wesley-Smith, J Antolin, MF AF Walters, C Touchell, DH Power, P Wesley-Smith, J Antolin, MF TI A cryopreservation protocol for embryos of the endangered species Zizania texana SO CRYOLETTERS LA English DT Article DE cryopreservation; desiccation tolerance; embryo; recalcitrant; vitrification; wildrice; Zizania ID DESICCATION-TOLERANCE; RECALCITRANT SEED; WATER-CONTENT; PALUSTRIS; SURVIVAL; AXES AB Seeds of the endangered species Zizania texana are recalcitrant, making it difficult to preserve the remaining genetic diversity of this species in genebanks. Excised embryos can be cryopreserved using solution-based cryoprotection protocols. Survival following cryoexposure increased from less than 5% to about 75% by preculturing embryos in high concentrations of sugars, bathing them in cryoprotectant solutions, and partially drying them to water contents of about 0.6 g H2O/g dry mass. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Genet Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX USA. Univ Natal, Electron Microscope Unit, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Genet Resources, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 4 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYOLETTERS JI CryoLetters PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 23 IS 5 BP 291 EP 298 PG 8 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 630LR UT WOS:000180108800003 PM 12447488 ER PT J AU Renne, IJ Barrow, WC Randall, LAJ Bridges, WC AF Renne, IJ Barrow, WC Randall, LAJ Bridges, WC TI Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE avian seed dispersal; biological invasions; regional dispersal syndromes ID COASTAL SOUTH-CAROLINA; SEED DISPERSAL; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; TEMPORAL VARIATION; PLANT INVASIONS; NEST SITES; BIRDS; QUALITY; ESTABLISHMENT; CONSEQUENCES AB Plants possessing generalized dispersal syndromes are likely to be more invasive than those relying on specialist dispersal agents. To address this issue on a local and regional scale, avian seed dispersal of the invasive alien Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.) was assessed in forests and spoil areas of South Carolina and along forest edges in Louisiana during the 1997-99 fruiting seasons. Tallow trees in these floristically distinct habitats had a few common and many casual visitors, and considerable species overlap among habitats was found. However, bird species differed in the importance of dispersing and dropping seeds among habitats. Important dispersal agents common to forests and spoil areas of South Carolina included Northern Flicker, American Robin and Red-winged Blackbird, whereas Red-bellied Woodpecker and European Starling were important in the former and latter habitat, respectively. In Louisiana, Red-bellied Woodpecker, American Robin, Northern Cardinal and Eastern Bluebird dispersed many seeds. Nearly all species foraging on seeds were winter residents. Estimated numbers of seeds dispersed and dropped were higher in spoil areas of South Carolina than in Louisiana because of higher numbers of individuals per visit, higher seed consumption and seed dropping rates, and longer foraging durations. Within South Carolina, more seeds were dispersed and dropped in spoil areas than in forests because of higher numbers of birds per visit. These findings show that among habitats, tallow tree attracts diverse but variable coteries of dispersal agents that are qualitatively similar in seed usage patterns. We suggest that its generalized dispersal syndrome contributes to effective seed dispersal by many bird species throughout its range. Effects of differential avian use among locales may include changes in local bird communities, and differing tallow tree demographics and invasion patterns. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Renne, IJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 45 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1366-9516 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 8 IS 5 BP 285 EP 295 DI 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00150.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 589BP UT WOS:000177738400004 ER PT J AU MacKenzie, DI Kendall, WL AF MacKenzie, DI Kendall, WL TI How should detection probability be incorporated into estimates of relative abundance? SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioequivalence; capture-recapture; detection probability; equivalence testing; growth rate; hypothesis testing; model averaging; Nuttall's cottontail rabbit; relative abundance; Sylvilagus nuttallii ID ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; EQUIVALENCE; TESTS; CAPTURE; BIOEQUIVALENCE; POPULATIONS; INFERENCE; MARK AB Determination of the relative abundance of two populations, separated by time or space, is of interest in many ecological situations. We focus on two estimators of relative abundance, which assume that the probability that an individual is detected at least once in the survey is either equal or unequal for the two populations. We present three methods for incorporating the collected information into our inference. The first method, proposed previously, is a traditional hypothesis test for evidence that detection probabilities are unequal. However, we feel that, a priori, it is more likely that detection probabilities are actually different; hence, the burden of proof should be shifted, requiring evidence that detection probabilities are practically equivalent. The second method we present, equivalence testing, is one approach to doing so. Third, we suggest that model averaging could be used by combining the two estimators according to derived model weights. These differing approaches are applied to a mark-recapture experiment on Nuttall's cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus nuttallii) conducted in central Oregon during 1974 and 1975, which has been previously analyzed by other authors. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP MacKenzie, DI (reprint author), Proteus Res & Consulting Ltd, POB 5193, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM darryl@proteus.co.nz NR 38 TC 140 Z9 150 U1 4 U2 66 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 2002 VL 83 IS 9 BP 2387 EP 2393 DI 10.2307/3071800 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596FQ UT WOS:000178153900005 ER PT J AU Liao, H Pierce, CL Larscheid, JG AF Liao, H Pierce, CL Larscheid, JG TI Diet dynamics of the adult piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA 1995-1997 SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE freshwater fish; adult; diet; piscivory; diet similarity; temporal dynamics; asynchronous changes ID WALLEYE STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS; YELLOW PERCH; NORTHERN PIKE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PREY CONSUMPTION; LARGEMOUTH BASS; SMALLMOUTH BASS AB Diets of adults of six important piscivorous fish species, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus , largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , northern pike Esox lucius , smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui , walleye Stizostedion vitreum , and yellow perch Perca flavescens were quantified in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA from May to October in 1995-1997. Forty-one prey taxa were found in the diets of these species, including 19 species of fish. The most important prey taxa overall were yellow perch, amphipods and dipterans. Diets of northern pike and walleye were dominated by yellow perch. Largemouth bass diets included large percentages of both yellow perch and black bullhead Ameiurus melas . Smallmouth bass diets included large percentages of both yellow perch and crayfish. Black crappie and yellow perch diets were dominated by invertebrates, primarily amphipods and dipterans. There were pronounced differences in diets among species, among size classes within species and over time. Most of the dominant prey taxa we documented in the diets of piscivorous species were in accordance with previous studies, but a few deviated significantly from expectations. Many of the temporal diet changes were asynchronous among piscivorous species and size classes, suggesting different responses to common prey resources over time. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Spirit Lake, IA 51360 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 52 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD SEP PY 2002 VL 11 IS 3 BP 178 EP 189 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0633.2002.00015.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 582QX UT WOS:000177363600005 ER PT J AU Mladenoff, DJ Dahir, SE Nordheim, EV Schulte, LA Guntenspergen, GG AF Mladenoff, DJ Dahir, SE Nordheim, EV Schulte, LA Guntenspergen, GG TI Narrowing historical uncertainty: Probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Northern Lakes States; Wisconsin; pre-European vegetation; logistic regression analysis; northern hardwood-conifer forest ID PUBLIC LAND SURVEY; PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT; WISCONSIN PINE-BARRENS; GREAT-LAKES REGION; PRESETTLEMENT VEGETATION; VARIABILITY CONCEPTS; SURVEY RECORDS; FIRE REGIMES; LANDSCAPE; DISTURBANCE AB Historical data have increasingly become appreciated for insight into the past conditions of ecosystems. Uses of such data include assessing the extent of ecosystem change; deriving ecological baselines for management, restoration, and modeling; and assessing the importance of past conditions on the composition and function of current systems. One historical data set of this type is the Public Land Survey (PLS) of the United States General Land Office, which contains data on multiple tree species, sizes, and distances recorded at each survey point, located at half-mile (0.8-km) intervals on a 1-mi (1.6 km) grid. This survey method was begun in the 1790s on US federal lands extending westward from Ohio. Thus, the data have the potential of providing a view of much of the US landscape from the mid-1800s, and they have been used extensively for this purpose. However, historical data sources, such as those describing the species composition of forests, can often be limited in the detail recorded and the reliability of the data, since the information was often not originally recorded for ecological purposes. Forest trees are sometimes recorded ambiguously, using generic or obscure common names. For the PLS data of northern Wisconsin, USA, we developed a method to classify ambiguously identified tree species using logistic regression analysis, using data on trees that were clearly identified to species and a set of independent predictor variables to build the models. The models were first created on partial data sets for each species and then tested for fit against the remaining data. Validations were conducted using repeated, random subsets of the data. Model prediction accuracy ranged from 81% to 96% in differentiating congeneric species among oak, pine, ash, maple, birch, and elm. Major predictor variables were tree size, associated species, landscape classes indicative of soil type, and spatial location within the study region. Results help to clarify ambiguities formerly present in maps of historic ecosystems for the region and can be applied to PLS datasets elsewhere, as well as other sources of ambiguous historical data. Mapping the newly classified data with ecological land units provides additional information on the distribution, abundance, and associations of tree species, as well as their relationships to environmental gradients before the industrial period, and clarifies the identities of species formerly mapped only to genus. We offer some caveats on the appropriate use of data derived in this way, as well as describing their potential. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Superior, WI 54880 USA. RP Mladenoff, DJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 59 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP PY 2002 VL 5 IS 6 BP 539 EP 553 DI 10.1007/s10021-002-0167-8 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 595QV UT WOS:000178121000003 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Boustany, RG Dantin, DD Quarles, RL Moore, JC Stanley, RS AF Lewis, MA Boustany, RG Dantin, DD Quarles, RL Moore, JC Stanley, RS TI Effects of a coastal golf complex on water quality, periphyton, and seagrass SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE golf courses; water quality; periphyton; seagrass; Florida ID COURSE RUNOFF; PESTICIDES AB The objective of this study was to provide baseline information on the effects of a golf course complex on water quality, colonized periphyton, and seagrass meadows in adjacent freshwater, near-coastal, and wetland areas. The chemical and biological impacts of the recreational facility, which uses reclaimed municipal wastewater for irrigation, were limited usually to near-field areas and decreased seaward during the 2-year study. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and organochlorine pesticides were below detection in surface water, whereas mercury, lead, arsenic, and atrazine commonly occurred at all locations. Only mercury and lead exceeded water quality criteria. Concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were greater in fairway ponds and some adjacent coastal areas relative to reference locations and Florida estuaries. Periphyton ash free dry weight and pigment concentrations statistically differed but not between reference and nonreference coastal areas. Biomass of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) was approximately 43% less in a meadow located adjacent to the golf complex (P < 0.05). The results of the study suggest that the effects of coastal golf courses on water quality may be primarily localized and limited to peripheral near-coastal areas. However, this preliminary conclusion needs additional supporting data. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 1 Sabine Isl DR, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 53 IS 1 BP 154 EP 162 DI 10.1006/eesa.2002.2219 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 593FF UT WOS:000177979800023 PM 12481872 ER PT J AU Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Kolker, A Mroczkowski, SJ Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB AF Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Kolker, A Mroczkowski, SJ Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB TI Combined application of XAFS spectroscopy and sequential leaching for determination of arsenic speciation in coal SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; ELEMENTS; FLUORESCENCE; COMBUSTION; MODE; ASH AB Both XAFS spectroscopy and sequential leaching have been used in previous studies to determine the modes of occurrence of arsenic and other elements in coal. However, a direct comparison of the two methods, carried out on identical fractions, has never been made. In this study, residues of coal extracted after each stage of the U. S. Geological Survey's leaching protocol (sequential extraction by solutions of ammonium acetate, HCl, HF, and HNO3) are examined by arsenic XAFS spectra. This procedure enables a rigorous evaluation to be made of the arsenic species leached at each stage of the sequential leaching method. We observed an approximate linear correlation (r(2) > 0.98 for an Ohio bituminous coal, r(2) > 0.90 for a North Dakota lignite) between the height of the edge step in the XAFS analysis and the concentration of arsenic in the leached residues measured by INAA. Data from the leaching protocol indicate that two major arsenic forms occur in both coals; one is removed by leaching with HCl and the other by HNO3. The XAFS spectral signatures of the arsenic leached by HCl from both coals identify it as arsenate (AsO43-). The arsenic leached by HNO3 from the Ohio coal is identified as arsenic that substitutes for sulfur in pyrite (arsenic/pyrite), whereas the arsenic leached by HNO3 from the North Dakota lignite is present in two forms: an As3+-O species, believed to be organically bound, in addition to arsenic/pyrite. Minor arsenate (5-15% of the original As) persists in both coals after the final leaching with HNO3. The arsenate species extracted in HCl are most likely oxidation products derived from the original arsenic forms upon exposure of the pulverized coals to air. Time-dependent phenomena such as oxidation make it imperative that such combined speciation studies be carried out on identical suites of samples. C1 Univ Kentucky, CFFS, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Team, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Huggins, FE (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, CFFS, 533 S Limestone St,Suite 111, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 28 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1167 EP 1172 DI 10.1021/ef0200166 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 595RG UT WOS:000178122100022 ER PT J AU Zhuang, P Kynard, B Zhang, LZ Zhang, T Cao, WX AF Zhuang, P Kynard, B Zhang, LZ Zhang, T Cao, WX TI Ontogenetic behavior and migration of Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Acipenseridae; early life-history; migration; habitat preference; fish behavior; Yangtze River ID SHORTNOSE STURGEON; LIFE-HISTORY; BREVIROSTRUM; BIOLOGY; RIVER AB The Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, is an anadromous protected species that presently only spawns in the Yangtze River. Using laboratory experiments, we examined the behavioral preference of young Chinese sturgeon to physical habitat (water depth, illumination intensity, substrate color, and cover) and monitored their downstream migration. Hatchling free embryos were photopositive, preferred open habitat, and immediately upon hatching, swam far above the bottom using swim-up and drift. Downstream migration peaked on days 0-1, decreased about 50% or more during days 2-7, and ceased by day 8. Days 0-1 migrants were active both day and night, but days 2-7 migrants were most active during the day. After ceasing migration, days 8-11 embryos were photonegative, preferred dark substrate and sought cover. Free embryos developed into larvae and began feeding on day 12, when another shift in behavior occurred-larvae returned to photopositive behavior and preferred white substrate. The selective factor favoring migration of free embryos upon hatching and swimming far above the bottom may be avoidance of benthic predatory fishes. Free embryos, which must rely on yolk energy for activity and growth, only used 19 cumulative temperature degree-days for peak migration compared to 234 degree-days for growth to first feeding larvae, a 1 : 12 ratio of cumulative temperature units. This ratio suggests that sturgeon species with large migratory embryos, like Chinese sturgeon, which require a high level of energy to swim during migration, may migrate only a short time to conserve most yolk energy for growth. C1 Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Yangtze River Fisheries Res Inst, Jinzhou 434000, Hubei, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Zhuang, P (reprint author), Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Yangtze River Fisheries Res Inst, Jinzhou 434000, Hubei, Peoples R China. RI Wei, Qiwei/B-6928-2014 OI Wei, Qiwei/0000-0002-6366-1020 NR 46 TC 30 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 BP 83 EP 97 DI 10.1023/A:1019621501672 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 582AK UT WOS:000177327400008 ER PT J AU Van Kooten, GK Short, JW Kolak, JJ AF Van Kooten, GK Short, JW Kolak, JJ TI Low-maturity Kulthieth Formation coal: A possible source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in benthic sediment of the northern Gulf of Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Artic and Marine Oil Spill Technical Seminar CY JUN, 2002 CL CALGARY, CANADA DE PAH; Kulthieth; coal; hydrocarbons; geochemistry; thermal maturity; benthic sediment; Gulf of Alaska ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; OIL AB The successful application of forensic geology to contamination studies involving natural systems requires identification of appropriate endmembers and an understanding of the geologic setting and processes affecting the systems. Studies attempting to delineate the background, or natural, source for hydrocarbon contamination in Gulf of Alaska (GOA) benthic sediments have invoked a number of potential sources, including seep oils, source rocks, and coal. Oil seeps have subsequently been questioned as significant sources of hydrocarbons present in benthic sediments of the GOA in part because the pattern of relative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance characteristic of benthic GOA sediments is inconsistent with patterns typical of weathered seep oils. Likewise, native coal has been dismissed in part because ratios of labile hydrocarbons to total organic carbon (e.g. PAH:TOC) for Bering River coal field (BRCF) sources are too low-i.e. the coals are over mature-to be consistent with GOA sediments. We present evidence here that native coal may have been prematurely dismissed, because BRCF coals do not adequately represent the geochemical signatures of coals elsewhere in the Kulthieth Formation. Contrary to previous thought, Kulthieth Formation coals east of the BRCF have much higher PAH: TOC ratios, and the patterns of labile hydrocarbons in these low thermal maturity coals suggest a possible genetic relationship between Kulthieth Formation coals and nearby oil seeps on the Sullivan anticline. Analyses of low-maturity Kulthieth Formation coal indicate the low maturity coal is a significant source of PAH. Source apportionment models that neglect this source will underestimate the contribution of native coals to the regional background hydrocarbon signature. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of AEHS. C1 Petrotech Resources Alaska, Anchorage, AK USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Van Kooten, GK (reprint author), Calvin Coll, Dept Geol Geog & Environm Studies, 3201 Burton St,SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA. OI Kolak, Jonathan/0000-0003-2981-9522 NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD SEP-DEC PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3-4 BP 227 EP 241 DI 10.1006/enfo.2002.0096 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615ZF UT WOS:000179276700006 ER PT J AU Hostettler, FD Kvenvolden, KA AF Hostettler, FD Kvenvolden, KA TI Alkyleyelohexanes in environmental geochemistry SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Artic and Marine Oil Spill Technical Seminar CY JUN, 2002 CL CALGARY, CANADA DE alkylcyclohexanes; diesel; anaerobic; biodegradation; Bemidji; Mandan ID OIL; BIODEGRADATION; FUEL AB The n-alkylated cyclohexanes (CHs) are a homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds that are commonly present in crude oil and refinery products such as diesel fuel. These compounds exhibit specific distribution patterns for different fuel types, providing useful fingerprints for characterizing petroleum products, especially after degradation of n-alkanes has occurred. However, there are no published data to show how these compounds are altered in the environment after long-term spillage of petroleum products. This paper presents two case studies of oil spills that demonstrate the changing distribution patterns resulting from long-term anaerobic microbial degradation. These spills are the 1979 crude-oil spill in Bemidji, Minnesota, and a chronic diesel-fuel spillage from 1953-1991 at Mandan, North Dakota. The alkyl CHs in both spilled oil products are affected by similar biodegradative processes in which the compounds undergo a consistent pattern of loss from the high molecular weight end of the homolog distribution. Degradation results in a measurable increase in the concentrations of the homologs in the lower molecular weight range, a gradual lowering in carbon number of the homolog maximum, and a gradual decrease of the total homolog range from the high molecular weight end. This pattern is the opposite of low-end loss expected with weathering and aerobic biodegradation. The enhancement of the low molecular mass alkyl CH homologs, if not recognized as a degradative pathway of diesel fuel in an anaerobic environment, can potentially be misinterpreted in fuel-oil fingerprinting as deriving from lower distillation-range fuels or admixture of diesel with other fuels. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of AEHS. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hostettler, FD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 409, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD SEP-DEC PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3-4 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1006/enfo.2002.0100 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615ZF UT WOS:000179276700011 ER PT J AU Guntenspergen, GR Peterson, SA Leibowitz, SG Cowardin, LM AF Guntenspergen, GR Peterson, SA Leibowitz, SG Cowardin, LM TI Indicators of wetland condition for the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE basin indicators; environmental monitoring; landscape indicators; wetland condition ID NORTH-DAKOTA; ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; SOILS; PHOSPHORUS; DISCHARGE; SALINITY; RECHARGE; SYSTEM AB We describe a study designed to evaluate the performance of wetland condition indicators of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the north central United States. Basin and landscape scale indicators were tested in 1992 and 1993 to determine their ability to discriminate between the influences of grassland dominated and cropland dominated landscapes in the PPR. Paired plots were selected from each of the major regions of the PPR. Among the landscape scale indicators tested, those most capable of distinguishing between the two landscapes were: 1) frequency of drained wetland basins, 2) total length of drainage ditch per plot, 3) amount of exposed soil in the upland subject to erosion, 4) indices of change in area of wetland covered by water, and 5) number of breeding duck pairs. Basin scale indicators including soil phosphorus concentrations and invertebrate taxa richness showed some promise; however, plant species richness was the only statistically significant basin scale indicator distinguishing grassland dominated from cropland dominated landscapes. Although our study found a number of promising candidate indicators, one of our conclusions is that basin scale indicators present a number of implementation problems, including: skill level requirements, site access denials, and recession of site access by landowners. Alternatively, we suggest that the use of landscape indicators based on remote sensing can be an effective means of assessing wetland integrity. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. RP Peterson, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 76 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 27 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 78 IS 3 BP 229 EP 252 DI 10.1023/A:1019982818231 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 588UR UT WOS:000177720500002 PM 12374391 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Kennedy, KR AF Thorn, KA Kennedy, KR TI (15)N NMR investination of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL/MOLASSES MIXTURES; AROMATIC-AMINES; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE; METABOLITES; REDUCTION; FATE; RESIDUES; ANILINE; SYSTEM; TRANSFORMATION AB The five major reductive degradation products of TNT-4ADNT (4 amino 2 6 dinitrotoluene) 2ADNT (2 amino 4 6 dinitrotoluene) 24DANT(24 diamino 6 nitrotoluene) 26DANT (2 6 diamino 4 nitrotoluene) and TAT (2 4 6 triaminotol uene)-labeled with (15)N in the amine positions were reacted with the IHSS soil humic acid and analyzed by (15)N NMR spectrometry In the absence of catalysts all five amines underwent nucleophilic addition reactions with quinone and other carbonyl groups in the soil humic acid to form both heterocyclic and nonheterocyclic condensation products Imine formation via 12 addition of the amines to quinone groups in the soil humic acid was significant with the diamines and TAT but not the monciamines Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed an increase in the incorporation of all five amines into the humic acid In the case of the diamines and TAT HRP also shifted the binding away from heterocyclic condensation product toward imine formation A comparison of quantitative liquid phase with solid state CP/MAS (15)N NMR indicated that the CP experiment underestimated imine and heterocyclic nitrogens in humic acid even with contact times optimal for observation of these nitrogens Covalent binding of the mono and diamines to 4 methylcatechol the HRP catalyzed condensation of 4ADNT and 24DANT to coniferyl alcohol and the binding of 24DANT to lignocellulose with and without birnessite were also examined. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Thorn, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046 M S 408, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM kathorn@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 17 BP 3787 EP 3796 DI 10.1021/es011383j PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 591PH UT WOS:000177889100032 PM 12322752 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Pennington, JC Hayes, CA AF Thorn, KA Pennington, JC Hayes, CA TI M-15 NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC/AEROBIC TREATMENT; SOIL/MOLASSES MIXTURES; N-15-TNT RESIDUES; COVALENT BINDING; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE; SPECTROSCOPY; SOIL; FATE AB (TNT)-N-15 was added to a soil of low organic carbon content and composted for 20 days in an aerobic bench scale reactor The finished whole compost and fulvic acid humic acid humin and lignocellulose fractions extracted from the compost were analyzed by solid state CP/MAS and DP/MAS N-15 NMR N-15 NMR spectra provided direct spectroscopic evidence for reduction of TNT followed by covalent binding of the reduced metabolites to organic matter of the composted soil with the majority of metabolite found in the lignocellulose fraction by mass also the major fraction of the compost In general the types of bonds formed between soil organic matter and reduced TNT amines in controlled laboratory reactions were observed in the spectra of the whole compost and fractions confirming that during composting TNT is reduced to amines that form covalent bonds with organic matter through aminohydro quinone aminoquinone heterocyclic and imine linkages among others Concentrations of imine nitrogens in the compost spectra suggest that covalent binding by the diammes 24DANT and 26DANT is a significant process in the transformation of TNT into bound residues Liquid phase N-15 NMR spectra of the fulvic acid and humin fractions provided possible evidence for involvement of phenoloxidase enzymes in covalent bond formation. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USA Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Environm Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. DynTel, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Thorn, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046 MS 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 17 BP 3797 EP 3805 DI 10.1021/es011382r PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 591PH UT WOS:000177889100033 PM 12322753 ER PT J AU Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Ingersoll, CG Severn, CG Smorong, D Lindskoog, R AF Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Ingersoll, CG Severn, CG Smorong, D Lindskoog, R TI Predicting amphipod toxicity from sediment chemistry using logistic regression models SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment toxicity; sediment guidelines; logistic regression ID RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS; QUALITY GUIDELINES; INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; HYALELLA-AZTECA; MARINE; CRITERIA; MIXTURES AB Individual chemical logistic regression models were developed for 37 chemicals of potential concern in contaminated sediments to predict the probability of toxicity, based on the standard 10-d survival test for the marine amphipods Ampelisca abdita and Rhepoxynius abronius. These models were derived from a large database of matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data, which includes contaminant gradients from a variety of habitats in coastal North America. Chemical concentrations corresponding to a 20, 50, and 80% probability of observing sediment toxicity (T20, T50, and T80 values) were calculated to illustrate the potential for deriving application-specific sediment effect concentrations and to provide probability ranges for evaluating the reliability of the models. The individual chemical regression models were combined into a single model, using either the maximum (P,,,, model) or average (P-Avg model) probability predicted from the chemicals analyzed in a sample, to estimate the probability of toxicity for a sample. The average predicted probability of toxicity (from the P-Max model) within probability quartiles closely matched the incidence of toxicity within the same ranges, demonstrating the overall reliability of the P-Max model for the database that was used to derive the model. The magnitude of the toxic effect (decreased survival) in the amphipod test increased as the predicted probability of toxicity increased. Users have a number of options for applying the logistic models, including estimating the probability of observing acute toxicity to estuarine and marine amphipods in 10-d toxicity tests at any given chemical concentration or estimating the chemical concentrations that correspond to specific probabilities of observing sediment toxicity. C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Premier Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA. RP Field, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 31 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1993 EP 2005 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 583WW UT WOS:000177434900029 PM 12206441 ER PT J AU Smith, GC Parrish, JD AF Smith, GC Parrish, JD TI Estuaries as nurseries for the jacks Caranx ignobilis and Caranx melampygus (Carangidae) in Hawaii SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE habitats; salinity; distribution; age; growth; diet; abundance; Hawaii ID JUVENILE MARINE FISHES; SPECIES COMPOSITION; TURBIDITY; FIELD AB Estuaries provide juvenile nursery habitat for many species of fish that inhabit marine environments as adults. In Hawaii, some juvenile Caranx ignobilis and Caranx melampygus occupy estuaries opportunistically before moving to nearshore ocean habitats. This study examined the extent and nature of estuarine habitat available in the lower Hanalei River of Kauai, the relative abundance and distribution of jacks in the estuary, and their diets. Salinity measurements indicated that the upstream extent of saltwater ranged from the mouth to nearly 5 km upriver and was strongly influenced by the variable river discharge. juvenile jacks between 80 and 3 10 mm FL were observed on underwater transects over the full range of mixohaline conditions. Hand-operated seine collections produced overall catch rates of similar to0.64 fish/haul for each of these species. The two jacks ate much the same spectrum of food items. C. ignobilis was somewhat more piscivorous than C. melampygus, as determined by measures of frequency of predation and number and bulk of prey. Data for length at age, incorporating daily otolith increment counts from these estuarine juveniles and previous counts from nonestuarine specimens, were fitted to a lifetime von Bertalanffy growth model. The results greatly extended the age range of the model and suggested that growth rates were not much different between estuarine and non-estuarine fish. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Smith, GC (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, 2538 Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 3 BP 347 EP 359 DI 10.1006/ecss.2001.0909 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 603UU UT WOS:000178579700002 ER PT J AU Parris, LB Lamont, MM Carthy, RR AF Parris, LB Lamont, MM Carthy, RR TI Increased incidence of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) presence inloggerhead sea turtle (Testudines : Cheloniidae) nests and observations of hatchling mortality SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Univ Florida, USGS, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Parris, LB (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, BRD, US Geol Survey, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 514 EP 517 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0514:IIORIF]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900016 ER PT J AU Kent, DB Davis, JA Anderson, LCD Rea, BA Coston, JA AF Kent, DB Davis, JA Anderson, LCD Rea, BA Coston, JA TI Effect of adsorbed metal ions on the transport of Zn- and Ni-EDTA complexes in a sand and gravel aquifer SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID CO(II/III)EDTA REACTIVE TRANSPORT; VARIABLE CHEMICAL CONDITIONS; HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; GRADIENT TRACER TEST; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CAPE-COD; IRON-OXIDES; CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS; COLUMN EXPERIMENTS; HEAVY-METALS AB Adsorption, complexation, and dissolution reactions strongly influenced the transport of metal ions complexed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in a predominantly quartz-sand aquifer during two tracer tests conducted under mildly reducing conditions at pH 5.8 to 6.1. In tracer test M89, EDTA complexes of zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni), along with excess free EDTA, were injected such that the lower portion of the tracer cloud traveled through a region with adsorbed manganese (Mn) and the upper portion of the tracer cloud traveled through a region with adsorbed Zn. In tracer test S89, Ni- and Zn-EDTA complexes, along with excess EDTA complexed with calcium (Ca), were injected into a region with adsorbed Mn. The only discernable chemical reaction between Ni-EDTA and the sediments was a small degree of reversible adsorption leading to minor retardation. In the absence of adsorbed Zn, the injected Zn was displaced from EDTA complexes by iron(III) [Fe(III)] dissolved from the sediments. Displacement of Zn by Fe(III) on EDTA became increasingly thermodynamically favorable with decreasing total EDTA concentration. The reaction was slow compared to the time-scale of transport. Free EDTA rapidly dissolved aluminum (Al) from the sediments, which was subsequently displaced slowly by Fe. In the portion of tracer cloud M89 that traveled through the region contaminated with adsorbed Zn, little displacement of Zn complexed with EDTA was observed, and Al was rapidly displaced from EDTA by Zn desorbed from the sediments, in agreement with equilibrium calculations. In tracer test S89, desorption of Mn dominated over the more thermodynamically favorable dissolution of Al oxyhydroxides. Comparison with results from M89 suggests that dissolution of Al oxyhydroxides in coatings on these sediment grains by Ca-EDTA was rate-limited whereas that by free EDTA reached equilibrium on the time-scale of transport. Rates of desorption are much faster than rates of dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides from sediment-grain surfaces and, therefore, adsorbed metal ions can strongly influence the speciation of ligands like EDTA in soils and sediments, especially over small temporal and spatial scales. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kent, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 93 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2002 VL 66 IS 17 BP 3017 EP 3036 AR PII S0016-7037(02)00908-0 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00908-0 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 592WV UT WOS:000177960600003 ER PT J AU Selby, D Creaser, RA Hart, CJR Rombach, CS Thompson, JFH Smith, MT Bakke, AA Goldfarb, RJ AF Selby, D Creaser, RA Hart, CJR Rombach, CS Thompson, JFH Smith, MT Bakke, AA Goldfarb, RJ TI Absolute timing of sulfide and gold mineralization: A comparison of Re-Os molybdenite and Ar-Ar mica methods from the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Re-Os; molybdenite; geochronology; gold; Alaska ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HIGHLY PRECISE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; OSMIUM; AGES; SYSTEMATICS; DISTRICT; DEPOSITS; RHENIUM AB New Re-Os molybdenite dates from two lode gold deposits of the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska, provide direct timing constraints for sulfide and gold mineralization. At Fort Knox, the Re-Os molybdenite date is identical to the U-Pb zircon age for the host intrusion, supporting an intrusive-related origin for the deposit. However, Ar-40/Ar-39 dates from hydrothermal and igneous mica are considerably younger. At the Pogo deposit, Re-Os molybdenite dates are also much older than Ar-40/Ar-39 dates from hydrothermal mica, but dissimilar to the age of local granites. These age relationships indicate that the Re-Os molybdenite method records the timing of sulfide and gold mineralization, whereas much younger Ar-40/Ar-39 dates are affected by post-ore thermal events, slow cooling, and/or systemic analytical effects. The results of this study complement a growing body of evidence to indicate that the Re-Os chronometer in molybdenite can be an accurate and robust tool for establishing timing relations in ore systems. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. Yukon Geol Program, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Teck Cominco Ltd, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L9, Canada. Fairbanks Gold Min Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99707 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Selby, D (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. OI Creaser, Robert/0000-0002-7672-035X NR 33 TC 85 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 15 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2002 VL 30 IS 9 BP 791 EP 794 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0791:ATOSAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 592KY UT WOS:000177937900007 ER PT J AU Izbekov, PE Eichelberger, JC Patino, LC Vogel, TA Ivanov, BV AF Izbekov, PE Eichelberger, JC Patino, LC Vogel, TA Ivanov, BV TI Calcic cores of plagioclase phenocrysts in andesite from Karymsky volcano: Evidence for rapid introduction by basaltic replenishment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plagioclase; andesite; mixing; Kamchatka Peninsula ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; MAGMA; FELDSPAR; ERUPTION; KAMCHATKA; ALASKA; KATMAI; ROCKS; SR; BA AB Calcic cores in plagioclase of Karymsky andesite of the 19962000 eruptive cycle texturally and compositionally (both trace and major elements) mimic the plagioclase phenocrysts of basalt erupted 6 km away at the onset of the cycle. These observations support the view that simultaneous eruption of andesite and basalt at Karymsky in the beginning of the cycle represents an example of replenishment and eruption triggering of an andesitic reservoir. Homogeneity of andesitic output occurred within two months. This suggests to us that blending of injected basalt into reservoir magma was thorough and rapid. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Inst Volcan Geol & Geochem, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683006, Russia. RP Izbekov, PE (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Izbekov, Pavel/B-5110-2010; Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 25 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-8505 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 2002 VL 30 IS 9 BP 799 EP 802 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0799:CCOPPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 592KY UT WOS:000177937900009 ER PT J AU Ridky, R AF Ridky, R TI Why we need a corps of earth science educators SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Ridky, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 9 BP 16 EP 19 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 594BM UT WOS:000178028900016 ER PT J AU Neff, JC Hooper, DU AF Neff, JC Hooper, DU TI Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arctic soils; boreal soils; DOC; DON; decomposition; climate; vegetation ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ALASKAN TUNDRA; ARCTIC ALASKA; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN; FLUXES; WATER AB Climatic change may influence decomposition dynamics in arctic and boreal ecosystems, affecting both atmospheric CO2 levels, and the flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to aquatic systems. In this study, we investigated landscape-scale controls on potential production of these compounds using a one-year laboratory incubation at two temperatures (10degrees and 30 degreesC). We measured the release of CO2 , DOC and DON from tundra soils collected from a variety of vegetation types and climatic regimes: tussock tundra at four sites along a latitudinal gradient from the interior to the north slope of Alaska, and soils from additional vegetation types at two of those sites (upland spruce at Fairbanks, and wet sedge and shrub tundra at Toolik Lake in northern Alaska). Vegetation type strongly influenced carbon fluxes. The highest CO2 and DOC release at the high incubation temperature occurred in the soils of shrub tundra communities. Tussock tundra soils exhibited the next highest DOC fluxes followed by spruce and wet sedge tundra soils, respectively. Of the fluxes, CO2 showed the greatest sensitivity to incubation temperatures and vegetation type, followed by DOC. DON fluxes were less variable. Total CO2 and total DOC release were positively correlated, with DOC fluxes approximately 10% of total CO2 fluxes. The ratio of CO2 production to DOC release varied significantly across vegetation types with Tussock soils producing an average of four times as much CO2 per unit DOC released compared to Spruce soils from the Fairbanks site. Sites in this study released 80-370 mg CO2 -C g soil C-1 and 5-46 mg DOC g soil C-1 at high temperatures. The magnitude of these fluxes indicates that arctic carbon pools contain a large proportion of labile carbon that could be easily decomposed given optimal conditions. The size of this labile pool ranged between 9 and 41% of soil carbon on a g soil C basis, with most variation related to vegetation type rather than climate. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Neff, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; OI NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472 NR 49 TC 131 Z9 139 U1 4 U2 97 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 8 IS 9 BP 872 EP 884 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 585VT UT WOS:000177545800006 ER PT J AU Merritt, RW Benbow, ME Hudson, PL AF Merritt, RW Benbow, ME Hudson, PL TI Wetland macroinvertebrates of Prentiss Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan: Diversity and functional group composition SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MARSH; COASTAL WETLANDS; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; ECOLOGY; INVERTEBRATES; INTEGRITY; DYNAMICS; INDEX AB The Great Lakes support many fish and waterbirds that depend directly or indirectly on coastal wetlands during some portion of their life cycle. It is known that macroinvertebrates make up an important part of wetland food webs and ecosystem function; however, our understanding of species distribution within and among wetlands has only recently received attention. We investigated the macroinvertebrates of a freshwater marsh (Prentiss Bay) in the Les Chenaux Island Area of Northern Lake Huron, Michigan. Macroinvertebrate taxa diversity and functional feeding group composition were compared between two habitats. A shallow depositional habitat with higher vegetation diversity and little wave action was compared to a deeper erosional habitat with fewer plant species and more wave action. A total of 83 taxa were collected over the summer of 1996, representing two phyla (Arthropoda and Mollusca) and five classes (Arachnida, Bivalvia, Malacostraca, Gastropoda and Insecta). A total of 79 genera were identified, with 92% being insects (39 families composed of at least 73 genera). Of the total, 42 insect genera were common to both habitats, while relatively fewer were collected exclusively from the erosional compared the depositional habitat. When habitats were pooled, predators comprised about 50% of the functional group taxa, while gathering collectors and shredders each were about 20%. Filtering collectors and scrapers each represented < 10%. When comparing habitats, there was a relatively higher percentage of predators and shredders in the depositional habitat, while all other functional groups were lower. These data suggest that vegetation diversity, depth and wave action affect taxa composition and functional group organization of the Prentiss Bay marsh. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USGS, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Merritt, RW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, 243 Nat Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 8 U2 21 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL-WIN PY 2002 VL 35 IS 2 BP 149 EP 160 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 744WU UT WOS:000186656500009 ER PT J AU Baker, RJ Best, EW Baehr, AL AF Baker, RJ Best, EW Baehr, AL TI Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID HEATING OIL AB Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), the widely used gasoline oxygenate, has been identified as a common ground water contaminant, and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) have long been associated with gasoline spills. Because not all instances of ground water contamination by MTBE and BTEX can be attributed to spills or leaking storage tanks, other potential sources need to be considered. In this study, used motor oil was investigated as a potential source of these contaminants. MTBE in oil was measured directly by methanol extraction and gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Water was equilibrated with oil samples and analyzed for MTBE, BTEX, and the oxygenate tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) by purge and-trap concentration followed by GC/FID analysis. Raoult's law was used to calculate oil-phase concentrations of MTBE, BTEX, and TAME from aqueous-phase concentrations. MTBE, TAME, and BTEX were not detected in any of five new motor oil samples, whereas these compounds were found at significant concentrations in all six samples of the used motor oil tested for MTBE and all four samples tested for TAME and BTEX MTBE concentrations in used motor oil were on the order of 100 mg/L. TAME concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 87 mg/L. Concentrations of benzene were 29 to 66 mg/L, but those of other BTEX compounds were higher, typically 500 to 2000 mg/L. C1 US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. Drexel Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Baker, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 46 EP 51 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00770.x PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 618RU UT WOS:000179431700003 ER PT J AU Wolfe, WJ Williams, SD AF Wolfe, WJ Williams, SD TI Soil gas screening for chlorinated solvents at three contaminated karst sites in Tennessee SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE AB Soil gas was sampled using active sampling techniques and passive collectors at three sites in Tennessee to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques for locating chlorinated solvent sources and flowpaths in karst aquifers. Actively collected Soil gas samples were analyzed in the field with a portable gas chromatograph, and the passive soil gas collectors were analyzed in the lab with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results of the sampling indicate that the effectiveness of both techniques is highly dependent on the distribution of the contaminants in the subsurface, the geomorphic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the site, and, in one case, on seasonal conditions. Both active and passive techniques identified areas of elevated subsurface chlorinated solvent concentrations at a landfill site where contamination remains concentrated in the regolith. Neither technique detected chlorinated solvents known to be moving in the bedrock at a manufacturing site characterized by thick regolith and an absence of surficial karst features. Passive soil gas sampling had varied success detecting flowpaths for chloroform in the bedrock at a train derailment site characterized by shallow regolith and abundant surficial karst features. At the train derailment site, delineation of the contaminant flowpath through passive soil gas sampling was stronger and more detailed under winter conditions than summer. C1 US Geol Survey, Nashville, TN 37211 USA. RP Wolfe, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 640 Grassmere Pk,Ste 100, Nashville, TN 37211 USA. OI Williams, Shannon/0000-0002-3141-1676 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00775.x PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 618RU UT WOS:000179431700008 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Matter, AL Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC AF Moser, ML Matter, AL Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC TI Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE lamprey; migration; dam; radiotelemetry; fishway; passage AB We used an extensive network of more than 170 radio receiving stations to document fine-scale passage efficiency of adult anadromous Pacific lamprey at Bonneville and The Dalles Dams in the lower Columbia River in the northwestern U. S. A. Each spring from 1997 to 2000, we released 197-299 lamprey with surgically implanted radio transmitters. Unique transmitter codes and the date and time of reception at each antenna site were downloaded electronically, and initial processing was conducted to eliminate false positive signals. The resulting large Oracle database was analyzed using an ArcView-based coding protocol. Underwater antennas positioned outside the fishway entrances detected lamprey approaches, and antennas positioned immediately inside the entrances indicated successful entries. Entrance efficiency ( the number of lamprey that successfully entered a fishway divided by the number that approached that fishway) was compared for different types of entrances ( main entrances versus orifice entrances) and entrance locations ( powerhouse versus spillway). Lamprey used orifice-type entrances less frequently than main entrances, and passage success was generally low (< 50%) at all entrances to fishways at Bonneville Dam ( the lowest dam in the system). Lamprey activity at the entrances was highest at night, and entrance success was significantly higher at The Dalles Dam ( the next dam upstream from Bonneville Dam) than at Bonneville Dam. In 1999 and 2000, construction modifications were made to Bonneville Dam spillway entrances, and water velocity at these entrances was reduced at night. Modifications to increase lamprey attachment at the entrances improved lamprey entrance efficiency, but entrance efficiency during reduced velocity tests was not significantly higher than during control conditions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 9 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2002 VL 483 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1023/A:1021394521450 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 622GX UT WOS:000179639600007 ER PT J AU Vaquero, M Esteban, M Allue, E Vallverdu, J Carbonell, E Bischoff, JL AF Vaquero, M Esteban, M Allue, E Vallverdu, J Carbonell, E Bischoff, JL TI Middle Palaeolithic refugium, or archaeological misconception? A new U-series and radiocarbon chronology of Abric Agut (Capellades, Spain) SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE radiometric dating; Mesolithic; Middle Palaeolithic AB New U-Series and C14 (AMS) dates are provided for the Abric Agut (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). This site was previously considered to be of Middle Palaeolithic age according to the characteristics of the lithic assemblage. In addition, human teeth were uncovered and attributed to neandertals. However, radiometric dating clearly indicates a Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene age. C1 Univ Rovira & Virgili, Area Prehist, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain. US Geol Gurvey MS 470, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Vaquero, M (reprint author), Univ Rovira & Virgili, Area Prehist, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain. RI Carbonell, Eudald/G-3003-2015 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 29 IS 9 BP 953 EP 958 DI 10.1006/jasc.2001.0794 PG 6 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 589MA UT WOS:000177761100005 ER PT J AU Grosenbaugh, M Anderson, S Trask, R Gobat, J Paul, W Butman, B Weller, R AF Grosenbaugh, M Anderson, S Trask, R Gobat, J Paul, W Butman, B Weller, R TI Design and performance of a horizontal mooring for upper-ocean research SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE MOORINGS AB This paper describes the design and performance of a two-dimensional moored array for sampling horizontal variability in the upper ocean. The mooring was deployed in Massachusetts Bay in a water depth of 84 m for the purpose of measuring the horizontal structure of internal waves. The mooring was instrumented with three acoustic current meters (ACMs) spaced along a 170-m horizontal cable that was stretched between two subsurface buoys 20 m below the sea surface. Five 25-m-long vertical instrument strings were suspended from the horizontal cable. A bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was deployed nearby to measure the current velocity throughout the water column. Pressure sensors mounted on the subsurface buoys and the vertical instrument strings were used to measure the vertical displacements of the array in response to the currents. Measurements from the ACMs and the ADCP were used to construct time-dependent, two-dimensional current fields. The current fields were used as input to a numerical model that calculated the deformation of the array with respect to the nominal zero-current configuration. Comparison of the calculated vertical offsets of the downstream subsurface buoy and downstream vertical instrument string with the pressure measurements were used to verify the numerical code. These results were then used to estimate total deformation of the array due to the passage of the internal waves. Based on the analysis of the three internal wave events with the highest measured vertical offsets, it is concluded that the geometry of the main structure (horizontal cable and anchor legs) was kept to within +/-2.0 m, and the geometry of the vertical instrument strings was kept to within +/-4.0 m except for one instance when the current velocity reached 0.88 m s(-1). C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Grosenbaugh, M (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Mail Stop 7, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1376 EP 1389 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1376:DAPOAH>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 588RT UT WOS:000177715000011 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Pooler, PS Loveland, RE Botton, ML Michels, SE Weber, RG Carter, DB AF Smith, DR Pooler, PS Loveland, RE Botton, ML Michels, SE Weber, RG Carter, DB TI Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyhemus) reproductive activity on Delaware bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biological monitoring; estuarine beaches; beach morphology; bioturbation; beach foreshore; sediment disturbance; migratory shorebirds ID POLYPHEMUS EGGS; SITE SELECTION; SHOREBIRDS; MIGRATION; ABUNDANCE; STOPOVER; SEDIMENT; USA AB We used results from a survey of horseshoe crab reproductive activity that was conducted in 1999 throughout Delaware Bay to examine the relationship between estimates of spawning females and egg deposition and analyze how that relationship varies with geography, time within a spawning season, beach morphology, and wave energy. We found that beach morphology and wave energy interacted with density of spawning females to explain variation in the density and distribution of eggs and larvae. For example, the quantity of eggs in surface sediment (i.e., eggs that are potentially available to foraging shorebirds) was associated with the density of spawning females, beach morphology, and wave energy. The association between beach morphology and live eggs in surface sediment was strong especially in late May (Percent Reduction in Error = 86% from regression tree model) where egg density was an order of magnitude higher on beaches <15 m wide (3.38*10(5) m(-2); 90% CI: 2.29*10(5), 4.47*10(5)) compared to wider beaches (1.49*10(4) m(-2); 90% CI: 4.47*10(3), 2.53*10(4)). Results also indicate that, among bay-front beaches, horseshoe crabs prefer to spawn on narrow beaches, possibly because of reduced wave energy. At peak periods of spawning activity, density of spawning females was inversely related to foreshore width on mid-latitude beaches within Delaware Bay (t = -2.68, 7 df, p = 0.03). Because the distribution of eggs across the foreshore varied with beach morphology and widened as the spawning season progressed, methods used to sample eggs need to be robust to variation in beach morphology and applicable regardless of when the samples are taken. Because beach morphology and wave energy were associated with the quantity of eggs in surface sediment, certain beach types may be critical to the conservation of shorebird foraging habitat. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Rutgers State Univ Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Fordham Univ, Dept Nat Sci, New York, NY 10023 USA. Delaware Dept Nat Resources, Div Fish & Wildlife, Little Creek, DE 19961 USA. Delaware Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 19901, Japan. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 730 EP 740 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 618JJ UT WOS:000179414700012 ER PT J AU Poppe, LJ Knebel, HJ Lewis, RS DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML AF Poppe, LJ Knebel, HJ Lewis, RS DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML TI Processes controlling the remobilization of surficial sediment and formation of sedimentary furrows in north-central Long Island Sound SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Island Sound; sedimentary furrows; erosional bedforms; sedimentary structures ID SEA-FLOOR ENVIRONMENTS; TRANSPORT AB Sidescan sonar, bathymetric, subbottom, and bottom-photographic surveys and sediment sampling have improved our understanding of the processes that control the complex distribution of bottom sediments and benthic habitats in Long Island Sound. Although the deeper (>20 m) waters of the central Sound are long-term depositional areas characterized by relatively weak bottom-current regimes, our data reveal the localized presence of sedimentary furrows. These erosional bedforms occur in fine-grained cohesive sediments (silts and clayey silts), trend east-northeast, are irregularly spaced, and have indistinct troughs with gently sloping walls. The average width and relief of the furrows is 9.2 m and 0.4 m, respectively. The furrows average about 206 m long, but range in length from 30 m to over 1,300 m. Longitudinal ripples, bioturbation, and nutclam shell debris are common within the furrows. Although many of the furrows appear to end by gradually narrowing, some furrows show a "tuning fork" joining pattern. Most of these junctions open toward the east, indicating net westward sediment transport. However, a few junctions open toward the west suggesting that oscillating tidal currents are the dominant mechanism controlling furrow formation. Sedimentary furrows and longitudinal ripples typically form in environments which have recurring, directionally stable, and occasionally strong currents. The elongate geometry and regional bathymetry of Long Island Sound combine to constrain the dominant tidal and storm currents to east-west flow directions and permit the development of these bedforms. Through resuspension due to biological activity and the subsequent development of erosional bedforms, fine-grained cohesive sediment can be remobilized and made available for transport farther westward into the estuary. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. State Geol & Nat Hist Survey Connecticut, Connecticut Dept Environm Protect, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. RP Poppe, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 741 EP 750 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 618JJ UT WOS:000179414700013 ER PT J AU Revell, DL Komar, PD Sallenger, AH AF Revell, DL Komar, PD Sallenger, AH TI An application of LIDAR to analyses of El Nino erosion in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal erosion; large-scale coastal behavior; El Nino; LIDAR; Oregon AB El Nino produces coastal and beach erosion along the West Coast of the USA by elevating mean water levels so that tides are significantly higher than predicted, and by altering the paths of storms that generate large waves. In the past it has been difficult to adequately document the erosion impacts since they are so widespread. This difficulty has been solved through the application of LIDAR, which uses a scanning laser mounted in a small aircraft to rapidly and accurately survey beach elevations. This study uses LIDAR to document the beach changes and shoreline erosion that occurred during the 1997-98 El Nino within the Netarts Littoral Cell on the Oregon coast, a 14-km long "pocket beach" between large rocky headlands. The LIDAR surveys demonstrate that sand generally migrated northward within the cell due to the southwest approach of the El Nino storm waves, but there was a complex pattern of beach-elevation change due to the superposition of eroded rip-current embayments. The greatest beach erosion occurred near the south end of the cell, where it impacted Cape Lookout State Park, and to the north of the inlet to Netarts Bay where it threatened The Capes, a development of condominiums located on a high bluff. In both cases the LIDAR data proved to be extremely useful in quantifying the erosion, and in providing a better understanding of the erosion processes that occur during an El Nino. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Revell, DL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 792 EP 801 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 618JJ UT WOS:000179414700017 ER PT J AU Morton, RA AF Morton, RA TI Factors controlling storm impacts on coastal barriers and beaches - A preliminary basis for real-time forecasting (vol 18, pg 486, 2002) SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Studies, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 838 EP 838 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 618JJ UT WOS:000179414700020 ER PT J AU Jackson, NL Nordstrom, KF Smith, DR AF Jackson, Nancy L. Nordstrom, Karl F. Smith, David R. TI Geomorphic - Biotic Interactions on Beach Foreshores In Estuaries SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE beach nourishment; bulkheads; horseshoe crabs; geomorphology; Delaware Bay; Puget Sound; shore protection AB This review of research on estuarine beaches in the USA examines the linkages between geomorphology and biota and impacts of shore protection strategies. The effects of timing and frequency of storms, wave processes, and tidal range on morphologic response, sediment activation, infiltration and exfiltration of water through the foreshore, and litter distribution on the surface are evaluated along with the impacts of human adjustments, including bulkhead construction and beach nourishment. The effects of these factors on faunal activity are illustrated by evaluating the suitability of beaches as spawning areas for horseshoe crab egg production and the resulting effect on migratory shorebirds. Future research is recommended to: 1) time biological sampling to episodic storm events to evaluate impacts of habitat modification; 2) identify spatial differences in the dimensions of the low tide terrace that control the dynamics and biological functions on the foreshore above it; 3) design biological sampling plans according to geomorphic process regimes rather than static morphologic features on the beach; 4) standardize sampling locations to facilitate comparison among different sites; 5) conduct simultaneous studies of sediment activation by waves and by fauna; 6) determine the role of litter on faunal community structure and function; 7) conduct detailed physical and biological studies at bulkheads to determine the significance of position on the intertidal profile; and 8) determine the significance of nourishing a beach with fill material significantly different from native materials. C1 [Jackson, Nancy L.] New Jersey Inst Technol, Grad Program Environm Policy Studies, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Nordstrom, Karl F.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08904 USA. [Smith, David R.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Jackson, NL (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Grad Program Environm Policy Studies, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. FU national Sea Grant Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under NOAA [R/D-2001-2] FX This publication was supported by the national Sea Grant Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under NOAA Grant No. R/D-2001-2. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of any of those organizations. NJSG-02-477 NR 71 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 EI 1551-5036 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 SI 36 BP 414 EP 424 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA V34FI UT WOS:000209071900047 ER PT J AU Spruill, TB Showers, WJ Howe, SS AF Spruill, TB Showers, WJ Howe, SS TI Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bouyoucos 2000 Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS ID DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; NITROGEN-CYCLE; CONTAMINATION; ISOTOPES AB A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model 1 was constructed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (delta(15)N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A BIN value of nitrate plus potassium >18.2 indicated animal sources; a value <18.2 indicated inorganic or soil organic N. A nitrate to ammonia ratio >575 indicated inorganic fertilizer on agricultural crops; a ratio <575 indicated nitrate from golf courses. A sodium to potassium ratio >3.2 indicated septic-system wastes; a ratio <3.2 indicated spray or poultry wastes. A value for zinc >2.8 indicated spray wastes from hog lagoons; a value <2.8 indicated poultry wastes. Model 2 was devised by using all variables except BIN. This model also included four variables (sodium plus potassium, nitrate to ammonia ratio, calcium to magnesium ratio, and sodium to potassium ratio) to distinguish categories. Both models were able to distinguish all five source categories with better than 80% overall success and with 71 to 100% success in individual categories using the learning samples. Seventeen water samples that were not used in model development were tested using Model 2 for three categories, and all were correctly classified. Classification-tree models show great potential in identifying sources of contamination and variables important in the source-identification process. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Spruill, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 51 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1538 EP 1549 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596GR UT WOS:000178156800015 PM 12371171 ER PT J AU McIsaac, GF David, MB Gertner, GZ Goolsby, DA AF McIsaac, GF David, MB Gertner, GZ Goolsby, DA TI Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River basin to nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River: A comparison of approaches SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bouyoucos 2000 Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; CORN YIELD; ILLINOIS; TILLAGE; HYPOXIA; AMMONIA; BUDGETS; TRENDS; MODELS AB A quantitative understanding of the relationship between terrestrial N inputs and riverine N flux can help guide conservation, policy, and adaptive management efforts aimed at preserving or restoring water quality. The objective of this study was to compare recently published approaches for relating terrestrial N inputs to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) with measured nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Nitrogen inputs to and outputs from the MRB (1951 to 1996) were estimated from state-level annual agricultural production statistics and NOy (inorganic oxides of N) deposition estimates for 20 states that comprise 90% of the MRB. A model with water yield and gross N inputs accounted for 85% of the variation in observed annual nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River, from 1960 to 1998, but tended to underestimate high nitrate flux and overestimate low nitrate flux. A model that used water yield and net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) accounted for 95% of the variation in riverine N flux. The NANI approach accounted for N harvested in crops and assumed that crop harvest in excess of the nutritional needs of the humans and livestock in the basin would be exported from the basin. The U.S. White House Committee on Natural Resources and Environment (CENR) developed a more comprehensive N budget that included estimates of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, and exchanges with soil organic matter. The residual N in the CENR budget was weakly and negatively correlated with observed riverine nitrate flux. The CENR estimates of soil N mineralization and immobilization suggested that there were large (2000 kg N ha(-1)) net losses of soil organic N between 1951 and 1996. When the CENR N budget was modified by assuming that soil organic N levels have been relatively constant after 1950, and ammonia volatilization losses are redeposited within the basin, the trend of residual N closely matched temporal variation in NANI and was positively correlated with riverine nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Based on results from applying these three modeling approaches, we conclude that although the NANI approach does not address several processes that influence the N cycle, it appears to focus on the terms that can be estimated with reasonable certainty and that are correlated with riverine N flux. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Studies, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McIsaac, GF (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Studies, W-503 Turner Hall,1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 52 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 7 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1610 EP 1622 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596GR UT WOS:000178156800022 PM 12371178 ER PT J AU Colt, JS Baris, D Clark, SF Ayotte, JD Ward, M Nuckols, JR Cantor, KP Silverman, DT Karagas, M AF Colt, JS Baris, D Clark, SF Ayotte, JD Ward, M Nuckols, JR Cantor, KP Silverman, DT Karagas, M TI Sampling private wells at past homes to estimate arsenic exposure: A methodologic study in New England SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; drinking water; exposure assessment; private wells ID DRINKING-WATER SOURCE; BLADDER-CANCER; US POPULATION; RISK; MORTALITY; NITRATE; SKIN AB We are conducting a collaborative, population-based case-control study in Maine, New Hampshire. and Vermont to investigate the reasons for the elevated bladder cancer mortality in northern New England. Arsenic in drinking water is one of the primary exposures under investigation. To estimate subjects' lifetime exposure to waterborne arsenic, it will be necessary to obtain water samples from private wells that subjects used in the past. We conducted a methodologic study to assess the feasibility of locating and sampling from private wells at subjects' past residences. Ninety-eight New Hampshire residents (mean age 67 years) completed a questionnaire requesting the complete address, dates of occupancy. and drinking water sources for each home lived in since birth. An interviewer then asked subjects for more detailed information about each home to assist in a field search of past homes in the three-state study area of Maine. New Hampshire, and Vermont. Fifty-eight of the 98 subjects indicated that they had used a total of 103 private wells in 95 previous homes located in these three states. We conducted a field search to locate these 95 homes, visited town offices to find the properties on tax maps and obtain the current owners' names and addresses, attempted to obtain permission from the current owners to sample the wells. and collected water samples. In all. 48 (47%) of the 103 past wells in the study area were sampled successfully. The remaining wells were not sampled because the homes were not located (22%) or had been demolished (2%), permission to sample the wells was not obtained (17%), the wells had been destroyed (7%) or could not be found on the grounds of the residence (3%). or for other reasons (2%). Various approaches for improving the success rates for sampling water from private wells are discussed, as is the use of predictive modeling to impute exposures when sampling is not feasible. C1 NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US Geol Survey New Hampshire Vermont Dist, Pembroke, NH USA. Colorado State Univ, Environm Hlth Adv Syst Lab, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO USA. Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Community & Family Med, Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH USA. RP Colt, JS (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, 6120 Execut Blvd,Room 8112, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM coltj@mail.nih.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 329 EP 334 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500235 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 593WB UT WOS:000178016500004 PM 12198581 ER PT J AU Burger, O Todd, LC Burnett, P Stohlgren, TJ Stephens, D AF Burger, O Todd, LC Burnett, P Stohlgren, TJ Stephens, D TI Multi-scale and nested-intensity sampling techniques for archaeological survey SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This paper discusses sampling techniques for archaeological survey that are directed toward evaluating the properties of surface artifact distributions. The sampling techniques we experimented with consist of a multi-scale sampling plot developed in plant ecology and the use of a nested-intensity survey design. We present results from the initial application of these methods. The sampling technique we borrowed from plant ecology is the Modified-Whittaker multiscale sampling plot, which gathers observations at the spatial scales of 1 sq m, 10 sq m, 100 sq m, and 1000 sq m. Nested-intensity surveys gather observations on the same sample unites at multiple resolutions. We compare the results of a closely-spaced walking survey, a crawling survey, and a test excavation to a depth of 10 cm. These techniques were applied to ten 20 x 50 m survey plots distributed over an area of 418 ha near the Hudson-Meng Bison Bonebed in NW Nebraska. These approaches can significantly improve the accuracy of survey data. Our results show that high-resolution coverage techniques overlook more material than archacologists have suspected. The combined approaches of multi-scale and nested-intensity sampling provide new tools to improve our ability to investigate the properties of surface records. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Anthropol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Chadron, NE USA. RP Burger, O (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Anthropol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM oskar@unm.edu NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOURNAL FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY PI BOSTON PA BOSTON UNIV 675 COMMONWEALTH AVE, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA SN 0093-4690 J9 J FIELD ARCHAEOL JI J. Field Archaeol. PD FAL-WIN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 3-4 BP 409 EP 423 DI 10.2307/3250900 PG 15 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 888FC UT WOS:000226358600009 ER PT J AU Donovan, TM Beardmore, CJ Bonter, DN Brawn, JD Cooper, RJ Fitzgerald, JA Ford, R Gauthreaux, SA George, TL Hunter, WC Martin, TE Price, J Rosenberg, KV Vickery, PD Wigley, TB AF Donovan, TM Beardmore, CJ Bonter, DN Brawn, JD Cooper, RJ Fitzgerald, JA Ford, R Gauthreaux, SA George, TL Hunter, WC Martin, TE Price, J Rosenberg, KV Vickery, PD Wigley, TB CA Flight Res Working Grp TI Priority research needs for the conservation of Neotropical migrant landbirds SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation planning; dispersal; habitat quality; Partners in Flight; population dynamics ID MIGRATORY BIRDS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; COFFEE PLANTATIONS; BREEDING SUCCESS; HABITAT QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; WINTER; CONSEQUENCES AB Partners in Flight (PIF) is a consortium of professional and Volunteer scientists and educators that promotes the conservation of landbird species. Central to the PIT conservation effort is the development of Bird Conservation Plans specific to each physiographic region of the United States. Without a coordinated prioritization of research needs, land managers, researchers, and funding, agencies seeking to conserve landbirds lack direction, To address this issue, we (the Research Working Group of Partners in Flight) identified research priorities that have emerged recently as a result OF Bird Conservation Plan development. Research priorities for the coming decade focus on habitat, specifically the identification of high-quality habitats and landscapes for breeding, migration, and wintering. Identification of the scale of breeding and natal dispersal and describing linkages between wintering and breeding Populations are also research priorities for the coming decade, A summary of research priorities for each of the PIF regions (Northeast, Midwest, West, and South) is also provided, Specific research needs associated with priority species and habitats in each physiographic area can be accessed in a searchable database: www.partnersinflight.org/pifneeds/searchform.cfm. C1 Univ Vermont, USGS, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Aiken Ctr 311, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. Univ Montana, USGS, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Amer Bird Conservancy, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Cornell Lab Ornithol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Massachusetts Audubon Soc Lincoln, Ctr Biol Conservat, Lincoln, MA 01773 USA. Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement I, NCASI, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Donovan, TM (reprint author), Univ Vermont, USGS, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Aiken Ctr 311, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM tdonovan@nature.snr.uvm.edu RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011; Bonter, David/H-1313-2013 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867; Bonter, David/0000-0003-1768-1941 NR 49 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 73 IS 4 BP 329 EP 339 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 625KQ UT WOS:000179816000001 ER PT J AU Ruth, JM Stanley, TR AF Ruth, JM Stanley, TR TI Breeding habitat use by sympatric and allopatric populations of Wilson's Warblers and Yellow Warblers SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Colorado; Dendroica petechia; habitat use; montane willow habitat; resource partitioning; Wilsonia pusilla; Wyoming ID INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS; SELECTION; SPARROWS; COMPETITION AB We studied Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla) and Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) habitat use in allopatric and sympatric populations in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming in order to better understand the different habitat needs and interactions of these two species. Foraging Wilson's Warblers and Yellow Warblers used very similar habitat, both selecting larger, more open shrubs. In spite of similar foraging habitat, comparisons of habitat use by the two species at the sympatric sites yielded no evidence of foraging habitat partitioning or exclusion. There was evidence of nesting habitat partitioning. Wilson's Warblers nested on the ground, with some evidence that they used smaller, more densely stemmed shrubs under which to nest. Yellow Warblers are shrub nesters and selected larger, more open shrubs in which to nest. Results provide no evidence that Yellow Warblers can be blamed for population declines in Wilson's Warblers. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Ruth, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 73 IS 4 BP 412 EP 419 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 625KQ UT WOS:000179816000012 ER PT J AU Eggleton, MA Schramm, HL AF Eggleton, MA Schramm, HL TI Caloric densities of selected fish prey organisms in the lower Mississippi River SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONSUMPTION; BASS AB Estimates of caloric density and associated variation were generated for several common species of fish prey in the lower Mississippi River. Estimates were derived for eight common fishes including gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad (D. petenense), blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), white bass (Morone chrysops), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and for two decapod species, the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium ohioni) and a Procambarus crayfish species. Generated values for gizzard shad and bluegill were comparable to literature values; values for the other fishes and the two decapods have not been reported previously. Seasonal trends in caloric density were evident for blue catfish and gizzard shad. Though caloric content peaked at different times of the year for each species, values were consistently most variable during spring for both species. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Eggleton, MA (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum, 2401 Chautauqua, Norman, OK USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 409 EP 414 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663914 PG 6 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 593WN UT WOS:000178017600008 ER PT J AU Friedman, I Harris, JM Smith, GI Johnson, CA AF Friedman, I Harris, JM Smith, GI Johnson, CA TI Stable isotope composition of waters in the Great Basin, United States - 1. Air-mass trajectories SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrology; hydroclimatology; Great Basin; stable isotope ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AMAZON BASIN; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT; NEVADA; HYDROGEN AB [1] Isentropic trajectories, calculated using the NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory's isentropic transport model, were used to determine air-parcel origins and the influence of air mass trajectories on the isotopic composition of precipitation events that occurred between October 1991 and September 1993 at Cedar City, Utah, and Winnemucca, Nevada. Examination of trajectories that trace the position of air parcels backward in time for 10 days indicated five distinct regions of water vapor origin: (1) Gulf of Alaska and North Pacific, (2) central Pacific, (3) tropical Pacific, (4) Gulf of Mexico, and (5) continental land mass. Deuterium (deltaD) and oxygen-18 (delta(18)O) analyses were made of precipitation representing 99% of all Cedar City events. Similar analyses were made on precipitation representing 66% of the precipitation falling at Winnemucca during the same period. The average isotopic composition of precipitation derived from each water vapor source was determined. More than half of the precipitation that fell at both sites during the study period originated in the tropical Pacific and traveled northeast to the Great Basin; only a small proportion traversed the Sierra Nevada. The isotopic composition of precipitation is determined by air-mass origin and its track to the collection station, mechanism of droplet formation, reequilibration within clouds, and evaporation during its passage from cloud to ground. The Rayleigh distillation model can explain the changes in isotopic composition of precipitation as an air mass is cooled pseudo-adiabatically during uplift. However, the complicated processes that take place in the rapidly convecting environment of cumulonimbus and other clouds that are common in the Great Basin, especially in summer, require modification of this model because raindrops that form in the lower portion of those clouds undergo isotopic change as they are elevated to upper levels of the clouds from where they eventually drop to the ground. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Friedman, I (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4400 DI 10.1029/2001JD000565 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300068 ER PT J AU Friedman, I Smith, GI Johnson, CA Moscati, RJ AF Friedman, I Smith, GI Johnson, CA Moscati, RJ TI Stable isotope compositions of waters in the Great Basin, United States - 2. Modern precipitation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrology; hydroclimatology; Great Basin; stable isotope ID SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; DEUTERIUM; NEVADA AB [1] Precipitation was collected between 1991 and 1997 at 41 locations within and adjacent to parts of the Great Basin lying in California, Oregon, Nevada, and Utah. These samples were analyzed for their deuterium (deltaD) and oxygen-18 (delta(18)O) contents. Separate collections were made of summer and winter season precipitation at stations ranging in elevation from -65 m to 3246 m. The deltaD per mil values of stations that were closely spaced but at different elevations showed an average deltaD decrease of approximately 10parts per thousand/km rise in elevation. Data for all samples representing winter precipitation, when plotted on a deltaD versus delta(18)O plot, fall close to the Meteoric Water Line (deltaD=8 delta(18)O + 10); samples representing summer precipitation define a line of slightly lower slope due to evaporation of the raindrops during their passage from cloud to ground. Comparison of our 1991-1997 deltaD data with those from the same three stations reported by an earlier study in the southeastern California shows seasonal differences ranging from 0 per mil to 19parts per thousand (average: 15) and annual differences ranging from 0 to 13 per mil (average: 2), illustrating the degree of annual and seasonal variability in this region. When contoured, the deltaD values display gradients indicating a north to northwest decrease in deuterium, with values ranging from -60 to -125parts per thousand in winter precipitation and from -40 to -110parts per thousand in summer precipitation. These gradient trends can be explained by the predominance of air mass trajectories originating in the tropical Pacific, the Gulf of California, and (in summer) the Gulf of Mexico. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Friedman, I (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4401 DI 10.1029/2001JD000566 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300069 ER PT J AU Smith, GI Friedman, I Veronda, G Johnson, CA AF Smith, GI Friedman, I Veronda, G Johnson, CA TI Stable isotope compositions of waters in the Great Basin, United States 3. Comparison of groundwaters with modern precipitation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrology; hydroclimatology; Great Basin; stable isotope ID SOUTHERN NEVADA GROUNDWATER; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; DAVISSON,M.L. ET-AL; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; CLIMATE OSCILLATIONS; METEORIC WATER; NORTH-AMERICA; 42-DEGREES-N; RADIOCARBON AB [1] Groundwater samples from wells and springs, scattered over most of the Great Basin province, were collected and analyzed for their isotopic makeup. They were augmented by previously published isotopic data on groundwaters from southeast California and by several hundred unpublished isotopic analyses. The ratio of H-2 (deuterium, D) to H-1, in water samples from valleys in parts of California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah, are here compared with the winter, summer, and annual isotopic compositions of precipitation falling in or near the sampled areas. The main goal of this study was to identify basins where the groundwaters have isotopic compositions that are "lighter'' (depleted in the heavier isotope, D) relative to modern winter precipitation. Where these basins do not adjoin substantially higher terrain, we consider those light groundwaters to be of Pleistocene age and thus more than 10,000 years old. Where the groundwater is 10 to 19parts per thousand lighter than local winter precipitation, we consider it to be possibly an indication of Pleistocene water; where the deltaD makeup is >20parts per thousand lighter, we consider it to be probably Pleistocene water. More than 80 sites underlain by waters of possible or probable Pleistocene age were identified. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY USA. RP Smith, GI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 82 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4402 DI 10.1029/2001JD000567 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300070 ER PT J AU Gerlach, TM McGee, KA Elias, T Sutton, AJ Doukas, MP AF Gerlach, TM McGee, KA Elias, T Sutton, AJ Doukas, MP TI Carbon dioxide emission rate of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for primary magma and the summit reservoir SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE CO2 degassing; magma degassing; magmatic CO2; volcano monitoring; Kilauea Volcano; magma dynamics ID BASALTIC VOLCANO; SUBMARINE LAVAS; SUPPLY RATE; HAWAII; SULFUR; CO2; ERUPTION; TEMPERATURE; SOLUBILITY; PLUMES AB [1] We report a CO2 emission rate of 8500 metric tons per day (t d(-1)) for the summit of Kilauea Volcano, several times larger than previous estimates. It is based on three sets of measurements over 4 years of synchronous SO2 emission rates and volcanic CO2/SO2 concentration ratios for the summit correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) traverse. Volcanic CO2/SO2 for the traverse is representative of the global ratio for summit emissions. The summit CO2 emission rate is nearly constant, despite large temporal variations in summit CO2/SO2 and SO2 emission rates. Summit CO2 emissions comprise most of Kilauea's total CO2 output (similar to9000 t d(-1)). The bulk CO2 content of primary magma determined from CO2 emission and magma supply rate data is similar to0.70 wt %. Most of the CO2 is present as exsolved vapor at summit reservoir depths, making the primary magma strongly buoyant. Turbulent mixing with resident reservoir magma, however, prevents frequent eruptions of buoyant primary magma in the summit region. CO2 emissions confirm that the magma supply enters the edifice through the summit reservoir. A persistent several hundred parts per million CO2 anomaly arises from the entry of magma into the summit reservoir beneath a square kilometer area east of Halemaumau pit crater. Since most of the CO2 in primary magma is degassed in the summit, the summit CO2 emission rate is an effective proxy for the magma supply rate. Both scrubbing of SO2 and solubility controls on CO2 and S in basaltic melt cause high CO2/SO2 in summit emissions and spatially uncorrelated distributions of CO2 and SO2 in the summit plume. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Gerlach, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM gerlach@usgs.gov; kenmcgee@usgs.gov; telias@usgs.gov; ajsutton@usgs.gov; mdoukas@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS B9 AR 2189 DI 10.1029/2001JB000407 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 634WU UT WOS:000180366100013 ER PT J AU Parsons, T AF Parsons, T TI Global Omori law decay of triggered earthquakes: Large aftershocks outside the classical aftershock zone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review DE earthquake triggering; aftershocks; Omori's law; seismicity rate; seismicity distribution; earthquake probability ID HECTOR MINE EARTHQUAKE; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; SUBDUCTION ZONE; SOURCE PARAMETERS; STRONG-MOTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; FOCAL MECHANISMS; RUPTURE PROCESS; STRESS CHANGE; INTERPLATE EARTHQUAKES AB [1] Triggered earthquakes can be large, damaging, and lethal as evidenced by the 1999 shocks in Turkey and the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador. In this study, earthquakes with M-s greater than or equal to7.0 from the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) catalog are modeled as dislocations to calculate shear stress changes on subsequent earthquake rupture planes near enough to be affected. About 61% of earthquakes that occurred near (defined as having shear stress change \Deltatau\ greater than or equal to 0.01 MPa) the M-s greater than or equal to 7.0 shocks are associated with calculated shear stress increases, while similar to39% are associated with shear stress decreases. If earthquakes associated with calculated shear stress increases are interpreted as triggered, then such events make up at least 8% of the CMT catalog. Globally, these triggered earthquakes obey an Omori law rate decay that lasts between similar to7-11 years after the main shock. Earthquakes associated with calculated shear stress increases occur at higher rates than background up to 240 km away from the main shock centroid. Omori's law is one of the few time-predictable patterns evident in the global occurrence of earthquakes. If large triggered earthquakes habitually obey Omori's law, then their hazard can be more readily assessed. The characteristic rate change with time and spatial distribution can be used to rapidly assess the likelihood of triggered earthquakes following events of M-s greater than or equal to 7.0. I show an example application to the M = 7.7 13 January 2001 El Salvador earthquake where use of global statistics appears to provide a better rapid hazard estimate than Coulomb stress change calculations. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008 NR 120 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS B9 AR 2199 DI 10.1029/2001JB000646 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 634WU UT WOS:000180366100023 ER PT J AU Schaff, DP Bokelmann, GHR Beroza, GC Waldhauser, F Ellsworth, WL AF Schaff, DP Bokelmann, GHR Beroza, GC Waldhauser, F Ellsworth, WL TI High-resolution image of Calaveras Fault seismicity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE double difference; correlation; Morgan Hill; earthquake location ID 1984 MORGAN-HILL; NORTHERN HAYWARD FAULT; REPEATING EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; STRESS; ZONE; MICROEARTHQUAKES; INVERSION; GEOMETRY; SYSTEM AB [1] By measuring relative earthquake arrival times using waveform cross correlation and locating earthquakes using the double difference technique, we are able to reduce hypocentral errors by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude over routine locations for nearly 8000 events along a 35-km section of the Calaveras Fault. This represents similar to92% of all seismicity since 1984 and includes the rupture zone of the M 6.2 1984 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake. The relocated seismicity forms highly organized structures that were previously obscured by location errors. There are abundant repeating earthquake sequences as well as linear clusters of earthquakes. Large voids in seismicity appear with dimensions of kilometers that have been aseismic over the 30-year time interval, suggesting that these portions of the fault are either locked or creeping. The area of greatest slip in the Morgan Hill main shock coincides with the most prominent of these voids, suggesting that this part of the fault may be locked between large earthquakes. We find that the Calaveras Fault at depth is extremely thin, with an average upper bound on fault zone width of 75 m. Given the location error, however, this width is not resolvably different from zero. The relocations reveal active secondary faults, which we use to solve for the stress field in the immediate vicinity of the Calaveras Fault. We find that the maximum compressive stress is at a high angle, only 13degrees from the fault normal, supporting previous interpretations that this fault is weak. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Schaff, DP (reprint author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM dschaff@ldeo.columbia.edu; schaff@geo.stanford.edu; beroza@pangea.stanford.edu; felixw@ldeo.columbia.edu; ellsworth@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 112 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS B9 AR 2186 DI 10.1029/2001JB000633 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 634WU UT WOS:000180366100010 ER PT J AU Fritts, TH Almendariz, A Samec, S AF Fritts, TH Almendariz, A Samec, S TI A new species of Echinosaura (Gymnophthalmidae) from Ecuador and Colombia with comments on other members of the genus and Teuchocercus keyi SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A new species of the genus Echinosaura is described from the Pacific drainages of northern Ecuador and adjacent Colombia. Evaluation of variation among congeners justifies their recognition as distinct species instead of subspecies as previously proposed. The new lizard occurs in close proximity to Echinosaura horrida and Teuchocercus keyi. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Escuela Politec Nacl, Dept Ciencias Biol, Quito, Ecuador. Naturhistor Museum Wien, A-1014 Vienna, Austria. RP Fritts, TH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurray Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 349 EP 355 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 599HR UT WOS:000178328600003 ER PT J AU Jung, RE Bonine, KE Rosenshield, ML de la Reza, A Raimondo, S Droege, S AF Jung, RE Bonine, KE Rosenshield, ML de la Reza, A Raimondo, S Droege, S TI Evaluation of canoe surveys for anurans along the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABUNDANCE AB Surveys for amphibians along large rivers pose monitoring and sampling problems. We used canoes at night to spotlight and listen for anurans along four stretches of the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas, in 1998 and 1999. We explored temporal and spatial variation in amphibian counts and species richness and assessed relationships between amphibian counts and environmental variables, as well as amphibian-habitat associations along the banks of the Rio Grande. We documented seven anuran species, but Rio Grande leopard frogs (Rana berlandieri) accounted for 96% of the visual counts. Chorus surveys along the river detected similar or fewer numbers of species, but orders of magnitude fewer individuals compared to visual surveys. The number of species varied on average by 37% across monthly and nightly surveys. We found similar average coefficients of variation in counts of Rio Grande leopard frogs on monthly and nightly bases (CVs = 42-44 %), suggesting that canoe surveys are a fairly precise technique for counts of this species. Numbers of Rio Grande leopard frogs observed were influenced by river gage levels and air and water temperatures, suggesting that surveys should be conducted under certain environmental conditions to maximize counts and maintain consistency. We found significant differences in species richness and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) counts among the four river stretches. Four rare anuran species were found along certain stretches but not others, which could represent either sampling error or unmeasured environmental or habitat differences among the river stretches. We found a greater association of Rio Grande leopard frogs with mud banks compared to rock or cliff (canyon) areas and with seepwillow and open areas compared to giant reed and other vegetation types. Canoe surveys appear to be a useful survey technique for anurans along the Rio Grande and may work for other large river systems as well. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Jung, RE (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 390 EP 397 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0390:EOCSFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 599HR UT WOS:000178328600008 ER PT J AU Jung, RE Dayton, GH Williamson, SJ Sauer, JR Droege, S AF Jung, RE Dayton, GH Williamson, SJ Sauer, JR Droege, S TI An evaluation of population index and estimation techniques for tadpoles in desert pools SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOSED ANIMAL POPULATIONS; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; METAMORPHOSIS; HISTORY AB Using visual (VI) and dip net indices (DI) and double-observer (DOE) removal (RE), and neutral red dye capture-recapture (CRE) estimates, we counted, estimated, and censused Couch's spadefoot (Scaphiopus couchii) and canyon treefrog (Hyla arenicolor) tadpole populations in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Initial dye experiments helped us determine appropriate dye concentrations and exposure times to use in mesocosm and field trials. The mesocosm study revealed higher tadpole detection rates, more accurate population estimates, and lower coefficients of variation among pools compared to those from the field study. In both mesocosm and field studies, CRE was the best method for estimating tadpole populations, followed by DOE and RE. In the field, RE, DI, and VI often underestimated populations in pools with higher tadpole numbers. DI improved with increased sampling. Larger pools supported larger tadpole populations, and tadpole detection rates in general decreased with increasing pool volume and surface area. Hence, pool size influenced bias in tadpole sampling. Across all techniques, tadpole detection rates differed among pools, indicating that sampling bias was inherent and techniques did not consistently sample the same proportion of tadpoles in each pool. Estimating bias (Le, calculating detection rates) therefore was essential in assessing tadpole abundance. Unlike VI and DOE, DI, RE, and CRE could be used in turbid waters in which tadpoles are not visible. The tadpole population estimates we used accommodated differences in detection probabilities in simple desert pool environments but may not work in more complex habitats. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Cooperat Wildlife Collect, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Jung, RE (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM robin_jung@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 EI 1937-2418 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 465 EP 472 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0465:AEOPIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 599HR UT WOS:000178328600017 ER PT J AU Hong, YS Rosen, MR Reeves, RR AF Hong, YS Rosen, MR Reeves, RR TI Dynamic fuzzy modeling of storm water infiltration in urban fractured aquifers SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE fuzzy sets; aquifers; urban areas; water infiltration; ground water; stormwater ID IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHMS; SYSTEMS AB In an urban fractured-rock aquifer in the Mt. Eden area of Auckland, New Zealand, disposal of storm water is via "soakholes" drilled directly into the top of the fractured basalt rock. The dynamic response of the groundwater level due to the storm water infiltration shows characteristics of a strongly time-varying system. A dynamic fuzzy modeling approach, which is based on multiple local models that are weighted using fuzzy membership functions, has been developed to identify and predict groundwater level fluctuations caused by storm water infiltration. The dynamic fuzzy model is initialized by the fuzzy clustering algorithm and optimized by the gradient-descent algorithm in order to effectively derive the multiple local models-each of which is associated with a locally valid model that represents the groundwater level state as a response to different intensities of rainfall events. The results have shown that even if the number of fuzzy local models derived is small, the fuzzy modeling approach developed provides good prediction results despite the highly time-varying nature of this urban fractured-rock aquifer system. Further, it allows interpretable representations of the dynamic behavior of the groundwater system due to storm water infiltration. C1 Wairakei Res Ctr, Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Taupo, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Hong, YS (reprint author), Wairakei Res Ctr, Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, New Zealand. RI Rosen, Michael/D-6091-2015 NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 7 IS 5 BP 380 EP 391 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:5(380) PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 585GZ UT WOS:000177518200005 ER PT J AU Winter, SL Cully, JF Pontius, JS AF Winter, SL Cully, JF Pontius, JS TI Vegetation of prairie dog colonies and non-colonized short-grass prairie SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black-tailed prairie dog; Cynomys ludovicianus; cover; bare ground; frequency; shortgrass prairie; herbivory; soil disturbance ID PLANT-SPECIES DIVERSITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; LARGE HERBIVORES; STEPPE; DISTURBANCE; COMPETITION; BIOMASS; CATTLE; RANGE; BISON AB Black-tailed prairie dogs have declined by 98% in the past century. Due to continued declines, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated the species as a candidate for listing in 2000. Prairie dogs foster both plant and animal diversity, and their continued presence is a concern in the Great Plains. We compared vegetation structure and composition of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus Ord) colonies in southwest Kansas and southeast Colorado to non-colonized grassland in 1996, and 1997. Dominant species on prairie dog colonies were Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag. ex Griffiths (14% cover in 1996, 15% in 1997), Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. (7% cover in 1996, 17% in 1997) and Aristida purpurea Nutt. (9% cover in 1996, 16% in 1997). Dominant vegetation at randomly selected non-colonized sites were Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (16% cover in 1996, 18% in 1997), Bouteloua gracilis (13% cover in 1996, 17% in 1997) and Buchloe dactyloides (5% cover in 1996, 5% in 1997). Non-colonized shortgrass sites were dominated by Bouteloua gracilis (23% cover in 1996, 41% in 1997) and Buchloe dactyloides (8% cover in 1996,12% in 1997). Cover of grass was higher (P < 0.01) on random sites (44%) than on prairie dog colonies (31%) or shortgrass sites (33%) in 1996, whereas cover of forbs was higher (P < 0.01) on prairie dog colonies (18%) than on random sites (7%) or shortgrass sites (8%) that year. Vegetation height was greater (Q = 3.66) and visual obstruction was greater (Q = 3.39) on random sites (33.6 and 6.4 cm, respectively) than on prairie dog colonies (9.5 and 2.5 cm, respectively) in 1997, the only year these variables were measured. Percent bare ground did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments either year. While components of the vegetation on prairie dog colonies differed from that found on non-colonized sites, the vegetation of prairie dog colonies was, nonetheless, characteristic of a shortgrass region. Prairie dogs undoubtably alter vegetation structure and composition in shortgrass prairie, and likely have a great influence on landscape heterogeneity, but our results suggest that shortgrass prairie is well adapted to the herbivory and soil disturbing activities of prairie dogs. C1 USFWS, Santa Ana NWR, Alamo, TX 78516 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, USGS BRD, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Kansas State Res & Extens, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Winter, SL (reprint author), USFWS, Santa Ana NWR, Rt 2,Box 202A, Alamo, TX 78516 USA. RI Winter, Stephen/F-7049-2012 NR 46 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 25 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 502 EP 508 DI 10.2307/4003230 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000011 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Oliphant, LW Fackler, JK AF Ellis, DH Oliphant, LW Fackler, JK TI Schizochromism in a Peregrine Falcon from Arizona SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus; albinism; leucism; schizochromism; cannibalism C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Univ Saskatoon, Dept Vet Anat, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, HC 1,Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 200 EP 202 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 610AX UT WOS:000178939500007 ER PT J AU Kery, M AF Kery, M TI New observations of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Peru SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus; Peru; South America C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Kery, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 213 EP 217 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 610AX UT WOS:000178939500010 ER PT J AU Ammer, FK Wood, PB AF Ammer, FK Wood, PB TI Probable breeding of Short-eared Owls in southern West Virginia SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, BRD, USGS, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Ammer, FK (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, BRD, USGS, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 237 EP 238 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 610AX UT WOS:000178939500017 ER PT J AU Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC Hensel, P Boumans, R Perez, BC Segura, B Day, JW AF Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC Hensel, P Boumans, R Perez, BC Segura, B Day, JW TI High-precision measurements of wetland sediment elevation: I. Recent improvements to the sedimentation-erosion table SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL ACCRETION; SALT MARSHES; VEGETATION AB The sedimentation-erosion table (SET) developed by Boumans and Day (1993) is herein renamed the surface elevation table (SET) to better reflect the conceptual view of the processes being measured. The SET was designed for making high-resolution measurements of small-scale changes in elevation of loose, unconsolidated sediments in shallow water and mudflat habitats. The SET has undergone three major improvements to increase precision and so that it can be used to measure sediment elevation in vegetated wetlands as well as shallow water habitats. The remote-release "sliding plate" mechanism has been replaced with a single plate, collars (first 2.5 cm then 7.5 cm in length) have been attached to the plate to reduce play in the placement of the measuring pins, and the brass measuring pins have been replaced with fiberglass pins to reduce bending and consequent loss of precision. Under ideal laboratory conditions, the 95% confidence limit for individual pin measurements averaged about +/-1.4 mm (range +/-0.7 to +/-1.9 mm). These modifications have resulted in a reduction of error by about 50%. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Coast & Environm, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Studies, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Johnson Controls World Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Cahoon, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 18 TC 73 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 21 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 72 IS 5 BP 730 EP 733 DI 10.1306/020702720730 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 594MV UT WOS:000178055100012 ER PT J AU Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC Perez, BC Segura, B Holland, RD Stelly, C Stephenson, G Hensel, P AF Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC Perez, BC Segura, B Holland, RD Stelly, C Stephenson, G Hensel, P TI High-precision measurements of wetland sediment elevation: II. The rod surface elevation table SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACCRETION AB A new high-precision device for measuring sediment elevation in emergent and shallow water wetland systems is described. The rod surface-elevation table (RSET) is a balanced, lightweight mechanical leveling device that attaches to both shallow (< 1 m) and deep (driven to refusal) rod bench marks. The RSET was built to complement the surface-elevation table (SET), a larger and heavier mechanical leveling device first described by Boumans and Day (1993). Because of its size and weight, the SET must be attached to a pipe bench mark, which typically must be driven to a depth > 1 m in order to be stable. The pipe is driven to refusal but typically to a depth shallower than the rod bench mark because of greater surface resistance of the pipe. Thus, the RSET makes it possible to partition change in sediment elevation over shallower (e.g., the root zone) and deeper depths of the sediment profile than is possible with the SET. The confidence intervals for the height of an individual pin mea. measured by two different operators with the RSET under laboratory conditions were +/-1.0 and +/-1.5 mm. Under field conditions, confidence intervals for the measured height of an individual pin ranged from +/-1.3 mm in a mangrove forest up to +/-4.3 mm in a salt marsh. C1 Nolans Machine Shop, Lafayette, LA 70502 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Cahoon, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 10 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 19 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 72 IS 5 BP 734 EP 739 DI 10.1306/020702720734 PG 6 WC Geology SC Geology GA 594MV UT WOS:000178055100013 ER PT J AU Eads, CB Layzer, JB AF Eads, CB Layzer, JB TI How to pick your mussels out of a crowd: using fluorescence to mark juvenile freshwater mussels SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE chemical marking; Unionidae; supplemental stocking; calcein; OTC; culture ID WATER MUSSELS; TETRACYCLINE; UNIONIDAE; MOLLUSCA; CALCEIN; BIVALVIA; GROWTH; IRIS AB Conservation plans for freshwater mussels include enhancing natural populations with artificially cultured individuals. Chemical marks on cultured juveniles would provide a way to evaluate the success of those efforts. We immersed Lampsilis cardium and Actinonaias pectorosa juveniles of various ages (1-d-210-d-old) in either oxytetracycline (OTC) or calcein (125-500 mg/L) for different lengths of time (3-48 h) and assessed growth, survival, and mark retention. There were no immediate lethal effects on 1-d-old L. cardium after a 24-h immersion in either chemical at a concentration of 500 mg/L. A single immersion in 250 mg/L OTC of 1-mo-old L. cardium inhibited growth for 2 mo post-immersion, and multiple immersions also affected survival. Neither growth nor survival were affected when older mussels (greater than or equal to2-mo old) were immersed. Fluorescent marks were laid down primarily in the growing edge of the shell as a ring extending around the mussel, and marking success increased with concentration and immersion time. Immersing 7-mo-old L. cardium in 250 mg/L OTC for 24 h produced marks visible in all thin-sections examined 6 mo later; however, marks were not visible in whole shells. In contrast, distinctive calcein marks were visible not only in thin-sections but also on all whole 7-mo-old L. cardium shells 6 mo after mussels were immersed for 24 h at a concentration of 250 mg/L. A 12-h immersion at the same concentration produced inconsistent calcein marks in 5-mo-old L. cardium but yielded >90% correct mark identification in live 7-mo-old A. pectorosa 1 y after immersion. The results of our study indicate that persistent and readily identifiable chemical marks can be produced in juvenile mussels of some species greater than or equal to2-mo-old by a 24-h immersion in 250 mg/L calcein or OTC with little to no adverse effects on the mussels. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Layzer, JB (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 476 EP 486 DI 10.2307/1468484 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 586HG UT WOS:000177578100010 ER PT J AU Schloesser, DW Nalepa, TF AF Schloesser, DW Nalepa, TF TI Comparison of 5 benthic samplers to collect burrowing mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp : Ephemeroptera : Ephemeridae) in sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE mayfly; sampler comparison; lentic sediments; Laurentian Great Lakes ID ERIE; RECOVERY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; RETURN; RIVER; GRABS AB The recent return of burrowing mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) to western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes has prompted a need to find a sampler to obtain the most accurate (i.e., highest mean density) and precise (i.e., lowest mean variance) abundance estimates of nymphs. The abundance of burrowing nymphs is important because it is being used as a measure of ecosystem health to determine management goals for fisheries and pollution abatement programs for waters in both North America and Europe. We compared efficiencies of 5 benthic grab samplers (Ponar, Ekman, petite Ponar, Petersen, and orange-peel) to collect nymphs from sediments of western Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. Samplers were used at one site with soft substrates in both lakes in 1997 (Ponar, Ekman, petite Ponar, and Petersen) and 1998 (Ponar and Ekman), and at one site with soft and one site with hard substrates in Lake St. Clair in 1999 (Ponar and orange-peel). In addition, the Ponar, Ekman, and Petersen samplers were used at one site with soft substrates of western Lake Erie in 2000 to examine the causes of differences among samplers. The Ponar was more accurate than the other samplers; it collected the highest densities of nymphs for 31 of 32 date and site comparisons. In soft substrates, the order of decreasing overall densities was: Ponar>Petersen>petite Ponar>Ekman in western Lake Erie and Ponar>Petersen> Ekman>petite Ponar in Lake St. Clair in 1997, Ponar>Ekman in both lakes in 1998, and Ponar>orange-peel in Lake St. Clair in 1999. In hard substrates, the Ponar was more accurate than the orange-peel in Lake St. Clair in 1999. Precision of the Ponar was generally greater than the Ekman, petite Ponar, and Petersen but similar to the orange-peel. Higher densities of nymphs obtained with the Ponar than other grabs are attributed to its relatively heavy weight, which allows it to sample deeper in sediments than the Ekman and petite Ponar. Also, the Ponar has a screened top, which allows it to minimize hydraulic shock waves more than the Petersen, and uniform sides, which allow it to sample nymphs more uniformly through sediments than the orange-peel. We recommend that future estimates of burrowing mayfly densities be obtained with a standard Ponar sampler similar to the one used in our study because it will yield the most accurate and precise measurements of burrowing mayfly nymphs such as Hexagenia spp. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schloesser, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM don_schloesser@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 487 EP 501 DI 10.2307/1468485 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 586HG UT WOS:000177578100011 ER PT J AU Bennett, WA Kimmerer, WJ Burau, JR AF Bennett, WA Kimmerer, WJ Burau, JR TI Plasticity in vertical migration by native and exotic estuarine fishes in a dynamic low-salinity zone SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SMELT OSMERUS-MORDAX; TIDAL STREAM TRANSPORT; SAN-JOAQUIN ESTUARY; STRIPED BASS LARVAE; ST-LAWRENCE ESTUARY; WELL-MIXED ESTUARY; CORAL-REEF FISH; LIFE-HISTORY; DELTA SMELT; ZOOPLANKTON AB We investigated the degree of flexibility in retention strategies of young fishes in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco Estuary during years of highly variable river flow. We conducted depth-stratified sampling over three full tidal cycles in each year from 1994 to 1996. In 1994, exotic striped bass (Morone saxatilis), native longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), and exotic yellowfin goby (Acanthogobus flavimanus) migrated tidally, occurring near the surface on flood tides and near the bottom on ebb tides. This strategy may have facilitated retention, because landward residual currents were absent in this drought year. During 1995, this behavior persisted for striped bass and yellowfin goby, even though landward residual currents were present under high river-flow conditions. In moderate river-flow conditions (1996), longfin smelt again migrated tidally, whereas at another station adjacent to shallow bays, longfin smelt, striped bass, and native delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) migrated on a reverse diel cycle, occurring near the surface by day and at depth by night. Reverse diel migration may facilitate horizontal transport and retention. Therefore, young fishes appeared to be behaviorally flexible in different environmental conditions to maximize retention. Vertical migrations may also enhance feeding success because zooplankton prey similarly migrated in the LSZ. Our study underscores the value of interdisciplinary studies in a variety of environmental conditions to decipher the range of organism behaviors promoting transport and retention in optimal habitats. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, POB 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. EM wabennett@ucdavis.edu NR 57 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1496 EP 1507 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 594ZF UT WOS:000178081800021 ER PT J AU Monsen, NE Cloern, JE Lucas, LV Monismith, SG AF Monsen, NE Cloern, JE Lucas, LV Monismith, SG TI A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; ESTUARIES; LAKE; PHYTOPLANKTON; CONSEQUENCES; PHOSPHORUS; CALIFORNIA; NITROGEN; CARBON; BLOOMS AB Applications of transport time scales are pervasive in biological, hydrologic, and geochemical studies yet these times scales are not consistently defined and applied with rigor in the literature. We compare three transport time scales (flushing time, age, and residence time) commonly used to measure the retention of water or scalar quantities transported with water. We identify the underlying assumptions associated with each time scale, describe procedures for computing these time scales in idealized cases, and identify pitfalls when real-world systems deviate from these idealizations. We then apply the time scale definitions to a shallow 378 ha tidal lake to illustrate how deviations between real water bodies and the idealized examples can result from: (1) non-steady flow; (2) spatial variability in bathymetry, circulation, and transport time scales; and (3) tides that introduce complexities not accounted for in the idealized cases. These examples illustrate that no single transport time scale is valid for all time periods, locations, and constituents, and no one time scale describes all transport processes. We encourage aquatic scientists to rigorously define the transport time scale when it is applied, identify the underlying assumptions in the application of that concept, and ask if those assumptions are valid in the application of that approach for computing transport time scales in real systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Monsen, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 37 TC 252 Z9 264 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1545 EP 1553 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 594ZF UT WOS:000178081800028 ER PT J AU ten Brink, US Coleman, DF Dillon, WP AF ten Brink, US Coleman, DF Dillon, WP TI The nature of the crust under Cayman Trough from gravity SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caribbean plate; Cayman Trough; continental margins; gravity anomalies; serpentinized peridotite; slow spreading ID MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; FRACTURE-ZONE; BOUNDARY ZONE; CARIBBEAN SEA; OCEANIC-CRUST; LABRADOR SEA; THIN CRUST; EVOLUTION; RIDGE AB Considerable crustal thickness variations are inferred along Cayman Trough, a slow-spreading ocean basin in the Caribbean Sea, from modeling of the gravity field. The crust to a distance of 50 kin from the spreading center is only 2-3 kin thick in agreement with dredge and dive results. Crustal thickness increases to similar to5.5 kin at distances between 100 and 430 km west of the spreading center and to 3.5-6 km at distances between 60 and 370 km east of the spreading center. The increase in thickness is interpreted to represent serpentinization of the uppermost mantle lithosphere, rather than a true increase in the volume of accreted ocean crust. Serpentinized peridotite rocks have indeed been dredged from the base of escarpments of oceanic crust rocks in Cayman Trough. Laboratory-measured density and P-wave speed of peridotite with 40-50% serpentine are similar to the observed speed in published refraction results and to the inferred density from the model. Crustal thickness gradually increases to 7-8 km at the far ends of the trough partially in areas where sea floor magnetic anomalies were identified. Basement depth becomes gradually shallower starting 250 kin west of the rise and 340 km east of the rise, in contrast to the predicted trend of increasing depth to basement from cooling models of the oceanic lithosphere. The gradual increase in apparent crustal thickness and the shallowing trend of basement depth are interpreted to indicate that the deep distal parts of Cayman Trough are underlain by highly attenuated crust, not by a continuously accreted oceanic crust. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Inst Explorat, Mystic, CT USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP ten Brink, US (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 19 IS 8 BP 971 EP 987 AR PII S0264-8172(02)00132-0 DI 10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00132-0 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 668VG UT WOS:000182313400004 ER PT J AU Ostberg, C Rodriguez, RJ AF Ostberg, C Rodriguez, RJ TI Novel molecular markers differentiate Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout and steelhead) and the O-clarki (cutthroat trout) subspecies SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE cutthroat trout; rainbow trout; species-specific markers ID AMPLIFICATION AB A suite of 26 PCR-based markers was developed that differentiates rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki). The markers also differentiated rainbow from other cutthroat trout subspecies (O. clarki), and several of the markers differentiated between cutthroat trout subspecies. This system has numerous positive attributes, including: nonlethal sampling, high species-specificity and products that are easily identified and scored using agarose gel electrophoresis. The methodology described for developing the markers can be applied to virtually any system in which numerous markers are desired for identifying or differentiating species or subspecies. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ostberg, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD SEP PY 2002 VL 2 IS 3 BP 197 EP 202 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00181.x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 592YK UT WOS:000177964300001 ER PT J AU Wieczorek, AM Zamudio, KR King, TL Gjetvaj, B AF Wieczorek, AM Zamudio, KR King, TL Gjetvaj, B TI Isolation of microsatellite loci in spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE Ambystoma; microsatellites; salamander ID MARKERS AB To assess the level and spatial pattern of genetic diversity in the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, we characterized hypervariable molecular markers by screening genomic libraries enriched for microsatellite motifs. We designed primers that reliably amplify twelve polymorphic loci and checked for variability in individuals from populations in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York. Loci show high variability in the number of alleles and heterozygosities, suggesting they will be useful for determining local population differentiation and mating systems in this pond-breeding amphibian. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Wieczorek, AM (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96744 USA. RI Zamudio, Kelly/R-3533-2016 OI Zamudio, Kelly/0000-0001-5107-6206 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD SEP PY 2002 VL 2 IS 3 BP 313 EP 315 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8278.2002.00226.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 592YK UT WOS:000177964300040 ER PT J AU Reilly, TJ Miller, KG Feigenson, MD AF Reilly, TJ Miller, KG Feigenson, MD TI Latest Eocene-earliest Miocene Sr isotopic reference section, Site 522, eastern South Atlantic SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Sr isotopes; Oligocene; stratigraphy; glaciation ID STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; SEA-WATER; SEAWATER; OLIGOCENE; STRATIGRAPHY; SR-87/SR-86; OCEAN; GLACIATION; EVOLUTION; NEOGENE AB [1] We present a revised calibration of Sr isotopes to the geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS) using closely spaced (similar to0.15 m.y. resolution) samples from the classic uppermost Eocene through lowermost Miocene section at Site 522, eastern South Atlantic. The Sr isotopic data are fit with two linear segments with a sharp change in slope at circa 27.5 Ma from 0.000038/m.y. (27.5 to 34.4 Ma) to 0.000051/m.y. (23.8 to 27.5 Ma). Regression analysis indicates that stratigraphic resolution ranges from +/-1 m.y. (for one analysis) to +/-0.6 m.y. (for three analyses) for the younger interval and +/-1.2 m. y. (for one analysis) to +/-0.7 m. y. (for three analyses) for the older interval, representing an increase in resolution from previous studies of +/-1-2 m. y. The paleoceanographic significance of this change in slope is unclear. It occurs during an interval of intermittent Antarctic glaciation, between the Oi2a and Oi2b glaciations. The subsequent interval from circa 27 to 24 Ma appears to be an interval of minimal glaciation. Thus this observation does not support previous suggestions that increases in rates of Sr isotopic change are directly associated with the frequency of Antarctic glaciations. Rather, the increase in slope may be related to increased weathering associated with the "mid-Oligocene'' glaciation. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Reilly, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 AR 1046 DI 10.1029/2001PA000745 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 639VW UT WOS:000180650900003 ER PT J AU Wood, WW Stokes, S Rich, J AF Wood, WW Stokes, S Rich, J TI Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene aridity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Southern High Plains; Texas; New Mexico; springs; groundwater; lake basins; geomorphology; Holocene; aridity; lunettes ID PLAYA-LAKE BASINS; NEW-MEXICO; GREAT-PLAINS; TEXAS; RECHARGE AB Springs in the 40 to 50 large lake basins (>15 km(2)) on the southern portion of the Southern High Plains (SHP) were active during periods of aridity in the Holocene when there may have been human habitation of the area. Eolian erosion of the lake floors and lunette accretion occurred as groundwater levels declined in response to decreased groundwater recharge. The declining lake floor associated with eolian erosion allowed groundwater evaporative discharge to continue, thus maintaining a groundwater gradient toward the lake. This hydrologic condition was favorable for a relatively continuous spring discharge to the lake, independent of the elevation of the lake floor. To evaluate the postulated dynamic equilibrium critical to this conclusion, 17 optically stimulated ages were determined from a 17.7-m deep core of a lunette adjacent to Double Lakes, Texas (33degrees13'15"N, 101degrees54'08"W). The core yielded sediment accumulation dates of 11,500 +/- 1100, 6500 +/- 700, and 4900 +/- 500 yr B.P., corresponding broadly with periods of aridity known from other evidence. Based on analysis of this lunette, it is concluded that springs in Double Lakes basin probably existed throughout the Holocene with discharges similar to those observed historically. We assumed that similar dynamic equilibrium existed in the other large lake basins in the SHP and that these springs could have provided a continuous source of water for indigenous peoples during periods of prolonged aridity. The dynamic equilibrium that is proposed in this study is applicable not only to other and and semiarid geographic areas with wind-erodible material but also over different geologic times. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3TB, England. RP Wood, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 58 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2355 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 595RH UT WOS:000178122200005 ER PT J AU Lyford, ME Betancourt, JL Jackson, ST AF Lyford, ME Betancourt, JL Jackson, ST TI Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Rocky Mountains; woodrat middens; paleoecology; paleoclimate; Holocene; plant migration ID LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION; GREAT-PLAINS; YELLOWSTONE REGION; AGE CALIBRATION; RIVER VALLEY; WASHINGTON; LAKE AB Records of Holocene vegetation and climate change at low elevations (<2000 m) are rare in the central Rocky Mountain region. We developed a record of Holocene vegetation and climate change from 55 C-14-dated woodrat middens at two low-elevation sites (1275 to 1590 m), currently vegetated by Juniperus osteosperma woodlands, in the northern Bighorn Basin. Macrofossil and pollen analyses show that the early Holocene was cooler than today, with warming and drying in the middle Holocene. During the Holocene, boreal (Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis) and montane species (J. scopulorum) were replaced by a Great Basin species (J. osteosperma). J. osteosperma colonized the east side of the Pryor Mountains 4700 C-14 yr B.P. Downward movement of lower treeline indicates wetter conditions between 4400 and 2700 C-14 yr B.P. Increased aridity after 2700 C-14 yr B.P. initiated expansion of J. osteosperma from the east to west side of the Pryor Mountains. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82701 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Lyford, ME (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Aven Nelson Bldg, Laramie, WY 82701 USA. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 58 IS 2 BP 171 EP 181 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2342 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 595RH UT WOS:000178122200008 ER PT J AU Betancourt, JL Grissino-Mayer, HD Salzer, MW Swetnam, TW AF Betancourt, JL Grissino-Mayer, HD Salzer, MW Swetnam, TW TI A test of "annual resolution" in stalagmites using tree rings SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE speleothems; paleoclimate; annual resolution; tree-ring chronologies ID HOLOCENE CLIMATE; RECORD AB So-called annual banding has been identified in a number of speleothems in which the number of bands approximates the time interval between successive U-series dates. The apparent annual resolution of speleothem records, however, remains largely untested. Here we statistically compare variations in band thickness from a late Holocene stalagmite in Carlsbad Cavern, Southern New Mexico, USA, with three independent tree-ring chronologies form the same region. We found no correspondence. Although there may be various explanations for the discordance, this limited exercise suggests that banded stalagmites should be held to the same rigorous standards in chronology building and climatic inference as annually resolved tree rings, corals, and ice cores. (C) 2002 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Betancourt, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RI Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008; OI Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184; Grissino-Mayer, Henri/0000-0003-1088-2927 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 58 IS 2 BP 197 EP 199 DI 10.1006/qres.2002.2354 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 595RH UT WOS:000178122200011 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Forester, RM Bradbury, JP AF Dean, WE Forester, RM Bradbury, JP TI Early Holocene change in atmospheric circulation in the Northern Great Plains: an upstream view of the 8.2 ka cold event SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE; LAKE-MICHIGAN; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; SEDIMENTS; RECORD; DEGLACIATION; RECONSTRUCTION; OSTRACODES AB Elk Lake, in northwestern Minnesota, contains numerous proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in varved sediments with annual resolution for the last 10,000 years. These proxies show that about 8200 calendar years ago (8.2 cal. ka; 7300 radiocarbon years) Elk Lake went from a well-stratified lake that was wind-protected in a boreal forest to a well-mixed lake in open prairie savanna receiving northwesterly wind-blown dust, probably from the dry floor of Lake Agassiz. This change in climate marks the initiation of the widely recognized mid-Holocene "altithermal" in central North America. The coincidence of this change with the so-called 8.2 cal. ka cold event, recognized in ice-core and other records from the circum-North Atlantic, and thought by some to be caused by catastrophic discharge of freshwater from proglacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway, suggests that the two "events" might be related. Our interpretation of the Elk Lake proxy records, and of other records from less accurately dated sites, suggests that change in climate over North America was the result of a fundamental change in atmospheric circulation in response to marked changes in the relative proportions of land, water, and, especially, glacial ice in North America during the early Holocene. This change in circulation probably post-dates the final drainage of proglacial lakes along the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet, and may have produced a minor perturbation in climate over Greenland that resulted in a brief cold pulse detected in ice cores. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 64 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 16-17 BP 1763 EP 1775 AR PII S0277-3791(02)00002-1 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00002-1 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 599LN UT WOS:000178336200001 ER PT J AU Roman, CT Raposa, KB Adamowicz, SC James-Pirri, MJ Catena, JG AF Roman, CT Raposa, KB Adamowicz, SC James-Pirri, MJ Catena, JG TI Quantifying vegetation and nekton response to tidal restoration of a New England salt marsh SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat DE Fundulus heteroclitus; nekton; Phragmites australis; restoration; Rhode Island; salt marsh; Spartina ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; POPULATIONS; MUMMICHOGS; SALINITY; WETLAND; USA AB Tidal flow to salt marshes throughout the northeastern United States is often restricted by roads, dikes, impoundments, and inadequately sized culverts or bridge openings, resulting in altered ecological structure and function. In this study we evaluated the response of vegetation and nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans) to restoration of full tidal flow to a portion of the Sachuest Point salt marsh, Middletown, Rhode Island. A before, after, control, impact study design was used, including evaluations of the tide-restricted marsh, the same marsh after reintroduction of tidal flow (i.e., tide-restored marsh), and an unrestricted control marsh. Before tidal restoration vegetation of the 3.7-ha tide-restricted marsh was dominated by Phragmites australis and was significantly different from the adjacent 6.3-ha Spartina -dominated unrestricted control marsh (analysis of similarities randomization test, p < 0.001). After one growing season vegetation of the tide-restored marsh had changed from its pre-restoration condition (analysis of similarities randomization test, p < 0.005). Although not similar to the unrestricted control marsh, Spartina patens and S. alterniflora abundance increased and abundance and height of Phragmites significantly declined, suggesting a convergence toward typical New England salt marsh vegetation. Before restoration shallow water habitat (creeks and pools) of the unrestricted control marsh supported a greater density of nekton compared with the tide-restricted marsh (analysis of variance, p < 0.001), but after one season of restored tidal flow nekton density was equivalent. A similar trend was documented for nekton species richness. Nekton density and species richness from marsh surface samples were similar between the tide-restored marsh and unrestricted control marsh. Fundulus heteroclitus and Palaemonetes pugio were the numerically dominant fish and decapod species in all sampled habitats. This study provides an example of a quantitative approach for assessing the response of vegetation and nekton to tidal restoration. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Natl Pk Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. RP Roman, CT (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Natl Pk Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 34 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 450 EP 460 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01036.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AM UT WOS:000177383400005 ER PT J AU Neckles, HA Dionne, M Burdick, DM Roman, CT Buchsbaum, R Hutchins, E AF Neckles, HA Dionne, M Burdick, DM Roman, CT Buchsbaum, R Hutchins, E TI A monitoring protocol to assess tidal restoration of salt marshes on local and regional scales SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat DE assessment; monitoring protocols; salt marsh; tidal restoration; tidal restrictions ID NEW-ENGLAND ESTUARY; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; DECOMPOSITION; SALINITY; WETLAND; MANAGEMENT; MITIGATION; CRITERIA; HABITAT; PLANTS AB Assessing the response of salt marshes to tidal restoration relies on comparisons of ecosystem attributes between restored and reference marshes. Although this approach provides an objective basis for judging project success, inferences can be constrained if the high variability of natural marshes masks differences in sampled attributes between restored and reference sites. Furthermore, such assessments are usually focused on a small number of restoration projects in a local area, limiting the ability to address questions regarding the effectiveness of restoration within a broad region. We developed a hierarchical approach to evaluate the performance of tidal restorations at local and regional scales throughout the Gulf of Maine. The cornerstone of the approach is a standard protocol for monitoring restored and reference salt marshes throughout the region. The monitoring protocol was developed by consensus among nearly 50 restoration scientists and practitioners. The protocol is based on a suite of core structural measures that can be applied to any tidal restoration project. The protocol also includes additional functional measures for application to specific projects. Consistent use of the standard protocol to monitor local projects will enable pooling information for regional assessments. Ultimately, it will be possible to establish a range of reference conditions characterizing natural tidal wetlands in the region and to compare performance curves between populations of restored and reference marshes for assessing regional restoration effectiveness. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. Wells Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Wells, ME USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Jackson Estuarine Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI USA. Massachusetts Audubon Soc, Wenham, MA USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester, MA USA. RP Neckles, HA (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 26 Ganneston Dr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. NR 45 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 7 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 556 EP 563 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.02033.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AM UT WOS:000177383400013 ER PT J AU Tanner, CD Cordell, JR Rubey, J Tear, LM AF Tanner, CD Cordell, JR Rubey, J Tear, LM TI Restoration of freshwater intertidal habitat functions at Spencer Island, Everett, Washington SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat DE dike breach; intertidal wetland; invertebrates; restoration; salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.); vegetation community ID ESTUARINE AB In November 1994 dikes were breached around Spencer Island, restoring tidal inundation and connections to the Snohomish River estuary, Washington. Approximately 23.7 ha (58.5 ac) of palustrine wetlands previously dominated by Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) now experience diurnal tides and are in the process of transition to a freshwater tidal system. It was expected that brackish water would accompany the return of tidal influence to the site, but post-project monitoring has revealed little evidence of salinity. Pre- and post-project monitoring of changes in habitat function included aerial photography, vegetation and fish sampling, and benthic prey studies. To date site changes include (1) die back of pre-project vegetation, development of tidal mudflat, and emergent wetland habitats, with recruitment of vegetation typical of freshwater tidal wetlands; (2) presence of juvenile coho, chum, and chinook salmon that feed on invertebrate prey typical of the site; (3) presence of three distinct benthic invertebrate assemblages in the project area; and (4) some invasion by Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife). The unexpected freshwater conditions, the lack of published information about tidal oligohaline marshes in the Pacific Northwest, the use of the site by endangered salmonid species, and the invasion by an undesired plant species underscore the importance of long-term monitoring at the site. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Puget Sound Program, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. Univ Washington, Wetland Ecosyst Team, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington Dept Ecol, Shorelands & Environm Assistance Program, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. Parametrix Inc, Kirkland, WA 98033 USA. RP Tanner, CD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Puget Sound Program, 510 Desmond Dr SE,Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 30 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 564 EP 576 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.t01-1-02034.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AM UT WOS:000177383400014 ER PT J AU Betancourt, JL Saavedra, B AF Betancourt, JL Saavedra, B TI Rodent middens, a new method for Quaternary research in arid zones of South America SO REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL LA Spanish DT Review DE middens; rodents; arid zones; South America ID PACK-RAT MIDDENS; INSECT FOSSIL EVIDENCE; CENTRAL CHILEAN COAST; HOLOCENE VEGETATION; CHIHUAHUAN-DESERT; LATE-PLEISTOCENE; NEW-MEXICO; PALEOBOTANICAL RECORD; 22,000-YEAR RECORD; NEOTOMA MIDDENS AB In and and semi-arid regions of South America, historical evidence for climate and vegetation change is scarce despite its importance for determining reference conditions and rates of natural variability in areas susceptible to modern desertification. Normal lines of evidence, such as pollen stratigraphies from lakes, are either rare or unobtainable in deserts; studies of late Quaternary vegetation history are few and generally inconclusive. This gap in knowledge may be corrected with discovery and development of fossil rodent middens in rocky environments throughout and South America. These middens, mostly the work of Lagidium, Phyllotis, Abrocoma and Octodontomys, are rich in readily identifiable plant macrofossils, cuticles and pollen, as well as vertebrate and insect remains. In the North American deserts, more than 2,500 woodrat (Neotoma) middens analyzed since 1960 have yielded a detailed history of environmental change during the past 40,000 years. Preliminary work in the pre-puna, Monte and Patagonian Deserts of western Argentina, the Atacama Desert of northern Chile/southern Peru, the Mediterranean matorral of central Chile, and the Puna of the Andean altiplano suggest a similar potential for rodent middens in South America. Here we borrow from the North American experience to synthesize methodologies and approaches, summarize preliminary work, and explore the potential of rodent midden research in South America. C1 US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Betancourt, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 164 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 19 PU SOCIEDAD BIOLGIA CHILE PI SANTIAGO PA CASILLA 16164, SANTIAGO 9, CHILE SN 0716-078X J9 REV CHIL HIST NAT JI Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 75 IS 3 BP 527 EP 546 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 600TT UT WOS:000178408200005 ER PT J AU Rosen, DJ Jones, SD AF Rosen, DJ Jones, SD TI The deletion of Cyperus hermaphroditus (Cyperaceae : tetragoni) from the Louisiana flora SO RHODORA LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Rosen, DJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 17629 El Camino Real,Suite 211, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB INC PI LAWRENCE PA P.O. BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0035-4902 J9 RHODORA JI Rhodora PD FAL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 920 BP 429 EP 432 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 639QX UT WOS:000180641700006 ER PT J AU Pant, HK Reddy, KR Spechler, RM AF Pant, HK Reddy, KR Spechler, RM TI Phosphorus retention in soils from a prospective constructed wetland site: Environmental implications SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus sorption; surface soils; subsurface soils; constructed wetlands ID PHOSPHATE; SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; WATERS AB The phosphorus (P) retention characteristics of soil layers are critical for predicting the effectiveness of a constructed wetland, built in high water table soils, in reducing P transport to the receiving water body. Soil samples were collected from surface and subsurface horizons for P sorption and mineralogical studies directed to the assessment of a proposed site for stormwater treatment area (STA) construction in the Okeechobee Basin, Florida. The P sorption maxima were positively correlated with oxalate-extractable aluminum (ox-Al) and citrate dithionite bicarbonate-extractable aluminum (CDB-Al) under anaerobic conditions, but there was no significant correlation with either ox- or CDB-extractable iron (Fe). The ox/CDB ratio for extractable Fe was relatively high (>0.5), indicating that most of the Fe was in noncrystalline form, i.e., highly reactive and prone to rapid dissolution under reducing conditions. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that smectite was the dominant mineral in the clay-size fraction. The permanent negative charge of smectite limits contribution to P sorption. The equilibrium P concentrations (EPC0) of the soils were significantly correlated to CDB-Al but not to CDB-Fe, suggesting that Al-associated P is involved primarily in elevating EPC0 in these soils. Both P sorption capacity and EPC0 were fairly low for soils from most locations, indicating that the proposed STA cannot remove P from the rerouted water to a significant extent under ambient conditions and would not also cause significant P loading to the water table aquifer. Thus, alternatives for effective P sequestration, such as establishment of vegetative communities or chemical amendment, would be required. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. RP Pant, HK (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Inst Food & Agr Sci, POB 110510, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 167 IS 9 BP 607 EP 615 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000031729.12196.97 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 598HM UT WOS:000178270200005 ER PT J AU Flint, AL Campbell, GS Ellett, KM Calissendorff, C AF Flint, AL Campbell, GS Ellett, KM Calissendorff, C TI Calibration and temperature correction of heat dissipation matric potential sensors SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL; CONDUCTIVITY AB This paper describes how heat dissipation sensors, used to measure soil water matric potential, were analyzed to develop a normalized calibration equation and a temperature correction method. Inference of soil matric potential depends on a correlation between the variable thermal conductance of the sensor's porous ceramic and matric potential. Although this correlation varies among sensors, we demonstrate a normalizing procedure that produces a single calibration relationship. Using sensors from three sources and different calibration methods, tile normalized calibration resulted in a mean absolute error of 23% over a matric potential range of -0.01 to -35 MPa. Because the thermal conductivity of variably saturated porous media is temperature dependent, a temperature correction is required for application of heat dissipation sensors in field soils. A temperature correction procedure is outlined that reduces temperature dependent errors by 10 times, which reduces the matric potential measurement errors by more than 30%. The temperature dependence is well described by a thermal conductivity model that allows for the correction of measurements at any temperature to measurements at the calibration temperature. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95189 USA. Decagon Inc, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. RP Flint, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95189 USA. NR 10 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1439 EP 1445 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 593DZ UT WOS:000177977100004 ER PT J AU Howard, ME Zuercher, GL Gipson, PS Livingston, TR AF Howard, ME Zuercher, GL Gipson, PS Livingston, TR TI Efficacy of feces as an attractant for mammalian carnivores SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BOBCATS; KANSAS; URINE AB Researchers often rely on fatty acid scent tablets and commercial attractants to lure animals to specific locations. Feces have been tested as attractants in a liquidized state, but not in their natural form, which provides a visual cue along with an olfactory cue. We used 1-m diameter tracking stations of sand and soil to record tracks of animals that visited randomly assigned feces from captive coyotes (Canis latrans) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) and fatty acid scent tablets. Stations were established each season for 1 year and distributed equally between prairie and woodland habitats. We detected no difference in coyote visits to stations baited with coyote feces or bobcat feces. Likewise, bobcats showed no preference for 1 feces type over the other. Both bobcats and coyotes preferred feces to fatty acid scent tablets. C1 Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Gipson, PS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 17 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 348 EP 352 DI 10.2307/3672492 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 597RA UT WOS:000178233500002 ER PT J AU Cole, ML Leslie, DM Fisher, WL AF Cole, ML Leslie, DM Fisher, WL TI Habitat use by shorebirds at a stopover site in the southern Great Plains SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MIGRATING SHOREBIRDS; CONSERVATION AB WC studied habitat use of shorebirds (Charadriiformes) at a wetland experiencing natural fluctuations in water levels located at Tishomingo National Wildlife Refuge in the south-central Great Plains. We describe use of macrohabitats (disturbed, deciduous, snags, and mudflat) and microbabitats (dry-land, wet-land, and water) by foraging groups (terrestrial-aquatic gleaner, small aquatic prober-gleaner, aquatic gleaner). Water level was correlated with shorebird abundance. The small aquatic prober-gleaner group comprised 85.9% of the total shorebird community. Shorebirds selected mudflat macrohabitats; (P < 0.05) and avoided disturbed, deciduous, and snags. All shorebird groups selected water microhabitat, except for the small aquatic prober-gleaner group that selected wet-land microhabitat (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation (r(s) = -0.36, n = 58, P = 0.005) between pool level and number of shorebirds per survey. The relationship of water level and shorebird abundance may have more impact in an unmanaged wetland than managed wetlands. Tishomingo National Wildlife Refuge may be an important stopover site for small aquatic prober-gleaner species (e.g., western sandpipers, Calidris mauri) that require many stops along their migration routes. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildl, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Cole, ML (reprint author), Environm Serv Inc, 524 S New Hope Rd, Raleigh, NC 27610 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 372 EP 378 DI 10.2307/3672495 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 597RA UT WOS:000178233500005 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE AF Bowers, JE TI Regeneration of triangle-leaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea : Asteraceae): Germination behavior and persistent seed bank SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FEROCACTUS-WISLIZENI CACTACEAE; SONORAN DESERT; VEGETATION CHANGE; SURVIVAL C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 50 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 449 EP 453 DI 10.2307/3672502 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 597RA UT WOS:000178233500012 ER PT J AU Ritzi, CM Valdez, EW Sparks, DW AF Ritzi, CM Valdez, EW Sparks, DW TI New host and locality records of bat ectoparasites from Arizona and New Mexico SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; VESPERTILIONIDAE; CHIROPTERA; EIMERIA; MYOTIS C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Ritzi, CM (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 453 EP 456 DI 10.2307/3672503 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 597RA UT WOS:000178233500013 ER PT J AU Young, SP Isely, JJ AF Young, SP Isely, JJ TI Striped bass annual site fidelity and habitat utilization in J. Strom Thurmond reservoir, South Carolina Georgia SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; RIVER; TEMPERATURE; MORTALITY; OKLAHOMA; LAKES AB Forty-eight adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (3.2-19.1 kg) were captured by electrofishing in the tailrace of Richard B. Russell Dam and in the upper reaches of two major tributaries; they were implanted with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters and tracked approximately bimonthly for 20 months. As J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir downstream from the dam became thermally stratified in May, fish vacated the tributaries. From June to October, all striped bass were found within the reservoir's historical Savannah River channel. By August, most of the instrumented fish were found in the upper section of the reservoir, where optimal habitat was available throughout the summer owing to cool, artificially oxygenated hypolimnetic discharges from Richard B. Russell Dam. In mid-October the reservoir destratified, and fish dispersed from their up-reservoir summering areas and redistributed themselves throughout the reservoir. During early winter, the striped bass returned to tributary habitat or down-reservoir areas and generally used these locations throughout the winter. The fish exhibited a high degree of site fidelity to their summering areas, source tributaries (after fall dispersal and throughout the winter), and spring spawning areas. Mean movement rates were highest in the spring and fall, corresponding to the migration from tributaries in May and the return migration after fall dispersal. Mean movement rates were lowest in summer and winter, corresponding to the periods of high fidelity to summering and wintering areas. The average monthly temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations in areas used by striped bass were 19.0-20.4degreesC and 4.86-6.44 mg/L during May-October, which corresponded to average monthly habitat suitability index values of 0.76-0.98. Striped bass avoided temperatures above 25.1degreesC and dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2.3 mg/L. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 131 IS 5 BP 828 EP 837 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0828:SBASFA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 589CN UT WOS:000177740600003 ER PT J AU Letcher, BH Gries, G Juanes, F AF Letcher, BH Gries, G Juanes, F TI Survival of stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon: Effects of life history variation, season, and age SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRECOCIOUS SEXUAL-MATURATION; SALAR L; SMOLT RECRUITMENT; BALTIC SALMON; PARR; RIVER; FISH; SMOLTIFICATION; MIGRATION; HABITAT AB To determine seasonal and age-class variation in the abundance and survival of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, we conducted multiple samplings of individually tagged juveniles in a small stream (West Brook, Massachusetts). We also estimated the differences in survival and probability of smolting for mature and immature parr. Survival was approximately twofold lower during winter as compared with summer and was higher for fish in their first winter than for fish in their second winter. Parr maturation rates were high (50% of all fish) and peaked in September. The estimated numbers of mature and immature fish were equal for the March samples preceding the smolt run, indicating no overall differences in survival between mature and immature fish during stream residence. Age-2 mature fish were one-third as likely to smolt as immature fish, however, resulting in survival probabilities (from March to smoltification) of 0.22 for mature fish and 0.61 for immature fish. Approximately one-third of the fish captured in the smolt trap were estimated as mature during previous sampling, and virtually all of the age-2 fish remaining in the stream following the smolt run were previously mature. We found no differences in gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity between previously mature smolts and immature smolts, but activity was significantly higher in March for fish that later smolted than for those that did not. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Letcher, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, POB 796,1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 131 IS 5 BP 838 EP 854 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0838:SOSDAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 589CN UT WOS:000177740600004 ER PT J AU Maret, TR Maccoy, DE AF Maret, TR Maccoy, DE TI Fish assemblages and environmental variables associated with hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; DISTURBED STREAMS; HABITAT STRUCTURE; RAINBOW-TROUT; METALS; COMMUNITIES; MACROINVERTEBRATES; CLASSIFICATION; SEDIMENTS; COLORADO AB As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program, fish assemblages, environmental variables, and associated mine densities were evaluated at 18 test and reference sites during the summer of 2000 in the Coeur d'Alene and St. Regis river basins in Idaho and Montana. Multimetric and multivariate analyses were used to examine patterns in fish assemblages and the associated environmental variables representing a gradient of mining intensity. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in water and streambed sediment found at test sites in watersheds where production mine densities were at least 0.2 mines/km(2) (in a 500-m stream buffer) were significantly higher than the concentrations found at reference sites. Many of these metal concentrations exceeded Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) and the Canadian Probable Effect Level guidelines for streambed sediment. Regression analysis identified significant relationships between the production mine densities and the sum of Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in water and streambed sediment (r(2) = 0.69 and 0.66, respectively; P < 0.01). Zinc was identified as the primary metal contaminant in both water and streambed sediment. Eighteen fish species in the families Salmonidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, and Ictaluridae were collected. Principal components analysis of I I fish metrics identified two distinct groups of sites corresponding to the reference and test sites, predominantly on the basis of the inverse relationship between percent cottids and percent salmonids (r = -0.64; P < 0.05). Streams located downstream from the areas of intensive hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin contained fewer native fish and lower abundances as a result of metal enrichment, not physical habitat degradation. Typically, salmonids were the predominant species at test sites where Zn concentrations exceeded the acute AWQC. Cottids were absent at these sites, which suggests that they are more severely affected by elevated metals than are salmonids. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Maret, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 66 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 131 IS 5 BP 865 EP 884 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 589CN UT WOS:000177740600006 ER PT J AU Braaten, PJ Guy, CS AF Braaten, PJ Guy, CS TI Life history attributes of fishes along the latitudinal gradient of the Missouri river SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BASS MORONE-SAXATILIS; FIRST-YEAR GROWTH; COUNTERGRADIENT VARIATION; WINTER MORTALITY; GROWING-SEASON; LAKE-ERIE; SIZE; RECRUITMENT; LENGTH; TEMPERATURE AB Populations of two short-lived species (emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki) and three long-lived species (freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, river carpsucker Carpiodes carpio, and sauger Stizostedion canadense) were studied in the Missouri River to examine spatial variations in life history characteristics across a latitudinal and thermal gradient (38degrees47'N to 48degrees03'N). The life history characteristics included longevity (maximum age), the rate at which asymptotic length was approached (K from the von Bertalanffy growth equation), the mean back-calculated length at age, and growth rates during the first year of life (mm/degree-day and mm/d). The mean water temperature and number of days in the growing season averaged 1.3 times greater in the southern than in the northern latitudes, while degree-days averaged twice as great. The longevity of all species except freshwater drum increased significantly from south to north, but the relationships between maximum age and latitude were curvilinear for short-lived species and linear for long-lived species. The von Bertalanffy growth coefficient for river carpsuckers and saugers increased from north to south, as indicated by significant negative relationships between K and latitude. Mean back-calculated length at age was negatively related to latitude for freshwater drums (greater than or equal toage 4) and saugers (ages 1-5) but positively related to latitude for river carpsuckers (greater than or equal toage 6). One of the growth rates examined (mm/degree-day) increased significantly from low to high latitudes for emerald shiners, sicklefin chubs, freshwater drums, and river carpsuckers during the first growing season. The other growth rate (mm/d) increased significantly from low to high latitudes for emerald shiners but was inversely related to latitude for saugers. These results suggest that the thermal regime related to latitude influences the life history characteristics of fishes in the Missouri River. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Braaten, PJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 79 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 131 IS 5 BP 931 EP 945 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0931:LHAOFA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 589CN UT WOS:000177740600010 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Ocker, PA Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC AF Moser, ML Ocker, PA Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC TI Passage efficiency of adult pacific lampreys at hydropower dams on the lower Columbia River, USA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LAMPETRA-TRIDENTATA AB Hydropower dams in the lower Columbia River may contribute to declines in the populations of anadromous Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata by limiting access to historical spawning locations. To identify obstacles to migration, we documented the movements of radio-tagged adult Pacific lampreys in specific areas of fishways (entrances, collection channels, transition areas, ladders, and counting stations) at the first three dams they encounter as they move upstream (Bonneville, The Dalles, and John Day). From 1997 to 2000, 147-299 radio-tagged lampreys were released downstream from Bonneville Dam. In 1997 and 2000, we also moved 50 radio-tagged lampreys each year to positions upstream from Bonneville Dam to assess the passage success of fish that had not passed through an entire fishway (i.e., "naive fish"). The passage efficiency of lampreys at Bonneville Dam was 38-47%, and the median time required to pass over the dam ranged from 4.4 to 5.7 d. In contrast, 50-82% of the lampreys passed over The Dalles Dam in each year, and passage times ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 d. Passage efficiency was lowest at John Day Dam, but that estimate was based on relatively few fish. After entering the fishways, lampreys had the greatest difficulty (1) negotiating collection channels and transition areas that lacked attachment sites and (2) passing through the Bonneville Dam counting stations. Unexpectedly high passage success was documented in the ladders, where maximum current velocities could exceed 2.4 m/s. We found no evidence that lampreys released downstream from Bonneville Dam had higher passage success at The Dalles Dam than naive fish. In each year up to 60% of the lampreys made multiple entrances at the fishways, indicating that lampreys persistently attempted to pass upstream. Dams in the lower Columbia River impede adult Pacific lamprey migration, and only 3% of the fish we tagged reached areas above John Day Dam. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. USA, Walla Walla Dist, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd East, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 23 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 131 IS 5 BP 956 EP 965 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0956:PEOAPL>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 589CN UT WOS:000177740600012 ER PT J AU Abbott, ML Susong, DD Krabbenhoft, DP Rood, AS AF Abbott, ML Susong, DD Krabbenhoft, DP Rood, AS TI Mercury deposition in snow near an industrial emission source in the western US and comparison to ISC3 model predictions SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE deposition; ISC3 model; mercury; risk assessment; scavenging; snow ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; WET DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; METHYLMERCURY; TRANSPORT; FLORIDA; BASIN; LAKE AB Mercury (total and methyl) was evaluated in snow samples collected near a major mercury emission source on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) in southeastern Idaho and 160 km downwind in Teton Range in western Wyoming. The sampling was done to assess near-field (<12 km) deposition rates around the source, compare them to those measured in a relatively remote, pristine downwind location, and to use the measurements to develop improved, site-specific model input parameters for precipitation scavenging coefficient and the fraction of Hg emissions deposited locally. Measured snow water concentrations (ng L-1) were converted to deposition (ug m(-2)) using the sample location snow water equivalent. The deposition was then compared to that predicted using the ISC3 air dispersion/deposition model which was run with a range of particle and vapor scavenging coefficient input values. Accepted model statistical performance measures (fractional bias and normalized mean square error) were calculated for the different modeling runs, and the best model performance was selected. Measured concentrations close to the source (average = 5.3 ng L-1) were about twice those measured in the Teton Range (average = 2.7 ng L-1) which were within the expected range of values for remote background areas. For most of the sampling locations, the ISC3 model predicted within a factor of two of the observed deposition. The best modeling performance was obtained using a scavenging coefficient value for 0.25 mum diameter particulate and the assumption that all of the mercury is reactive Hg(II) and subject to local deposition. A 0.1 mum particle assumption provided conservative overprediction of the data, while a vapor assumption resulted in highly variable predictions. Partitioning a fraction of the Hg emissions to elemental Hg(0) (a U.S. EPA default assumption for combustion facility risk assessments) would have underpredicted the observed fallout. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, W Valley City, UT USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI USA. RP Abbott, ML (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 139 IS 1-4 BP 95 EP 114 DI 10.1023/A:1015856717964 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 560TY UT WOS:000176098500007 ER PT J AU Garbarino, JR Snyder-Conn, E Leiker, TJ Hoffman, GL AF Garbarino, JR Snyder-Conn, E Leiker, TJ Hoffman, GL TI Contaminants in arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan sea ice SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Alaska; anions; arctic; atmospheric; Beaufort; chlorpyrifos; Chukchi; contaminants; mercury; metals; organochlorine; snow ID AEROSOL CHEMICAL-COMPONENTS; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; TRACE-ELEMENTS; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; HEAVY-METALS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; PEREGRINE FALCONS; POLLUTION AEROSOL AB Snow cores were collected over sea ice from four northwest Alaskan Arctic estuaries that represented the annual snowfall from the 1995-1996 season. Dissolved trace metals, major cations and anions, total mercury, and organochlorine compounds were determined and compared to concentrations in previous arctic studies. Traces (<4 nanograms per liter, ng L-1) of cis- and trans-chlordane, dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate, dieldrin, endosulfan II, and PCBs were detected in some samples, with endosulfan I consistently present. High chlorpyrifos concentrations (70-80 ng L-1) also were estimated at three sites. The snow was highly enriched in sulfates (69-394 mg L-1), with high proportions of nonsea salt sulfates at three of five sites (9 of 15 samples), thus indicating possible contamination through long-distance transport and deposition of sulfate-rich atmospheric aerosols. Mercury, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, and uranium were typically higher in the marine snow (n = 15) in relation to snow from arctic terrestrial studies, whereas cations associated with terrigenous sources, such as aluminum, frequently were lower over the sea ice. One Kasegaluk Lagoon site (Chukchi Sea) had especially high concentrations of total mercury (mean = 214 ng L-1, standard deviation = 5 ng L-1), but no methyl mercury was detected above the method detection limit (0.036 ng L-1) at any of the sites. Elevated concentrations of sulfate, mercury, and certain heavy metals might indicate mechanisms of contaminant loss from the arctic atmosphere over marine water not previously reported over land areas. Scavenging by snow, fog, or riming processes and the high content of deposited halides might facilitate the loss of such contaminants from the atmosphere. Both the mercury and chlorpyrifos concentrations merit further investigation in view of their toxicity to aquatic organisms at low concentrations. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA USA. RP Garbarino, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 88 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 26 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 139 IS 1-4 BP 183 EP 214 DI 10.1023/A:1015808008298 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 560TY UT WOS:000176098500011 ER PT J AU Kaeding, LR AF Kaeding, LR TI Factors influencing the distribution of American White Pelicans foraging on the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park, USA SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE American White Pelican; riverine foraging; spatial and temporal variation; Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout; river discharge; spawner and redd counts; Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri AB The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a predator on Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. This two-year study examined the biotic and abiotic factors that influenced the spatial patterns and temporal trends in pelican foraging on the 25-km segment of the Yellowstone River, immediately downstream from Yellowstone Lake. During May-August, 1994 and 1995, 81% of the 1,581 pelicans counted during 62 searches were between the lake outlet and 6 kin downstream. That river region may provide an efficient foraging site for pelicans because many Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout spawn there and the trout from the lake that spawn in river areas farther downstream pass through the region on both legs of their annual spawning migration. Most temporal variation (54-65%) in pelican abundance within years was explained by multiple linear regression models that had river discharge and the counts of trout or their redds (i.e., spawning "nests") at one or the other of two major spawning areas as predictor variables. This study indicated that American White Pelican foraging on the Yellowstone River was associated, both spatially and temporally, with the spawning-related abundance of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Yellowstone River. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Branch Native Fishes Management, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Kaeding, LR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Branch Native Fishes Management, 4052 Bridger Canyon Rd, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 305 EP 311 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0305:FITDOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 586ZR UT WOS:000177616500005 ER PT J AU Hatch, SA AF Hatch, SA TI Activity patterns and monitoring numbers of Horned Puffins and Parakeet Auklets SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; components of variance; Aethia psittacula; Fratercula corniculata; Horned Puffin; monitoring; Parakeet Anklet; population indices; power analysis; time-lapse photography ID ST-LAWRENCE-ISLAND; COLONY ATTENDANCE; ALASKA; LEAST AB Nearshore counts of birds on the water and time-lapse photography were used to monitor seasonal activity patterns and interannual variation in numbers of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) and Parakeet Auklets (Aethia psittacula) at the Semidi Islands, Alaska. The best period for over-water counts was mid egg-laying through hatching in auklets and late prelaying through early hatching in puffins. Daily counts (07.00 h-09.30 h) varied widely, with peak numbers and days with few or no birds present occurring throughout the census period. Variation among annual means in four years amounted to 26% and 72% of total count variation in puffins and auklets, respectively. Time-lapse photography of nesting habitat in early incubation revealed a morning (08.00 h-12.00 h) peak in the number of puffins loitering on study plots. Birds recorded in time-lapse images never comprised more than a third of the estimated breeding population on a plot. Components of variance in the time-lapse study were 29% within hours, 9% among hours (08.00 h-12.00 h), and 62% among days (8-29 June). Variability of over-water and land-based counts is reduced by standardizing the time of day when counts are made, but weather conditions had little influence on either type of count. High interannual variation of population indices implies low power to detect numerical trends in crevice-nesting auklets and puffins. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Hatch, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 348 EP 357 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0348:APAMNO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 586ZR UT WOS:000177616500010 ER PT J AU Gammonley, JH Laubhan, MK AF Gammonley, JH Laubhan, MK TI Patterns of food abundance for breeding waterbirds in the San Luis Valley of Colorado SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE American avocet; aquatic macroinvertebrates; cinnamon teal; food abundance; gadwall; kill-deer; mallard; San Luis Valley; seeds; Wilson's phalarope ID MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; HABITAT SELECTION; WATERFOWL; WETLANDS; PREY; VEGETATION; MARSH; SHOREBIRDS; CALIFORNIA AB We measured the amount and distribution of macroinvertebrates and seeds in four wetland habitats (short emergent, seasonal open water, semipermanent/permanent open water, and saitgrass [Distichlis spicata]) used by breeding ducks and shorebirds at a wetland complex in the San Luis Valley, Colorado, USA. Density of macroinvertebrates did not differ among habitats or sampling periods (P = 0.45), but dry mass, crude protein, and gross energy production were greater (P < 0.05) in short emergent than in other habitats. These differences were largely due to the greater dry mass of gastropods in short emergent than in other habitats. Total seed density, dry mass, crude protein, and gross energy differed among habitats and periods with interaction effects (P < 0.01). Although seed abundance varied among habitats and sampling periods, abundance was greatest in short emergent during all sampling periods. Breeding waterbirds consumed a variety of macroinvertebrates and seeds on the study area. Patterns of abundance among habitats of macroinvertebrates and seeds consumed by six waterbird species were not consistent with patterns of foraging habitat use by most ducks and shorebirds at this wetland complex. Our results indicate that estimates of food or nutrient abundance are useful in assessing the functional role of broad habitat types, but factors other than food abundance also influence avian selection of wetland foraging habitats. C1 Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Gammonley, JH (reprint author), Colorado Div Wildlife, 317 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 56 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 5 U2 15 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 499 EP 508 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0499:POFAFB]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 604DP UT WOS:000178600900006 ER PT J AU Woo, I Zedler, JB AF Woo, I Zedler, JB TI Can nutrients alone shift a sedge meadow towards dominance by the invasive Typha x glauca? SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE fertilizer; Typha X glauca; Carex spp.; invasive plant; hybrid; clone; urban runoff; nitrogen; nutrient allocation; phosphorus ID VEGETATION; NITROGEN; PLANTS; EVERGLADES; WETLAND; GROWTH; MARSH; AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; ECOSYSTEM AB Where wetlands receive urban runoff, Typha spp. and other invasive plants often displace the native vegetation. We tested the ability of nutrients (N and P) to increase vegetative growth of T. X glauca (a hybrid of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia). In the greenhouse, 17 treatments revealed that T. X glauca required both N and P for growth, and total leaf length was most stimulated where a higher proportion of P was added (7N:1P vs. 14N:1P, with N constant and P changed), regardless of concentration (the High treatment was 4X the Low treatment). In Gardner Marsh (Madison, Wisconsin, USA), we set up 28 plots (I X 6 m) that bisected the boundary between sedge meadow (graminoids) and T. X glauca, and we added a common lawn fertilizer (9N: 1P:4K) at high (62.5 g/m(2)), medium (31.3 g/m(2)), low (15.6 g/m(2)), and control (0 g/m(2)) rates on five dates, with n=7 plots/treatment. After one growing season, fertilizer addition increased T. X glauca ramet density, height, and biomass, especially where the sedge meadow graminoids were initially dominant. Aboveground biomass of T. X glauca in the high nutrient addition treatment (1029 +/- 256.1 g/m(2)) was more than double that for control plots (431 +/- 80.52 g/m(2)) overall, with the greatest percent increase in sedge meadow subplots. In contrast, native graminoids (mostly Carex spp.) did not respond to treatment, either in biomass or percent cover. Typha X glauca allocated nutrients to both growth and storage, as indicated by higher N and P concentrations in leaves, shoot bases, and rhizomes in plots with high nutrient addition. Because fertilizing the marsh enhanced the shoot growth of T. X glauca but not native graminoids, and because the 7N:1P treatment stimulated growth in the greenhouse, we suggest that wetland managers focus on reducing P inflows to urban wetlands. Fertilizer additions below those recommended by the manufacturer for new lawns (5X that of our highest treatment) should be more economical and have fewer impacts on receiving wetlands. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Woo, I (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, POB 2012, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. NR 54 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 30 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 509 EP 521 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0509:CNASAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 604DP UT WOS:000178600900007 ER PT J AU Gorham, LE King, SL Keeland, BD Mopper, S AF Gorham, LE King, SL Keeland, BD Mopper, S TI Effects of canopy gaps and flooding on homopterans in a bottomland hardwood forest SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE homoptera; morphospecies; natural disturbance; hydrology; flight interceptor; forested wetlands ID COLEOPTERA; DIVERSITY; WETLANDS AB Canopy disturbance is a major factor affecting forest structure and composition and, as a result of habitat alterations, can influence insect communities. We initiated a field study to quantify the effects of canopy disturbance on aerial insect abundance and distribution within a bottomland hardwood forest along the Cache River, Arkansas, USA. We used passive flight-intercept traps to sample insects in canopy gap and forest interior habitats from May to July in 1996, 1997, and 1998. The hydrologic conditions of our study site varied among years: 1996 was relatively dry, 1997 incurred a long-duration flood, and 1998 was moderately wet. Of the 34,000+ Homopterans collected, many groups were distributed in a non-uniform manner among years and between habitats. Total Homopterans, two families of Homopterans, and six morphospecies were more abundant in canopy gaps than interior forest. Many Homopteran taxa were least abundant in 1997 following almost six months of flooding. Alternatively, relatively large Homopteran abundances were associated with the dry conditions of 1996 and the moderately wet conditions of 1998. Differences in Homopteran abundance among years and habitats may be related to differences in vegetation density. Canopy gaps supported more vegetation cover than the interior forest in all but the first sampling interval. In addition, similar to Homopteran abundance, vegetation density was lower in 1997 than in 1998. These results demonstrate that natural disturbance and flooding contribute to Homopteran abundance and distribution patterns in bottomland hardwood forests of the south central United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. RP Keeland, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 541 EP 549 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0541:EOCGAF]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 604DP UT WOS:000178600900010 ER PT J AU Wilcox, DA Meeker, JE Hudson, PL Armitage, BJ Black, MG Uzarski, DG AF Wilcox, DA Meeker, JE Hudson, PL Armitage, BJ Black, MG Uzarski, DG TI Hydrologic variability and the application of index of biotic integrity metrics to wetlands: A Great Lakes evaluation SO WETLANDS LA English DT Review DE biological indicators; fish; Great Lakes; human disturbance; hydrologic variability; Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI); invertebrates; Lake Michigan; Lake Superior; plants; water-level fluctuations; wetlands ID PRAIRIE POTHOLE WETLANDS; UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; COASTAL WETLANDS; MISSOURI RIVER; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; AQUATIC VEGETATION; HURRICANE DAMAGE; WATER CHEMISTRY; FLOOD AB Interest by land-management and regulatory agencies in using biological indicators to detect wetland degradation, coupled with ongoing use of this approach to assess water quality in streams, led to the desire to develop and evaluate an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for wetlands that could be used to categorize the level of degradation. We under-took this challenge with data from coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes, which have been degraded by a variety of human disturbances. We studied six barrier beach wetlands in western Lake Superior, six drowned-river-mouth wetlands along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, and six open shoreline wetlands in Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron. Plant, fish, and invertebrate communities were sampled in each wetland. The resulting data were assessed in various forms against gradients of human disturbance to identify potential metrics that could be used in IBI development. Our results suggested that the metrics proposed as potential components of an IBI for barrier beach wetlands of Lake Superior held promise. The metrics for Lake Michigan drowned-river-mouth wetlands were inconsistent in identifying gradients of disturbance; those for Lake Huron open embayment wetlands were yet more inconsistent. Despite the potential displayed by the Lake Superior results within the year sampled, we concluded that an IBI for use in Great Lakes wetlands would not be valid unless separate scoring ranges were derived for each of several sequences of water-level histories. Variability in lake levels from year to year can produce variability in data and affect the reproducibility of data collected, primarily due to extreme changes in plant communities and the faunal habitat they provide. Substantially different results could be obtained in the same wetland in different years as a result of the response to lake-level change, with no change in the level of human disturbance. Additional problems included limited numbers of comparable sites, potential lack of undisturbed reference sites, and variable effects of different disturbance types. We also evaluated our conclusions with respect to hydrologic variability and other major natural disturbances affecting wetlands in other regions. We concluded that after segregation of wetland types by geographic, geomorphic, and hydrologic features, a functional IBI may be possible for wetlands with relatively stable hydrology. However, an IBI for wetlands with unpredictable yet recurring influences of climate-induced, long-term high water periods, droughts, or drought-related fires or weather-related catastrophic floods or high winds (hurricanes) would also require differing scales of measurement for years that differ in the length of time since the last major natural disturbance. A site-specific, detailed ecological analysis of biological indicators may indeed be of value in determining the quality or status of wetlands, but we recommend that IBI scores not be used unless the scoring ranges are calibrated for the specific hydrologic history pre-dating any sampling year. