FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bart, J Collins, B Morrison, RIG AF Bart, J Collins, B Morrison, RIG TI Estimating population trends with a linear model SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE bird populations; monitoring; population monitoring; sampling; statistical methods; trend estimation ID RESOURCES AB We describe a simple and robust method for estimating trends in population size. The method may be used with Breeding Bird Survey data, aerial surveys, point counts, or any other program of repeated surveys at permanent locations. Surveys need not be made at each location during each survey period. The method differs from most existing methods in being design based, rather than model based. The only assumptions are that the nominal sampling plan is followed and that sample size is large enough for use of the t-distribution. Simulations based on two bird data sets from natural populations showed that the point estimate produced by the linear model was essentially unbiased even when counts varied substantially and 25% of the complete data set was missing. The estimating-equation approach, often used to analyze Breeding Bird Survey data, performed similarly on one data set but had substantial bias on the second data set, in which counts were highly variable. The advantages of the linear model are its simplicity, flexibility, and that it is self-weighting. A user-friendly computer program to carry out the calculations is available from the senior author. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Bart, J (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2003 VL 105 IS 2 BP 367 EP 372 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0367:EPTWAL]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 674YF UT WOS:000182664700018 ER PT J AU Harris, CK Butman, B Traykovski, P AF Harris, CK Butman, B Traykovski, P TI Winter-time circulation and sediment transport in the Hudson Shelf Valley SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; oceanographic currents; New York Bight; Hudson Shelf Valley; bottom boundary layer ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BOTTOM; CALIFORNIA; WAVE; BED; JERSEY; SIZE AB The Hudson Shelf Valley is a bathymetric low that extends across the continental shelf offshore of New York and New Jersey. From December 1999 to April 2000 a field experiment was carried out to investigate the transport of sediment in the shelf and valley system. Near-bed tripods and water-column moorings were deployed at water depths from 38 to 75 m in the axis of the shelf valley and at about 26 m on the adjacent shelves offshore of New Jersey and Long Island, New York. These measured suspended sediment concentrations, current velocities, waves, and water column properties. This paper analyzes observations made during December 1999 and January 2000, and presents the first direct near-bed measurements of suspended sediment concentration and sediment flux from the region. Sediment transport within the Hudson Shelf Valley was coherent over tens of kilometers, and usually aligned with the axis of the shelf valley. Down-valley (off-shore) transport was associated with energetic waves, winds from the east, moderate current velocities (5-10cm/s), and sea level setup at Sandy Hook, NJ. Up-valley (shoreward) transport occurred frequently, and was associated with winds from the west, low wave energy, high current velocities (20-40 cm/s), and sea level set-down at the coast. Within the shelf valley, net sediment flux (the product of near-bed concentration and velocity) was directed shoreward, up the axis of the valley. Current velocities and suspended sediment fluxes on the New York and New Jersey continental shelves were lower than within the shelf valley, and exhibited greater variability in alignment. Longer term meteorological data indicate that wind, setup, and wave conditions during the study period were more conducive to up-valley transport than seasonal data suggest as average. To relate the observed up-valley sediment flux to observed accumulation of contaminants within the Hudson Shelf Valley requires consideration of transport over longer timescales than those observed here, and methods that account for the region's complex bathymetry, sediment distribution, and circulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Harris, CK (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Phys Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 8 BP 801 EP 820 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00025-6 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 682KZ UT WOS:000183091900003 ER PT J AU Matmon, A Crouvi, O Enzel, Y Bierman, P Larsen, J Porat, N Amit, R Caffee, M AF Matmon, A Crouvi, O Enzel, Y Bierman, P Larsen, J Porat, N Amit, R Caffee, M TI Complex exposure histories of chert clasts in the late Pleistocene shorelines of Lake Lisan, southern Israel SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE cosmogenic nuclides; shorelines; Lake Lisan; alluvial storage ID SITU COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; DEAD-SEA GRABEN; EROSION RATES; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; RADIOACTIVE DECAY; DENUDATION RATES; NAMIB DESERT; BE-10; AL-26 AB Activities of Al-26 and Be-10 in five chert clasts sampled from two beach ridges of late Pleistocene Lake Lisan, precursor of the Dead Sea in southern Israel, indicate low rates of chert bedrock erosion and complex exposure, burial, and by inference, transport histories. The chert clasts were derived from the Senonian Mishash Formation, a chert-bearing chalk, which is widely exposed in the Nahal Zin drainage basin, the drainage system that supplied most of the material to the beach ridges. Simple exposure ages, assuming only exposure at the beach ridge sampling sites, range from 35 to 354 ky; using the ratio Al-26/Be-10, total clast histories range from 0.46 to 4.3 My, unrelated to the clasts' current position and exposure period on the late Pleistocene beach ridges, 160-177 m below sea level. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fine sediments from the same and nearby beach ridges yielded ages of 20.0 +/- 1.4 ka and 36.1 +/- 3.3 ka. These ages are supported by the degree of soil development on the beach ridges and correspond well with previously determined ages of Lake Lisan, which suggest that the take reached its highest stand around 27 000 cal. years BP. If the clasts were exposed only once and than buried beyond the range of significant cosmogenic nuclide production, then the minimum initial exposure and the total burial times before delivery to the beach ridge are in the ranges 50-1300 ky and 390-3130 ky respectively. Alternatively, the initial cosmogenic dosing could have occurred during steady erosion of the source bedrock. Back calculating such rates of rock erosion suggests values between 0-4 and 12 m My(-1). The relatively long burial periods indicate extended sediment storage as colluvium on slopes and/or as alluvial deposits in river terraces. Some clasts may have been stored for long periods in abandoned Pliocene and early Pleistocene routes of Nahal Zin to the Mediterranean before being transported again back into the Nahal Zin drainage system and washed on to the shores of Lake Lisan during the late Pleistocene. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Natl Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977 Menlo Pk, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM amatmon@usgs.gov RI Caffee, Marc/K-7025-2015 OI Caffee, Marc/0000-0002-6846-8967 NR 90 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0197-9337 EI 1096-9837 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 28 IS 5 BP 493 EP 506 DI 10.1002/esp.454 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 687AL UT WOS:000183353600004 ER PT J AU Alados, CL Pueyo, Y Giner, ML Navarro, T Escos, J Barroso, F Cabezudo, B Emlen, JM AF Alados, CL Pueyo, Y Giner, ML Navarro, T Escos, J Barroso, F Cabezudo, B Emlen, JM TI Quantitative characterization of the regressive ecological succession by fractal analysis of plant spatial patterns SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE fractal analysis; plant spatial patterns; ecological succession; grazing pressure; semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems ID SEMIARID GRAZING SYSTEMS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS; COMMUNITIES; EVOLUTION; STABILITY AB We studied the effect of grazing on the degree of regression of successional vegetation dynamic in a semi-arid Mediterranean matorral. We quantified the spatial distribution patterns of the vegetation by fractal analyses, using the fractal information dimension and spatial autocorrelation measured by detrended fluctuation analyses (DFA). It is the first time that fractal analysis of plant spatial patterns has been used to characterize the regressive ecological succession. Plant spatial patterns were compared over a long-term grazing gradient (low, medium and heavy grazing pressure) and on ungrazed sites for two different plant communities: A middle dense matorral of Chamaerops and Periploca at Sabinar-Romeral and a middle dense matorral of Chamaerops, Rhamnus and Ulex at Requena-Montano. The two communities differed also in the microclimatic characteristics (sea oriented at the Sabinar-Romeral site and inland oriented at the Requena-Montano site). The information fractal dimension increased as we moved from a middle dense matorral to discontinuous and scattered matorral and, finally to the late regressive succession, at Stipa steppe stage. At this stage a drastic change in the fractal dimension revealed a change in the vegetation structure, accurately indicating end successional vegetation stages. Long-term correlation analysis (DFA) revealed that an increase in grazing pressure leads to unpredictability (randomness) in species distributions, a reduction in diversity, and an increase in cover of the regressive successional species, e.g. Stipa tenacissima L. These comparisons provide a quantitative characterization of the successional dynamic of plant spatial patterns in response to grazing perturbation gradient. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Pirenaico Ecol, Zaragoza 50080, Spain. Univ Malaga, Dept Biol Vegetal, Malaga 29080, Spain. Almeria Univ, Dept Anim Prod, Almeria, Spain. US Geol Survey, Biol Resouce Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Inst Pirenaico Ecol, Avda Montanana 177,Apd 202, Zaragoza 50080, Spain. EM alados@ipe.csic.es; tnavarro@uma.es; barroso@ual.es; john_emlen@usgs.gov RI Alados, Concepcion/K-8085-2014; Escos, Juan/L-4207-2014; Pueyo, Yolanda/I-4248-2015; OI Alados, Concepcion/0000-0002-6227-861X; Escos, Juan/0000-0003-2852-2911; Pueyo, Yolanda/0000-0001-6970-7790; Barroso, Fernando/0000-0001-8828-9686 NR 78 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 163 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00294-6 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678JR UT WOS:000182864200001 ER PT J AU Wilcox, BP Breshears, DD Allen, CD AF Wilcox, BP Breshears, DD Allen, CD TI Ecohydrology of a resource-conserving semiarid woodland: Effects of scale and disturbance SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE banded vegetation; dryland hydrology; ecohydrology; erosion; landscape ecology; pinyon; pinon-juniper; runoff; semiarid hydrology; vegetation patches; water yield ID PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLAND; PONDEROSA PINE HILLSLOPE; NEW-MEXICO; SOIL-MOISTURE; GRASSLAND/FOREST CONTINUUM; VEGETATION PATTERNS; EROSION PREDICTION; BANDED VEGETATION; CLIMATE VARIATION; SPATIAL PATTERN AB In semiarid landscapes, the linkage between runoff and vegetation is a particularly close one. In this paper we report on the results of a long-term and multiple-scale study of interactions between runoff, erosion, and vegetation in a pi (n) over tilde on-juniper woodland in New Mexico. We use our results to address three knowledge gaps: (1) the temporal scaling relationships between precipitation and runoff; (2) the effects of spatial scale on runoff and erosion, as influenced by vegetation; and (3) the influence of disturbance on these relationships. On the basis of our results, we tested three assumptions that represent current thinking in these areas (as evidenced, for example, by explicit or implicit assumptions embedded in commonly used models). The first assumption, that aggregated precipitation can be used as a surrogate for total runoff in semiarid environments, was not verified by our findings. We found that when runoff is generated mainly by overland flow in these systems, aggregated precipitation amounts alone (by year, season, or individual event) are a poor predictor of runoff amounts. The second assumption, that at the hillslope and smaller scales runoff and erosion are independent of spatial scale, was likewise not verified. We found that the redistribution of water and sediment within the hillslope was substantial and that there was a strong and nonlinear reduction in unit-area runoff and erosion with increasing scale (our scales were slope lengths ranging from I in to 105 in). The third assumption, that disturbance-related increases in runoff and erosion remain constant with time, was partially verified. We found that for low-slope-gradient sites, disturbance led to accelerated runoff and erosion, and these conditions may persist for a decade or longer. On the basis of our findings, we further suggest that (a) disturbance alters the effects of scale on runoff and erosion in a predictable way-scale relationships in degraded areas will be fundamentally different from those in nondegraded areas because more runoff will escape-off site and erosion rates will be much higher; and (b) there exists a slope threshold, below which semiarid landscapes will eventually recover following disturbance and above which there will be no recovery without mitigation or remediation. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Dynam & Spatial Anal Grp, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Wilcox, BP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RI Breshears, David/B-9318-2009 OI Breshears, David/0000-0001-6601-0058 NR 90 TC 186 Z9 203 U1 3 U2 52 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 73 IS 2 BP 223 EP 239 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0223:EOARSW]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 689NQ UT WOS:000183500200004 ER PT J AU Mao, JW Li, YQ Goldfarb, R He, Y Zaw, K AF Mao, JW Li, YQ Goldfarb, R He, Y Zaw, K TI Fluid inclusion and noble gas studies of the Dongping gold deposit, Hebei Province, China: A mantle connection for mineralization? SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA; ARCHEAN GOLD; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; NORTH CHINA; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; ISOTOPE EVIDENCE; ORE-DEPOSITS; CRUSTAL; HELIUM; QUARTZ AB The Dongping gold deposit (>100 t An) occurs about 200 km inboard of the northern margin of the North China craton. The deposit is mainly hosted by syenite of a middle Paleozoic alkalic intrusive complex that was emplaced into Late Archean basement rocks. Both groups of rocks are intruded by Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous crustal-melt granite dikes and stocks, some within a few kilometers of the deposit. The gold ores were deposited during this latter magmatic period at about 150 Ma, a time that was characterized by widespread regional north-south compression that formed the east-west-trending Yanshan deformational belt. The ores include both the telluride mineral-bearing, low sulfide quartz veins and the highly K-feldspar-altered syenite, with most of the resource concentrated in two orebodies (1 and 70). Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates heterogeneous trapping of low-salinity (e.g., 5-7 wt % NaCl equiv) fluids that varied from a few to 60 mole percent norraqueous volatile species. Laser Raman spectroscopy confirms that the vapor phase in these inclusions is dominated by CO2 but may be comprised of as much as 9 mole percent H2S and 20 mole percent N-2; methane concentrations in the vapor phase are consistently <1 mole percent. The variable phase ratios are consistent with fluid immiscibility during ore formation. Fluid inclusion trapping conditions are estimated to be 250degrees to 375degreesC and 0.6 to 1.0 kbar. Helium isotope studies of fluid inclusions in ore-stage pyrites indicate He-3/He-4 ratios of 2.1 to 5.2 Ra (Ra = 1.4 X 10(-6) for air) for orebody 1 and 0.3 to 0.8 Ra for orebody 70. The former data suggest that at least 26 to 65 percent mantle helium occurs in the fluids that deposited the veins in orebody 1. The lower values for orebody 70, which is characterized by a more disseminated style of gold mineralization, are interpreted to reflect an increased interaction of ore fluids with surrounding crustal rocks, which may have contributed additional 4 He to the fluids. A mantle source for at least some of the components of the gold-forming fluid is consistent with upwelling of hot asthenosphere and erosion of as much as 100 to 150 km of cool Archean lithosphere beneath the craton during this time. The Dongping deposit is located along the 100-km-wide north-south gravity lineament, which marks the western border of the thinned crust. As both regional metamorphism of Mesoproterozoic and younger cover rocks, and widespread granite magmatism, also occurred at ca. 150 Ma, it is unclear as to whether one or both of these also contributed fluid and/or metals to the hydrothermal system. Importantly, these new data suggest that economically significant gold deposits of similar mineral style and fluid composition, which are scattered along the margins of the craton, may all be products of a fluid originally partly sourced within the mantle. C1 China Univ Geosci, Fac Geosci & Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Deposits, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China. Univ Tasmania, Ctr Ore Deposit Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Mao, JW (reprint author), China Univ Geosci, Fac Geosci & Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. RI Zaw, Khin/A-1406-2014 NR 88 TC 62 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 19 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 98 IS 3 BP 517 EP 534 DI 10.2113/98.3.517 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 681VJ UT WOS:000183056000003 ER PT J AU Sisson, TW AF Sisson, TW TI Native gold in a Hawaiian alkalic magma SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS; SILICATE MELTS; WAVELENGTH SHIFTS; OXYGEN FUGACITY; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; EAST-GREENLAND; SULFUR; MINERALIZATION; SULFIDE; BASALT AB Native gold found in fresh basanite glass from the early submarine phase of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, may be the first documented case of the transport of gold as a distinct precious metal phase in a mantle-derived magma. The gold-bearing glass is a grain in bedded volcanic glass sandstone (Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) sample S508-R3) collected by the submersible Shinkai 6500 at 3879 in depth off Kilauea's south flank. Extensive outcrops there expose debris-flow breccias and sandstones containing submarine-erupted alkalic rock fragments and glasses from early Kilauea. Precipitation of an immiscible gold liquid resulted from resorption of magmatic sulfides during crystallization-differentiation, with consequent liberation of sulfide-hosted gold. Elevated whole-rock gold concentrations (to 36 ppb) for fresh lavas and clasts from early Kilauea further show that some magmas erupted at the beginning stages of Hawaiian shield volcanoes were distinctly gold rich, most likely owing to limited residual sulfide in their mantle source. Alkalic magmas at other ocean islands may also be gold rich, and oceanic hot-spot provinces may contain underappreciated gold resources. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Sisson, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tsisson@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 98 IS 3 BP 643 EP 648 DI 10.2113/98.3.643 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 681VJ UT WOS:000183056000010 ER PT J AU Joly, DO Ribic, CA Langenberg, JA Beheler, K Batha, CA Dhuey, BJ Rolley, RE Bartelt, G Van Deelen, TR Samuel, MD AF Joly, DO Ribic, CA Langenberg, JA Beheler, K Batha, CA Dhuey, BJ Rolley, RE Bartelt, G Van Deelen, TR Samuel, MD TI Chronic wasting disease in free-ranging Wisconsin White-tailed Deer SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MULE DEER AB Three White-tailed Deer shot within 5 km during the 2001 hunting season in Wisconsin tested positive for chronic wasting disease, a prion disease of cervids. Subsequent sampling within 18 km showed a 3% prevalence (n = 476). This discovery represents an important range extension for chronic wasting disease into the eastern United States. C1 Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Dept Wildlife Ecol,Russell Labs 218, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. RP Joly, DO (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Dept Wildlife Ecol,Russell Labs 218, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 12 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 9 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAY PY 2003 VL 9 IS 5 BP 599 EP 601 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 673FN UT WOS:000182569700015 PM 12737746 ER PT J AU Stevens, PW Bennetta, CK Berg, JJ AF Stevens, PW Bennetta, CK Berg, JJ TI Flyingfish spawning (Parexocoetus brachypterus) in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE flotsam; Exoceotidae; deep reefs; pycnocline; demersal eggs ID RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; EXOCOETIDAE AB A spawning aggregation of Parexocoetus brachypterus was observed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico over the outer continental shelf, 100 km south of Mobile, Alabama. The event was considered to be a spawning aggregation given the remarkably high abundance of flyingfish observed, together with unusually vigorous flying, jumping, and swimming activity near the surface, and observations of both males and females exuding ripe sex products when landed. The spawn occurred during May 2001 just after moonrise 2 days post full moon. More than 1 000 000 flyingfish were estimated to have participated in the spawn. Male flyingfish were three times more abundant than females, consistent with observations of 3 - 4 flyingfish grouped together before and after the spawning aggregation, if several males were simultaneously pursuing a single female. Although egg attachment to flotsam is the only reproductive mode previously described for flyingfishes with demersal eggs, the P. brachypterus spawn occurred in the absence of flotsam. Other possible egg development modes include egg suspension upon current, mid-water suspension above pycnocline or upon topographically induced turbulence, or benthic. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Stevens, PW (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Charlotte Harbor Field Lab, 1481 Market Circle,Unit 1, Port Charlotte, FL 33953 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAY PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 BP 71 EP 76 DI 10.1023/A:1024496801232 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 693QA UT WOS:000183728800006 ER PT J AU Robertson, DM Saad, DA AF Robertson, DM Saad, DA TI Environmental water-quality zones for streams: A regional classification scheme SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE regionalization; classification; ecoregions; extrapolation; nutrients; regression tree; SPARTA ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ECOREGIONS AB Various approaches have been used to classify large geographical areas into smaller regions of similar water quality or extrapolate water-quality data from a few streams to other unmonitored streams. A combination of some of the strengths of existing techniques is used to develop a new approach for these purposes. In this new approach, referred to here as SPARTA (SPAtial Regression-Tree Analysis), environmental characteristics for each monitored stream are first quantified using a Geographic Information System (GIs) and then regression-tree analysis is used to determine which characteristics are most statistically important in describing the distribution of a specific water-quality constituent. GIs coverages of only the most statistically significant environmental characteristics are then used to subdivide the area of interest into relatively homogeneous environmental water-quality zones. Results from the regression-tree analysis not only define the most important environmental characteristics, but also describe how to subdivide the coverage of the specific characteristic (for example, areas with <26% or &GE;26% soil clay content). The resulting regionalization scheme is customized for each water-quality constituent based on the environmental characteristics most statistically related to that constituent. SPARTA was used to delineate areas of similar phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment concentrations (by including land-use characteristics) and areas of similar potential water quality (by excluding land-use characteristics). The SPARTA approach reduced the variability in water-quality concentrations (phosphorus, total nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and suspended sediment) within similarly classified zones from that obtained using the US Environmental Protection Agency's nutrient ecoregions. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Robertson, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 31 IS 5 BP 581 EP 602 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2955-5 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 672NM UT WOS:000182527100003 PM 12719890 ER PT J AU Patino, R Wainscott, MR Cruz-Li, EI Balakrishnan, S McMurry, C Blazer, VS Anderson, TA AF Patino, R Wainscott, MR Cruz-Li, EI Balakrishnan, S McMurry, C Blazer, VS Anderson, TA TI Effects of ammonium perchlorate on the reproductive performance and thyroid follicle histology of zebrafish SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE perchlorate; thyroid; fish; reproduction; fertilization ID ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; L-THYROXINE; HORMONES; METAMORPHOSIS; RATS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INDUCTION; GLAND AB Adult zebrafish were reared up to eight weeks in control water or in water containing ammonium perchlorate (AP) at measured perchlorate concentrations of 18 (environmentally relevant, high) and 677 ppm. Groups of eight females were paired with four males on a weekly basis to assess AP effects on spawned egg volume, an index of reproductive performance. All treatments were applied to four to five spawning replicates. At 677 ppm, spawn volume was reduced within one week and became negligible after four weeks. At 18 ppm, spawn volume was unaffected even after eight weeks. Also, perchlorate at 18 ppm did not affect percentage egg fertilization. Fish were collected at the end of the exposures (677 ppm, four weeks; control and 18 ppm, eight weeks) for whole-body perchlorate content and thyroid histopathological analysis. Fish perchlorate levels were about one-hundredth of those of treatment water levels, indicating that waterborne perchlorate does not accumulate in whole fish. At 677 ppm for four weeks, perchlorate caused thyroid follicle cell (nuclear) hypertrophy and angiogenesis, whereas at 18 ppm for eight weeks, its effects were more pronounced and included hypertrophy, angiogenesis, hyperplasia, and colloid depletion. In conclusion, an eight-week exposure of adult zebrafish to 18 ppm perchlorate (high environmentally relevant concentrations) affected the histological condition of their thyroid follicles but not their reproductive performance. The effect of 677 ppm perchlorate on reproduction may be due to extrathyroidal toxicity. Further research is needed to determine if AP at lower environmentally relevant concentrations also affects the thyroid follicles of zebrafish. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Inst Human & Environm Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 37 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 18 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1115 EP 1121 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<1115:EOAPOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 668HZ UT WOS:000182285400020 PM 12729222 ER PT J AU Belnap, J AF Belnap, J TI The world at your feet: desert biological soil crusts SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID UNITED-STATES; ISRAEL; CARBON; NEGEV; CO2 AB Desert soil surfaces are generally covered with biological soil crusts, composed of a group of organisms dominated by cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses. Despite their unassuming appearance, these tiny organisms are surprisingly important to many processes in past and present desert ecosystems. Cyanobacteria similar to those seen today have been found as 1.2 billion-year-old terrestrial fossils, and they probably stabilized soils then as they do now. Biological crusts are vital in creating and maintaining fertility in otherwise infertile desert soils. They fix both carbon and nitrogen, much of which is leaked to the surrounding soils. They also capture nutrient-rich dust, and can stimulate plant growth. These organisms are able to tolerate extreme temperatures, drought, and solar radiation, despite having relatively little wet time for metabolic activity. Under most circumstances, they are extremely vulnerable to climate change and disturbances such as off-road vehicles and grazing livestock. Recovery times are generally measured in decades or centuries. C1 US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 2290 S Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 45 TC 135 Z9 173 U1 18 U2 100 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 1 IS 4 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.2307/3868062 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WQ UT WOS:000221789900020 ER PT J AU Neff, JC Chapin, FS Vitousek, PM AF Neff, JC Chapin, FS Vitousek, PM TI Breaks in the cycle: dissolved organic nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID BOREAL FOREST PLANTS; AMINO-ACIDS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; ARCTIC PLANTS; WAQUOIT BAY; SOIL; NUTRIENT; CARBON; COMPETITION; GROWTH AB Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is present in soils and streams around the world. We are only now beginning to explore the important roles this chemically heterogeneous mixture of compounds plays in terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycling. Over centuries, DON leaching may represent a significant "leak" of N, which occurs because plants and microbes cannot prevent DON losses, even in times of high N demand. However, in many ecosystems, plants may "short-circuit" the terrestrial N cycle by direct uptake of amino acid DON without microbial mineralization of organic N to ammonium (NH(4)(+)). These apparently contradictory roles for DON in N cycling are due to the biological and physical factors that regulate DON loss, and the fact that there are many biochemical forms of organic N in solution. Recognition of these processes complicates the standard conceptual view of terrestrial N cycling. Here we focus on the dual roles of DON as a nutrient-loss pathway and as an N source for plants. C1 US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 90305 USA. RP Neff, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012 NR 58 TC 148 Z9 167 U1 15 U2 111 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 1 IS 4 BP 205 EP 211 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0205:BITCDO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WQ UT WOS:000221789900023 ER PT J AU Bolamba, D Patino, R Yoshizaki, G Thomas, P AF Bolamba, D Patino, R Yoshizaki, G Thomas, P TI Changes in homologous and heterologous gap junction contacts during maturation-inducing hormone-dependent meiotic resumption in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE teleost; Atlantic croaker; gap junctions; ovarian follicle; maturation ID OOCYTE MATURATION; GONADOTROPIC CONTROL; COMPETENCE; CONNEXIN-43; BOVINE; COMMUNICATION; INVOLVEMENT; RECEPTOR; GROWTH; CELLS AB Homologous (granulosa cell-granulosa cell) gap junction (GJ) contacts increase in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) during the early (first) stage of maturation, but their profile during the second stage [i.e., during maturation-inducing hormone (MIH)-mediated meiotic resumption] is unknown. The profile of homologous GJ contacts during the second stage of maturation in croaker follicles was examined in this study and compared to that of heterologous (granulosa cell-oocyte) GJ, for which changes have been previously documented. Follicles were incubated with human chorionic gonadotropin to induce maturational competence (first stage), and then with MIH to induce meiotic resumption. The follicles were collected for examination immediately before and after different durations of MIH exposure until the oocyte had reached the stage of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD; index of meiotic resumption). Ultrathin sections were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and homologous and heterologous GJ contacts were quantified along a 100-mum segment of granulosa cell-zona radiata complex per follicle (three follicles/time/fish, n = 3 fish). Relatively high numbers of both types of GJ were observed before and after the first few hours of MIH exposure (up to the stage of oil droplet coalescence). GJ numbers declined during partial yolk globule coalescence (at or near GVBD) and were just under 50% of starting values after the completion of GVBD (P < 0.05). These results confirm earlier observations that GVBD temporally correlates with declining heterologous GJ contacts, and for the first time in teleosts show that there is a parallel decline in homologous GJ. The significance of the changes in homologous and heterologous GJ is uncertain and deserves further study. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Dept Aquat Biosci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 131 IS 3 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00015-7 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 674PM UT WOS:000182645200011 PM 12714011 ER PT J AU Benito, G O'Connor, JE AF Benito, G O'Connor, JE TI Number and size of last-glacial Missoula floods in the Columbia River valley between the Pasco Basin, Washington, and Portland, Oregon SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE quaternary; Columbia Basin; Missoula floods; fluvial features; radiocarbon dating ID LAKE MISSOULA; CHANNELED SCABLAND; JOKULHLAUPS; HISTORY; BRETZ; BACK; MAGNITUDES; TEPHRA; LOESS; STATE AB Field evidence and radiocarbon age dating, combined with hydraulic flow modeling, provide new information on the magnitude, frequency, and chronology of late Pleistocene Missoula floods in the Columbia River valley between the Pasco Basin, Washington, and Portland, Oregon. More than 25 floods had discharges of >1.0 X 10(6) m(3)/s. At least 15 floods had discharges of >3.0 X 10(6) m(3)/s. At least six or seven had peak discharges of >6.5 X 10(6) m(3)/s, and at least one flood had a peak discharge of similar to10 X 10(6) m(3)/s, a value consistent with earlier results from near Wallula Gap, but better defined because of the strong hydraulic controls imposed by critical flow at constrictions near Crown and Mitchell Points in the Columbia River Gorge. Stratigraphy and geomorphic position, combined with 25 radiocarbon ages and the widespread occurrence of the ca. 13 ka (radiocarbon years) Mount St. Helens set-S tephra, show that most if not all the Missoula flood deposits exposed in the study area were emplaced after 19 ka (radiocarbon years), and many were emplaced after 15 ka. More than 13 floods perhaps postdate ca. 13 ka, including at least two with discharges of >6 X 10(6) m(3)/s. From discharge and stratigraphic relationships upstream, we hypothesize that the largest flood in the study reach resulted from a Missoula flood that predated blockage of the Columbia River valley by the Cordilleran ice sheet. Multiple later floods, probably including the majority of floods recorded by fine- and coarse-grained deposits in the study area, resulted from multiple releases of glacial Lake Missoula that spilled into a blocked and inundated Columbia River valley upstream of the Okanogan lobe and were shunted south across the Channeled Scabland. C1 CSIC, Ctr Ciencias Medioambientales, Madrid 28006, Spain. US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Benito, G (reprint author), CSIC, Ctr Ciencias Medioambientales, Serrano 115 Bis, Madrid 28006, Spain. RI Benito, Gerardo/E-5456-2013 OI Benito, Gerardo/0000-0003-0724-1790 NR 54 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 24 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 115 IS 5 BP 624 EP 638 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0624:NASOLM>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 672NH UT WOS:000182526700008 ER PT J AU Hart, GL Johnson, CM Hildreth, W Shirey, SB AF Hart, GL Johnson, CM Hildreth, W Shirey, SB TI New osmium isotope evidence for intracrustal recycling of crustal domains with discrete ages SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mount Adams; Cascade Range; crust; recycling; osmium; hybridization ID SOUTHERN WASHINGTON CASCADES; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; MANTLE; OS; ARC; SYSTEMATICS; CONSTRAINTS; MAGMATISM; BASALTS AB New Os-187/Os-188 ratios of Quaternary Mount Adams volcanic rocks from the Cascade arc in southern Washington vary by >300% (Os-187/Os-188 = 0.165-0.564) and fall into high (>0.319) and low (0.166 to 0.281) groups of Os-187/Os-188 ratios that are substantially more radiogenic than mantle values. These Os isotope compositions and groupings are interpreted to reflect recycling of discrete intracrustal domains with high Os-187/Os-188 ratios but differing ages, thus recording the process of crustal hybridization and homogenization. Os isotope compositions provide new constraints on amounts of intracrustal recycling in young subduction-zone environments that reflect the magmatic history of the arc. Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotope variations in this young, mafic arc complex are too small to allow such constraints. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Hart, GL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Ctr Isotope Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 2003 VL 31 IS 5 BP 427 EP 430 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0427:NOIEFI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 672KF UT WOS:000182519200009 ER PT J AU Housman, DC Zitzer, SF Huxman, TE Smith, SD AF Housman, DC Zitzer, SF Huxman, TE Smith, SD TI Functional ecology of shrub seedlings after a natural recruitment event at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ambrosia dumosa; elevated CO2; FACE; Larrea tridentata; Mojave Desert; seedling survival ID CO2 ENRICHMENT FACE; MOJAVE DESERT; ELEVATED CO2; LARREA-TRIDENTATA; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GROWTH; DROUGHT AB Seedling recruitment is an important determinant of community structure in desert ecosystems. Positive photosynthetic growth and water balance responses to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations ([CO2 ]) are predicted to be substantial in desert plants, suggesting that recruitment could be stimulated. However, to date no studies have addressed the response of perennial plant recruitment in natural populations of desert shrubs exposed to elevated [CO2 ]. In April 1997, we employed Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) in order to increase atmospheric [CO2 ] in an undisturbed Mojave Desert ecosystem from ambient (similar tosimilar to 370 mumol mol(-1) ) to elevated CO2 (similar tosimilar to 550 mumol mol(-1) ). From 1997 to 2001 we seasonally examined survival, growth, gas exchange and water potential responses of Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa seedlings that germinated in Fall, 1997. Recruitment densities were not influenced by [CO2 ] in either species, although a two-fold higher adult Ambrosia density under elevated [CO2 ] resulted in two-fold higher seedling density (0.87 vs 0.40 seedlings m(-2) ). Mortality was greatest for both species during the first summer (1998), despite above-average rainfall during the previous Winter-Spring. A significant [CO2 ] x time interaction revealed that early survival was greater under elevated CO2 , whereas a significant species time interaction revealed that overall survival was greater for Ambrosia (28%) than for Larrea ( 15%), regardless of [CO2 ]. Microsite (understorey or interspace) alone had no significant influence on survival. Significant species, microsite and species x microsite effects on growth (seedling height, stem diameter and canopy size) were found, but elevated CO2 had minimal impact on these parameters. Photosynthetic rates (A (sat) ) for both species were higher at elevated [CO2 ] during certain seasons, but not consistently so. These results suggest that increased atmospheric [CO2 ] may enhance carbon (C) assimilation and survival of aridland perennial shrubs during favourable growing conditions, but that it may not counteract the effects of prolonged drought on mortality. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Desert Res Inst, Dept Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Housman, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 9 IS 5 BP 718 EP 728 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00618.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 674UE UT WOS:000182653700006 ER PT J AU Hunt, RJ Wilcox, DA AF Hunt, RJ Wilcox, DA TI Ecohydrology - Why hydrologists should care SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hunt, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 3 BP 289 EP 289 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02592.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 675BF UT WOS:000182672600001 PM 12772819 ER PT J AU Wood, WW AF Wood, WW TI A fresh water odyssey: Some observations on the global resource SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FOOD AB Appreciable increases in the human population are expected to continue in the next 50 to 100 years. This population will require additional water for nonfungible (nonexchangeable) uses such as irrigated agriculture, livestock watering, domestic supply, and ecosystem support. Because most of the world's easily captured water is already identified and allocated, society must improve efficiency, change the present allocations, and/or develop new sources to meet the expected demands. As the global economy expands, apparently unrelated changes in policy or technology may have large, unexpected consequences for water resources. Foreshadowing these changes in stress on these resources will be the result of nonlinear thinking. Whereas policy cannot create new water, it can provide strategies to promote more efficient use of present water and foster an environment in which important technological improvements can be made. This manuscript provides a brief overview of some of the physical and policy considerations relating to fresh water resources. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wood, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 430,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 3 BP 300 EP 305 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02598.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 675BF UT WOS:000182672600007 PM 12772822 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Rundel, PW AF Keeley, JE Rundel, PW TI Evolution of CAM and C-4 carbon-concentrating mechanisms SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE aquatic; grasslands; photosynthetic pathways; succulents ID CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM; LOW ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; GRASS-DOMINATED ECOSYSTEMS; PLANT-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS; STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; LATE MIOCENE; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE AB Mechanisms for concentrating carbon around the Rubisco enzyme, which drives the carbon-reducing steps in photosynthesis, are widespread in plants; in vascular plants they are known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C 4 photosynthesis. CAM is common in desert succulents, tropical epiphytes, and aquatic plants and is characterized by nighttime fixation of CO2. The proximal selective factor driving the evolution of this CO2-concentrating pathway is low daytime CO2, which results from the unusual reverse stomatal behavior of terrestrial CAM species or from patterns of ambient CO2 availability for aquatic CAM species. In terrestrials the ultimate selective factor is water stress that has selected for increased water use efficiency. In aquatics the ultimate selective factor is diel fluctuations in CO2 availability for palustrine species and extreme oligotrophic conditions for lacustrine species. C-4 photosynthesis is based on similar biochemistry but carboxylation steps are spatially separated in the leaf rather than temporally as in CAM. This biochemical pathway is most commonly associated with a specialized leaf anatomy known as Kranz anatomy; however, there are exceptions. The ultimate selective factor driving the evolution of this pathway is excessively high photorespiration that inhibits normal C-3 photosynthesis under high light and high temperature in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. CAM is an ancient pathway that likely has been present since the Paleozoic era in aquatic species from shallow-water palustrine habitats. While atmospheric CO2 levels have undoubtedly affected the evolution of terrestrial plant carbon-concentrating mechanisms, there is reason to believe that past atmospheric changes have not played as important a selective role in the aquatic milieu since palustrine habitats today are not generally carbon sinks, and the selective factors driving aquatic CAM are autogenic. Terrestrial CAM, in contrast, is of increasing selective value under extreme water deficits, and undoubtedly, high Mesozoic CO2 levels reduced the amount of landscape perceived by plants as water limited. Late Tertiary and Quaternary reductions in atmospheric CO2, coupled with increasing seasonality, were probably times of substantial species radiation and ecological expansion for CAM plants. C-4 photosynthesis occurs in only about half as many families as CAM, and three-fourths of C-4 species are either grasses or sedges. Molecular phylogenies indicate C-4 is a more recent innovation than CAM and that it originated in the mid-Tertiary,20-30 Ma, although some data support an earlier origin. While the timing of the origin of C-4 remains controversial, the nearly explosive increase in C-4 species is clearly documented in the late Miocene, 4-7 Ma. Increasing seasonality has been widely suggested as an important climatic stimulus for this C-4 expansion. Alternatively, based on models of photosynthetic quantum yield at different temperatures and CO2 concentration, it has been hypothesized that the late Miocene C-4 expansion resulted from declining atmospheric CO2 levels. This model is most appropriate for explaining the transition from C-3 grasslands to C-4 grasslands but by itself may not be sufficient to explain the more likely scenario of a late Miocene transition from C-3 woodland/savanna to C-4 grasslands. A largely unexplored hypothesis is that climatic changes in late Miocene altered disturbance regimes, in particular the incidence of fires, which today are often associated with maintenance of C-4 grasslands. Oceanic charcoal sediments that appear to represent Aeolian deposits from continental wildfires follow a strikingly similar pattern of explosive increase in late Miocene. Climate, CO2, and disturbance are not mutually exclusive explanations and probably all acted in concert to promote the expansion of C-4 grasslands. More recently, late Quaternary changes in CO2 may have been responsible for driving major changes in the landscape distribution of C-4 species. The theory is sound; however, many of the studies cited in support of this model are open to alternative interpretations, and none has eliminated climatic factors as important selective agents. CAM and C-4 evolution required coupling of biochemical pathways with structural changes in photosynthetic tissues, succulence in CAM and Kranz in C-4. This was apparently accomplished by piecemeal evolution beginning with mechanisms for recapturing respiratory CO2, although this need not have been so in aquatic CAM species. It has been proposed that the extreme rarity of both pathways in the same plant results from biochemical and structural incompatibilities (Sage 2002). Equally important is the fact that the selective environments are quite different, with CAM evolution thriving on stressful sites inhospitable to C-3 species whereas C-4 evolution has selected for rapid growth capable of outcompeting associated C-3 plants. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM jon_keeley@usgs.gov NR 218 TC 86 Z9 94 U1 11 U2 117 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 EI 1537-5315 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 164 IS 3 SU S BP S55 EP S77 DI 10.1086/374192 PG 23 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 698UW UT WOS:000184018500005 ER PT J AU Romanyuk, TV Mooney, WD Detweiler, S AF Romanyuk, TV Mooney, WD Detweiler, S TI Models of the density distribution in the lithosphere across the San Andreas Fault, southern California SO IZVESTIYA-PHYSICS OF THE SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID LOS-ANGELES BASIN; WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; REGION SEISMIC EXPERIMENT; METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; LOWER CRUSTAL FLOW; LOW-VELOCITY ZONE; MOJAVE DESERT; UPPER-MANTLE; GABRIEL-MOUNTAINS; NORTH-AMERICA AB A detailed density distribution is modeled along the profile crossing the transform boundary between the Pacific and North American plates (the San Andreas fault). The profile crosses the central part of a high-velocity body representing the most interesting and prominent anomaly in the upper mantle of southern California. The main goal of the modeling was to clear up whether the observed gravity field is consistent with the linear relation rho = a + bV (V is the P wave velocity and rho is density) in the upper mantle and, if they do agree, to define admissible and optimal values of the coefficient b. The modeling results revealed a high degree of ambiguity of gravity field interpretations. A linear inversion of gravity data was used to test the b coefficients in a range of 0 to 0.5. All models providing a reasonable accuracy of 2-D approximation fit the observed field with a standard deviation of similar to8 mGal but basically differ in values of crust and mantle densities, as well as in the amount of inner isostatic disbalance. Along with small chaotic density variations in individual blocks that cannot be readily interpreted, the modeling revealed a significant reliable relation between the solutions obtained: a rise in the coefficient b decreases the average density of the crust in the Mojave block and increases this value in the Catalina Belt. The coefficients b = 0.4-0.5 require a very low average density of the Mojave crust (-2.73 g/cm(3)) compared to the average density of the platform crust (similar to2.85 g/cm(3)), which is possible if no basic rocks are present in the lower crust. Lower values of b (0-0.2) require that average densities of the crust amount to similar to2.78 g/cm(3) in the Mojave block and similar to2.85 g/cm(3) in the lower crust, which is consistent with an intermediate or mixed composition of the crust. The available a priori density constraints were too poor to choose a preferable solution. However, isostatic analysis of the model has shown that the b = 0.4-0.5 solutions are unlikely because they yield large amounts of the inner isostatic disbalance. Arguments in favor of the solutions with b = similar to0.3, although considered to be optimal, are not weighty enough to exclude other possible variants. Thus, the seismogravitational modeling performed in this work failed to clarify petrological and/or metamorphic implications for the present velocity and density structure of the upper mantle under southern California. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Schmidt United Inst Phys Earth, Moscow 123995, Russia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Romanyuk, TV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Schmidt United Inst Phys Earth, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Ul 10, Moscow 123995, Russia. RI Romanyuk, Tatiana/D-4772-2013 NR 117 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1069-3513 J9 IZV-PHYS SOLID EART+ JI Izv.-Phys. Solid Earth PD MAY PY 2003 VL 39 IS 5 BP 365 EP 391 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 683RM UT WOS:000183163400002 ER PT J AU Aiken, G Haitzer, M Ryan, JN Nagy, K AF Aiken, G Haitzer, M Ryan, JN Nagy, K TI Interactions between dissolved organic matter and mercury in the Florida Everglades SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment CY MAY 26-30, 2003 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE SP ISERE, Vill Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes, SHF Hydrotech, Alpexpo, AMSE, SUG, LGGE, Minist Affaires Etrangeres, Minist L Ecologie Dev Durable ID CONDITIONAL STABILITY-CONSTANTS; HUMIC-ACID; SULFIDE; HG(II); SULFUR; RATIO AB Experiments were conducted using organic matter isolated from various surface waters in the Florida Everglades to study the interactions between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and Hg(II). Conditional distribution coefficients (K-DOM'), obtained using an equilibrium dialysis ligand exchange method, were strongly affected by the Hg/DOM concentration ratio. Very strong interactions (K-DOM'= 10(23.2+/-0.5) L kg(-1)), indicative of Hg-thiol bonds, were observed at Hg/DOM ratios below approximately 1 mug Hg per mg DOM. Above approximately 10 mug Hg per mg DOM much lower K-DOM' values (10(10.7+/-0.5) L kg(-1)) were obtained. DOM-Hg interactions were also studied by HgS (log K-sp = -52.4) dissolution and precipitation experiments. In the dissolution experiments, a significant amount of Hg was released from cinnabar in the presence of DOM, suggesting strong interactions. Conversely, precipitation of HgS was strongly inhibited in the presence of low concentrations (less than or equal to 3 mg C/L) of DOM. In both the dissolution and precipitation experiments, organic matter rich in aromatic moieties was more reactive with HgS than less aromatic fractions and sulfur-containing model compounds. These results suggest that DOM can influence the geochemistry of inorganic complexes of Hg in the Everglades, especially HgS, by strong Hg-DOM binding and colloidal stabilization. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. RP Aiken, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012 NR 12 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 11 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD MAY PY 2003 VL 107 BP 29 EP 32 DI 10.1051/jp4:20030235 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 694PE UT WOS:000183782300008 ER PT J AU Gray, JE Hines, ME Biester, H Lasorsa, BK AF Gray, JE Hines, ME Biester, H Lasorsa, BK TI Mercury methylation in mine wastes collected from abandoned mercury mines in the USA SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment CY MAY 26-30, 2003 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE SP ISERE, Vill Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes, SHF Hydrotech, Alpexpo, AMSE, SUG, LGGE, Minist Affaires Etrangeres, Minist L Ecologie Dev Durable ID SPECIATION; SEDIMENTS; SLOVENIA; RIVER AB Speciation and transformation of Hg was studied in mine wastes collected from abandoned Hg mines at McDermitt, Nevada, and Terlingua, Texas, to evaluate formation of methyl-Hg, which is highly toxic. In these mine wastes, we measured total Hg and methyl-Hg contents, identified various Hg compounds using a pyrolysis technique, and determined rates of Hg methylation and methyl-Hg demethylation using isotopic-tracer methods. Mine wastes contain total Hg contents as high as 14000 mug/g and methyl-Hg concentrations as high as 88 ng/g. Mine wastes were found to contain variable amounts of cinnabar, metacinnabar, Hg salts, Hg-0, and Hg-0 and Hg sorbed onto matrix particulates. Samples with Hg-0 and matrix-sorbed Hg generally contained significant methyl-Hg contents. Similarly, samples containing Hg-0 compounds generally produced significant Hg methylation rates, as much as 26 %/day. Samples containing mostly cinnabar showed little or no Hg methylation. Mine wastes with high methyl-Hg contents generally showed low methyl-Hg demethylation, suggesting that Hg methylation was dominant. Methyl-Hg demethylation was by both oxidative and microbial pathways. The correspondence of mine wastes containing Hg-0 compounds and measured Hg methylation suggests that Hg-0 oxidizes to Hg2+, which is subsequently bioavailable for microbial Hg methylation. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Geochem, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Battelle Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. RP Gray, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD MAY PY 2003 VL 107 BP 573 EP 576 DI 10.1051/jp4:20030368 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 694PE UT WOS:000183782300141 ER PT J AU Meybeck, M Horowitz, AJ Grosbois, C Gueguen, Y AF Meybeck, M Horowitz, AJ Grosbois, C Gueguen, Y TI Changes in sediment-associated trace element concentrations in the Seine river basin (1994-2001) SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment CY MAY 26-30, 2003 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE SP ISERE, Vill Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes, SHF Hydrotech, Alpexpo, AMSE, SUG, LGGE, Minist Affaires Etrangeres, Minist L Ecologie Dev Durable AB In the 1980's, based on the concentrations of particulate-associated Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn relative to very low natural background levels, the Seine River Basin was one of the most impacted in the world. Over the past 20 years, there has been a general decline in these elevated concentrations that parallels declines in Paris sewage sludge trace element levels. Within the basin, marked differences in spatial and temporal geochemical patterns have been observed: (1) between major tributaries, (2) between trace elements, and (3) with stream order and population density, all of which illustrate the complexity of the geochemical processes ongoing in the basin. C1 Univ Paris 06, UMR Sisyphe, F-75252 Paris 05, France. US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. Univ Limoges, Geol Lab, F-87000 Limoges, France. RP Meybeck, M (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, UMR Sisyphe, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD MAY PY 2003 VL 107 BP 871 EP 874 DI 10.1051/jp4:20030436 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 694PG UT WOS:000183782500034 ER PT J AU Cam, E Monnat, JY Hines, JE AF Cam, E Monnat, JY Hines, JE TI Long-term fitness consequences of early conditions in the kittiwake SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE deferred breeding; demographic parameters specific to the prereproductive and reproductive stages; individual quality; longitudinal data; multistate capture-recapture models ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; DEPENDENT LIFE-HISTORIES; LESSER SNOW GEESE; CLUTCH SIZE; BREEDING PROBABILITIES; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PARENTAL QUALITY AB 1. The long-term fitness consequences of conditions during development are receiving growing attention: they are at the interface between ecological and evolutionary processes. We addressed the influence of the length of the rearing period and 'rank' on fitness components in a long-lived seabird species with deferred breeding: the kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla ). Rank, which depends on hatching order, was used as a surrogate for dominance status in the brood. Rank could be viewed as a random factor affecting individuals regardless of their possible 'intrinsic quality' at birth. The length of the rearing period was used as a surrogate for parental effort. It reflects the interaction between numerous factors such as environmental conditions, parental quality, reproductive decisions and effort, and also offspring decisions and intrinsic quality at birth. 2. There was evidence of an influence of the length of the rearing period on local survival before recruitment. Individuals with shorter rearing periods had lower local survival during the first winter (e.g. the relationship was positive). They may incur higher mortality. In rank 1 prebreeders, this relationship was negative in older age-classes. Longer rearing periods and better condition at independence may be associated with stronger migrating ability, and prebreeders that have not yet made settlement decisions may emigrate permanently to distant locations. Such a complex pattern may reflect age-related changes in the relative contribution of mortality and permanent emigration to local survival. 3. The length of the rearing period had long-term consequences on reproductive performance. The relationship was positive but the rate of increase decreased slightly at higher values of the covariate. 4. There was an unambiguously negative influence of rank on survival before recruitment and recruitment probability, but not on demographic parameters specific to the reproductive stage. Juniors recruited later than elder siblings. The disadvantage of juniors may be expressed mainly in terms of higher mortality and disappearance from the population before recruitment. C1 Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Evolut & Divers Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 04, France. Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Lab Biol Anim, F-29285 Brest, France. Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6553, F-35042 Rennes, France. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Cam, E (reprint author), Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Ecol Terr, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse 04, France. EM emmacam@cict.fr NR 113 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 72 IS 3 BP 411 EP 424 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00708.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 668XX UT WOS:000182322500005 ER PT J AU Swiney, KM Shirley, TC Taggart, SJ O'Clair, CE AF Swiney, KM Shirley, TC Taggart, SJ O'Clair, CE TI Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC EDIBLE CRAB; SEASONAL MOVEMENTS; BEHAVIOR; DANA; ESTUARY; GROWTH; MALES AB The reproductive biology of female Dungeness crabs was studied with crab-pot and dive-transect sampling in five bays within or near Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeastern Alaska, in April and September yearly from 1992 to 1998. A large percentage of nonovigerous, mature females was found in April, a time when females were expected to be brooding eggs that hatch in May and June. Our study examined differences between ovigerous and nonovigerous females collected in April and September samples to corroborate our previous laboratory study in which we found nonannual egg extrusion among Dungeness crabs. Seasonal differences in the catches of ovigerous and nonovigerous females, crab sizes, shell condition, and appendage injury were examined. Additionally, all crabs collected from two bays were tagged beginning in the fall of 1995; tagging was conducted twice annually. Our pot and dive data indicate that females, particularly larger ones, do not extrude eggs annually. Larger females have lower molting probabilities, which limits mating potential and increases reliance on stored sperm. The tagging study confirmed that at least some females do not extrude eggs in one year and then extrude eggs at a later time without molting, thus skipping at least one reproductive season. A reproductive cycle of Dungeness crabs in Alaska is introduced which includes earlier egg extrusion by larger females and nonannual egg extrusion. C1 Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau Ctr Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Glacier Bay Field Stn, Alaska Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Swiney, KM (reprint author), Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM Katherine.Swiney@noaa.gov; Tom.Shirley@uaf.edu; Jim_Taggart@usgs.gov; cnroclair@rockisland.com NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 280 EP 288 DI 10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0280:DCCMDN]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 679PQ UT WOS:000182931500005 ER PT J AU Fischer, D Charles, EG Baehr, AL AF Fischer, D Charles, EG Baehr, AL TI Effects of stormwater infiltration on quality of groundwater beneath retention and detention basins SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE storm water management; water infiltration; groundwater; water quality; detention basins; urban runoff ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; URBAN; ATMOSPHERE; MTBE AB Infiltration of storm water through detention and retention basins may increase the risk of groundwater contamination, especially in areas where the soil is sandy and the water table shallow, and contaminants may not have a chance to degrade or sorb onto soil particles before reaching the saturated zone. Groundwater from 16 monitoring wells installed in basins in southern New Jersey was compared to the quality of shallow groundwater from 30 wells in areas of new-urban land use. Basin groundwater contained much lower levels of dissolved oxygen, which affected concentrations of major ions. Patterns of volatile organic compound and pesticide occurrence in basin groundwater reflected the land use in the drainage areas served by the basins, and differed from patterns in background samples, exhibiting a greater occurrence of petroleum hydrocarbons and certain pesticides. Dilution effects and volatilization likely decrease the concentration and detection frequency of certain compounds commonly found in background groundwater. High recharge rates in storm water basins may cause loading factors to be substantial even when constituent concentrations in infiltrating storm water are relatively low. C1 Rutgers State Univ, New Jersey Urban Ecol Prog, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. US Geol Survey, Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Fischer, D (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, New Jersey Urban Ecol Prog, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 30 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2003 VL 129 IS 5 BP 464 EP 471 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:5(464) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 668MJ UT WOS:000182297500011 ER PT J AU Mitchell, RJ Babcock, RS Gelinas, S Nanus, L Stasney, DE AF Mitchell, RJ Babcock, RS Gelinas, S Nanus, L Stasney, DE TI Nitrate distributions and source identification in the Abbotsford-Sumas Aquifer, northwestern Washington State SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DAIRY-CATTLE SLURRY; UNITED-STATES; GROUND-WATER; MASS-BALANCE; CONTAMINATION; NITROGEN; DENITRIFICATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; N-15; FALL AB The Abbotsford-Sumas Aquifer is a shallow, predominantly unconfined aquifer that spans regions in southwestern British Columbia, Canada and northwestern Washington, USA. The aquifer is prone to nitrate contamination because of extensive regional agricultural practices. A 22-month ground water nitrate assessment was performed in a 10-km(2) study area adjacent to the international boundary in northwestern Washington to examine nitrate concentrations and nitrogen isotope ratios to characterize local source contributions from up-gradient sources in Canada. Nitrate concentrations in excess of 10 mg nitrate as nitrogen per liter (mg N L-1) were observed in ground water from most of the 26 domestic wells sampled in the study area, and in a creek that dissects the study area. The nitrate distribution was characteristic of nonpoint agricultural sources and consistent with the historical documentation of agriculturally related nitrate contamination in many parts of the aquifer. Hydrogeologic information, nitrogen isotope values, and statistical analyses indicated a nitrate concentration stratification in the study area. The highest concentrations (>20 mg N L-1) occurred in shallow regions of the aquifer and were linked to local agricultural practices in northwestern Washington. Nitrate concentrations in excess of 10 mg N L-1 deeper in the aquifer (> 10 m) were related to agricultural sources in Canada. The identification of two possible sources of ground water nitrate in northwestern Washington adds to the difficulty in assessing and implementing local nutrient management plans for protecting drinking water in the region. C1 Western Washington Univ, Dept Geol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. Tetra Tech EM Inc, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, WRD, Denver, CO 80225 USA. State Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Coeur Dalene, ID 83814 USA. RP Mitchell, RJ (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, Dept Geol, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. NR 35 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 789 EP 800 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100006 PM 12809280 ER PT J AU Andraski, BJ Sandstrom, MW Michel, RL Radyk, JC Stonestrom, DA Johnson, MJ Mayers, CJ AF Andraski, BJ Sandstrom, MW Michel, RL Radyk, JC Stonestrom, DA Johnson, MJ Mayers, CJ TI Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER-MOVEMENT; DESERT; SITE AB Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation-SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation-SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Andraski, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane,Room 203, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; Sandstrom, Mark/0000-0003-0006-5675 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 988 EP 995 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100025 PM 12809299 ER PT J AU Kalkhoff, SJ Lee, KE Porter, SD Terrio, PJ Thurman, EM AF Kalkhoff, SJ Lee, KE Porter, SD Terrio, PJ Thurman, EM TI Herbicides and herbicide degradation products in upper Midwest agricultural streams during august base-flow conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; IN-GROUND WATER; UNITED-STATES; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; ALACHLOR; SOIL; METOLACHLOR AB Herbicide concentrations in streams of the U.S. Midwest have been shown to decrease through the growing season due to a variety of chemical and physical factors. The occurrence of herbicide degradation products at the end of the growing season is not well known. This study was conducted to document the occurrence of commonly used herbicides and their degradation products in Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota streams during base-flow conditions in August 1997. Atrazine, the most frequently detected herbicide (94%), was present at relatively low concentrations (median 0.17 mug L-1). Metolachlor was detected in 59% and cyanazine in 37% of the samples. Seven of nine compounds detected in more than 50% of the samples were degradation products. The total concentration of the degradation products (median of 4.4 mug L-1) was significantly greater than the total concentration of parent compounds (median of 0.26 mug L-1). Atrazine compounds were present less frequently and in significantly smaller concentrations in streams draining watersheds with soils developed on less permeable tills than in watersheds with soils developed on more permeable loess. The detection and concentration of triazine compounds was negatively correlated with antecedent rainfall (April-July). In contrast, acetanalide compounds were positively correlated with antecedant rainfall in late spring and early summer that may transport the acetanalide degradates into ground water and subsequently into nearby streams. The distribution of atrazine degradation products suggests regional differences in atrazine degradation processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Kalkhoff, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Rm 269, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Kalkhoff, Stephen/0000-0003-4110-1716 NR 63 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 1025 EP 1035 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100029 PM 12809303 ER PT J AU Adler, PR Sibrell, PL AF Adler, PR Sibrell, PL TI Sequestration of phosphorus by acid mine drainage floc SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY LITTER; RUNOFF; SOLUBILITY; AMENDMENTS; ADSORPTION; ALUMINUM AB Solubilization and transport of phosphorus (P) to the water environment is a critical environmental issue. Flocs resulting from neutralizing acid mine drainage (AMD) were tested as a possible lowcost amendment to reduce the loss of soluble P from agricultural fields and animal wastewater. Flocs were prepared by neutralizing natural and synthetic solutions of AMD with limestone, lime, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Phosphorus sequestration was tested in three distinct environments: water, soil, and manure storage basins. In water, flocs prepared from AMD adsorbed 10 to 20 g P kg(-1) dry floc in equilibrium with 1 mg L-1 soluble P. Similar results were observed for both Fe-based and Al-based synthetic flocs. A local soil sample adsorbed about 0.1 g P kg(-1), about two orders of magnitude less. The AMD-derived flocs were mixed with a high-P soil at 5 to 80 g floc kg(-1) soil, followed by water and acid (Mehlich-1) extractions. All flocs performed similarly. About 70% of the water-extractable P was sequestered by the floc when applied at a rate of 20 g floc kg(-1) soil, whereas plant-available P only decreased by about 30%. Under anaerobic conditions simulating manure storage basins, all AMD flocs reduced soluble P by greater than 95% at a rate of 0.2 g floc g(-1) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) manure. These findings indicate that AMD flocs could he an effective agent for preventing soluble P losses from soil and manure to the water environment, while at the same time decreasing the costs associated with AMD treatment. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Adler, PR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI Sibrell, Philip/0000-0001-5666-1228 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 1122 EP 1129 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 680UN UT WOS:000182997100040 PM 12809314 ER PT J AU Ingebritsen, SE Manning, CE AF Ingebritsen, SE Manning, CE TI Implications of crustal permeability for fluid movement between terrestrial fluid reservoirs SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GEOFLUIDS IV Meeting CY MAY 12-16, 2003 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE permeability; volatiles; metamorphism; heat flow ID CONTINENTAL-CRUST; OCEANIC BASALTS; ORIGIN; METAMORPHISM; DEHYDRATION; SYSTEMS; COAST; WATER; BELT AB A classic paper by Rubey [Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull 62 (1951) 1111] examined various hypotheses regarding the origin of sea water and concluded that the most likely hypothesis was volcanic outgassing, a view that was generally accepted by Earth scientists for the next several decades. More recent work suggests that the rate of subduction of water is much larger than the volcanic outgassing rate, lending support to hypotheses that either ocean volume has decreased with time, or that the imbalance is offset by continuous replenishment of water by cometary impacts. These alternatives are required in the absence of additional mechanisms for the return of water from subducting lithosphere to the Earth's surface. Our recent work on crustal permeability suggests a large capacity for water upflow through tectonically active continental crust, resulting in a heretofore-unrecognized degassing pathway that can accommodate the water-subduction rate. Escape of recycled water via delivery from the mantle through zones of active metamorphism eliminates the mass-balance argument for the loss of ocean volume or extraterrestrial sources. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Ingebritsen, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Manning, Craig/A-1118-2009 OI Manning, Craig/0000-0002-1463-3701 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 78-9 SI SI BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00037-2 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 673LQ UT WOS:000182582800002 ER PT J AU Grasby, SE Allen, CC Longazo, TG Lisle, JT Griffin, DW Beauchamp, B AF Grasby, SE Allen, CC Longazo, TG Lisle, JT Griffin, DW Beauchamp, B TI Biogeochemical sulphur cycle in an extreme environment - life beneath a high arctic glacier, Nunavut, Canada SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GEOFLUIDS IV Meeting CY MAY 12-16, 2003 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE sulfur springs; subglacial; bacteria; arctic ID ROCK AB Unique springs discharge from the surface of a high arctic glacier, releasing H2S, and depositing native sulphur, gypsum, and calcite. A rare CaCO3 polymorph, vaterite, is also observed. Physical and chemical conditions of the spring water and surrounding environment, as well as mineralogical and isotopic signatures, argue for biologically mediated redox reactions controlling sulfur. Cell counts and DNA analyses, confirm bacteria are present in the spring system. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Hernandez Engn, Houston, TX 77058 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Res, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Grasby, SE (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, 3303 33rd St NW, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada. OI Grasby, Stephen/0000-0002-3910-4443 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 78-9 SI SI BP 71 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00026-8 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 673LQ UT WOS:000182582800014 ER PT J AU Garven, G Raffensperger, JP Dumoulin, JA Bradley, DA Young, LE Kelley, KD Leach, DL AF Garven, G Raffensperger, JP Dumoulin, JA Bradley, DA Young, LE Kelley, KD Leach, DL TI Coupled heat and fluid flow modeling of the Carboniferous Kuna Basin, Alaska: implications for the genesis of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GEOFLUIDS IV Meeting CY MAY 12-16, 2003 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE basin hydrogeology; stratiform ores; free convection; normal faults ID SOUTHEAST MISSOURI DISTRICT; DEPOSITS AB The Red Dog deposit is a giant 175 Mton (16% Zn, 5% Pb), shale-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district situated in the Carboniferous Kuna Basin, Western Brooks Range, Alaska. These SEDEX-type ores are thought to have formed in calcareous turbidites and black mudstone at elevated sub-seafloor temperatures (120-150 degreesC) within a hydrogeologic framework of submarine convection that was structurally organized by large normal faults. The theory for modeling brine migration and heat transport in the Kuna Basin is discussed with application to evaluating flow patterns and heat transport in faulted rift basins and the effects of buoyancy-driven free convection on reactive flow and ore genesis. Finite element simulations show that hydrothermal fluid was discharged into the Red Dog subbasin during a period of basin-wide crustal heat flow of 150-160 mW/m(2). Basinal brines circulated to depths as great as 1-3 km along multiple normal faults flowed laterally through thick elastic aquifers acquiring metals and heat, and then rapidly ascended a single discharge fault zone at rates similar to5 m/year to mix with seafloor sulfur and precipitate massive sulfide ores. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, MK Blaustein Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US Geol Survey, MD DE DC Dist Off, Div Water Resources, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Garven, G (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, MK Blaustein Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. OI Raffensperger, Jeff/0000-0001-9275-6646 NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 78-9 SI SI BP 215 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00109-2 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 673LQ UT WOS:000182582800041 ER PT J AU Sanford, W AF Sanford, W TI Heat flow and brine generation following the Chesapeake Bay bolide impact SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT GEOFLUIDS IV Meeting CY MAY 12-16, 2003 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE Chesapeake Bay; crater; hydrothermal; brine ID VAPOR; EVOLUTION AB Calculations indicate that the impact of an asteroid or comet on the Atlantic Coastal Plain 35 million years ago created subsequent hydrothermal activity and conditions suitable for phase separation and the creation of the brine observed in the groundwater at the site today. A calculation of groundwater velocity using Darcy's law suggests flow rates are insufficient to have moved the water out of the crater within 35 million years. A similar calculation using Fick's law demonstrates that solutes cannot have escaped by molecular diffusion since the impact. Simulations from other investigators using shock-physics codes indicate that the crust would have been vaporized or melted down to at least 2 kin at the time of impact. Based on these calculations, a simulation of heat conduction was made assuming a 1000 degreesC initial crustal temperature. The hot crust acted as a heat source, with temperatures peaking in the overlying sediment about 10,000 years later. The pressure and temperature conditions within the sediment during that time would have been favorable for phase separation and generation of a residual brine, which may be found today in the inner crater. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Sanford, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 431,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 78-9 SI SI BP 243 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00108-0 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 673LQ UT WOS:000182582800046 ER PT J AU Kerski, JJ AF Kerski, JJ TI The implementation and effectiveness of geographic information systems technology and methods in secondary education SO JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Geographic Information Systems; technology implementation; technology adoption; effectiveness research; survey research ID GIS AB Geographic information systems (GIS) technology and methods have transformed decision-making in society by bringing geographic analysis to the desktop computer. Although some educators consider GIS to be a promising means for implementing reform, it has been adopted by less than 2 percent of American high schools. The reasons behind the interest in GIS, its slow implementation, and its effectiveness in teaching and learning are unclear. To address these concerns, this research describes the extent to which GIS is being implemented in American secondary education and assesses the effectiveness of lessons that use GIS. A survey of 1,520 high schools that own GIS software, along with experiments and case studies in three high schools, provided primary data for assessing the implementation and effectiveness of GIS. C1 US Geol Survey, Rocky Mtn Mapping Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Kerski, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Rocky Mtn Mapping Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 39 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 82 PU NATL COUNCIL GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION PI INDIANA PA INDIANA UNIV PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, PA 15705 USA SN 0022-1341 J9 J GEOGR JI J. Geogr. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 102 IS 3 BP 128 EP 137 DI 10.1080/00221340308978534 PG 10 WC Geography SC Geography GA 922LV UT WOS:000228840300005 ER PT J AU Odeh, W AF Odeh, W TI Discharge rating equation and hydraulic characteristics of standard denil fishways SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE fishways; water discharge; fish management AB This paper introduces a new equation to predict discharge capacity in the commonly used Denil fishway using water surface elevation in the upstream reservoir and fishway width and slope as the independent variables. A dimensionless discharge coefficient based only on the physical slope of the fishway is introduced. The discharge equation is based on flow physics, dimensional analysis, and experiments with three full-scale fishways of different sizes. Hydraulic characteristics of flow inside these fishways are discussed. Water velocities decreased by more than 50% and remained relatively unchanged in the fully developed flow downstream of the vena contracta region, near the upstream baffle where fish exit the fishway. Engineers and biologists need to be aware of this fact and ensure that fish can negotiate the vena contracta velocities rather than velocities within the developed flow region only. Discharge capacity was directly proportional to the fishway width and slope. The new equation is a design tool for engineers and field biologists, especially when designing a fishway based on flow availability in conjunction with the swimming capabilities of target fish species. C1 US Geol Survey LSC CAFRC, Environm Hydraul Grp, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Odeh, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey LSC CAFRC, Environm Hydraul Grp, 1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2003 VL 129 IS 5 BP 341 EP 348 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:5(341) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 668ZC UT WOS:000182326600002 ER PT J AU Manning, AH Solomon, DK AF Manning, AH Solomon, DK TI Using noble gases to investigate mountain-front recharge SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE noble gases; recharge; temperature; mountains; ground water; tracers ID GROUNDWATER; PALEOTEMPERATURE; DISCHARGE; WATERS; NEVADA AB Mountain-front recharge is a major component of recharge to inter-mountain basin-fill aquifers. The two components of mountain-front recharge are (1) subsurface inflow from the mountain block (subsurface inflow), and (2) infiltration from perennial and ephemeral streams near the mountain front (stream seepage). The magnitude of subsurface inflow is of central importance in source protection planning for basin-fill aquifers and in some water rights disputes, yet existing estimates carry large uncertainties. Stable isotope ratios can indicate the magnitude of mountain-front recharge relative to other components, but are generally incapable of distinguishing subsurface inflow from stream seepage. Noble gases provide an effective tool for determining the relative significance of subsurface inflow, specifically. Dissolved noble gas concentrations allow for the determination of recharge temperature, which is correlated with recharge elevation. The nature of this correlation cannot be assumed, however, and must be derived for the study area. The method is applied to the Salt Lake Valley Principal Aquifer in northern Utah to demonstrate its utility. Samples from 16 springs and mine tunnels in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains indicate that recharge temperature decreases with elevation at about the same rate as the mean annual air temperature, but is on average about 2 T cooler. Samples from 27 valley production wells yield recharge elevations ranging from the valley elevation (about 1500 m) to mid-mountain elevation (about 2500 m). Only six of the wells have recharge elevations less than 1800 m. Recharge elevations consistently greater than 2000 m in the southeastern part of the basin indicate that subsurface inflow constitutes most of the total recharge in this area. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Manning, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,Mail Stop 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Solomon, Douglas/C-7951-2016; OI Solomon, Douglas/0000-0001-6370-7124; Manning, Andrew/0000-0002-6404-1237 NR 32 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 275 IS 3-4 BP 194 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00043-X PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 674FB UT WOS:000182625800005 ER PT J AU Harrington, LA Biggins, DE Alldredge, AW AF Harrington, LA Biggins, DE Alldredge, AW TI Basal metabolism of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) and the Siberian polecat (M-eversmannii) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE basal metabolic rate; black-footed ferret; Mustela; mustelid; Siberian polecat ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; SURVIVAL SKILLS; THERMOREGULATION; CONSERVATION; TEMPERATURE; CARNIVORES; ENERGETICS; MAMMALS; MARTEN; WINTER AB Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and Siberian polecats (M. eversmannii) are medium-sized (about 1 kg) mustelids with similar ecological and morphological characteristics. We measured basal metabolic rates (BMR) for both species. In contrast with the commonly stated belief that mustelids have relatively high mass-specific BMR, neither the BMR of ferrets nor that of polecats in winter was greater than standard allometric predictions for all mammals. As suggested by previous authors, we believe that our relatively lower measurements for BMR are due to our efforts to minimize stress during the experimental procedure. These results support the contention that BMR in mustelids is no different from what is expected of mammals of this body mass. Seasonal differences were found in polecat BMR (higher in summer) but not in ferret BMR. Reasons for this interspecific difference may relate to differences in natural histories of these species. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Harrington, LA (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wildlife Conservat Res Unit, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 12 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 497 EP 504 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0497:BMOTBF>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 685VN UT WOS:000183284500013 ER PT J AU Cryan, PM AF Cryan, PM TI Seasonal distribution of migratory tree bats (Lasiurus and Lasionycteris) in North America SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE chiroptera; Lasionycteris noctivagans; Lasiurus blossevillii; Lasiurus borealis; Lasiurus cinereus; migration; occurrence records; seasonal distribution ID SILVER-HAIRED BAT; HOARY BAT; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; CINEREUS; NOCTIVAGANS; RECORD; VESPERTILIONIDAE; CHIROPTERA; MEXICO; REPRODUCTION AB Despite evidence of migration in North American tree bats (genera Lasiurus and Lasionycteris), details regarding seasonal movements in these widely distributed species are few. This study attempted to clarify patterns of seasonal distribution by mapping museum occurrence records by month. Monthly changes in the distribution of records indicate seasonal movements of tree bats. Northward migration during spring by Lasiurus cinereus appears to stem from wintering grounds in California and Mexico. During summer, male L. cinereus is mainly distributed in western North America, whereas females dominate samples from eastern regions. Lasiurus borealis winters in southeastern areas and expands its range into more northern regions during warmer months. Seasonal dispersal of Lasiurus blossevillii from California is apparently limited, and it is unclear if this group mixes with others to the south and east. Lasionycteris noctivagans also shows movement at the continental scale, although movements may differ between western and eastern groups. Museum records provide little evidence of major movement by any species between North and South America. Despite inherent biases, museum records are a viable means of investigating bat migration. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Arid Lands Field Stn,US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Cryan, PM (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Arid Lands Field Stn,US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM paul_cryan@usgs.gov OI Cryan, Paul/0000-0002-2915-8894 NR 94 TC 105 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 57 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 579 EP 593 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0579:SDOMTB>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 685VN UT WOS:000183284500023 ER PT J AU Trolle, M Kery, M AF Trolle, M Kery, M TI Estimation of ocelot density in the pantanal using capture-recapture analysis of camera-trapping data SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE camera-trapping; capture-recapture density estimates; individual recognition; Leopardus pardalis; ocelot; the Pantanal ID POPULATION-SIZE; BRAZIL AB Neotropical felids such as the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) are secretive, and it is difficult to estimate their populations using conventional methods such as radiotelemetry or sign surveys. We show that recognition of individual ocelots from camera-trapping photographs is possible, and we use camera-trapping results combined with closed population capture-recapture models to estimate density of ocelots in the Brazilian Pantanal. We estimated the area from which animals were camera trapped at 17.71 km(2). A model with constant capture probability yielded an estimate of 10 independent ocelots in our study area, which translates to a density of 2.82 independent individuals for every 5 km(2) (SE 1.00). C1 Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, Mammal Dept, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Trolle, M (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, Mammal Dept, Univ Pk 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM mtrolle@zmuc.ku.dk NR 19 TC 141 Z9 158 U1 5 U2 54 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 607 EP 614 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0607:EOODIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 685VN UT WOS:000183284500025 ER PT J AU Weckerly, FW Bleich, VC Chetkiewicz, CLB Ricca, MA AF Weckerly, FW Bleich, VC Chetkiewicz, CLB Ricca, MA TI Body weight and rumen-reticulum capacity in tule elk and mule deer SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE body weight; Cervus elaphus nannodes; gut scaling; Odocoileus hemionus; rumen-reticulum capacity ID SEXUAL SEGREGATION; ALIMENTARY-TRACT; SIZE DIMORPHISM; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; TAILED DEER; HERBIVORES; ECOLOGY AB The relationship between body size and rumen-reticulum capacity among conspecific individuals is predicted to be isometric. We examined whether the relationship between body weight and rumen-reticulum capacity was isometric in adult male and female tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) and in adult female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). We detected no effect of sex on this relationship in elk, and the slope of the regression was 1.0 for one measure of rumen-reticulum capacity and <1.0 for another. Among deer, the slope of the relationship was <1.0 in one measure of rumen-reticulum capacity, and we detected no relationship with the other. C1 SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Weckerly, FW (reprint author), SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. EM fw11@swt.edu NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 659 EP 664 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0659:BWARRC>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 685VN UT WOS:000183284500030 ER PT J AU Csiki, I Lam, C Key, A Coulter, E Clark, JD Pace, RM Smith, KG Rhoads, DD AF Csiki, I Lam, C Key, A Coulter, E Clark, JD Pace, RM Smith, KG Rhoads, DD TI Genetic variation in black bears in Arkansas and Louisiana using microsatellite DNA markers SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; black bear; DNA; Louisiana; microsatellite; population genetics; Ursus ID POPULATIONS; DISTANCE AB In the 1950s and 1960s, translocation projects reintroduced black bears (Ursus americanus) from Minnesota and Manitoba to Arkansas and Louisiana. Today, several geographically disconnected populations exist in Arkansas and Louisiana, but their origins are unclear. Some populations may represent a separate subspecies, U. a. luteolus, which is federally protected. We characterized 5 microsatellite loci in 5 isolated populations in Arkansas and Louisiana and compared them with genotypes from Minnesota. Our data indicate that bears of the Ozark and Ouachita mountains of Arkansas, an inland area of Louisiana, and those of Minnesota are similar in overall genetic diversity and allele frequencies, consistent with these populations being wholly or mostly descended from bears from the reintroduction programs. In contrast, bears from southeastern Arkansas and the coastal region of Louisiana genetically are more restricted and homogeneous. Because they exhibit a limited set of C genotypes found in the other black bear populations, they represent isolated fragments of a single North American black bear population. Furthermore, genetic distance estimates indicate that the bears in southeastern Arkansas are more genetically distinct from bears in Louisiana, which are currently federally protected. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Lab, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Smith, KG (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM kgsmith@uark.edu NR 30 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 691 EP 701 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0691:GVIBBI>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 685VN UT WOS:000183284500033 ER PT J AU Greseth, SL Cope, WG Rada, RG Waller, DL Bartsch, MR AF Greseth, SL Cope, WG Rada, RG Waller, DL Bartsch, MR TI Biochemical composition of three species of unionid mussels after emersion SO JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; AMBLEMA-PLICATA; MYTILUS-EDULIS; ZEBRA MUSSELS; CONSERVATION; RELOCATION; MANAGEMENT; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL AB Freshwater mussels are emersed (exposed to air) during conservation activities such as surveys and relocations. Success of these activities depends upon the ability of mussels to survive emersion and to re-burrow in the substratum. We evaluated the acute sublethal effects of emersion on three species of unionid mussels [pocketbook, Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque, 1820); pimpleback, Quadrula pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831); spike, Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820)] by measuring three biochemicals (carbohydrate, lipid, protein) indicative of biochemical function and energy storage. Mussels were acclimated in water at 25degreesC and exposed to five air temperatures (15, 20, 25, 35 and 45degreesC) for 15, 30 and 60 min. After emersion, mussels were returned to water at 25degreesC and observed for 14 days. Samples of mantle tissue were taken after the 14-day postexposure period and analysed for carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not reveal consistent trends in carbohydrate, lipid or protein concentrations due to sex of mussels, duration of emersion, air temperature or their interaction terms that indicated biological compensation to stress. Overall mean carbohydrate concentrations were greatest (range 447-615 mg/g dry wt) among the species, followed by protein (179-289 mg/g dry wt) and lipids (26.7-38.1 mg/g dry wt). These results have positive implications for conducting conservation activities, because emersion over the range of temperatures (15-35degreesC) and durations (15-60 min) examined did not appear acutely harmful to mussels. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Cope, WG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0260-1230 J9 J MOLLUS STUD JI J. Molluscan Stud. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 69 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1093/mollus/69.2.101 PN 2 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 664DJ UT WOS:000182046200002 ER PT J AU Roeder, PL Thornber, C Poustovetov, A Grant, A AF Roeder, PL Thornber, C Poustovetov, A Grant, A TI Morphology and composition of spinel in Pu'u 'O'o lava (1996-1998), Kilauea volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Kilauea; lava; Pu'u 'O'o; spinel; olivine; glass; oxygen fugacity; temperature; volume % ID FERRIC-FERROUS RATIO; CHROMIAN SPINEL; PETROGENETIC INDICATORS; OXYGEN FUGACITY; BASALTIC MELT; OLIVINE; CRYSTALLIZATION; LIQUIDS; CR; EQUILIBRIA AB The morphology and composition of spinet in rapidly quenched Pu'u 'O'o vent and lava tube samples are described. These samples contain glass, olivine phenocrysts (3-5 vol.%) and microphenocrysts of spinet (similar to0.05 vol.%). The spinet surrounded by glass occurs as idiomorphic octahedra 5-50 mum in diameter and as chains of octahedra that are oriented with respect to each other. Spinet enclosed by olivine phenocrysts is sometimes rounded and does not generally form chains. The temperature before quenching was calculated from the MgO content of the glass and ranges from 1150degreesC to 1180degreesC. The oxygen fugacity before quenching was calculated by two independent methods and the log f(O2) ranged from -9.2 to -9.9 (delta QFM = 7 1). The spinet in the Pu'u 'O'o samples has a narrow range in composition with Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.61 to 0.73 and Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)=0.46 to 0.56. The lower the calculated temperature for the samples, the higher the average Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg), Fe3+ and Ti in the spinet. Most zoned spinet crystals decrease in Cr/(Cr+Al) from core to rim and, in the chains, the Cr/(Cr+Al) is greater in the core of larger crystals than in the core of smaller crystals. The occurrence of chains and hopper crystals and the presence of Cr/(Cr+Al) zoning from core to rim of the spinet suggest diffusion-controlled growth of the crystals. Some of the spinet crystals may have grown rapidly under the turbulent conditions of the summit reservoir and in the flowing lava, and the crystals may have remained in suspension for a considerable period. The rapid growth may have caused very local (mum) gradients of Cr in the melt ahead of the spinel crystal faces. The crystals seem to have retained the Cr/ (Cr+Al) ratio that developed during the original growth of the crystal, but the Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg) ratio may have equilibrated fairly rapidly with the changing melt composition due to olivine crystallization. Six of the samples were collected on the same day at various locations along a 10-km lava tube and the calculated pre-collection temperatures of the samples show a 5degreesC drop with distance from the vent. The average Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)of the spinet in these samples shows a weak positive correlation with decreasing MgO in the glass of these samples. The range in Cr2O3 (0.041-0.045 wt.%) of the glass for these six samples is too small to distinguish a consistent change along the lava tube. The spinet in the Pu'u 'O'o samples shows a zoning trend in a Cr-Al-Fe3+ diagram almost directly away from the Cr apex. This compares with a zoning trend in rapidly quenched MORB samples away from Cr coupled with decreasing Fe3+. The trend away from Cr displayed by spinet in rapidly quenched samples is in marked contrast to the trend of increasing Fe3+ shown by spinet in slowly cooled lava. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Roeder, PL (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM roeder@geol.queensu.ca OI Thornber, Carl/0000-0002-6382-4408 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 123 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00508-5 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 674NA UT WOS:000182641800001 ER PT J AU Winter, TC Buso, DC Rosenberry, DO Likens, GE Sturrock, AM Mau, DP AF Winter, TC Buso, DC Rosenberry, DO Likens, GE Sturrock, AM Mau, DP TI Evaporation determined by the energy-budget method for Mirror Lake, New Hampshire SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB Evaporation was determined by the energy-budget method for Mirror Lake during the open water periods of 1982-1987. For all years, evaporation rates were low in spring and fall and highest during the summer. However, the times of highest evaporation rates varied during the 6 yr. Evaporation reached maximum rates in July for three of the years, in June for two of the years, and in August for one of the years. The highest evaporation rate during the 6-yr study was 0.46 cm d(-1) during 27 May-4 June 1986 and 15-21 July 1987. Solar radiation and atmospheric radiation input to the lake and long-wave radiation emitted from the lake were by far the largest energy fluxes to and from the lake and had the greatest effect on evaporation rates. Energy advected to and from the lake by precipitation, surface water, and ground water had little effect on evaporation rates. In the energy-budget method, average evaporation rates are determined for energy-budget periods, which are bounded by the dates of thermal surveys of the lake. Our study compared evaporation rates calculated for short periods, usually similar to1 week, with evaporation rates calculated for longer periods, usually similar to2 weeks. The results indicated that the shorter periods showed more variability in evaporation rates, but seasonal patterns, with few exceptions, were similar. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Campton, NH 03223 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US Geol Survey, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 413 Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 48 IS 3 BP 995 EP 1009 PG 15 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 680MQ UT WOS:000182982300005 ER PT J AU Crusius, J Wanninkhof, R AF Crusius, J Wanninkhof, R TI Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; SIBLYBACK LAKE; EXCHANGE; WATER; SF6; ACIDIFICATION; DIFFUSION AB The relationship between gas transfer velocity and wind speed was evaluated at low wind speeds by quantifying the rate of evasion of the deliberate tracer, SF6, from a small oligotrophic lake. Several possible relationships between gas transfer velocity and low wind speed were evaluated by using 1-min-averaged wind speeds as a measure of the instantaneous wind speed values. Gas transfer velocities in this data set can be estimated virtually equally well by assuming any of three widely used relationships between k(600) and winds referenced to 10-m height, U-10: (1) a bilinear dependence with a break in the slope at similar to3.7 m s(-1), which resulted in the best fit; (2) a power dependence; and (3) a constant transfer velocity for U-10 < similar to3.7 m s(-1), with a linear dependence on wind speed at higher wind speeds. The lack of a unique relationship between transfer velocity and wind speed at low wind speeds suggests that other processes, such as convective cooling, contribute significantly to gas exchange when the wind speeds are low. All three proposed relationships clearly show a strong dependence on wind for winds >3.7 m s(-1) which, coupled with the typical variability in instantaneous wind speeds observed in the field, leads to average transfer velocity estimates that are higher than those predicted for steady wind trends. The transfer velocities predicted by the bilinear steady wind relationship for U-10 < similar to3.7 m s(-1) are virtually identical to the theoretical predictions for transfer across a smooth surface. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Crusius, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 37 TC 110 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 37 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 48 IS 3 BP 1010 EP 1017 PG 8 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 680MQ UT WOS:000182982300006 ER PT J AU Sheibley, RW Duff, JH Jackman, AP Triska, FJ AF Sheibley, RW Duff, JH Jackman, AP Triska, FJ TI Inorganic nitrogen transformations in the bed of the Shingobee River, Minnesota: Integrating hydrologic and biological processes using sediment perfusion cores SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID HYPORHEIC ZONE; NITRATE REDUCTION; ACETYLENE INHIBITION; MARINE SEDIMENT; STREAM-BED; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; WATER; OXYGEN AB Inorganic N transformations were examined in streambed sediments from the Shingobee River using sediment perfusion cores. The experimental design simulated groundwater-stream water mixing within sediment cores, which provided a well-defined one-dimensional representation of in situ hydrologic conditions. Two distinct hydrologic and chemical settings were preserved in the sediment cores: the lowermost sediments, perfused with groundwater, remained anaerobic during the incubations, whereas the uppermost sediments, perfused with oxic water pumped from the overlying water column, simulated stream water penetration into the bed. The maintenance of oxic and anoxic zones formed a biologically active aerobic-anaerobic interface. Ammonium (NF4+) dissolved in groundwater was transported conservatively through the lower core zone but was removed as it mixed with aerated recycle water. Concurrently, a small quantity of nitrate (NO3-) equaling similar to25% of the NH4+ loss was produced in the upper sediments. The NH4+ and NO3- profiles in the uppermost sediments resulted from coupled nitrification-denitrification, because assimilation and sorption were negligible. We hypothesize that anaerobic microsites within the aerated upper sediments supported denitrification. Rates of nitrification and denitrification in the perfusion cores ranged 42-209 and 53-160 mg N m(-2) day(-1), respectively. The use of modified perfusion cores permitted the identification and quantification of N transformations and verified process control by surface water exchange into the shallow hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Sheibley, RW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. OI Sheibley, Richard/0000-0003-1627-8536 NR 62 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 48 IS 3 BP 1129 EP 1140 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 680MQ UT WOS:000182982300018 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Burge, HL Yearsley, JR Bjornn, TC AF Connor, WP Burge, HL Yearsley, JR Bjornn, TC TI Influence of flow and temperature on survival of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Snake River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LOWER GRANITE DAM; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; LIFE-HISTORY AB Summer flow augmentation to increase the survival of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is implemented annually to mitigate for the development of the hydropower system in the Snake River basin, but the efficacy of this practice has been disputed. We studied some of the factors affecting survival of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon from capture, tagging, and release in the free-flowing Snake River to the tailrace of the first dam encountered by smolts en route to the sea. We then assessed the effects of summer flow augmentation on survival to the tailrace of this dam. We tagged and released 5,030 wild juvenile fall chinook salmon in the free-flowing Snake River from 1998 to 2000. We separated these tagged fish into four sequential within-year release groups termed cohorts (N = 12). Survival probability estimates (mean +/- SE) to the tailrace of the dam for the 12 cohorts when summer flow augmentation was implemented ranged from 36% +/- 4% to 88% +/- 5%. We fit an ordinary least-squares multiple regression model from indices of flow and temperature that explained 92% (N = 12; P < 0.0001) of the observed variability in cohort survival. Survival generally increased with increasing flow and decreased with increasing temperature. We used the regression model to predict cohort survival for flow and temperature conditions observed when summer flow augmentation was implemented and for approximated flow and temperature conditions had the summer flow augmentation not been implemented. Survival of all cohorts was predicted to be higher when flow was augmented than when flow was not augmented because summer flow augmentation increased the flow levels and decreased the temperatures fish were exposed to as they moved seaward. We conclude that summer flow augmentation increases the survival of young fall chinook salmon. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. US EPA, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 362 EP 375 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0362:IOFATO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900002 ER PT J AU Hockersmith, EE Muir, WD Smith, SG Sandford, BP Perry, RW Adams, NS Rondorf, DW AF Hockersmith, EE Muir, WD Smith, SG Sandford, BP Perry, RW Adams, NS Rondorf, DW TI Comparison of migration rate and survival between radio-tagged and PIT-tagged migrant yearling chinook salmon in the snake and Columbia rivers SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDERS; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; TRANSMITTERS; STEELHEAD; BEHAVIOR; SMOLTS; DAMS AB A study was conducted to compare the travel times, detection probabilities, and survival of migrant hatchery-reared yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha tagged with either gastrically or surgically implanted sham radio tags (with an imbedded passive integrated transponder [PIT] tag) with those of their cohorts tagged only with PIT tags in the Snake and Columbia rivers. Juvenile chinook salmon with gastrically implanted radio tags migrated significantly faster than either surgically radio-tagged or PIT-tagged fish, while migration rates were similar among surgically radio-tagged and PIT-tagged fish. The probabilities of PIT tag detection at downstream dams varied by less than 5% and were not significantly different among the three groups. Survival was similar among treatments for median travel times of less than approximately 6 d (migration distance of 106 km). However, for both gastrically and surgically radio-tagged fish, survival was significantly less than for PIT-tagged fish, for which median travel times exceeded approximately 10 d (migration distance of 225 km). The results of this study support the use of radio tags to estimate the survival of juvenile chinook salmon having a median fork length of approximately 150 turn (range, 127-285 mm) and a median travel time of migration of less than approximately 6 d. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Hockersmith, EE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM eric.hockersmith@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 404 EP 413 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0404:COMRAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900006 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Steinhorst, RK Burge, HL AF Connor, WP Steinhorst, RK Burge, HL TI Migrational behavior and seaward movement of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Snake River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LOWER GRANITE DAM; 2 IDAHO STREAMS; STEELHEAD TROUT; LIFE-HISTORY; COLUMBIA; GROWTH; BASIN AB Flow augmentation increases flow and decreases temperature in reservoirs in the lower Snake River during the seaward migration of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A study of the migrational behavior and seaward movement of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Snake River was necessary to help understand the efficacy of flow augmentation. We studied fall chinook salmon in the Snake River during 1992-2001. After analyzing mark-recapture data, we deduced that fall chinook salmon passed through at least four migrational phases, including (1) discontinuous downstream dispersal along the shorelines of the free-flowing river, (2) abrupt and mostly continuous downstream dispersal offshore in the free-flowing river, (3) passive, discontinuous downstream dispersal offshore in the first reservoir encountered en route to the sea, and (4) active and mostly continuous seaward migration. We used ordinary-least-squares multiple regression to test the effects of flow (m(3)/s), temperature (degreesC), and three other factors on the rate of seaward movement (km/d) from initial tagging in the free-flowing river to the first dam encountered en route to the sea (period 1) and from passage at this first dam to passage at the next dam downstream (period 2). We found that flow and temperature influenced the rate of seaward movement during period 1 (N = 2,808; flow model R-2 = 0.65, P less than or equal to 0.0001; temperature model R-2 = 0.726, P less than or equal to 0.0001). We failed to find evidence for flow and temperature effects on the rate of seaward movement during period 2, possibly because of limitations on our study. We conclude that flow augmentation increases the rate of seaward movement of fall chinook salmon during period 1, provided that augmentation occurs when the fish have moved offshore in the free-flowing river and are behaviorally disposed to being displaced downstream. The cooling effect of summer flow augmentation likely prevents fish that successfully smolted during period 1 from reverting to parr during period 2, but research is needed to confirm this hypothesis. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. Univ Idaho, Div Stat, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 414 EP 430 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0414:MBASMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900007 ER PT J AU Schultz, AA Maughan, OE Bonar, SA AF Schultz, AA Maughan, OE Bonar, SA TI Effects of flooding on abundance of native and nonnative fishes downstream from a small impoundment SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID COLORADO RIVER; PREDATION; CHUB; DISPLACEMENT; RECRUITMENT; RESERVOIR; ARIZONA AB Flooding can benefit native fishes in southwestern streams by disproportionately displacing normative fishes. We examined how the presence of an upstream impoundment affected this relationship in lower Sonoita Creek, Arizona. Normative species not found in the reservoir decreased in abundance in lower Sonoita Creek after flooding. The catch and relative abundance of some normative species found in both the reservoir and the creek increased in lower Sonoita Creek after flooding. Movement of normative fishes out of the reservoir via the spillway during periods of high water probably contributes to the persistence and abundance of these species downstream. Both preventing normative fishes from escaping reservoirs and the release of flushing flows would aid conservation of native southwestern fishes downstream. C1 Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Schultz, AA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Biosci East, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 503 EP 511 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0503:EOFOAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900015 ER PT J AU Schramm, HL Gerard, PD Gill, DA AF Schramm, HL Gerard, PD Gill, DA TI The importance of environmental quality and catch potential to fishing site selection by freshwater anglers in Mississippi SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISHERMEN AB We measured the importance of 24 fishing site attributes to Mississippi freshwater anglers. Factor analysis identified four multiattribute factors as important in the selection of fishing location: CLEAN ENVIRONMENT, CATCH, COST AND HARVEST, and AMENITIES AND SAFETY. In general, the importance of site selection factors differed little among anglers grouped by preferred type of fish, preferred fishing location (lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, ponds, or reservoir tailwaters), usual manner of fishing (engine-powered boat, nonpowered boat, or shore), or change in fishing frequency. COST AND HARVEST was more important to anglers with high harvest orientations. We found low correlations between site selection factor importance scores and angler age, fishing frequency, fishing expenditures, or fishing motivation factors. We suggest that the general lack of differences in site selection factors among angler groups indicates that management strategies to improve fishing site attributes should benefit all angler groups. Clean fishing environments and awareness of the availability of desired sport fishes were "very" or "extremely" important to fishing site selection by more than 70% of Mississippi freshwater anglers and should be priority management objectives. C1 Mississippi State Univ, US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Expt Stat Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Social Sci Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Schramm, HL (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 512 EP 522 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0512:TIOEQA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900016 ER PT J AU Parker, SJ Rankin, PS Hannah, RW Schreck, CB AF Parker, SJ Rankin, PS Hannah, RW Schreck, CB TI Discard mortality of trawl-caught lingcod in relation to tow duration and time on deck SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; OTTER-TRAWL; COD-END; SURVIVAL; SABLEFISH; TEMPERATURE; WASHINGTON; SELECTION; CORTISOL; STRESS AB The lingcod Ophiodon elongatus is a benthic marine fish commonly caught by ground-fish trawlers and discarded due to low catch limits. Managers must account for the mortality of bycatch to assess population status accurately. Our objectives were to estimate the actual mortality of trawl-discarded lingcod (50-84 cm) and describe their physiological stress response to capture. We investigated three major factors of the trawling operation that may influence lingcod survival: tow duration, fish size, and the amount of time fish were on the deck of the vessel. Survival was monitored for 21 d and each surviving animal was then physically and physiologically evaluated. The results showed that regardless of the duration of the tow, lingeod survival was 100% for animals discarded immediately after the cod end was emptied on deck. All lingcod captured during a tow of average commercial duration demonstrated a maximal stress response, measured by plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations. As expected, lingcod from an average duration tow showed decreased survival with increased time on deck, though still had 50% survival after 30 min. This study suggests that discard mortality of lingcod is determined mainly by on-deck sorting and can be minimized by releasing fish quickly upon capture. Accurate estimation of mortality rates for lingcod will depend on the documentation of normal fishing behavior and on-deck sorting procedures. C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlif, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Parker, SJ (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 530 EP 542 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0530:DMOTCL>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900018 ER PT J AU Wildhaber, ML Lamberson, PJ Galat, DL AF Wildhaber, ML Lamberson, PJ Galat, DL TI A comparison of measures of riverbed form for evaluating distributions of benthic fishes SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SCAPHIRHYNCHUS-PLATORYNCHUS; SHOVELNOSE STURGEON; HABITAT; FEATURES; RIPPLES AB A method to quantitatively characterize the bed forms of a large river and a preliminary test of the relationship between bed-form characteristics and catch per unit area of benthic fishes is presented. We used analog paper recordings of bathymetric data from the Missouri River and fish data collected from 1996 to 1998 at both the segment (similar to10(1)-10(2)-km) and macrohabitat (similar to10(-1)-10degrees-km) spatial scales. Bed-form traces were transformed to digital data with image analysis software. The slope, mean residual, and SD of the residuals of the regression of depth versus distance along the bottom, as well as mean depth, were estimated for each trace. These four metrics were compared with sinuosity, fractal dimension, critical scale, and maximum mean angle for the same traces. Mean depth and sinuosity differed among segments and macrohabitats. Fractal-based measures of the relative depth of bottom troughs (critical scale) and smoothness (maximum mean angle) differed among segments. Statistics-based measures of the relative depth of bottom troughs (mean residual) and smoothness (SD of the residuals) differed among macrohabitats. Sites with shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were shallower and smoother than sites without shovelnose sturgeon. When compared with sites without sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki, sites with sicklefin chub were shallower, had shallower troughs, and sloped more out of the flow of the river. Sites with sturgeon chub M. gelida were shallower, had shallower troughs, and were smoother than sites without sturgeon chub. Sites with and without channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus did not differ for any bed-form variables measured. Nonzero shovelnose sturgeon density increased with depth, whereas nonzero sturgeon chub density decreased with depth. Indices of bed-form structure demonstrated potential for describing the distribution and abundance of Missouri River benthic fishes. The observed fish patterns, though limited, provide valuable direction for future research into the habitat preferences of these fishes. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Wildhaber, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 543 EP 557 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0543:ACOMOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900019 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Burge, HL AF Connor, WP Burge, HL TI Growth of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Snake River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LOWER GRANITE DAM; LIFE-HISTORY; STEELHEAD; BASIN; TROUT AB Growth is an important determinant of life history development for juvenile anadromous salmonids. We collected juvenile fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in two reaches of the Snake River to describe growth in fork length (mm/d) and to test for a relation between growth and water temperature. Growth rate during shoreline rearing was significantly higher (P = 0.003) for parr in the warmer of these two reaches (grand means = 1.2 +/- 0.04 and 1.0 +/- 0.04 mm/d). Because smolts from the two reaches share a common,, relatively warm downstream migration route, growth rates were similar between smolts from the two reaches (P = 0.18; grand means = 1.3 +/- 0.04 and 1.4 +/- 0.04 mm/d). By pooling data across reaches and life stages, we found that growth rate generally increased as water temperature increased (N = 17, r(2) = 0.62, P = 0.0002). The growth rates we observed were probably lower than for fall chinook salmon in a historical rearing area now inaccessible because of dams, but they were still rapid by comparison with those reported for ocean-type chinook salmon in presumably more productive brackish and saltwater habitats. We suggest that growth could be used as an index of the possible negative effects of hatchery supplementation or water management actions that decrease temperature during seaward migration. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 594 EP 599 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0594:GOWSFC>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900024 ER PT J AU Bailey, PE Hubert, WA AF Bailey, PE Hubert, WA TI Factors associated with stocked cutthroat trout populations in high-mountain lakes SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MORPHOEDAPHIC INDEX; BROOK TROUT; FISH; RESERVOIRS AB High-mountain lakes provide important fisheries in the Rocky Mountains; therefore we sought to gain an understanding of the relationships among environmental factors, accessibility to anglers, stocking rates, and features of stocks of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in high-mountain lakes of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. We sampled fish with experimental gill nets, measured lake habitat features, and calculated factors affecting angler access among 19 lakes that lacked sufficient natural reproduction to support salmonid fisheries and that were stocked at 1-, 2-, or 4-year intervals with fingerling cutthroat trout. We found that angler accessibility was probably the primary factor affecting stock structure, whereas stocking rates affected the densities of cutthroat trout among lakes. The maximum number of years survived after stocking appeared to have the greatest affect on biomass and population structure. Our findings suggest that control of harvest and manipulation of stocking densities can affect the density, biomass, and structure of cutthroat trout stocks in high-elevation lakes. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Bailey, PE (reprint author), Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, 3030 Energy Lane,Suite 100, Casper, WY 82604 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0611:FAWSCT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 686UG UT WOS:000183338900027 ER PT J AU Person, BT Herzog, MP Ruess, RW Sedinger, JS Anthony, RM Babcock, CA AF Person, BT Herzog, MP Ruess, RW Sedinger, JS Anthony, RM Babcock, CA TI Feedback dynamics of grazing lawns: coupling vegetation change with animal growth SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Carex; geese; phenotypic plasticity; plant-animal interactions; salt marsh ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; ARCTIC SALT-MARSH; BLACK BRANT; CARRYING-CAPACITY; GOSLING GROWTH; HATCH DATE; BODY-SIZE AB We studied the effects of grazing by Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) geese (hereafter Brant) on plant community zonation and gosling growth between 1987 and 2000 at a nesting colony in southwestern Alaska. The preferred forage of Brant, Carex subspathacea, is only found as a grazing lawn. An alternate forage species, C. ramenskii, exists primarily as meadow but also forms grazing lawns when heavily grazed. We mowed plots of ungrazed C. ramenskii meadows to create swards that Brant could select and maintain as grazing lawns. Fecal counts were higher on mowed plots than on control plots in the year after plots were mowed. Both nutritional quality and aboveground biomass of C. ramenskii in mowed plots were similar to that of C. subspathacea grazing lawns. The areal extent of grazing lawns depends in part on the population size of Brant. High Brant populations can increase the areal extent of grazing lawns, which favors the growth of goslings. Grazing lawns increased from 3% to 8% of surface area as the areal extent of C. ramenskii meadows declined between 1991 and 1999. Gosling mass was lower early in this time period due to density dependent effects. As the goose population stabilized, and area of grazing lawns increased, gosling mass increased between 1993 and 1999. Because larger goslings have increased survival, higher probability of breeding, and higher fecundity, herbivore-mediated changes in the distribution grazing lawn extent may result in a numerical increase of the population within the next two decades. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Person, BT (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 63 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 27 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAY PY 2003 VL 135 IS 4 BP 583 EP 592 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1197-4 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 693NB UT WOS:000183722700012 PM 12684865 ER PT J AU Lebreton, JD Hines, JE Pradel, R Nichols, JD Spendelow, JA AF Lebreton, JD Hines, JE Pradel, R Nichols, JD Spendelow, JA TI Estimation by capture-recapture of recruitment and dispersal over several sites SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID HERRING GULL LARUS; ROSEATE TERNS; BREEDING PROBABILITIES; MARKED ANIMALS; SURVIVAL RATES; VERTEBRATE POPULATIONS; POSTFLEDGING SURVIVAL; MOVEMENT RATES; FALKNER ISLAND; ROBUST DESIGN AB Dispersal in animal populations is intimately linked with accession to reproduction, i.e. recruitment, and population regulation. Dispersal processes are thus a key component of population dynamics to the same extent as reproduction or mortality processes. Despite the growing interest in spatial aspects of population dynamics, the methodology for estimating dispersal, in particular in relation with recruitment, is limited. In many animal populations, in particular vertebrates, the impossibility of following individuals over space and time in an exhaustive way leads to the need to frame the estimation of dispersal in the context of capture-recapture methodology. We present here a class of age-dependent multistate capture-recapture models for the simultaneous estimation of natal dispersal, breeding dispersal, and age-dependent recruitment. These models are suitable for populations in which individuals are marked at birth and then recaptured over several sites. Under simple constraints, they can be used in populations where non-breeders are not observed, as is often the case with colonial waterbirds monitored on their breeding grounds. Biological questions can be addressed by comparing models differing in structure, according to the generalized linear model philosophy broadly used in capture-recapture methodology. We illustrate the potential of this approach by an analysis of recruitment and dispersal in the roseate tern Sterna dougallii. C1 CNRS, CEFE, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Lebreton, JD (reprint author), CNRS, CEFE, 1919 Route Mende, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. RI PRADEL, Roger/A-8666-2008 NR 75 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 33 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD MAY PY 2003 VL 101 IS 2 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.11848.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 677HJ UT WOS:000182800600004 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Roby, DD Suryan, RM Irons, DB Kaufman, AM Turco, KR Visser, GH AF Jodice, PGR Roby, DD Suryan, RM Irons, DB Kaufman, AM Turco, KR Visser, GH TI Variation in energy expenditure among black-legged kittiwakes: Effects of activity-specific metabolic rates and activity budgets SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; WANDERING ALBATROSSES; FLIGHT ENERGETICS; FOOD AVAILABILITY; BODY-WATER; SEABIRDS; BIRDS; COST; PETREL AB We sought to determine the effect of variation in time-activity budgets (TABs) and foraging behavior on energy expenditure rates of parent black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). We quantified TABs using direct observations of radio-tagged adults and simultaneously measured field metabolic rates (FMR) of these same individuals (n = 20) using the doubly labeled water technique. Estimated metabolic rates of kittiwakes attending their brood at the nest or loafing near the colony were similar (ca. 1.3 x basal metabolic rate [BMR]), although loafing during foraging trips was more costly (2.9 x BMR). Metabolic rates during commuting flight (7.3 x BMR) and prey-searching flight (6.2 x BMR) were similar, while metabolic rates during plunge diving were much higher (ca. 47 x BMR). The proportion of the measurement interval spent foraging had a positive effect on FMR (R-2 = 0.68), while the combined proportion of time engaged in nest attendance and loafing near the colony had a negative effect on FMR (R-2 = 0.72). Thus, more than two-thirds of the variation in kittiwake FMR could be explained by the allocation of time among various activities. The high energetic cost of plunge diving relative to straight flight and searching flight suggests that kittiwakes can optimize their foraging strategy under conditions of low food availability by commuting long distances to feed in areas where gross foraging efficiency is high. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Groningen, Zool Lab, Ctr Isotope Res, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 55 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 EI 1537-5293 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 76 IS 3 BP 375 EP 388 DI 10.1086/375431 PG 14 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 715JX UT WOS:000184969300011 PM 12905124 ER PT J AU Woods, HA Hellgren, EC AF Woods, HA Hellgren, EC TI Seasonal changes in the physiology of male Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana): Signs of the dasyurid semelparity syndrome? SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ANTECHINUS-STUARTII MARSUPIALIA; PHASCOGALE-CALURA MARSUPIALIA; RED-TAILED PHASCOGALE; GLUCOCORTICOID FEEDBACK; BIOMEDICAL MODEL; AMERICAN OPOSSUM; SMALL MAMMALS; MORTALITY; STRESS; POPULATION AB Semelparity, which is multiplying once in a lifetime, is a rare reproductive strategy among mammals. Several species of the marsupial family Dasyuridae experience 100% male mortality following an intense mating period. We investigated seasonal physiological changes that may be associated with early mortality in the male Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana; Didelphidae) and compared these changes with those of semelparous, male dasyurids. Free-ranging male Virginia opossums (n = 36) were collected during 2001 at the Oklahoma State University Cross Timbers Experimental Range. Seasonal data were collected on hematological, morphological, and helminth parameters of these individuals. We used one-way ANOVA to determine whether there were seasonal differences among means for each parameter. It appeared that male Virginia opossums experienced some physiological changes similar to those of male dasyurids exhibiting semelparity. All males collected in summer (August) were juveniles of the year. Lack of adult males in August suggests high mortality of this cohort during the breeding season. Opossum characteristics exhibiting the dasyurid semelparity syndrome included packed cell volume, adrenal mass, and helminth numbers. Minor lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, and testosterone concentrations also were similar to semelparous dasyurids. However, a lack of change in serum cortisol concentration and body mass and dynamics in immunoglobulin protein, serum protein, and testes mass were not consistent with previous reports of semelparous dasyurid physiology. Evolutionary divergence and differences in breeding behavior between dasyurids and didelphids may be responsible for the lack of consistency between the taxa. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Hellgren, EC (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, 430 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. OI Hellgren, Eric/0000-0002-3870-472X NR 108 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 21 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 76 IS 3 BP 406 EP 417 DI 10.1086/374285 PG 12 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 715JX UT WOS:000184969300014 PM 12905127 ER PT J AU Hofreiter, M Betancourt, JL Sbriller, AP Markgraf, V McDonald, HG AF Hofreiter, M Betancourt, JL Sbriller, AP Markgraf, V McDonald, HG TI Phylogeny, diet, and habitat of an extinct ground sloth from Cuchillo Cura, Neuquen Province, southwest Argentina SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ancient DNA; Vizcacha; Phylogeny; dung; plant cuticles; pollen; diet; late glacial; extinction; ground sloth ID RODENT MIDDENS; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; ATACAMA DESERT; ANCIENT DNA; SEQUENCES; AMERICA; RECORD; CHILE; MOAS; PERU AB Advancements in ancient DNA analyses now permit comparative molecular and morphological studies of extinct animal dung commonly preserved in caves of semiarid regions. These new techniques are showcased using a unique dung deposit preserved in a late glacial vizcacha (Lagidium sp.) midden from a limestone cave in southwestern Argentina (38.5degrees S). Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial DNA show that the dung originated from a small ground sloth species not yet represented by skeletal material in the region, and not closely related to any of the four previously sequenced extinct and extant sloth species. Analyses of pollen and plant cuticles, as well as analyses of the chloroplast DNA, show that the Cuchillo Cura ground sloth browsed on many of the same herb, grass, and shrub genera common at the site today, and that its habitat was treeless Patagonian scrub-steppe. We envision a day when molecular analyses are used routinely to supplement morphological identifications and possibly to provide a time-lapse view of molecular diversification. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. INTA EEA Bariloche, Lab Microhistol, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Geol Resources Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Betancourt, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RI Hofreiter, Michael/A-3996-2017 OI Hofreiter, Michael/0000-0003-0441-4705 NR 64 TC 38 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 59 IS 3 BP 364 EP 378 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00030-9 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 687PV UT WOS:000183386500009 ER PT J AU Brigham-Grette, J Gualtieri, LM Glushkova, OY Hamilton, TD Mostoller, D Kotov, A AF Brigham-Grette, J Gualtieri, LM Glushkova, OY Hamilton, TD Mostoller, D Kotov, A TI Chlorine-36 and C-14 chronology support a limited last glacial maximum across central Chukotka, northeastern Siberia, and no Beringian ice sheet SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cosmogenic isotopes; last glacial maximum; glacial history; Chukotka; Arctic; Beringia ID COSMOGENIC CL-36 PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION-RATES; KIGLUAIK MOUNTAINS; TERRESTRIAL ROCKS; CLIMATE; ALASKA; VEGETATION; SURFACES; EXTENT; RUSSIA AB The Pekulney Mountains and adjacent Tanyurer River valley are key regions for examining the nature of glaciation across much of northeast Russia. Twelve new cosmogenic isotope ages and 14 new radiocarbon ages in concert with morphometric analyses and terrace stratigraphy constrain the timing of glaciation in this region of central Chukotka. The Sartan Glaciation (Last Glacial Maximum) was limited in extent in the Pekulney Mountains and dates to similar to20,000 yr ago. Cosmogenic isotope ages > 30,000 yr as well as non-finite radiocarbon ages imply an estimated age no younger than the Zyryan Glaciation (early Wisconsinan) for large sets of moraines found in the central Tanyurer Valley. Slope angles on these loess-mantled ridges are less than a few degrees and crest widths are an order of magnitude greater than those found on the younger Sartan moraines. The most extensive moraines in the lower Tanyurer Valley are most subdued implying an even older, probable middle Pleistocene age. This research provides direct field evidence against Grosswald's Beringian ice-sheet hypothesis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Far Eastern Branch, NE Interdisciplinary Res Inst, Magadan 685000, Russia. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Weston & Sampson Engineers Inc, Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA. Chukotka Sci Ctr, Anadyr, Chukotka Region, Russia. RP Brigham-Grette, J (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 52 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 59 IS 3 BP 386 EP 398 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(02)00000-0 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 687PV UT WOS:000183386500011 ER PT J AU Roberts, HM Muhs, DR Wintle, AG Duller, GAT Bettis, EA AF Roberts, HM Muhs, DR Wintle, AG Duller, GAT Bettis, EA TI Unprecedented last-glacial mass accumulation rates determined by luminescence dating of loess from western Nebraska SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dust flux; Peoria Loess; optically stimulated luminescence dating; OSL; quartz; coarse-silt-sized grains; mass accumulation rate (MAR); climate forcing ID LATE QUATERNARY LOESS; CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; LATE PLEISTOCENE; NORTHEASTERN COLORADO; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; PEORIA-LOESS; FINE-GRAINS; NEW-ZEALAND; CLIMATE; RECORD AB A high-resolution chronology for Peoria (last glacial period) Loess from three sites in Nebraska, midcontinental North America, is determined by applying optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to 35-50 mum quartz. At Bignell Hill, Nebraska, an OSL age of 25,000 yr near the contact of Peoria Loess with the underlying Gilman Canyon Formation shows that dust accumulation occurred early during the last glacial maximum (LGM), whereas at Devil's Den and Eustis, Nebraska, basal OSL ages are significantly younger (18,000 and 21,000 yr, respectively). At all three localities, dust accumulation ended at some time after 14,000 yr ago. Mass accumulation rates (MARs) for western Nebraska, calculated using the OSL ages, are extremely high from 18,000 to 14,000 yr-much higher than those calculated for any other pre-Holocene location worldwide. These unprecedented MARs coincide with the timing of a mismatch between paleoenvironmental evidence from central North America, and the paleoclimate simulations from atmospheric global circulation models (AGCMs). We infer that the high atmospheric dust loading implied by these MARs may have played an important role, through radiative, forcing, in maintaining a colder-than-present climate over central North America for several thousand years after summer insolation exceeded present-day values. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Roberts, HM (reprint author), Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. RI Roberts, Helen/I-1041-2012; Duller, Geoffrey/D-5110-2015 OI Roberts, Helen/0000-0001-9649-2377; Duller, Geoffrey/0000-0002-2694-4590 NR 60 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 59 IS 3 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00040-0 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 687PV UT WOS:000183386500013 ER PT J AU Betancourt, JL Grissino-Mayer, HD Saltzer, MW Swetnam, TW AF Betancourt, JL Grissino-Mayer, HD Saltzer, MW Swetnam, TW TI Reply to Baker and Genty's comments on "A test of annual resolution in stalagmite using tree rings" SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 USGS Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Betancourt, JL (reprint author), USGS Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RI Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008; OI Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184; Grissino-Mayer, Henri/0000-0003-1088-2927 NR 3 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 59 IS 3 BP 479 EP 479 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00039-5 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 687PV UT WOS:000183386500020 ER PT J AU Rich, J Stokes, S Wood, W Bailey, R AF Rich, J Stokes, S Wood, W Bailey, R TI Optical dating of tufa via in situ aeolian sand grains: a case example from the Southern High Plains, USA SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Luminescence and Electron Spin Resonance Dating (LED 2002) CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL RENO, NEVADA ID LAKE BASINS; TRAVERTINES; DEPOSITS; PROTOCOL; ESR AB Precipitated carbonates (commonly termed tufas or travertines) maybe of considerable utility for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Their potential, however, for such reconstruction is commonly limited by difficulties associated with their absolute age control. Attempts to date such deposits via uranium series techniques have been complicated by their chemically open behaviour. Here we describe an alternative approach to date tufa deposits associated with ephemeral saline lake basins from the Southern High Plains, USA. We have optically dated sand grains of a mixed aeolian/fluvial (spring fed) origin as the integrating dosimeter. We assume that the grains are fully resetting prior to their incorporation into the tufa deposits and employ a time-dependent disequilibrium dosimetric model to account for the build-up of uranium series daughter products. The approach was applied to a set of four samples with known stratigraphic association. We obtained stratigraphically sensible optical ages ranging from 78 +/- 8 to 56 +/- 4 ka. These data are consistent with existing palaeoenvironmental models of regional recharge. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford Luminescence Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3TB, England. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. RP Rich, J (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford Luminescence Res Grp, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TB, England. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 22 IS 10-13 BP 1145 EP 1152 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00021-0 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 683RB UT WOS:000183162300026 ER PT J AU Rango, A Foster, J Josberger, EG Erbe, EF Pooley, C Wergin, WP AF Rango, A Foster, J Josberger, EG Erbe, EF Pooley, C Wergin, WP TI Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE field-emission scanning electron microscopy; low-temperature scanning electron microscopy; snow crystals; snowflakes; rime; graupel ID SNOW CRYSTALS; ICE CRYSTALS AB Snow crystals, which form by vapor deposition, occasionally come in contact with supercooled cloud droplets during their formation and descent. When this occurs, the droplets adhere and freeze to the snow crystals in a process known as accretion. During the early stages of accretion, discrete snow crystals exhibiting frozen cloud droplets are referred to as rime. If this process continues, the snow crystal may become completely engulfed in frozen cloud droplets. The resulting particle is known as graupel. Light microscopic investigations have studied rime and graupel for nearly 100 years. However, the limiting resolution and depth of field associated with the light microscope have prevented detailed descriptions of the microscopic cloud droplets and the three-dimensional topography of the rime and graupel particles. This study uses low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to characterize the frozen precipitates that are commonly known as rime and graupel. Rime, consisting of frozen cloud droplets, is observed on all types of snow crystals including needles, columns, plates, and dendrites. The droplets, which vary in size from 10 to 100 mum, frequently accumulate along one face of a single snow crystal, but are found more randomly distributed on aggregations consisting of two or more snow crystals (snowflakes). The early stages of riming are characterized by the presence of frozen cloud droplets that appear as a layer of flattened hemispheres on the surface of the snow crystal. As this process continues, the cloud droplets appear more sinuous and elongate as they contact and freeze to the rimed crystals. The advanced stages of this process result in graupel, a particle 1 to 3 mm across, composed of hundreds of frozen cloud droplets interspersed with considerable air spaces; the original snow crystal is no longer discernible. This study increases our knowledge about the process and characteristics of riming and suggests that the initial appearance of the flattened hemispheres may result from impact of the leading face of the snow crystal with cloud droplets. The elongated and sinuous configurations of frozen cloud droplets that are encountered on the more advanced stages suggest that aerodynamic forces propel cloud droplets to the trailing face of the descending crystal where they make contact and freeze. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrol Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Wergin, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 3 BP 121 EP 131 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 694WW UT WOS:000183799000003 PM 12866645 ER PT J AU Lie, E Bernhoft, A Riget, F Belikov, SE Boltunov, AN Derocher, AE Garner, GW Wiig, O Skaare, JU AF Lie, E Bernhoft, A Riget, F Belikov, SE Boltunov, AN Derocher, AE Garner, GW Wiig, O Skaare, JU TI Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE HCH; DDE; HCB; chlordanes; blood; spatial trends; marine mammal ID MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; CHLORINATED-HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; NORTHWATER POLYNYA; RINGED SEALS; SVALBARD; PREDATION; TRENDS AB Geographical variation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was studied in blood samples from 90 adult female polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Kara Sea, East-Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea. In all regions, oxychlordane was the dominant OCR Regional differences in mean levels of HCB, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH and p,p'-DDE were found. The highest levels of oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor and DDE were found in polar bears from Franz Josef Land and Kara Sea. HCB level was lowest in polar bears from Svalbard. Polar bears from Chukchi Sea had the highest level of alpha- and beta-HCH. The lowest alpha-HCH concentration was found in bears from Kara Sea. In all the bears, SigmaHCHs was dominated by beta-HCH. The geographical variation in OCP levels and pattern may suggest regional differences in pollution sources and different feeding habits in the different regions. Polar bears from the Western Russian Arctic were exposed to higher levels of chlordanes and p,p'-DDE than polar bears from locations westwards and eastwards from this region. This may imply the presence of a significant pollution source in the Russian Arctic area. The study suggests that the western Russian Arctic is the most contaminated region of the Arctic and warrants C1 Natl Vet Inst, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arctic Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. All Russian Res Inst Nat Conservat, Moscow 113628, Russia. Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Zool Museum, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Sch Vet Sci, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. RP Skaare, JU (reprint author), Natl Vet Inst, POB 8156 DEP, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. RI Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012; Derocher, Andrew/J-4469-2012; Riget, Frank/J-3245-2013 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251; Derocher, Andrew/0000-0002-1104-7774; NR 46 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 306 IS 1-3 BP 159 EP 170 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00490-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00490-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671HE UT WOS:000182458600012 PM 12699924 ER PT J AU Landa, ER Nimmo, JR AF Landa, ER Nimmo, JR TI The life and scientific contributions of Lyman J. Briggs SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNSATURATED FLOW THEORY; PARADOXES; REALITIES AB Lyman J. Briggs (1874-1963), an early twentieth century physicist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), made many significant contributions to our understanding of soil-water and plant-water interactions. He began his career at the Bureau of Soils (BOS) in 1896. At age 23, Briggs published (1897) a description of the roles of surface tension and gravity in determining the state of static soil moisture. Concepts he presented remain central to this subject more than 100 yr later. With J.W. McLane, Briggs developed the "moisture equivalent" concept (a precursor to the idea of field capacity) and a centrifuge apparatus for measuring it. Briggs left the BOS at the end of 1905, under pressure from Milton Whitney, and moved to the Bureau of Plant Industry. Briggs' multi-state experiments with H.L. Shantz on water-use efficiencies showed that in a climate like that of the Great Plains, plants use water more productively in the cooler north than in the warmer south. In 1920, he moved from the USDA to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), rising to Director in 1933. Among his other contributions to the American scientific community was his leadership, beginning in 1939, of a top secret committee that evolved into the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb during World War II. A life-long baseball fan, Briggs at age 84, studied the speed, spin, and deflection of the curve ball, aided by manager Cookie Lavagetto and the pitching staff of the Washington Senators; he published these findings in a paper in the American Journal of Physics in 1959. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Landa, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA USA. NR 79 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 681 EP 693 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200001 ER PT J AU Qualls, RG Takiyama, A Wershaw, RL AF Qualls, RG Takiyama, A Wershaw, RL TI Formation and loss of humic substances during decomposition in a pine forest floor SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC NUTRIENTS; C-13 CPMAS NMR; CARBON; MATTER; HUMUS; SPECTROSCOPY; ECOSYSTEM; SOILS AB Since twice as much C is sequestered in soils as is contained in the atmosphere, the factors controlling the decomposition rate of soil C are important to the assessment of the effects of climatic change. The formation of chemically resistant humic substances might be an important process controlling recycling of CO(2) to the atmosphere. Our objectives were to measure the rate of formation and loss of humic substances during 13 yr of litter decomposition. We placed nets on the floor of a white pine (Pinus strobus) forest to separate each annual layer of litter for 13 yr and measured humic substance concentration using NaOH extraction followed by chromatographic fractionation. The humic acid fraction increased from 2.1% of the C in litterfall to 15.7% after 1 yr. On a grams per square meter (g m(-2)) basis the humic substance fraction increased during the first year and then declined, with a half decay time (t(1/2)) of 5.1 yr, which was significantly slower than the bulk litter (t(1/2)=3.9 yr). The carboxylic C concentration estimated from (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) increased in the litter over time, though total mass of carboxylic acid C in the forest floor also declined over the 13-yr period (t(1/2)=4.6 yr). While humic substances in the forest floor decomposed at a somewhat slower rate than bulk litter during Years 1 to 13, they decomposed much faster than has been calculated from (14)C dating of the refractory fraction of organic matter in the mineral soil. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Qualls, RG (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM qualls@unr.edu NR 28 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 899 EP 909 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200027 ER PT J AU Wu, J Norvell, WA Hopkins, DG Smith, DB Ulmer, MG Welch, RM AF Wu, J Norvell, WA Hopkins, DG Smith, DB Ulmer, MG Welch, RM TI Improved prediction and mapping of soil copper by kriging with auxiliary data for cation-exchange capacity SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-CONTENT; CADMIUM; FIELD AB Measurements of Cu or other trace elements in soils are rarely available in sufficient abundance to permit accurate mapping of large areas. In contrast, information is more widely available for major soil characteristics, such as cation-exchange capacity (CEC). Using data for soils of northern North Dakota, we compared four geostatistical methods as predictors of soil Cu: ordinary kriging (OK), ordinary kriging combined with regression (OKR), ordinary cokriging (OCK), and standardized ordinary cokriging (SCK). Ordinary kriging utilized data for soil Cu only, whereas the other three methods made use of CEC, which served as a secondary variable to improve the prediction and mapping of soil Cu. Quantitative predictions of soil Cu were tested by partitioning 619 sites of Cu into a training set of 310 sites, which was used to build models, and a testing set of 309 sites, which was reserved to test predictions derived from the training set. All three of the methods utilizing CEC data improved predictions substantially in comparison to OK. A larger data set containing data for soil Cu, CEC, or both was compiled from several comparable sources to prepare maps of Cu in soils of the 18 counties of northern North Dakota. These maps, based on data for 1002 sites within northern North Dakota, were quite similar for the three kriging methods which used data for both Cu and CEC, but different from the map derived from OK. Thus, the differences among the maps for soil Cu were consistent with our conclusion that the prediction of soil Cu was substantially improved by the use of CEC as an auxiliary variable. C1 ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NRCS, USDA, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Norvell, WA (reprint author), ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM wan1@cornell.edu NR 29 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 919 EP 927 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200029 ER PT J AU Clausnitzer, D Huddleston, JH Horn, E Keller, M Leet, C AF Clausnitzer, D Huddleston, JH Horn, E Keller, M Leet, C TI Hydric soils in a southeastern Oregon vernal pool SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Vernal pools on the High Lava Plain of the northern Great Basin become ponded in most years, but their soils exhibit weak redoximorphic features indicative of hydric conditions. We studied the hydrology, temperature, redox potentials, soil chemistry, and soil morphology of a vernal pool to determine if the soils are hydric, and to evaluate hydric soil field indicators. We collected data for 3 yr from piezometers, Pt electrodes, and thermocouples. Soil and water samples were analyzed for pH, organic C, and extractable Fe and Mn. Soils were ponded from January through April or May, but subsurface saturation was never detected. Soil temperatures 50 cm below the surface rose above 5degreesC by March. Clayey Bt horizons perched water and limited saturation to the upper 10 cm. Redox potentials at a 5-cm depth were often between 200 and 300 mV, indicating anaerobic conditions, but producing soluble Fe2+ concentrations <1 mg L-1. Extractable soil Fe contents indicated Fe depletion from pool surface horizons and accumulation at or near the upper Bt1 horizon. Depletions and concentrations did not satisfy the criteria of any current hydric soil indicators. We recommend development of new indicators based on acceptance of fewer, less distinct redox concentrations for recognition of a depleted A horizon, and on presence of a thin zone containing redox concentrations located in the upper part of the near-surface perching horizon. C1 FRESC, USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Bur Land Management, Prinville Off, Prineville, OR 97754 USA. NRCS, Burns Off, Hines, OR 97738 USA. Bur Land Management, Burns Off, Hines, OR 97738 USA. RP Clausnitzer, D (reprint author), FRESC, USGS, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 951 EP 960 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 676XE UT WOS:000182777200033 ER PT J AU Tucker, JW Hill, GE Holler, NR AF Tucker, JW Hill, GE Holler, NR TI Longleaf pine restoration: Implications for landscape-level effects on bird communities in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE longleaf pine restoration; Pinus palustris; bird communities; neotropical migrants; prescribed burning; Gulf Coastal Plain; oak hammocks; riparian zones; barrier islands; Partners in Flight concern scores ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; NORTHWEST FLORIDA; HARDWOOD REDUCTION; MANAGEMENT; SANDHILLS; DYNAMICS; HABITAT AB The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States is among the most heavily degraded of all ecosystems. Less than 1% of the original longleaf pine forests remain as old-growth stands. Eglin Air Force Base (Eglin) in northwest Florida contains the largest remaining extent of longleaf pine, but much of this habitat has been degraded through fire suppression, selective logging, and planting off-site species of pines. We examined the distribution of bird species among habitats during spring and fall 1994-1995 to assess the influence of large-scale habitat restoration on bird communities across the landscape. During both spring and fall, species richness and relative abundance of neotropical migrants were greatest in oak hammocks and riparian habitats. During spring, the abundance of resident species was greatest in barrier island scrub and flatwoods, but species richness of residents also was high in oak hammocks. During fall, both species richness and abundance of residents were greatest in oak hammocks and flatwoods. Analyses of abundance for individual species (both neotropical migrants and residents) suggested that each habitat examined was important for greater than or equal to1 species. An analysis examining the importance of habitats for conservation found that oak hammocks and riparian habitats were important for species of high management concern, but burned sandhills along with oak hammocks and riparian habitats were very important for species of the greatest management concern. Our results suggest that habitat modifications resulting from restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem will benefit many species of management concern. Bird species negatively affected by habitat modifications for longleaf pine restoration were abundant in other habitats. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Tucker, JW (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM jtucker@archbold-station.org NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 27 IS 2 BP 107 EP 121 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 677ZH UT WOS:000182839500005 ER PT J AU Wershaw, RL Rutherford, DW Rostad, CE Garbarino, JR Ferrer, I Kennedy, KR Momplaisir, GM Grange, A AF Wershaw, RL Rutherford, DW Rostad, CE Garbarino, JR Ferrer, I Kennedy, KR Momplaisir, GM Grange, A TI Mass spectrometric identification of an azobenzene derivative produced by smectite-catalyzed conversion of 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE mass spectrometry; azobenzene derivative; 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; OXIDATION; ANILINE; HECTORITE; SOIL; MONTMORILLONITE; ADSORPTION; BENZIDINE; CLAYS; IRON AB The compound 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (3-amino-HPAA) reacts with smectite to form a soluble azobenzene arsonic acid compound. This reaction is of particular interest because it provides a possible mechanism for the formation of a new type of arsenic compound in natural water systems. 3-Amino-HPAA is a degradation product excreted by chickens that are fed rations amended with roxarsone. Roxarsone is used to control coccidial intestinal parasites in most of the broiler chickens grown in the United States. The structure of the azobenzene arsonic acid compound was first inferred from negative-ion and positive-ion low-resolution mass-spectrometric analyses of the supernatant of the smectite suspension. Elemental composition of the parent ion determined by high-resolution positive-ion mass spectrometric measurements was consistent with the proposed structure of the azobenzene arsonic acid compound. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wershaw, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM rwershaw@usgs.gov RI Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1219 EP 1226 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00032-8 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 675YU UT WOS:000182725800014 PM 18969012 ER PT J AU Ratschbacher, L Hacker, BR Calvert, A Webb, LE Grimmer, JC McWilliams, MO Ireland, T Dong, SW Hu, JM AF Ratschbacher, L Hacker, BR Calvert, A Webb, LE Grimmer, JC McWilliams, MO Ireland, T Dong, SW Hu, JM TI Tectonics of the Qinling (Central China): tectonostratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation history SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE structural geology; Ar/Ar thermochronology; proterozoic to cenozoic tectonics; ultrahigh-pressure orogeny; qinling; Dabie Shan ID EAST-CENTRAL CHINA; TAN-LU FAULT; ULTRAHIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHISM; SOUTH-CHINA; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; OROGENIC BELT; ZIRCON AGES; EXTRUSION TECTONICS; SOUTHEASTERN CHINA; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA AB The Qinling orogen preserves a record of late mid-Proterozoic to Cenozoic tectonism in central China. High-pressure metamorphism and ophiolite emplacement (Songshugou ophiolite) assembled the Yangtze craton, including the lower Qinling unit, into Rodinia during the similar to 1.0 Ga Grenvillian orogeny. The lower Qinling unit then rifted from the Yangtze craton at similar to 0.7 Ga. Subsequent intra-oceanic arc formation at similar to 470-490 Ma was followed by accretion of the lower Qinling unit first to the intra-oceanic arc and then to the Sino-Korea craton. Subduction then imprinted a similar to 400 Ma Andean-type magmatic arc onto all units north of the northern Liuling unit. Oblique subduction created Silurian-Devonian WNW-trending, sinistral transpressive wrench zones (e.g., Lo-Nan, Shang-Dan), and Late Permian-Early Triassic subduction reactivated them in dextral transpression (Lo-Nan, Shang-Xiang, Shang-Dan) and subducted the northern edge of the Yangtze craton. Exhumation of the cratonal edge formed the Wudang metamorphic core complex during dominantly pure shear crustal extension at similar to230-235 Ma. Post-collisional south-directed shortening continued through the Early Jurassic. Cretaceous reactivation of the Qinling orogen started with NW-SE sinistral transtension, coeval with large-scale Early Cretaceous crustal extension and sinistral transtension in the northern Dabie Shan; it presumably resulted from the combined effects of the Siberia-Mongolia-Sino-Korean and Lhasa-West Burma-Qiangtang-Indochina collisions and Pacific subduction. Regional dextral wrenching was active within a NE-SW extensional regime between similar to60 and 100 Ma. An Early Cretaceous Andean-type continental magmatic arc, with widespread Early Cretaceous magmatism and back-arc extension, was overprinted by shortening related to the collision of Yangtze-Indochina Block with the West Philippines Block. Strike-slip and normal faults associated with Eocene half-graben basins record Paleogene NNE-SSW contraction and WNW-ESE extension. The Neogene(?) is characterized by normal faults and NNE-trending sub-horizontal extension. Pleistocene(?)-Quaternary NW-SE extension and NE-SW contraction comprises sinistral strike-slip faults and is part of the NW-SE extension imposed across eastern Asia by the India-Asia collision. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tech Univ Bergakad Freiberg, Inst Geol, D-09599 Freiburg, Germany. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93160 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Ratschbacher, L (reprint author), Tech Univ Bergakad Freiberg, Inst Geol, Bernhard Von Cottastr 2, D-09599 Freiburg, Germany. RI Ireland, Trevor/A-4993-2008; McWilliams, Michael/A-9548-2011; Webb, Laura/F-8226-2011; Hacker, Bradley/E-7750-2011; Dong, Shuwen/D-7619-2016; OI Ireland, Trevor/0000-0001-7617-3889; McWilliams, Michael/0000-0002-4107-7069; Webb, Laura/0000-0002-0597-5793; Dong, Shuwen/0000-0002-3374-5389; Ratschbacher, Lothar/0000-0001-9960-2084 NR 118 TC 424 Z9 497 U1 12 U2 109 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAY 1 PY 2003 VL 366 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00053-2 PG 53 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 679YW UT WOS:000182950400001 ER PT J AU Sternberg, MA AF Sternberg, MA TI Comparison of native brushland, replanted, and unaided secondary succession plant communities in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION; COMPETITION; WOODY AB Agriculture and urban development have destroyed 95% of native brushland habitat in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of south Texas. Therefore, habitat restoration is an important issue in the LRGV. Since 1982, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been replanting areas in the LRGV to native brushland species to establish a wildlife corridor along the lower reach of the Rio Grande. Vegetation composition of a mature brushland, a replanted habitat and an unaided secondary succession site (fallow field) were examined at one locale in the LRGV in 1999. The mature brushland edge plot had the highest species richness (43) followed by the replanted edge plot (37), mature brushland interior (35), replanted interior plot (33) and fallow field interior (12) and edge (11) plots. Edge and interior plots in the same habitat were similar in species composition (mature brushland, 74%; replanted, 63%; fallow field, 70%). Community similarity was greater for mature brushland and replanted habitats (47%) than the mature brushland and fallow field (32%), or the replanted and fallow field habitats (28%)'. These data suggest that current replanting techniques used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the LRGV achieve a more diverse plant community in a shorter length of time than unaided secondary succession of fallow fields. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Biol, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Sternberg, MA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Rio Grande Valley Natl Wildlife Refuge, Route 2,Box 202-A, Alamo, TX 78516 USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 129 EP 148 PG 20 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 696ZL UT WOS:000183917700002 ER PT J AU Farag, AM Skaar, D Nimick, DA MacConnell, E Hogstrand, C AF Farag, AM Skaar, D Nimick, DA MacConnell, E Hogstrand, C TI Characterizing aquatic health using salmonid mortality, physiology, and biomass estimates in streams with elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the Boulder River watershed, Montana SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; CONTAMINANT-BIOMONITORING-PROGRAM; RAINBOW-TROUT; BROWN TROUT; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; METALS; FISH; METALLOTHIONEIN; POPULATION; PRODUCTS AB Abandoned tailings and mine adits are located throughout the Boulder River watershed in Montana. In this watershed, all species of fish are absent from some tributary reaches near mine sources; however, populations of brook trout Salvelinus fontitalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and cut-throat trout O. clarki are found further downstream. Multiple methods must be used to investigate the effects of metals released by past mining activity because the effects on aquatic life may range in severity, depending on the proximity of mine sources. Therefore, we used three types of effects-those on fish population levels (as measured by survival), those on biomass and density, and those at the level of the individual (as measured by increases in metallothionein, products of lipid peroxidation, and increases in concentrations of tissue metals)-to assess the aquatic health of the Boulder River watershed. Elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the water column were associated with increased mortality of trout at sites located near mine waste sources. The hypertrophy (swelling), degeneration (dying), and necrosis of epithelial cells observed in the gills support our conclusion that the cause of death was related to metals in the water column. At a site further downstream (lower Cataract Creek), we observed impaired health of resident trout, as well as effects on biomass and density (measured as decreases in the kilograms of trout per hectare and the number per 300 m) and effects at the individual level, including increases in metallothionein, products of lipid peroxidation, and tissue concentrations of metals. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Res Stn, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Helena, MT 59620 USA. US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59601 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Hlth Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. Kings Coll London, Sch Life & Hlth Sci, Div Life Sci, London SE1 8WA, England. RP Farag, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Jackson Field Res Stn, POB 1089, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. EM aida_farag@usgs.gov RI Hogstrand, Christer/C-9041-2013; OI Nimick, David/0000-0002-8532-9192 NR 58 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 450 EP 467 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0450:CAHUSM>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800004 ER PT J AU Mesa, MG Bayer, JM Seelye, JG AF Mesa, MG Bayer, JM Seelye, JG TI Swimming performance and physiological responses to exhaustive exercise in radio-tagged and untagged Pacific lampreys SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; ACID-BASE REGULATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; PETROMYZON-MARINUS; ATLANTIC SALMON; TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS; METABOLIC RECOVERY; FISH; BEHAVIOR; BALANCE AB Populations of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata have declined in the Columbia River basin. One factor that may have contributed to this reduction in population size is an excessive use of energy by adult lampreys as they negotiate fishways at dams during spawning migrations. To gain an understanding of the performance capacity of Pacific lampreys, we estimated the critical swimming speed (U-crit) and documented physiological responses of radio-tagged and untagged adult lampreys exercised to exhaustion. The mean (+/-SD) U-crit of untagged lampreys was 86.2 +/- 7.5 cm/s at 15degreesC, whereas the U-crit for radio-tagged lampreys was 81.5 +/- 7.0 cm/s, a speed that was significantly lower than that of untagged fish. The physiological responses of tagged and untagged lampreys subjected to exhaustive exercise included decreases in blood pH of 0.3-0.5 units, a 40% decrease in muscle glycogen levels, a 22% increase in hematocrit for untagged fish only, and a 4- to 5-fold increase in muscle and a 40- to 100-fold increase in plasma lactate concentrations. These physiological changes were significant compared with resting control fish and usually returned to resting levels by 1-4 h after fatigue. Our estimates of U-crit for Pacific lampreys are the first quantitative measures of their swimming performance and suggest that these fish may have difficulty negotiating fishways at dams on the Columbia River, which can have water velocities approaching 2 m/s. Our physiological results indicate that tagged and untagged Pacific lampreys show similar metabolic dysfunction after exhaustive exercise but recover quickly from a single exposure to such a stressor. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 35 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 483 EP 492 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0483:SPAPRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800006 ER PT J AU Goodwin, KR Angermeier, PL AF Goodwin, KR Angermeier, PL TI Demographic characteristics of American eel in the Potomac River drainage, Virginia SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ANGUILLA-ANGUILLA L; AGE-DETERMINATION; LAKE CHAMPLAIN; BRACKISH-WATER; RHODE-ISLAND; FRESH-WATER; ROSTRATA; GROWTH; SEX; SIZE AB Studies of the demographic characteristics of the American eel Anguilla rostrata over broad spatial scales are scarce. Eels in the Shenandoah River drainage and lower Potomac River tributaries of Virginia were sampled over 2 years in both inland and near-coastal areas to describe the demographic characteristics in each area and document drainagewide patterns. Eels from the inland Shenandoah River drainage were significantly longer (median = 767 mm total length) and older (median = 11.5 years) than those found in the near-coastal Potomac River tributaries (median total length = 142 mm; median age = 2.0 years). In addition, the sex ratio varied in Potomac River tributaries, but only female were found in the Shenandoah River drainage. Catch per unit effort decreased with increasing distance inland and was further depressed upstream of some dams. Eel demographics in the Shenandoah drainage were similar to those observed in other studies done at distances exceeding 300 river kilometers (rkm) inland, whereas the demographics of Potomac River tributary eels were similar to those observed in other coastal and near-coastal areas. Large female eels found 300-500 rkm inland in this study may be especially important to the population's reproductive potential because of their greater fecundity. Investigations aimed at describing the demographics of eels in a region should sample throughout drainages to ensure accurate characterization. Effective management of eels will require innovative approaches that recognize the large-scale, complex structure of the population. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Michigan Dept Environm Qual, Surface Water Qual Div, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM biota@vt.edu NR 50 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 524 EP 535 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0524:DCOAET>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800010 ER PT J AU Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA Del Rio, CM Rule, DC AF Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA Del Rio, CM Rule, DC TI Physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout to fasting and swimming activity: Effects on body composition and condition indices SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HEPATIC GLYCOGEN-METABOLISM; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; FOOD-DEPRIVATION; SEASONAL-CHANGES; COHO SALMON; STARVATION; FISH; BIOCHEMISTRY; TEMPERATURE; THYROXINE AB The physiological traits that allow fish to survive periods of limited food resources are poorly understood. We assessed changes in proximate body composition, relative organ mass, blood metabolites, and relative weight (W-r) of sedentary and actively swimming (15 cm/s) juvenile rainbow trout (154-182 mm total length) over 147 d of fasting. Fasting caused measurable responses that were augmented when fish were swimming. Lipids and plasma triacylglycerides declined over time. Proteins were catabolized simultaneously with lipid reserves, but ammonia concentrations in plasma did not increase. The liver somatic index (LSI) did not change substantially over 105 d, suggesting that gluconeogenesis maintained blood glucose concentrations and hepatic glycogen reserves for a substantial period of fasting. The gut somatic index (GSI) and W-r declined linearly during fasting, but the LSI did not decline until after 105 d of fasting. Consequently, the use of different body condition indices could lead to different conclusions about the condition of juvenile rainbow trout. Swimming activity caused fish to have lower lipid and protein reserves than those of sedentary fish. No mortalities were observed among sedentary fish, but mortalities occurred among actively swimming fish after 97 d of fasting when 3.2% or less lipid remained in their bodies. Body condition indices did not account for differences in proximate body composition between sedentary and actively swimming fish and were relatively poor predictors of lipid content and risk of mortality. The probability of mortality was most accurately predicted by percent lipid content. Therefore, we suggest that fisheries scientists consider using percent lipid content when evaluating the physiological status and risk of mortality due to starvation among juvenile rainbow trout. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Simpkins, DG (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 576 EP 589 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0576:PROJRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800014 ER PT J AU Whitman, MS Moran, EH Ourso, RT AF Whitman, MS Moran, EH Ourso, RT TI Photographic techniques for characterizing streambed particle sizes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON AB We developed photographic techniques to characterize coarse (>2-mm) and fine (less than or equal to2-mm) streambed particle sizes in 12 streams in Anchorage, Alaska. Results were compared with current sampling techniques to assess which provided greater sampling efficiency and accuracy. The streams sampled were wadeable and contained gravel-cobble streambeds. Gradients ranged from about 5% at the upstream sites to about 0.25% at the downstream sites. Mean particle sizes and size-frequency distributions resulting from digitized photographs differed significantly from those resulting from Wolman pebble counts for five sites in the analysis. Wolman counts were biased toward selecting larger particles. Photographic analysis also yielded a greater number of measured particles (mean = 989) than did the Wolman counts (mean = 328). Stream embeddedness ratings assigned from field and photographic observations were significantly different at 5 of the 12 sites, although both types of ratings showed a positive relationship with digitized surface fines. Visual estimates of embeddedness and digitized surface tines may both be useful indicators of benthic conditions, but digitizing surface fines produces quantitative rather than qualitative data. Benefits of the photographic techniques include reduced field time, minimal streambed disturbance, convenience of postfield processing, easy sample archiving, and improved accuracy and replication potential. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Whitman, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 605 EP 610 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0605:PTFCSP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800017 ER PT J AU Ruetz, CR Hurford, AL Vondracek, B AF Ruetz, CR Hurford, AL Vondracek, B TI Interspecific interactions between brown trout and slimy sculpin in stream enclosures SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUB-ARCTIC RIVER; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; MOTTLED SCULPIN; SALMO-TRUTTA; FOOD-WEB; FISH; DRIFT; COMMUNITY; DISPERSAL AB We conducted a 30-d manipulative experiment in Valley Creek, Minnesota, to examine interspecific interactions between juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta and adult slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus. We measured the instantaneous growth of each species in the presence and absence of the other in 1-m(2) enclosures. We tested single-species (three slimy sculpins/m(2) or three brown trout/m(2)) and combined-species (three sculpins/m(2) and three trout/m(2)) combinations in each of six riffles. We placed a clay tile in each enclosure to evaluate the effects of fish combinations on benthic macroinvertebrates. Growth of brown trout was unaffected by the presence of slimy sculpins (P = 0.647, power [to detect 50% increase in growth] = 0.92), whereas slimy sculpin growth was less in the presence of brown trout (P = 0.038). Densities of total benthic macroinvertebrates, Chironomidae, Trichoptera, and Physa did not differ among fish combinations (P > 0.3). However, densities of Gammarus pseudolimnaeus were significantly less in the presence of brown trout irrespective of the presence of slimy sculpins (P = 0.024), which could be a causal factor underlying the interaction between brown trout and slimy sculpins. We found asymmetrical competition between brown trout and slimy sculpins in stream enclosures, with brown trout being the superior competitor. Nevertheless, the size of enclosures may have biased our results, making it more likely to detect an effect of brown trout on slimy sculpins than vice versa. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Fairfield Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfield, CT 06430 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ruetz, CR (reprint author), Lake Michigan Ctr, Annis Water Resources Inst, 740 W Shoreline Dr, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NR 45 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0611:IIBBTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 682YW UT WOS:000183120800018 ER PT J AU Belnap, J Sherrod, SK Miller, ME AF Belnap, J Sherrod, SK Miller, ME TI Effects of soil amendments on germination and emergence of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) and Hilaria jamesii SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE annual invasive grass; desert grasslands; semiarid; soil amendments ID PHOSPHATE SORPTION; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; IRON-OXIDE; PHOSPHORUS; INVASION; ACID; GRASSLAND; NUTRITION; GROWTH; PLANTS AB Downy brome is an introduced Mediterranean annual grass that now dominates millions of hectares of western U.S. rangelands. The presence of this grass has eliminated many native species and accelerated wildfire cycles. The objective of this study was to identify soil additives that allowed germination but inhibited emergence of downy brome, while not affecting germination or emergence of the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii. On the basis of data from previous studies, we focused on additives that altered the availability of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Most water-soluble treatments inhibited downy brome germination and emergence. We attribute the inhibitory effects of these treatments to excessive salinity and ion-specific effects of the additives themselves. An exception to this was oxalic acid, which showed no effect. Most water-insoluble treatments had no effect in soils with high P but did have an effect in soils with low P. Zeolite was effective regardless of P level, probably due to the high amounts of Na(+) it added to the soil solution. Most treatments at higher concentrations resulted in lower downy brome emergence rates in soils currently dominated by downy brome than in uninvaded (but theoretically invadable) Hilaria soils. This difference is possibly attributable to inherent differences in labile soil F. In Stipa soils, where Stipa spp. grow, but which are generally considered to be uninvadable by downy brome, additions of high amounts of N resulted in lower emergence. This may have been an effect of NH(4)(+) interference with uptake of K or other cations or toxicity of high N. We also saw a positive relationship between downy brome emergence and pH in Stipa soils. Hilaria development parameters were not as susceptible to the treatments, regardless of concentration, as downy brome. Our results suggest that there are additions that may be effective management tools for inhibiting downy brome in calcareous soils, including (1) high salt applications, (2) K-reducing additions (e.g., Mg), and (3) P-reducing additions. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Denver, CO 80210 USA. Natl Pk Serv, SE Utah Grp, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Field Stn,2290 S W Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM jayne_belnap@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2003 VL 51 IS 3 BP 371 EP 378 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0371:EOSAOG]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 682MA UT WOS:000183094600014 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Skinner, JA Hare, TM Joyal, T Wenker, A AF Tanaka, KL Skinner, JA Hare, TM Joyal, T Wenker, A TI Resurfacing history of the northern plains of Mars based on geologic mapping of Mars Global Surveyor data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review DE Mars northern plains; Mars geology; Mars water; Mars volatiles; Mars tectonics ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; MOLA DATA; GROUND ICE; SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS; ANCIENT OCEANS; THARSIS REGION; ELYSIUM REGION; GIANT IMPACT; CRATER SIZE; ORIGIN AB [1] Geologic mapping of the northern plains of Mars, based on Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography and Viking and Mars Orbiter Camera images, reveals new insights into geologic processes and events in this region during the Hesperian and Amazonian Periods. We propose four successive stages of lowland resurfacing likely related to the activity of near-surface volatiles commencing at the highland-lowland boundary ( HLB) and progressing to lower topographic levels as follows ( highest elevations indicated): Stage 1, upper boundary plains, Early Hesperian, <-2.0 to -2.9 km; Stage 2, lower boundary plains and outflow channel dissection, Late Hesperian, <-2.7 to -4.0 km; Stage 3, Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF) surface, Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian, <-3.1 to -4.1 km; and Stage 4, local chaos zones, Early Amazonian, <-3.8 to -5.0 km. At Acidalia Mensa, Stage 2 and 3 levels may be lower (<-4.4 and -4.8 km, respectively). Contractional ridges form the dominant structure in the plains and developed from near the end of the Early Hesperian to the Early Amazonian. Geomorphic evidence for a northern-plains-filling ocean during Stage 2 is absent because one did not form or its evidence was destroyed by Stage 3 resurfacing. Remnants of possible Amazonian dust mantles occur on top of the VBF. The north polar layered deposits appear to be made up of an up to kilometer-thick lower sequence of sandy layers Early to Middle Amazonian in age overlain by Late Amazonian ice-rich dust layers; both units appear to have outliers, suggesting that they once were more extensive. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM ktanaka@usgs.gov RI Skinner, James/M-7966-2014 NR 101 TC 118 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 30 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E4 AR 8043 DI 10.1029/2002JE001908 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 678JG UT WOS:000182863300005 ER PT J AU Van Wagtendonk, JW Root, RR AF Van Wagtendonk, JW Root, RR TI The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuel models in Yosemite National Park, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Remote Sensing and GIS Application to Forest Fire Management CY MAY, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Eurpean Assoc Remote Sensing Lab, Special Interest Grp Forest Fire ID CLASSIFICATION AB The objective of this study was to test the applicability of using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from a temporal sequence of six Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes to map fuel models for Yosemite National Park, USA. An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to define 30 unique spectral-temporal classes of NDVI values. A combination of graphical, statistical and visual techniques was used to characterize the 30 classes and identify those that responded similarly and could be combined into fuel models. The final classification of fuel models included six different types: short annual and perennial grasses, tall perennial grasses, medium brush and evergreen hardwoods, short-needled conifers with no heavy fuels, long-needled conifers and deciduous hardwoods, and short-needled conifers with a component of heavy fuels. The NDVI, when analysed over a season of phenologically distinct periods along with ancillary data, can elicit information necessary to distinguish fuel model types. Fuels information derived from remote sensors has proven to be useful for initial classification of fuels and has been applied to fire management situations on the ground. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Mapping Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Van Wagtendonk, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR 20 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1639 EP 1651 DI 10.1080/01431160210144679 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 667LM UT WOS:000182233700004 ER PT J AU Wolfe, CJ Okubo, PG Shearer, PM AF Wolfe, CJ Okubo, PG Shearer, PM TI Mantle fault zone beneath Kilauea volcano, Hawaii SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLANK; CALIFORNIA; MICROEARTHQUAKES; DEFORMATION; SEISMICITY AB Relocations and focal mechanism analyses of deep earthquakes (greater than or equal to13 kilometers) at Kilauea volcano demonstrate that seismicity is focused on an active fault zone at 30-kilometer depth, with seaward slip on a low-angle plane, and other smaller, distinct fault zones. The earthquakes we have analyzed predominantly reflect tectonic faulting in the brittle lithosphere rather than magma movement associated with volcanic activity. The tectonic earthquakes may be induced on preexisting faults by stresses of magmatic origin, although background stresses from volcano loading and lithospheric flexure may also contribute. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Wolfe, CJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Wolfe, Cecily /E-7874-2011; Shearer, Peter/K-5247-2012 OI Shearer, Peter/0000-0002-2992-7630 NR 18 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 18 PY 2003 VL 300 IS 5618 BP 478 EP 480 DI 10.1126/science.1082205 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 668LR UT WOS:000182295900037 PM 12702874 ER PT J AU Troutman, BM Karlinger, MR AF Troutman, BM Karlinger, MR TI Regional flood probabilities SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE flood frequency; regional flood frequency; spatial correlation; extreme value ID FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS; CHANNEL NETWORKS; RUNOFF AB [1] The T-year annual maximum flood at a site is defined to be that streamflow, that has probability 1/T of being exceeded in any given year, and for a group of sites the corresponding regional flood probability (RFP) is the probability that at least one site will experience a T-year flood in any given year. The RFP depends on the number of sites of interest and on the spatial correlation of flows among the sites. We present a Monte Carlo method for obtaining the RFP and demonstrate that spatial correlation estimates used in this method may be obtained with rank transformed data and therefore that knowledge of the at-site peak flow distribution is not necessary. We examine the extent to which the estimates depend on specification of a parametric form for the spatial correlation function, which is known to be nonstationary for peak flows. It is shown in a simulation study that use of a stationary correlation function to compute RFPs yields satisfactory estimates for certain nonstationary processes. Application of asymptotic extreme value theory is examined, and a methodology for separating channel network and rainfall effects on RFPs is suggested. A case study is presented using peak flow data from the state of Washington. For 193 sites in the Puget Sound region it is estimated that a 100-year flood will occur on the average every 4.5 years. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Troutman, BM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 16 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 AR 1095 DI 10.1029/2001WR001140 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 673TN UT WOS:000182596400001 ER PT J AU Brungard, KL Munakata-Marr, J Johnson, CA Mandernack, KW AF Brungard, KL Munakata-Marr, J Johnson, CA Mandernack, KW TI Stable carbon isotope fractionation of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene during co-metabolic degradation by methanotrophic bacteria SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYLOSINUS-TRICHOSPORIUM OB3B; CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PARTICULATE METHANE MONOOXYGENASE; IN-SITU BIODEGRADATION; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; MONO-OXYGENASES; VINYL-CHLORIDE; MIXED CULTURE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; ETHENES AB Changes in the carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE) were measured during its co-metabolic degradation by Methylomonas methanica, a type I methanotroph, and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, a type 11 methanotroph. In closed-vessel incubation experiments with each bacterium, the residual t-DCE became progressively enriched in C-13, indicating isotopic fractionation. From these experiments, the biological fractionation during t-DCE co-metabolism, expressed as e, was measured to be -3.5parts per thousand for the type I culture and -6.7parts per thousand for the type 11 culture. This fractionation effect and subsequent enrichment in the delta(13)C of the residual t-DCE can thus be applied to determine the extent of biodegradation of DCE by these organisms. Based on these results, isotopic fractionation clearly warrants further study, as measured changes in the delta(13)C values of chlorinated solvents could ultimately be used to monitor the extent of biodegradation in laboratory or field settings where co-metabolism by methanotrophs occurs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mandernack, KW (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Munakata Marr, Junko/C-9717-2013; OI Munakata Marr, Junko/0000-0002-3705-6265 NR 39 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 195 IS 1-4 BP 59 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00388-1 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666LX UT WOS:000182179700005 ER PT J AU Ellis, AS Johnson, TM Herbel, MJ Bullen, TD AF Ellis, AS Johnson, TM Herbel, MJ Bullen, TD TI Stable isotope fractionation of selenium by natural microbial consortia SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE selenium; stable isotopes; water contamination; bacteria ID BACTERIAL SULFATE REDUCTION; HYDRIDE GENERATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; WETLAND SYSTEM; SULFUR; SPECIATION; WATER; POPULATIONS; SELENATE AB The mobility and bioavailability of Se depend on its redox state, and reduction of Se oxyanions to less mobile, reduced species controls transport of this potentially toxic element in the environment. Stable isotope fractionation of Se is currently being developed as an indicator of Se immobilization through reduction. In this study, Se isotope fractionation resulting from reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) oxyanions by natural microbial consortia was measured in sediment slurry experiments under nearly natural conditions, with no substrate added. Experiments were conducted with a wide range of initial Se concentrations and with sediment and water from three locations with contrasting environmental settings. The products of Se(VI) and Se(IV) reduction were enriched in the lighter isotopes relative to the reactants. Shifts of -2.6parts per thousand to -3.1parts per thousand and -5.5parts per thousand to -5.7parts per thousand, respectively, were observed in the Se-80/Se-76 ratio. These isotopic fractionations did not depend significantly on initial Se concentrations, which were varied from 22 mug/l to 8 mg/l, or on geochemical differences among the sediments. These results provide estimates of Se isotope fractionation in organic-rich wetland environments but may not be appropriate for substrate-poor aquifers and marine sediments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ellis, AS (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, 245 NHB,1301 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 32 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 195 IS 1-4 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00391-1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666LX UT WOS:000182179700008 ER PT J AU Kaban, MK Schwintzer, P Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD AF Kaban, MK Schwintzer, P Artemieva, IM Mooney, WD TI Density of the continental roots: compositional and thermal contributions SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE gravity; heat flow; density; lithosphere; craton ID DYNAMIC SURFACE-TOPOGRAPHY; UPPER-MANTLE; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; HEAT-FLOW; GEODYNAMIC IMPLICATIONS; GEOID ANOMALIES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; SLAVE CRATON; TECTOSPHERE AB The origin and evolution of cratonic roots has been debated for many years. Precambrian cratons are underlain by cold lithospheric roots that are chemically depleted. Thermal and petrologic data indicate that Archean roots are colder and more chemically depleted than Proterozoic roots. This observation has led to the hypothesis that the degree of depletion in a lithospheric root depends mostly on its age. Here we test this hypothesis using gravity, thermal, petrologic, and seismic data to quantify differences in the density of cratonic roots globally. In the first step in our analysis we use a global crustal model to remove the crustal contribution to the observed gravity. The result is the mantle gravity anomaly field, which varies over cratonic areas from -100 to +100 mGal. Positive mantle gravity anomalies are observed for cratons in the northern hemisphere: the Baltic shield, East European Platform, and the Siberian Platform. Negative anomalies are observed over cratons in the southern hemisphere: Western Australia, South America, the Indian shield, and Southern Africa. This indicates that there are significant differences in the density of cratonic roots, even for those of similar age. Root density depends on temperature and chemical depletion. In order to separate these effects we apply a lithospheric temperature correction using thermal estimates from a combination of geothermal modeling and global seismic tomography models. Gravity anomalies induced by temperature variations in the uppermost mantle range from -200 to +300 mGal, with the strongest negative anomalies associated with mid-ocean ridges and the strongest positive anomalies associated with cratons. After correcting for thermal effects, we obtain a map of density variations due to lithospheric compositional variations. These maps indicate that the average density decrease due to the chemical depletion within cratonic roots varies from 1.1% to 1.5%, assuming the chemical boundary layer has the same thickness as the thermal boundary layer. The maximal values of the density drop are in the range 1.7-2.5%, and correspond to the Archean portion of each craton. Temperatures within cratonic roots vary strongly, and our analysis indicates that density variations in the roots due to temperature are larger than the variations due to chemical differences. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Dept 1, D-14478 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Strasbourg, Inst Phys Globe, EOST, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Dept 1, Telegrafenberg A 17, D-14478 Potsdam, Germany. EM kaban@gfz-potsdam.de; psch@gfz-potsdam.de; irina@eost.u-strasb.fr; mooney@usgs.gov RI Artemieva, Irina/C-2106-2013 OI Artemieva, Irina/0000-0002-3207-2901 NR 52 TC 101 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 209 IS 1-2 BP 53 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00072-4 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666RB UT WOS:000182189300005 ER PT J AU van de Flierdt, T Frank, M Halliday, AN Hein, JR Hattendorf, B Gunther, D Kubik, PW AF van de Flierdt, T Frank, M Halliday, AN Hein, JR Hattendorf, B Gunther, D Kubik, PW TI Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Pb isotopes; ferromanganese crusts; North Pacific; ocean circulation; eolian input; riverine input ID FE-MN CRUSTS; FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS; PB ISOTOPES; COAST MOUNTAINS; EOLIAN DEPOSITION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ND ISOTOPES; OCEAN WATER; ATLANTIC; SEAWATER AB The sources of non-anthropogenic Pb in seawater have been the subject of debate. Here we present Pb isotope time-series that indicate that the non-anthropogenic Pb budget of the northernmost Pacific Ocean has been governed by ocean circulation and riverine inputs, which in turn have ultimately been controlled by tectonic processes. Despite the fact that the investigated locations are situated within the Asian dust plume, and proximal to extensive arc volcanism, eolian contributions have had little impact. We have obtained the first high-resolution and high-precision Pb isotope time-series of North Pacific deep water from two ferromanganese crusts from the Gulf of Alaska in the NE Pacific Ocean, and from the Detroit Seamount in the NW Pacific Ocean. Both crusts were dated applying Be-10/Be-9 ratios and yield continuous time-series for the past 13.5 and 9.6 Myr, respectively. Lead isotopes show a monotonic evolution in Pb-206/Pb-204 from low values in the Miocene (less than or equal to 18.57) to high values at present day (greater than or equal to 18.84) in both crusts, even though they are separated by more than 3000 kin along the Aleutian Arc. The variation exceeds the amplitude found in Equatorial Pacific deep water records by about three-fold. There also is a striking similarity in Pb-207/Pb-204 and Pb-208/Pb-204 ratios of the two crusts, indicating the existence of a local circulation cell in the sub-polar North Pacific, where efficient lateral mixing has taken place but only limited exchange (in terms of Pb) with deep water from the Equatorial Pacific has occurred. Both crusts display well-defined trends with age in Pb-Pb isotope mixing plots, which require the involvement of at least four distinct Pb sources for North Pacific deep water. The Pb isotope time-series reveal that eolian supplies (volcanic ash and continent-derived loess) have only been of minor importance for the dissolved Pb budget of marginal sites in the deep North Pacific over the past 6 Myr. The two predominant sources have been young volcanic arcs, one located in the northeastern part and one located in the northwestern part of the Pacific margin, from where material has been eroded and delivered to the ocean, most likely via riverine pathways. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ETH Zentrum, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. ETH Honggerberg, Dept Chem, HCI, Inorgan Chem Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ETH Honggerberg, Paul Scherrer Inst, Inst Particle Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP van de Flierdt, T (reprint author), ETH Zentrum, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, Sonneggstr 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 80 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 209 IS 1-2 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666RB UT WOS:000182189300011 ER PT J AU Garbarino, JR Bednar, AJ Rutherford, DW Beyer, RS Wershaw, RL AF Garbarino, JR Bednar, AJ Rutherford, DW Beyer, RS Wershaw, RL TI Environmental fate of roxarsone in poultry litter. I. Degradation of roxarsone during composting SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Roxarsone, 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, is an organoarsenic compound that is used extensively in the feed of broiler poultry to control coccidial intestinal parasites, improve feed efficiency, and promote rapid growth. Nearly all the roxarsone in the feed is excreted unchanged in the manure. Poultry litter composed of the manure and bedding material has a high nutrient content and is used routinely as a fertilizer on cropland and pasture. Investigations were conducted to determine the fate of poultry-litter roxarsone in the environment. Experiments indicated that roxarsone was stable in fresh dried litter; the primary arsenic species extracted with water from dried litter was roxarsone. However, when water was added to litter at about 50 wt % and the mixture was allowed to compost at 40 degreesC, the speciation of arsenic shifted from roxarsone to primarily arsenate in about30 days. Increasing the amount of water increased the rate of degradation. Experiments also suggested that the degradation process most likely was biotic in nature. The rate of degradation was directly proportional to the incubation temperature; heat sterilization eliminated the degradation. Biotic degradation also was supported by results from enterobacteriaceae growth media that were inoculated with litter slurry to enhance the biotic processes and to reduce the concomitant abiotic effects from the complex litter solution. Samples collected from a variety of litter windrows in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Maryland also showed that roxarsone originally present had been converted to arsenate. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Branch Reg Res Cent Reg, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Garbarino, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, POB 25046 MS407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 18 TC 194 Z9 220 U1 10 U2 99 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 8 BP 1509 EP 1514 DI 10.1021/es026219q PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 667GV UT WOS:000182223700006 PM 12731831 ER PT J AU Rutherford, DW Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Needham, R Staver, KW Wershaw, RL AF Rutherford, DW Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Needham, R Staver, KW Wershaw, RL TI Environmental fate of roxarsone in poultry litter. part II. Mobility of arsenic in soils amended with poultry litter SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SORPTION AB Poultry litter often contains arsenic as a result of organo-arsenical feed additives. When the poultry litter is applied to agricultural fields, the arsenic is released to the environment and may result in increased arsenic in surface and groundwater and increased uptake by plants. The release of arsenic from poultry litter, litter-amended soils, and soils without litter amendment was examined by extraction with water and strong acids (HCl and HNO3). The extracts were analyzed for As, C, P, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Copper, zinc, and iron are also poultry feed additives. Soils with a known history of litter application and controlled application rate of arsenic-containing poultry litter were obtained from the University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. Soils from fields with long-term application of poultry litter were obtained from a tilled field on the Delmarva Peninsula (MD) and an untilled Oklahoma pasture. Samples from an adjacent forest or nearby pasture that had no history of litter application were used as controls. Depth profiles were sampled for the Oklahoma pasture soils. Analysis of the poultry litter showed that 75% of the arsenic was readily soluble in water. Extraction of soils shows that weakly bound arsenic mobilized by water correlates positively with C, P, Cu, and Zn in amended fields and appears to come primarily from the litter. Strongly bound arsenic correlates positively with Fe in amended fields and suggests sorption or coprecipitation of As and Fe in the soil column. C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Reg Res Cent Reg, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Phillips Res Ctr, Bartlesville, OK 74004 USA. Univ Maryland, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. RP Rutherford, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Reg Res Cent Reg, MS 408,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 107 Z9 127 U1 5 U2 51 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 8 BP 1515 EP 1520 DI 10.1021/es026222 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 667GV UT WOS:000182223700007 PM 12731832 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Baesman, SM Oremland, RS AF Miller, LG Baesman, SM Oremland, RS TI Bioreactors for removing methyl bromide following contained fumigations SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; STRAIN IMB-1; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; ACTIVATED CARBON; DEGRADATION; ADSORPTION; BACTERIA; CH3BR; OXIDATION; HALIDES AB Use of methyl bromide (MeBr) as a quarantine, commodity, or structural fumigant is under scrutiny because its release to the atmosphere contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. A closed-system bioreactor consisting of 0.5 L of a growing culture of a previously described bacterium, strain IMB-1, removed MeBr (> 110 mumol L-1) from recirculating air. Strain IMB-1 grew slowly to high cell densities in the bioreactor using MeBr as its sole carbon and energy source. Bacterial oxidation of MeBr produced CO2 and hydrobromic acid (HBr), which required continuous neutralization with NaOH for the system to operate effectively. Strain IMB-1 was capable of sustained oxidation of large amounts of MeBr (170 mmol in 46 d). In an open system bioreactor (10-L fermenter), strain IMB-1 oxidized a continuous supply of MeBr (220 mumol L-1 in air). Growth was continuous, and 0.5 mol of MeBr was removed from the air supply in 14 d. The specific rate of MeBr oxidation was 7 x 10(-16) mol cell(-1) h(-1). Bioreactors such as these can therefore be used to remove large quantities of contaminant MeBr, which opens the possibility of biodegradation as a practical means for its disposal. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Miller, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 8 BP 1698 EP 1704 DI 10.1021/es026155j PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 667GV UT WOS:000182223700031 PM 12731856 ER PT J AU Meibom, A Stage, M Wooden, J Constantz, BR Dunbar, RB Owen, A Grumet, N Bacon, CR Chamberlain, CP AF Meibom, A Stage, M Wooden, J Constantz, BR Dunbar, RB Owen, A Grumet, N Bacon, CR Chamberlain, CP TI Monthly Strontium/Calcium oscillations in symbiotic coral aragonite: Biological effects limiting the precision of the paleotemperature proxy SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SR/CA; VARIABILITY; ELEMENTS; PACIFIC; RELEASE; TRACE AB In thermodynamic equilibrium with sea water the Sr/Ca ratio of aragonite varies predictably with temperature and the Sr/Ca ratio in coral have thus become a frequently used proxy for past Sea Surface Temperature (SST). However, biological effects can offset the Sr/Ca ratio from its equilibrium value. We report high spatial resolution ion microprobe analyses of well defined skeletal elements in the reef-building coral Porites lutea that reveal distinct monthly oscillations in the Sr/Ca ratio, with an amplitude in excess of ten percent. The extreme Sr/Ca variations, which we propose result from metabolic changes synchronous with the lunar cycle, introduce variability in Sr/Ca measurements based on conventional sampling techniques well beyond the analytical precision. These variations can limit the accuracy of Sr/Ca paleothermometry by conventional sampling techniques to about 2degreesC. Our results may help explain the notorious difficulties involved in obtaining an accurate and consistent calibration of the Sr/Ca vs. SST relationship. C1 Stanford Univ, Biomech Engn Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Meibom, A (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Biomech Engn Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 16 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 7 AR 1418 DI 10.1029/2002GL016864 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 673QT UT WOS:000182592200002 ER PT J AU Ritchie, JC Walling, DE Peters, J AF Ritchie, JC Walling, DE Peters, J TI Application of geographic information systems and remote sensing for quantifying patterns of erosion and water quality - Special Issue SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SOIL C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Exeter, Dept Geog, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England. USGS, Div Water Resources, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, W Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jritchie@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 885 EP 886 DI 10.1002/hyp.1167 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 660JG UT WOS:000181829600001 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP Wetmore, CM AF Bennett, JP Wetmore, CM TI Elemental chemistry of four lichen species from the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, 1987, 1995 and 2001 SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE national park; islands; lichens; factor analysis; Cladina; Hypogymnia; Evernia; Parmelia; elemental analysis; heavy metals; soil elements ID NATIONAL-PARK; HEAVY-METALS; VIRGINIA; TRENDS; DEPOSITION; USA AB Four lichen, species sampled three times over a 15-year time span at four of the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin were analyzed for 16 chemical elements in order to determine time trends and spatial patterns. Factor analyses of the data revealed that elements, Associated with soils (All Cr, Fe, Na, Ni and S) have increased over the study period, while nutrient and pollutant elements (Cu, K, P, Pb and Zn) have decreased. Four other elements (Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn) were unchanged over time. Cladina rangiferina, a terricolous species, contained the lowest concentrations of all elements, while the corticolous species Evernia mesomorpha was highest in soil elements, Hypogymnia physodes was highest in Ca,,Cd; Mg and Mn, and Parmelia sulcata was highest in the nutritional elements. Lichens on islands within 3-4 km of the mainland were highest in soil elements, which decreased with distance from the mainland. Elements that, were 18-43% greater on the nearest islands were significantly different between near and far islands. Eight elements (All Ca, Cd, K, Mg, Mn, P and S) exceeded enrichment levels for Hypogymnia physodes, suggesting possible contamination problems for this species. Although Pb has decreased significantly over the time period, other elements have increased in the lichens while decreasing in the atmosphere, suggesting that accumulation in the environment is continuing. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 15 PY 2003 VL 305 IS 1-3 BP 77 EP 86 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00474-6 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00474-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 672RR UT WOS:000182535700007 PM 12670759 ER PT J AU Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB AF Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB TI Effects of anaesthesia with MS-222, clove oil and CO2 on feed intake and plasma cortisol in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE anaesthesia; feed intake; clove oil; CO2; cortisol; MS-222 ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE; HANDLING STRESS; COHO SALMON; GAIRDNERI; ANESTHESIA; FISH; TSHAWYTSCHA; STARVATION AB We examined the effects tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil and CO2 on feed intake and cortisol response in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Even though a body of literature exists about the effects of different anaesthetics on fish, no comparative information seems to be available about their effects on feed intake after anaesthesia, which would be important to know especially in aquaculture research. We anaesthetised juvenile steelhead trout with these three anaesthetics, and then sampled them 4, 24 and 48 h later. Fish in all groups ate relatively well already 4 h after anaesthesia. However, feed intake in fish treated with clove oil or MS-222 was lower than in the controls. There were no differences in feed intake among anaesthetised groups. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated 48 h after anaesthetisation, but the treatment means were equal throughout the experiment. Our results support previous findings that clove oil is a reasonable alternative to MS-222. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pirhonen, J (reprint author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, POB 35, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland. NR 27 TC 58 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 220 IS 1-4 BP 507 EP 514 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00624-5 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 665BE UT WOS:000182099100038 ER PT J AU Pelis, RM McCormick, SD AF Pelis, RM McCormick, SD TI Fin development in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Atlantic salmon; Salmo salar; fin growth; fin degeneration ID JUVENILE STEELHEAD; SALAR L; TROUT; PARR; EROSION; RACEWAYS; SURVIVAL; ATTACK; MYKISS; WATER AB To determine the effect of development and environment on fin growth, we measured fin lengths of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from two hatcheries (August, October and April-May), stream-reared fish (July and October) stocked as fry into two tributaries, and smolts from the main stem of the Connecticut River (May). For stream-reared parr, there was a linear relationship between the dorsal, caudal and anal fins with fork length, while the pectoral, pelvic and adipose fins exhibited a curvilinear relationship with fork length. Parr from a high gradient stream had larger caudal fins than fish from a low gradient stream, but other fins did not differ. Regression lines for the fins of stream-reared smolts were all linear when fin length was regressed against fork length. Stream-reared parr had larger pectoral, pelvic and anal fins than smolts of similar size while dorsal and caudal fin lengths did not differ. Regression equations formulated using the fins of stream-reared parr were used to calculate the percent difference (100 x observed fin length/expected) in fin lengths between stream- and hatchery-reared parr. The pelvic, adipose, caudal and anal fins of hatchery-reared parr showed no signs of degeneration by the first sampling period 7 months after hatching, whereas degeneration in the pectoral (13-20%) and dorsal (15-18%) fins was evident at this time. By the end of the study, degeneration was present in every fin except the adipose, with the pectoral (35-65%) and dorsal (32-58%) fins exhibiting the greatest amount of fin loss. All fins of hatchery-reared parr became shorter with time. There were minor differences in fin degeneration among parr from the two hatcheries, but the overall pattern of decreasing fin size was similar, indicating a common cause of fin degeneration. Comparison of stream- and hatchery-reared fish is a valuable means of determining the impact of captive environments on fin growth. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resouces Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Pelis, RM (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, U-4156,3107 Horsebarn Hill Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 220 IS 1-4 BP 525 EP 536 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00625-7 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 665BE UT WOS:000182099100040 ER PT J AU Murray, AL Pascho, RJ Alcorn, SW Fairgrieve, WT Shearer, KD Roley, D AF Murray, AL Pascho, RJ Alcorn, SW Fairgrieve, WT Shearer, KD Roley, D TI Effects of various feed supplements containing fish protein hydrolysate or fish processing by-products on the innate immune functions of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE fish protein hydrolysate; coho salmon; Oncorhynchus kisutch; innate immunity; Vibrio anguillarum ID HEAD KIDNEY LEUKOCYTES; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; RAINBOW-TROUT; VIBRIO-ANGUILLARUM; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHALLENGE TRIAL; MYKISS WALBAUM; GAIRDNERI; LYSOZYME; DIETS AB immunomodulators administered to fish in the diet have been shown in some cases to enhance innate immune defense mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that polypeptide fractions found in fish protein hydrolysates may stimulate factors in fish important for disease resistance. For the current study, groups of coho salmon were reared on practical feeds that contained either fish meal (Control diet), fish meal supplemented with cooked fish by-products, or fish meal supplemented with hydrolyzed fish protein alone, or with hydrolyzed fish protein and processed fish bones. For each diet group, three replicate tanks of fish were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Morphometric measurements, and serologic and cellular assays were used to evaluate the general health and immunocompetence of fish in the various feed groups. Whereas the experimental diets had no effect on the morphometric and cellular measurements, fish fed cooked by-products had increased leucocrit levels and lower hematocrit levels than fish from the other feed groups. Innate cellular responses were increased in all feed groups after feeding the four experimental diets compared with pre-feed results. Subgroups of fish from each diet group were also challenged with Vibrio anguillarum (ca. 7.71 x 10(5) bacteria ml(-1)) at 15 degreesC by immersion. No differences were found in survival among the various feed groups. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Biooregon Inc, Warrenton, OR 97146 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 220 IS 1-4 BP 643 EP 653 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00426-X PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 665BE UT WOS:000182099100049 ER PT J AU Coloso, RM King, K Fletcher, JW Hendrix, MA Subramanyam, M Weis, P Ferraris, RP AF Coloso, RM King, K Fletcher, JW Hendrix, MA Subramanyam, M Weis, P Ferraris, RP TI Phosphorus utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed practical diets and its consequences on effluent phosphorus levels SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE rainbow trout; dietary phosphorous; aquaculture effluent ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS DIETS; MICROBIAL PHYTASE; PHOSPHATE; CHOLECALCIFEROL; AVAILABILITY; DIGESTIBILITY; REQUIREMENT; SUPPLEMENTS AB Excessive dietary phosphorous (P) concentrations in effluents from aquaculture present a major environmental problem. We therefore studied the effect of dietary P and vitamin D-3 on P utilization by rainbow trout-fed practical diets and on P concentrations in the soluble, particulate and settleable components of the effluent from fish tanks. Rainbow trout (average weight: 78 g, initial biomass: 13 kg in 0.7 m(3) tanks) were fed for 11 weeks, practical diets that varied in total P, available P, and vitamin D-3 concentrations. Soluble, particulate (10-200 mum) and settleable (>200 mum) P in the effluent were sampled every 0.5-6 h for 1-3 days in the third and eleventh weeks of the experiment. Trout in all diets more than doubled their weight after I I weeks. Increasing the concentrations of available dietary P from 0.24% to 0.88% modestly enhanced growth rate. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and biomass gain per gram P consumed decreased as dietary P concentrations increased. Carcass P, daily P gain, and plasma P concentrations were lower in fish fed with low P diets. Soluble P concentrations in the effluent peaked immediately after and again 4-6 h after feeding, and is a linear function of available dietary P. No soluble P would be produced during consumption of diets containing less than 0.22 +/- 0.02% available P. Above this dietary concentration, soluble P would be excreted at 6.9 +/- 0.4 mg/day/kg for each 0.1% increase in available dietary P. Particulate P concentrations in the effluent were independent of dietary P concentrations. Settleable, presumably fecal, P I concentrations tended to increase with dietary P concentrations. In trout fed with low P (0.24% available P, 0.6% total P) diets, 60% of total dietary P were retained by the fish and the remaining 40% were excreted in the effluent as settleable P (20-30%) and particulate or soluble P (10-20%). In trout fed with high P (0.59-0.88% available P; 0.9-1.2% total P) diets, 30-55% of total dietary P was retained by fish, and the remaining 15-25% appeared in the effluent as settleable P, 20-55% as soluble P, and 5-10% as particulate P. Vitamin D-3 did not affect fish growth nor effluent P levels. Physicochemical management of aquaculture effluents should consider the effect of diets on partitioning of effluent P, the peaks of soluble P concentration following feeding, and the contributions of particulate P to total P in the effluent. Increasing our understanding of how dietary P is utilized and is subsequently partitioned in the effluent can contribute significantly towards alleviating this important environmental and industry problem. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Radiol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Zeigler Bros Inc, Gardners, PA 17324 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Dept Interior, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. SE Asian Fisheries Dev Ctr, Dept Aquaculture, Iloilo 5021, Philippines. RP Ferraris, RP (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, 185 S Orange Ave,MSB-H621, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. NR 23 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 14 PY 2003 VL 220 IS 1-4 BP 801 EP 820 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00403-9 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 665BE UT WOS:000182099100061 ER PT J AU Keim, BD Wilson, AM Wake, CP Huntington, TG AF Keim, BD Wilson, AM Wake, CP Huntington, TG TI Are there spurious temperature trends in the United States Climate Division database? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NETWORK AB [1] The United States (U.S.) Climate Division data set is commonly used in applied climatic studies in the United States. The divisional averages are calculated by including all available stations within a division at any given time. The averages are therefore vulnerable to shifts in average station location or elevation over time, which may introduce spurious trends within these data. This paper examines temperature trends within the 15 climate divisions of New England, comparing the NCDC's U. S. Divisional Data to the U. S. Historical Climate Network (USHCN) data. Correlation and multiple regression revealed that shifts in latitude, longitude, and elevation have affected the quality of the NCDC divisional data with respect to the USHCN. As a result, there may be issues with regard to their use in decadal-to century-scale climate change studies. C1 Louisiana State Univ, So Reg Climate Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Augusta, GA USA. RP Louisiana State Univ, So Reg Climate Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Wilson, Adam/C-6731-2009; Wake, Cameron/G-8114-2014; OI Wilson, Adam/0000-0003-3362-7806; Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 12 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 11 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 7 AR 1404 DI 10.1029/2002GL016295 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 669JP UT WOS:000182348400001 ER PT J AU Hirata, K Geist, E Satake, K Tanioka, Y Yamaki, S AF Hirata, K Geist, E Satake, K Tanioka, Y Yamaki, S TI Slip distribution of the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M 8.1) along the Kuril Trench deduced from tsunami waveform inversion SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE tsunamis and storm surges; earthquake dynamics and mechanics; earthquake parameters; seismic hazard assessment and prediction; Pacific Ocean ID 1984 MORGAN-HILL; SUBDUCTION ZONES; COSEISMIC SLIP; JOINT INVERSION; JAPAN; DEFORMATION; SEISMICITY; MOTION; MODEL; DEPTH AB [1] We inverted 13 tsunami waveforms recorded in Japan to estimate the slip distribution of the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M 8.1), which occurred southeast off Hokkaido along the southern Kuril subduction zone. The previously estimated source area determined from tsunami travel times [Hatori, 1973] did not coincide with the observed aftershock distribution. Our results show that a large amount of slip occurred in the aftershock area east of Hatori's tsunami source area, suggesting that a portion of the interplate thrust near the trench was ruptured by the main shock. We also found more than 5 m of slip along the deeper part of the seismogenic interface, just below the central part of Hatori's tsunami source area. This region, which also has the largest stress drop during the main shock, had few aftershocks. Large tsunami heights on the eastern Hokkaido coast are better explained by the heterogeneous slip model than previous uniform-slip fault models. The total seismic moment is estimated to be 1.87 x 10(21) N m, giving a moment magnitude of M-w = 8.1. The revised tsunami source area is estimated to be 25.2 x 10(3) km(2), similar to3 times larger than the previous tsunami source area. Out of four large earthquakes with M similar to 7 that subsequently occurred in and around the rupture area of the 1952 event, three were at the edges of regions with relatively small amount of slip. We also found that a subducted seamount near the edge of the rupture area possibly impeded slip along the plate interface. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. Seamus Ltd, Niigata, Japan. RP Hirata, K (reprint author), Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, 2-15 Natsushima Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. EM hiratak@jamstec.go.jp; egeist@usgs.gov; kenji.satake@aist.go.jp; ytanioka@mri-jma.go.jp; yamaki@kc4.so-net.ne.jp RI Satake, Kenji/E-2312-2011 OI Satake, Kenji/0000-0002-3368-3085 NR 56 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B4 AR 2196 DI 10.1029/2002JB001976 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 669MN UT WOS:000182355200002 ER PT J AU Fornwalt, PJ Kaufmann, MR Huckaby, LS Stoker, JA Stohlgren, TJ AF Fornwalt, PJ Kaufmann, MR Huckaby, LS Stoker, JA Stohlgren, TJ TI Non-native plant invasions in managed and protected ponderosa pine Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Colorado front range; Douglas-fir; land management; non-native plant species; plant diversity; ponderosa pine; Riparian ID VEGETATION; CHEATGRASS AB We examined patterns of non-native plant diversity in protected and managed ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range. Cheesman Lake, a protected landscape, and Turkey Creek, a managed landscape, appear to have had similar natural disturbance histories prior to European settlement and fire protection during the last century. However, Turkey Creek has experienced logging, grazing, prescribed burning, and recreation since the late 1800s, while Cheesman Lake has not. Using the modified-Whittaker plot design to sample understory species richness and cover, we collected data for 30 0.1 ha plots in each landscape. Topographic position greatly influenced results, while management history did not. At both Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek, low/riparian plots had highest native and non-native species richness and cover; upland plots (especially east/west-facing, south-facing and flat, high plots) had the lowest. However, there were no significant differences between Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek for native species richness, native species cover, non-native species richness' or non-native species cover for any topographic category. In general, non-native species richness and cover Were highly positively correlated with native species richness and/or cover (among other variables). In total, 16 non-native species were recorded at Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek; none of the 16 non-native species were more common at one site than another. These findings suggest that: (1) areas that are high in native species diversity also contain more non-native species; (2) both protected and managed areas can be invaded by non-native plant species, and at similar intensities; and (3) logging, grazing, and other similar disturbances may have less of an impact on non-native species establishment and growth than topographic position (i.e., in lowland and riparian zones versus upland zones). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kaufmann, MR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. OI Stoker, Jason/0000-0003-2455-0931 NR 35 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 13 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 7 PY 2003 VL 177 IS 1-3 BP 515 EP 527 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00456-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00456-5 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 664BL UT WOS:000182041800038 ER PT J AU Lloyd, JD Martin, TE AF Lloyd, JD Martin, TE TI Sibling competition and the evolution of prenatal development rates SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE sibling competition; developmental rate; incubation period; extra-pair paternity; life-history evolution ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; DNA-DNA HYBRIDIZATION; AVIAN GROWTH-RATES; HATCHING ASYNCHRONY; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ALTRICIAL BIRDS; NEST PREDATION; PARENTAL CARE; INCUBATION; PATERNITY AB Sibling competition has been proposed as an important evolutionary pressure driving interspecific variation in developmental rates. We tested this hypothesis using rates of extra-pair paternity and brood parasitism, as well as the degree of hatching asynchrony, as indices of sibling competition in a comparative analysis of 70 species of bird. We found mixed support for the influence of sibling competition on prenatal development. Brood parasitism was negatively correlated with the length of incubation, and hatching asynchrony was positively correlated with the length of incubation, but both correlations disappeared when phylogeny was controlled for. Extra-pair paternity, however, was negatively correlated with incubation length even when phylogeny was controlled for. The latter could represent support for the influence of sibling competition on prenatal development or indirect effects of correlated selection on both traits by adult mortality. The existence of these correlations demonstrates that life-history strategies include linkages among a larger suite of traits than previously recognized. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Lloyd, JD (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM jlloyd@selway.umt.edu RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011; OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867; Lloyd, John/0000-0002-9143-3789 NR 51 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD APR 7 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1516 BP 735 EP 740 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2289 PG 6 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 667TP UT WOS:000182249200011 PM 12713748 ER PT J AU Lewicki, JL Evans, WC Hilley, GE Sorey, ML Rogie, JD Brantley, SL AF Lewicki, JL Evans, WC Hilley, GE Sorey, ML Rogie, JD Brantley, SL TI Shallow soil CO2 flow along the San Andreas and Calaveras Faults, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; soil gases; carbon isotopes; San Andreas fault; Calaveras fault ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS GEOCHEMISTRY; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; RADON TRANSPORT; FLUX; PARKFIELD; GRASSLAND; EMISSIONS; ZONE AB [1] We evaluate a comprehensive soil CO2 survey along the San Andreas fault (SAF) in Parkfield, and the Calaveras fault (CF) in Hollister, California, in the context of spatial and temporal variability, origin, and transport of CO2 in fractured terrain. CO2 efflux was measured within grids with portable instrumentation and continuously with meteorological parameters at a fixed station, in both faulted and unfaulted areas. Spatial and temporal variability of surface CO2 effluxes was observed to be higher at faulted SAF and CF sites, relative to comparable background areas. However, delta(13)C (-23.3 to -16.4parts per thousand) and Delta(14)C (75.5 to 94.4parts per thousand) values of soil CO2 in both faulted and unfaulted areas are indicative of biogenic CO2, even though CO2 effluxes in faulted areas reached values as high as 428 g m(-2) d(-1). Profiles of soil CO2 concentration as a function of depth were measured at multiple sites within SAF and CF grids and repeatedly at two locations at the SAF grid. Many of these profiles suggest a surprisingly high component of advective CO2 flow. Spectral and correlation analysis of SAF CO2 efflux and meteorological parameter time series indicates that effects of wind speed variations on atmospheric air flow though fractures modulate surface efflux of biogenic CO2. The resulting areal patterns in CO2 effluxes could be erroneously attributed to a deep gas source in the absence of isotopic data, a problem that must be addressed in fault zone soil gas studies. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14476 Golm, Germany. RP Lewicki, JL (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, 4202 E Fowler Ave,SCA 528, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM jlewicki@chumal.cas.usf.edu RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 45 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 5 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B4 AR 2187 DI 10.1029/2002JB002141 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 667QD UT WOS:000182243500001 ER PT J AU Wilf, P Cuneo, NR Johnson, KR Hicks, JF Wing, SL Obradovich, JD AF Wilf, P Cuneo, NR Johnson, KR Hicks, JF Wing, SL Obradovich, JD TI High plant diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from Patagonia SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AMAZONIAN SPECIATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RAIN-FOREST; VEGETATION; HISTORY; HYPOTHESIS; TAPHONOMY; EVOLUTION; TERTIARY; COLORADO AB Tropical South America has the highest plant diversity of any region today, but this richness is usually characterized as a geologically recent development (Neogene or Pleistocene). From caldera-lake beds exposed at Laguna del Hunco in Patagonia, Argentina, paleolatitude similar to47degreesS, we report 102 leaf species. Radioisotopic and paleomagnetic analyses indicate that the. ora was deposited 52 million years ago, the time of the early Eocene climatic optimum, when tropical plant taxa and warm, equable climates reached middle latitudes of both hemispheres. Adjusted for sample size, observed richness exceeds that of any other Eocene leaf. ora, supporting an ancient history of high plant diversity in warm areas of South America. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Michigan, Museum Paleontol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Museo Paleontol Egidio Feruglio, RA-9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina. Denver Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Denver, CO 80205 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wilf, P (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM pwilf@geosc.psu.edu OI Wing, Scott/0000-0002-2954-8905 NR 68 TC 148 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 4 PY 2003 VL 300 IS 5616 BP 122 EP 125 DI 10.1126/science.1080475 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 663CP UT WOS:000181988900046 PM 12677065 ER PT J AU Flint, LE Flint, AL Selker, JS AF Flint, LE Flint, AL Selker, JS TI Influence of transitional volcanic strata on lateral diversion at Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanic tuffs; lateral diversion; capillary barrier; Yucca Mountain ID UNSATURATED ZONE; CAPILLARY BARRIERS; HYDROLOGY; PERFORMANCE; MOVEMENT; CAPACITY; MODEL; FLOW; NV AB [1] Natural hydraulic barriers exist at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential high-level nuclear waste repository, that have been identified as possible lateral diversions for reducing deep percolation through the waste storage area. Historical development of the conceptual model of lateral diversion has been limited by available field data, but numerical investigations presented the possibility of significant lateral diversion due to the presence of a thin, porous rock layer, the Paintbrush nonwelded tuffs. Analytical analyses of the influence of transitional changes in properties suggest that minimal lateral diversion is likely at Yucca Mountain. Numerical models, to this point, have not accounted for the gradual transition of properties or the existence of multiple layers that could inadvertently influence the simulation of lateral diversion as an artifact of numerical model discretization. Analyses were made of subsurface matric potential measurements, and comparisons were made of surface infiltration estimates with deeper percolation flux calculations using chloride-mass-balance calculations and simulations of measured temperature profiles. These analyses suggest that insignificant lateral diversion has occurred above the repository horizon and that water generally moves vertically through the Paintbrush nonwelded tuffs. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Bioresource Engn, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Flint, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR 3 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 AR 1084 DI 10.1029/2002WR001503 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 667RA UT WOS:000182245500002 ER PT J AU Durham, WB Kirby, SH Stern, LA Zhang, W AF Durham, WB Kirby, SH Stern, LA Zhang, W TI The strength and rheology of methane clathrate hydrate SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE gas hydrates; creep of ice; planetary ices; mechanical stability; Titan; Mars ID BEARING SEDIMENTS; BLAKE RIDGE; FLOW LAWS; ICE; GAS AB Methane clathrate hydrate (structure I) is found to be very strong, based on laboratory triaxial deformation experiments we have carried out on samples of synthetic, high-purity, polycrystalline material. Samples were deformed in compressional creep tests (i.e., constant applied stress, sigma), at conditions of confining pressure P = 50 and 100 MPa, strain rate 4.5 x 10(-8) less than or equal to (epsilon)over dot less than or equal to 4.3 x 10(-4) s(-1), temperature 260 less than or equal to T less than or equal to 287 K, and internal methane pressure 10 less than or equal to P-CH4 15 MPa. At steady state, typically reached in a few percent strain, methane hydrate exhibited strength that was far higher than expected on the basis of published work. In terms of the standard high-temperature creep law, (epsilon)over dot = Asigma(n)e(-(E*+ PV*)/RT) the rheology is described by the constants A = 10(8.55) MPa- s(-1), n = 2.2, E* = 90,000 J mol(-), and V* = 19 cm(3) mol(-). For comparison, at temperatures just below the ice point, methane hydrate at a given strain rate is over 20 times stronger than ice, and the contrast increases at lower temperatures. The possible occurrence of syntectonic dissociation of methane hydrate to methane plus free water in these experiments suggests that the high strength measured here may be only a lower bound. On Earth, high strength in hydrate-earing formations implies higher energy release upon decomposition and subsequent failure. In the outer solar system, if Titan has a 100-km-thick near-surface layer of high-strength, low-thermal conductivity methane hydrate as has been suggested, its interior is likely to be considerably warmer than previously expected. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Durham, WB (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-201,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM durham1@llnl.gov NR 34 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 7 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 2 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B4 AR 2182 DI 10.1029/2002JB001872 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 667WA UT WOS:000182256400003 ER PT J AU Chi, GX Chou, IM Lu, HZ AF Chi, GX Chou, IM Lu, HZ TI An overview on current fluid-inclusion research and applications SO ACTA PETROLOGICA SINICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Chinese National Conference on Fluid Inclusions and Geofluids CY OCT, 2002 CL NANJING, PEOPLES R CHINA DE fluid inclusions; FIA; PVTX; fluid-inclusion analysis; fluid-inclusion application ID PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES; FREEZING-POINT DEPRESSION; V-T PROPERTIES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; SYSTEM NACL-CACL2-H2O; NATURAL QUARTZ; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HIGH-PRESSURE; MOLAR VOLUME; COMPOSITIONAL LIMITS AB This paper provides an overview of some of the more important developments in fluid-inclusion research and applications in recent years, including fluid-inclusion petrography, PVTX studies, and analytical techniques. In fluid-inclusion petrography, the introduction of the concept of 'fluid-inclusion assemblage' has been a major advance. In PVTX studies, the use of synthetic fluid inclusions and hydrothermal diamond-anvil cells has greatly contributed to the characterization of the phase behaviour of geologically relevant fluid systems. Various analytical methods are being developed and refined rapidly, with the Laser-Raman and LA-ICP-MS techniques being particularly useful for volatile and solute analyses, respectively. Ore deposit research has been and will continue to be the main field of application of fluid inclusions. However, fluid inclusions have been increasingly applied to other fields of earth science, especially in petroleum geology and the study of magmatic and earth interior processes. C1 Univ Regina, Dept Geol, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA USA. Univ Quebec, Dept Appl Sci, Chicoutimi, PQ G7H 2B1, Canada. RP Chi, GX (reprint author), Univ Regina, Dept Geol, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. NR 153 TC 12 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1000-0569 J9 ACTA PETROL SIN JI Acta Petrol. Sin. PD APR PY 2003 VL 19 IS 2 BP 201 EP 212 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA 688GD UT WOS:000183425100001 ER PT J AU Chou, IM AF Chou, IM TI Hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: application to studies of geologic fluids SO ACTA PETROLOGICA SINICA LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell; fluid inclusion; critical phenomenon; X-ray absorption fine structure; metal complexes; rare earth element complexes ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; SILICATE MELTS; PRESSURES; H2O; QUARTZ; PHASE AB The hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) was designed to simulate the geologic conditions of crustal processes in the presence of water or other fluids. The HDAC has been used to apply external pressure to both synthetic and natural fluid inclusions in quartz to minimize problems caused by stretching or decrepitation of inclusions during microthermometric analysis. When the HDAC is loaded with a fluid sample, it can be considered as a large synthetic fluid inclusion and therefore, can be used to study the PVTX properties as well as phase relations of the sample fluid. Because the HDAC has a wide measurement pressure-temperature range and also allows in-situ optical observations, it has been used to study critical phenomena of various chemical systems, such as the geologically important hydrous silicate melts. It is possible, when the HDAC is combined with synchrotron X-ray sources, to obtain basic information on speciation and structure of metal including rare-earth elements (REE) complexes in hydrothermal solutions as revealed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Recent modifications of the HDAC minimize the loss of intensity of X-rays due to scattering and absorption by the diamonds. These modifications are especially important for studying elements with absorption edges below 10 keV and therefore particularly valuable for our understanding of transport and deposition of first-row transition elements and REE in hydrothermal environments. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 56 TC 8 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1000-0569 J9 ACTA PETROL SIN JI Acta Petrol. Sin. PD APR PY 2003 VL 19 IS 2 BP 213 EP 220 PG 8 WC Geology SC Geology GA 688GD UT WOS:000183425100002 ER PT J AU Mattingly, HT Hamilton, J Galat, DL AF Mattingly, HT Hamilton, J Galat, DL TI Reproductive ecology and captive breeding of the threatened Niangua darter Etheostoma nianguae SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FOUNTAIN DARTER; LEOPARD DARTER; LIFE-HISTORY; PANTHERINA; PERCIDAE; BEHAVIOR; FISHES AB The Niangua darter Etheostoma nianguae is a threatened stream fish endemic to the Osage River basin of Missouri's Ozark uplands. We studied the darter's reproductive behavior under natural conditions in the wild to assist recovery efforts. In addition, techniques for captive propagation were developed in the event that wild populations should suffer precipitous declines. Seven spawning events were witnessed by snorkelers in swift riffle areas at mean (+/-SD) water depths of 23 +/- 5 cm, column current velocities of 83 +/- 12 cm/s and focal current velocities of 43 +/- 9 cm/s. This combination of depth and velocity was used only for spawning; darters were found at slower velocities and greater depths when not spawning during spring and at slower velocities during summer. Niangua darters in captivity spawned in 38 liter aquaria with fine uniform substrate and no current velocity, and larvae were reared to the juvenile stage. Time from fertilization to hatching was 10-11 d at 16 C. Larvae swam up 3 d after hatching and remained in the water column 31-33 d before returning to the substrate. We suggest a spawning protocol that includes capturing wild males and females during April, isolating spawning pairs in 38 liter aquaria with fine substrate and maintaining low light levels during hatching. Young can be reared on brine shrimp nauplii, zooplankton and, later, frozen adult brine shrimp. A chronology of Niangua darter reproductive and early life history events is provided. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Blind Pony Hatchery, Sweet Springs, MO 65351 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Mattingly, HT (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Biol, Box 5063, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM hmattingly@tntech.edu NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2003 VL 149 IS 2 BP 375 EP 383 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2003)149[0375:REACBO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658BB UT WOS:000181700800012 ER PT J AU Miller, CV Foster, GD Majedi, BF AF Miller, CV Foster, GD Majedi, BF TI Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; RIVER LOADS; SEDIMENT; WATERS; CONTAMINATION; STORMWATER; RUNOFF AB Annual yields (fluxes per unit area) of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, As and Se were estimated for two small non-tidal stream catchments on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, United States-a poorly drained dissected-upland watershed in the Nanticoke River Basin, and a well-drained feeder tributary in the lower reaches of the Chester River Basin. Both watersheds are dominated by agriculture. A hydrograph-separation technique was used to determine the baseflow and stormflow components of metal yields, thus providing important insights into the effects of hydrology and climate on the transport of metals. Concentrations of suspended-sediment were used as a less-costly proxy of metal concentrations which are generally associated with particles. Results were compared to other studies in Chesapeake Bay and to general trends in metal concentrations across the United States. The study documented a larger than background yield of Zn and Co from the upper Nanticoke River Basin and possibly enriched concentrations of As, Cd and Se from both the upper Nanticoke River and the Chesterville Branch (a tributary of the lower Chester River). The annual yield of total Zn from the Nanticoke River Basin in 1998 was 18,000 g/km(2)/a, and was two to three times higher than yields reported from comparable river basins in the region. Concentrations of Cd also were high in both basins when compared to crustal concentrations and to other national data, but were within reasonable agreement with other Chesapeake Bay studies. Thus, Cd may be enriched locally either in natural materials or from agriculture. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Miller, CV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. NR 56 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 483 EP 501 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00103-8 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 655VE UT WOS:000181572700001 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y Weinman, B Cronin, T Fleisher, MQ Anderson, RF AF Zheng, Y Weinman, B Cronin, T Fleisher, MQ Anderson, RF TI A rapid procedure for the determination of thorium, uranium, cadmium and molybdenum in small sediment samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: application in Chesapeake Bay SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ANOXIA; WATER; EUTROPHICATION; SULFIDE; RECORD AB This paper describes a rapid procedure that allows precise analysis of Mo, Cd, U and Th in sediment samples as small as 10 mg by using a novel approach that utilizes a "pseudo" isotope dilution for Th and conventional isotope dilution for Mo, Cd and U, by ICP-MS. Long-term reproducibility of the method is between 2.5 and 5% with an advantage of rapid analysis on a single digestion of sediment sample and the potential of adding other elements of interest if so desired. Application of this method to two piston cores collected near the mouth of the Patuxent River in Chesapeake Bay showed that the accumulation of authigenic Mo and Cd varied in response to the changing bottom water redox conditions, with anoxia showing consistent oscillations throughout both pre-industrial and industrial times. Accumulation of authigenic U shows consistent oscillations as well, without any apparent increase in productivity related to anoxic trends. Degrees of Mo and Cd enrichment also inversely correlate to halophilic microfaunal. assemblages already established as paleoclimate proxies within the bay indicating that bottom water anoxia is driven in part by the amount of freshwater discharge that the area receives. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CUNY Queens Coll, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), CUNY Queens Coll, New Sci Bldg D-216,65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. OI Anderson, Robert/0000-0002-8472-2494 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 539 EP 549 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00119-1 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00119-1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 655VE UT WOS:000181572700004 ER PT J AU Mahler, BJ Van Metre, PC AF Mahler, BJ Van Metre, PC TI A simplified approach for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment: Methodology and applications SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; TRANSPORT AB Hydrophobic organic contaminants, although frequently detected in bed sediment and in aquatic biota, are rarely detected in whole-water samples, complicating determination of their occurrence, load, and source. A better approach for the investigation of hydrophobic organic contaminants is the direct analysis of sediment in suspension, but procedures for doing so are expensive and cumbersome. We describe a simple, inexpensive methodology for the dewatering of sediment and present the results of two case studies. Isolation of a sufficient mass of sediment for analyses of organochlorine compounds and PAHs is obtained by in-line filtration of large volumes of water. The sediment is removed from the filters and analyzed directly by standard laboratory methods. In the first case study, suspended-sediment sampling was used to determine occurrence, loads, and yields of contaminants in urban runoff affecting biota in Town Lake, Austin, TX The second case study used suspended-sediment sampling to locate a point source of PCBs in the Donna Canal in south Texas, where fish are contaminated with PCBs. The case studies demonstrate that suspended-sediment sampling can be an effective tool for determining the occurrence, load, and source of hydrophobic organic contaminants in transport. C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. RP Mahler, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552; Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 44 IS 3 BP 288 EP 297 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-2032-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 647MW UT WOS:000181097700002 PM 12712287 ER PT J AU Renfrew, RB Ribic, CA AF Renfrew, RB Ribic, CA TI Grassland passerine nest predators near pasture edges identified on videotape SO AUK LA English DT Article ID HABITAT USE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; FRAGMENTATION; LANDSCAPE; RACCOON; SONGBIRDS; SURVIVAL; MOVEMENT; PATTERNS AB Fragmentation of grassland habitat may increase predation rates on grassland passerine nests and contribute to population decline of several species. Studies that simultaneously document the nest predator community and associate predator species with edges created by fragmentation have not been conducted for grassland habitats. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of using miniature video camera systems to document predation events, identify grassland passerine nest predators in grazed pastures, and determine whether predation patterns of nest predators known to prefer wooded edges differed from those of other nest predators. In 1998-2000, we deployed cameras at 89 nests of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.), and Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in southwestern Wisconsin pastures 16-169 ha in size. Abandonment rates were higher for nests with cameras than for nests without cameras (P = 0.04). Trampling rates did not differ between nests with and without cameras. There was limited evidence of differences in predation rates between nests with and without cameras. Predation rate was high in the early incubation stage. Grassland passerine nests were depreciated by at least 11 different species in that system, and the predator community differed from those documented in similar studies in other regions. Raccoon (Procyon lotor), thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), and snakes (Thamnophis spp. and Elaphe spp.) were most common. Over one-third of documented predation events were caused by species that prefer wooded edges. Those species usually depredated nests located closer to wooded edges than to any other type of edge, but there was no evidence that those species restricted their movements to depredate nests within a certain distance from wooded areas in the landscape compared to grassland specialist species (P = 0.28). Predators known to prefer wooded edges traveled up to 190 m into pastures and up to 150 m from wooded areas. Effects of edge predators in pastures are likely to extend beyond the 50 m suggested by other grassland passerine studies. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Renfrew, RB (reprint author), Vermont Inst Nat Sci, 27023 Church Hill Rd, Woodstock, VT 05901 USA. NR 55 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 3 U2 36 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2003 VL 120 IS 2 BP 371 EP 383 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0371:GPNPNP]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 695KG UT WOS:000183829200012 ER PT J AU Rivera-Milan, FF Ruiz, CA Cruz, JA Sustache, JA AF Rivera-Milan, FF Ruiz, CA Cruz, JA Sustache, JA TI Reproduction of plain pigeons (Columba inornata wetmorei) in east-central Puerto Rico SO AUK LA English DT Article ID WHITE-CROWNED PIGEONS; ENDANGERED-SPECIES-ACT; ZENAIDA DOVES; POPULATION-DENSITY; BIRD POPULATIONS; HURRICANE HUGO; FLORIDA-KEYS; NEST SUCCESS; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT AB The Puerto Rican Plain Pigeon (Columba inornata wetmorei) was listed as endangered in 1970. Transect-survey and nest-monitoring data were collected to estimate reproductive parameters and to assess effects of weather, food, predation, and habitat. We monitored 377 of 423 nests found in east-central Puerto Rico during February-September 1986-2000. The largest sampling effort was conducted in May-June 1998, and 131 nests were found along 8,460 m, resulting in a nest density ((D) over cap) of 5.26 per hectare or 356 nesting pairs ((N) over cap) in the surveyed area (a = 67.7 ha). Nest spatial distribution was highly clumped ((b) over cap = 3.2) and transect surveys were highly variable (CV = 40%). Thus, 34,000 m needed to be surveyed for a desired coefficient of variation (CV[(D) over cap]) of 20%. Nest density varied widely during May-June 1986-2000. With a CV about the trend line of 121%, from 18 to 28 years of data would be needed to detect an increase or a decrease (r) of 5-10% in log-transformed nest density estimates through linear regression analysis (alpha = 0.15 and power = 0.80). Whereas food abundance had positive and significant relationships with nest density and number of fledglings produced, predator density had negative and significant relationships with nesting success and the number of fledglings produced. Predation accounted for 79% of nest losses (n = 183). Mayfield's estimates of nesting success averaged 40% and an average of 0.5 fledglings were produced per nesting pair. Because Plain Pigeons are able to produce fledglings from three or more broods per year and have extended nesting seasons (with a nest density peak usually occurring in May-June), we hypothesized that hatch-year and after-hatch-year survival rates of 50-65% and a yearly productivity of 1.4-2.0 fledglings per nesting pair were enough to offset mortality. Our optimism is tempered by the fact that Plain Pigeons have not been reported nesting outside east-central Puerto Rico, where rapid destruction and fragmentation of second-growth forests, catastrophic weather, food availability, nest predation, illegal hunting and poaching of nestlings may interact and cause an irreversible population decline. Managers should focus on conserving and restoring second-growth forest fragments to provide food and cover throughout the year. Additional recommendations are given based on the results of our study, which was part of a larger study of factors affecting the reproduction of columbids on Puerto Rico and its territories. C1 Puerto Rico Dept Nat & Environm Resources, San Juan, PR 00906 USA. RP Rivera-Milan, FF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Int Conservat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 730,ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 85 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2003 VL 120 IS 2 BP 466 EP 480 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0466:ROPPCI]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 695KG UT WOS:000183829200022 ER PT J AU Meyers, JM Johnston, DW AF Meyers, JM Johnston, DW TI In memoriam: Eugene Pleasants Odum, 1913-2002 SO AUK LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Meyers, JM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2003 VL 120 IS 2 BP 536 EP 538 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0536:IMEPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 695KG UT WOS:000183829200031 ER PT J AU Nuttle, T Leidolf, A Burger, LW AF Nuttle, T Leidolf, A Burger, LW TI Assessing conservation value of bird communities with partners in flight-based ranks SO AUK LA English DT Editorial Material ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Nuttle, T (reprint author), Univ Jena, Inst Ecol, Dornburger Str 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany. EM tim.nuttle@uni-jena.de RI Burger, Loren/E-9228-2011 NR 24 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2003 VL 120 IS 2 BP 541 EP 549 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0541:ACVOBC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 695KG UT WOS:000183829200034 ER PT J AU Muths, E Corn, PS Pessier, AP Green, DE AF Muths, E Corn, PS Pessier, AP Green, DE TI Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Colorado SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Bufo boreas; Colorado; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Chytrid fungus; amphibian decline ID CUTANEOUS CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; BASIDIOBOLUS-RANARUM; POPULATION DECLINES; BOREAL TOADS; FROGS; MORTALITY; MOUNTAINS; AMERICA AB The recent discovery of a pathogenic fungus (Batrachoehytrium dendrobatidis) associated with declines of frogs in the American and Australian tropics, suggests that at least the proximate cause, may be known for many previously unexplained amphibian declines. We have monitored boreal toads in Colorado since 1991 at four sites using capture-recapture of adults and counts of egg masses to examine the dynamics of this metapopulation. Numbers of male toads declined in 1996 and 1999 with annual survival rate averaging 78% from 1991 to 1994, 45% in 1995 and 3% between 1998 and 1999. Numbers of egg masses also declined. An etiological diagnosis of chytridiomycosis consistent with infections by the genus Batrachochytrium was made in six wild adult toads. Characteristic histomorphological features (i.e. intracellular location, shape of thalli, presence of discharge tubes and thizoids) of chytrid organisms, and host tissue response (acanthosis and hyperkeratosis) were observed in individual toads. These characteristics were indistinguishable from previously reported mortality events associated with chytrid fungus. We also observed epizootiological features consistent with mortality events associated with chytrid fungus: an increase in the ratio of female:male toads captured, an apparent spread of mortalities within the metapopulation and mortalities restricted to post metamorphic animals. Eleven years of population data suggest that this metapopulation of toads is in danger of extinction, pathological and epizootiological evidence indicates that B. dendrobatidis has played a proximate role in this process Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Rocky Mt Res Ctr, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Ctr, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Zool Soc San Diego, Dept Pathol, San Diego, CA 92112 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Muths, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM erin_muths@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 161 Z9 184 U1 3 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 EI 1873-2917 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2003 VL 110 IS 3 BP 357 EP 365 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00239-2 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00239-2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 649CM UT WOS:000181189400005 ER PT J AU Driscoll, CT Whitall, D Aber, J Boyer, E Castro, M Cronan, C Goodale, CL Groffman, P Hopkinson, C Lambert, K Lawrence, G Ollinger, S AF Driscoll, CT Whitall, D Aber, J Boyer, E Castro, M Cronan, C Goodale, CL Groffman, P Hopkinson, C Lambert, K Lawrence, G Ollinger, S TI Nitrogen pollution in the northeastern United States: Sources, effects, and management options SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE atmospheric deposition; nitrogen management; northeastern United States ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; NEW-ENGLAND; CATSKILL-MOUNTAINS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; AMBIENT OZONE; N-DEPOSITION; LAND-USE; NEW-YORK AB The northeastern United States receives elevated inputs Of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) largely from net imports of food and atmospheric deposition, with lesser inputs from fertilizer, net feed imports, and N fixation associated with leguminous crops. Ecological consequences of elevated N inputs to the Northeast include tropospheric ozone formation, ozone damage to plants, the alteration of forest N cycles, acidification of surface waters, and eutrophication in coastal waters. We used two models, PnET-BGC and WATERSN, to evaluate management strategies for reducing N inputs to forests and estuaries, respectively. Calculations with PnET-BGC suggest that aggressive reductions in N emissions alone will not result in marked improvements in the acid-base status of forest streams. WATERSN calculations showed that management scenarios targeting removal of N by wastewater treatment produce larger reductions in estuarine N loading than scenarios involving reductions in agricultural inputs or atmospheric emissions. Because N pollution involves multiple sources, management strategies targeting all major pollution sources will result in the greatest ecological benefits. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Hubbard Brook Res Fdn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Dept Forest & Nat Resource Management, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Maryland, Applachian Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Sci Biol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Ctr Ecosyst, Biol Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Driscoll, CT (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013; OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 104 TC 208 Z9 214 U1 16 U2 116 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD APR PY 2003 VL 53 IS 4 BP 357 EP 374 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0357:NPITNU]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 667VD UT WOS:000182254000012 ER PT J AU Pratt, TL Brocher, TM Weaver, CS Creager, KC Snelson, CM Crosson, RS Miller, KC Trehu, AM AF Pratt, TL Brocher, TM Weaver, CS Creager, KC Snelson, CM Crosson, RS Miller, KC Trehu, AM TI Amplification of seismic waves by the Seattle basin, Washington state SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SEDIMENT RESPONSE; 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; STRONG GROUND MOTION; PUGET-SOUND REGION; 1971 SAN-FERNANDO; SITE RESPONSE; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SURFACE-WAVES; SH-WAVES AB Recordings of the 1999 M-w 7.6 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake, two local earthquakes, and five blasts show seismic-wave amplification over a large sedimentary basin in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. For weak ground motions from the Chi-Chi earthquake, the Seattle basin amplified 0.2- to 0.8-Hz waves by factors of 8 to 16 relative to bedrock sites west of the basin. The amplification and peak frequency change during the Chi-Chi coda: the initial S-wave arrivals (0-30 sec) had maximum amplifications of 12 at 0.5-0.8 Hz, whereas later arrivals (35-65 sec) reached amplifications of 16 at 0.3-0.5 Hz. Analysis of local events in the 1.0- to 10.0-Hz frequency range show fourfold amplifications for 1.0-Hz weak ground motion over the Seattle basin. Amplifications decrease as frequencies increase above 1.0 Hz, with frequencies above 7 Hz showing lower amplitudes over the basin than at bedrock sites. Modeling shows that resonance in low-impedance deposits forming the upper 550 in of the basin beneath our profile could cause most of the observed amplification, and the larger amplification at later arrival times suggests surface waves also play a substantial role. These results emphasize the importance of shallow deposits in determining ground motions over large basins. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Miller, Kate/E-6800-2012; OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 52 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2003 VL 93 IS 2 BP 533 EP 545 DI 10.1785/0120010292 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 677LX UT WOS:000182810100001 ER PT J AU Wang, GQ Boore, DM Igel, H Zhou, XY AF Wang, GQ Boore, DM Igel, H Zhou, XY TI Some observations on colocated and closely spaced strong ground-motion records of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BASE-LINE CORRECTION; RESPONSE SPECTRA; DISPLACEMENTS; ACCELEROGRAPHS; CALIFORNIA; FAULT AB The digital accelerograph network installed in Taiwan produced a rich set of records from the 20 September 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake (M-w 7.6). Teledyne Geotech model A-800 and A-900A* digital accelerographs were colocated at 22 stations that recorded this event. Comparisons of the amplitudes, frequency content, and baseline offsets show that records from several of the A-800 accelerographs are considerably different than those from the colocated A-900A accelerographs. On this basis, and in view of the more thorough predeployment testing of the newer A-900A instruments, we recommend that the records from the A-800 instruments be used with caution in analyses of the mainshock and aftershocks. At the Hualien seismic station two A-900A and one A-800 instruments were colocated, along with a Global Positioning System instrument. Although the records from the two A-900A instruments are much more similar than those from a colocated A-800 instrument, both three-component records contain unpredictable baseline offsets, which produced completely unrealistic ground displacements derived from the accelerations by double integration, as do many of the strong-motion data from this event; the details of the baseline offsets differ considerably on the two three-component records. There are probably numerous sources of the baseline offsets, including sources external to the instruments, such as tilting or rotation of the ground, and sources internal to the instruments, such as electrical or mechanical hysteresis in the sensors. For the two colocated A-900A records at the Hualien seismic station, however, the differences in the baseline offsets suggest that the principal source is some transient disturbance within the instrument. The baseline offsets generally manifest themselves in the acceleration time series as pulses or steps, either singly or in combination. We find a 0.015-Hz low-cut filter can almost completely eliminate the effects of the baseline offsets, but then information regarding the permanent displacements is lost. The causative mechanisms of the baseline offsets are unknown presently. Hence, it is very difficult to recover the permanent displacements from the modem digital records, although for records close to large earthquakes, the signal-to-noise ratio should theoretically be adequate to obtain ground motions with periods of hundreds of seconds. This study reinforces our conclusion from previous studies that the sources of baseline offsets occurring in digital strong-motion records are very complex and often unpredictable, and that, therefore, it is difficult to remove the baseline effects to maximize the information content of the record. The baseline offsets only affect very long period motions (e.g., >20 sec), however, and therefore are of little or no engineering concern. C1 Univ Munich, Inst Geophys, D-80333 Munich, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Beijing Polytech Univ, Coll Architectural & Civil Engn, Beijing 100022, Peoples R China. RP Wang, GQ (reprint author), Univ Munich, Inst Geophys, D-80333 Munich, Germany. RI Igel, Heiner/E-9580-2010 NR 34 TC 40 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2003 VL 93 IS 2 BP 674 EP 693 DI 10.1785/0120020045 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 677LX UT WOS:000182810100011 ER PT J AU Kamler, JF Gipson, PS AF Kamler, JF Gipson, PS TI Space and habitat use by male and female raccoons, Procyon lotor, in Kansas SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Procyon lotor; raccoon; habitat selection; home range; Kansas ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; WEIGHT CHANGES; SEASON; TENNESSEE; AGE AB We monitored 12 radio-tagged adult Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from an unexplcoproduct oited population in northeastern Kansas to determine intersexual differences in space and habitat use. Home ranges (mean +/- SE) of males were relatively large (266 +/- 14 ha) and mutually exclusive, whereas home ranges of females were relatively small (122 +/- 52 ha) and overlapped extensively. Sizes of home ranges were smaller (P < 0.05) in winter than summer for both sexes, although females reduced their home ranges more than males. Females used more grassland habitats than males during summer (P < 0.05), whereas males used more grassland habitats than females during winter (P < 0.05). Seasonal differences in habitat selection was detected for females (P < 0.05), but not males. Intersexual differences in space and habitat use were likely related to different behavioral strategies employed by male and female Raccoons. C1 Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kamler, JF (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Mammal Res Inst, PL-17230 Bialowieza, Poland. RI Kamler, Jan/F-8520-2011 NR 33 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2003 VL 117 IS 2 BP 218 EP 223 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 809LJ UT WOS:000220637900008 ER PT J AU Roering, JJ Schmidt, KM Stock, JD Dietrich, WE Montgomery, DR AF Roering, JJ Schmidt, KM Stock, JD Dietrich, WE Montgomery, DR TI Shallow landsliding, root reinforcement, and the spatial distribution of trees in the Oregon Coast Range SO CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE slope stability; vegetation; root strength; shallow landslide; debris flow; Oregon Coast Range ID DRIVEN GROUNDWATER-FLOW; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; SLOPE STABILITY; DEBRIS-FLOW; SHEAR RESISTANCE; MODEL; SOIL; GROWTH; STEEP; INITIATION AB The influence of root reinforcement on shallow landsliding has been well established through mechanistic and empirical studies, yet few studies have examined how local vegetative patterns influence slope stability. Because root networks spread outward from trees, the species, size, and spacing of trees should influence the spatial distribution of root strength. We documented the distribution and characteristics of trees adjacent to 32 shallow landslides that occurred during 1996 in the Oregon Coast Range. Although broadly classified as a conifer-dominated forest, we observed sparse coniferous and abundant hardwood trees near landslide scars in an industrial forest (Mapleton) that experienced widespread burning in the 19th century. In industrial forests that were burned, selectively harvested, and not replanted (Elliott State Forest), swordfern was ubiquitous near landslides, and we observed similar numbers of live conifer and hardwood trees proximal to landslide scarps. We demonstrate that root strength quantified in landslide scarps and soil pits correlates with a geometry-based index of root network contribution derived from mapping the size, species, condition, and spacing of local trees, indicating that root strength can be predicted by mapping the distribution and characteristics of trees on potentially unstable slopes. In our study sites, landslides tend to occur in areas of reduced root strength, suggesting that to make site-specific predictions of landslide occurrence slope stability analyses must account for the diversity and distribution of vegetation in potentially unstable terrain. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Roering, JJ (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 81 TC 109 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 39 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-3674 J9 CAN GEOTECH J JI Can. Geotech. J. PD APR PY 2003 VL 40 IS 2 BP 237 EP 253 DI 10.1139/T02-113 PG 17 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 676EZ UT WOS:000182739500002 ER PT J AU Perry, RW Bradford, MJ Grout, JA AF Perry, RW Bradford, MJ Grout, JA TI Effects of disturbance on contribution of energy sources to growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in boreal streams SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; ORGANIC-MATTER; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; CLEAR-CUT; FOOD WEBS; RIVER; CARBON; NITROGEN; ECOSYSTEMS AB We used stable isotopes of carbon in a growth-dependent tissue-turnover model to quantify the relative contribution of autochthonous and terrestrial energy sources to juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in five small boreal streams tributary to the upper Yukon River. We used a tissue-turnover model because fish did not grow enough to come into isotopic equilibrium with their diet. In two streams, autochthonous energy sources contributed 23 and 41% to the growth of juvenile salmon. In the other three, fish growth was largely due to terrestrial (i.e., allochthonous) energy sources. This low contribution of autochthonous energy appeared to be related to stream-specific disturbances: a recent forest fire impacted two of the streams and the third was affected by a large midsummer spate during the study. These disturbances reduced the relative abundance of herbivorous macroinvertebrates, the contribution of autochthonous material to other invertebrates, and ultimately, the energy flow between stream algae and fish. Our findings suggest that disturbances to streams can be an important mechanism affecting transfer of primary energy sources to higher trophic levels. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Cooperat Resource Management Inst, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Perry, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 60 IS 4 BP 390 EP 400 DI 10.1139/F03-035 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 694KB UT WOS:000183772800004 ER PT J AU Mills, EL Casselman, JM Dermott, R Fitzsimons, JD Gal, G Holeck, KT Hoyle, JA Johannsson, OE Lantry, BF Makarewicz, JC Millard, ES Munawar, IF Munawar, M O'Gorman, R Owens, RW Rudstam, LG Schaner, T Stewart, TJ AF Mills, EL Casselman, JM Dermott, R Fitzsimons, JD Gal, G Holeck, KT Hoyle, JA Johannsson, OE Lantry, BF Makarewicz, JC Millard, ES Munawar, IF Munawar, M O'Gorman, R Owens, RW Rudstam, LG Schaner, T Stewart, TJ TI Lake Ontario: food web dynamics in a changing ecosystem (1970-2000) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; SCULPINS COTTUS-COGNATUS; OF-YEAR ALEWIVES; 2 INDEX STATIONS; CERCOPAGIS-PENGOI; SLIMY SCULPINS; RAINBOW SMELT AB We examined stressors that have led to profound ecological changes in the Lake Ontario ecosystem and its fish community since 1970. The most notable changes have been reductions in phosphorus loading, invasion by Dreissena spp., fisheries management through stocking of exotic salmonids and control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and fish harvest by anglers and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). The response to these stressors has led to (i) declines in both algal photosynthesis and epilimnetic zooplankton production, (ii) decreases in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) abundance, (iii) declines in native Diporeia and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), (iv) behavioral shifts in alewife spatial distribution benefitting native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) populations, (v) dramatic increases in water clarity, (vi) predation impacts by cormorants on select fish species, and (vii) lake trout recruitment bottlenecks associated with alewife-induced thiamine deficiency. We expect stressor responses associated with anthropogenic forces like exotic species invasions and global climate warming to continue to impact the Lake Ontario ecosystem in the future and recommend continuous long-term ecological studies to enhance scientific understanding and management of this important resource. C1 Cornell Univ, Biol Field Stn, Bridgeport, NY 13030 USA. Great Lakes Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Glenora Fisheries Stn, Picton, ON K0K 2T0, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Cape Vincent Fisheries Res Stn, Cape Vincent, NY 13618 USA. SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. RP Mills, EL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Biol Field Stn, 900 Shackelton Point Rd, Bridgeport, NY 13030 USA. EM elm5@cornell.edu RI Carneiro, Fernanda/E-9513-2013 OI Carneiro, Fernanda/0000-0001-6389-4564 NR 115 TC 213 Z9 223 U1 13 U2 119 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 60 IS 4 BP 471 EP 490 DI 10.1139/F03-033 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 694KB UT WOS:000183772800012 ER PT J AU Wargo, PM Vogt, K Vogt, D Holifield, Q Tilley, J Lawrence, G David, M AF Wargo, PM Vogt, K Vogt, D Holifield, Q Tilley, J Lawrence, G David, M TI Vitality and chemistry of roots of red spruce in forest floors of stands with a gradient of soil Al/Ca ratios in the northeastern United States SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PICEA-RUBENS SARG; BUTT ROT FUNGI; FINE ROOTS; ARMILLARIA-OSTOYAE; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; MYCORRHIZAL; DECLINE; GROWTH; NUTRITION AB Number of living root tips per branch, percent dead roots, percent mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal morphotype, response of woody roots to wounding and colonization by fungi, and concentrations of starch, soluble sugars, phenols, percent C and N and C/N ratio, and Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and P were measured for 2 consecutive years in roots of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in stands in the northeastern United States (nine in 1993 and two additional in 1994) dominated by red spruce and with a gradient of forest floor exchangeable Al/Ca ratios. Root vitality was measured for nonwoody and coarse woody roots; chemical variables were measured for nonwoody (<1 mm), fine woody (1 to <2 mm), and coarse woody (2 to <5 mm) roots. There were significant differences among sites for all variables, particularly in 1993, although few were related to the Al/Ca ratio gradient. Percent mycorrhizae decreased, while some morphotypes increased or decreased as the Al/Ca ratio increased. In nonwoody roots, N increased as the Al/Ca ratio increased. Most sampled trees appeared to be in good or fair health, suggesting that an adverse response of these root variables to high Al concentrations may be apparent only after a significant change in crown health. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Illinois, NRES, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Wargo, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 76 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD APR PY 2003 VL 33 IS 4 BP 635 EP 652 DI 10.1139/X02-195 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 663NE UT WOS:000182011000010 ER PT J AU Barsi, JA Schott, JR Palluconi, FD Heider, DL Hook, SJ Markham, BL Chander, G O'Donnell, EM AF Barsi, JA Schott, JR Palluconi, FD Heider, DL Hook, SJ Markham, BL Chander, G O'Donnell, EM TI Landsat TM and ETM+ thermal band calibration SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Landsat-5 has been imaging the Earth since March 1984, and Landsat-7 was added to the series of Landsat instruments in April 1999. The Landsat Project Science Office and the Landsat-7 Image Assessment System have been monitoring the on-board calibration of Landsat-7 since launch. Additionally, two separate university teams have been evaluating the on-board thermal calibration of Landsat-7 through ground-based measurements since launch. Although not monitored as closely over its lifetime, a new effort is currently being made to validate the calibration of Landsat-5. Two university teams are beginning to collect ground truth under Landsat-5, along with using other vicarious calibration methods to go back into the archive to validate the history of the calibration of Landsat-5. This paper considers the calibration efforts for the thermal band, band 6, of both the Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 instruments. Though stable since launch, Landsat-7 had an initial calibration error of about 3 K, and changes were made to correct for this beginning I October 2000 for data processed with the National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS) and beginning 20 December 2000 for data processed with the Landsat Product Generation System (LPGS). Recent results from Landsat-5 vicarious calibration efforts show an offset of -0.7 K over the lifetime of the instrument. This suggests that historical calibration efforts may have been detecting errors in processing systems rather than changes in the instrument. A correction to the Landsat-5 processing has not yet been implemented but will be in the near future. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon Infroamt Technol & Sci Serv, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Barsi, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 10 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 141 EP 153 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 746MC UT WOS:000186749300002 ER PT J AU Vogelmann, JE DeFelice, TP AF Vogelmann, JE DeFelice, TP TI Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; THEMATIC MAPPER; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; CLASSIFICATION; ALGORITHM AB Landsat-7 and Landsat-5 have orbits that are offset from each other by 8 days. During the time that the sensors on both satellites are operational, there is an opportunity for conducting analyses that incorporate multiple intra-annual high spatial resolution data sets for characterizing the Earth's land surface. In the current study, nine Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data sets, covering the same path and row on different dates, were acquired during a 1-year time interval for a region in southeastern South Dakota and analyzed. Scenes were normalized using pseudoinvariant objects, and digital data from a series of test sites were extracted from the imagery and converted to surface reflectance. Sunphotometer data acquired on site were used to atmospherically correct the data. Ground observations that were made throughout the growing season by a large group of volunteers were used to help interpret spectroradiometric patterns and trends. Normalized images were found to be very effective in portraying the seasonal patterns of reflectance change that occurred throughout the region. Many of the radiometric patterns related to plant growth and development, but some also related to different background properties. The different kinds of land cover in the region were spectrally and radiometrically characterized and were found to have different seasonal patterns of reflectance. The degree to which the land cover classes could be separated spectrally and radiometrically, however, depended on the time of year during which the data sets were acquired, and no single data set appeared to be adequate for separating all types of land cover. This has practical implications for classification studies because known patterns of seasonal reflectance properties for the different types of land cover within a region will facilitate selection of the most appropriate data sets for producing land cover classifications. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon Informat Technol & Sci Serv, ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Vogelmann, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Vogelmann, James/0000-0002-0804-5823 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 219 EP 229 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 746MC UT WOS:000186749300008 ER PT J AU Yang, LM Huang, CQ Homer, CG Wylie, BK Coan, MJ AF Yang, LM Huang, CQ Homer, CG Wylie, BK Coan, MJ TI An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LAND-COVER; ACCURACY AB A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including urban hydrology, urban climate, land use planning, and resource management, require current and accurate geospatial data of urban impervious surfaces. We developed an approach to quantify urban impervious surfaces as a continuous variable by using multisensor and multisource datasets. Subpixel percent impervious surfaces at 30-m resolution were mapped using a regression tree model. The utility, practicality, and affordability of the proposed method for large-area imperviousness mapping were tested over three spatial scales (Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Richmond, Virginia, and the Chesapeake Bay areas of the United States). Average error of predicted versus actual percent impervious surface ranged from 8.8 to 11.4%, with correlation coefficients from 0.82 to 0.91. The approach is being implemented to map impervious surfaces for the entire United States as one of the major components of the circa 2000 national land cover database. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Yang, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014; OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083; Huang, Chengquan/0000-0003-0055-9798 NR 24 TC 205 Z9 232 U1 6 U2 35 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 230 EP 240 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 746MC UT WOS:000186749300009 ER PT J AU Lease, HM Hansen, JA Bergman, HL Meyer, JS AF Lease, HM Hansen, JA Bergman, HL Meyer, JS TI Structural changes in gills of Lost River suckers exposed to elevated pH and ammonia concentrations SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Deltistes luxatus; secondary lamella; histopathology; diffusion distance; survival; growth; body ions ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS MITCHILL; RAINBOW-TROUT; BROOK TROUT; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; ACID; EXCRETION; ALUMINUM; WATER AB The Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) is a federally listed, endangered fish that occurs primarily in Upper Klamath Lake-a hypereutrophic lake in southern Oregon, USA. A decline of the sucker population in the lake over the past few decades has been partly attributed to adverse water quality conditions, including elevated pH and ammonia concentrations that occur during summer cyanobacterial blooms. We quantitatively analyzed structural changes in gills of larval Lost River suckers after they were exposed to elevated pH and ammonia concentrations for 30 d. Exposure to pH as high as 10 caused no observed structural changes. However, lamellar thickness and O-2 diffusion distance increased significantly (P<0.05) at ammonia concentrations that did not significantly decrease survival, growth, whole-body ion concentrations, or swimming performance. Additionally, we qualitatively observed increases in the frequency of hyperplasic and hypertrophic mucous cells, tissue damage, epithelial lifting, and infiltration of white blood cells into paracellular lymphatic spaces at the highest sublethal ammonia concentration. These observed gill changes typically indicate compromised respiratory and ionoregulatory capacity, although such effects were not manifested in the assays we performed. Regardless, these structural gill changes appear to be a more sensitive indicator of exposure to elevated ammonia concentrations than are more traditional sublethal indices. Therefore, gill histopathology might be a relevant early-warning monitoring tool of the health of Lost River suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, and other species in similar eutrophic systems. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Meyer, JS (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 41 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 134 IS 4 BP 491 EP 500 AR PII S1532-0456(03)00044-9 DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(03)00044-9 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 676AR UT WOS:000182730200009 PM 12727299 ER PT J AU Curtis, GP AF Curtis, GP TI Comparison of approaches for simulating reactive solute transport involving organic degradation reactions by multiple terminal electron acceptors SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; Monod kinetics; thermodynamics; groundwater; hydrogen ID CRYSTALLINE IRON(III) OXIDES; SHALLOW SANDY AQUIFER; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; CRUDE-OIL; LANDFILL LEACHATE; SULFATE REDUCTION; REDOX ZONES; MODEL; BIODEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER AB Reactive solute transport models are useful tools for analyzing complex geochemical behavior resulting from biodegradation of organic compounds by multiple terminal electron acceptors (TEAPs). The usual approach of simulating the reactions of multiple TEAPs by an irreversible Monod rate law was compared with simulations that assumed a partial local equilibrium or kinetically controlled reactions subject to the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction (DeltaG) was either less than zero or less than a threshold value. Simulations were performed using a single organic substrate and O-2, FeOOH, SO4-2 and CO2 as the terminal electron acceptors. It was assumed that the orsganic substrate was slowly and completely fermented to CO2 and H-2 and the H-2 was oxidized by the TEAPs. Simulations using the Monod approach showed that this irreversible rate law forced the reduction of both FeOOH and CO2 to proceed even when DeltaG was positive. This resulted in an over prediction in amount of FeOOH reduced to Fe(II) in parts of the domain and it resulted in large errors in pH. Simulations using mass action kinetics agreed with equilibrium simulations for the case of large rate constants. The extent of reductive dissolution of FeOOH was strongly dependent on the thermodynamic stability of the FeOOH phase. Transport simulations performed assuming that the reactions of the TEAPs stopped when DeltaG exceeded a threshold value showed that only simulated H-2 concentrations were affected if the threshold value was the same for each TEAP. Simulated H, concentrations were controlled by the fastest reaction of the TEAP, but it was common for reactions to occur concomitantly rather than sequentially. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Curtis, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 29 IS 3 BP 319 EP 329 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00008-6 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 679ZG UT WOS:000182951400007 ER PT J AU Glynn, PD AF Glynn, PD TI Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE radionuclide transport; K-d; Langmuir; Freundlich; geochemical modeling; linear partition coefficient ID SYSTEM AB One-dimensional (1D) geochemical transport modeling is used to demonstrate the effects of speciation and sorption reactions on the ground-water transport of Np and Pu, two redox-sensitive elements. Earlier 1D simulations (Reardon, 1981) considered the kinetically limited dissolution of calcite and its effect on ion-exchange reactions (involving Sr-90, Ca, Na, Mg and K), and documented the spatial variation of a Sr-90 partition coefficient under both transient and steady-state chemical conditions. In contrast, the simulations presented here assume local equilibrium for all reactions, and consider sorption on constant potential, rather than constant charge, surfaces. Reardon's (1981) seminal findings on the spatial and temporal variability of partitioning (of Sr-90) are reexamined and found partially caused by his assumption of a kinetically limited reaction. In the present work, sorption is assumed the predominant retardation process controlling Pu and Np transport, and is simulated using a diffuse-double-layer-surface-complexation (DDLSC) model. Transport simulations consider the infiltration of Np- and Pu-contaminated waters into an initially uncontaminated environment, followed by the cleanup of the resultant contamination with uncontaminated water. Simulations are conducted using different spatial distributions of sorption capacities (with the same total potential sorption capacity, but with different variances and spatial correlation structures). Results obtained differ markedly from those that would be obtained in transport simulations using constant K-d, Langmuir or Freundlich sorption models. When possible, simulation results (breakthrough curves) are fitted to a constant K-d advection-dispersion transport model and compared. Functional differences often are great enough that they prevent a meaningful fit of the simulation results with a constant K-d (or even a Langmuir or Freundlich) model, even in the case of Np, a weakly sorbed radionuclide under the simulation conditions. Functional behaviors that cannot be fit include concentration trend reversals and radionuclide desorption spikes. Other simulation results are fit successfully but the fitted parameters (K-d and dispersivity) vary significantly depending on simulation conditions (e.g. "infiltration" vs. "cleanup" conditions). Notably, an increase in the variance of the specified sorption capacities results in a marked increase in the dispersion of the radionuclides. The results presented have implications for the simulation of radionuclide migration in performance assessments of nuclear waste-disposal sites, for the future monitoring of those sites, and more generally for modeling contaminant transport in ground-water environments. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RP Glynn, PD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 436 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20191 USA. EM pglynn@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 EI 1873-7803 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 29 IS 3 BP 331 EP 349 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 679ZG UT WOS:000182951400008 ER PT J AU Gelbard, JL Belnap, J AF Gelbard, JL Belnap, J TI Roads as conduits for exotic plant invasions in a semiarid landscape SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLACIER NATIONAL-PARK; DIVERSITY; VEGETATION; GRASSLAND; REVEGETATION; BIODIVERSITY; DISTURBANCE; DISPERSAL; DESERT; USA AB Roads are believed to be a major contributing factor to the ongoing spread of exotic plants. We examined the effect of road improvement and environmental variables on exotic and native plant diversity in roadside verges and adjacent semiarid grassland, shrubland, and woodland communities of southern Utah (U.S.A.). We measured the cover of exotic and native species in roadside verges and both the richness and cover of exotic and native species in adjacent interior communities (50 m beyond the edge of the road cut) along 42 roads stratified by level of road improvement (paved, improved surface, graded, and four-wheel-drive track). In roadside verges along paved roads, the cover of Bromus tectorum was three times as great (27%) as in verges along four-wheel-drive tracks (9%). The cover of five common exotic forb species tended to be lower in verges along four-wheel-drive tracks than in verges along more improved roads. The richness and cover of exotic species were both more than 50% greater, and the richness of native species was 30% lower, at interior sites adjacent to paved roads than at those adjacent to four-wheel-drive tracks. In addition, environmental variables relating to dominant vegetation, disturbance, and topography were significantly correlated with exotic and native species richness and cover. Improved roads can act as conduits for the invasion of adjacent ecosystems by converting natural habitats to those highly vulnerable to invasion. However, variation in dominant vegetation, soil moisture, nutrient levels, soil depth, disturbance, and topography may render interior communities differentially susceptible to invasions originating from roadside verges. Plant communities that are both physically invasible (e.g., characterized by deep or fertile soils) and disturbed appear most vulnerable. Decision-makers considering whether to build, improve, and maintain roads should take into account the potential spread of exotic plants. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Field Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Gelbard, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jlgelbard@ucdavis.edu NR 47 TC 288 Z9 315 U1 13 U2 107 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 BP 420 EP 432 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01408.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658TK UT WOS:000181736400012 ER PT J AU Chapman, LJ Chapman, CA Schofield, PJ Olowo, JP Kaufman, L Seehausen, O Ogutu-Ohwayo, R AF Chapman, LJ Chapman, CA Schofield, PJ Olowo, JP Kaufman, L Seehausen, O Ogutu-Ohwayo, R TI Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LATES-NILOTICUS L; NILE PERCH; RASTRINEOBOLA-ARGENTEA; HAPLOCHROMINE FISHES; INTRODUCED PREDATOR; ENDANGERED FISHES; HYPOXIA TOLERANCE; VICTORIA; REFUGIA; CONSERVATION AB In Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, a small satellite of the equatorial Lake Victoria, approximately 50% of the indigenous fish species disappeared from the open waters subsequent to establishment of the introduced predatory Nile perch (Lates niloticus). However, several of these species persisted in wetland refugia. Over the past decade, Nile perch in Lake Nabugabo have been intensively fished. Herein we report a resurgence of some indigenous species in open waters. In a multiyear study, we used annual transects in inshore and offshore waters of exposed (no wetland) and wetland habitats to document the pattern of resurgence. In 1995, haplochromine cichlids were largely confined to inshore areas, particularly wetland ecotones, and were rare in Nile perch stomachs, as were most other indigenous species. By 2000 haplochromine cichlids were abundant in inshore and offshore areas of both exposed and wetland transects. Several indigenous noncichlids also reappeared in the main lake, including three of the four original mormyrid species. Between 1995 and 1999, there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of haplochromines in the diet of Nile perch. When haplochromines were rare (1995), Nile perch switched from an invertebrate-dominated diet to piscivory at a large size (30 cm total length). In 2000, however, Nile perch were strongly piscivorous by 5-10 cm total length. The pattern of faunal loss and recovery in Lake Nabugabo demonstrates the importance of refugia in providing the seeds of resurgence and provides a model with which to understand some changes in Lake Victoria. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Fisheries Resources Res Inst, Jinja, Uganda. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Univ Hull, Dept Biol Sci, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, N Humberside, England. RP Chapman, LJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM ljchapman@zoo.ufl.edu NR 41 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 BP 500 EP 511 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01519.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658TK UT WOS:000181736400019 ER PT J AU Herkert, JR Reinking, DL Wiedenfeld, DA Winter, M Zimmerman, JL Jensen, WE Finck, EJ Koford, RR Wolfe, DH Sherrod, SK Jenkins, MA Faaborg, J Robinson, SK AF Herkert, JR Reinking, DL Wiedenfeld, DA Winter, M Zimmerman, JL Jensen, WE Finck, EJ Koford, RR Wolfe, DH Sherrod, SK Jenkins, MA Faaborg, J Robinson, SK TI Effects of prairie fragmentation on the nest success of breeding birds in the midcontinental United States SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COWBIRD PARASITISM; POPULATION TRENDS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; NORTH-AMERICA; GRASSLAND; LANDSCAPE; VEGETATION; DENSITY; AREA AB Grassland fragmentation and habitat loss are hypothesized to be contributing to widespread grassland bird declines in North America due to the adverse effects of fragmentation on breeding bird abundance and reproductive success. To assess the effects of fragmentation on the reproductive success of grassland birds, we measured rates of nest predation and brood parasitism for four species of birds (Grasshopper Sparrow [Ammodramus savannaru], Henslow's Sparrow[Ammodramus henslowii], Eastern Meadowlark [Sturnella magna], and Dickcissel [Spiza Americana]) in 39 prairie fragments ranging from 24 to >40,000 ha in size in five states in the mid-continental United States. Throughout the region, nest-predation rates were significantly influenced by habitat fragmentation. Nest predation was highest in small (<100 ha) and lowest in large (>1000 ha ) prairie fragments. Rates of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), however, were not consistently related to fragment size and instead were more strongly related to regional cowbird abundance, being significantly higher in regions with high cowbird abundance. Differences in nest-predation rates between large fragments (54-68% of all nests lost to predators) and small fragments (78-84% lost to predators) suggest that fragmentation of prairie habitats may be contributing to regional declines of grassland birds. Maintaining grassland bird populations, therefore, may require protection and restoration of large prairie areas. C1 Illinois Endangered Species Protect Board, Springfield, IL 62701 USA. Sutton Avian Res Ctr, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Emporia State Univ, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. Iowa State Univ, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Herkert, JR (reprint author), Nature Conservancy, 301 SW Adams St,Suite 1007, Peoria, IL 61602 USA. EM jherkert@tnc.org NR 41 TC 107 Z9 114 U1 7 U2 61 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 BP 587 EP 594 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01418.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658TK UT WOS:000181736400027 ER PT J AU Krueper, D Bart, J Rich, TD AF Krueper, D Bart, J Rich, TD TI Response of vegetation and breeding birds to the removal of cattle on the San Pedro River, Arizona (USA) SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEMIDESERT GRASSLAND; RIPARIAN; HABITAT; DESERT AB In late 1987 cattle were removed from the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area (NCA) in southeastern Arizona (U.S.A.). We monitored vegetation density and abundance of birds during the breeding season during 1986-1990 in riparian, mesquite grassland, and Chihuahuan desert-scrub communities in the NCA. The density of herbaceous vegetation increased four- to six-fold in riparian and mesquite grassland communities. Little change occurred in herbaceous vegetation in desert scrub, or in the density of shrubs or trees in any of the communities. Of 61 bird species for which sufficient data were collected, mean detections per kilometer increased for 42 species, 26 significantly, and decreased for 19 species, 8 significantly. The number of individuals of all avian species detected on surveys increased each year from 103/kilometer in 1986 to 221/kilometer in 1991, an average annual increase of 23% (p < 0.001). The largest increases occurred in riparian species, open-cup nesters, Neotropical migrants, and insectivores. Species of the Chihuahuan desert-scrub, in which vegetation changed the least, showed the smallest increases. Only a few of the species showed increasing regional trends for the same period, as demonstrated by the North American Breeding Bird Survey; thus, increases on the San Pedro Riparian NCA were likely caused by the change in local conditions, not by regional effects. Our results suggest that removing cattle from riparian areas in the southwestern United States can have profound benefits for breeding birds. C1 US Bur Land Management, San Pedro Riparian natl Conservat Area, Sierra Vista, AZ 85634 USA. US Geol Serv, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Krueper, D (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 1306 MBO, Albuquerque, NM 87103 USA. EM dave_krueper@fws.gov NR 48 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 BP 607 EP 615 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01546.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658TK UT WOS:000181736400029 ER PT J AU Corn, PS AF Corn, PS TI Amphibian breeding and climate change: Importance of snow in the mountains SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PHENOLOGY C1 US Geol Survey, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Corn, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM scorn@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 BP 622 EP 625 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02111.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658TK UT WOS:000181736400031 ER PT J AU May, CL Gresswell, RE AF May, CL Gresswell, RE TI Processes and rates of sediment and wood accumulation in headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range, USA SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE debris flows; sedimentation; large wood; dendrochronology; bedrock streams ID CHANNEL NETWORKS; EROSION RATES; DEBRIS FLOWS; WASHINGTON; SYSTEMS; TIME; FIRE AB Channels that have been scoured to bedrock by debris flows provide unique opportunities to calculate the rate of sediment and wood accumulation in low-order streams, to understand the temporal succession of channel morphology following disturbance, and to make inferences about processes associated with input and transport of sediment. Dendrochronology was used to estimate the time since the previous debris flow and the time since the last stand-replacement fire in unlogged basins in the central Coast Range of Oregon. Debris flow activity increased 42 per cent above the background rate in the decades immediately following the last wildfire. Changes in wood and sediment storage were quantified for 13 streams that ranged from 4 to 144 years since the previous debris flow. The volume of wood and sediment in the channel, and the length of channel with exposed bedrock, were strongly correlated with the time since the previous debris flow. Wood increased the storage capacity of the channel and trapped the majority of the sediment in these steep headwater streams. In the absence of wood, channels that have been scoured to bedrock by a debris flow may lack the capacity to store sediment and could persist in a bedrock state for an extended period of time. With an adequate supply of wood, low-order channels have the potential of storing large volumes of sediment in the interval between debris flows and can function as one of the dominant storage reservoirs for sediment in mountainous terrain. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP May, CL (reprint author), USFS, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM clmay@fs.fed.us NR 40 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD APR PY 2003 VL 28 IS 4 BP 409 EP 424 DI 10.1002/esp.450 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 670XB UT WOS:000182434400005 ER PT J AU Guo, QF Kato, M Ricklefs, RE AF Guo, QF Kato, M Ricklefs, RE TI Life history, diversity and distribution: a study of Japanese pteridophytes SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID POLYPLOID EVOLUTION; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; BIOGEOGRAPHY; ABUNDANCE; PLANTS; FERNS; RANGE AB Many studies address the relationships between diversity or distribution and attributes of the physical environment. However, how these relationships are connected to variation in life history is poorly understood. This is particularly true in the case of pteridophytes. Japanese ferns and their allies comprise one of the best-known pteridophyte floras in the world. We analyzed ca 600 species of Japanese pteridophytes for which there is detailed information on distribution, reproduction, and chromosome number. Species richness was greatest in groups with a single reproductive mode (sexual, followed by apogamous), but distribution was greatest in species groups with multiple reproductive modes: sexual plus either sterile (irregular in meiosis) or apogamous. Geographical ranges varied greatly among species with small chromosome numbers but were uniformly small among species having high chromosome numbers. Seasonally green (mostly summer green) species had significantly larger distribution ranges than evergreen species. Endemic species had higher proportions of apogamy and sterility than non-endemic species. Seasonally green species had significantly larger distributional ranges, and a smaller proportion of species with apogamous reproduction, than evergreen species. There was no clear relationship between distribution and spore size, either among endemic species, non-endemic species, or all species combined. There was no relationship between spore size and chromosome number when all species were combined. However, positive relationships were detected within three of the nine largest genera, suggesting potential phylogenetic effects. We concluded that habitat availability, rather than dispersability, may be the limiting factor for the distribution of pteridophytes in Japan. C1 US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Sci Biol, Tokyo 113, Japan. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RI Guo, Qinfeng/A-8034-2009 NR 45 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD APR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2 BP 129 EP 138 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03379.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 677HT UT WOS:000182801400001 ER PT J AU Gallant, AL Hansen, AJ Councilman, JS Monte, DK Betz, DW AF Gallant, AL Hansen, AJ Councilman, JS Monte, DK Betz, DW TI Vegetation dynamics under fire exclusion and logging in a Rocky Mountain watershed, 1856-1996 SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE disturbance; fire exclusion; GIS modeling; land management; Rocky Mountain (USA) vegetation; spatiotemporal analysis; vegetation modeling; vegetation reconstruction; Yellowstone ecosystem ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; WESTERN JUNIPER; CLIMATE; ENCROACHMENT; FREQUENCY; COLORADO; REGIMES; HISTORY AB How have changes in land management practices affected vegetation patterns in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem? This question led us to develop a deterministic, successional, vegetation model to "turn back the clock" on a study area and assess how patterns in vegetation cover type and structure have changed through different periods of management. Our modeling spanned the closing decades of use by Native Americans, subsequent Euro-American settlement, and associated indirect methods of fire suppression, and more recent practices of fire exclusion and timber harvest. Model results were striking, indicating that the primary forest dynamic in the study area is not fragmentation of conifer forest by logging, but the transition from a fire-driven mosaic of grassland, shrubland, broadleaf forest, and mixed forest communities to a conifer-dominated landscape. Projections for conifer-dominated stands showed an increase in areal coverage from 15% of the study arcain the mid-1800s to similar to50% by the mid-1990s. During the same period, projections for aspen-dominated stands showed a decline in coverage from 37% to 8%. Substantial acreage previously occupied by a variety of age classes has given way to extensive tracts. of mature forest. Only 4% of the study area is currently covered by young stands, all of which are coniferous. While logging has replaced wildfire as a mechanism for cycling younger stands into the landscape, the locations, species constituents, patch sizes, and ecosystem dynamics associated with logging do not mimic those associated with fire. It is also apparent that the nature of these differences varies among biophysical settings, and that land managers might consider a biophysical class strategy for tailoring management goals and restoration efforts. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Isl Pk Ranger Stn, Isl Pk, ID 83429 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Supervisors Off, St Anthony, ID 83445 USA. RP Gallant, AL (reprint author), USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sci & Applicat Branch, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM gallant@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2003 VL 13 IS 2 BP 385 EP 403 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0385:VDUFEA]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 674ZX UT WOS:000182669300009 ER PT J AU Dorazio, RM Johnson, FA AF Dorazio, RM Johnson, FA TI Bayesian inference and decision theory - A framework for decision making in natural resource management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; Bayes theorem; habitat; optimal decision ID ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; UNCERTAINTY; CONSERVATION; OPTIMIZATION; HARVESTS AB Bayesian inference and decision theory may be used in the solution of relatively complex problems of natural resource management, owing to recent advances in statistical theory and computing. In particular, Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms provide a computational framework for fitting models of adequate complexity and for evaluating the expected consequences of alternative management actions. We illustrate these features using an example based on management of waterfowl habitat. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Dorazio, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71 St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 26 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2003 VL 13 IS 2 BP 556 EP 563 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0556:BIADTA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 674ZX UT WOS:000182669300021 ER PT J AU Emlen, JM Freeman, DC Kirchhoff, MD Alados, CL Escos, J Duda, JJ AF Emlen, JM Freeman, DC Kirchhoff, MD Alados, CL Escos, J Duda, JJ TI Fitting population models from field data SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE population models; prediction; interaction ID IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION; DEPENDENT HABITAT SELECTION; LOTKA-VOLTERRA COMPETITION; L DIPTERA-SCATOPHAGIDAE; UNEQUAL COMPETITORS; FREE DISTRIBUTIONS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS; PATCHY ENVIRONMENT; SEXUAL SELECTION AB The application of population and community ecology to solving real-world problems requires population and community dynamics models that reflect the myriad patterns of interaction among organisms and between the biotic and physical environments. Appropriate models are not hard to construct, but the experimental manipulations needed to evaluate their defining coefficients are often both time consuming and costly, and sometimes environmentally destructive, as well. In this paper we present an empirical approach for finding the coefficients of broadly inclusive models without the need for environmental manipulation, demonstrate the approach with both an animal and a plant example, and suggest possible applications. Software has been developed, and is available from the senior author, with a manual describing both field and analytic procedures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Inst Pirena Ecol, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. RP Emlen, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6506 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john_emlen@usgs.gov RI Duda, Jeffrey/A-7132-2009; Alados, Concepcion/K-8085-2014; Escos, Juan/L-4207-2014 OI Duda, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7431-8634; Alados, Concepcion/0000-0002-6227-861X; Escos, Juan/0000-0003-2852-2911 NR 94 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 162 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 143 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00390-3 PG 25 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 671VH UT WOS:000182484700008 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Hines, JE Nichols, JD AF Kendall, WL Hines, JE Nichols, JD TI Adjusting multistate capture-recapture models for misclassification bias: Manatee breeding proportions SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breeding probabilities; capture-resighting models; Florida; manatee; Markovian transition probabilities; multistate models; photo identification; Pollock's robust design; survival probabilities; Trichechus manatus ID SURVIVAL RATES; PROBABILITIES; RECOVERY; MARK; SEX AB Matrix population models are important tools for research and management of populations. Estimating the parameters of these models is an important step in applying them to real populations. Multistate capture-recapture methods have provided a useful means for estimating survival and parameters of transition between locations or life history states but have mostly relied on the assumption that the state occupied by each detected animal is known with certainty. Nevertheless, in some cases animals can be misclassified. Using multiple capture sessions within each period of interest, we developed a method that adjusts estimates of transition probabilities for bias due to misclassification. We applied this method to 10 years of sighting data for a population of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in order to estimate the annual probability of transition from non-breeding to breeding status. Some sighted females were unequivocally classified as breeders because they were clearly accompanied by a first-year calf. The remainder were classified, sometimes erroneously, as nonbreeders because an attendant first-year calf was not observed or was classified as more than one year old. We estimated a conditional breeding probability of 0.31 +/- 0.04 (estimate +/- 1 SE) when we ignored misclassification bias, and 0.61 +/- 0.09 when we accounted for misclassification. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 35 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1058 EP 1066 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1058:AMCMFM]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 677NC UT WOS:000182813600025 ER PT J AU Adams, MJ Pearl, CA Bury, RB AF Adams, MJ Pearl, CA Bury, RB TI Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by non-native fishes SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Aeshnidae; amphibians; biological invasions; facilitation; fishes; indirect effects; Lepomis macrochirus; non-native species; pond communities; Rana catesbeiana ID RANA-CATESBEIANA; UNITED-STATES; MOUNTAIN LAKES; DECLINE; INTRODUCTIONS; POPULATIONS; PREDATION; BULLFROG; GRADIENT; LARVAE AB Positive interactions among non-native species could greatly exacerbate the problem of invasions, but are poorly studied and our knowledge of their occurrence is mostly limited to plant-pollinator and dispersal interactions. We found that invasion of bullfrogs is facilitated by the presence of co-evolved non-native fish, which increase tadpole survival by reducing predatory macroinvertebrate densities. Native dragonfly nymphs in Oregon, USA caused zero survival of bullfrog tadpoles in a replicated field experiment unless a non-native sunfish was present to reduce dragonfly density. This pattern was also evident in pond surveys where the best predictors of bullfrog abundance were the presence of non-native fish and bathymetry. This is the first experimental evidence of facilitation between two non-native vertebrates and supports the invasional meltdown hypothesis. Such positive interactions among non-native species have the potential to disrupt ecosystems by amplifying invasions, and our study shows they can occur via indirect mechanisms. C1 USGS Forest, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Adams, MJ (reprint author), USGS Forest, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 50 TC 94 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 47 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD APR PY 2003 VL 6 IS 4 BP 343 EP 351 DI 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00435.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656VZ UT WOS:000181632600012 ER PT J AU Guptill, SC Julian, KG Campbell, GL Price, SD Marfin, AA AF Guptill, SC Julian, KG Campbell, GL Price, SD Marfin, AA TI Early-season avian deaths from West Nile virus as warnings of human infection SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SURVEILLANCE; SYSTEM AB An analysis of 2001 and 2002 West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data shows that counties that report WNV-infected dead birds early in the transmission season are more likely to report subsequent WNV disease cases in humans than are counties that do not report early WNV-infected dead birds. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 521, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Hershey Med Ctr, Hershey, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Guptill, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 521, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 8 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 483 EP 484 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 663XH UT WOS:000182031700013 PM 12702231 ER PT J AU Wheeler, RL Crone, AJ AF Wheeler, RL Crone, AJ TI Reply to comment on evaluation of Meers fault, Oklahoma in "Known and suggested quaternary faulting in the midcontinent United States" by Russell L. Wheeler and Anthony J. Crone SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wheeler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 211 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00271-5 PG 5 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 662AW UT WOS:000181924300014 ER PT J AU Meador, MR Goldstein, RM AF Meador, MR Goldstein, RM TI Assessing water quality at large geographic scales: Relations among land use, water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE water quality; fish community; riparian zone; land use; ecological indicators ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES; LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES; WISCONSIN STREAMS; SPECIES RICHNESS; BUFFER STRIPS; UNITED-STATES; INDEX; HABITAT AB Data collected from 172 sites in 20 major river basins between 1993 and 1995 as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess relations among basinwide land use (agriculture, forest, urban, range), water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure. A multimetric approach was used to develop regionally referenced indices of fish community and riparian condition. Across large geographic areas, decreased riparian condition was associated with water-quality constituents indicative of nonpoint source inputs-total nitrogen and suspended sediment and basinwide urban land use. Decreased fish community condition was associated with increases in total dissolved solids and rangeland use and decreases in riparian condition and agricultural land use. Fish community condition was relatively high even in areas where agricultural land use was relatively high (>50% of the basin). Although agricultural land use can have deleterious effects on fish communities, the results of this study suggest that other factors also may be important, including practices that regulate the delivery of nutrients, suspended sediments, and total dissolved solids into streams. Across large geographic scales, measures of water physicochemistry may be better indicators of fish community condition than basinwide land use. Whereas numerous studies have indicated that riparian restorations are successful in specific cases, this analysis suggests the universal importance of riparian zones to the maintenance and restoration of diverse fish communities in streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Meador, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 413, Reston, VA USA. NR 91 TC 105 Z9 113 U1 6 U2 73 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 504 EP 517 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2805-5 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656HN UT WOS:000181602700005 PM 12677296 ER PT J AU Besser, JM Brumbaugh, WG May, TW Ingersoll, CG AF Besser, JM Brumbaugh, WG May, TW Ingersoll, CG TI Effects of organic amendments on the toxicity and bioavailability of cadmium and copper in spiked formulated sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organic matter; sediment toxicity; copper; cadmium; Hyalella azteca ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; QUALITY CRITERIA; HYALELLA-AZTECA; TRACE-METALS; TECHNICAL BASIS; RENEWAL SYSTEM; CARBON; AMPHIPOD; BINDING AB We evaluated the partitioning and toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) spiked into formulated sediments containing two types of organic matter (OM), i.e., cellulose and humus. Amendments of cellulose up to 12.5% total organic carbon (TOC) did not affect partitioning of Cd or Cu between sediment and pore water and did not significantly affect the toxicity of spiked sediments in acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca. In contrast, amendments of natural humus shifted the partitioning of both Cd and Cu toward greater concentrations in sediment and lesser concentrations in pore water and significantly reduced toxic effects of both metals. Thresholds for toxicity, based on measured metal concentrations in whole sediment, were greater for both Cd and Cu in sediments amended with a low level of humus (2.9% TOC) than in sediments without added OM. Amendments with a high level of humus (8.9% TOC) eliminated toxicity at the highest spike concentrations of both metals (sediment concentrations of 12.4 mug Cd/g and 493 mug Cu/g). Concentrations of Cd in pore water associated with acute toxicity were similar between sediments with and without humus amendments, suggesting that toxicity of Cd was reduced primarily by sorption to sediment OM. However, toxic effects of Cu in humus treatments were associated with greater pore-water concentrations than in controls, suggesting that toxicity of Cu was reduced both by sorption and by complexation with soluble ligands. Both sorption and complexation by OM tend to make proposed sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) based on total metal concentrations more protective for high-OM sediments. Our results suggest that the predictive ability of SQGs could be improved by models of metal interactions with natural OM in sediment and pore water. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Besser, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 37 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 805 EP 815 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 721QC UT WOS:000185326200019 PM 12685716 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CG Brunson, EL Wang, N Dwyer, EJ Ankley, GT Mount, DR Huckins, J Petty, J Landrum, PE AF Ingersoll, CG Brunson, EL Wang, N Dwyer, EJ Ankley, GT Mount, DR Huckins, J Petty, J Landrum, PE TI Uptake and depuration of nonionic organic contaminants from sediment by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; bioaccumulation; oligochaetes; Lumbriculus variegatus ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CLARK-FORK RIVER; PORE-WATER; AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES; HYALELLA-AZTECA; CONTACT TIME; BIOACCUMULATION; TOXICITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; PYRENE AB Uptake of sediment-associated contaminants by the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was evaluated after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d of exposure to a field-collected sediment contaminated with DDT and its metabolites, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), or to a field-collected sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deputation of contaminants by oligochaetes in a control sediment or in water was also evaluated over a 7-d period after 28 d of exposure to the field-collected sediments. Accumulation of PAHs with a log octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log K-ow) <5.6 typically reached a peak at day 3, followed by a lower plateau between days 7 and 56 of the sediment exposure. Similarly, 4,4'-DDT exhibited a peak in accumulation at day 14 followed by a decline at days 28 and 56. In contrast, accumulation of PAHs with a log K-ow >5.6 or DDD and DDE typically exhibited a steady increase from day 1 to about day 14 or 28, followed by a plateau. Therefore, exposures conducted for a minimum of 14 to 28 d better reflected steady-state concentrations for DDT and its metabolites and for PAHs. Depuration rates for DDT and its metabolites and high-K-ow PAHs were much higher in organisms held in clean sediment relative to both water-only depuration and model predictions. This suggests that depuration in clean sediment may artificially accelerate depuration of hydrophobic compounds. Comparisons between laboratory-exposed L. variegatus and oligochaetes collected in the field from these sediments indicate that results of laboratory tests can be extrapolated to the field with a reasonable degree of certainty. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. AScI, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 48 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 17 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 872 EP 885 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0872:UADONO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 721QC UT WOS:000185326200027 PM 12685724 ER PT J AU Cronin, TM Vann, CD AF Cronin, TM Vann, CD TI The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID HISTORY; ANOXIA; EUTROPHICATION; TRIBUTARIES; CORES; USA AB Ecological and paleoecological studies from the Patuxent River mouth reveal dynamic variations in benthic ostracode assemblages over the past 600 years due to climatic and anthropogenic factors. Prior to the late 20th century, centennial-scale changes in species dominance were influenced by climatic and hydrological factors that primarily affected salinity and at times led to oxygen depletion. Decadal-scale droughts also occurred resulting in higher salinities and migration of ostracode species from the deep channel (Loxoconcha sp., Cytheromorpha newportensis) into shallower water along the flanks of the bay. During the 19th century the abundance of Leptocythere nikraveshae and Perissocytheridea brachyforma suggest increased turbidity and decreased salinity. Unprecedented changes in benthic ostracodes at the Patuxent mouth and in the deep channel of the bay occurred after the 1960s when Cytheromorpha curta became the dominant species, reflecting seasonal anoxia. The change in benthic assemblages coincided with the appearance of deformities in foraminifers. A combination of increased nitrate loading due to greater fertilizer use and increased freshwater flow explains this shift. A review of the geochemical and paleoecological evidence for dissolved oxygen indicates that seasonal oxygen depletion in the main channel of Chesapeake Bay varies over centennial and decadal timescales. Prior to 1700 AD, a relatively wet climate and high freshwater runoff led to oxygen depletion but rarely anoxia. Between 1700 and 1900, progressive eutrophication occurred related to land clearance and increased sedimentation, but this was superimposed on the oscillatory pattern of oxygen depletion most likely driven by climatological and hydrological factors. It also seems probable that the four- to five-fold increase in sedimentation due to agricultural and timber activity could have contributed to an increased natural nutrient load, likely fueling the early periods (1700-1900) of hypoxia prior to widespread fertilizer use. Twentieth-century anoxia worsened in the late 1930s-1940s and again around 1970, reaching unprecedented levels in the past few decades. Decadal and interannual variability in oxygen depletion even in the 20th century is still strongly influenced by climatic processes influencing precipitation and freshwater runoff. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tcronin@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 14 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2A BP 196 EP 209 DI 10.1007/BF02695962 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 699JE UT WOS:000184052600004 ER PT J AU Weinstein, MP Keough, JR Guntenspergen, GR Litvin, SY AF Weinstein, MP Keough, JR Guntenspergen, GR Litvin, SY TI Preface: Phragmites australis: A sheep in wolf's clothing? SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Sandy Hook Field Stn, Ft Hancock, NJ 07732 USA. US EPA, Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, ORD 6201, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Nat Resources Res Inst, US Geol Survey, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Weinstein, MP (reprint author), New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Sandy Hook Field Stn, Bldg 22, Ft Hancock, NJ 07732 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2B BP 397 EP 397 DI 10.1007/BF02823715 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 699JF UT WOS:000184052700001 ER PT J AU Raichel, DL Able, KW Hartman, JM AF Raichel, DL Able, KW Hartman, JM TI The influence of Phragmites (common reed) on the distribution, abundance, and potential prey of a resident marsh fish in the Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS L; SALT-MARSH; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; TIDAL MARSHES; NEKTON USE; BRACKISH-MARSH; AUSTRALIS; MUMMICHOG; DYNAMICS AB This study investigates the influence of Phragmites australis (common reed) invasion on the habitat of the resident marsh fish, Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog) in the Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey. These abundant fish play an important role in the transfer of energy from the marsh surface to adjacent subtidal waters and thus estuarine food webs. The objectives of this 2-yr study (1999 and 2000) were to compare the distribution and abundance of the eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adults of mummichug and their invertebrate prey inhabiting Spartina alterniflora-dominated marshes with Phragmites-dominated marshes, and to experimentally investigate the influence of marsh surface microtopography on larval fish abundance within Phragmites-dominated marshes. In 2000, we verified that egg deposition does occur in Phragmites-dominated marshes. In both years, the abundance of larvae and small juveniles (4-20 mm TL) in S. alterniflora was significantly greater than in Phragmites-dominated marshes, while larger juveniles and adults (> 20 mm TL) were similarly abundant in both habitat types. The overall abundance of larvae and small juveniles was significantly greater in experimental Phragmites plots in which microtopography was manipulated to resemble that of Spartina marshes than in Phragmites control plots. Major groups of invertebrate taxa differed between marsh types with potential prey for larval fish being significantly more abundant in S. atterniflora marshes. Phragmites-dominated marshes may not provide the most suitable habitat for the early life-history stages of the mummichog. The low abundance of larvae and small juveniles in Phragmites marshes is likely due to inadequate larval habitat and perhaps decreased prey availability for these early life history stages. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Grad Program Ecol & Evolut, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. RP Raichel, DL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Jersey Field Off, 927 N Main St Bldg D1, Pleasantville, NJ 08232 USA. EM Diana_Raichel@fws.gov NR 69 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 11 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2B BP 511 EP 521 DI 10.1007/BF02823727 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 699JF UT WOS:000184052700013 ER PT J AU Gauthier, DT Cartwright, DD Densmore, CL Blazer, VS Ottinger, CA AF Gauthier, DT Cartwright, DD Densmore, CL Blazer, VS Ottinger, CA TI Measurement of in vitro leucocyte mitogenesis in fish: ELISA based detection of the thymidine analogue 5 '-bromo-2 '-deoxyuridine SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bromodeoxyuridine; mitogenesis; blastogenesis; ELISA; rainbow trout; white perch; leucocyte; method; in vitro ID COLORIMETRIC ASSAY; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; BROMODEOXYURIDINE UPTAKE; AFLATOXIN B-1; STRIPED BASS; RESPONSES; REPLICATION; GROWTH; DNA; SENSITIVITY AB In this study we present a method for the measurement of in vitro mitogenesis in fish leucocytes that is based on the incorporation of the thymidine analogue 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into the DNA of replicating cells, followed by ELISA-based detection. This technique, adapted from methods developed for mammalian cells, operates on a similar biological principle to H-3-thymidine incorporation, but circumvents the logistical and safety issues inherent with the radioactive label. Because it directly measures DNA proliferation, the assay has advantages over other colorimetric methods that may be strongly influenced by leucocyte metabolic status. Using BrdU incorporation followed by ELISA, we evaluate the responsiveness of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss [Walbaum]) leucocytes to the mammalian T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) as well as the differential response of white. perch (Morone americana [Gmelin]) leucocytes to Con A and pokeweed mitogen. Specific considerations intrinsic to the assay system are discussed, including the implications of utilising enzyme-based detection. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25230 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Ottinger, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25230 USA. OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 14 IS 4 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1006/fsim.2002.0436 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 664ET UT WOS:000182049300001 PM 12657532 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Barnett, DT AF Stohlgren, TJ Barnett, DT TI The rich get richer - Authors reply SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Letter ID PLANT DIVERSITY C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD APR PY 2003 VL 1 IS 3 BP 124 EP 124 PG 1 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WO UT WOS:000221789700015 ER PT J AU Aslan, A White, WA Warne, AG Guevara, EH AF Aslan, A White, WA Warne, AG Guevara, EH TI Holocene evolution of the western Orinoco Delta, Venezuela SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Orinoco delta; Holocene; delta progradation; mudcapes; avulsion; peat accumulation ID PEAT DEPOSITS; MUD VOLCANOS; RIVER DELTA; COAL BEDS; SEDIMENT; FLOODPLAIN; TRINIDAD; HISTORY; BARRIER; SYSTEM AB The pristine nature of the Orinoco Delta of eastern Venezuela provides unique opportunities to study the geologic processes and environments of a major tropical delta. Remote-sensing images, shallow cores, and radiocarbon-dating of organic remains form the basis for describing deltaic environments and interpreting the Holocene history of the delta. The Orinoco Delta can be subdivided into two major sectors. The southeast sector is dominated by the Rio Grande-the principal distributary-and complex networks of anastomosing fluvial and tidal channels. The abundance of siliciclastic deposits suggests that fluvial processes such as overbank flooding strongly influence this part of the delta. In contrast, the northwest sector is represented by few major distributaries, and overbank sedimentation is less widespread relative to the southeast sector. Peat is abundant and occurs in herbaceous and forested swamps that are individually up to 200 km(2) in area. Northwest-directed littoral currents transport large volumes of suspended sediment and produce prominent mudcapes along the northwest coast. Mapping of surface sediments, vegetation, and major landforms identified four principal geomorphic systems within the western delta plain: (1) distributary channels, (2) interdistributary flood basins, (3) fluvial-marine transitional environments, and (4) marine-influenced coastal environments. Coring and radiocarbon dating of deltaic deposits show that the northern delta shoreline has prograded 20-30 km during the late Holocene sea-level highstand. Progradation has been accomplished by a combination of distributary avulsion and mudcape progradation. This style of deltaic progradation differs markedly from other deltas such as the Mississippi where distributary avulsion leads to coastal land loss, rather than shoreline progradation. The key difference is that the Orinoco Delta coastal zone receives prodigious amounts of sediment from northwest-moving littoral currents that transport sediment from as far away as the Amazon system (similar to1600 km). Late Holocene progradation of the delta has decreased delta-plain gradients, increased water levels, and minimized overbank flooding and siliciclastic sedimentation in the northwest sector. These conditions, coupled with large amounts of direct precipitation, have led to widespread peat accumulation in interdistributary basins. Because peat-forming environments cover up to 5000 km(2) of the delta plain, the Orinoco may be an excellent analogue for interpreting ancient deltaic peat deposits. C1 Mesa State Coll, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Univ Stn, Austin, TX 78713 USA. US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Aslan, A (reprint author), Mesa State Coll, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. NR 58 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 15 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 2003 VL 115 IS 4 BP 479 EP 498 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0479:HEOTWO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 662CK UT WOS:000181928300007 ER PT J AU Grenne, T Slack, JF AF Grenne, T Slack, JF TI Paleozoic and Mesozoic silica-rich seawater: Evidence from hematitic chert (jasper) deposits SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE jasper; silica; seawater; hydrothermal plume; germanium; rare earth elements ID EARTH ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY; EAST PACIFIC RISE; HYDROTHERMAL PLUMES; OCEAN; GERMANIUM; ORIGIN; RIDGE; BELT; GEL AB Laterally extensive beds of highly siliceous, hematitic chert (jasper) are associated with many volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of Late Cambrian to Early Cretaceous age, yet are unknown in analogous younger (including modern) settings. Textural studies suggest that VMS-related jaspers in the Ordovician Lokken ophiolite of Norway were originally deposited as Si- and Fe-rich gels that precipitated from hydrothermal plumes as colloidal silica and iron-oxyhydroxide particles. Rare earth element patterns and Ge/Si ratios of the jaspers reflect precipitation from plumes having seawater dilution factors of 103 to 104, similar to modern examples. We propose that silica in the ancient jaspers is not derived from submarine hydrothermal fluids-as suggested by previous workers-but instead was deposited from silica-rich seawater. Flocculation and precipitation of the silica were triggered inorganically by the bridging effect of positively charged iron oxyhydroxides in the hydrothermal plume. A model involving amorphous silica (opall-A) precursors to the jaspers suggests that silica contents of Cambrian-Early Cretaceous oceans were at least 110 mg/L SiO2, compared to values of 40-60 mg/L SiO2 estimated in other studies. The evolution of ancient silica-rich to modern Fe-rich precipitates in submarine-hydrothermal plumes reflects a changeover from silica-saturated to silica-depleted seawater through Phanerozoic time, due mainly to ocean-wide emergence of diatoms in the Cretaceous. C1 Geol Survey Norway, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grenne, T (reprint author), Geol Survey Norway, Leiv Eirikssons Vei 39, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. NR 33 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 15 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 319 EP 322 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0319:PAMSRS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 662CN UT WOS:000181928700008 ER PT J AU Eaton, LS Morgan, BA Kochel, RC Howard, AD AF Eaton, LS Morgan, BA Kochel, RC Howard, AD TI Role of debris flows in long-term landscape denudation in the central Appalachians of Virginia SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE denudation; debris flows; geomorphic work; geomorphic effectiveness; Appalachian Mountains ID MOUNTAINS; SEDIMENT; STORM AB Four major storms that triggered debris flows in the Virginia-West Virginia Appalachians provide new insights into the role of high-magnitude, low-frequency floods in longterm denudation and landscape evolution in mountainous terrain. Storm denudation in the Blue Ridge Mountain drainage basins is approximately an order of magnitude greater compared to basins located in the mountains of the Valley and Ridge province. This difference is probably the result of higher storm rainfall from the Blue Ridge storms. Radiocarbon dating of debris-flow deposits in the Blue Ridge indicates a debris-flow return interval of not more than 2-4 k.y. in mountainous river basins. This finding, combined with measurements of basin denudation, suggests that approximately half of the long-term denudation from mechanical load occurs episodically by debris-flow processes. Although floods of moderate magnitude are largely responsible for mobilizing sediment in low-gradient streams, our data suggest that high-magnitude, low-frequency events are the most significant component in delivering coarse-grained regolith from mountainous hollows and channels to the lowland floodplains. C1 James Madison Univ, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Bucknell Univ, Dept Geol, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Eaton, LS (reprint author), James Madison Univ, MSC 7703, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. OI Howard, Alan/0000-0002-5423-1600 NR 37 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 339 EP 342 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0339:RODFIL>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 662CN UT WOS:000181928700013 ER PT J AU Hayman, NW Knott, JR Cowan, DS Nemser, E Sarna-Wojcicki, AM AF Hayman, NW Knott, JR Cowan, DS Nemser, E Sarna-Wojcicki, AM TI Quaternary low-angle slip on detachment faults in Death Valley, California SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detachment; Death Valley; Quaternary; extension; tephrochronology ID MORMON-POINT; ROTATION; WEDGES; FIELD AB Detachment faults on the west flank of the Black Mountains (Nevada and California) dip 29degrees-36degrees and cut subhorizontal layers of the 0.77 Ma Bishop ash. Steeply dipping normal faults confined to the hanging walls of the detachments offset layers of the 0.64 Ma Lava Creek B tephra and the base of 0.12-0.18 Ma Lake Manly gravel. These faults sole into and do not cut the low-angle detachments. Therefore the detachments accrued any measurable slip across the kinematically linked hanging-wall faults. An analysis of the orientations of hundreds of the hanging-wall faults shows that extension occurred at modest slip rates (<1 mm/yr) under a steep to vertically oriented maximum principal stress. The Black Mountain detachments are appropriately described as the basal detachments of near-critical Coulomb wedges. We infer that the formation of late Pleistocene and Holocene range-front fault scarps accompanied seismogenic slip on the detachments. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Geol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hayman, NW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Hayman, Nicholas/A-1589-2009 NR 28 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 16 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 343 EP 346 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0343:QLASOD>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 662CN UT WOS:000181928700014 ER PT J AU Lanctot, RB Hatch, SA Gill, VA Eens, M AF Lanctot, RB Hatch, SA Gill, VA Eens, M TI Are corticosterone levels a good indicator of food availability and reproductive performance in a kittiwake colony? SO HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; breeding performance; corticosterone; forage; hormone; kittiwake; Rissa tridactyla; stress; supplemental feeding ID BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES; SPHENISCUS-MAGELLANICUS; BREEDING SUCCESS; PASSERINE BIRDS; ENERGY DENSITY; BODY CONDITION; FORAGE FISHES; STRESS AB We evaluated the use of corticosterone to gauge forage availability and predict reproductive performance in black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) breeding in Alaska during 1999 and 2000. We modeled the relationship between baseline levels of corticosterone and a suite of individual and temporal characteristics of the sampled birds. We also provided supplemental food to a sample of pairs-and compared their corticosterone levels with that of pairs that were not fed. Corticosterone levels were a good predictor of forage availability in some situations, although inconsistencies between corticosterone levels and reproductive performance of fed and unfed kittiwakes suggested that this was not always the case. In general, higher corticosterone levels were found in birds that lacked breeding experience and in birds sampled shortly after arriving from their wintering grounds. All parameters investigated, however, explained only a small proportion of the variance in corticosterone levels. We also investigated whether corticosterone, supplemental feeding, year of the study, breeding experience, body weight, and sex of a bird were able to predict laying, hatching, and fledging success in kittiwakes. Here, breeding experience, year of the study, and body weight were the best predictors of a bird's performance. Corticosterone level and supplemental feeding were good predictors of kittiwake reproductive performance in some cases. For example, corticosterone levels of birds sampled during the arrival stage reliably predicted laying success, but were less reliable at predicting hatching and fledging success. Counts of active nests with eggs or chicks may be more reliable estimates of the actual productivity of the colony. Supplemental feeding had strong effects on kittiwake productivity when natural forage was poor, but had little effect when natural forage was plentiful. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 201, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 47 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0018-506X J9 HORM BEHAV JI Horm. Behav. PD APR PY 2003 VL 43 IS 4 BP 489 EP 502 DI 10.1016/S0018-506X(03)00030-8 PG 14 WC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 688TL UT WOS:000183452200007 PM 12788295 ER PT J AU Nipper, M Carr, RS AF Nipper, M Carr, RS TI Recent advances in the use of meiofaunal polychaetes for ecotoxicological assessments SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE toxicity testing; pore water; Dinophilus gyrociliatus; sediment quality assessment ID WATER TOXICITY TEST; NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA; DINOPHILUS-GYROCILIATUS; MARINE; FLORIDA; TESTS; BAY AB While whole sediment toxicity tests with macrofaunal polychaetes are well developed and standardized, they are oftentimes not very sensitive to environmental contaminants. Meiofaunal polychaetes, however, are sensitive to contaminants, easy to culture, and representative of the interstitial habitat. These are desirable attributes for ecotoxicological assessments of marine and estuarine sediments. The meiofaunal polychaete, Dinophilus gyrociliatus Schmidt, 1857, is a cosmopolitan species that has become a useful tool for ecotoxicological assessments, particularly for its use in toxicity testing with sediment pore waters. Due to its short life cycle it is suitable for sublethal toxicity tests, with egg production by the females as a sensitive endpoint, which can be assessed in a 7-day exposure period. Toxicity assessments of pore waters from an industrialized bay in Texas, U. S. A., and of pore waters from sediments spiked with nitroaromatic explosives, demonstrated that the D. gyrociliatus reproduction endpoint was consistently among the most sensitive, when compared to early-life stage tests with several other marine species, including macro-algae, sea urchins and fish. There was also excellent agreement among the results of porewater tests with D. gyrociliatus, nauplii of the meiofaunal copepod, Longipedia americana, and embryos of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata in a survey with pore waters extracted from sediments collected in the vicinity of an oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico, where metals were the primary contaminants of concern. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Nipper, M (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, 6300 Ocean Dr,NRC,Suite 3200, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2003 VL 496 IS 1-3 BP 347 EP 353 DI 10.1023/A:1026129806435 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 732AU UT WOS:000185919300033 ER PT J AU Davis, SN Moysey, S Cecil, LD Zreda, M AF Davis, SN Moysey, S Cecil, LD Zreda, M TI Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: empirical data SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE radioactive isotopes; chlorine-36; chloride/bromide ratios ID RIVER PLAIN AQUIFER; CL-36; WATER; RADIOISOTOPES; SUBSURFACE; ORIGIN; DESERT; BASIN; FLOW AB Natural production of the radionuclide chlorine-36 (Cl-36) has provided a valuable tracer for groundwater studies. The nuclear industry, especially the testing of thermonuclear weapons, has also produced large amounts of Cl-36 that can be detected in many samples of Groundwater. In order to be most useful in hydrologic studies. the natural production prior to 1952 should be distinguished from more recent artificial sources. The object of this study was to reconstruct the probable preanthropogenic levels of Cl-36 in groundwater in the United States. Although significant local variations exist, they are superimposed on a broad regional pattern of Cl-36/Cl ratios in the United States. Owing to the influence of atmospherically transported ocean salt, natural ratios of Cl-36/total Cl are lowest near the coast and increase to a maximum in the central Rocky Mountains of the United States. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Davis, SN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Moysey, Stephen/H-4658-2012 NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD APR PY 2003 VL 11 IS 2 BP 217 EP 227 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0232-6 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 684GV UT WOS:000183197800003 ER PT J AU Inzuka, SK Gingerich, SB AF Inzuka, SK Gingerich, SB TI A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE coastal aquifers; volcanic aquifers; conceptual models; island hydrology; Hawaii AB A thick lens of fresh groundwater exists in a large region of low permeability in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. The conventional conceptual model for groundwater occurrence in Hawaii and other shield-volcano islands does not account for such a thick freshwater lens. In the conventional conceptual model, the lava-flow accumulations of which most shield volcanoes are built form large regions of relatively high permeability and thin freshwater lenses. In the southern Lihue Basin, basin-filling lavas and sediments form a large region of low regional hydraulic conductivity, which, in the moist climate of the basin, is saturated nearly to the land surface and water tables are hundreds of meters above sea level within a few kilometers from the coast. Such high water levels in shield-volcano islands were previously thought to exist only under perched or dike-impounded conditions, but in the southern Lihue Basin, high water levels exist in an apparently dike-free, fully saturated aquifer. A new conceptual model of groundwater occurrence in shield-volcano islands is needed to explain conditions in the southern Lihue Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Inzuka, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 677 Ala Moana Blvd,Suite 415, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. OI Gingerich, Stephen/0000-0002-4381-0746 NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD APR PY 2003 VL 11 IS 2 BP 240 EP 248 DI 10.1007/10040-002-0233-5 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 684GV UT WOS:000183197800005 ER PT J AU Bolduc, F Guillemette, M AF Bolduc, F Guillemette, M TI Incubation constancy and mass loss in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima SO IBIS LA English DT Article C1 McGill Univ, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RP Bolduc, F (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, USGS, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Renewable Nat Res Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 19 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI TRING PA C/O NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SUB-DEPT ORNITHOLOGY, TRING HP23 6AP, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0019-1019 J9 IBIS JI Ibis PD APR PY 2003 VL 145 IS 2 BP 329 EP 332 DI 10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00143.x PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 660JY UT WOS:000181831100020 ER PT J AU Petersen, HI Barker, C AF Petersen, HI Barker, C TI The 53rd ICCP meeting, including a 1-day TSOP session Copenhagen, Denmark, 2001 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, Dept Reservoir Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80255 USA. RP Petersen, HI (reprint author), Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, Dept Reservoir Geol, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 54 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00016-8 PG 1 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 676EB UT WOS:000182737700001 ER PT J AU Landis, ER Rohrbacher, TJ Barker, CE Fodor, B Gombar, G AF Landis, ER Rohrbacher, TJ Barker, CE Fodor, B Gombar, G TI Coalbed gas in the Mecsek Basin, Hungary SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 53rd Annual Meeting of the International-Committee-for-Coal-and-Organic-Petrology CY AUG 12-19, 2001 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Int Comm Coal & Organ Petrol, GEUS DE Hungary; coalbed methane; Mecsek Coal Formation; Hungarian energy resources; assessment; exploration AB Information about the presence and recovery of coalbed gas during underground mining and attempts to recover the gas as an energy source, plus new data about gas storage capacity, petrography, maturity, and other coal quality factors, indicate that the coals of the Mecsek Basin may contain large quantities of coalbed gas that is largely methane. Two preliminary estimates of the total gas content of the coalfield are 0.2 8e + 11 m(3) (almost 1 trillion cubic feet) and 1.13e + 11 m(3) (nearly 4 trillion cubic feet). Although much more information is needed about gas contents, permeabilities and other reservoir factors, the available geologic information may be sufficient to identify target areas for exploration. Efforts required to evaluate production potential are warranted. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Hungarian Geol Inst, H-1440 Budapest, Hungary. RP Rohrbacher, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 54 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 41 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00021-1 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 676EB UT WOS:000182737700004 ER PT J AU Brooks, ML AF Brooks, ML TI Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass; density; fertilization; invasive species; nitrogen deposition; plant communities; soil nutrients; species richness ID ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS PRODUCTION; CHILEAN COASTAL DESERT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ECOSYSTEMS; WATER; COMPETITION; INVASIONS; GRASSES; ECOLOGY; SITE AB 1. Deserts are one of the least invaded ecosystems by plants, possibly due to naturally low levels of soil nitrogen. Increased levels of soil nitrogen caused by atmospheric nitrogen deposition may increase the dominance of invasive alien plants and decrease the diversity of plant communities in desert regions, as it has in other ecosystems. Deserts should be particularly susceptible to even small increases in soil nitrogen levels because the ratio of increased nitrogen to plant biomass is higher compared with most other ecosystems. 2. The hypothesis that increased soil nitrogen will lead to increased dominance by alien plants and decreased plant species diversity was tested in field experiments using nitrogen additions at three sites in the in the Mojave Desert of western North America. 3. Responses of alien and native annual plants to soil nitrogen additions were measured in terms of density, biomass and species richness. Effects of nitrogen additions were evaluated during 2 years of contrasting rainfall and annual plant productivity. The rate of nitrogen addition was similar to published rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in urban areas adjacent to the Mojave Desert (3.2 g N m(-2) year(-1)). The dominant alien species included the grasses Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens and Schismus spp. (S. arabicus and S. barbatus) and the forb Erodium cicutarium . 4. Soil nitrogen addition increased the density and biomass of alien annual plants during both years, but decreased density, biomass and species richness of native species only during the year of highest annual plant productivity. The negative response of natives may have been due to increased competitive stress for soil water and other nutrients caused by the increased productivity of aliens. 5. The effects of nitrogen additions were significant at both ends of a natural nutrient gradient, beneath creosote bush Larrea tridentata canopies and in the interspaces between them, although responses varied among individual alien species. The positive effects of nitrogen addition were highest in the beneath-canopy for B. rubens and in interspaces for Schismus spp. and E. cicutarium. 6. The results indicated that increased levels of soil nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen deposition or from other sources could increase the dominance of alien annual plants and possibly promote the invasion of new species in desert regions. Increased dominance by alien annuals may decrease the diversity of native annual plants, and increased biomass of alien annual grasses may also increase the frequency of fire. 7. Although nitrogen deposition cannot be controlled by local land managers, the managers need to understand its potential effects on plant communities and ecosystem properties, in particular how these effects may interact with land-use activities that can be managed at the local scale. These interactions are currently unknown, and hinder the ability of managers to make appropriate land-use decisions related to nitrogen deposition in desert ecosystems. 8. Synthesis and applications. The effects of nitrogen deposition on invasive alien plants should be considered when deciding where to locate new conservation areas, and in evaluating the full scope of ecological effects of new projects that would increase nitrogen deposition rates. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. RP Brooks, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn,160 N Stephanie St, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. NR 46 TC 165 Z9 199 U1 17 U2 138 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 40 IS 2 BP 344 EP 353 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00789.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 665KG UT WOS:000182118700013 ER PT J AU Pellerin, L Labson, VF AF Pellerin, L Labson, VF TI An empirical approach to inversion of an unconventional helicopter electromagnetic dataset SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE electromagnetics; helicopter electromagnetics; airborne clectromagnetics; inversion; waste site characterization ID AIRBORNE AB A helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey acquired at the U.S. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) used a modification of a traditional mining airborne method flown at low levels for detailed characterization of shallow waste sites. The low sensor height, used to increase resolution, invalidates standard assumptions used in processing HEM data. Although the survey design strategy was sound, traditional interpretation techniques, routinely used in industry, proved ineffective. Processed data and apparent resistivity maps were severely distorted, and hence unusable, due to low flight height effects, high magnetic permeability of the basalt host, and the conductive, three-dimensional nature of the waste site targets. To accommodate these interpretation challenges, we modified a one-dimensional inversion routine to include a linear term in the objective function that allows for the magnetic and three-dimensional electromagnetic responses in the in-phase data. Although somewhat ad hoc, the use of this term in the inverse routine, referred to as the shift factor, was successful in defining the waste sites and reducing noise due to the low flight height and magnetic characteristics of the host rock. Many inversion scenarios were applied to the data and careful analysis was necessary to determine the parameters appropriate for interpretation, hence the approach was empirical. Data from three areas were processed with this scheme to highlight different interpretational aspects of the method. Wastes sites were delineated with the shift terms in two of the areas, allowing for separation of the anthropomorphic targets from the natural one-dimensional host. In the third area, the estimated resistivity and the shift factor were used for geological mapping. The high magnetic content of the native soil enabled the mapping of disturbed soil with the shift term. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Consulting Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Pellerin, L (reprint author), Consulting Geophys, 2215 Curtis St, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-9851 J9 J APPL GEOPHYS JI J. Appl. Geophys. PD APR PY 2003 VL 53 IS 1 BP 49 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0926-9851(03)00011-9 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 679CA UT WOS:000182902400004 ER PT J AU Campbell, K Wolfsberg, A Fabryka-Martin, J Sweetkind, D AF Campbell, K Wolfsberg, A Fabryka-Martin, J Sweetkind, D TI Chlorine-36 data at Yucca Mountain: Statistical tests of conceptual models for unsaturated-zone flow SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE isotope; hydrology; Vadose zone; log-linear models; contingency tables; likelihood ratio tests; odds ratios; fractures; faults; Yucca Mountain; chlorine-36 ID NEVADA AB An extensive set of chlorine-36 (Cl-36) data has been collected in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF), an 8-km-long tunnel at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for the purpose of developing and testing conceptual models of flow and transport in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at this site. At several locations, the measured values of Cl-36/Cl ratios for salts leached from rock samples are high enough to provide strong evidence that at least a small component of bomb-pulse Cl-36, fallout from atmospheric testing of nuclear devices in the 1950s and 1960s, was measured, implying that some fraction of the water traveled from the ground surface through 200-300 m of unsaturated rock to the level of the ESF during the last 50 years. These data are analyzed here using a formal statistical approach based on log-linear models to evaluate alternative conceptual models for the distribution of such fast flow paths. The most significant determinant of the presence of bomb-pulse Cl-36 in a sample from the welded Topopah Spring unit (TSw) is the structural setting from which the sample was collected. Our analysis generally supports the conceptual model that a fault that cuts through the nonwelded Paintbrush tuff unit (PTn) that overlies the TSw is required in order for bomb-pulse Cl-36 to be transmitted to the sample depth in less than 50 years. Away from PTn-cutting faults, the ages of water samples at the ESF appear to be a strong function of the thickness of the nonwelded tuff between the ground surface and the ESF, due to slow matrix flow in that unit. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Decis Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wolfsberg, A (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Sweetkind, Donald/0000-0003-0892-4796 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 62-3 SI SI BP 43 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00176-6 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 677DH UT WOS:000182791300004 PM 12714284 ER PT J AU Liu, HH Haukwa, CB Ahlers, CF Bodvarsson, GS Flint, AL Guertal, WB AF Liu, HH Haukwa, CB Ahlers, CF Bodvarsson, GS Flint, AL Guertal, WB TI Modeling flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: an evaluation of the continuum approach SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE unsaturated flow; model calibration; seepage; matrix diffusion ID POROUS-MEDIA; SEEPAGE; WATER; ZONES AB Because the continuum approach is relatively simple and straightforward to implement, it has been commonly used in modeling flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock. However, the usefulness of this approach can be questioned in terms of its adequacy for representing fingering flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock. The continuum approach thus needs to be evaluated carefully by comparing simulation results with field observations directly related to unsaturated flow and transport processes. This paper reports on such an evaluation, based on a combination of model calibration and prediction, using data from an infiltration test carried out in a densely fractured rock within the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Comparisons between experimental and modeling results show that the continuum approach may be able to capture important features of flow and transport processes observed from the test. The modeling results also show that matrix diffusion may have a significant effect on the overall transport behavior in unsaturated fractured rocks, which can be used to estimate effective fracture-matrix interface areas based on tracer transport data. While more theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies are needed to provide a conclusive evaluation, this study suggests that the continuum approach is useful for modeling flow and transport in unsaturated, densely fractured rock. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Liu, HH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 62-3 SI SI BP 173 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00170-5 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 677DH UT WOS:000182791300010 PM 12714290 ER PT J AU Marshall, BD Neymark, LA Peterman, ZE AF Marshall, BD Neymark, LA Peterman, ZE TI Estimation of past seepage volumes from calcite distribution in the Topopah Spring Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE unsaturated zone; calcite; seepage; percolation flux; Yucca Mountain ID UNSATURATED ZONE; PRECIPITATION AB Low-temperature calcite and opal record the past seepage of water into open fractures and lithophysal cavities in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site of a proposed high-level radioactive waste repository. Systematic measurements of calcite and opal coatings in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) tunnel at the proposed repository horizon are used to estimate the volume of calcite at each site of calcite and/or opal deposition. By estimating the volume of water required to precipitate the measured volumes of calcite in the unsaturated zone, seepage rates of 0.005 to 5 liters/year (1/year) are calculated at the median and 95th percentile of the measured volumes, respectively. These seepage rates are at the low end of the range of seepage rates from recent performance assessment (PA) calculations, confirming the conservative nature of the performance assessment. However, the distribution of the calcite and opal coatings indicate that a much larger fraction of the potential waste packages would be contacted by this seepage than is calculated in the performance assessment. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Marshall, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Marshall, Brian/0000-0002-8093-0093 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 62-3 SI SI BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00167-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 677DH UT WOS:000182791300013 PM 12714293 ER PT J AU Yang, IC Peterman, ZE Scofield, KM AF Yang, IC Peterman, ZE Scofield, KM TI Chemical analyses of pore water from boreholes USWSD-6 and USWWT-24, Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrochemistry; pore water; chemical analyses; Yucca Mountain; mineral saturation AB Analyses of pore water extracted from cores of boreholes USW SD-6 in the central part and USW WT-24 in the northern part of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, show significant vertical and lateral variations in dissolved-ion concentrations. Analyses of samples of only a few milliliters of pore water extracted by uniaxial or triaxial compression and by ultracentrifugation methods from adjacent core samples are generally in agreement, within the analytical error of 10% to 15%. However, the values of silica for water obtained by ultracentrifugation are consistently lower than values for water obtained by compression. The larger concentrations probably are due to localized pressure solution of silicate minerals