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Northland Coll, Nat Resources Program, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Midwest Biodivers Inst Inc, Columbus, OH 43221 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Wilcox, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM douglas_wilcox@usgs.gov NR 126 TC 97 Z9 104 U1 7 U2 86 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 588 EP 615 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0588:HVATAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 28 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 604DP UT WOS:000178600900014 ER PT J AU Miles, AK Lawler, SP Dritz, D Spring, S AF Miles, AK Lawler, SP Dritz, D Spring, S TI Effects of mosquito larvicide on mallard ducklings and prey SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE ducklings; GB-1111; Golden Bear Oil; invertebrates; larvicide; mosquito ID INVERTEBRATES; GROWTH AB We determined the effects of a commonly used mosquito (Culicidae) larvicide (California Golden Bear Oil((R)), also GB-1111) on body mass and survival of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings and on target and nontarget invertebrates. Field studies conducted on natural ponds located in salt marshes in south San Francisco Bay indicated that GB-1111 had an initial impact on potential invertebrate prey of birds that dissipated rapidly 3 days post-spray. Over-spray, spray drift, or treatment of more extensive areas would likely delay recovery of nontarget prey. Ducklings held intermittently on the ponds over an 8-day period showed no significant effects of weight loss due to invertebrate prey depletion, although initial effects of exposure to GB-1111 were observed (i.e., matting of feathers and mild hypothermia). These results emphasize the importance of avoiding application of GB-1111 during cold temperatures and adherence to recommended use of this larvicide. Otherwise, GB-1111 had a short-term impact on wetland communities. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, United States Geol Survey, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Miles, AK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, United States Geol Survey, Davis Field Stn, 1 Shields Ave,Kerr Hall,Rm 278, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 3 BP 675 EP 682 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 602ZA UT WOS:000178533300003 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MS Zimmerman, JW Powell, RA AF Mitchell, MS Zimmerman, JW Powell, RA TI Test of a habitat suitability index for black bears in the southern Appalachians SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Appalachian Mountains; black bear; fitness surface; habitat selection; habitat suitability; index; North Carolina; Ursus americanus ID LIFE-HISTORY; MODELS; AVAILABILITY AB We present a habitat suitability index (HSI) model for black bears (Ursus americanus) living in the southern Appalachians that was developed a priori from the literature, then tested using location and home range data collected in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary, North Carolina, over a 12-year period. The HSI was developed and initially tested using habitat and bear data collected over 2 years in the sanctuary. We increased number of habitat sampling sites, included data collected in areas affected by timber harvest, used more recent Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to create a more accurate depiction of the HSI for the sanctuary, evaluated effects of input variability on HSI values, and duplicated the original tests using more data. We found that the HSI predicted habitat selection by bears on population and individual levels and the distribution of collared bears were positively correlated with HSI values. We found a stronger relationship between habitat selection by bears and a second-generation HSI. We evaluated our model with criteria suggested by Roloff and Kernohan (1999) for evaluating HSI model reliability and concluded that our model was reliable and robust. The model's strength is that it was developed as an a priori hypothesis directly modeling the relationship between critical resources and fitness of bears and tested with independent data. We present the HSI spatially as a continuous fitness surface where potential contribution of habitat to the fitness of a bear is depicted at each point in space. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, United States Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Mt St Clare Coll, Clinton, IA 52732 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Mitchell, MS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, United States Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 108 M White Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RI Mitchell, Michael/H-1117-2011 NR 58 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 22 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 3 BP 794 EP 808 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 602ZA UT WOS:000178533300017 ER PT J AU Haight, RG Travis, LE Nimerfo, K Mech, LD AF Haight, RG Travis, LE Nimerfo, K Mech, LD TI Computer simulation of wolf-removal strategies for animal damage control SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal damage; Canis lupus; control; endangered species; model; recovery; simulation; wolf ID NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA; POPULATION VIABILITY; DEMOGRAPHIC-MODELS; CANIS-LUPUS; WOLVES; CONSERVATION; RESERVES AB Because of the sustained growth of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) population in the western Great Lakes region of the United States, management agencies are anticipating gray wolf removal from the federal endangered species list and are proposing strategies for wolf management. Strategies are needed that would balance public demand for wolf conservation with demand for protection against wolf depredation on livestock, poultry, and pets. We used a stochastic, spatially structured, individually based simulation model of a hypothetical wolf population, representing a small subset of the western Great Lakes wolves, to predict the relative performance of 3 wolf-removal strategies. Those strategies included reactive management (wolf removal occurred in summer after depredation), preventive management (wolves removed in winter from territories with occasional depredation), and population-size management (wolves removed annually in winter from all territories near farms). Performance measures included number of depredating packs and wolves removed, cost, and population size after 20 years. We evaluated various scenarios about immigration, trapping success, and likelihood of packs engaging in depredation. Four robust results emerged from the simulations: 1) each strategy reduced depredation by at least 40% compared with no action, 2) preventive and population-size management removed fewer wolves than reactive management because wolves were removed in winter before pups were born, 3) population-size management was least expensive because repeated annual removal kept most territories near farms free of wolves, and 4) none of the strategies threatened wolf populations unless they were isolated because wolf removal took place near farms and not in wild areas. For isolated populations, reactive management alone ensured conservation and reduced depredation. Such results can assist decision makers in managing gray wolves in the western Great Lakes states. C1 N Cent Res Stn, United States Dept Agr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Metropolitan State Univ, Informat & Comp Sci Dept, Minneapolis, MN 55403 USA. No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, United States Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Haight, RG (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, United States Dept Agr, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 3 BP 844 EP 852 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 602ZA UT WOS:000178533300022 ER PT J AU Spears, BL Ballard, WB Wallace, MC Phillips, RS Holdstock, DH Brunjes, JH Applegate, R Gipson, PS Miller, MS Barnett, T AF Spears, BL Ballard, WB Wallace, MC Phillips, RS Holdstock, DH Brunjes, JH Applegate, R Gipson, PS Miller, MS Barnett, T TI Retention times of miniature radiotransmitters glued to wild turkey poults SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE attachment; Kansas; Meleagris gallopavo intermedia; poult; radiotelemetry; retention; Rio Grande wild turkey; Texas ID SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; SURVIVAL; POPULATION; DUCKLINGS; HENS AB Miniature radiotransmitters allow researchers to examine daily survival of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) poults during pre-flight periods, when turkey mortality is highest. We conducted a study of retention times of transmitters glued to Rio Grande wild turkey (M. g. intermedia) pre-flight poults at 4 sites in both southwest Kansas and the Texas panhandle. One hundred twenty-two poults from 39 broods were equipped with transmitters. Mean retention time on living poults was 20.4+/-8.3 days (n=34). Ninety-two percent of transmitters were retained by poults beyond flightless periods. We concluded that this technique was suitable for examining survival and habitat use by pre-flight wild turkey poults and suggest this technique be used in lieu of surgical implants and harness attachments. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Pk, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Pampa, TX 79065 USA. RP Spears, BL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, CONWR CERCLA Off, Marion, IL 62959 USA. EM wballard@ttacs.ttu.edu RI Wallace, Mark/A-1263-2010 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 3 BP 861 EP 867 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 602ZA UT WOS:000178533300024 ER PT J AU Churchill, JB Wood, PB Brinker, DF AF Churchill, JB Wood, PB Brinker, DF TI Winter home range and habitat use of female Northern Saw-whet Owls on Assateague Island, Maryland SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEASON DIET; AVAILABILITY; ESTIMATORS AB We quantified home range size and habitat selection of seven female Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) on Assateague Island, Maryland, during the winters of 1996 and 1997. Home range size (95% fixed kernel) was 103.5 ha (+/- 50.3 SE). Home range size increased with time spent radio tracking as biweekly home ranges were smaller than those calculated for longer time periods. Home ranges often overlapped in time and space and in one instance the home range for one owl was completely within that of another owl. Northern Saw-whet Owls used primarily pine woods and shrub swamp habitats, with pine woods used more often than any other habitat type and significantly more than expected based on habitat availability. C1 USGS, BRD, W Virginia Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Nat Heritage Program, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Wood, PB (reprint author), USGS, BRD, W Virginia Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM pbwood@wvu.edu NR 28 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3 BP 309 EP 313 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0309:WHRAHU]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652XB UT WOS:000181405200005 ER PT J AU Ball, IJ Artmann, MJ Hoekman, ST AF Ball, IJ Artmann, MJ Hoekman, ST TI Does Mallard clutch size vary with landscape composition? SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTION; RECRUITMENT; TIT AB We studied Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) nesting in artificial nesting structures in northeastern North Dakota and compared clutch size between landscapes where proportion of cropland was either high (mean = 68.9%, cropland landscapes) or low (mean = 30.2%, grassland landscapes). Mallard clutch size was significantly related to nest initiation date and landscape composition. Mean clutch size, controlled for nest initiation date, was 1.24 +/- 0.33 SE eggs smaller on cropland landscapes than on grassland landscapes. Generality of this pattern across space, time, and type of nesting sites is unknown, as is causation. Demographic importance of variation in clutch size may be influenced by covariation with other demographic variables, such as nest success and abundance of breeding pairs, which also are negatively correlated with landscape proportion of cropland. We suggest that researchers examine relationships between clutch size and landscape composition in both structure-nesting and ground-nesting Mallards, in other geographic areas, and in other duck species. Received 5 September 2001, accepted 3 June 2002. C1 Univ Montana, USGS, Montana Coop Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Ball, IJ (reprint author), Univ Montana, USGS, Montana Coop Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3 BP 404 EP 406 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0404:DMCSVW]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652XB UT WOS:000181405200016 ER PT J AU Guzy, MJ Ribic, CA Sample, DW AF Guzy, MJ Ribic, CA Sample, DW TI Helping at a Henslow's Sparrow nest in Wisconsin SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BIRDS; BEHAVIOR AB We document the first reported observation of helping at the nest of a Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii). Video surveillance recorded two unbanded adults (a presumed male and female) and one banded adult male feeding chicks. No intraspecific aggression among the adults was observed. Received 17 October 2001, accepted 28 June 2002. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USGS, BRD,Wisconsin Coop Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53716 USA. RP Guzy, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USGS, BRD,Wisconsin Coop Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3 BP 407 EP 409 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0407:HAAHSS]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652XB UT WOS:000181405200017 ER PT J AU Ellison, K Sykes, PW Bocetti, CI AF Ellison, K Sykes, PW Bocetti, CI TI Re-evaluating the Bay-breasted Warbler breeding range: Nine years of presence in Lower Michigan SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MIGRATION; STOPOVER AB The breeding range of the Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea) is thought to include only the northernmost portions of six northeastern and northcentral states in the United States. During a 10-year banding study of Kirtland's Warblers (Dendroica kirtlandii) in northern Lower Michigan, we caught 44 Bay-breasted Warblers outside of their reported migration dates during 9 of the 10 years. Two birds captured in 1997 were in breeding condition; one possessed a cloacal protuberance and the other a full brood patch. We also captured two hatching year birds with fleshy rictal flanges in 1997. We suggest that these records indicate a long term presence of Bay-breasted Warblers on breeding grounds considerably farther south than previously recorded. Received 6 November 2001, accepted 15 August 2002. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Georgia, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Hickory, PA 15340 USA. RP Ellison, K (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. EM kellis6@hotmail.com NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 114 IS 3 BP 415 EP 416 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0415:RETBBW]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652XB UT WOS:000181405200020 ER PT J AU McNamara, DE Pasyanos, ME AF McNamara, DE Pasyanos, ME TI Seismological evidence for a sub-volcanic arc mantle wedge beneath the Denali volcanic gap, Alaska SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN ALASKA; FAULT SYSTEM; UPPERMOST MANTLE; SUBDUCTION ZONE; CRUST; PLATE; MOTION; SLAB AB Arc volcanism in Alaska is strongly correlated with the 100 km depth contour of the western Aluetian Wadati-Benioff zone. Above the eastern portion of the Wadati-Benioff zone however, there is a distinct lack of volcanism (the Denali volcanic gap). We observe high Poisson's ratio values (0.29-0.33) over the entire length of the Alaskan subduction zone mantle wedge based on regional variations of Pn and Sn velocities. High Poisson's ratios at this depth (40-70 km), adjacent to the subducting slab, are attributed to melting of mantle-wedge peridotites, caused by fluids liberated from the subducting oceanic crust and sediments. Observations of high values of Poisson's ratio, beneath the Denali volcanic gap suggest that the mantle wedge contains melted material that is unable to reach the surface. We suggest that its inability to migrate through the overlying crust is due to increased compression in the crust at the northern apex of the curved Denali fault. C1 USGS, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP McNamara, DE (reprint author), USGS, 1711 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Pasyanos, Michael/C-3125-2013 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 31 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 16 AR 1814 DI 10.1029/2001GL014088 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 622ET UT WOS:000179634100005 ER PT J AU Hess, KM Davis, JA Kent, DB Coston, JA AF Hess, KM Davis, JA Kent, DB Coston, JA TI Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Dispersive transport of bromide and nickel SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dispersion; Cape Cod; tracer test; transport; groundwater ID NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT; METAL-EDTA COMPLEXES; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFER; ORGANIC SOLUTES; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SAND AQUIFER; ADSORPTION; VARIABILITY AB [1] Dispersive transport of groundwater solutes was investigated as part of a multispecies reactive tracer test conducted under spatially variable chemical conditions in an unconfined, sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Transport of the nonreactive tracer bromide (Br) reflected physical and hydrologic processes. Transport of the reactive tracer nickel (Ni) complexed with an organic ligand (NiEDTA) varied in response to pH and other chemical conditions within the aquifer. A loss of about 14% of the Ni mass was calculated from the distribution of tracers through time. This loss is consistent with reversible adsorption of NiEDTA onto the iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide coatings on the aquifer sediments. The Ni consistently lagged behind Br with a calculated retardation coefficient of 1.2. Longitudinal dispersivities reached constant values of 2.2 and 1.1 m for Br and Ni, respectively, by at least 69 m of travel. The smaller dispersivity for Ni possibly was due to nonlinear or spatially variant adsorption of NiEDTA. In the upper, uncontaminated zone of the aquifer, longitudinal dispersion of Ni was greater than that of Br early in the test as a result of reversible adsorption of NiEDTA. In general, transverse dispersivities were much smaller (horizontal: 1.4 - 1.5 x 10(-2) m; vertical: 0.5 - 3.8 x 10(-3) m) than the longitudinal dispersivities. The Br results are similar to those from a test conducted eight years earlier, suggesting that transport parameters are spatially stationary within the aquifer at the scale of 300 m covered by the spatially overlapping tests. A significant difference between the two tests was the travel distance (69 and 26 m) needed to reach a constant longitudinal dispersivity. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94305 USA. RP Hess, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 31 PY 2002 VL 38 IS 8 AR 1161 DI 10.1029/2001WR000945 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 622JU UT WOS:000179644600002 ER PT J AU Aleinikoff, JN Wintsch, RP Fanning, CM Dorais, MJ AF Aleinikoff, JN Wintsch, RP Fanning, CM Dorais, MJ TI U-Pb geochronology of zircon and polygenetic titanite from the Glastonbury Complex, Connecticut, USA: an integrated SEM, EMPA, TIMS, and SHRIMP study SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE U-Pb geochronology; zircon; titanite ID AIR-ABRASION TECHNIQUE; ELECTRON-MICROPROBE; NEW-ENGLAND; ACCESSORY MINERALS; LEAD DIFFUSION; AGES; MONAZITE; SYSTEMATICS; STABILITY; GROWTH AB U-Pb ages for zircon and titanite from a granodioritic gneiss in the Glastonbury Complex, Connecticut, have been determined using both isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and the sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP). Zircons occur in three morphologic populations: (1) equant to stubby, multifaceted, colorless, (2) prismatic, dark brown, with numerous cracks, and (3) elongate, prismatic, light tan to colorless. Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of the three populations shows simple concentric oscillatory zoning. The zircon TIMS age [weighted average of Pb-207/Ph-206 ages from Group 3 grains - 450.5+/-1.6 Ma (MSVrD = 1.11)] and SHRIMP age [composite of Pb-206/U-238 age data from all three groups - 448.2+/-2.7 Ma (MSWD = 1.3)], are interpreted to suggest a relatively simple crystallization history. Titanite from the granodioritic gneiss occurs as both brown and colorless varieties. Scanning electron microscope backscatter (BSE) images of brown grains show multiple cross-cutting oscillatory zones of variable brightness and dark overgrowths. Colorless grains are unzoned or contain subtle wispy or very faint oscillatory zoning. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) clearly distinguishes the two populations. Brown grains contain relatively high concentrations of Fe2O3, Ce2O3 (up to similar to 1.5 wt.%), Nb2O5, and Zr. Cerium concentration is positively correlated with total REE + Y concentration, which together can exceed 3.5 wt.%. Oscillatory zoning in brown titanite is correlated with variations in REE concentrations. In contrast, colorless titanite (both as discrete grains and overgrowths on brown titanite) contains lower concentrations of Y, REE, Fe2O3, and Zr, but somewhat higher Al2O3 and Nb2O5, Uranium concentrations and Th/U discriminate between brown grains (typically 200-400 ppm U; all analyses but one have Th/U between about 0.8 and 2) and colorless grains (10-60 ppm U; Th/U of 0-0.17). In contrast to the zircon U-Pb age results, SHRIMP U-Pb data from titanite indicate multiple growth episodes. In brown grains, oscillatory zoned cores formed at 443+/-6 Ma, whereas white (in BSE) cross-cutting zones are 425+/-9 Ma. Colorless grains and overgrowths on brown grains yield an age of 265+/-8 Ma (using the Total Pb method) or 265+/-5 Ma (using the weighted average of the Pb-206/U-238 ages). However, EMPA chemical data identify zoning that suggests that this colorless titanite may preserve three growth events. Oscillatory zoned portions of brown titanite grains are igneous in origin; white cross-cutting zones probably formed during a previously unrecognized event that caused partial dissolution of earlier titanite and reprecipitation of a slightly younger generation of brown titanite. Colorless titanite replaced and grew over the magmatic titanite during the Permian Alleghanian orogeny. These isotopic data indicate that titanite, like zircon, can contain multiple age components. Coupling SHRIMP microanalysis with EMPA and SEM results on dated zones as presented in this study is an efficient and effective technique to extract additional chronologic data to reveal the complexities of igneous crystallization and metamorphic growth. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Aleinikoff, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 67 TC 69 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 188 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 147 AR PII S0009-2541(02)00076-1 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00076-1 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 589RH UT WOS:000177773800008 ER PT J AU Williams, JH Paillet, FL AF Williams, JH Paillet, FL TI Using flowmeter pulse tests to define hydraulic connections in the subsurface: a fractured shale example SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE fractured rock aquifer; flowmeter logging; borehole flow modeling ID CRYSTALLINE ROCK; AQUIFER TEST; FLOW LOGS; PERMEABILITY; WELL AB Cross-borehole flowmeter pulse tests define subsurface connections between discrete fractures using short stress periods to monitor the propagation of the pulse through the flow system. This technique is an improvement over other cross-borehole techniques because measurements can be made in open boreholes without packers or previous identification of water-producing intervals. The method is based on the concept of monitoring the propagation of pulses rather than steady flow through the fracture network. In this method, a hydraulic stress is applied to a borehole connected to a single, permeable fracture, and the distribution of flow induced by that stress monitored in adjacent boreholes. The transient flow responses are compared to type curves computed for several different types of fracture connections. The shape of the transient flow response indicates the type of fracture connection, and the fit of the data to the type curve yields an estimate of its transmissivity and storage coefficient. The flowmeter pulse test technique was applied in fractured shale at a volatile-organic contaminant plume in Watervliet, New York. Flowmeter and other geophysical logs were used to identify permeable fractures in eight boreholes in and near the contaminant plume using single-borehole flow measurements. Flowmeter cross-hole pulse tests were used to identify connections between fractures detected in the boreholes. The results indicated a permeable fracture network connecting many of the individual boreholes, and demonstrated the presence of an ambient upward hydraulic-head gradient throughout the site. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Borehole Geophys Res Project, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM fpaillet@main.edu NR 18 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 265 IS 1-4 BP 100 EP 117 AR PII S0022-1694(02)00092-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00092-6 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 594VB UT WOS:000178071000007 ER PT J AU Laursen, J Normark, WR AF Laursen, J Normark, WR TI Late Quaternary evolution of the San Antonio Submarine Canyon in the central Chile forearc (similar to 33 degrees S) SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTED NAZCA PLATE; JUAN-FERNANDEZ RIDGE; ACCRETIONARY WEDGES; SEAMOUNT SUBDUCTION; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; CONVERGENT MARGIN; JAPAN TRENCH; ARC; TECTONICS; EROSION AB Hydrosweep swath-bathymetry and seismic-reflection data reveal the morphology. sedimentary processes, and structural controls on the submarine San Antonio Canyon. The canyon crosses the forearc slope of the central Chile margin for more than 150 km before it empties into the Chile Trench near 33degreesS latitude. In its upper reaches, the nearly orthogonal segments of the San Antonio Canyon incise similar to 1 km into thick sediment following underlying margin-perpendicular basement faults and along the landward side of a prominent margin-parallel thrust ridge on the outer mid-slope. At a breach in the outer ridge. the canyon makes a sharp turn into the San Antonio Reentrant. Resistance to erosion of outcropping basement at the head of the reentrant has prevented the development of a uniformly sloping thalweg, leaving gentle gradients ( < 2degrees) up-canyon and steep gradients ( > 6degrees) across the lower slope. Emergence of an obstruction across the head of the San Antonio Reentrant has trapped sediment in the mid-slope segments of the canyon, Presently. little sediment appears to reach the Chile Trench through the San Antonio Canyon. The development of the San Antonio Canyon was controlled by the impact of a subducted seamount, which formed the San Antonic, Reentrant and warped the middle slope along its landward advancing path. Incision of the canyon landward of the outer mid-slope ridge may be ascribed to a combination of headward erosion and entrenchment by captured unconfined turbidity currents. Flushing of the canyon was likely enhanced during the lowered sea level of the last glaciation. Where the canyon occupies the triangular embayment of the reentrant at the base of the slope, sediment has ponded behind a small accretionary ridge. On the trench floor opposite the San Antonio Canyon mouth, a 200-m-thick levee-overbank complex formed on the left side of a distributary channel emanating from a breach in the accretionary ridge. Axial transfer of sediment was inhibited to the north of the San Antonio Canyon mouth, which left the trench to the north sediment starved. Between similar to 32degrees 40'S and 33degrees 40'S, the Chile Trench axial turbidite channel deeply incises the San Antonio distributary complex, This entrenchment may have been initiated when the barrier to northward transport was eliminated. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Laursen, J (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BP, England. NR 50 TC 41 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 188 IS 3-4 BP 365 EP 390 AR PII S0025-3227(02)00421-8 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00421-8 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 596LV UT WOS:000178167100007 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC AF Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC TI Influence of trophy hunting and horn size on mating behavior and survivorship of mountain sheep SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE mating behavior; Ovis canadensis; Ovis dalli; survivorship; trophy hunting ID BIGHORN SHEEP; DALL SHEEP; RED DEER; ANTLER CHARACTERISTICS; MULE DEER; REPRODUCTION; STRATEGIES; SURVIVAL; PRODUCTIVITY; DENSITY AB We conducted a study of the effects of horn sizes and trophy hunting on mating behavior and survival of rams in hunted and unhunted populations of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), Rocky Mountain bighorn (O. canadensis canadensis), and desert bighorn (O. c. nelsoni) sheep. Mating success was positively correlated with horn size in Dall sheep (P = 0.03) and Rocky Mountain bighorns (P = 0.05), but not in the desert bighorn (P > 0.05) taxa. Group sizes, rams per rut group, and competition between rams were lowest in desert bighorn sheep. There were indications of greater harassment of ewes by young rams in trophy-hunted populations. In hunted populations, compared with unhunted, ewes ran away more often from approaching rams, ewes moved farther away from courting young rams (P = 0.003), younger rams performed fewer courtship displays (P = 0.042) and more aggressive displays to ewes, and sheep interacted 27% more of the time. Ram-to-ewe interaction times per individual ewe did not differ for any of the taxa (P > 0.05), and, apparently as a consequence of this, we found no discernable effects of trophy hunting on survivorship of ewes, ewe fecundity, or recruitment of young (P > 0.05). There were greater energy expenditures by young rams in the heavily hunted Dall sheep population versus the paired Dall sheep unhunted population, but not in the lightly hunted Rocky Mountain and desert bighorn populations when compared with unhunted populations. This was consistent with evidence for depressed survivorship of rams too young or too small to be hunted (approximately ages 4-6) in the heavily hunted Dall sheep population (P = 0.0001), but not in the bighorn sheep populations (P > 0.05). C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 52 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG 27 PY 2002 VL 83 IS 3 BP 682 EP 698 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0682:IOTHAH>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 589QD UT WOS:000177770800005 ER PT J AU Testa, JW AF Testa, JW TI Does predation on neonates inherently select for earlier births? SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE birthing synchrony; juvenile mortality; predator-prey; predator swamping ID SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; JUVENILE SURVIVAL; CALF MORTALITY; REPRODUCTIVE SYNCHRONY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; NATIONAL-PARK; TAILED DEER; RED DEER; MOOSE AB I hypothesize that predation on newborn young represents a seasonal analog to time-lagged predator-prey cycles and can cause directional selection against late birthing. Newborn offspring represent an irruption of vulnerable prey to which predators can respond by adapting their search efforts to find and capture these prey. Those born early would be the 1st to achieve the size or mobility necessary to escape predators. Simple models of predation on moose calves were used to demonstrate how changes in predator efficiency as newborns appear, combined with a short period of offspring vulnerability, would produce selection against late birthing. Of the 9 published studies of mammals, 6 showed evidence of selection against late-born young that could be driven by predation on neonates. If true, this hypothesis has consequences for the way we interpret evidence for "predator swamping" and optimal birthing periods in mammals and other taxa with synchronous reproduction. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Testa, JW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM ward.testa@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG 27 PY 2002 VL 83 IS 3 BP 699 EP 706 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0699:DPONIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 589QD UT WOS:000177770800006 ER PT J AU Larson, S Jameson, R Bodkin, J Staedler, M Bentzen, P AF Larson, S Jameson, R Bodkin, J Staedler, M Bentzen, P TI Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in remnant and translocated sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Enhydra lutris; genetic diversity; marine mammal; microsatellites; mitochondrial DNA; population bottleneck; reintroduction; sea otter; translocation ID MINK MUSTELA-VISON; GENETIC-VARIATION; CONSERVATION GENETICS; JUVENILE MORTALITY; CONTROL-REGION; VARIABILITY; PRIMERS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POLYMORPHISM; STATISTICS AB All existing sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations have suffered at least 1, and in some cases 2, population bottlenecks. The 1st occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries as a result of commercial hunting that eliminated sea otters from much their native range and reduced surviving populations to small remnants. The 2nd bottleneck occurred when small numbers of otters were reintroduced, via translocation, to areas where the species had been eliminated. We examined genetic variation at 7 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 3 remnant populations, Amchitka Island (Aleutian Islands, Alaska), central coastal California, and Prince William Sound (Alaska), and in 2 reintroduced populations, southeast Alaska and Washington, that were founded with transplants from Amchitka, and in the case of southeast Alaska, individuals from Prince William Sound as well. We found no evidence of reduced genetic diversity in translocated populations. Average expected microsatellite heterozygosities (H,) were similar in all populations (range, 0.40-0.47), and mtDNA haplotype diversities were higher in reintroduced populations (0.51 for both Washington and southeast Alaska) than in remnant populations ((X) over bar = 0.35; range, 0.18-0.45). The levels of genetic diversity we observed within sea otter populations were relatively low when compared with other mammals and are thought to be the result of fur trade exploitation. C1 Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. RP Larson, S (reprint author), Seattle Aquarium, 1483 Alaskan Way,Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NR 58 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG 27 PY 2002 VL 83 IS 3 BP 893 EP 906 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0893:MDAMDV>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 589QD UT WOS:000177770800025 ER PT J AU Bravo, HR Jiang, F Hunt, RJ AF Bravo, HR Jiang, F Hunt, RJ TI Using groundwater temperature data to constrain parameter estimation in a groundwater flow model of a wetland system SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE groundwater flow; heat transport; wetlands; parameter estimation; frequency domain analysis ID CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; HYDROLOGY; STREAM AB [1] Parameter estimation is a powerful way to calibrate models. While head data alone are often insufficient to estimate unique parameters due to model nonuniqueness, flow-and-heat-transport modeling can constrain estimation and allow simultaneous estimation of boundary fluxes and hydraulic conductivity. In this work, synthetic and field models that did not converge when head data were used did converge when head and temperature were used. Furthermore, frequency domain analyses of head and temperature data allowed selection of appropriate modeling timescales. Inflows in the Wilton, Wisconsin, wetlands could be estimated over periods such as a growing season and over periods of a few days when heads were nearly steady and groundwater temperature varied during the day. While this methodology is computationally more demanding than traditional head calibration, the results gained are unobtainable using the traditional approach. These results suggest that temperature can efficiently supplement head data in systems where accurate flux calibration targets are unavailable. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil Engn & Mech, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Bravo, HR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil Engn & Mech, POB 784, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. NR 33 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 24 PY 2002 VL 38 IS 8 AR 1153 DI 10.1029/2000WR000172 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 622JP UT WOS:000179644200002 ER PT J AU Kerby, JH Everson, JM Harrell, RM Geiger, JG Starling, CC Revels, H AF Kerby, JH Everson, JM Harrell, RM Geiger, JG Starling, CC Revels, H TI Performance comparisons between diploid and triploid sunshine bass in fresh water ponds SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE genetic manipulation; triploid; hybrid striped bass; Morone; sunshine bass; performance characteristics ID HYBRID STRIPED BASS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; X MORONE-CHRYSOPS; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; WHITE-BASS AB Diploid and triploid sunshine bass (white bass female x striped bass male) were produced in 1990 at Florida's Richloam Fish Hatchery. Triploidy was induced with hydrostatic pressure. Fry were cultured to phase I in earthen ponds in Webster and Gainesville, FL, and transported to Leetown, WV, where they were held in circular flow-through fiberglass tanks. Ploidy of treated fish was determined with a Coulter counter and triploids were segregated from diploids. In April 1991, control diploid and triploid populations were graded to remove the largest and smallest individuals, and four 0.2-ha hypalon-lined ponds were stocked with 600 fish each; two ponds contained triploids and two contained diploids, Triploids and diploids were not significantly different in average fork length (FL) or weight at stocking, Triploids averaged 231 mm and 181.2 g, compared to diploid averages of 233 mm and 188.9 g. Monthly samples indicated that diploids grew faster than triploids; mean weights and lengths were both significantly different after 3 months. When harvested in October, triploids averaged 358 mm and 867.9 g, whereas diploids averaged 381 mm and 1153.5 Survival of triploids and diploids was 97.0% and 95.9%, respectively. Mean standing crop was 2496.3 kg/ha for triploids and 3280.6 kg/ha for diploids. Male diploids and most female diploids were sexually mature at 2 years of age. Sterility of triploids was confirmed as gonads remained reduced and dysfunctional at 5 years of age. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commiss, Webster, FL 33597 USA. RP Kerby, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 93 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 23 PY 2002 VL 211 IS 1-4 BP 91 EP 108 AR PII S0044-8486(20)00009-1 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00009-1 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 588BL UT WOS:000177680500008 ER PT J AU Porter, JN Horton, KA Mouginis-Mark, PJ Lienert, B Sharma, SK Lau, E Sutton, AJ Elias, T Oppenheimer, C AF Porter, JN Horton, KA Mouginis-Mark, PJ Lienert, B Sharma, SK Lau, E Sutton, AJ Elias, T Oppenheimer, C TI Sun photometer and lidar measurements of the plume from the Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Pu'u O'o vent: Aerosol flux and SO2 lifetime SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AB Aerosol optical depths and lidar measurements were obtained under the plume of Hawaii Kilauea Volcano on August 17, 2001, similar to9 km downwind from the erupting Pu'u O'o vent. Measured aerosol optical depths (at 500 nm) were between 0.2-0.4. Aerosol size distributions inverted from the spectral sun photometer measurements suggest the volcanic aerosol is present in the accumulation mode (0.1-0.5 micron diameter), which is consistent with past in situ optical counter measurements. The aerosol dry mass flux rate was calculated to be 53 Mg d(-1). The estimated SO2 emission rate during the aerosol measurements was similar to1450 Mg d(-1). Assuming the sulfur emissions at Pu'u O'o vent are mainly SO2 ( not aerosol), this corresponds to a SO2 half-life of 6.0 hours in the atmosphere. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RP Porter, JN (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Oppenheimer, Clive/G-9881-2013 OI Oppenheimer, Clive/0000-0003-4506-7260 NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 23 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 16 AR 1783 DI 10.1029/2002GL014744 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 622DY UT WOS:000179632300003 ER PT J AU Parsons, T AF Parsons, T TI Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE stressing rate; San Andreas fault; 1906 earthquake; earthquake interaction; earthquake probability ID FRANCISCO BAY AREA; EARTHQUAKE CYCLE; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; PLATE BOUNDARY; HAYWARD FAULT; LOWER CRUST; SLIP RATES; DEFORMATION; SHEAR AB [1] The M = 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake cast a stress shadow across the San Andreas fault system, inhibiting other large earthquakes for at least 75 years. The duration of the stress shadow is a key question in San Francisco Bay area seismic hazard assessment. This study presents a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element simulation of post-1906 stress recovery. The model reproduces observed geologic slip rates on major strike-slip faults and produces surface velocity vectors comparable to geodetic measurements. Fault stressing rates calculated with the finite element model are evaluated against numbers calculated using deep dislocation slip. In the finite element model, tectonic stressing is distributed throughout the crust and upper mantle, whereas tectonic stressing calculated with dislocations is focused mostly on faults. In addition, the finite element model incorporates postseismic effects such as deep afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in the upper mantle. More distributed stressing and postseismic effects in the finite element model lead to lower calculated tectonic stressing rates and longer stress shadow durations (17-74 years compared with 7-54 years). All models considered indicate that the 1906 stress shadow was completely erased by tectonic loading no later than 1980. However, the stress shadow still affects present-day earthquake probability. Use of stressing rate parameters calculated with the finite element model yields a 7-12% reduction in 30-year probability caused by the 1906 stress shadow as compared with calculations not incorporating interactions. The aggregate interaction-based probability on selected segments ( not including the ruptured San Andreas fault) is 53-70% versus the noninteraction range of 65-77%. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008 NR 55 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B8 AR 2162 DI 10.1029/2001JB001051 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 622GD UT WOS:000179637900001 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J AF Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J TI Problems with physicochemical property data for hydrophobic organic compounds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 004-ENVR BP U517 EP U517 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202620 ER PT J AU LeBlanc, LA Brownawell, BJ AF LeBlanc, LA Brownawell, BJ TI Chemical and biological availability of hydrocarbons in urban harbor sediments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Water Res Div, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 020-ENVR BP U520 EP U520 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202636 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Pennington, JC Hayes, CA Porter, B AF Thorn, KA Pennington, JC Hayes, CA Porter, B TI Immobilization of 2,4-and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in compost investigated by N-15 NMR. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Washington, DC 20310 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 126-ENVR BP U537 EP U537 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202742 ER PT J AU Chanat, JG Rice, KC Hornberger, GM AF Chanat, JG Rice, KC Hornberger, GM TI Consistency of patterns in concentration-discharge plots SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE episodic hydrochemistry; concentration-discharge relationships; mixing models ID FORESTED HEADWATER CATCHMENT; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION; MODELING TRANSPORT; DISSOLVED SILICA; STREAM; FLOW; HYSTERESIS; STORMFLOW; TRACER; WATER AB [1] Concentration-discharge (c-Q) plots have been used to infer how flow components such as event water, soil water, and groundwater mix to produce the observed episodic hydrochemical response of small catchments. Because c-Q plots are based only on observed streamflow and solute concentration, their interpretation requires assumptions about the relative volume, hydrograph timing, and solute concentration of the streamflow end-members. Evans and Davies [1998] present a taxonomy of c-Q loops resulting from three-component conservative mixing. Their analysis, based on a fixed template of end-member hydrograph volume, timing, and concentration, suggests a unique relationship between c-Q loop form and the rank order of end-member concentrations. Many catchments exhibit variability in component contributions to storm flow in response to antecedent conditions or rainfall characteristics, but the effects of such variation on c-Q relationships have not been studied systematically. Starting with a "baseline'' condition similar to that assumed by Evans and Davies [1998], we use a simple computer model to characterize the variability in c-Q plot patterns resulting from variation in end-member volume, timing, and solute concentration. Variability in these three factors can result in more than one c-Q loop shape for a given rank order of end-member solute concentrations. The number of resulting hysteresis patterns and their relative frequency depends on the rank order of solute concentrations and on their separation in absolute value. In ambiguous cases the c-Q loop shape is determined by the relative "prominence'' of the event water versus soil water components. This "prominence'' is broadly defined as a capacity to influence the total streamflow concentration and may result from a combination of end-member volume, timing, or concentration. The modeling results indicate that plausible hydrological variability in field situations can confound the interpretation of c-Q plots, even when fundamental end-member mixing assumptions are satisfied. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Geol Survey, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Chanat, JG (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RI Rice, Karen/A-8945-2013 NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 17 PY 2002 VL 38 IS 8 AR 1147 DI 10.1029/2001WR000971 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 622JH UT WOS:000179643600002 ER PT J AU Basile, F Ferrer, I Furlong, ET Voorhees, KJ AF Basile, F Ferrer, I Furlong, ET Voorhees, KJ TI Simultaneous multiple substrate tag detection with ESI-ion trap MS for in vivo bacterial enzyme activity profiling SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AMINOPEPTIDASE AB A bacterial identification method in which multiple enzyme activities are measured simultaneously and in vivo with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is described. Whole-cell bacteria are immobilized onto a filter support and incubated with a mixture of substrates. Each substrate is chosen to measure a specific enzyme activity of a targeted bacterium and to produce a tag of unique molecular weight. After A predetermined incubation time, the solution is filtered, and the supernatant consisting of a mixture of released tags and unhydrolyzed substrates is directly analyzed, without chromatographic separation, by ESI-MS. Bacteria remain viable on the filter for further analyses. The method was tested by measuring the aminopeptidase activity. of the bacteria Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resulting,aminopeptidase enzyme profiles allowed the differentiation between the four bacteria tested. The method is rapid, since a multiplex advantage is realized when assaying for multiple enzymes, and it is amenable to, automation via a flow injection analysis setup. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Basile, F (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 7 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 16 BP 4290 EP 4293 DI 10.1021/ac020249u PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 585BF UT WOS:000177502700048 PM 12199605 ER PT J AU Mattingly, HT Galat, DL AF Mattingly, HT Galat, DL TI Distributional patterns of the threatened Niangua darter, Etheostoma nianguae, at three spatial scales, with implications for species conservation SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; AVAILABILITY DATA; FISH COMMUNITIES; MICROHABITAT USE; STREAM FISHES; SALAMANDER; DRAINAGE; BEHAVIOR; MODELS AB The Niangua darter, Etheostoma nianguae, is a threatened stream fish endemic to the Osage River basin in south-central Missouri. We studied the darter's distributional patterns at three spatial scales (stream, reach, and microhabitat) to assist ongoing conservation efforts. Darter presence-absence as a function of one or more habitat variables was modeled with logistic regression at each scale. The most important predictors of presence-absence were stream link magnitude, mean confluence difference (CD), reach length or gradient, streambed elevation, bank erosion index, water depth, and substrate mean particle size. At the stream scale, darters were present in larger streams (e.g., fifth order) with small CDs. A relatively small CD, for example, described the convergence of two streams of roughly equal size in the drainage basin, whereas a relatively large CD indicated a substantial difference at a confluence. We propose that the CD metric represents a large-scale zoogeographic barrier to E. nianguae, excluding this species from any tributary stream that flows into a receiving stream that is three or more stream orders larger than the tributary. Within one occupied stream, the Little Niangua River, darters were found disproportionately in reaches (1) located in the mid- to lower sections of the stream (elevations 230-250 m above sea level), (2) with riffles spaced 40-80 m apart or with gradients of 2-4 m x km(-1), and (3) with relatively uneroded banks. Within occupied reaches, they were commonly located in microhabitats 20-40 cm deep with substrate particles averaging 30-50 mm in diameter. Multivariate model precision ranged from 29-57% within single scales. The models can be used to guide conservation and recovery efforts by ranking sites in the Osage basin based on their relative suitability for E. nianguae. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Mattingly, HT (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 47 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD AUG 15 PY 2002 IS 3 BP 573 EP 585 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0573:DPOTTN]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 588ED UT WOS:000177687400001 ER PT J AU Haitzer, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN AF Haitzer, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN TI Binding of mercury(II) to dissolved organic matter: The role of the mercury-to-DOM concentration ratio SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL STABILITY-CONSTANTS; DIALYSIS-LIGAND-EXCHANGE; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; ACID COMPLEXES; REDUCED SULFUR; ION-BINDING; METAL-IONS; HG(II) AB The binding of Hg(II) to dissolved organic matter (DOM; hydrophobic acids isolated from the Florida Everglades by XAD-8 resin) was measured at a wide range of Hg-to-DOM concentration ratios using an equilibrium dialysis ligand exchange method. Conditional distribution coefficients (K-DOM') determined by this method were strongly affected by the Hg/DOM concentration ratio. At Hg/DOM ratios below approximately 1 mug of Hg/mg of DOM, we observed very strong interactions (K-DOM' = 10(23.2+/-1.0) L kg(-1) at pH = 7.0 and I = 0.1), indicative of mercury-thiol bonds. Hg/DOM ratios above approximately 10 mug of Hg/mg of DOM, as used in most studies that have determined Hg-DOM binding constants, gave much lower K-DOM' values (10(10.7+/-1.0) L kg(-1) at pH = 4.9-5.6 and I = 0.1), consistent with Hg binding mainly to oxygen functional groups. These results suggest that the binding of Hg to DOM under natural conditions (very low Hg/DOM ratios) is controlled by a small fraction of DOM molecules containing a reactive thiol functional group. Therefore, Hg/DOM distribution coefficients used for modeling the biogeochemical behavior of Hg in natural systems need to be determined at low Hg/DOM ratios. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Haitzer, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, 3125 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 42 TC 179 Z9 185 U1 11 U2 88 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 16 BP 3564 EP 3570 DI 10.1021/es025699i PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584CA UT WOS:000177448600016 PM 12214650 ER PT J AU Puckett, LJ Cowdery, TK McMahon, PB Tornes, LH Stoner, JD AF Puckett, LJ Cowdery, TK McMahon, PB Tornes, LH Stoner, JD TI Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer-stream system SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE riparian zone; redox; nitrate; denitrification; flow path; chlorofluorocarbon ID NITROUS-OXIDE REDUCTION; COASTAL-PLAIN; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; ACETYLENE INHIBITION; SAND AQUIFER; MASS-BALANCE; LAND-USE; DENITRIFICATION; WATER AB [1] A combination of chemical and dissolved gas analyses, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and hydrologic measurements were used to determine the degree to which biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland were responsible for removing NO3- from groundwaters discharging to the Otter Tail River in west central Minnesota. An analysis of river chemistry and flow data revealed that NO3- concentrations in the river increased in the lower half of the 8.3 km study reach as the result of groundwater discharge to the river. Groundwater head measurements along a study transect through the riparian wetland revealed a zone of groundwater discharge extending out under the river. On the basis of combined chemical, dissolved gas, age date, and hydrologic results, it was determined that water chemistry under the riparian wetland was controlled largely by upgradient groundwaters that followed flow paths up to 16 m deep and discharged under the wetland, creating a pattern of progressively older, more chemically reduced, low NO3- water the farther one progressed from the edge of the wetland toward the river. These findings pose challenges for researchers investigating biogeochemical processes in riparian buffer zones because the progressively older groundwaters entered the aquifer in earlier years when less NO3- fertilizer was being used. NO3- concentrations originally present in the groundwater had also decreased in the upgradient aquifer as a result of denitrification and progressively stronger reducing conditions there. The resulting pattern of decreasing NO3- concentrations across the riparian zone may be incorrectly interpreted as evidence of denitrification losses there instead of in the upgradient aquifer. Consequently, it is important to understand the hydrogeologic setting and age structure of the groundwaters being sampled in order to avoid misinterpreting biogeochemical processes in riparian zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. RP Puckett, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lpuckett@usgs.gov NR 80 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 38 IS 8 AR 1134 DI 10.1029/2001WR000396 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 611EG UT WOS:000179003000012 ER PT J AU Behrendt, JC Damaske, D Finn, CA Kyle, P Wilson, TJ AF Behrendt, JC Damaske, D Finn, CA Kyle, P Wilson, TJ TI Draped aeromagnetic survey in Transantarctic Mountains over the area of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex showing extent of underlying mafic intrusion SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE aeromagnetic survey; Antarctica; igneous petrology; Transantarctic Mountains ID ANTARCTICA; GONDWANA; FERRAR; PROVINCE; BREAKUP; MANTLE; RIFT AB [1] A draped aeromagnetic survey over the area surrounding the Butcher Ridge igneous complex (BRIC), Transantarctic Mountains, was acquired in 1997-1998 as part of a larger Transantarctic Mountains Aerogeophysical Research Activity survey. The BRIC is a sill-like hypoabyssal intrusion ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt to rhyolite. An Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 174 Ma and the chemical character of the basaltic rocks show the BRIC to be part of the widespread Jurassic Ferrar suite of continental tholeiitic rocks, that extends for 3500 km across Antarctica. The aeromagnetic survey shows a horseshoe-shaped pattern of anomalies reaching amplitudes as great as 1900 nT generally associated with the bedrock topography where it is exposed. It is apparent that the high-amplitude anomaly pattern is more extensive than the 10-km-long exposed outcrop, first crossed by a single 1990 aeromagnetic profile. The highest-amplitude anomalies appear south of the profile acquired in 1990 and extend out of the survey area. The new aeromagnetic data allow determination of the extent of the interpreted Butcher mafic(?) intrusion beneath exposures of Beacon sedimentary rock and ice in the area covered, as well as beneath the small BRIC exposure. The magnetic anomalies show a minimum area of 3000 km 2, a much greater extent than previously inferred. Magnetic models indicate a minimum thickness of similar to1-2 km for a horizontal intrusion. However, nonunique models with magnetic layers decreasing in apparent susceptibility with depth are consistent with of a 4- to 8-km-thick layered intrusion. These magnetic models indicate progressively deeper erosion of the interpreted mafic-layered body from the south to north. The erosion has removed more magnetic upper layers that mask the magnetic effects of the lower less magnetic layers. The probable minimum volume of the intrusion in the area of the survey is similar to6000 km(3). An alternate, but less likely, interpretation of a series of dikes can also fit the observed magnetic anomalies. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. German Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources BGR, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Behrendt, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM behrendj@stripe.colorado.edu; d.damaske@bgr.de; cfinn@usgs.gov; kyle@nmt.edu; twilson@mps.ohio-state.edu NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 14 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B8 AR 2160 DI 10.1029/2001JB000376 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZY UT WOS:000178993000001 ER PT J AU Johnston, MJS Lockner, D Byerlee, JD AF Johnston, MJS Lockner, D Byerlee, JD TI Reply to comment by Revil on "Rapid fluid disruption: A source for self-potential anomalies'' by M. J. S. Johnston, J. D. Byerlee, and D. Lockner SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Editorial Material DE self-potential volcanoes; fluid flow; electrokinetic; conductivity; charge ID LA-FOURNAISE VOLCANO; LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; RESISTIVITY; CALIFORNIA; ISLAND; SYSTEM C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnston, MJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mal@usgs.gov; lockner@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 14 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B8 AR 2159 DI 10.1029/2002JB001794 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZY UT WOS:000178993000002 ER PT J AU Hui, CA AF Hui, CA TI Lead distribution throughout soil, flora, and an invertebrate at a wetland skeet range SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID SNAIL HELIX-ASPERSA; TRACE-ELEMENTS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; SHOOTING-RANGE; HEAVY-METALS; EXPOSURE; ACCUMULATION; PLANTS; FIELD AB Lead pellets from a skeet range impart Pb to the local soil, plants, and animals. Concentrations and distributions of Pb in the various media were studied at the now-abandoned skeet range bordering a cordgrass marsh at the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach in Southern California. The concentrations of Pb in soil (maximum = 16,200 ppm, dry mass) are significantly correlated to the shot pellet densities. Lead concentrations in plants vary according to species' abilities to inhibit Pb uptake from soil. Horn snails had a meat) Pb concentration (1987 ppm, dry mass) over 100 times greater than the leaves of the plant species with the highest mean concentration (18.1 ppm, dry mass) at the same site. Avian predators of gastropods may receive minimum exposure to Pb due to calcium ill the shells, but incidental ingestion of soil in addition to direct ingestion of shot pellets may provide significant exposure to birds. Because shotgun pellets may persist in wetland soil for 300 yr, reduction of wildlife exposure to Pb in Such cases requires deliberate action. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hui, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, 278 Kerr Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 59 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG 9 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 15 BP 1093 EP 1107 DI 10.1080/00984100290071289 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 581LM UT WOS:000177293900005 PM 12167221 ER PT J AU Delin, GN Landon, MK AF Delin, GN Landon, MK TI Effects of surface run-off on the transport of agricultural chemicals to ground water in a sandplain setting SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE focused recharge; nitrate nitrogen; atrazine; run-off ID SANDY AB An experiment was conducted at a depressional (lowland) and an upland site in sandy soils to evaluate the effects of surface run-off on the transport of agricultural chemicals to ground water. Approximately 16.5 cm of water was applied to both sites during the experiment, representing a natural precipitation event with a recurrence interval of approximately 100 years. Run-off was quantified at the lowland site and was not detected at the upland site during the experiment. Run-off of water to the lowland site was the most important factor affecting differences in the concentrations and fluxes of the agricultural chemicals between the two sites. Run-off of water to the lowland site appears to have played a dual role by diluting chemical concentrations in the unsaturated zone as well as increasing the concentrations at the water table, compared to the upland site. Concentrations of chloride, nitrate and atrazine plus metabolites were noticeably greater at the water table than in the unsaturated zone at both sites. The estimated mass flux of chloride and nitrate to the water table during the test were 5-2 times greater, respectively, at the lowland site compared to the upland site, whereas the flux of sulfate and atrazine plus metabolites was slightly greater at the upland site. Results indicate that matrix flow of water and chemicals was the primary process causing the observed differences between the two sites. Results of the experiment illustrate the effects of heterogeneity and the complexity of evaluating chemical transport through the unsaturated zone. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Delin, GN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2220 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 5 PY 2002 VL 295 IS 1-3 BP 143 EP 155 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00071-2 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00071-2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583FB UT WOS:000177395000011 PM 12186283 ER PT J AU King, PL Vennemann, TW Holloway, JR Hervig, RL Lowenstern, JB Forneris, JF AF King, PL Vennemann, TW Holloway, JR Hervig, RL Lowenstern, JB Forneris, JF TI Analytical techniques for volatiles: A case study using intermediate (andesitic) glasses SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SILICATE MELTS; RHYOLITIC GLASSES; BASALTIC GLASSES; ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSES; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; SOLUBILITY; WATER; H2O AB Small-scale analyses of volatiles in minerals and glasses provide information on how volatiles influence high-temperature geologic processes and low-temperature alteration processes. Four techniques for determining the C-O-H volatile contents of andesitic glasses are compared: manometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a technique where the H2O content is calculated using the difference between electron microprobe analysis totals and 100% sum. We present a method to determine the H content of a wide range of glass and mineral compositions using secondary ion mass spectrometry and a model for calibration factors. The extinction coefficients for H-O volatile contents in intermediate composition synthetic glasses are determined, and it is demonstrated that C-O speciation changes as total H2O content increases, with molecular CO2 decreasing, CO32- increasing, and carbonate peak splitting increasing. For glasses with low H2O content and oxy-substituted minerals, the methods of choice for volatile analysis are secondary ion mass spectrometry or micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Solid State Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Inst Geochem, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP King, PL (reprint author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. RI King, Penelope/A-1791-2011; OI King, Penelope/0000-0002-8364-9168; Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 58 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 7 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 87 IS 8-9 BP 1077 EP 1089 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 583UX UT WOS:000177429600004 ER PT J AU Eberl, DD Kile, DE Drits, VA AF Eberl, DD Kile, DE Drits, VA TI On geological interpretations of crystal size distributions: Constant vs. proportionate growth SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID INHERITED CORRELATION; DISTRIBUTION CSD; POTASH ALUM; MECHANISMS; CRYSTALLIZATION; KINETICS; ROCKS; NUCLEATION; DYNAMICS; MINERALS AB Geological interpretations of crystal size distributions (CSDs) depend on understanding the crystal growth laws that generated the distributions. Most descriptions of crystal growth, including a population-balance modeling equation that is widely used in petrology, assume that crystal growth rates at any particular time are identical for all crystals, and, therefore, independent of crystal size. This type of growth under constant conditions can be modeled by adding a constant length to the diameter of each crystal for each time step. This growth equation is unlikely to be correct for most mineral systems because it neither generates nor maintains the shapes of lognormal CSDs, which are among the most common types of CSDs observed in rocks. In an alternative approach, size-dependent (proportionate) growth is modeled approximately by multiplying the size of each crystal by a factor, an operation that maintains CSD shape and variance, and which is in accord with calcite growth experiments. The latter growth law can be obtained during supply controlled growth using a modified version of the Law of Proportionate Effect (LPE), an equation that simulates the reaction path followed by a CSD shape as mean size increases. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RAN, Geol Inst, Moscow 109017, Russia. RP Eberl, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 35 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 10 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 87 IS 8-9 BP 1235 EP 1241 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 583UX UT WOS:000177429600023 ER PT J AU Gray, JE Crock, JG Fey, DL AF Gray, JE Crock, JG Fey, DL TI Environmental geochemistry of abandoned mercury mines in West-Central Nevada, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry CY APR 24-29, 2000 CL CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA SP Amplats, Anglocoal Environm Serv, Assoc Explorat Geochem, Eskom, Envirogreen Consultants, Geochem Transact, Int Assoc Geochem & Cosmochem, Micromass UK Ltd, Pacific Mineral Dev Pty Ltd, Sasol, Soc Environm Geochem & Hlth, Stand Bank S Africa ID LAHONTAN RESERVOIR; CARSON RIVER; COLD-VAPOR; SPECIATION; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; IMPACT; WATER AB The Humboldt River is a closed basin and is the longest river in Nevada. Numerous abandoned Hg mines are located within the basin, and because Hg is a toxic heavy metal, the potential transport of Hg from these mines into surrounding ecosystems, including the Humboldt River, is of environmental concern. Samples of ore, sediment, water, calcines (roasted ore), and leachates of the calcines were analyzed for Hg and other heavy metals to evaluate geochemical dispersion from the mines. Cinnabar-bearing ore samples collected from the mines contain highly elevated Hg concentrations, up to 6.9%, whereas calcines collected from the mines contain up to 2000 mg Hg/kg. Stream-sediment samples collected within 1 km of the mines contain as much as 170 mg Hg/kg, but those collected distal from the mines (>5 km) contain <1 mg Hg/kg, indicating significant geochemical dispersion of Hg downstream from the mines. Sediment samples collected from the Humboldt River basin contain less than or equal to0.28 mg Hg/kg. Leachate samples of the calcines obtained by using a synthetic water leaching technique contain as much as 1500 mug Hg/l, suggesting that some calcines contain soluble Hg compounds. However, much lower Hg concentrations were found in water samples collected from the Humboldt River system, and these were below the 0.012 mug/l Hg standard used to protect against chronic effects to aquatic wildlife. Mercury transference from these mines to the Humboldt River basin is generally minor because the mines are typically >8 km from the Humboldt River, and Hg is transported and diluted through a large volume of pediment before it reaches the Humboldt River. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gray, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 31 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1069 EP 1079 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00004-5 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00004-5 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 568AE UT WOS:000176519600011 ER PT J AU MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Sparks, DW Smith, JR Simon, TP Hanacek, MA AF MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Sparks, DW Smith, JR Simon, TP Hanacek, MA TI Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This article is the second in a series of three that describes the results of a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) conducted in the Grind Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern (IHAOC). The assessment area is located in northwest Indiana and was divided into nine reaches to facilitate the assessment. This component of the NRDA was undertaken to determine if fish and wildlife resources have been injured due to exposure to contaminants that are associated with discharges of oil or releases of other hazardous substances. To support this assessment, information was compiled on the chemical composition of sediment and tissues; on the toxicity of whole sediments, pore water, and elutriates to fish; on the status of fish communities:, and on fish health. The data on each of these indicators were compared to regionally relevant benchmarks to assess the presence and extent of injury to fish and wildlife resources, The results of this assessment indicate that injury to fish and wildlife resources has occurred throughout the assessment area, with LIP to five distinct lines of evidence demonstrating injury within the various reaches. Based on the frequency of exceedance of the benchmarks for assessing sediment and tissue chemistry data, total polychlorinated biphenyls is the primary bioaccumulative contaminant of concern in the assessment area. It is important to note, however, that this assessment was restricted by the availability of published bioaccumulation-based sediment quality guidelines, tissue residue guidelines, and other benchmarks of sediment quality conditions. The availability of chemistry data for tissues also restricted this assessment in certain reaches of the assessment area. Furthermore, insufficient information was located to facilitate identification of the substances that are causing or substantially contributing to effects on fish (i.e., sediment toxicity, impaired fish health, or impaired fish community structure). Therefore, substances not included on the list of COCs cannot necessarily be considered to be of low priority with respect to sediment injury (e.g., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, dioxins, and furans, etc.). C1 MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. Indiana Dept Environm Management, Indianapolis, IN 46206 USA. RP MacDonald, DD (reprint author), MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, 24-4800 Isl Highway N, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 130 EP 140 DI 10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 575AR UT WOS:000176923800002 PM 12115039 ER PT J AU MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Sparks, DW Smith, JR Simon, TP Hanacek, MA AF MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Sparks, DW Smith, JR Simon, TP Hanacek, MA TI An assessment of injury to sediments and sediment-dwelling organisms in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFAUNAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; QUALITY TRIAD APPROACH; TECHNICAL BASIS; CONTAMINATION; CRITERIA; GUIDELINES; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY AB This article is the first in a series of three that describe the results of a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) conducted in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern (IHAOC). The assessment area is located in northwest Indiana and was divided into nine reaches to facilitate the assessment. This component of the NRDA was undertaken to determine if sediments and sediment-dwelling organisms have been injured due to exposure to contaminants that have accumulated in sediments as a result of discharges of oil or releases of other hazardous substances from industrial, municipal, and nonpoint sources. To support this assessment, information was compiled on the chemical composition of sediment and pore water; on the toxicity of whole sediments, pore water, and elutriates; and on the status of benthic invertebrate communities. The data on each of these indicators were compared to regionally relevant benchmarks to assess the presence and extent of injury to surface water resources (i.e., sediments) or biological resources (i.e., sediment-dwelling organisms). The results of this assessment indicate that sediment injury has occurred throughout the assessment area, with up to four distinct lines of evidence demonstrating injury within the various reaches. The primary contaminants of concern (i.e., those substances that are present at concentrations that are sufficient to cause or substantially contribute to sediment injury) include metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and total polychlorinated biphenyls. C1 MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. Indiana Dept Environm Management, Indianapolis, IN 46206 USA. RP MacDonald, DD (reprint author), MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, 24-800 Isl Highway N, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 141 EP 155 DI 10.1007/s00244-001-0052-z PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 575AR UT WOS:000176923800003 PM 12115040 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CG MacDonald, DD Brumbaugh, WG Johnson, BT Kemble, NE Kunz, JL May, TW Wang, N Smith, JR Sparks, DW Ireland, DS AF Ingersoll, CG MacDonald, DD Brumbaugh, WG Johnson, BT Kemble, NE Kunz, JL May, TW Wang, N Smith, JR Sparks, DW Ireland, DS TI Toxicity assessment of Sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPHIPOD HYALELLA-AZTECA; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; QUALITY GUIDELINES; PORE WATERS; TESTS; ECOSYSTEMS; EXPOSURE; AMMONIA; METALS AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal located in northwestern Indiana, USA. Toxicity tests used in this assessment included 10-day sediment exposures with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, 31-day sediment exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and the Microtox(R) Solid-Phase Sediment Toxicity Test. A total of 30 sampling stations were selected in locations that had limited historic matching toxicity and chemistry data. Toxic effects on amphipod survival were observed in 60% of the samples from the assessment area. Results of a toxicity test with oligochaetes indicated that sediments from the assessment area were too toxic to be used in proposed bioaccumulation testing. Measurement of amphipod length after the 10-day exposures did not provide useful information beyond that provided by the survival endpoint. Seven of the 15 samples that were identified as toxic in the amphipod tests were not identified as toxic in the Microtox test, indicating that the 10-day H. azteca test was more sensitive than the Microtox test. Samples that were toxic tended to have the highest concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The toxic samples often had an excess of simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) relative to acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and had multiple exceedances of probable effect concentrations (PECs). Metals may have contributed to the toxicity of samples that had both an excess molar concentration of SEM relative to AVS and elevated concentrations of metals in pore water. However, of the samples that, had an excess of SEM relative to AVS, only 38% of these samples had elevated concentration of metals in pore water. The lack of correspondence between SEM-AVS and pore water metals indicates that there are variables in addition to AVS controlling the concentrations of metals in pore water. A mean PEC quotient of 3.4 (based on concentrations of metals, PAHs, and PCBs) was exceeded in 33% of the sediment samples and a mean quotient of 0.63 was exceeded in 70% of the thirty sediment samples from the assessment area. A 50% incidence of toxicity has been previously reported in a database for sediment tests with H. azteca at a mean quotient of 3.4 in 10-day exposures and at a mean quotient of 0.63 in 28-day exposures. Among the Indiana Harbor samples, most of the samples with a mean PEC quotient above 0.63 (i.e., 15 of 21; 71%) and above 3.4 (i.e., 10 of 10; 100%) were toxic to amphipods. Results of this study and previous studies demonstrate that sediments from this assessment area are among the most contaminated and toxic that have ever been reported. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. Indiana Dept Environm Management, Indianapolis, IN 46206 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V6T 1W6, Canada. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 38 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 575AR UT WOS:000176923800004 PM 12115041 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Sappington, LC AF Fairchild, JF Sappington, LC TI Fate and effects of the triazinone herbicide metribuzin in experimental pond mesocosms SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC MESOCOSMS; INSECTICIDE AB Metribuzin is a triazinone herbicide that is widely used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds in soybeans, sugarcane, and numerous other crops. Metribuzin is highly toxic to freshwater macrophytes and algae under laboratory conditions (median plant EC50 = 31 mug/L; n = 11 species) but has not been studied under controlled outdoor conditions. We conducted a 6-week, study to examine the aquatic fate and effects of metribuzin in 0.1-ha outdoor aquatic mesocosms. Mesocosms (n = 2 per treatment) were treated with metribuzin at one of five concentrations: 0, 9, 19, 38, or 75 mug/L. Concentrations were selected to bracket known laboratory effect concentrations and to reflect calculated edge-of-field concentrations. The dissipation half-life of metribuzin in water was 5 days. Metribuzin had no statistically significant effects on water quality, periphyton biomass, macrophyte biomass, macrophyte species composition, fish Survival, or fish growth at treatment levels ranging up to and including 75 mug/L. Although metribuzin is highly toxic to freshwater macrophytes and algae under laboratory conditions. it poses little risk to nontarget aquatic plants due to the short aqueous dissipation half-life. The findings also demonstrate that current herbicide risk assessment procedures used in the registration process could benefit from empirical assessments of the fate of chemicals under realistic environmental conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Fairchild, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 198 EP 202 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-1208-1 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 575AR UT WOS:000176923800008 PM 12115045 ER PT J AU Sinsabaugh, RL Carreiro, MM Repert, DA AF Sinsabaugh, RL Carreiro, MM Repert, DA TI Allocation of extracellular enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE decomposition; extracellular enzymes; fungi; nitrogen deposition; successional loop ID ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN; DECOMPOSITION; DECAY; ERGOSTEROL; RATES; ECOSYSTEMS; LIGNIN; FOREST; CARBON AB Decomposition of plant material is a complex process that requires interaction among a diversity of microorganisms whose presence and activity is subject to regulation by a wide range of environmental factors. Analysis of extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) provides a way to relate the functional organization of microdecomposer communities to environmental variables. In this study, we examined EEA in relation to litter composition and nitrogen deposition. Mesh bags containing senescent leaves of Quercus borealis (red oak), Acer rubrum (red maple) and Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) were placed on forest floor plots in southeastern New York. One-third of the plots were sprayed monthly with distilled water. The other plots were sprayed monthly with NH4NO3 solution at dose rates equivalent to 2 or 8 g N m(-)2 y(-)1. Mass loss, litter composition, fungal mass, and the activities of eight enzymes were measured on 13 dates for each litter type. Dogwood was followed for one year, maple for two, oak for three. For each litter type and treatment, enzymatic turnover activities were calculated from regressions of LN (%mass remaining) vs. cumulative activity. The decomposition of dogwood litter was more efficient than that of maple and oak. Maple litter had the lowest fungal mass and required the most enzymatic work to decompose, even though its mass loss rate was twice that of oak. Across litter types, N amendment reduced apparent enzymatic efficiencies and shifted EEA away from N acquisition and toward P acquisition, and away from polyphenol oxidation and toward polysaccharide hydrolysis. The effect of these shifts on decomposition rate varied with litter composition: dogwood was stimulated, oak was inhibited and maple showed mixed effects. The results show that relatively small shifts in the activity of one or two critical enzymes can significantly alter decomposition rates. C1 Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Biol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. USGS Water Resources Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sinsabaugh, RL (reprint author), Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NR 40 TC 232 Z9 276 U1 13 U2 135 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD AUG PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1023/A:1016541114786 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 577DU UT WOS:000177046900001 ER PT J AU Shafroth, PB Friedman, JM Auble, GT Scott, ML Braatne, JH AF Shafroth, PB Friedman, JM Auble, GT Scott, ML Braatne, JH TI Potential responses of riparian vegetation to dam removal SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; RIVER REGULATION; ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS; PRIMARY SUCCESSION; ESTABLISHMENT; SEDIMENT; DISTURBANCE; CALIFORNIA; FLOODPLAIN; TRANSPORT C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish Wildlife & Range Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Shafroth, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 61 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 8 U2 49 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 2002 VL 52 IS 8 BP 703 EP 712 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0703:PRORVT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 580XJ UT WOS:000177261800009 ER PT J AU Gregory, S Li, H Li, J AF Gregory, S Li, H Li, J TI The conceptual basis for ecological responses to dam removal SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; COLUMBIA-RIVER BASIN; ET-AL. 1999; NORTHERN PIKEMINNOW; SURVIVAL RATES; SNAKE-RIVER; CONTRASTING PATTERNS; SMALLMOUTH BASS; PRODUCTIVITY C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Fisheries Cooperat Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gregory, S (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 77 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 6 U2 54 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 2002 VL 52 IS 8 BP 713 EP 723 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0713:TCBFER]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 580XJ UT WOS:000177261800010 ER PT J AU Shannon, HD Young, GS Yates, MA Fuller, MR Seegar, WS AF Shannon, HD Young, GS Yates, MA Fuller, MR Seegar, WS TI Measurements of thermal updraft intensity over complex terrain using American white pelicans and a simple boundary-layer forecast model SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE convective boundary layer; cross-country soaring; mixed-layer similarity; soaring birds; thermal intensity profile ID AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; TEMPERATURE; CIRCULATIONS; ENTRAINMENT; WIND AB An examination of boundary-layer meteorological and avian aerodynamic theories suggests that soaring birds can be used to measure the magnitude of vertical air motions within the boundary layer. These theories are applied to obtain mixed-layer normalized thermal updraft intensity over both flat and complex terrain from the climb rates of soaring American white pelicans and from diagnostic boundary-layer model-produced estimates of the boundary-layer depth z(i) and the convective velocity scale w(*). Comparison of the flatland data with the profiles of normalized updraft velocity obtained from previous studies reveals that the pelican-derived measurements of thermal updraft intensity are in close agreement with those obtained using traditional research aircraft and large eddy simulation (LES) in the height range of 0.2 to 0.8 z(i). Given the success of this method, the profiles of thermal vertical velocity over the flatland and the nearby mountains are compared. This comparison shows that these profiles are statistically indistinguishable over this height range, indicating that the profile for thermal updraft intensity varies little over this sample of complex terrain. These observations support the findings of a recent LES study that explored the turbulent structure of the boundary layer using a range of terrain specifications. For terrain similar in scale to that encountered in this study, results of the LES suggest that the terrain caused less than an 11% variation in the standard deviation of vertical velocity. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Ctr Conservat Res & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Shannon, HD (reprint author), USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, Room 5133,S Bldg,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2 BP 167 EP 199 DI 10.1023/A:1016095804357 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 566ZY UT WOS:000176459200001 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Martin, S Bilham, R Atkinson, GM AF Hough, SE Martin, S Bilham, R Atkinson, GM TI The 26 January 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India, earthquake: Observed and predicted ground motions SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ATTENUATION; PROPAGATION; DEFORMATION AB Although local and regional instrumental recordings of the devastating 26, January 2001, Bhuj earthquake are sparse, the distribution of macroseismic effects can provide important constraints on the mainshock ground motions. We compiled available news accounts describing damage and other effects and interpreted them to obtain modified Mercalli intensities (MMIs) at >200 locations, throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are then used to map the intensity distribution throughout the subcontinent using a simple mathematical interpolation method. Although preliminary, the maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated toward the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sediment-induced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region, intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium, such as mudflats and salt pans. In addition, we use fault-rupture, parameters inferred from teleseismic data to predict shaking intensity at distances of 0-1000 km. We then convert the predicted hard-rock ground-motion parameters to MMI by using a relationship (derived from Internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1-3 units than those estimated from news accounts, although they do predict near-field ground motions of approximately 80%g and potentially damaging ground motions on hard-rock sites to distances of approximately 300 km. For the most part, this discrepancy is consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors, such as unusually high building vulnerability in the Bhuj region and a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage, rather than the average effects. The discrepancy may also be partly attributable to the inadequacy of the empirical relationship between MMI and peak ground acceleration (PGA), when applied to India. The MMI-PGA relationship was developed using data from California earthquakes, which might have a systematically different stress drop and therefore, a different frequency content than intraplate events. When a relationship between response spectra and MMI is used, we obtain larger predicted MMI values, in better agreement with the observations. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Fergusson Coll, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RI Martin, Stacey/J-6819-2013; OI Martin, Stacey/0000-0003-4429-5835; Bilham, Roger/0000-0002-5547-4102 NR 34 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2061 EP 2079 DI 10.1785/0120010260 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900001 ER PT J AU Tuttle, MP Schweig, ES Sims, JD Lafferty, RH Wolf, LW Haynes, ML AF Tuttle, MP Schweig, ES Sims, JD Lafferty, RH Wolf, LW Haynes, ML TI The earthquake potential of the New Madrid seismic zone SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; PREHISTORIC EARTHQUAKES; DEFORMATION; HAZARD AB The fault system responsible for New Madrid seismicity has generated temporally clustered very large earthquakes in A.D. 900 +/- 100 years and A.D. 1450 +/- 150 years as well as in 1811-1812. Given the uncertainties in dating liquefaction features, the time between the past three New Madrid events may be as short as 200 years and as long as 800 years, with an average of 500 years. This advance in understanding the Late Holocene history of the New Madrid seismic zone and thus, the contemporary tectonic behavior of the associated fault system was made through studies of hundreds of earthquake-induced liquefaction features at more than 250 sites across the New Madrid region. We have found evidence that prehistoric sand blows, like those that formed during the 1811-1812 earthquakes, are probably compound structures resulting from multiple earthquakes closely clustered in time or earthquake sequences. From the spatial distribution and size of sand blows and their sedimentary units, we infer the source zones and estimate the magnitudes of earthquakes within each sequence and thereby characterize the detailed behavior of the fault system. It appears that fault rupture was complex and that the central branch of the seismic zone produced very large earthquakes during the A.D. 900 and A.D. 1450 events as well as in 1811-1812. On the basis of a minimum recurrence rate of 200 years, we are now entering the period during which the next 1811-1812-type event could occur. C1 M Tuttle & Associates, Georgetown, ME 04548 USA. US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Memphis State Univ, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. John Sims & Associates, Harpers Ferry, WV 25425 USA. MidContinental Res Associates, Springdale, AR 72765 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Geol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Arkansas Archeol Survey, Blytheville Stn, Blytheville, AR 72315 USA. RP Tuttle, MP (reprint author), M Tuttle & Associates, 128 Tibbetts Lane, Georgetown, ME 04548 USA. NR 39 TC 148 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 12 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2080 EP 2089 DI 10.1785/0120010227 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900002 ER PT J AU Frankel, AD Carver, DL Williams, RA AF Frankel, AD Carver, DL Williams, RA TI Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; SOIL RESPONSE; LIQUEFACTION; CALIFORNIA; HAZARDS; REGION; FAULT AB We used recordings of the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake and its M-L 3.4 aftershock to study site response and basin effects for 35 locations in Seattle, Washington. We determined site amplification from Fourier spectral ratios of the recorded horizontal ground motions, referenced to a soft-rock site. Soft-soil sites (generally National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program [NEHRP] class E) on artificial fill and young alluvium have the largest 1-Hz amplifications (factors of 3-7) for both the mainshock and aftershock. These amplifications are correlated with areas of higher damage from the mainshock to major buildings and liquefaction. There are several indications of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites for the mainshock ground motions, despite relatively modest peak accelerations in the S waves of 15%-22%g. First, the mainshock spectral ratios do not show amplification at 2-8 Hz as do the aftershock spectral ratios. Spectral peaks at frequencies below 2 Hz generally occur at lower frequencies for the mainshock spectral ratios than for the aftershock ratios. At one soft-soil site, there is a clear shift of the resonant frequency to a lower frequency for the mainshock compared with the aftershock. The frequency of this resonance increases in the coda of the mainshock record, indicating that the site response during the weaker motions of the coda is more linear than that of the initial S wave. Three of the soft-soil sites display cusped, one-sided mainshock accelerograms after the S wave. These soft-soil sites also show amplification at 10-20 Hz in the S wave, relative to the rock site, that is not observed for the aftershock. The cusped waveforms and 10-20-Hz amplification are symptomatic of nonlinear response at the soft-soil sites. These sites had nearby liquefaction. The largest amplifications for 0.5 Hz occur at soft-soil sites on the southern portion of the Seattle Basin. Stiff-soil sites (NEHRP classes D and C) on Pleistocence-age glacial deposits display similar spectral amplification for the mainshock and aftershock, indicating approximately linear response. The stiff-soil sites generally have moderate amplification (factors of 1.1-2.4) at 0.5 and I Hz. Amplifications at I and 5 Hz for all sites generally increase with decreasing shear-wave velocity measured in the top 30 in (V-s 30). However, larger amplifications at 0.5 and I Hz for sites with similar V-s 30 values are observed for sites in the Seattle Basin, illustrating the amplification from the deeper (>30 m) sediments and the contribution from basin surface waves. Record sections for the mainshock and aftershock show that basin surface waves produce the peak velocities for many of the sites in the Seattle Basin and often dominate the amplitude at I Hz and lower frequencies. C1 US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, AD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 31 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 12 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2090 EP 2109 DI 10.1785/0120010254 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900003 ER PT J AU Sokolov, V Wald, DJ AF Sokolov, V Wald, DJ TI Instrumental intensity distribution for the Hector Mine, California, and the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquakes: Comparison of two methods SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC INTENSITY; GROUND MOTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; SPECTRA AB We compare two methods of seismic-intensity estimation from ground-motion records for the two recent strong earthquakes: the 1999 (M 7.1) Hector Mine, California, and the 1999 (M 7.6) Chi-Chi, Taiwan. The first technique utilizes the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV), and it is used for rapid generation of the instrumental intensity map in California. The other method is based on the revised relationships between intensity and Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS). The results of using the methods are compared with independently observed data and between the estimations from the records. For the case of the Hector Mine earthquake, the calculated intensities in general agree with the observed values. For the case of the Chi-Chi earthquake, the areas of maximum calculated intensity correspond to the areas of the greatest damage and highest number of fatalities. However, the FAS method producees higher-intensity values than those of the peak amplitude method. The specific features of ground-motion excitation during the large, shallow, thrust earthquake may be considered a reason for the discrepancy. The use of PGA and PGV is simple; however, the use of FAS provides a natural consideration of site amplification by means of generalized or site-specific spectral ratios. Because the calculation of seismic-intensity maps requires rapid processing of data from a large network, it is very practical to generate a "first-order" map from the recorded peak motions. Then, a "second-order" map may be compiled using an amplitude-spectra method on the basis of available records and numerical modeling of the site-dependent spectra for the regions of sparse station spacing. C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Geophys, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Germany. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Sokolov, V (reprint author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Geophys, Hertzstr 16, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Germany. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2145 EP 2162 DI 10.1785/0120010264 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900007 ER PT J AU Matthews, MV Ellsworth, WL Reasenberg, PA AF Matthews, MV Ellsworth, WL Reasenberg, PA TI A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; STRESS; PROBABILITIES; DEPENDENCE; PARAMETERS; INTERVAL; HAZARD AB We construct a probability model for rupture times on a recurrent earthquake source. Adding Brownian perturbations to steady tectonic loading, produces a stochastic load-state process. Rupture is assumed to occur when this process reaches a critical-failure threshold. An earthquake relaxes the load state to a characteristic ground level and be-gins a new failure cycle. The load-state process is a Brownian relaxation oscillator. Intervals between events have a Brownian passage-time distribution that may serve as a temporal model for time-dependent, long-term seismic forecasting. This distribution has the following noteworthy properties: (1) the probability of immediate rerupture is zero; (2) the hazard rate increases steadily from zero at t = 0 to a finite maximum near the mean recurrence time and then decreases asymptotically to a quasi-stationary level, in which the conditional probability of an event becomes time independent; and (3) the quasi-stationary failure rate is greater than, equal to, or less than the mean failure rate because the coefficient of variation is less than, equal to, or greater than 1/ root2 approximate to 0.707. In addition, the model provides expressions for the hazard rate and probability of rupture on faults for which only a bound can be placed on the time of the last rupture. The Brownian relaxation oscillator provides a connection between observable event times and a formal state variable that reflects the macromechanics of stress and strain accumulation. Analysis of this process reveals that the quasi-stationary distance to failure has a gamma distribution, and residual life has a related exponential distribution. It also enables calculation of "interaction" effects due to external perturbations to the state, such as stress-transfer effects from earthquakes outside the target source. The influence of interaction effects on recurrence times is transient and strongly dependent on when in the loading cycle step perturbations occur. Transient effects may be much stronger than would be predicted by the "clock change" method and characteristically decay inversely with elapsed time after the perturbation. C1 Walden Consulting, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Matthews, MV (reprint author), Walden Consulting, 2 Wynn Rd, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. NR 40 TC 168 Z9 184 U1 0 U2 12 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2233 EP 2250 DI 10.1785/0120010267 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900013 ER PT J AU Almendros, J Chouet, B Dawson, P Huber, C AF Almendros, J Chouet, B Dawson, P Huber, C TI Mapping the sources of the seismic wave field at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, using data recorded on multiple seismic antennas SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LONG-PERIOD SEISMICITY; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; ARRAY MEASUREMENTS; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; SPATIAL EXTENT; TEIDE VOLCANO; TREMOR; SCATTERING; LOCATION AB Seismic antennas constitute a powerful tool for the analysis of complex wave fields. Well-designed antennas can identify and separate components of a complex wave field based on their distinct propagation properties. The combination of several antennas provides the basis for a more complete understanding of volcanic wave fields, including an estimate of the location of each individual wave-field component identified simultaneously by at least two antennas. We used frequency-slowness analyses of data from three antennas to identify and locate the different components contributing to the wave fields recorded at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in February 1997. The wave-field components identified are (1) a sustained background volcanic tremor in the form of body waves generated in a shallow hydrothermal system located below the northeastern edge of the Halemaumau pit crater; (2) surface waves generated along the path between this hydrothermal source and the antennas; (3) back-scattered surface wave energy from a shallow reflector located near the southeastern rim of Kilauea caldera; (4) evidence for diffracted wave components originating at the southeastern edge of Halemaumau; and (5) body waves reflecting the activation of a deeper tremor source between 02 hr 00 min and 16 hr 00 min Hawaii Standard Time on 11 February. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Almendros, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Almendros, Javier/M-2468-2014 OI Almendros, Javier/0000-0001-5936-6160 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2333 EP 2351 DI 10.1785/0120020037 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900020 ER PT J AU Chulick, GS Mooney, WD AF Chulick, GS Mooney, WD TI Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL EVOLUTION; THICKNESS; CANADA AB We present a new set of contour maps of the seismic structure of North America and the surrounding ocean basins. These maps include the crustal thickness, whole-crustal average P-wave and S-wave velocity, and seismic velocity of the uppermost mantle, that is, Pn and Sn. We found the following: (1) The average thickness of the crust under North America is 36.7 kin (standard deviation [s.d.] +/- 8.4 km), which is 2.5 kin thinner than the world average of 39.2 km (s.d. +/- 8.5) for continental crust; (2) Histograms of whole-crustal P- and S-wave velocities for the North American crust are bimodal, with the lower peak occurring for crust without a high-velocity (6.9-7.3 km/sec) lower crustal layer; (3) Regions with anomalously high average crustal P-wave velocities correlate with Precambrian and Paleozoic orogens; low average crustal velocities are correlated with modem extensional regimes; (4) The average Pn velocity beneath North America is 8.03 km/sec (s.d. +/- 0.19 km/sec); (5) the well-known thin crust beneath the western United States extends into northwest Canada; (6) the average P-wave velocity of layer 3 of oceanic crust is 6.61 km/sec (s.d. +/- 0.47 km/sec). However, the average crustal P-wave velocity under the eastern Pacific seafloor is higher than the western Atlantic seafloor due to the thicker sediment layer on the older Atlantic seafloor. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60655 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM gchulick@mail.sxu.edu; mooney@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2478 EP 2492 DI 10.1785/0120010188 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900031 ER PT J AU Catchings, RD Rymer, MJ Goldman, MR Hole, JA Huggins, R Lippus, C AF Catchings, RD Rymer, MJ Goldman, MR Hole, JA Huggins, R Lippus, C TI High-resolution seismic velocities and shallow structure of the San Andreas fault zone at Middle Mountain, Parkfield, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE AB A 5-km-long, high-resolution seismic imaging survey across the San Andreas fault (SAF) zone and the proposed San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drill site near Parkfield, California, shows that velocities vary both laterally and vertically. Velocities range from < 1.0 km/sec near the surface to as much as 4.8 km/sec at 750-m depth. The lowest velocities (< 1.0 to similar to 3.0 km/sec) correspond to unconsolidated sediment, mudstone, and sandstone in the near surface, and the higher velocities (>4.0 km/sec) probably correspond to granitic rock of the Salinian block, which is exposed a few kilometers southwest of the SAF. The depth to the top of probable granitic rock varies laterally along the seismic profile but is about 600 m below the surface at the proposed SAFOD site. We observe a prominent, lateral low-velocity zone (LVZ) beneath and southwest of the surface trace of the SAF. The LVZ is about 1.5 km wide at 300-m depth but tapers to about 600 m wide at 750-m depth. At the maximum depth of the velocity model (750 m), the LVZ is centered approximately 400 m southwest of the surface trace of the SAF. Similar velocities and velocity gradients are observed at comparable depths on both sides of the LVZ, suggesting that the LVZ is anomalous relative to rocks on either side of it. Velocities within the LVZ are lower than those of San Andreas fault gouge, and the LVZ is also anomalous with respect to gravity, magnetic, and resistivity measurements. Because of its proximity to the surface trace of the SAF, it is tempting to suggest that the LVZ represents a zone of fractured crystalline rocks at depth. However, the LVZ instead probably represents a tectonic sliver of sedimentary rock that now rests adjacent to or encompasses the SAF. Such a sliver of sedimentary rock implies fault strands on both sides and possibly within the sliver, suggesting a zone of fault strands at least 1.5 km wide at a depth of 300 m, tapering to about 600 m wide at 750-m depth. Fluids within the sedimentary sliver are probably responsible for observed low-resistivity values. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94587 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Geometr Inc, San Jose, CA 95131 USA. RP Catchings, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94587 USA. NR 36 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2493 EP 2503 DI 10.1785/0120010263 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900032 ER PT J AU Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Williams, RA Anderson, ML AF Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Williams, RA Anderson, ML TI Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOS-ANGELES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; MONICA; ZONE; SIMULATIONS; AREA AB Fourteen kilometers of continuous, shallow seismic reflection data acquired through the urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California, have revealed numerous faults between the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults as well as a complex pattern of downdropped and uplifted blocks. These data also indicate that the Loma Linda fault continues northeastward at least 4.5 km beyond its last mapped location on the southern edge of the valley and to within at least 2 km of downtown San Bernardino. Previously undetected faults within the valley northeast of the San Jacinto fault are also imaged, including the inferred western extension of the Banning fault and several unnamed faults. The Rialto-Colton fault is interpreted southwest of the San Jacinto fault. The seismic data image the top of the crystalline basement complex across 70% of the profile length and show that the basement has an overall dip of roughly 10degrees southwest between Perris Hill and the San Jacinto fault. Gravity and aeromagnetic data corroborate the interpreted location of the San Jacinto fault and better constrain the basin depth along the seismic profile to be as deep as 1.7 km. These data also corroborate other fault locations and the general dip of the basement surface. At least 1.2 kin of apparent vertical displacement on the basement is observed across the San Jacinto fault at the profile location. The basin geometry delineated by these data was used to generate modeled ground motions that show peak horizontal amplifications of 2-3.5 above bedrock response in the 0.05- to 1.0-Hz frequency band, which is consistent with recorded earthquake data in the valley. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Stephenson, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2504 EP 2520 DI 10.1785/0120010222 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900033 ER PT J AU Catchings, RD Rymer, MJ Goldman, MR AF Catchings, RD Rymer, MJ Goldman, MR TI Reply to "Comment on 'Faulting apparently related to the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and possible co-seismic origin of surface cracks in Potrero Canyon, Los Angeles County, California,' by R. D. Catchings, M. R. Goldman, W. H. K. Lee, M. J. Rymer, and D. J. Ponti," by Brian J. Swanson, Allan E. Seward, Perry L. Ehlig, and James E. Slosson SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USGS MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Catchings, RD (reprint author), USGS MS 977, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 92 IS 6 BP 2539 EP 2550 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 611NT UT WOS:000179024900036 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF Wallace, KL AF Waythomas, CF Wallace, KL TI Flank collapse at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, recorded by volcanic mass-flow deposits in the Copper River lowland SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DEBRIS AVALANCHES; AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; FRAGMENTATION; ERUPTIONS; RAINIER AB An areally extensive volcanic mass-flow deposit of Pleistocene age, known as the Chetaslina volcanic mass-flow deposit, is a prominent and visually striking deposit in the southeastern Copper River lowland of south-central Alaska. The mass-flow deposit consists of a diverse mixture of colorful, variably altered volcanic rocks, lahar deposits, glaciolacustrine diamicton, and till that record a major flank collapse on the southwest flank of Mount Wrangell. The deposit is well exposed near its presumed source, and thick, continuous, stratigraphic exposures have permitted us to study its sedimentary characteristics as a means of better understanding the origin, significance, and evolution of the deposit. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow in the Chetaslina River drainage are primary debris-avalanche deposits and consist of two principal facies types, a near-source block facies and a distal mixed facies. The block facies is composed entirely of block-supported, shattered and fractured blocks with individual blocks up to 40 m in diameter. The mixed facies consists of block-sized particles in a matrix of poorly sorted rock rubble, sand, and silt generated by the comminution of larger blocks. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow exposed along the Copper, Tonsina, and Chitina rivers are debris-flow deposits that evolved from the debris-avalanche component of the flow and from erosion and entrainment of local glacial and glaciolacustrine diamicton in the Copper River lowland. The debris-flow deposits were probably generated through mixing of the distal debris avalanche with the ancestral Copper River, or through breaching of a debris-avalanche dam across the ancestral river. The distribution of facies types and major-element chemistry of clasts in the deposit indicate that its source was an ancestral volcanic edifice, informally known as the Chetaslina vent, on the southwest side of Mount Wrangell. A major sector collapse of the Chetaslina vent initiated the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow forming a debris avalanche of about 4 km(3) that subsequently transformed to a debris flow of unknown volume. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4230 Univ Dr,Suite 201, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1257 EP 1279 DI 10.1139/E02-032 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 589YK UT WOS:000177789000006 ER PT J AU Buchwalter, DB Jenkins, JJ Curtis, LR AF Buchwalter, DB Jenkins, JJ Curtis, LR TI Respiratory strategy is a major determinant of [H-3]water and [C-14]chlorpyrifos uptake in aquatic insects SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ALKALINE PH; SODIUM-REGULATION; CADMIUM SOURCES; LARVAE; WATER; BIOACCUMULATION; MECHANISMS; RESPONSES AB Despite the extensive use of aquatic insects to evaluate freshwater ecosystem health, little is known about the underlying factors that result in sensitivity differences between taxa. Organismal characteristics (respiratory strategy and body size) were used to explore the rates of [H-3]H2O and [C-14] chlorpyrifos accumulation in aquatic insects. Ten aquatic insect taxa, including ephemeropteran, trichopteran, dipteran, hemipteran, and coleopteran species, were exposed to [C-14] chlorpyrifos (240 ng.L-1) and [H-3]H2O for up to 12 h. Because exchange epithelial surfaces on the integument are permeable to water, [H-3]H2O was used as a quantitative surrogate for exposed cellular surface area. [C-14] Chlorpyrifos uptake rates were highly correlated with water permeability in all 10 taxa tested and largely covaried with body size and respiratory strategy. Rates were highest among smaller organisms on a per-weight basis and in taxa with relatively large external cellular surfaces such as gills. Air-breathing taxa were significantly less permeable to both [H-3]H2O and [C-14]chlorpyrifos. A method for labeling exposed epithelial surfaces with a fluorescent dye was developed. This technique allowed discrimination between exchange epithelium and barrier tissue on the integument. Fluorescent dye distributions on the body surface provided a rapid method for estimating exposed epithelium consistent with [H-3]H2O and [C-14]chlorpyrifos accumulation. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Buchwalter, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 59 IS 8 BP 1315 EP 1322 DI 10.1139/F02-107 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 601KW UT WOS:000178445900007 ER PT J AU Peterson, RO Jacobs, AK Drummer, TD Mech, LD Smith, DW AF Peterson, RO Jacobs, AK Drummer, TD Mech, LD Smith, DW TI Leadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, Canis lupus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SCENT-MARKING; WOLF; IDAHO; PACKS AB We analyzed the leadership behavior of breeding and nonbreeding gray wolves (Canis lupus) in three packs during winter in 1997-1999. Scent-marking, frontal leadership (time and frequency in the lead while traveling), initiation of activity, and nonfrontal leadership were recorded during 499 h of ground-based observations in Yellowstone National Park. All observed scent-marking (N=158) was done by breeding wolves, primarily dominant individuals. Dominant breeding pairs provided most leadership, consistent with a trend in social mammals for leadership to correlate with dominance. Dominant breeding wolves led traveling packs during 64% of recorded behavior bouts (N=591) and 71% of observed travel time (N=64 h). During travel, breeding males and females led packs approximately equally, which probably reflects high parental investment by both breeding male and female wolves. Newly initiated behaviors (N=104) were prompted almost 3 times more often by dominant breeders (70%) than by nonbreeders (25%). Dominant breeding females initiated pack activities almost 4 times more often than subordinate breeding females (30 vs. 8 times). Although one subordinate breeding female led more often than individual nonbreeders in one pack in one season, more commonly this was not the case. In 12 cases breeding wolves exhibited nonfrontal leadership. Among subordinate wolves, leadership behavior was observed in subordinate breeding females and other individuals just prior to their dispersal from natal packs. Subordinate wolves were more often found leading packs that were large and contained many subordinate adults. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Math Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. RP Peterson, RO (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM ropeters@mtu.edu NR 34 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 6 U2 106 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1405 EP 1412 DI 10.1139/Z02-124 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 607HQ UT WOS:000178786400009 ER PT J AU Ercit, TS Foord, EE Fitzpatrick, JJ AF Ercit, TS Foord, EE Fitzpatrick, JJ TI Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE ordonezite; ferrotapiolite group; crystal structure; new data; Theodoso Soto mine; Durango; Mexico ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB A new occurrence of the rare mineral species ordonezite has been found at the Theodoso Soto tin mine, near Sapioris, Durango, Mexico. The average composition of the samples is (Zn0.98Fe0.02)(Sigma1.00)Sb2.00O6; the core of the crystals is slightly richer in Fe than the rim. The mineral is uniaxial (+), with all n greater than 2.30 (n(calc) is 2.38 at 589 nm); D-obs 6.66 g/cm(3), D-calc 6.67 g/cm(3). It is isostructural with ferrotapiolite, with a 4.668(2), c 9.269(6) Angstrom (from powder-diffraction data), space group P4(2)/mnm, and is twinned on {103}. Its crystal structure, refined to R = 4.1, wR = 4.3% using 163 observed reflections, is fully cation-ordered. C1 Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ercit, TS (reprint author), Canadian Museum Nat, POB 3443,Stn D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 40 BP 1207 EP 1210 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.40.4.1207 PN 4 PG 4 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 603DB UT WOS:000178542600015 ER PT J AU Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR Fancy, SG Hatfield, JS AF Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR Fancy, SG Hatfield, JS TI Temporal variation in bird counts within a Hawaiian rainforest SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE bird counts; density estimation; Hawaiian honeycreepers; phenology; rainforest; variable circular-plot ID REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY; MAUI PARROTBILL; FOREST BIRDS; DEMOGRAPHY; HABITAT; HONEYCREEPERS; POPULATION; PHENOLOGY; AKOHEKOHE AB We studied monthly and annual variation in density estimates of nine forest bird species along an elevational gradient in an east Maui rainforest. We conducted monthly variable circular-plot counts for 36 consecutive months along transects running downhill from timberline. Density estimates were compared by month, year, and station-for all resident bird species with sizeable populations, including four native nectarivores, two native insectivores, a non-native insectivore, and two non-native generalists. We compared densities among three elevational strata and between breeding and nonbreeding seasons. All species showed significant differences in density estimates among months and years. Three native nectarivores had higher density estimates within their breeding season (December-May) and showed decreases during periods of low nectar production following the breeding season. All insectivore and generalist species except one had higher density estimates within their March-August breeding season. Density estimates also varied with elevation for all species, and for four species a seasonal shift in population was indicated. Our data show that the best time to conduct counts for native forest birds on Maui is January-February, when birds are breeding or preparing to breed, counts are typically high, variability in density estimates is low, and the likelihood for fair weather is best. Temporal variations in density estimates documented in our study site emphasize the need for consistent, well-researched survey regimens and for caution when drawing conclusions from, or basing management decisions on, survey data. C1 USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Pratt, TK (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM thane_pratt@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 469 EP 481 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0469:TVIBCW]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 578XE UT WOS:000177145700001 ER PT J AU Poulton, VK Lovvorn, JR Takekawa, JY AF Poulton, VK Lovvorn, JR Takekawa, JY TI Clam density and scaup feeding behavior in San Pablo Bay, California SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Aythya affinis; Aythya marila; clam densities; Macoma balthica; Potamocorbula amurensis; San Francisco Bay; scaup feeding behavior ID FRANCISCO BAY; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; REMARKABLE INVASION; ACTIVITY BUDGETS; DIVING DUCKS; COMMUNITY; MUSSELS; SIZE; USA AB San Pablo Bay, in northern San Francisco Bay, California, is an important wintering area for Greater (Aythya marila) and Lesser Scaup (A. affinis). We investigated variation in foraging behavior of scaup among five sites in San Pablo Bay, and whether such variation was related to densities of their main potential prey, the clams Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica. Time-activity budgets showed that scaup spent most of their time sleeping at some sites, and both sleeping and feeding at other sites, with females feeding more than males. In the first half of the observation period (12 January-5 February 2000), percent time spent feeding increased with increasing density of P. amurensis, but decreased with increasing density of M. balthica (diet studies have shown that scaup ate mostly P. amurensis and little or no M. balthica). Densities of M. balthica stayed about the same between fall and spring benthic samples, while densities of P. amurensis declined dramatically at most sites. In the second half of the observation period (7 February-3 March 2000), percent time feeding was no longer strongly related to P. amurensis densities, and dive durations increased by 14%. These changes probably reflected declines of P. amurensis, perhaps as affected by scaup predation. The large area of potential feeding habitat, and alternative prey elsewhere in the estuary, might have resulted in the low correlations between scaup behavior and prey densities in San Pablo Bay. These low correlations made it difficult to identify specific areas of prey concentrations important to Scaup. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Lovvorn, JR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 49 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 518 EP 527 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0518:CDASFB]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 578XE UT WOS:000177145700005 ER PT J AU Rivera-Milan, FF Schaffner, FC AF Rivera-Milan, FF Schaffner, FC TI Demography of Zenaida Doves on Cayo del Agua, Culebra, Puerto Rico SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; Cayo del Agua; Culebra; demography; ground nests; predators; Puerto Rico; reproduction; Zenaida aurita; Zenaida Dove ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; POPULATION-DENSITY; SUCCESS; COLUMBIDS; ISLANDS; VIEQUES; AURITA; FOREST AB The demography of Zenaida Doves (Zenaida aurita) was studied on Cayo del Agua, Culebra, Puerto Rico. We collected capture-recapture and reproductive success data and monitored annual changes in the density of ground nests in 1987-1993 and 2000. Models with time-specific apparent survival and constant capture rates ((φ) over cap (t), (p) over cap (c)) and constant apparent survival and time-specific capture rates were equally parsimonious, with the former having 1.5 times more support from the data. Rainfall of the first six months of the year was positively related to nest density, and crab density was negatively related to nesting success and the number of doves fledged per nest. Crabs are the main predators of dove nests on Cayo del Agua. Models, parameterized with field data, were used to simulate full and reduced stochastic variation in environmental and demographic conditions, and predict annual changes in population size. High recruitment (births or births + immigrants) offset high losses (deaths + emigrants) in all instances. Our field data suggest that Zenaida Doves suffered an ecological crunch between 1989 and 1990, when weather (a hurricane followed by a drought), food availability, and nest predation interacted, lowering the number of locally fledged doves that survived the hatching year (1989-1990) and reproductive success (1990). Under severe conditions, population size and recovery mainly depended on immigration. Apparent survival returned to pre-hurricane levels between 1990 and 1991, and reproductive success was about average in 1991. C1 Dept Nat & Environm Resources, San Juan, PR 00906 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Caribbean Isl Natl Refuge, Boqueron, PR 00622 USA. RP Rivera-Milan, FF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Int Conservat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,suite 730 ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 587 EP 597 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0587:DOZDOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 578XE UT WOS:000177145700012 ER PT J AU Haig, SM Oring, LW Sanzenbacher, PM Taft, OW AF Haig, SM Oring, LW Sanzenbacher, PM Taft, OW TI Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among willets breeding in the western Great Basin SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE annual cycle; Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus; connectivity; dispersal; Great Basin; home range; Willet ID HOME-RANGE; WETLAND CONNECTIVITY; AMERICAN AVOCETS; MOVEMENTS; AUTOCORRELATION; CONSERVATION; SHOREBIRDS; ESTIMATORS AB Western Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus) were banded (it = 146 breeding adults and chicks) and radio-marked (it = 68 adults) at three western Great Basin wetland complexes to determine inter- and intraseasonal space use and movement patterns (primarily in 1998 and 1999). Birds were then tracked to overwintering sites where migratory connectivity and local movements were documented. Willets arrived synchronously at breeding sites during mid-April and spent less than 12 weeks in the Great Basin. There were no movements to other sites in the Great Basin during the breeding or postbreeding season. However, most breeding birds moved locally on a daily basis from upland nest sites to wetland foraging sites. The mean distance breeding birds were detected from nests did not differ between sexes or between members of a pair, although these distances were greater among postbreeding than breeding birds. Home-range estimates did not differ significantly between paired males and females during breeding or postbreeding. However. female home ranges were larger following breeding than during breeding. Shortly after chicks fledged, adult Willets left the Great Basin for locations primarily at coastal and estuarine sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Limited data revealed little among-site movements once Willets arrived at the coast, and birds appeared to be site faithful in subsequent winters. Winter sites of western Great Basin Willets differed from those used by birds from other areas in the subspecies' range, suggesting another subspecies or distinct population segment may exist. This study illustrates the importance of understanding movements and space use throughout the annual cycle in conservation planning. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Enivronm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 620 EP 630 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0620:SUMCAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 578XE UT WOS:000177145700015 ER PT J AU Shannon, HD Young, GS Yates, MA Fuller, MR Seegar, WS AF Shannon, HD Young, GS Yates, MA Fuller, MR Seegar, WS TI American White Pelican soaring flight times and altitudes relative to changes in thermal depth and intensity SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE American White Pelican; avian soaring performance; cross-country soaring; flight altitudes; flight times; Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; thermals ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; MIGRATION; BEHAVIOR; ISRAEL AB We compared American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) soaring flight times and altitudes to model-produced estimates of thermal depth and intensity. These data showed that pelican soaring flight was confined to the thermal layer, and that the vertical extent of the soaring flight envelope increased with increases in thermal depth. Pelicans soaring cross-country between foraging and breeding sites flew mainly within the middle of the thermal layer, regardless of its depth. In contrast, pelicans engaged in wandering flight near foraging sites typically confined their flight to the lower thermal layer. Pelicans soaring cross-country likely flew higher in the thermal layer to maximize cross-country soaring performance, while pelicans soaring locally presumably flew lower because additional altitude was unneeded for gliding short distances. An analysis of pelican flight times relative to model-produced estimates of thermal intensity suggested that pelicans began soaring as soon as sufficiently strong thermals developed daily. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Conservat Res & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21227 USA. RP Shannon, HD (reprint author), USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, Room 5133 S Bldg,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 10 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2002 VL 104 IS 3 BP 679 EP 683 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0679:AWPSFT]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 578XE UT WOS:000177145700024 ER PT J AU Smith, LM Haukos, DA AF Smith, LM Haukos, DA TI Floral diversity in relation to playa wetland area and watershed disturbance SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; SEED BANKS; ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY; SPECIES RICHNESS; VEGETATION; SUCCESSION; TURNOVER; LAKES; MARSH AB There are 25,000-30,000 playa wetlands in the intensively cultivated Southern Great Plains of the United States. Knowledge of area and watershed influences on wetland flora are needed to guide their conservation. We surveyed plant-community composition in 224 playas over 360,000 km(2) and examined the relationships of species richness and diversity (Shannon's) to playa area and watershed disturbance. The relationship of increasing species diversity to increasing area is most often hypothesized to be associated with an increasing number of habitats and/or larger populations as area increases. Watershed disturbance (perennial grassland vs. annual cropland) was included to determine its relationship to floral diversity and bioinvasion by exotic species. For all (terrestrial and wetland) plant species and all playas, there were only marginal relationships (r(2) < 0.1) between area and richness and diversity. Analyses supported the hypothesis that the number of habitats affects playa plant diversity because number of habitats changed little as playa area increased. Tests on only wetland plant species suggested stronger (r(2) &CONG; 0.2) relationships between richness and area. This relationship also was not likely related to increased population size, because large playas remain flooded longer than small playas, and therefore wetland plant species have a greater opportunity to become established. Finally, playas with cropland watersheds had more (p < 0.05) exotic species, higher diversity, and fewer perennial species than playas with grassland watersheds. Because watershed cultivation has altered playa hydroperiod and increased frequency of disturbance, playas are associated with a flora dominated more by annuals and exotics. Conservation efforts aimed at preserving playa wetland plant diversity and native communities should focus not only on the area of the wetland but also on the condition of its watershed. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Wildlife & Fisheries Management Inst, Dept Range, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Smith, LM (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Wildlife & Fisheries Management Inst, Dept Range, Mail Stop 2125, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 49 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 964 EP 974 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00561.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 579VY UT WOS:000177199500013 ER PT J AU Collins, TM Trexler, JC Nico, LG Rawlings, TA AF Collins, TM Trexler, JC Nico, LG Rawlings, TA TI Genetic diversity in a morphologically conservative invasive taxon: Multiple introductions of swamp eels to the Southeastern United States SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL SEX REVERSAL; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MONOPTERUS-ALBUS; TELEOSTEI; FISHES; CENTROPOMIDAE; EVOLUTIONARY; SYSTEMS AB Genetic analysis of introduced populations, especially in morphologically conservative taxa, can clarify introduction histories, identify management units and source populations, provide a more realistic estimate of the frequency of successful invasion, and suggest strategies for preventing further introductions. In the last 7 years, populations of swamp eels, referred to the Asian genus Monopterus (Family Synbranchidae) on the basis of external morphology, have been discovered in aquatic habitats near Atlanta, Georgia; Tampa, Florida; North Miami, Florida; and most recently in close proximity to Everglades National Park in Homestead, Florida. Swamp eels are large predators capable of dispersal over land and have the potential to disrupt already threatened ecosystems. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences from four known populations in the continental United States and samples from Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and two locations in China to determine introduction histories, source populations, genetic diversity, and relationships among populations. Our results indicate that there have been at least three independent introductions of genetically distinct forms. Introduced populations in close proximity (separated by <40 km) are genetically distinct. The level of sequence difference among introduced populations reaches levels seen among sister families of teleost fishes for the same region of the mitochondrial genome. These genetically distinct introduced populations in all likelihood represent at least two and possibly three species. Regardless of species status, these genetically distinct lineages may be expected to vary in ecological or life-history traits, representing different potential threats to the ecosystems where they have been introduced. Given the success of swamp eels in invading many habitats around the world, further study of these eels is warranted to elucidate the characteristics of successful invaders and invasions. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Collins, TM (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM collinst@fiu.edu NR 48 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1024 EP 1035 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01182.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 579VY UT WOS:000177199500019 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Merrill, T AF Mattson, DJ Merrill, T TI Extirpations of grizzly bears in the contiguous United States, 1850-2000 SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID URSUS-ARCTOS; YELLOWSTONE AB We investigated factors associated with the distribution of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in 1850 and their extirpation during 1850-1920 and 1920-1970 in the contiguous United States. We used autologistic regression to describe relations between grizzly bear range in 1850, 1920, and 1970 and potential explanatory factors specified for a comprehensive grid of cells, each 900 km(2) in size. We also related persistence, 1920-1970, to range size and shape. Grizzly bear range in 1850 was positively related to occurrence in mountainous ecoregions and the ranges of oaks (Quercus spp.), pinon pines (Pinus edulis and P. monophylla), whitebark pine (P. albicaulis), and bison (Bos bison) and negatively related to occurrence in prairie and hot desert ecoregions. Relations with salmon (Oncorynchus spp.) range and human factors were complex. Persistence of grizzly bear range, 1850-1970, was positively related to occurrence in the Rocky Mountains, whitebark pine range, and local size of grizzly bear range at the beginning of each period, and negatively related to number of humans and the ranges of bison, salmon, and pinon pines. We speculate that foods affected persistence primarily by influencing the frequency of contact between humans and bears. With respect to current conservation, grizzly bears survived from 1920 to 1970 most often where ranges at the beginning of this period were either larger than 20,000 km (2) or larger than 7,000 km(2) but with a ratio of perimeter to area of < 2. Without reductions in human lethality after 1970, there would have been no chance that core grizzly bear range would be as extensive as it is now. Although grizzly bear range in the Yellowstone region is currently the most robust of any to potential future increases in human lethality, bears in this region are threatened by the loss of whitebark pine. C1 No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. LTB Consulting, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 79 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1123 EP 1136 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00414.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 579VY UT WOS:000177199500027 ER PT J AU Randerson, JT Chapin, FS Harden, JW Neff, JC Harmon, ME AF Randerson, JT Chapin, FS Harden, JW Neff, JC Harmon, ME TI Net ecosystem production: A comprehensive measure of net carbon accumulation by ecosystems SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE atmospheric CO2; biosphere-atmosphere fluxes; carbon accumulation by ecosystems measuring carbon balance; disturbance; net biome production; net ecosystem production; net primary production; scaling ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SOIL CARBON; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; SATELLITE DATA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GLOBAL-MODEL; FOREST; CYCLE AB The conceptual framework used by ecologists and biogeochemists must allow for accurate and clearly defined comparisons of carbon fluxes made with disparate techniques across a spectrum of temporal and spatial scales. Consistent with usage over the past four decades, we define "net ecosystem production" (NEP) as the net carbon accumulation by ecosystems. Past use of this term has been ambiguous, because it has been used conceptually as a measure of carbon accumulation by ecosystems, but it has often been calculated considering only the balance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. This calculation ignores other carbon fluxes from ecosystems (e.g leaching of dissolved carbon and losses associated with disturbance). To avoid conceptual ambiguities, we argue that NEP be defined, as in the past, as the net carbon accumulation by ecosystems and that it explicitly incorporate all the carbon fluxes from an ecosystem, including autotrophic respiration, heterotrophic respiration, losses associated with disturbance, dissolved and particulate carbon losses, volatile organic compound emissions. and lateral transfers among ecosystems. Net biome productivity (NBP), which has been proposed to account for carbon loss during episodic disturbance, is equivalent to NEP at regional or global scales. The multi-scale conceptual framework we describe provides continuity between flux measurements made at the scale of soil profiles and chambers, forest inventories, eddy covariance towers, aircraft, and inversions of remote atmospheric flask samples, allowing a direct comparison of NEP estimates made at all temporal and spatial scales. C1 CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Randerson, JT (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Mail Stop 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; OI Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910; NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472 NR 81 TC 102 Z9 106 U1 6 U2 65 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 937 EP 947 DI 10.2307/3061028 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AX UT WOS:000177384300001 ER PT J AU Brooks, ML AF Brooks, ML TI Peak fire temperatures and effects on annual plants in the Mojave Desert SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bromus rubens; Erodium cicutarium; invasive plants; land management; Mojave Desert, California; nitrogen; postfire succession; Schismus; soil nutrients; water repellency ID UPPER SONORAN DESERT; SOIL SEED BANK; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; WATER REPELLENCY; VEGETATION; SAGEBRUSH; COMMUNITIES; PATTERNS; GRASSES; NEVADA AB Very little is known about the behavior and effects of fire in the Mojave Desert, because fire was historically uncommon. However, fire has become more frequent since the 1970s with increased dominance of the invasive annual,grasses Bromus rubens and Schismus spp.. and land managers are concerned about its ecological effect. In this paper, I describe patterns of peak tire temperature and their effect on annual plants in creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Temperatures were monitored among microhabitats and distances front the soil surface, and between spring and summer. Microhabitats ranged from high amounts of fuel beneath creosote bush Larrea tridentata) canopies, to intermediate amounts at the canopy drip line, to how amounts in the interspaces between them. Distances from the soil surface were within the vertical range where most annual plant seeds occur (-2. 0, 5. and 10 cm). I also compare temperature patterns with postfire changes in soil properties and annual plant biomass and species richness to infer potential mechanisms by which fires affect annual plants. Peak fire temperatures were most affected by the microhabitat fuel gradient, and the effects of fire oil annual plants varied among microhabitats, Beneath creosote bushes, lethal fire temperatures for annual plant seeds occurred above- and belowground, resulting ill four postfire years of reduced annual plant biomass and species richness due most likely to mortality. especially of Bromus rubens and native forbs. At the canopy drip line. lethal fire temperatures occurred only above-round, reducing annual plant biomass for 1 yr and species richness for 2 yr, and increasing biorriass of'Schisinus sp.. the alien furb Erodium cicularillm, and native annuals after 3 yr. Negligible changes were Caused by fire in inter,,paces or between spring and summer, Fire effects models for creosote bush scrub vegetation Must account for patterns of peak fire temperature along the shrub-intershrub gradient. The responses of annual plants to this gradient vary depending on the species composition of the seedling cohort, their microhabitat affinities. and their respective phenologic stages ill the time of burning. Fire can temporarily reduce seed densities of Bromus rubens, but dominance of Schismus sp, may quickly increase above prefire levels. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Brooks, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, 6770 S Paradise Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 80 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 1088 EP 1102 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1088:PFTAEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AX UT WOS:000177384300011 ER PT J AU Friedman, JM Lee, VJ AF Friedman, JM Lee, VJ TI Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE bottomland forest; channel narrowing; Colorado; eastern; cottonwood; plains; disturbance; fluvial; flood; High Plains; succession ID MEANDERING-RIVER FLOODPLAIN; NORTHEAST BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MISSOURI RIVER; COTTONWOOD RECRUITMENT; EASTERN COLORADO; GREAT-PLAINS; VEGETATION; MONTANA; ESTABLISHMENT; PATTERNS AB The geomorphic effectiveness of extreme floods increases with aridity and decreasing watershed size. Therefore, in small dry watersheds extreme floods should control the age structure and spatial distribution of populations of disturbance-dependent riparian trees. We examined the influence of extreme floods on the bottomland morphology and forest of ephemeral streams in a semiarid region. Along six stream reaches on the Colorado Piedmont we examined channel changes by analyzing a rectified sequence of aerial photographs spanning 56 yr, and we investigated the spatial distribution of different-aged patches of forest by aging 189 randomly sampled cottonwood trees. Channel change in these ephemeral sand-bed streams is dominated by widening, which occurs over a span of hours during infrequent floods, and postflood narrowing, which occurs over decades between floods. Narrowing is accelerated where reliable moisture increases the density and growth rate of vegetation on the former bed. Reproduction of cottonwood trees has occurred mostly in former channel bed during periods of channel narrowing beginning after floods in 1935 and 1965 and continuing for as long as two decades. Thus cottonwood establishment is related to low flows at the time scale of a year, but to high flows at the time scale of decades. At sites that have not experienced major floods in the last 80 yr, little channel change has occurred, cottonwood reproduction has been limited, tree density has declined, and succession to grassland is occurring. Because channel change and tree reproduction in this region are driven by infrequent local events, channel width and tree age distributions vary greatly over time and among sites. For the same reason, riparian forests along these ephemeral streams can be as wide as forests along perennial rivers with much higher mean discharge. C1 US Geol Survey, MIdcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Friedman, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MIdcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jonathan_friedman@usgs.gov OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 75 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 31 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 72 IS 3 BP 409 EP 425 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0409:EFCCAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574RF UT WOS:000176902800006 ER PT J AU Arrington, DA Winemiller, KO Loftus, WF Akin, S AF Arrington, DA Winemiller, KO Loftus, WF Akin, S TI How often do fishes "run on empty"? SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; diurnal vs. nocturnal; energy balance; feeding success fishes; life history evolution; parental care; trophic classification ID ANADROMOUS ARCTIC CHARR; GASTRIC EVACUATION; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; AMERICAN FISHES; LIFE-HISTORY; ORGAN SIZE; STORAGE; DIVERSIFICATION; EVOLUTION; MIGRATION AB We used a large data set of African, Neotropical, and North American fishes to examine the frequency with which fishes have empty stomachs (n(species) = 254; n(individuals) = 36875). Mean percentage of empty stomachs was low across all fishes (16.2 +/- 1.2%) but varied from 0% to 79.4% among individual species. Nocturnal fishes had empty stomachs more frequently than diurnal fishes. Trophic classification was strongly associated with the percentage of empty stomachs, a pattern also revealed from an intraspecific analysis. Fishes appear to adjust their feeding intervals relative to the energy density, conversion efficiency, and particle size of their food. Piscivorous fishes seem to be the only trophic group that regularly experience long periods of empty stomachs, with species that consume prey whole and those that provide extended parental care having the highest proportions of empty stomachs. Activity patterns and life histories of some piscivorous species probably have evolved in partial response to energetic benefits of large, energy-rich food resources. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Geol Survey, Everglades Natl Pk Field Stn, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Arrington, DA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, 2258 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Winemiller, Kirk/0000-0003-0236-5129 NR 40 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 2145 EP 2151 DI 10.2307/3072046 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583WP UT WOS:000177434200009 ER PT J AU MacKenzie, DI Nichols, JD Lachman, GB Droege, S Royle, JA Langtimm, CA AF MacKenzie, DI Nichols, JD Lachman, GB Droege, S Royle, JA Langtimm, CA TI Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anurans; bootstrap; Bufo amricanus; detection probability; maximum likelihood; metapopulation; monitoring; patch occupancy; Pseudacris crucifer; site occupancy ID METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; DEMOGRAPHIC-MODELS; POPULATIONS; EXTINCTION; ANIMALS; SIZE; VARY; TIME AB Nondetection of a species at a site does not imply that the species is absent unless the probability of detection is 1. We propose a model and likelihood-based method for estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are < 1. The model provides a flexible framework enabling covariate information to be included and allowing for missing observations. Via computer simulation, we found that the model provides good estimates of the occupancy rates, generally unbiased for moderate detection probabilities (>0.3). We estimated site occupancy rates for two anuran species at 32 wetland sites in Maryland, USA, from data collected during 2000 as part of an amphibian monitoring, program, Frog-watch USA. Site occupancy rates were estimated as 0.49 for American toads (Bufo americanas), a 44% increase over the proportion of sites at which they were actually observed. and as 0.85 for spring, peepers (Pseudacris crucifier), slightly above the observed proportion of 0.83. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, SE Amphibian Res & Monitoring Initiat, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP MacKenzie, DI (reprint author), Proteus Res & Consulting Ltd, POB 5193, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM darryl@proteus.co.nz NR 29 TC 1473 Z9 1531 U1 56 U2 468 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 2248 EP 2255 DI 10.2307/3072056 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583WP UT WOS:000177434200019 ER PT J AU Ozturk, H Hein, JR Hanilci, N AF Ozturk, H Hein, JR Hanilci, N TI Genesis of the Dogankuzu and mortas Bauxite deposits, Taurides, Turkey: Separation of Al, Fe, and Mn and implications for passive margin metallogeny SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN BOUNDARY; MANGANESE AB The Taurides region of Turkey is host to a number of important bauxite, Al-rich laterite, and Mn deposits. The most important bauxite deposits, Dogankuzu and Mortas, are karst-related, unconformity-type deposits in Upper Cretaceous limestone. The bottom contact of the bauxite ore is undulatory, and bauxite fills depressions and sinkholes in the foot-wall limestone, whereas its top surface is concordant with the hanging-wall limestone. The thickness of the bauxite varies from 1 to 40 in and consists of bohmite, hematite, pyrite, marcasite, anatase, diaspore, gypsum, kaolinite, and smectite. The strata-bound, sulfide- and sulfate-bearing, low-grade lower part of the bauxite ore bed contains pyrite pseudomorphs after hematite and is deep red in outcrop owing to supergene oxidation. Tile lower part of the bauxite body contains local intercalations of calcareous conglomerate that formed in fault-controlled depressions and sinkholes. Bauxite ore is overlain by fine-grained Fe sulfide-bearing and calcareous claystone and argillaceous limestone, which are in turn overlain by massive, compact limestone of Santonian age, That 50-m-thick limestone is in turn overlain by well-bedded bioclastic limestone of Campanian or Maastrichtian age, rich with rudist fossils. Fracture fillings in the bauxite orebody are up to 1 m thick and consist of bluish-gray-green pyrite and marcasite (20%) with bohmite, diaspore, and anatase. These sulfide veins crosscut and offset the strata-bound sulfide zones. Sulfur for the sulfides was derived from tile bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate, and Fe was derived from alteration of oxides in the bauxite, Iron sulfides do not Occur, within either the immediately underlying or overlying limestone. The platform limestone and shale that host the bauxite deposits formed at a passive margin of the Tethys Ocean. Extensive vegetation developed on land as the result of a humid climate, thereby creating thick and acidic soils and enhancing the transport of large amounts of organic matter to the ocean, Alteration of the organic matter provided CO2 that contributed to formation of a relatively C-12-rich marine footwall limestone. Relative sea-level fall resulted from strike-slip faulting associated with closure of the ocean and local uplift of the passive margin. That uplift resulted in karstification and bauxite formation in topographic lows, as represented by the Dogankuzu and Mortas deposits. During stage 1 of bauxite formation, Al, Fe, Mn, and Ti were mobilized from deeply weathered aluminosilicate parent rock under acidic conditions and accumulated as hydroxides at the limestone surface owing to an increase in pH. During stage 2. Al, Fe, and Ti oxides and clays from the incipient bauxite (bauxitic soil) were transported as detrital phases and accumulated in the fault-controlled depressions and sinkholes. During stage 3, the bauxitic material was concentrated by repeated desilicification, which resulted in the transport of Si and Mn to the ocean through a well-developed karst drainage system, The transported Mn was deposited in offshore muds as Mn carbonates. The sulfides also formed in stage 3 during early diagenesis, Transgression into the foreland basin resulted from shortening of the ocean basin and nappe emplacement during the latest Cretaceous. During that time bioclastic limestone was deposited on the nappe ramp, which overlapped bauxite accumulation. C1 Univ Istanbul, Dept Geol, TR-34850 Istanbul, Turkey. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ozturk, H (reprint author), Univ Istanbul, Dept Geol, Avcilar, TR-34850 Istanbul, Turkey. NR 41 TC 28 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 97 IS 5 BP 1063 EP 1077 DI 10.2113/97.5.1063 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 594LC UT WOS:000178050500008 ER PT J AU Henny, CJ Hill, EF Hoffman, DJ Spalding, MG Grove, RA AF Henny, CJ Hill, EF Hoffman, DJ Spalding, MG Grove, RA TI Nineteenth century mercury: Hazard to wading birds and cormorants of the Carson River, Nevada SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mercury; snowy egret; black-crowned night-heron; double-crested cormorant; mining; splenomegaly; histopathology; oxidative stress ID CAPTIVE GREAT EGRETS; LOONS GAVIA-IMMER; GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; OXIDATIVE STRESS; METHYL MERCURY; MALLARD DUCKS; CHEMICAL FORM; SELENIUM; METHYLMERCURY; DDE AB Contemporary mercury interest relates to atmospheric deposition, contaminated fish stocks and exposed fish-eating wildlife. The focus is on methylmercury (MeHg) even though most contamination is of inorganic (IoHg) origin. However, IoHg is readily methylated in aquatic systems to become more hazardous to vertebrates. In response to a classic episode of historical (1859-1890) IoHg contamination, we studied fish-eating birds nesting along the lower Carson River, Nevada. Adult double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) contained very high concentrations of total mercury (THg) in their livers (geo. means 134.8mug/g wet weight (ww), 43.7 and 13.5, respectively) and kidneys (69.4, 11.1 and 6.1, respectively). Apparently tolerance of these concentrations was possible due to a threshold-dependent demethylation coupled with sequestration of resultant IoHg. Demethylation and sequestration processes also appeared to have reduced the amount of MeHg redistributed to eggs. However, the relatively short time spent by adults in the contaminated area before egg laying was also a factor in lower than expected concentrations of mercury in eggs. Most eggs (100% MeHg) had concentrations below 0.80mug/g ww, the putative threshold concentration where reproductive problems may be expected; there was no conclusive evidence of mercury-related depressed hatchability. After hatching, the young birds were fed diets by their parents averaging 0.36-1.18mugMeHg/g ww through fledging. During this four to six week period, accumulated mercury concentrations in the organs of the fledglings were much lower than found in adults, but evidence was detected of toxicity to their immune (spleen, thymus, bursa), detoxicating (liver, kidneys) and nervous systems. Several indications of oxidative stress were also noted in the fledglings and were most apparent in young cormorants containing highest concentrations of mercury. This stress was evidenced by increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, low activities of enzymes related to glutathione metabolism and low levels of reduced thiols, plus an increase in the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione. At lower concentrations of mercury, as was found in young egrets, we observed elevated activities of protective hepatic enzymes, which could help reduce oxidative stress. Immune deficiencies and neurological impairment of fledglings may affect survivability when confronted with the stresses of learning to forage and the ability to complete their first migration. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Henny, CJ (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 54 TC 113 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 34 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD AUG PY 2002 VL 11 IS 4 BP 213 EP 231 DI 10.1023/A:1016327602656 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 574AD UT WOS:000176865400001 PM 12211695 ER PT J AU Robards, MD Rose, GA Piatt, JF AF Robards, MD Rose, GA Piatt, JF TI Growth and abundance of Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus, under differing oceanographic regimes SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE oceanography; growth; condition; otolith; Alaska ID ENERGY DENSITY; NORTHERN GULF; ALASKA AB Synopsis Dramatic changes in seabird and marine mammal stocks in the Gulf of Alaska have been linked to shifts in abundance and composition of forage fish stocks over the past 20 years. The relative value (e.g., size and condition of individual fish, abundance) of specific forage fish stocks to predators under temporally changing oceanographic regimes is also expected to vary. We inferred potential temporal responses in abundance, growth, and age structure of a key forage fish, sand lance, by studying across spatially different oceanographic regimes. Marked meso-scale differences in abundance, growth, and mortality existed in conjunction with these differing regimes. Growth rate within stocks (between years) was positively correlated with temperature. However, this relationship did not exist among stocks (locations) and differing growth rates were better correlated to marine productivity. Sand lance were least abundant and grew slowest at the warmest site (Chisik Island), an area of limited habitat and low food abundance. Abundance and growth of juvenile sand lance was highest at the coolest site (Barren Islands), an area of highly productive upwelled waters. Sand lance at two sites located oceanographically between the Barren Islands and Chisik Island (inner- and outer-Kachemak Bay) displayed correspondingly intermediate abundance and growth. Resident predators at these sites are presented with markedly different numbers and quality of this key prey species. Our results suggest that at the decadal scale, Gulf of Alaska forage fish such as sand lance are probably more profoundly affected by changes in abundance and quality of their planktonic food, than by temperature alone. C1 Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Fisheries & Marine Inst, Fisheries Conservat, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. RP Robards, MD (reprint author), Ocean Conservancy, 425 G St,Suite 400, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2002 VL 64 IS 4 BP 429 EP 441 DI 10.1023/A:1016151224357 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 581JN UT WOS:000177288700008 ER PT J AU Schrank, SJ Guy, CS AF Schrank, SJ Guy, CS TI Age, growth, and gonadal characteristics of adult bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, in the lower Missouri River SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE life history; exotic species AB Synopsis Bighead carp were introduced into Arkansas in 1973 to improve water clarity in production ponds. Bighead carp subsequently escaped aquaculture facilities in the early 1980's and dispersed into the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The first documentation of bighead carp reproduction in the Mississippi River system was in 1989. The population has increased in the Missouri River as is evident in their increased proportion in the commercial harvest since 1990. The effect of this exotic planktivore on native ecosystems of the U.S. has not been examined. Basic biological data on bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in the Missouri River are needed to predict potential ecological problems and provide a foundation for manipulative studies. The objectives of this study were to assess age, growth, and gonadal characteristics of bighead carp in the Missouri River. Adult bighead carp in our sample varied from age 3 to age 7 and length varied from 475 to 1050 mm. There was a large variation in length at age, and overall bighead carp exhibited fast growth. For example, mean back-calculated length at age 3 was 556 mm. The sample was dominated by bighead carp from the 1994 year class. There was no difference in gonad development (i.e., gonadal somatic index, egg diameter) between winter and spring samples. Length of male bighead carp and GSI were not significantly correlated; however, females exhibited a positive linear relationship between length and GSI. In each ovary, egg diameter frequencies exhibited a bimodal distribution, indicating protracted spawning. Mean fecundity was 226 213, with a maximum fecundity of 769 964. Bighead carp in the Missouri River have similar life history characteristics to Asian and European populations. They have become well established in the Missouri River and it is likely that dispersal and population density will increase. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Schrank, SJ (reprint author), 112 Riverview Cr, Great Falls, MT 59404 USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2002 VL 64 IS 4 BP 443 EP 450 DI 10.1023/A:1016144529734 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 581JN UT WOS:000177288700010 ER PT J AU Hampton, MA AF Hampton, MA TI Gravitational failure of Sea Cliffs in weakly lithified sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Sea Cliff; stress-release fracture; block fall; cohesion; Sea-Cliff erosion; Sea-Cliff retreat; gravitational failure; California Sea Cliffs; weakly lithifted sediment ID DEBRIS AB Gravitational failure of sea cliffs eroded into weakly lithified sediment at several sites in California involves episodic stress-release fracturing and cantilevered block falls. The principal variables that influence the gravitational stability are tensional stresses generated during the release of horizontal confining stress and weakening of the sediment with increased saturation levels. Individual failures typically comprise less than a cubic meter of sediment, but large areas of a cliff face can be affected by sustained instability over a period of several days. Typically, only the outer meter or so of sediment is removed during a failure episode. In-place sediment saturation levels vary over time and space, generally being higher during the rainy season but moderate to high year-round. Laboratory direct-shear tests show that sediment cohesion decreases abruptly with increasing saturation level; the decrease is similar for all tested sediment if the cohesion is normalized by the maximum, dry-sediment cohesion. Large failures that extend over most or all of the height of the sea cliff are uncommon, but a few large wedge-shaped failures sometimes occur, as does separation of large blocks at sea cliff-gully intersections. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hampton, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 42 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 8 IS 3 BP 175 EP 191 DI 10.2113/8.3.175 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 653JN UT WOS:000181432200002 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ Holley, KM Buhl, KJ Bullard, FA Weston, LK McDonald, SF AF Hamilton, SJ Holley, KM Buhl, KJ Bullard, FA Weston, LK McDonald, SF TI Impact of selenium and other trace elements on the endangered adult razorback sucker SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE razorback sucker; selenium; endangered fish; Colorado River; eggs; inorganic elements; irrigation ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RAINBOW-TROUT SALMO; BLUEGILLS LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; AQUATIC BIRDS; GREEN-RIVER; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; DIETARY SELENIUM; FATHEAD MINNOWS AB A study was conducted with endangered the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) to determine if environmental exposure to selenium in flooded bottomland sites affected survival, growth, and egg-hatching success. Adults were stocked at three sites adjacent to the Colorado River near Grand Junction, Colorado, in July 1996: hatchery ponds at Horsethief Canyon State Wildlife Area (referred to here as Horsethief; the reference site), a diked tertiary channel at Adobe Creek, and North Pond at Walter Walker State Wildlife Area (WWSWA). Fish were collected in April 1997 and spawned. After two spawnings adults from the three sites were held at Horsethief for an 86-day selenium deputation period. Selenium concentrations at Horsethief were 1.4-3.0 mug/L in water, 0.8-0.9 mug/g in sediment, 4.5 mug/g in muscle plug, and 6.0 mug/g in eggs; at Adobe Creek, <0.7-4.5 mug/L in water, 1.2-2.5 mug/g in sediment, 16-20 mug/g in zooplankton, 9.6 mug/g in muscle plug, and 40 mug/g in eggs; and at North Pond, 3.2-17 mug/L in water, 16-94 mug/g in sediment, 32-48 mug/g in zooplankton, 14 mug/g in muscle plug, and 55 mug/g in eggs. During the deputation period, when adults from Adobe Creek and North Pond were held at Horsethief, the fish lost 7%-13% of their selenium burden in 59 days and 14%-21% in 86 days. Larvae from North Pond adults had the most deformities, followed by Adobe Creek adults, with the fewest deformities found in the Horsethief adults. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 132 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 297 EP 323 DI 10.1002/tox.10064 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 581ND UT WOS:000177297800001 PM 12203951 ER PT J AU Grand, JB Franson, JC Flint, PL Petersen, MR AF Grand, JB Franson, JC Flint, PL Petersen, MR TI Concentrations of trace elements in eggs and blood of spectacled and common eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE eider; trace elements; reproduction; selenium; lead ID MALLARDS FED SELENIUM; SOMATERIA-FISCHERI; WESTERN ALASKA; KASHUNUK RIVER; DIVING DUCKS; LEAD; ACCUMULATION; REPRODUCTION; EXPOSURE; SURVIVAL AB We examined the relations union, nesting success, egg viability, and blood and egg concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Se in a threatened population of spectacled ciders (Somateria fischeri) and a sympatric population of common ciders (S. mollissima) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Alaska. USA, during 1995 and 1996. During the early breeding season, males and females had mean Se concentrations in their blood of 19.2 mug/g and 12.8 mug/g wet weight, respectively. Blood Se concentrations of females were correlated with egg concentrations, During brood rearing, blood Se levels were higher in adult females than in ducklings. Blood concentrations of Pb in spectacled eider females were higher than in common eider females captured at hatching, but blood concentrations of Se were similar. Trace element concentrations were not related to nest success or egg viability. We submit that nest success and egg viability of spectacled eiders are not related to concentrations of the trace elements we measured. Because blood Se concentrations declined rapidly through the breeding season and were not related to nest success or egg viability, we suggest that spectacled ciders are exposed to high concentrations of Se during winter that pose little threat to this population. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Grand, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238; Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 42 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1673 EP 1678 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<1673:COTEIE>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 573GM UT WOS:000176821000019 PM 12152768 ER PT J AU Helsel, DR Ryker, SJ AF Helsel, DR Ryker, SJ TI Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable datal SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Environmetrics and Chemometrics CY SEP 08-20, 2000 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DE smoothing; kriging; skewness; loess; environmental; surface AB Skewness of environmental data is often caused by more than simply a handful of outliers in an otherwise normal distribution. Statistical procedures for such datasets must be sufficiently robust to deal with distributions that are strongly non-normal, containing both a large proportion of outliers and a skewed main body of data. In the field of water quality, skewness is commonly associated with large variation over short distances. Spatial analysis of such data generally requires either considerable effort at modeling or the use of robust procedures not strongly affected by skewness and local variability. Using a skewed dataset of 675 nitrate measurements in ground water, commonly used methods for defining a surface (least-squares regression and kriging) are compared to a more robust method (loess). Three choices are critical in defining a surface: (i) is the surface to be a central mean or median surface? (ii) is either a well-fitting transformation or a robust and scale-independent measure of center used? (iii) does local spatial autocorrelation assist in or detract from addressing objectives? Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Helsel, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS-911, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Ryker, Sarah/A-8359-2009 OI Ryker, Sarah/0000-0002-1004-5611 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 13 IS 5-6 BP 445 EP 452 DI 10.1002/env.531 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 600BP UT WOS:000178371000005 ER PT J AU Lucas, LV Cloern, JE AF Lucas, LV Cloern, JE TI Effects of tidal shallowing and deepening on phytoplankton production dynamics: A modeling study SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO-BAY; BRISTOL CHANNEL; TIME SCALES; ESTUARIES; SALINITY; BIOMASS; CALIFORNIA; SIGNATURES; TRANSPORT; BENTHOS AB Processes influencing estuarine phytoplankton growth occur over a range of time scales, but many conceptual and numerical models of estuarine phytoplankton production dynamics neglect mechanisms occurring on the shorter (e.g., intratidal) time scales. We used a numerical model to explore the influence of short time-scale variability in phytoplankton sources and sinks on long-term growth in an idealized water column that shallows and deepens with the semidiurnal tide. Model results show that tidal fluctuations in water surface elevation can determine whether long-term phytoplankton growth is positive or negative. Hourly scale interactions influencing weekly-scale to monthly scale phytoplankton dynamics include intensification of the depth-averaged benthic grazing effect by water column shallowing and enhancement of water column photosynthesis when solar noon coincides with low tide. Photosynthesis and benthic consumption may modulate over biweekly time scales due to spring-neap fluctuations in tidal range and the 15-d cycle of solar noon-low tide phasing. If tidal range is a large fraction of mean water depth, then tidal shallowing and deepening may significantly influence net phytoplankton growth. In such a case, models or estimates of long-term phytoplankton production dynamics that neglect water surface fluctuations may overestimate or underestimate net growth and could even predict the wrong sign associated with net growth rate. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lucas, LV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 36 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4A BP 497 EP 507 DI 10.1007/BF02804885 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 602WK UT WOS:000178527300001 ER PT J AU Kaldy, JE Onuf, CP Eldridge, PM Cifuentes, LA AF Kaldy, JE Onuf, CP Eldridge, PM Cifuentes, LA TI Carbon budget for a subtropical seagrass dominated coastal lagoon: How important are seagrasses to total ecosystem net primary production? SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat ID TESTUDINUM TURTLE GRASS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; EPIPHYTIC ALGAE; LAGUNA-MADRE; SPECIES COMPOSITION; TROPICAL SEAGRASS; ZOSTERA-MARINA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB It has been assumed that because seagrasses dominate macrophyte biomass in many estuaries they also dominate primary production. We tested this assumption by developing three carbon budgets to examine the contribution of autotrophic components to the total ecosystem net primary production (TENPP) of Lower Laguna Madre, Texas. The first budget coupled average photosynthetic parameters with average daily irradiance to calculate daily production. The second budget used average photosynthetic parameters and hourly in situ irradiance to estimate productivity. The third budget integrated temperature-adjusted photosynthetic parameters (using Q(10) = 2) and hourly in situ irradiance to estimate productivity. For each budget TENPP was calculated by integrating production from each autotroph based on the producers' areal distribution within the entire Lower Laguna Madre. All budgets indicated that macroalgae account for 33-42% of TENPP and seagrasses consistently accounted for about 33-38%. The contribution by phytoplankton was consistently about 15-20%, and the contribution from the benthic microalgae varied between 8% and 36% of TENPP, although this may have been underestimated due to our exclusion of the within bed microphytobenthos component. The water column over the seagrass beds was net beterotrophic and consequently was a carbon sink consuming between 5% and 22% of TENPP. TENPP ranged between 5.41 X 10(10) and 2.53 X 10(11) g C yr(-1), depending on which budget was used. The simplest, most idealized budget predicted the highest TENPP, while the more realistic budgets predicted lower values. Annual production rates estimated using the third budget for Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum compare well with field data. Macroalgae and microalgae contribute 50-60% of TENPP, and seagrass may be more important as three-dimensional habitat (i.e., structure) than as a source of organic carbon to the water column in Lower Laguna Madre. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Corpus Christi Field Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Kaldy, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, 2111 SE Marine Sci Ctr Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 70 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 21 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4A BP 528 EP 539 DI 10.1007/BF02804888 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 602WK UT WOS:000178527300004 ER PT J AU Dunham, KA Stone, J Moring, JR AF Dunham, KA Stone, J Moring, JR TI Does electric fishing influence movements of fishes in streams? Experiments with brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Moring, JR (reprint author), Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 9 IS 4 BP 249 EP 251 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2002.00293.x PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 578YX UT WOS:000177149600007 ER PT J AU Brennan, ST Lowenstein, TK AF Brennan, ST Lowenstein, TK TI The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SKELETAL CARBONATE MINERALOGY; FLUID INCLUSIONS; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; SECULAR VARIATION; CANNING BASIN; LATE ORDOVICIAN; MICHIGAN BASIN; MALLOWA SALT; CHEMISTRY; HALITE AB One-hundred fluid inclusions in Silurian marine halite were analyzed in order to determine the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater. The samples analyzed were from three formations in the Late Silurian Michigan Basin, the A-1, A-2, and B Evaporites of the Salina Group, and one formation in the Early Silurian Canning Basin (Australia), the Mallowa Salt of the Carribuddy Group. The results indicate that the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater was not the same as present-day seawater.. The Silurian ocean had lower concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, and SO42-, and much higher concentrations of Ca2+ relative to the. ocean's present-day composition. Furthermore, Silurian seawater had Ca2+ in excess of SO42-. Evaporation of Silurian seawater of the composition determined in this study produces KCl-type potash minerals that lack the MgSO4-type late stage salts formed during the evaporation of present-day seawater. The relatively low Na+ concentrations in Silurian seawater support the hypothesis that oscillations in the major-ion composition of the oceans are primarily controlled by changes in the flux of mid-ocean ridge brine and riverine inputs and not global or basin-scale, seawater-driven dolomitization. The Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of Silurian seawater was similar to1.4, and the K+/Ca2+ ratio was similar to0.3, both of which differ from the present-day counterparts of 5 and 1, respectively. Seawaters with Mg2+/Ca2+ <2 facilitate the precipitation of low-magnesian calcite (mol % Mg < 4) marine ooids and submarine carbonate cements whereas seawaters with Mg2+/Ca2+ >2 (e.g., modem seawater) facilitate the precipitation of aragonite and high-magnesian calcite. Therefore, the early Paleozoic calcite seas were likely due to the low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of seawater, not the PCO2 of the Silurian atmosphere. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci & Environm Studies, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. RP Brennan, ST (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS956, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 70 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15 BP 2683 EP 2700 AR PII S0016-7037(02)00870-0 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581AC UT WOS:000177268100003 ER PT J AU Dias, RF Freeman, KH Lewan, MD Franks, SG AF Dias, RF Freeman, KH Lewan, MD Franks, SG TI delta C-13 of low-molecular-weight organic acids generated by the hydrous pyrolysis of oil-prone source rocks SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN BASIN; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FIELD WATERS; THERMAL DECARBOXYLATION; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NATURAL-GAS; ACETIC-ACID; PETROLEUM; ANIONS AB Low-molecular-weight (LMW) aqueous organic acids were generated from six oil-prone source rocks under hydrous-pyrolysis conditions. Differences in total organic carbon-normalized acid generation are a function of the initial thermal maturity of the source rock and the oxygen content of the kerogen (OI). Carbon-isotope analyses were used to identify potential generation mechanisms and other chemical reactions that might influence the occurrence of LMW organic acids. The generated LMW acids display increasing C-13 content as a function of decreasing molecular weight and increasing thermal maturity. The magnitudes of observed isotope fractionations are source-rock dependent. These data are consistent with delta(13)C values of organic acids presented in a field study of the San Joaquin Basin and likely reflect the contributions from alkyl-carbons and carboxyl-carbons with distinct delta(13)C values. The data do not support any particular organic acid generation mechanism. The isotopic trends observed as a function of molecular weight, thermal maturity, and rock type are not supported by either generation mechanisms or destructive decarboxylation. It is therefore proposed that organic acids experience isotopic fractionation during generation consistent with a primary kinetic isotope effect and subsequently undergo an exchange reaction between the carboxyl carbon and dissolved inorganic carbon that significantly influences the carbon isotope composition observed for the entire molecule. Although generation and decarboxylation may influence the delta(13)C values of organic acids, in the hydrous pyrolysis system described, the nondestructive, pH-dependent exchange of carboxyl carbon with inorganic carbon appears to be the most important reaction mechanism controlling the delta(13)C values of the organic acids. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA 23505 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. ARCO Explorat & Prod Technol, Plano, TX USA. RP Dias, RF (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Freeman, Katherine/H-5140-2011 OI Freeman, Katherine/0000-0002-3350-7671 NR 61 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15 BP 2755 EP 2769 AR PII S0016-7037(02)00871-2 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00871-2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581AC UT WOS:000177268100007 ER PT J AU Akinin, VV Miller, E Wooden, J AF Akinin, VV Miller, E Wooden, J TI SHRIMP dating of lower crust xenoliths from Bering Sea region SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. USGS, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RI Akinin, Viacheslav/A-5937-2016 OI Akinin, Viacheslav/0000-0001-9984-2571 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A10 EP A10 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400018 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Weber, PK Larsen, KA Reisenbichler, R Hutcheon, ID Ingram, BL Wooden, J AF Bacon, CR Weber, PK Larsen, KA Reisenbichler, R Hutcheon, ID Ingram, BL Wooden, J TI Ion microprobe analysis of Sr-87/Sr-86 in CaCO3 and application to otoliths SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A42 EP A42 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400079 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Lanphere, MA AF Bacon, CR Lanphere, MA TI Magma differentiation rates and processes at Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), a Cascades arc volcano SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A42 EP A42 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400078 ER PT J AU Bullen, T White, A Mandernack, K Witte, K AF Bullen, T White, A Mandernack, K Witte, K TI Iron isotope fractionation: Does equilibrium or disequilibrium rule? SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A110 EP A110 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400215 ER PT J AU Dwyer, GS Cronin, TM Baker, PA AF Dwyer, GS Cronin, TM Baker, PA TI Ocean paleotemperatures from ostracode Mg/Ca ratios SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A203 EP A203 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400396 ER PT J AU Grosbois, C Meybeck, M Horowitz, A AF Grosbois, C Meybeck, M Horowitz, A TI Spatial and temporal trends for sediment-associated metal contamination in the Seine Fiver Basin (France) SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Limoges, Lab LASEH, Paris, France. Lab Sisyphe, UMR 1367, Paris, France. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A293 EP A293 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400570 ER PT J AU Isenbeck-Schroter, M Hohn, R Stadler, S Jann, S Davis, J Kent, D Nieden, V Scholz, C Treitner, A Jakobsen, R AF Isenbeck-Schroter, M Hohn, R Stadler, S Jann, S Davis, J Kent, D Nieden, V Scholz, C Treitner, A Jakobsen, R TI Tracer test with As(III) and As(V) at the Cape Cod site SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Inst Environm Geochem, Heidelberg, Germany. Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. Danish Tech Univ, Lyngby, Denmark. RI Jakobsen, Rasmus/D-7585-2013 OI Jakobsen, Rasmus/0000-0003-1882-2961 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A356 EP A356 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400693 ER PT J AU Johnson, TM Ellis, AS Bullen, TD AF Johnson, TM Ellis, AS Bullen, TD TI Cr stable isotopes: Measurement, systematics and applications SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A370 EP A370 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400720 ER PT J AU Kent, DB Wilkie, JA Curtis, GP Davis, JA AF Kent, DB Wilkie, JA Curtis, GP Davis, JA TI Modeling the influence of variable pH on zinc contamination in a quartzsand aquifer SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Environ Int Corp, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A394 EP A394 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400767 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Shaw, S Lowry, GV Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE AF Kim, CS Shaw, S Lowry, GV Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE TI Mercury speciation in bulk and colloidal mine wastes: origins, influences, and implications SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Shaw, Sam/D-6869-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A399 EP A399 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400776 ER PT J AU Kreutz, KJ Kang, S Mayewski, PA Introne, DS Qin, D Wake, C Aizen, VB Cecil, LD AF Kreutz, KJ Kang, S Mayewski, PA Introne, DS Qin, D Wake, C Aizen, VB Cecil, LD TI Spatial deuterium excess patterns in high-elevation Asian precipitation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maine, Inst Quaternary & Climate Studies, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Lab Ice Core & Cold Regions Environm, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Mines & Earth Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RI Wake, Cameron/G-8114-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A418 EP A418 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400814 ER PT J AU Kulongoski, JT Hilton, DR Izbicki, J AF Kulongoski, JT Hilton, DR Izbicki, J TI Helium studies in the Mojave Desert, California: Quantifying mantle and crustal additions to the regional groundwater system SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Fluids & Volatiles Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A424 EP A424 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400826 ER PT J AU Lemke, KH Ross, DS Bischoff, JL Rosenbauer, RJ Bird, DK AF Lemke, KH Ross, DS Bischoff, JL Rosenbauer, RJ Bird, DK TI Hydrothermal stability of glycine and the formation of oligoglycine: Kinetics of peptide formation at 260 degrees C and 200 bars SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94035 USA. US Geol Survey, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A447 EP A447 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423400872 ER PT J AU Mottl, MJ Komer, SC Fryer, P AF Mottl, MJ Komer, SC Fryer, P CA Scientific Party of ODP LEG 195 TI Deep fluids from the subducting pacific plate and associated extremophilic microbial activity on a mariana forearc serpentine seamount, ODP leg 195 SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USGS, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A528 EP A528 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401031 ER PT J AU Neymark, LA Amelin, Y AF Neymark, LA Amelin, Y TI Extreme U-Th-Pb fractionation among hydrogenic fracture-coating minerals in felsic tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Implications for geochronology SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, SM Stoller Corp, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A552 EP A552 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401076 ER PT J AU Nielsen, SG Rehkamper, M Porcelli, D Swarzenski, P Halliday, A AF Nielsen, SG Rehkamper, M Porcelli, D Swarzenski, P Halliday, A TI Isotopic compositions and concentrations of estuarine thallium SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. USGS, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A554 EP A554 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401081 ER PT J AU Peressini, G Poller, U Todt, W Quick, JE Sinigoi, S Sbisa, A AF Peressini, G Poller, U Todt, W Quick, JE Sinigoi, S Sbisa, A TI Age of magmatism in the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy: a zircon study to test the emplacement model SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID VERBANO ZONE; LOWER CRUST; INTRUSION C1 Univ Trieste, DST, Trieste, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Geochem, Mainz, Germany. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A590 EP A590 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401149 ER PT J AU Rehkamper, M Frank, M Hein, JR Nielsen, S Halliday, AN AF Rehkamper, M Frank, M Hein, JR Nielsen, S Halliday, AN TI Secular variation of Tl isotopes in ferromanganese crusts? SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Isotope Geol & Miner Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A629 EP A629 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401227 ER PT J AU Schlosser, P Stute, M Turrin, B Plummer, N AF Schlosser, P Stute, M Turrin, B Plummer, N TI Progress in tritium/He-3 dating of shallow groundwater SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Columbia Univ Barnard Coll, Dept Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Engn, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A679 EP A679 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401327 ER PT J AU Schulz, MS White, AF Bacon, CR Weber, PK Bullen, TD AF Schulz, MS White, AF Bacon, CR Weber, PK Bullen, TD TI SHRIMP RG measurements of Sr-87/Sr-86 granitoid calcites; Implications for calcite petrogenesis SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A690 EP A690 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401349 ER PT J AU Segal-Rozenhaimer, M Holtzman, R Shaviv, A Vengosh, A Farber, E Gavrieli, I Bullen, T Mayer, B Shavit, U AF Segal-Rozenhaimer, M Holtzman, R Shaviv, A Vengosh, A Farber, E Gavrieli, I Bullen, T Mayer, B Shavit, U TI Sources and processes of nitrogen along the lower Jordan River SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Agr Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron & Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB, Canada. RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012; Holtzman, Ran/G-7630-2012 OI Holtzman, Ran/0000-0003-0826-6826 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A695 EP A695 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401359 ER PT J AU Shimizu, N Sisson, TW Layne, GD AF Shimizu, N Sisson, TW Layne, GD TI Pb isotopic variations in Kilauea magmas: from pre-shield to shield stages SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A710 EP A710 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401389 ER PT J AU van de Flierdt, T Frank, M Lee, DC Halliday, AN Hattendorf, B Gunther, D Kubik, PW Hein, JR AF van de Flierdt, T Frank, M Lee, DC Halliday, AN Hattendorf, B Gunther, D Kubik, PW Hein, JR TI Present and past export of Southern Ocean deep water to the Pacific SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ETH Zentrum, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Lab Inorgan Chem, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Particle Phys, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A795 EP A795 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401556 ER PT J AU White, AF Stonestrom, DA Schulz, M AF White, AF Stonestrom, DA Schulz, M TI Hydrologic and thermodynamic controls on chemical weathering SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 15A SU 1 BP A831 EP A831 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 583RX UT WOS:000177423401625 ER PT J AU Reheis, MC Stine, S Sarna-Wojcicki, AM AF Reheis, MC Stine, S Sarna-Wojcicki, AM TI Drainage reversals in Mono Basin during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biogeography; drainage changes; fish; Great Basin; Mono Basin ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; GREAT-BASIN; NEVADA; LAKE; VOLCANISM; CHRONOLOGY; HISTORY; VALLEY AB Mono Basin, on the eastern flank of the central Sierra Nevada, is the highest of the large hydrographically closed basins in the Basin and Range province. We use geomorphic features, shoreline deposits, and basalt-filled paleochannels to reconstruct an early to middle Pleistocene record of shorelines and changing spillways of Lake Russell in Mono Basin. During this period of time, Lake Russell repeatedly attained altitudes between 2205 and 2280 m-levels far above the present surface of Mono Lake (similar to1950 m) and above its last overflow level (2188 m). The spill point of Lake Russell shifted through time owing to late Tertiary and Quaternary faulting and volcanism. During the early Pleistocene, the lake periodically discharged through the Mount Hicks spillway on the northeastern rim of Mono Basin and flowed northward into the Walker Lake drainage basin via the East Walker River. Paleochannels recording such discharge were incised prior to 1.6 Ma, possibly between 1.6 and 1.3 Ma, and again after 1.3 Ma (ages of basaltic flows that plugged the paleochannels). Faulting in the Adobe Hills on the southeastern margin of the basin eventually lowered the rim in this area to below the altitude of the Mount Hicks spillway. Twice after 0.76 Ma, and possibly as late as after 0.1 Ma, Lake Russell discharged southward through the Adobe Hills spillway into the Owens-Death Valley system of lakes. This study supports a pre-Pleistocene aquatic connection through Mono Basin between the hydrologically distinct Lahontan and Owens-Death Valley systems, as long postulated by biologists, and also confirms a probable link during the Pleistocene for species adapted to travel upstream in fast-flowing water. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Calif State Univ Hayward, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Hayward, CA 94542 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Reheis, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 45 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 114 IS 8 BP 991 EP 1006 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0991:DRIMBD>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 583DA UT WOS:000177389400006 ER PT J AU Max, MD Dillon, WP AF Max, MD Dillon, WP TI Are Proterozoic cap carbonates and isotopic excursions a record of gas hydrate destabilization following Earth's coldest intervals?: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-FLOOR; PALEOCENE; END C1 Marine Desalinat Syst Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Max, MD (reprint author), Marine Desalinat Syst Res, Suite 461,1120 Connecticut Ave, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 2002 VL 30 IS 8 BP 762 EP 763 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0762:>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA 583EQ UT WOS:000177394000026 ER PT J AU Choy, GL McGarr, A AF Choy, GL McGarr, A TI Strike-slip earthquakes in the oceanic lithosphere: observations of exceptionally high apparent stress SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE oceanic lithosphere; seismic energy; seismic stress; strike-slip; transform faults; triple junction ID RADIATED SEISMIC ENERGY; TRIPLE JUNCTION; PLATE BOUNDARY; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SPREADING CENTER; WESTERN PACIFIC; WAVEFORM DATA; CENTRAL JAPAN; INDIAN-OCEAN; MECHANISMS AB The radiated energies, E-S , and seismic moments, M (0), for 942 globally distributed earthquakes that occurred between 1987 to 1998 are examined to find the earthquakes with the highest apparent stresses (tau(a) =muE(S) /M-0, where mu is the modulus of rigidity). The globally averaged tau(a) for shallow earthquakes in all tectonic environments and seismic regions is 0.3 MPa. However, the subset of 49 earthquakes with the highest apparent stresses (tau(a) greater than about 5.0 MPa) is dominated almost exclusively by strike-slip earthquakes that occur in oceanic environments. These earthquakes are all located in the depth range 7-29 km in the upper mantle of the young oceanic lithosphere. Many of these events occur near plate-boundary triple junctions where there appear to be high rates of intraplate deformation. Indeed, the small rapidly deforming Gorda Plate accounts for 10 of the 49 high-tau(a) events. The depth distribution of tau(a), which shows peak values somewhat greater than 25 MPa in the depth range 20-25 km, suggests that upper bounds on this parameter are a result of the strength of the oceanic lithosphere. A recently proposed envelope for apparent stress, derived by taking 6 per cent of the strength inferred from laboratory experiments for young (less than 30 Ma) deforming oceanic lithosphere, agrees well with the upper-bound envelope of apparent stresses over the depth range 5-30 km. The corresponding depth-dependent shear strength for young oceanic lithosphere attains a peak value of about 575 MPa at a depth of 21 km and then diminishes rapidly as the depth increases. In addition to their high apparent stresses, which suggest that the strength of the young oceanic lithosphere is highest in the depth range 10-30 km, our set of high-tau(a) earthquakes show other features that constrain the nature of the forces that cause interplate motion. First, our set of events is divided roughly equally between intraplate and transform faulting with similar depth distributions of tau(a) for the two types. Secondly, many of the intraplate events have focal mechanisms with the T -axes that are normal to the nearest ridge crest or subduction zone and P -axes that are normal to the proximate transform fault. These observations suggest that forces associated with the reorganization of plate boundaries play an important role in causing high-tau(a) earthquakes inside oceanic plates. Extant transform boundaries may be misaligned with current plate motion. To accommodate current plate motion, the pre-existing plate boundaries would have to be subjected to large horizontal transform push forces. A notable example of this is the triple junction near which the second large aftershock of the 1992 April Cape Mendocino, California, sequence occurred. Alternatively, subduction zone resistance may be enhanced by the collision of a buoyant lithosphere, a process that also markedly increases the horizontal stress. A notable example of this is the Aleutian Trench near which large events occurred in the Gulf of Alaska in late 1987 and the 1998 March Balleny Sea M = 8.2 earthquake within the Antarctic Plate. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Choy, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80215 USA. NR 59 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 150 IS 2 BP 506 EP 523 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01720.x PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 574ZU UT WOS:000176921500012 ER PT J AU Andrews, DJ AF Andrews, DJ TI Comment on "How fast is rupture during an earthquake? New insights from the 1999 Turkey earthquakes'' SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IMPERIAL-VALLEY EARTHQUAKE; SHEAR CRACKS; VELOCITY C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Andrews, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 15 AR 1714 DI 10.1029/2001GL014126 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MX UT WOS:000178964900039 ER PT J AU Delin, GN Landon, MK AF Delin, GN Landon, MK TI Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE agriculture; contamination; focused recharge; nitrate; runoff ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW; VADOSE ZONE; SOIL; LYSIMETERS; MOVEMENT AB Geochemical data were collected to investigate the effects of topography and focused recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater through sandy soils. The research was done at a topographically high (upland) site and a depressional (lowland) site within a corn field. Agricultural chemicals that move readily with water were most directly affected by focused recharge to the lowland site. Surface runoff of water to the lowland site was the primary cause for the generally greater flux of chloride, nitrate nitrogen, and sulfate compared with the upland site. Based on data from the unsaturated zone, for example, the average annual fluxes of these chemicals in 1992-1993 were 5.1, 3.4, and 1.7 times greater, respectively, at the lowland site. Study results indicate that consideration should be given to modifying site-specific management farming technology to account for varying recharge rates in different topographic settings. By reducing chemical application rates in topographic depressions, where focused recharge of chemicals occurs because of surface runoff, farmers could improve ground-water quality as well as reduce expenditures for agricultural chemicals. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Delin, GN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 45 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 10 IS 4 BP 443 EP 454 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 588WR UT WOS:000177725600001 ER PT J AU Fuchs, K Tittgemeyer, M Ryberg, T Wenzel, F Mooney, W AF Fuchs, K Tittgemeyer, M Ryberg, T Wenzel, F Mooney, W TI Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WAVE-PROPAGATION; UPPER-MANTLE; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; SURROUNDING REGIONS; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; NORTHERN EURASIA; P-N; BENEATH; PHASES; SN AB We infer the fine structure of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) at the top of the lithospheric mantle from high-resolution seismic observations of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) on super-long-range profiles in Russia. Densely recorded seismograms permit recognition of previously unknown features of teleseismic propagation of the well known P-n and So phases. such as a band of, incoherent, scattered, high-frequency seismic energy, developing consistently from station to station, apparent velocities of sub-Moho material, mid high-frequency energy to distances of more than I a Net consistently observed to the end of 3000 kin with a coda band, incoherent at 10 kin spacing and the profiles. Estimates of the other key elements of the SMBL. were obtained by finite difference calculations of wave propagation in elastic 2D models from a systematic grid search through parameter space. The SMBL consists of randomly distributed, mild velocity fluctuations of 2% or schlieren of high aspect ratios (greater than or equal to40) with long horizontal extent (similar to20 km) and therefore as thin as 0.5 km only; SMBL thickness is 60-100 km. It is suggested that the SMBL is of global significance as the physical base of the platewide observed high-frequency phases P-n and S-n. It is shown that wave propagation in the SMBL waveguide is insensitive to the background velocity distribution on which its schlieren are superimposed. This explains why the P-n and S-n phases traverse geological provinces of various age, heat now, crustal thickness, and tectonic regimes. Their propagation appears to be independent of age, temperature, pressure, and stress. Dynamic stretching of mantle material during subduction or flow, possibly combined with chemical differentiation have to he considered as scale-forming processes in the upper mantle. However, it is difficult to distinguish with the present sets of P-n/S-n array data whether (and also where) the boundary layer is a frozen-in feature of paleo-processes or whether it is a response to in on-going processes; nevertheless, the derived quantitative estimates of the SMBL properties provide important constraints for any hypothesis on scale-forming processes. Models to be tested by future numerical and field experiment are, for example, repeated subduction-convection stretching of oceanic lithosphere (marble-cake model) and schlieren formation at mid-ocean ridges. It is also proposed that the modeling of the observed blocking of S-n and P-n propagation at active plate margins offers a new tool to study the depth range of tectonics below the crust-mantle boundary. Finally, the deduced schlieren structure of the SMBL closes an important scale gap of three to four orders of magnitude between structural dimensions studied in petrological analysis of mantle samples (xenoliths or outcrop of oceanic lithosphere) and those imaged in classical seismological studies of the lithosphere. C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Geophys, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. Max Planck Inst Cognit Neurosci, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fuchs, K (reprint author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Geophys, Hertz Str 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. RI Wenzel, Friedemann/A-7332-2013; Ryberg, Trond/H-4329-2013 OI Ryberg, Trond/0000-0001-7129-5596 NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 44 IS 8 BP 671 EP 685 DI 10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671 PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA 620JY UT WOS:000179531300001 ER PT J AU Lyn, DA McLean, SR Bennett, SHJ Coleman, SE Mendoza, C Nelson, JM van den Berg, JH AF Lyn, DA McLean, SR Bennett, SHJ Coleman, SE Mendoza, C Nelson, JM van den Berg, JH CA ASCE Task Committee Flow Transport TI Flow and transport over dunes SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID 2-DIMENSIONAL BED FORMS; LARGE SUBAQUEOUS DUNES; OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; LOAD TRANSPORT; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; FRASER-RIVER; MEAN FLOW; SAND-DUNE C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS USA. Univ Auckland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Univ Missouri, Dept Civil Engn, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Utrecht, Dept Phys Geog, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Lyn, DA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 2002 VL 128 IS 8 BP 726 EP 728 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 577JH UT WOS:000177057400001 ER PT J AU Adegoke, JO Carleton, AM AF Adegoke, JO Carleton, AM TI Relations between soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices in the US Corn Belt SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AVHRR DATA; WATER CONTENT; DATA SET; NDVI; CLIMATE; ILLINOIS; TEMPERATURE; NOAA/AVHRR; AFRICA AB Satellite-derived vegetation indices extracted over locations representative of midwestern U.S. cropland and forest for the period 1990-94 are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of the indices to neutron probe soil moisture measurements of the Illinois Climate Network (ICN). The deseasoned (i.e., departures from multiyear mean annual cycle) soil moisture measurements are shown to be weakly correlated with the deseasoned full resolution (1 km x 1 km) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) data over both land cover types. The association, measured by the Pearson-moment-correlation coefficient, is stronger over forest than over cropland during the growing season (April-September). The correlations improve successively when the NDVI and FVC pixel data are aggregated to 3 km x 3 km,5 km x 5 km, and 7 km x 7 km areas. The improved correlations are partly explained by the reduction in satellite navigation errors as spatial aggregation occurs, as well as the apparent scale dependence of the NDVI-soil moisture association. Similarly, stronger relations are obtained with soil moisture data that are lagged by up to 8 weeks with respect to the vegetation indices, implying that soil moisture may be a useful predictor of warm season satellite-derived vegetation conditions. This study suggests that a "long-term'' memory of several weeks is present in the near-surface hydrological characteristics, especially soil water content, of the Midwest Corn Belt. The memory is integrated into the satellite vegetation indices and may be useful for predicting crop yield estimates and surface temperature anomalies. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Environm, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Adegoke, JO (reprint author), USGS, Sci & Applicat Branch, EROS Data Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM adegoke@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 3 IS 4 BP 395 EP 405 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0395:RBSMAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 571GW UT WOS:000176710500002 ER PT J AU Hudson, PL Bowen, CA AF Hudson, PL Bowen, CA TI First record of Neoergasilus japonicus (Poecilostomatoida : Ergasilidae), a parasitic copepod new to the Laurentian Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; NORTH-AMERICA; INTRODUCTIONS; COTTIDAE; MICHIGAN; TROUT AB The parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus, native to eastern Asia, was first collected from 4 species of fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus; and yellow perch, Perca favescens) in July 1994 in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan. Further sampling in the bay in 2001 revealed infections on 7 additional species (bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; carp, Cyprinus carpio; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; goldfish, Carassius auratus; green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus; rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris; and smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu). An additional 21 species examined in 2001 were devoid of the parasite. A limited collection of fish from Lake Superior (n = 8) and Lake Michigan (n = 46) in 1994 showed no infection. Neoergasilus japonicus is most frequently found attached to the dorsal fin and, in decreasing frequency, on the anal, tail, pelvic, and pectoral fins. Prevalence generally ranged from 15 to 70 and intensity from 1 to 10. The greatest number of copepods on a single host was 44. The copepod Neoergasilus japonicus appears to disperse over long distances rather quickly, spreading across Europe in 20 yr and then moving on to North America over a span of 10 yr. Its main vehicle of transport and introduction into the Great Lakes is probably exotic fish hosts associated with the fish-culture industry. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hudson, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 88 IS 4 BP 657 EP 663 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0657:FRONJP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 583UP UT WOS:000177428800003 PM 12197110 ER PT J AU Bachmann, O Dungan, MA Lipman, PW AF Bachmann, O Dungan, MA Lipman, PW TI The Fish Canyon magma body, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: Rejuvenation and eruption of an upper-crustal batholith SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Review DE Monotonous Intermediates; ignimbrite; silicic magmatism; magma rejuvenation ID IN-HORNBLENDE BAROMETER; LONG RESIDENCE TIMES; MOUNT-ST-HELENS; ASH-FLOW TUFFS; SILICIC MAGMAS; CHAMBER PROCESSES; PRECALDERA LAVAS; RHYOLITIC MAGMA; GLASS MOUNTAIN; BISHOP-TUFF AB More than 5000 km(3) of nearly compositionally homogeneous crystal-rich dacite (similar to68 wt % SiO2: similar to45% Pl + Kfs + Qtz + Hbl + Bt + Spn + Mag + Ilm + Ap + Zrn + Po) erupted from the Fish Canyon magma body during three phases: (1) the pre-caldera Pagosa Peak Dacite (an unusual poorly fragmented pyroclastic deposit, similar to200 km(3)); (2) the syn-collapse Fish Canyon Tuff (one of the largest known ignimbrites, similar to5000 km(3)); (3) the post-collapse Nutras Creek Dacite (a volumetrically minor lava). The late evolution of the Fish Canyon magma is characterized by rejuvenation of a near-solidus upper-crustal intrusive body (mainly crystal mush) of batholithic dimensions. The necessary thermal input was supplied by a shallow intrusion of more mafic magma represented at the surface by sparse andesitic enclaves in late-erupted Fish Canyon Tuff and by the post-caldera Huerto Andesite. The solidified margins of this intrusion are represented by holocrystalline xenoliths with Fish Canyon mineralogy and mineral chemistry and widely dispersed partially remelted polymineralic aggregates, but dehydration melting was not an important mechanism in the rejuvenation of the Fish Canyon magma. Underlying mafic magma may have evolved H2O-F-S-Cl-rich fluids that fluxed melting in the overlying crystal mush. Manifestations of the late up-temperature magma evolution are: (1) resorbed quartz, as well as feldspars displaying a wide spectrum of textures indicative of both resorption and growth, including Rapakivi textures and reverse growth zoning (An(27-28) to An(32-33)) at the margins of many plagioclase phenocrysts; (2) high Sr, Ba, and Eu contents in the high-SiO2 rhyolite matrix glass, which are inconsistent with extreme fractional crystallization of feldspar; (3) oscillatory and reverse growth zoning toward the margins of many euhedral hornblende phenocrysts (rimward increases from similar to5.5-6 to 7.7-8.5 wt % Al2O3). Homogeneity in magma composition at the chamber-wide scale, contrasting with extreme textural and chemical complexities at the centimeter-millimeter scale, is consistent with a dynamic environment, wherein crystals with a variety of growth and resorption histories were juxtaposed shortly before eruption by convective currents. C1 Univ Geneva, Sect Sci Terre, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bachmann, O (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Mailstop 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM bachmann@ess.washington.edu NR 102 TC 201 Z9 201 U1 1 U2 38 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 EI 1460-2415 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 8 BP 1469 EP 1503 DI 10.1093/petrology/43.8.1469 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 580GJ UT WOS:000177226600003 ER PT J AU Stepenuck, KF Crunkilton, RL Wang, LZ AF Stepenuck, KF Crunkilton, RL Wang, LZ TI Impacts of urban landuse on macroinvertebrate communities in southeastern Wisconsin streams SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; nonpoint source pollution; urban landuse; imperviousness; urban runoff; stream quality; macroinvertebrates; biotic index; functional feeding groups ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; SOUTHERN ONTARIO; FISH; URBANIZATION; QUALITY; DEGRADATION; HABITATS; SYSTEMS; RUNOFF; INDEX AB Macroinvertebrates were used to assess the impact of urbanization on stream quality across a gradient of watershed imperviousness in 43 southeastern Wisconsin streams. The percentage of watershed connected imperviousness was chosen as the urbanization indicator to examine impact of urban land uses on macroinvertebrate communities. Most urban land uses were negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity index, percent of pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals, and generic richness. Nonurban land uses were positively correlated with these same metrics. The Hilsenhoff biotic index indicated that stream quality declined with increased urbanization. Functional feeding group metrics varied across a gradient of urbanization, suggesting changes in stream quality. Proportions of collectors and gatherers increased, while proportions of filterers, scrapers, and shredders decreased with increased watershed imperviousness. This study demonstrated that urbanization severely degraded stream macroinvertebrate communities, hence stream quality. Good stream quality existed where imperviousness was less than 8 percent, but less favorable assessments were inevitable where imperviousness exceeded 12 to 20 percent. Levels of imperviousness between 8 and 12 percent represented a threshold where minor increases in urbanization were associated with sharp declines in stream quality. C1 Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Wisconsin Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53716 USA. RP Stepenuck, KF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Wisconsin Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. NR 45 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 54 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1051 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb05544.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 595RF UT WOS:000178122000014 ER PT J AU Schofield, WB Talbot, SS Talbot, SL AF Schofield, WB Talbot, SS Talbot, SL TI Bryophytes from Tuxedni Wilderness Area, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF THE HATTORI BOTANICAL LABORATORY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Tuxedni Wilderness; boreal zone; moss; liverwort; phytogeography ID NORTH-AMERICA NORTH; CHECKLIST; MEXICO AB The bryoflora of two small maritime islands, Chisik and Duck Island (2,302 ha), comprising Tuxedni Wilderness in western lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, was examined to determine species composition in an area where no previous collections had been reported. The field study was conducted from sites selected to represent the totality of environmental variation within Tuxedni Wilderness. Data were analyzed using published reports to compare the bryophyte distribution patterns at three levels, the Northern Hemisphere, North America, and Alaska. A total of 286 bryophytes were identified: 230 mosses and 56 liverworts. Bryum miniatum, Dichodontium olympicum, and Orthotrichum pallens are new to Alaska. The annotated list of species for Tuxedni Wilderness expands the known range for many species and fills distribution gaps within Hulten's Central Pacific Coast district. Compared with bryophyte distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, the bryoflora of Tuxedni Wilderness primarily includes taxa of boreal (61%), montane (13%), temperate (11%), arctic-alpine (7%), cosmopolitan (7%), distribution; 4% of the total moss flora are North America endemics. A brief summary of the botanical exploration of the general area is provided, as is a description of the bryophytes present in the vegetation and habitat types of Chisik and Duck Islands. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Sci Off, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Schofield, WB (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 58 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HATTORI BOTANICAL LABORATORY PI NIYAZAKI-KEN PA OBI, NICHINAN-SHI, NIYAZAKI-KEN, 889-2535, JAPAN SN 0073-0912 J9 J HATTORI BOT LAB JI J. Hattori Bot. Lab. PD AUG PY 2002 IS 92 BP 91 EP 123 PG 33 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 599TV UT WOS:000178352000003 ER PT J AU Guo, QF Brown, JH Valone, TJ AF Guo, QF Brown, JH Valone, TJ TI Long-term dynamics of winter and summer annual communities in the Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE climate; life history; seed size; species pool ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; STABILITY; BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; ENVIRONMENTS; VARIABILITY; GRANIVORY AB Winter and summer annuals in the Chihuahuan Desert have been intensively studied in recent years but little is known about the similarities and differences in the dynamics between these two communities. Using 15 yr of census data from permanent quadrats, this paper compared the characteristics and temporal dynamics of these two distinct, spatially co-existent but temporally segregated communities. Although the total number of summer annual species recorded during our 15 yr of observation was higher than winter annuals, the mean number of species observed each year was higher in the winter community. The winter community exhibited lower temporal variation in total plant abundance and populations of individual species, lower species turnover rate and higher evenness than the summer community. The rank abundances of species in winter were significantly positively correlated for a period of up to 7 yr while in Summer significant positive correlations in rank abundance disappeared after 2 to 3 yr. The higher seasonal species diversity (i.e. number of species observed in each season) in winter rather than the overall special pool (over 15 yr) may be responsible for the greater community stability of winter annuals. The difference in long-term community dynamics between the two communities of annual plants are likely due to the differences in total species pool, life history traits (e.g. seed size), and seasonal climatic regimes. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RI Guo, Qinfeng/A-8034-2009; OI Valone, Thomas/0000-0002-7657-3126 NR 47 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 13 IS 4 BP 575 EP 584 DI 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02084.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 610LN UT WOS:000178961700013 ER PT J AU Goff, F Janik, CJ AF Goff, F Janik, CJ TI Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gas geochemistry; volcanism; geothermal energy; geothermal wells; Valles caldera; Baca geothermal system ID HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; SULFUR-SPRINGS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; JEMEZ MOUNTAINS; HELIUM ISOTOPE; DIXIE-VALLEY; MANTLE PLUME; NOBLE-GASES; NEW-ZEALAND; FLUIDS AB Noncondensible gases from hot springs, fumaroles, and deep wells within the Valles caldera geothermal system (210-300degreesC) consist of roughly 98.5 mol% CO2, 0.5 mol% H2S, and I mol% other components. He-3/He-4 ratios indicate a deep magmatic source (R/R-a up to 6) whereas delta(13)C-CO2 values (-3 to -5parts per thousand) do not discriminate between a mantle/magmatic source and a source from subjacent, hydrothermally altered Paleozoic carbonate rocks. Regional gases from sites within a 50-km radius beyond Valles caldera are relatively enriched in CO2 and He, but depleted in H2S compared to Valles gases. Regional gases have R/R-a values less than or equal to 1.2 due to more interaction with the crust and/or less contribution from the mantle. Carbon sources for regional CO2 are varied. During 1982-1998, repeat analyses of gases from intracaldera sites at Sulphur Springs showed relatively constant CH4, H-2, and H2S contents. The only exception was gas from Footbath Spring (1987-1993), which experienced increases in these three components during drilling and testing of scientific wells VC-2a and VC-2b. Present-day Valles gases contain substantially less N-2 than fluid inclusion gases trapped in deep, early-stage, post-caldera vein minerals. This suggests that the long-lived Valles hydrothermal system (ca. I Myr) has depleted subsurface Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of nitrogen. When compared with gases from many other geothermal systems, Valles caldera gases are relatively enriched in He but depleted in CH4, N-2 and Ar. In this respect, Valles gases resemble end-member hydrothermal and magmatic gases discharged at hot spots (Galapagos, Kilauea, and Yellowstone). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Goff, F (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES-6, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 99 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 116 IS 3-4 BP 299 EP 323 AR PII S0377-0273(02)00222-6 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00222-6 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 581TB UT WOS:000177308000007 ER PT J AU Nipper, M Carr, RS Biedenbach, JM Hooten, RL Miller, K AF Nipper, M Carr, RS Biedenbach, JM Hooten, RL Miller, K TI Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE toxicity; marine sediment; spiking; porewater; ordnance compounds; degradation ID WATER TOXICITY TEST; PICRIC ACID; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE; AMPHIPOD; IDENTIFICATION; BIODEGRADATION; POLYCHAETE; SOIL AB Toxicological and chemical studies were performed with a silty and a sandy marine sediment spiked with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid). Whole sediment toxicity was analyzed by the 10-day survival test with the amphipod Ampelisca abulita, and porewater toxicity tests assessed macro-algae (Ulva fasciata) zoospore germination and germling growth, sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryological development, and polychaete (Dinophilus gyrociliatus) survival and reproduction. Whole sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT were not toxic to amphipods. The fine-grained sediment spiked with tetryl was also not acutely toxic. The tetryl and picric acid LC50 values in the sandy sediment were 3.24 and 144 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The fine-grained sediment spiked with picric acid generated a U-shaped concentration-response curve in the amphipod test, with increased survival both in the lowest and highest concentration. Grain-size distribution and organic carbon content strongly influenced the behavior of ordnance compounds in spiked sediments. Very low concentrations were measured in some of the treatments and irreversible binding and biodegradation are suggested as the processes responsible for the low measurements. Porewater toxicity varied with its sedimentary origin and with ordnance compound. The sea urchin embryological development test tended to be the least sensitive. Tetryl was the most toxic chemical in all porewater tests, and picric acid the least toxic. Samples spiked with 2,6-DNT contained a degradation product identified as 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline (also known as 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene), and unidentified peaks, possibly degradation products, were also seen in some of the picric acid- and tetryl-spiked samples. Degradation products may have played a role in observed toxicity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, BRD, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Naval Facil Engn Serv Ctr, Restorat Dev Branch, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. RP Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, 6300 Ocean Dr,NRC Suite 3200, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. EM mnipper@falcon.tamucc.edu NR 48 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 44 IS 8 BP 789 EP 806 AR PII S0025-326X(02)00063-2 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00063-2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 592HE UT WOS:000177930500020 PM 12269482 ER PT J AU Attanasi, ED Charpentier, RR AF Attanasi, ED Charpentier, RR TI Comparison of two probability distributions used to model sizes of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations: Does the tail wag the assessment? SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE undiscovered oil and gas; resource assessment; commercial value; costs of discovery ID STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY; FIELDS AB Undiscovered oil and gas assessments are commonly reported as aggregate estimates of hydrocarbon volumes. Potential commercial value and discovery costs are, however, determined by accumulation size, so engineers, economists, decision makers, and sometimes policy analysts are most interested in projected discovery sizes. The lognormal and Pareto distributions have been used to model exploration target sizes. This note contrasts the outcomes of applying these alternative distributions to the play level assessments of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. Using the same numbers of undiscovered accumulations and the same minimum, medium, and maximum size estimates, substitution of the shifted truncated lognormal distribution for the shifted truncated Pareto distribution reduced assessed undiscovered oil by 16% and gas by 15%. Nearly all of the volume differences resulted because the lognormal had fewer larger fields relative to the Pareto. The lognormal also resulted in a smaller number of small fields relative to the Pareto. For the Permian Basin case study presented here, reserve addition costs were 20% higher with the lognormal size assumption. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Attanasi, ED (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Mail Stop 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 34 IS 6 BP 767 EP 777 DI 10.1023/A:1019809410934 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA 586AY UT WOS:000177561000008 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Burge, HL Waitt, R Bjornn, TC AF Connor, WP Burge, HL Waitt, R Bjornn, TC TI Juvenile life history of wild fall chinook salmon in the snake and clearwater rivers SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LOWER GRANITE DAM; RESTORATION; BASIN AB Dam construction in the 1950s and 1960s blocked passage to the historical spawning area of Snake River fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. We obtained water temperature data and collected juvenile fall chinook salmon in three present-day spawning areas from 1992 to 2000 to investigate the relation between water temperature and juvenile life history events. We used historical water temperatures and the literature to depict juvenile life history in the historical spawning area. Water temperatures in the three present-day spawning areas differed significantly from winter to spring, when eggs were incubating (P less than or equal to 0.0001), as well as during spring, when juveniles were rearing and starting seaward migration (P less than or equal to 0.0001). When water temperatures were warmer, the timing of most life stages was generally earlier. The life stages included fry emergence (r(2) = 0.85, N = 14, P < 0.0001), growth to parr size (r(2) = 0.94, N = 15, P < 0.0001), and smolt emigration (r(2) = 0.93, N = 14, P < 0.0001). The percentage of parr that overwintered in freshwater and migrated seaward the next spring increased when spring water temperatures decreased (r(2) = 0.40, N = 12, P = 0.02). As the historical spawning area was warmer than present-day spawning areas, fall chinook salmon juvenile life history progressed on an earlier time schedule. We conclude that dam construction changed juvenile fall chinook salmon life history in the Snake River basin by shifting production to areas with relatively cool water temperatures and comparatively lower growth opportunity. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NR 24 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 703 EP 712 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0703:JLHOWF>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800001 ER PT J AU Tiffan, KF Garland, RD Rondorf, DW AF Tiffan, KF Garland, RD Rondorf, DW TI Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; SELECTION; STREAMS; TROUT; RIVER AB We used an analysis based on a geographic information system (GIS) to determine the amount of rearing habitat and stranding area for subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River at steady-state flows ranging from 1,416 to 11,328 m(3)/s. High-resolution river channel bathymetry was used in conjunction with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to estimate water velocities, depths, and lateral slopes throughout our 33-km study area. To relate the probability of fish presence in nearshore habitats to measures of physical habitat, we developed a logistic regression model from point electrofishing data. We only considered variables that were compatible with a GIS and therefore excluded other variables known to be important to juvenile salmonids. Water velocity and lateral slope were the only two variables included in our final model. The amount of available rearing habitat generally decreased as flow increased, with the greatest decreases occurring between 1,416 and 4,814 m(3)/s. When river discharges were between 3.682 and 7.080 m(3)/s, flow fluctuations of 566 m(3)/s produced the smallest change in available rearing area (from -6.3% to +6.8% of the total). Stranding pool area was greatly reduced at steady-state flows exceeding 4.531 m(3)/s, but the highest net gain in stranding area was produced by 850 m(3)/s decreases in flow when river discharges were between 5,381 and 5,664 m(3)/s. Current measures to protect rearing fall chinook salmon include limiting flow fluctuations at Priest Rapids Dam to 850 m(3)/s when the dam is spilling water and when the weekly flows average less than 4,814 m(3)/s. We believe that limiting flow fluctuations at all discharges would further protect subyearling fall chinook salmon. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Tiffan, KF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 40 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 713 EP 726 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800002 ER PT J AU Schmalz, PJ Hansen, MJ Holey, ME McKee, PC Toneys, ML AF Schmalz, PJ Hansen, MJ Holey, ME McKee, PC Toneys, ML TI Lake trout movements in northwestern Lake Michigan SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-DENSITY; SURVIVAL; STREAMS; SIZE; FISH AB We quantified the distance that take trout Salvelinus namaycush moved in northwestern Lake Michigan and examined (1) the directional preference and (2) the effect of population density on movement. Lake trout were captured in spring and fall 1983-1996, tagged with Floy anchor tags, and recaptured during subsequent agency sampling and by commercial fishers and anglers during 1983-1997. Angler recaptures were used to quantify movements; these recaptures were standardized to 10,000 salmonid angler-hours (giving recaptures per effort [RPE]) to account for the spatial and temporal variation in recapture effort. Movement was inferred from the spatial and temporal differences in the distribution of RPE. The dispersal radius, an index of the area occupied by tagged lake trout, was defined as the area containing 90% of the total RPE. It was estimated by fitting the cumulative proportion of RPE versus distance from the tagging location to an exponential sigmoid model and using inverse prediction, We used linear regression to test for density dependence in movement. Lake trout tagged in spring occupied a larger area than those tagged in fall and increased their range as population density increased. Directional movement differed for spring- and fall-tagged fish. Spring-tagged fish showed no directional tendencies in movement, but fall-tagged fish tended to move more to the south than to the north. There was no significant difference in directional movement between recapture seasons. Our results will be useful for the management and restoration of lake trout in Lake Michigan by providing information that can be incorporated into population models and management decisions about refuges and management zones within the lake. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Schmalz, PJ (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Fisheries Management & Habitat Protect, 101 S Webster St, Madison, WI 53707 USA. OI Hansen, Michael/0000-0001-8522-3876 NR 56 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 737 EP 749 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0737:LTMINL>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800004 ER PT J AU Bronte, CR Schram, ST Selgeby, JH Swanson, BL AF Bronte, CR Schram, ST Selgeby, JH Swanson, BL TI Reestablishing a spawning population of lake trout in lake superior with fertilized eggs in artificial turf incubators SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL AB Fertilized eggs from lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were placed in artificial turf incubators and deployed on Devils Island Shoal, Lake Superior, in an attempt to reestablish a spawning population on this once important spawning area. Efficacy was measured by the changes in catch rates, age composition, and origin of adult lake trout returning to the shoal in the fall in subsequent years. The abundance of lake trout spawners without fin clips, which implies that these fish hatched in the lake. increased throughout the sampling period. whereas the abundance of hatchery-reared fish (indicated by one or more fin clips) stocked for restoration purposes remained low. Year-class-specific stock-recruitment analysis suggested that the recruitment of unclipped spawners was related to the number of eggs planted in previous years rather than to spawning by the few adult lake trout visiting the reef. Increases in adult fish at Devils island Shoal Acre independent of trends at adjacent sites, where unclipped spawner abundances remained low. Enhanced survival to hatch and apparent site imprinting of young lake trout make this technique a viable alternative to stocking fingerling and yearling lake trout to reestablish spawning populations on specific sites in the Great Lakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Lake Super Off, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Park Falls, WI 54552 USA. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, 1015 Challenger Court, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 796 EP 805 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0796:RASPOL>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800009 ER PT J AU Stancill, W Jordan, GR Paukert, CP AF Stancill, W Jordan, GR Paukert, CP TI Seasonal migration patterns and site fidelity of adult paddlefish in Lake Francis Case, Missouri River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID POLYODON SPATHULA; PRAIRIE RESERVOIR; HABITAT USE; MOVEMENT AB We used ultrasonic telemetry to determine the distribution, seasonal migration patterns, and site fidelity of adult paddlefish Polyodon spathula in a main-stem Missouri River impoundment. Thirty-two adult paddlefish collected from two different spring congregation areas in Lake Francis Case, South Dakota. were surgically implanted with ultrasonic tags and relocated monthly from March to November 1994-1996. Paddlefish tagged in the Big Bend tailwaters were captured in this area and in another possible spring congregation (the White River) during pre-spawning and spawning periods, whereas paddlefish tagged in the White River were never located in the Big Bend tailwaters or in areas above the White River. Male and female paddlefish used reservoir habitats similarly except during the pre-spawning period, when male paddlefish used the White River more than would be expected by chance and all females implanted at the White River site remained below the White River. In both the postspawning and winter periods, all paddlefish moved downstream and congregated in the lower reservoir reaches. Up to 62% of males and 36% of females returned to their original capture site during the presumed spawning period at least 1 of the 2 years after tagging, Thirty-one percent of mates at large for 2 years returned to their initial spring capture location each of the following years, but only 9% of females returned. Our results indicate that some paddlefish exhibited site fidelity to the areas where they were captured (i.e., the White River) and presumably attempted to spawn. although winter distribution was similar among all tagged paddlefish. Restoration and stocking efforts may need to focus on habitat management at the locations where paddlefish may spawn, given adequate substrate. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Fishery Assistance, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Stancill, W (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Fishery Assistance, 420 S Garfield Ave,Room 400, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 815 EP 824 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0815:SMPASF>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800011 ER PT J AU Talmage, PJ Perry, JA Goldstein, RM AF Talmage, PJ Perry, JA Goldstein, RM TI Relation of instream habitat and physical conditions to fish communities of agricultural streams in the northern Midwest SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WOODY DEBRIS; TROUT; RIPARIAN; RESTORATION; CHANNELS AB Fish, instream habitat, and physical stream conditions were surveyed in 29 agricultural streams in the Red River of the North basin during summer 1994 and the Minnesota River basin during summer 1997. Our goal was to determine which instream habitat and physical conditions should be considered for stream restoration. Principle components analysis identified six axes that explained 79% of the total variability in instream habitat and physical conditions. Percent run. percent boulder, percent woody debris, percent overhanging vegetation, percent sand, and frequency of erosion were the variables best associated with these axes. Multiple linear regression analysis of the instream habitat and physical conditions explained 14-50% of the variability in fish community composition. Managers of agricultural warmwater streams in the northern Midwest should emphasize these six instream habitat and physical conditions, and the factors that influence them, during stream restoration. C1 Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Moundsview, MN 55112 USA. RP Talmage, PJ (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, 500 Lafayette Rd, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 825 EP 833 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0825:ROIHAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800012 ER PT J AU Sammons, SM Isermann, DA Bettoli, PW AF Sammons, SM Isermann, DA Bettoli, PW TI Variation in population characteristics and gear selection between black and white crappies in Tennessee reservoirs: Potential effects on management decisions SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB The population characteristics of crappies Pomoxis spp. were examined in three Tennessee reservoirs (Kentucky, Barkley, and Woods) sampled in fall with trap nets and electrofishing. Kentucky and Barkley reservoirs are large main-stem impoundments on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, respectively. Woods Reservoir is a small tributary storage impoundment on the Elk River in south-central Tennessee. Mean length at age was similar between white crappies A annularis and black crappies P. nigromaculatus at ages 1 and 2 in Barkley Reservoir and at age I in Kentucky Reservoir, Thereafter, white crappies were consistently larger than black crappies at older ages, and the differences in mean length commonly exceeded 30 mm once the fish in both reservoirs were age 4. Crappie species compositions in concomitant electrofishing and trap-net samples were relatively similar in the two main-stern reservoirs. However, black crappies represented much higher proportion,, in the trap-net samples than they did in the electrofishing samples in Woods Reservoir. Electrofishing consistently collected larger fish than trap nets in all three reservoirs. Managers should be aware that variability in species composition and size structure due to sampling area and gear type can affect the estimates of crappie population characteristics, which can, in turn, affect modeling results and ultimately management decisions. We feel that the best sampling regime for collecting crappies in Tennessee reservoirs would be to use fall trap-net sampling to index year-class strength and concurrent electrofishing sampling to collect the larger individuals necessary for age and growth analysis. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Sammons, SM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 863 EP 869 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0863:VIPCAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800016 ER PT J AU Dare, MR Hubert, WA AF Dare, MR Hubert, WA TI Changes in habitat availability and habitat use and movements by two trout species in response to declining discharge in a regulated river during winter SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; BROWN TROUT; SALMO-TRUTTA; ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI; ATLANTIC SALMON; STREAM; FALL; HATCHERY; SALAR; WILD AB We assessed habitat availability and habitat use by subadult cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki and brown trout Salmo trutta during a four-stage flow manipulation in the Shoshone River, Wyoming, to determine how the physical characteristics of a medium-size river and the habitat use and movement patterns of subadult trout change in response to declining discharge. Discharge was reduced from 20.9 to 5,7 m(3)/s between December 1998 and February 1999, Changes in riverine physical characteristics included decreased water depths and velocities, increased pool area, and dewatering of riffles. Changes in habitat use differed between cutthroat and brown trout; however, both species were typically observed at locations with greater-than-average water depths and slower-than-average water velocities, especially pools with abundant cover. The observed patterns of habitat use by subadult cutthroat trout and brown trout were similar to those found for salmonids in other variable environments during winter. Selection of stable pool habitat and a tendency by both species to move relatively short distances during winter indicate that short-term (14-21-d) reductions in discharge may have little effect on subadult trout. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Dare, MR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 917 EP 928 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0917:CIHAAH>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800022 ER PT J AU Buckmeier, DL Irwin, ER Betsill, RK Prentice, JA AF Buckmeier, DL Irwin, ER Betsill, RK Prentice, JA TI Validity of Otoliths and pectoral spines for estimating ages of channel catfish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; ANNULI AB Basal recess and articulating process sections of pectoral spines are often used to estimate the age of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. However, identification of annuli in pectoral spine sections can be difficult. We developed and validated a method for estimating the age of channel catfish by using sagittal otoliths. We also validated a new method using pectoral spines in which a single cut is made through the dorsal and anterior processes (hereafter termed cut spines) and annuli are enhanced with side illumination. Age estimates from otoliths and cut spines were compared with age estimates from traditional articulating process sections of pectoral spines for channel catfish of known ages (1-4), Age estimates by the three methods were correct for more than 90% of fish after two experienced readers independently estimated ages and resolved disagreements by mutual examination. Otoliths were more accurate and less variable in estimating age. Otolith age estimates were always within I year and, after mutual examination of the structures in question, 97% of the assigned ages agreed with known age. The accuracy of cut spines and articulating process sections after mutual examination was similar; however. the cut-spine method was simpler than preparing articulating process sections, Oeolith annuli were more distinguishable than pectoral spine annuli and were validated for age-1-4 channel catfish. Therefore. we recommend using otoliths to estimate the age of channel catfish. C1 Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Heart Hills Res Stn, Ingram, TX 78025 USA. US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Buckmeier, DL (reprint author), Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Heart Hills Res Stn, HC 7,Box 62, Ingram, TX 78025 USA. EM daveb@ktc.com NR 21 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 934 EP 942 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0934:VOOAPS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800024 ER PT J AU Van de Water, PK Leavitt, SW Betancourt, JL AF Van de Water, PK Leavitt, SW Betancourt, JL TI Leaf delta C-13 variability with elevation, slope aspect, and precipitation in the southwest United States SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope composition; elevation; slope aspect; precipitation; C3 and C4 plants ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ATRIPLEX-CANESCENS CHENOPODIACEAE; HAWAIIAN METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; NORTHERN NEW-MEXICO; CO2 ASSIMILATION; GAS-EXCHANGE; RAINFALL GRADIENT; GREAT-BASIN; ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS AB Leaves from several desert and woodland species, including gymnosperms and angiosperms with both C-3 and C-4 physiology, were analyzed to detect trends in delta(13)C(leaf) with elevation and slope aspect along two transects in southeastern Utah and south-central New Mexico, USA. The main difference between the two transects is the steeper elevational gradient for mean annual and summer precipitation in the southern transect. For any given species, we found that isotopic differences between individual plants growing at the same site commonly equal differences measured for plants along the entire altitudinal gradient. In C3 plants, delta(13)C(leaf) values become slightly enriched at the lowest elevations, the opposite of trends identified in more humid regions. Apparently, increasing water-use efficiency with drought stress offsets the influence of other biotic and abiotic factors that operate to decrease isotopic discrimination with elevation. For some species shared by the two transects (e.g., Pinus edulis and Cercocarpus montanus), delta(leaf)(13) values are dramatically depleted at sites that receive more than 550 mm mean annual precipitation, roughly the boundary (pedalfer-pedocal) at which soils commonly fill to field capacity in summer and carbonates are leached. We hypothesize that, in summer-wet areas, this may represent the boundary at which drought stress overtakes other factors in determining the sign of delta(13)C(leaf) with elevation. The opposition of isotopic trends with elevation in and versus humid regions cautions against standard correction for elevation in comparative studies of delta(13)C(leaf). C1 Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Van de Water, PK (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 83 TC 99 Z9 102 U1 4 U2 36 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 332 EP 343 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-0973-x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 589HJ UT WOS:000177752500002 ER PT J AU Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC AF Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC TI Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; NESTING SUCCESS; BREEDING BIRDS; SPATIAL SCALE; ABUNDANCE; VEGETATION; PATTERNS AB During the springs of 1995-1997, we studied birds and landscapes at 70 sites in the Chihuahuan Desert to assess relations between bird community structure and landscape patchiness. Within each of two spatial extents (1-km and 2-km-radius areas centered on each site), we measured the number of patches of individual land-cover types and the total number of patches of all land-cover types. Mean bird richness, and the mean abundance and probability of occurrence of most bird species were significantly correlated with one or more of these variables. Contrary to evidence from other systems, positive association with landscape patchiness did not increase with the degree to which species were habitat generalists, was not negatively related to body size, and did not differ between neotropical migrants and nonmigrants. For the communities' primary constituent species as a group, the strength of positive and negative associations with patchiness did not differ between landscape extents. Within the I-km but not the 2-km extent, habitat specialists were more positively and negatively associated with patchiness than were habitat generalists. In general, however, neither habitat breadth, body size, nor migratory status seemed to be responsible for associations with landscape patchiness. Mean richness, and the mean abundance and probability of occurrence of most species were significantly correlated with patchiness within one or both extents, and patchiness of all of the most extensive land-cover types was influential. The simplest explanation for most of the bird-patchiness relations we found is that the associations reflected species-specific habitat needs. Through effects on avian richness, abundance, and occurrence, landscape patchiness affected bird community structure. A more complete understanding of the effects of landscape patchiness on bird community structure is likely to emerge when ecologists study the patchiness of major land-cover types at various spatial extents. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Gutzwiller, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 56 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD AUG PY 2002 VL 98 IS 2 BP 284 EP 298 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 588RD UT WOS:000177713700010 ER PT J AU Abe, S Dieterich, JH Mora, P Place, D AF Abe, S Dieterich, JH Mora, P Place, D TI Simulation of the influence of rate- and state-dependent friction on the macroscopic behavior of complex fault zones with the lattice solid model SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE friction; lattice solid model ID CRITICAL SLIP DISTANCE; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; ROCK FRICTION; NUCLEATION; GOUGE; INSTABILITY AB In order to understand the earthquake nucleation process, we need to understand the effective frictional behavior of faults with complex geometry and fault gouge zones. One important aspect of this is the interaction between the friction law governing the behavior of the fault on the microscopic level and the resulting macroscopic behavior of the fault zone. Numerical simulations offer a possibility to investigate the behavior of faults on many different scales and thus provide a means to gain insight into fault zone dynamics on scales which are not accessible to laboratory experiments. Numerical experiments have been performed to investigate the influence of the geometric configuration of faults with a rate- and state-dependent friction at the particle contacts on the effective frictional behavior of these faults. The numerical experiments are designed to be similar to laboratory experiments by DIETERICH and KILGORE (1994) in which a slide-hold-slide cycle was performed between two blocks of material and the resulting peak friction was plotted vs. holding time. Simulations with a flat fault without a fault gouge have been performed to verify the implementation. These have shown close agreement with comparable laboratory experiments. The simulations performed with a fault containing fault gouge have demonstrated a strong dependence of the critical slip distance D-c on the roughness of the fault surfaces and are in qualitative agreement with laboratory experiments. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Earth Sci, QUAKES, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. US Geol Survey Org, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Abe, S (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Earth Sci, QUAKES, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 159 IS 9 BP 1967 EP 1983 DI 10.1007/s00024-002-8718-7 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 587UZ UT WOS:000177662900005 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, FF TI Regional seismic wavefield computation on a 3-D heterogeneous earth model by means of coupled traveling wave synthesis SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE wave propagation; traveling waves ID SURFACE-WAVES; FAULT ZONE; PROPAGATION; SCATTERING; CALIFORNIA; APPROXIMATION; INTERFACES; SIMULATION; INVERSION; FORMALISM AB I present a new algorithm for calculating seismic wave propagation through a three-dimensional heterogeneous medium using the framework of mode coupling theory originally developed to perform very low frequency (f < &SIM; 0.01 - 0.05 Hz) seismic wavefield computation. It is a Greens function approach for multiple scattering within a defined volume and employs a truncated traveling wave basis set using the locked mode approximation. Interactions between incident and scattered wavefields are prescribed by mode coupling theory and account for the coupling among surface waves, body waves, and evanescent waves. The described algorithm is, in principle, applicable to global and regional wave propagation problems, but I focus on higher frequency (typically f &GE; &SIM;0.25 Hz) applications at regional and local distances where the locked mode approximation is best utilized and which involve wavefields strongly shaped by propagation through a highly heterogeneous crust. Synthetic examples are shown for P-SV-wave propagation through a semi-ellipsoidal basin and SH-wave propagation through a fault zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 159 IS 9 BP 2085 EP 2112 DI 10.1007/s00024-002-8725-8 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 587UZ UT WOS:000177662900012 ER PT J AU Ghil, M Allen, MR Dettinger, MD Ide, K Kondrashov, D Mann, ME Robertson, AW Saunders, A Tian, Y Varadi, F Yiou, P AF Ghil, M Allen, MR Dettinger, MD Ide, K Kondrashov, D Mann, ME Robertson, AW Saunders, A Tian, Y Varadi, F Yiou, P TI Advanced spectral methods for climatic time series SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE climate; dynamical systems; El Nino; prediction; spectral analysis; time series ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC CLIMATE; GREAT-SALT-LAKE; ICE-CORE RECORD; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE AB The analysis of univariate or multivariate time series provides crucial information to describe, understand, and predict climatic variability. The discovery and implementation of a number of novel methods for extracting useful information from time series has recently revitalized this classical field of study. Considerable progress has also been made in interpreting the information so obtained in terms of dynamical systems theory. In this review we describe the connections between time series analysis and nonlinear dynamics, discuss signal-to-noise enhancement, and present some of the novel methods for spectral analysis. The various steps, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, are illustrated by their application to an important climatic time series, the Southern Oscillation Index. This index captures major features of interannual climate variability and is used extensively in its prediction. Regional and global sea surface temperature data sets are used to illustrate multivariate spectral methods. Open questions and further prospects conclude the review. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Ecole Normale Super, Dept Terre Atmosphere Ocean, F-75231 Paris, France. Ecole Normale Super, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75231 Paris, France. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. CEA, CNRS, UMR, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM ghil@atmos.ucla.edu RI Ide, Kayo/F-8443-2010; Allen, Myles/A-5172-2012; Kondrashov, Dmitri/E-2067-2016; Robertson, Andrew/H-7138-2015; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017 OI Kondrashov, Dmitri/0000-0002-3471-7275; Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X NR 229 TC 708 Z9 724 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 EI 1944-9208 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 AR 1003 DI 10.1029/2000RG000092 PG 41 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 638MH UT WOS:000180574400002 ER PT J AU Nimmo, JR Perkins, KS Rose, PE Rousseau, JP Orr, BR Twining, BV Anderson, SR AF Nimmo, John R. Perkins, Kim S. Rose, Peter E. Rousseau, Joseph P. Orr, Brennon R. Twining, Brian V. Anderson, Steven R. TI Kilometer-Scale Rapid Transport of Naphthalene Sulfonate Tracer in the Unsaturated Zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB To investigate possible long-range flow paths through the interbedded basalts and sediments of a 200-m-thick unsaturated zone, we applied a chemical tracer to seasonally filled infiltration ponds on the Snake River Plain in Idaho. This site is near the Subsurface Disposal Area for radioactive and other hazardous waste at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Within 4 mo, we detected tracer in one of 13 sampled aquifer wells, and in eight of 11 sampled perched-water wells as far as 1.3 km away. These detections show that (i) low-permeability layers in the unsaturated zone divert some flow horizontally, but do not prevent rapid transport to the aquifer; (ii) horizontal convective transport rates within the unsaturated zone may exceed 14 m d(-1), perhaps through essentially saturated basalt fractures, tension cracks, lava tubes, or rubble zones; and (iii) some perched water beneath the Subsurface Disposal Area derives from episodic surface water more than 1 km away. Such rapid and far-reaching flow may be common throughout the Snake River Plain, and possibly occurs in other locations that have a geologically complex unsaturated zone and comparable sources of infiltrating water. C1 [Nimmo, John R.; Perkins, Kim S.] USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Rose, Peter E.] Univ Utah, EGI, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. [Orr, Brennon R.; Twining, Brian V.; Anderson, Steven R.] USGS, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. RP Nimmo, JR (reprint author), USGS, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrnimmo@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 1 IS 1 BP 89 EP 101 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UW UT WOS:000207557500006 ER PT J AU Walsh, GJ Aleinikoff, JN Benziane, F Yazidi, A Armstrong, TR AF Walsh, GJ Aleinikoff, JN Benziane, F Yazidi, A Armstrong, TR TI U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic Tagragra de Tata inlier and its Neoproterozoic cover, western Anti-Atlas, Morocco SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE geochronology; zircon; Paleoproterozoic; Neoproterozoic; Eburnean; Pan-African ID EVOLUTION; GONDWANA; AGES AB New U-Pb zircon data obtained by sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) from the Tagragra de Tata inlier in the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco establish Paleoproterozoic ages for the basement schists, granites, and metadolerites, and a Neoproterozoic age for an ignimbrite of the Ouarzazate Series in the cover sequence. The age of interbedded felsic metatuff in the metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequence of the basement schists is 2072 +/- 8 Ma. This date represents: (1) the first reliable age from the metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequence; (2) the oldest reliable age for the basement of the Anti-Atlas; (3) the first date on the timing of deposition of the sediments on the northern edge of the Paleoproterozoic West African craton; (4) a lower age limit on deformation during the Eburnean orogeny; and (5) the first date obtained from the non-granitic Paleoproterozoic basement of Morocco. Ages of 2046 +/- 7 Ma (Targant granite) and 2041 +/- 6 Ma (Oudad granite) support earlier interpretations of a Paleoproterozoic Eburnean igneous event in the Anti-Atlas. The granites post-date the Eburnean D1 deformation event in the Paleoproterozoic schist sequence, and place a similar to2046 Ma limit on short-lived Eburnean deformation in the area. Cross-cutting metadolerite is 2040 +/- 6 Ma; this is the first date from a metadolerite in the western Anti-Atlas. All of the dolerites in the area post-date emplacement of the two granites and the new age constrains the onset of late- or post-Eburnean extension. Ignimbrite of the Ouarzazate Series, immediately above the Paleoproterozoic basement is 565 +/- 7 Ma. This Neoproterozoic age agrees with ages of similar volcanic rocks elsewhere from the Ouarzazate Series. The date also agrees with the ages of associated hypabyssal intrusions, and marks the second and final stage of Pan-African orogenic activity in the western Anti-Atlas. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Ecole Natl Ind Minerale, Dept Sci Terre, Rabat, Morocco. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Walsh, GJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 628,87 State St Room 324, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. NR 44 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD JUL 31 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 20 AR PII S0301-9268(02)00044-X DI 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00044-X PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 589ZZ UT WOS:000177793500001 ER PT J AU ten Brink, US AF ten Brink, US TI Lower crustal flow and the role of shear in basin subsidence: An example from the Dead Sea Basin (vol 199, pg 67, 2002) SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Correction ID DEFORMATION; ROCKS C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP ten Brink, US (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUL 30 PY 2002 VL 201 IS 2 BP 447 EP 448 AR PII S0012-821X(02)00710-0 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00710-0 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581RN UT WOS:000177306800014 ER PT J AU Scholl, MA Gingerich, SB Tribble, GW AF Scholl, MA Gingerich, SB Tribble, GW TI The influence of microclimates and fog on stable isotope signatures used in interpretation of regional hydrology: East Maui, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE delta O-18; delta D; fog; isotope hydrology; Hawaii; ground water ID POINT-REYES PENINSULA; PRECIPITATION; GROUNDWATER; TEMPERATURE; CALIFORNIA; ISLAND; FLOW AB Stable isotopes of precipitation, ground water and surface water measured on the windward side of East Maui from 0 to 3055 m altitude were used to determine recharge sources for stream flow and ground water. Correct interpretation of the hydrology using rainfall delta(18)O gradients with altitude required consideration of the influence of fog, as fog samples had isotopic signatures enriched by as much as 3parts per thousand in delta(18)D and 21parts per thousand in deltaD compared to volume-weighted average precipitation at the same altitude. The isotopic analyses suggested that fog drip was a major component of stream flow and shallow ground water at higher altitudes in the watershed. O-18/altitude gradients in rainfall were comparable for similar microclimates on Maui (this study) and Hawaii Island (1990-1995 study), however, East Maui delta(18)O values for rain in trade-wind and high-altitude microclimates were enriched compared to those from Hawaii Island. Isotopes were used to interpret regional hydrology in this volcanic island aquifer system. In part of the study area, stable isotopes indicate discharge of ground water recharged at least 1000 m above the sample site. This deep-flowpath ground water was found in springs from sea level up to 240 m altitude, indicating saturation to altitudes much higher than a typical freshwater lens. These findings help in predicting the effects of ground water development on stream flow in the area. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Scholl, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Gingerich, Stephen/0000-0002-4381-0746; Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614 NR 33 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 30 PY 2002 VL 264 IS 1-4 BP 170 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00073-2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 576RV UT WOS:000177019600012 ER PT J AU Hapke, C Richmond, B AF Hapke, C Richmond, B TI The impact of climatic and seismic events on the short-term evolution of seacliffs based on 3-D mapping: northern Monterey Bay, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal erosion; El Nino; seacliff retreat; Loma Prieta earthquake; Monterey Bay; California ID SHORELINE; EROSION AB Coastal cliff retreat along the central California coast is episodic, occurring in response to single large storms or seismic events. Traditional approaches to the study of long-term seacliff retreat utilize historical aerial photography and maps to delineate the landward migration of the top edge of the cliff over periods of tens of years to a century. While these methods yield cumulative retreat amounts, they provide little or no information on the character of the individual retreat events, nor the physical processes of retreat. This study addresses the processes of episodic and short-term coastal cliff retreat through the analysis of seacliff failure styles and retreat magnitudes. The study areas are three, 1-km-long sections of cliffed coast in northern Monterey Bay. The earliest data set is vertical aerial photography from October 18, 1989, taken the day following the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. More recent photography, collected in late January, early February and early March of 1998, captured seacliff failure in response to the severe storms associated with the 1997-1998 El Nino. For each data set, high-resolution digital photogrammetric techniques are used to identify the top edge of the cliff. At each cliff failure location, its position, failure length and character are documented. Results suggest that on a regional scale, the seacliffs respond to seismic and climatic forcing differently. We have found variation in the magnitude of cliff response along the three sections of coast in the study area. Large-scale climatic events such as the 1997-1998 El Nino have a greater impact on both the linear extent of seacliff failure and the amount of cliff retreat. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USGS, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. RP Hapke, C (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Sci Ctr, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. RI Ingersoll, Gabriel/G-5069-2011 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL 30 PY 2002 VL 187 IS 3-4 BP 259 EP 278 AR PII S0025-3227(02)00315-8 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00315-8 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 588EK UT WOS:000177688200003 ER PT J AU Sallenger, AH Krabill, W Brock, J Swift, R Manizade, S Stockdon, H AF Sallenger, AH Krabill, W Brock, J Swift, R Manizade, S Stockdon, H TI Sea-cliff erosion as a function of beach changes and extreme wave runup during the 1997-1998 El Nino SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE erosion; beaches; El Nino; sea cliffs ID CALIFORNIA; COAST AB Over time scales of hundreds to thousands of years, the net longshore sand transport direction along the central California coast has been driven to the south by North Pacific winter swell. In contrast, during the El Nino winter of 1997-1998, comparisons of before and after airborne lidar surveys showed sand was transported from south to north and accumulated on the south sides of resistant headlands bordering pocket beaches. This resulted in significant beach erosion at the south ends of pocket beaches and deposition in the north ends. Coincident with the south-to-north redistribution of sand, shoreline morphology became prominently cuspate with longshore wavelengths of 400-700 m. The width and elevation of beaches were least where maximum shoreline erosion occurred, preferentially exposing cliffs to wave attack. The resulting erosional hotspots typically were located in the embayments of giant cusps in the southern end of the pocket beaches. The observed magnitude of sea cliff retreat, which reached 14 m, varied with the number of hours that extreme wave runup exceeded certain thresholds representing the protective capacity of the beach during the El Nino winter. A threshold representing the width of the beach performed better than a threshold representing the elevation of the beach. The magnitude of cliff erosion can be scaled using a simple model based on the cross-shore distance that extreme wave runup exceeded the pre-winter cliff position. Cliff erosion appears to be a balance between terrestrial mass wasting processes, which tend to decrease the cliff slope, and wave attack, which removes debris and erodes the cliff base increasing the cliff slope. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, GSFC, Wallops Isl, VA USA. GSFC, EG & G, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA USA. RP Sallenger, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Stockdon, Hilary/0000-0003-0791-4676 NR 43 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL 30 PY 2002 VL 187 IS 3-4 BP 279 EP 297 AR PII S0025-3227(02)00316-X DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00316-X PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 588EK UT WOS:000177688200004 ER PT J AU Trabant, C Thurber, C Leith, W AF Trabant, C Thurber, C Leith, W TI Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen Mountain, Kazakhstan SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article DE nuclear explosions; seismic location; corrections; P-waves; waveforms; cross-correlation; ground truth ID CROSS-CORRELATION; ARRIVAL TIMES; TEST-SITE; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; KAZAKSTAN; SEQUENCE AB We utilized nuclear explosions from the Degelen Mountain sub-region of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), Kazakhstan, to assess seismic location capability directly. Excellent ground truth information for these events was either known or was estimated from maps of the Degelen Mountain adit complex. Origin times were refined for events for which absolute origin time information was unknown using catalog arrival times, our ground truth location estimates, and a time baseline provided by fixing known origin times during a joint hypocenter determination (JHD). Precise arrival time picks were determined using a waveform cross-correlation process applied to the available digital data. These data were used in a JHD analysis. We found that very accurate locations were possible when high precision, waveform cross-correlation arrival times were combined with JHD. Relocation with our full digital data set resulted in a mean mislocation of 2 km and a mean 95% confidence ellipse (CE) area of 6.6 km(2) (90% CE: 5.1 km(2)), however, only 5 of the 18 computed error ellipses actually covered the associated ground truth location estimate. To test a more realistic nuclear test monitoring scenario, we applied our JHD analysis to a set of seven events (one fixed) using data only from seismic stations within 40 epicentral distance. Relocation with these data resulted in a mean mislocation of 7.4 km, with four of the 95% error ellipses, covering less than 570 km(2) (90% CE: 438 km(2)), and the other two covering 1730 and 8869 km(2) (90% CE: 1331 and 6822 km(2)). Location uncertainties calculated using JHD often underestimated the true error, but a circular region with a radius equal to the mislocation covered less than 1000 km(2) for all events having more than three observations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston 20192, VA USA. RP Thurber, C (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD JUL 30 PY 2002 VL 131 IS 2 BP 155 EP 171 AR PII S0031-9201(02)00034-1 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00034-1 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 581WY UT WOS:000177318400004 ER PT J AU Chapin, TP Jannasch, HW Johnson, KS AF Chapin, TP Jannasch, HW Johnson, KS TI In situ osmotic analyzer for the year-long continuous determination of Fe in hydrothermal systems SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE iron determination; in situ; hydrothermal; seawater; long-term; osmotic pumps ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; DISSOLVED IRON; IN-SITU; MANGANESE; ERUPTION; PLUMES AB A submersible osmotically pumped analyzer (Fe-OsmoAnalyzer) has been adapted for the long-term continuous high resolution monitoring of iron(II) and (III) in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Ferrozine is used as the colorimetric reagent. The detection limit for our analyzer is 0.1 muM for a 0.7 cm pathlength with a linear response up to 50 muM. The Fe-OsmoAnalyzer uses periodic injections of standards and blanks to self calibrate and can operate unattended for over a year collecting data every 15 min. The Fe-OsmoAnalyzer was field tested during a 6 week test deployment at 900 m in Monterey Bay and a year-long deployment at 1100 m off the coast of Hawaii. A second year-long deployment in a low temperature hydrothermal vent on the Juan de Fuca Ridge provided high resolution continuous monitoring of Fe and was able to distinguish tidally influenced fluctuations in Fe concentrations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Chapin, TP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Johnson, Kenneth/F-9742-2011 OI Johnson, Kenneth/0000-0001-5513-5584 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD JUL 22 PY 2002 VL 463 IS 2 BP 265 EP 274 AR PII S0003-2670(02)00423-3 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00423-3 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 573VE UT WOS:000176851700013 ER PT J AU Mayanovic, RA Jayanetti, S Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM AF Mayanovic, RA Jayanetti, S Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM TI The structure of Yb3+ aquo ion and chloro complexes in aqueous solutions at up to 500 degrees C and 270 MPa SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; DIAMOND-ANVIL CELL; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; SUPERCRITICAL WATER; HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS; LANTHANIDE IONS; HYDRATION STRUCTURE; FLUID INCLUSIONS; MICROBEAM XAFS AB We report here on X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements used to determine the structure of the Yb3+ ion in aqueous solutions over a range of temperatures from 25 to 500 degreesC and pressures up to 270 MPa. Fluorescence Yb L-3-edge spectra were collected separately from nitrate (0.006m Yb/0.16m HNO3) and chloride (0.006 in YbCl3/0.017 in HCl) aqueous. solutions within a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. The Yb-O distance of the Yb3+ aquo ion in the nitrate solution exhibits a uniform reduction at a rate of 0.02 Angstrom/100 degreesC, whereas the number of oxygens decreases-from 8.3 +/- 0.6 to 4.8 +/- 0.7, in going from 25 to 500 degreesC . No evidence for nitrate complexes was found from measurements made on this solution. The Yb3+ is found to persist as an aquo ion up to 150 degreesC in the chloride aqueous solution. In the 300-500 degreesC range, chloro complexes are found to occur in the solution, most likely of the type Yb(H2O)(delta-n)Cl-n(+3-n) (delta approximate to 7). The Yb-Cl distance of the chloro ytterbium(III) complexes is found to decrease uniformly at a rate of about 0.02 Angstrom/100 degreesC, whereas the number of chlorines increases from 0.5 +/- 0.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.2 in the 300-500 degreesC temperature range. Conversely, the Yb-O distance undergoes a lower uniform reduction at a rate of 0.007 Angstrom/100 degreesC,, whereas the number of oxygens decreases from 8.3 +/- 0.5 to 5.1 +/- 0.3 in going from 25 to 500 degreesC in the same solution. C1 SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Mayanovic, RA (reprint author), SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. EM ram051f@smsu.edu NR 48 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUL 18 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 28 BP 6591 EP 6599 DI 10.1021/jp020140q PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 573UD UT WOS:000176848900009 ER PT J AU Schlekat, CE Lee, BG Luoma, SN AF Schlekat, CE Lee, BG Luoma, SN TI Assimilation of selenium from phytoplankton by three benthic invertebrates: effect of phytoplankton species SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE selenium; phytoplankton; bivalves; amphipods; bioavailability ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; AMPHIPOD LEPTOCHEIRUS-PLUMULOSUS; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; MARINE BIVALVES; MACOMA-BALTHICA; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; ABSORPTION; CADMIUM; CD AB Phytoplankton are an important source of selenium (Se) for aquatic invertebrates, which accumulate Se primarily through dietary ingestion. The extent to which Se bioavailability varies among different phytoplankton species could help explain different bioaccumulation patterns observed for invertebrates in nature. We measured the efficiency with which 3 benthic invertebrates assimilated Se-75 from 5 phytoplankton species using standard pulse-chase techniques. The invertebrates included the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus and the bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis. The phytoplankton species included Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae), Gymnodinium sanguinem (Dinophyceae), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae), Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyceae) and Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae). The range of Se assimilation efficiency (AE) by L. plumulosus (32.1 +/- 1.8 to 69.5 +/- 7.1%) was the lowest of the 3 organisms. No relationship was observed between the proportion of Se in algal cell cytoplasm and Se AE by L. plumulosus, which is consistent with findings for assimilation of other trace elements by this organism. Se AE by M. balthica (range: 58.0 +/- 3.2 to 92.3 +/- 6.0%) varied according to the proportion of cytoplasmic Se in algal cells (p < 0.0001, r(2) = 0.868). P. amurensis assimilated between 78.3 +/- 2.0 and 88.9 +/- 3.6% of Se from algal cells, and the relationship between cytoplasmic Se and Se AE was described by the following equation: Se AE = 69.2 +/- 0.22 x (% cytoplasmic Se) (p = 0.003, r(2) = 0.405). This relationship suggests that P. amurensis assimilated non-cytoplasmic Se from phytoplankton, perhaps through utilization of the glandular digestive pathway. Consistently high Se assimilation from algae by P. amurensis may contribute to elevated Se concentrations observed for this organism. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Kwangju, South Korea. RP Schlekat, CE (reprint author), US Borax Inc, 26877 Tourney Rd, Valencia, CA 91344 USA. EM chris.schlekat@borax.com NR 26 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD JUL 18 PY 2002 VL 237 BP 79 EP 85 DI 10.3354/meps237079 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 585QD UT WOS:000177535300007 ER PT J AU Eittreim, SL Anima, RJ Stevenson, AJ AF Eittreim, SL Anima, RJ Stevenson, AJ TI Seafloor geology of the Monterey Bay area continental shelf (vol 181, pg 3, 2002) SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Eittreim, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL 10 PY 2002 VL 186 IS 3-4 BP 583 EP 583 AR PII S0025-3227(02)00382-1 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00382-1 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 582QN UT WOS:000177362800024 ER PT J AU Ingebritsen, SE Manning, CE AF Ingebritsen, SE Manning, CE TI Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-CRUST; METAMORPHISM; PERMEABILITY; DEHYDRATION; BASALTS; SYSTEMS; ORIGIN; COAST; WATER AB Fifty years ago a classic paper by W. W. Rubey [(1951) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 62, 1111-1148] examined various hypotheses regarding the origin of sea water and concluded that the most likely hypothesis was volcanic outgassing, a view that was generally accepted by earth scientists for the next several decades. More recent work suggests that the rate of subduction of water is much larger than the volcanic outgassing rate, lending support to hypotheses that either ocean volume has decreased with time, or that the imbalance is offset by continuous replenishment of water by cometary impacts. These alternatives are required in the absence of additional mechanisms for the return of water from subducting lithosphere to the Earth's surface. Our recent work on crustal permeability suggests a large capacity for water upflow through tectonically active continental crust, resulting in a heretofore unrecognized degassing pathway that can accommodate the water subduction rate. Escape of recycled water via delivery from the mantle through zones of active metamorphism eliminates the mass-balance argument for the loss of ocean volume or extraterrestrial sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Ingebritsen, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Manning, Craig/A-1118-2009 OI Manning, Craig/0000-0002-1463-3701 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 9 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 14 BP 9113 EP 9116 DI 10.1073/pnas.132275699 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 572LE UT WOS:000176775400009 PM 12082177 ER PT J AU Mastin, LG AF Mastin, LG TI Insights into volcanic conduit flow from an open-source numerical model SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE numerical models; explosive volcanic eruption; fluid dynamics; magma rheology ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; MAGMA FRAGMENTATION; RAPID DECOMPRESSION; EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS; SILICATE MELTS; LAVA FOUNTAINS; AD 79; DYNAMICS; ASCENT; GAS AB [1] Numerical models that calculate the fluid dynamics of explosive volcanic eruptions have been used with increasing frequency to understand volcanic processes and evaluate volcanic hazards. Yet those who develop such models rarely make them publicly available so that they can be verified, used, and possibly improved by other scientists. In this paper I present a visual, interactive, open-source numerical model that calculates steady state flow of magma and gas in vertical eruptive conduits and contains user-friendly utilities for quickly determining physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of silicate melts, H2O gases, and melt-gas-crystal mixtures. The model represents an advance over previously published conduit models by incorporating a non-Arrhenian viscosity relation for hydrous silicate melts, a relation between viscosity and volume fraction of gas that depends on Capillary number, and adiabatic temperature changes in the mixture using established thermodynamic relations for melts and H2O gas, respectively. Volcanologists who have not had access to conduit models have frequently approximated conduit flow using an analytical equation for incompressible, laminar, Newtonian pipe flow, which predicts that the mass flux is proportional to the fourth power of conduit radius and inversely proportional to mixture viscosity. The model presented here, which is not much more difficult to use than a back-of-the-envelope calculation, shows that the pipe-flow approximation significantly overestimates the sensitivity of mass flux to both conduit radius and mixture viscosity. Results from the model also show that viscous heating in the lower conduit, which is not considered in most other models, may increase the mass flux of large silicic eruptions by several percent and decrease the viscosity of the mixture at the fragmentation depth by a few tens of percent. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Mastin, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Court,Bldg 10,Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. NR 74 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD JUL 3 PY 2002 VL 3 AR 1037 DI 10.1029/2001GC000192 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 570ET UT WOS:000176646500001 ER PT J AU Woodman, N AF Woodman, N TI A new species of small-eared shrew from Colombia and Venezuela (Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae : genus Cryptotis) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID INSECTIVORA; ANDES AB Populations of small-eared shrews inhabiting the northern Cordillera Oriental of Colombia and adjoining Venezuelan highlands in the vicinity of Paramo de Tama have been referred alternatively to Cryptotis thomasi or Cryptotis meridensis. Morphological and morphometrical study of this population indicates that it belongs to neither taxon, but represents a distinct, previously unrecognized species. I describe this new species as Cryptotis tamensis and redescribe C. meridensis. Recognition of the population at Paramo de Tama as a separate taxon calls into question the identities of populations of shrews currently represented only by single specimens from Cerro Pintado in the Sierra de Perija, Colombia, and near El Junquito in the coastal highlands of Venezuela. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Woodman, N (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Smithsonian Inst, POB 37012,NHB 378,MRC-111, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL 2 PY 2002 VL 115 IS 2 BP 249 EP 272 PG 24 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 571AK UT WOS:000176692500001 ER PT J AU Piper, DZ Link, PK AF Piper, DZ Link, PK TI An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; GEOCHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTS; CARBON; OXYGEN; WATER; DIAGENESIS AB The Permian Phosphoria Formation, a petroleum source rock and world-class phosphate deposit, was deposited in an epicratonic successor basin on the western margin of North America. We calculate the seawater circulation in the basin during deposition of the lower ore zone in the Meade Peak Member from the accumulation rates of carbonate fluorapatite and trace elements. The model gives the exchange rate of water between the Phosphoria sea and the open ocean to the west in terms of an upwelling rate (84 m yr(-1)) and residence time (4.2 yr) of seawater in the basin. These hydrographic properties supported a mean rate of primary productivity of 0.87 g m(-2) d(-1) of carbon in the uppermost few tens of meters of the water column (the photic zone) and denitrifying redox conditions in the bottom water (below approximately 150 m depth). High rain rates, onto the sea floor, of the organic matter that hosted the phosphate and several trace elements contributed to the accumulation of phosphorite, chert, and black shales and mudstones. Evaporation in the Goose Egg basin to the east of the Phosphoria basin ensured the import of surface seawater from the Phosphoria sea. Budgets of water, salt, phosphate, and oxygen, plus the minor accumulation of the biomarker gammacerane, show that exchange of water between the two basins was limited, possibly by the shallow carbonate platform that separated the two basins. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Geosci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Piper, DZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 902, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dzpiper@usgs.gov; linkpaul@isu.edu NR 98 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 86 IS 7 BP 1217 EP 1235 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 572LH UT WOS:000176775800004 ER PT J AU Bender, LC Carlson, E Schmitt, SM Haufler, JB AF Bender, LC Carlson, E Schmitt, SM Haufler, JB TI Production and survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves in Michigan SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FEMALE RED DEER; CALF MORTALITY; POPULATION REGULATION; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; NATIONAL-PARK; HERD AB We determined production and Survival of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves in Michigan using a variety of methods to index herd productivity. Calf production in Michigan was comparable with the highest rates ever recorded for North American elk. Calf survival averaged 0.90 (SD = 0.05), 0.97 (SD = 0.04) and 0.87 (SD = 0.05) for summer, winter and annually, 1987-1991. Calf survival rates in Michigan were higher than in other North American elk populations. Continued high calf production, in combination with high calf survival, indicates that elk condition is excellent in Michigan, as habitat quality allows cow elk to breed and successfully raise a calf, essentially every year, despite the high energetic demands associated with late gestation and lactation. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Mio, MI 48347 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Rose Lake Wildlife Res Stn, Wildlife Dis Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bender, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 30003 MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 148 IS 1 BP 163 EP 171 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0163:PASOEC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573PE UT WOS:000176839400016 ER PT J AU Carvalho, PSM Noltie, DB Tillitt, DE AF Carvalho, PSM Noltie, DB Tillitt, DE TI Ontogenetic improvement of visual function in the medaka Oryzias latipes based on an optomotor testing system for larval and adult fish SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; OPTIC TECTUM; GOLDFISH; VISION AB We developed a system for evaluation of visual function in larval and adult fish. Both optomotor (swimming) and optokinetic (eye movement) responses were monitored and recorded using a system of rotating stripes. The system allowed manipulation of factors such as width of the stripes used, rotation speed of the striped drum, and light illuminance levels within both the scotopic and photopic ranges. Precise control of these factors allowed quantitative measurements of visual acuity and motion detection. Using this apparatus, we tested the hypothesis that significant posthatch ontogenetic improvements in visual function occur in the medaka Oryzias latipes, and also that this species shows significant in ovo neuronal development. Significant improvements in the acuity angle alpha (ability to discriminate detail) were observed from approximately 5 degrees at hatch to 1 degree in the oldest adult stages. In addition, we measured a significant improvement in flicker fusion thresholds (motion detection skills) between larval and adult life stages within both the scotopic and photopic ranges of light illuminance. Ranges of flicker fusion thresholds ((X) over bar +/- SD) at log I = 1.96 (photopic) varied from 37.2 +/- 1.6 cycles/s in young adults to 18.6 +/- 1.6 cycles/s in young larvae 10 days posthatch. At log I = - 2.54 (scotopic), flicker fusion thresholds varied from 5.8 +/- 0.7 cycles/s in young adults to 1.7 +/- 0.4 cycles/s in young larvae 10 days posthatch. Light sensitivity increased approximately 2.9 log units,from early hatched larval stages to adults. The demonstrated ontogenetic improvements in visual function probably enable the fish to explore new resources, thereby enlarging their fundamental niche. (C) 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Columbia, MO USA. RP Carvalho, PSM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RI Carvalho, Paulo/D-7213-2011 OI Carvalho, Paulo/0000-0002-4957-9768 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 64 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1006/anbe.2002.3028 PN 1 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 605CE UT WOS:000178657200001 ER PT J AU Peterman, ZE Cloke, PL AF Peterman, ZE Cloke, PL TI Geochemistry of rock units at the potential repository level, Yucca Mountain, Nevada (vol 17, pg 683, 2002) SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89144 USA. RP Peterman, ZE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 963 Box 25046 DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 17 IS 7 BP 955 EP 958 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00087-2 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00087-2 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 558TG UT WOS:000175982200006 ER PT J AU Crane, JL MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Severn, CG Berger, TA Field, LJ AF Crane, JL MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Severn, CG Berger, TA Field, LJ TI Evaluation of numerical sediment quality targets for the St. Louis River Area of Concern SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; TOXICITY; GUIDELINES; DESORPTION; KINETICS; CADMIUM; MARINE AB Numerical sediment quality targets (SQTs) for the protection of sediment-dwelling organisms have been established for the St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC), I of 42 current AOCs in the Great Lakes basin. The two types of SQTs were established primarily from consensus-based sediment quality guidelines. Level I SQTs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations below which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are unlikely to be observed. Level II SQTs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations above which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are likely to be observed. The predictive ability of the numerical SQTs was evaluated using the matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data set for the St. Louis River AOC. This evaluation involved determination of the incidence of toxicity to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and midges (Chironomus tentans) within five ranges of Level II SQT quotients (i.e., mean probable effect concentration quotients [PEC-Qs]). The incidence of toxicity was determined based on the results of 10-day toxicity tests with amphipods (endpoints: survival and growth) and 10-day toxicity tests with midges (endpoints: survival and growth). For both toxicity tests, the incidence of toxicity increased as the mean PEC-Q ranges increased. The incidence of toxicity observed in these tests was also compared to that for other geographic areas in the Great Lakes region and in North America for 10- to 14-day amphipod (H. azteca) and 10- to 14-day midge (C. tentans or C riparius) toxicity tests. In general, the predictive ability of the mean PEC-Qs was similar across geographic areas. The results of these predictive ability evaluations indicate that collectively the mean PEC-Qs provide a reliable basis for classifying sediments as toxic or not toxic in the St. Louis River AOC, in the larger geographic areas of the Great Lakes, and elsewhere in North America. C1 Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, Environm Outcomes Div, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EVS Environm Consultants, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Crane, JL (reprint author), Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, Environm Outcomes Div, 520 Lafayette Rd N, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 43 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-1155-x PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 560CL UT WOS:000176064200001 PM 12045868 ER PT J AU Schmitt, CJ AF Schmitt, CJ TI Organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995 SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER FISH; CONTAMINANT BIOMONITORING PROGRAM; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES; TOXAPHENE RESIDUES; GREAT-LAKES; UNITED-STATES; USA; TRANSPORT; TOXICITY; SEDIMENT AB Fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations and 13 National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) and in late 1996 from a reference site in West Virginia. Four composite samples, each comprising (nominally) 10 adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) or black bass (Micropterus spp.) of the same sex, were collected from each site and analyzed for organochlorine chemical residues by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. At the NCBP stations, which are located on relatively large rivers, concentrations of organochlorine chemical residues were generally lower than when last sampled in the mid-1980s. Residues derived from DDT (primarily p,p'-DDE) were detected at all sites (including the reference site); however, only traces (less than or equal to 0.02 mug/g) of the parent insecticide (p,p'-DDT) were present, which indicates continued weathering of residual DDT from past use. Nevertheless, concentrations of DDT (as p,p'-DDE) in fish from the cotton-farming regions of the lower MRB were great enough to constitute a hazard to fish-eating wildlife and were especially high at the NAWQA sites on the lower-order rivers and streams of the Mississippi embayment. Mirex was detected at only two sites, both in Louisiana, and toxaphene was found exclusively in the lower MRB. Most cyclodiene pesticides (dieldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide) were more widespread in their distributions, but concentrations were lower than in the 1980s except at a site on the Mississippi River near Memphis, TN. Concentrations were also somewhat elevated at sites in the Corn Belt. Endrin was detected exclusively at the Memphis site. PCB concentrations generally declined, and residues were detected (greater than or equal to 0.05 mug/g) at only 35% of the stations, mostly in the more industrialized parts of the MRB. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Schmitt, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 80 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 43 IS 1 BP 81 EP 97 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-1127-1 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 560CL UT WOS:000176064200011 PM 12045878 ER PT J AU Belnap, J Warren, SD AF Belnap, J Warren, SD TI Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biological soil crusts; arid lands; disturbance; recovery; microbiotic crusts; cryptobiotic crusts ID CRYPTOGAMIC SOIL CRUSTS; GRAND-CANYON; CHLOROPHYLL DEGRADATION; SURFACE DISTURBANCES; NITROGENASE ACTIVITY; RECOVERY; VEGETATION; ASSEMBLAGES; CALIFORNIA; ARIZONA AB Recovery of soil properties from World War II-era military training exercises in the Mojave Desert was measured approximately, 55 rears following disturbance. Tracks front military vehicles were still risible, particularly in areas of desert pavement. Soil penetrability was much lower in risible tracks than outside the tracks. Soils in tracks had fewer rocks in the top 10 cm of the soil profile than adjacent untracked soils. Larger particles ( > 4.8 mm) formed a moderately well-developed pavement outside of the tracks, while smaller, loose particles (less than or equal to4.8 mm) dominated the surface of the tracks. The time required to restore the desert pavement is likely to he measured in centuries. Based on biomass estimates, the cyanobacterial component of biological soil crusts had recovered 46 65% in tracks, compared to outside the tracks. Overall recovery of lichen cover hers been much slower. Under plant canopies, corer of Collema tenax was not significantly different between areas inside and outside the tracks; however, recovery of Canapyrenium squamulosum was only 36%. In plant interspaces with less favorable moisture and temperature conditions, C. tenax showed a 6% recovery and C. squamulosum a 3% recovery. Assuming recover, of the biological soil crust is linear, and complete only when the most sensitive species (C. squamulosum) has fully recovered in the most limiting microhabitats (plant into-spaces), it may require almost two millennia for full recovery of these areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ctr Environm Management Mil Lands, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 2290 S Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 59 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1532-4982 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG JI Arid Land Res. Manag. PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 245 EP 258 DI 10.1080/15324980290000377 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 575WL UT WOS:000176971400004 ER PT J AU Webb, RH AF Webb, RH TI Recovery of severely compacted soils in the Mojave Desert, California, USA SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE desert soils; disturbance recovery; military effects; soil bulk density; penetration resistance ID VEGETATION; NEVADA; PLANT AB Often as a result of large-scale militant maneuvers in the past, many soils in the Mojave Desert are highly vulnerable to soil compaction, particularly when wet. Previous studies indicate that natural recovery of severely compacted desert soils is extremely slow, and some researchers hale suggested that subsurface compaction may not recover. Poorly sorted soils, particularly those with a loamy sand texture, are most vulnerable to soil compaction, and these soils are the most common in alluvial fans of the Mojave Desert. Recovery of compacted soil is expected to rare as a function of precipitation amounts, wetting-and-drying cycles, free:e-thaw cycles, and bioturbation, particularly root growth. Compaction recovery, as estimated using penetration depth and bulk density, was measured at 19 sites with 32 site-time combinations, including the former World blur II Arm h sites of Camps Ibis, Granite, Iron Mountain. Clipper, and Essex. Although compaction at these sites was caused by a wide variety of forces, ranging from human trampling to tank traffic, the data do not allow segregation of differences in recovery, rates for different compaction forces. The recovery rate appears to he logarithmic, with the highest rate of change occurring in the fist few decades following abandonment. Some higher-elevation sites have completely recovered from soil compaction after 70 years. Using a linear model of recovery, the full recovery time ranges from 92 to 100 years; using a logarithmic model, which asymptotically approaches full recovery, the tune required for 85% recovery ranges from 105-124 years. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Webb, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 42 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1532-4982 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG JI Arid Land Res. Manag. PD JUL-SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 291 EP 305 DI 10.1080/15324980290000403 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 575WL UT WOS:000176971400007 ER PT J AU Cilimburg, AB Lindberg, MS Tewksbury, JJ Hejl, SJ AF Cilimburg, AB Lindberg, MS Tewksbury, JJ Hejl, SJ TI Effects of dispersal on survival probability of adult yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; SITE FIDELITY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PHYLLOSCOPUS-TROCHILUS; BREEDING DISPERSAL; FOREST MANAGEMENT; NATAL DISPERSAL; HABITAT QUALITY; MARKED ANIMALS; BIRDS AB Annual survival probability estimates for songbirds are generally biased low because dispersal is not differentiated from mortality. Presently, knowledge of between-year breeding dispersal is lacking for most songbirds. To assess adult survival probabilities and dispersal, we color-banded and resighted 436 Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) over five breeding seasons at 11 study sites in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana. During the last two of those seasons, we searched extensively for marked warblers between and surrounding those sites. We compared survival probabilities estimated with and without this added dispersal information and assessed the effectiveness of adjusting survival probabilities with transient-type models. Survival probabilities were calculated using open population models, and model selection was based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) within program MARK. The best model indicated that survival probabilities differed between males and females and varied among years. We found that dispersal off the study site was common (in 1999, 30% of resighted birds were found off their original study site), and survival probabilities increased by 6.522.9% (0.02 +/- 0.07-0.106 +/- 0.06) with the inclusion of dispersed birds. We suggest that emigration can have substantial effect on survival probabilities and advise against the use of return rates from small study areas or spatial or temporal comparisons of return rates because of spatial and temporal variation in extent of emigration. In addition, our results suggest that additional assessments of the reliability of transient-type models under some sampling schemes may be warranted. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Cilimburg, AB (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 63 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2002 VL 119 IS 3 BP 778 EP 789 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0778:EODOSP]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 593FL UT WOS:000177980300014 ER PT J AU Banks, RC Cicero, C Dunn, JL Kratter, AW Rasmussen, PC Remsen, JV Rising, JD Stotz, DF AF Banks, RC Cicero, C Dunn, JL Kratter, AW Rasmussen, PC Remsen, JV Rising, JD Stotz, DF TI Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds SO AUK LA English DT Article ID HERMIT HUMMINGBIRDS; DIVERGENCE; PHYLOGENY; TITMICE; PARUS; DOVE C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Systemat Biol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Ramsay Wright Zool Labs, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. Field Museum Nat Hist, Environm Program, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. Field Museum Nat Hist, Conservat Program, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Banks, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Natl Museum Nat Hist, MRC-111, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 71 TC 30 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2002 VL 119 IS 3 BP 897 EP 906 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 593FL UT WOS:000177980300033 ER PT J AU Perry, G AF Perry, G TI Wheel-well and cargo compartment temperatures of large aircraft in flight: Implications for stowaways SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE temperature; wheel-well; cargo compartment; hypothermia AB Background: Desperate people sometimes risk journeys as stowaways in aircraft wheel-wells. Some of them survive, despite the risks of being crushed by retracting landing gear, failing when the gear deploys for landing, or experiencing severe hypoxia and hypobaria in-flight. This study evaluates the level of hypothermia to which stowaways in aircraft may be exposed. Methods: Miniature clataloggers were used to record in-flight temperatures in aircraft wheel-wells and cargo compartments. Temperatures were measured for front and side wheel-wells (FW and SW, respectively) on 36 flights by C-130 aircraft (mean duration 3.3 h, mean cruise altitude 5588 m (18,333 ft)) and 11 flights by C-141 aircraft (6.7 h and 10,744 in (35,250 ft)). Results: Mean minimum temperatures for the C-130 remained above freezing and averaged 5.1 degreesC for FW and 11.9degreesC for SW. The higher, longer C-141 flights produced temperatures below freezing with mean minimum temperatures of -18.0degreesC for FW and -12.4degreesC for SW. In general, temperatures in wheel-wells remained about 20degreesC above outside air temperature (OAT) at all altitudes. This increase reflects the fact that wheel-wells are closed spaces within the aircraft body, in addition to which they contain sources of heat such as hydraulic lines and electrical equipment. Cargo compartment minimum temperature was relatively high (mean = 18.6degreesC for commercial airline). A search of the medical literature and lay press produced information on 46 incidents of people found in wheel-wells after landing where there was no evidence of trauma. The 15 survivors had stowed away on relatively short flights (mean = 4.8 h, maximum = 10 h) compared with fatalities (mean = 7.5 h, range = 3-12 h). Conclusions: Temperatures in wheel-wells during short flights may sustain life. Long flights add severe hypothermia to acute hypoxia and hypobaria as potentially fatal environmental factors faced by wheel-well stowaways. C1 USGS, Brown Tree Snake Project, Dededo, GU USA. RP Perry, G (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 73 IS 7 BP 673 EP 676 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 568BP UT WOS:000176522800008 PM 12137103 ER PT J AU Doherty, PF Nichols, JD Tautin, J Voelzer, JF Smith, GW Benning, DS Bentley, VR Bidwell, JK Bollinger, KS Brazda, AR Buelna, EK Goldsberry, JR King, RJ Roetker, FH Solberg, JW Thorpe, PP Wortham, JS AF Doherty, PF Nichols, JD Tautin, J Voelzer, JF Smith, GW Benning, DS Bentley, VR Bidwell, JK Bollinger, KS Brazda, AR Buelna, EK Goldsberry, JR King, RJ Roetker, FH Solberg, JW Thorpe, PP Wortham, JS TI Sources of variation in breeding-ground fidelity of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; fidelity; mallards; mark-recapture; philopatry ID BAND REPORTING RATES; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; DISPERSAL; SURVIVAL; POPULATION; PHILOPATRY; BIRDS; COLONIALITY; CORMORANTS; EMIGRATION AB Generalizations used to support hypotheses about the evolution of fidelity to breeding areas in birds include the tendency for fidelity to be greater in adult birds than in yearlings. In ducks, in contrast to most bird species, fidelity is thought to be greater among females than males. Researchers have suggested that fidelity in ducks is positively correlated with pond availability. However, most estimates of fidelity on which these inferences have been based represent functions of survival and recapture-resighting probabilities in addition to fidelity. We applied the modeling approach developed by Burnham to recapture and band recovery data of mallard ducks to test the above hypotheses about fidelity. We found little evidence of sex differences in adult philopatry, with females being slightly more philopatric than males in one study area, but not in a second study area. However, yearling females were more philopatric than yearling males in both study areas. We found that adults were generally more philopatric than yearlings. We could find no relationship between fidelity and pond availability. Our results, while partially supporting current theory concerning sex and age differences in philopatry, suggest that adult male mallards are more philopatric than once thought, and we recommend that other generalizations about philopatry be revisited with proper estimation techniques. C1 Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geog Serv, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Moscow 121002, Russia. RP Doherty, PF (reprint author), Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Serv Off, 2730 Loker Ave W, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 56 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 13 IS 4 BP 543 EP 550 DI 10.1093/beheco/13.4.543 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 570NW UT WOS:000176665200016 ER PT J AU Lybecker, D Lamb, BL Ponds, PD AF Lybecker, D Lamb, BL Ponds, PD TI Pulbic attitudes and knowledge of the black-tailed prairie dog: A common and controversial species SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PUBLIC-ATTITUDES; GREAT-PLAINS; VALUES C1 US Geol Survey, MESC, Policy Anal & Sci Assistance Pragram, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Lybecker, D (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dlybeck@lamar.colostate.edu NR 41 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL PY 2002 VL 52 IS 7 BP 607 EP 613 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0607:PAAKOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 571JL UT WOS:000176714200015 ER PT J AU Poage, NJ Tappeiner, JC AF Poage, NJ Tappeiner, JC TI Long-term patterns of diameter and basal area growth of old-growth Douglas-fir trees in western Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID DENSITY MANAGEMENT; PLANTATIONS; FORESTS; RATES AB Diameter growth and age data collected from stumps of 505 recently cut old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees at 28 sample locations in western Oregon (U.S.A.) indicated that rapid early and sustained growth of old Douglas-fir trees were extremely important in terms of attaining large diameters at ages 100-300 years. The diameters of the trees at ages 100-300 years (D100-D300) were strongly, positively, and linearly related to their diameters and basal area growth rates at age 50 years. Average periodic basal area increments (PAI(BA)) of all trees increased for the first 30-40 years and then plateaued, remaining relatively high and constant from age 50 to 300 years. Average PAIBA of the largest trees at ages 100-300 years were significantly greater by age 20 years than were those of smaller trees at ages 100-300 years. The site factors province, site class, slope, aspect, elevation, and establishment year accounted for little of the variation observed in basal area growth at age 50 years and D100-D300. The mean age range for old-growth Douglas-fir at the sample locations was wide (174 years). The hypothesis that large-diameter old-growth Douglas-fir developed at low stand densities was supported by these observations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Poage, NJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM nathan.poage@orst.edu NR 46 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1232 EP 1243 DI 10.1139/X02-045 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 581WH UT WOS:000177316900013 ER PT J AU Chikita, KA Kemnitz, R Kumai, R AF Chikita, KA Kemnitz, R Kumai, R TI Characteristics of sediment discharge in the subarctic Yukon River, Alaska SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE suspended sediment; Yukon river; glacial river; glacier-melt; snowmelt; shields diagram ID SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT; WATER; BASIN; GLACIER; OCEAN AB The characteristics of sediment discharge in the Yukon River, Alaska were investigated by monitoring water discharge, water turbidity and water temperature. The river-transported sediment, 90 wt.% or more, consists of silt and clay (grain size less than or equal to62.5 mum), which probably originated in the glacier-covered mountains mostly in the Alaska Range. For early June to late August 1999, we continuously measured water turbidity and temperature near the estuary and in the middle of Yukon River by using self-recording turbidimeters and temperature data loggers. The water turbidity (ppm) was converted to suspended sediment concentration (SSC; mg/l) of river water, using a relation between simultaneous turbidity and SSC at each of the two sites, and then, the suspended sediment discharge, approximately equal to water discharge times SSC, was numerically obtained every 1 or 2 h. It should be noted that the sediment discharge in the Yukon River is controlled by SSC rather than water discharge. As a result, a peak sediment discharge occurred in mid or late August by local sediment runoffs due to glacier-melt (or glacier-melt plus rainfall), while a peak water discharge was produced by snowmelt in late June or early July. Application of the "extended Shields diagram" indicates that almost all the river-transported sediments are under complete suspension. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Chikita, KA (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 235 EP 253 AR PII S0341-8162(02)00032-2 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00032-2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 565KM UT WOS:000176369100002 ER PT J AU David, K Frank, M O'Nions, RK Belshaw, NS Arden, JW Hein, JR AF David, K Frank, M O'Nions, RK Belshaw, NS Arden, JW Hein, JR TI The Hf isotope composition of global seawater and the evolution of Hf isotopes in the deep Pacific Ocean from Fe-Mn crusts (vol 178, pg 23, 2001) SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP David, K (reprint author), Univ Clermont Ferrand, Lab Magmas & Volcans, CNRS, UMR 6524, 5 Rue Kessler, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 187 IS 1-2 BP 175 EP 175 AR PII S0009-2541(02)00012-8 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00012-8 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 567LK UT WOS:000176486100009 ER PT J AU Clearwater, SJ Farag, AM Meyer, JS AF Clearwater, SJ Farag, AM Meyer, JS TI Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Review DE bioavailability; biological incorporation; Cu; dietborne; fish; invertebrate diets; organic chelation; Zn; metal toxicity ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CLARK-FORK RIVER; SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; COEUR-DALENE RIVER; TELEOST OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; TISSUE CONTAMINANT ANALYSIS; FINGERLING CHANNEL CATFISH; EPISODIC METAL POLLUTION; CHRONIC DIETARY EXPOSURE; PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA L AB To date, most researchers have used dietborne metal concentrations rather than daily doses to define metal exposure and this has resulted in contradictory data within and between fish species. It has also resulted in the impression that high concentrations of dietborne Cu and Zn (e.g. >900 mg kg(-1) dry diet) are relatively non-toxic to fish. We reanalyzed existing data using rations and dietborne metal concentrations and used daily dose, species and life stage to define the toxicity of dietbome Cu and Zn to fish. Partly because of insufficient information we were unable to find consistent relationships between metal toxicity in laboratory-prepared diets and any other factor including, supplemented metal compound (e.g. CuSO4 or CuCl2), duration of metal exposure, diet type (i.e. practical, purified or live diets), or water quality (flow rates, temperature, hardness, pH, alkalinity). For laboratory-prepared diets, dietbome Cu toxicity occurred at daily doses of > 1 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 1-15 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) (depending on life stage) for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 35-45 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We found that dietborne Zn toxicity has not yet been demonstrated in rainbow trout or turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) probably because these species have been exposed to relatively low doses of metal (<90 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1)) and effects on growth and reproduction have not been analyzed. However, daily doses of 9-12 mg Zn kg(-1) body weight d(-1) in laboratory-prepared diets were toxic to three other species, carp Cyprinus carpio, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and guppy Poecilia reticulata. Limited research indicates that biological incorporation of Cu or Zn into a natural diet can either increase or decrease metal bioavailability, and the relationship between bioavailability and toxicity remains unclear. We have resolved the contradictory data surrounding the effect of organic chelation on metal bioavailability. Increased bioavailability of dietbome Cu and Zn is detectable when the metal is both organically chelated and provided in very low daily doses. We have summarized the information available on the effect of phosphates, phytate and calcium on dietbome Zn bioavailability. We also explored a rationale to understand the relative importance of exposure to waterborne or dietbome Cu and Zn with a view to finding an approach useful to regulatory agencies. Contrary to popular belief, the relative efficiency of Cu uptake from water and diet is very similar when daily doses are compared rather than Cu concentrations in each media. The ratio of dietbome dose waterborne dose is a good discriminator of the relative importance of exposure to dietbome or waterborne Zn. We discuss gaps in existing data, suggest improvements for experimental design, and indicate directions for future research. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Stn, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. RP Clearwater, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, POB 11 115, Hamilton, New Zealand. NR 174 TC 198 Z9 208 U1 9 U2 80 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 269 EP 313 AR PII S1532-0456(02)00078-9 DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00078-9 PG 45 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 590RH UT WOS:000177835500001 PM 12161165 ER EF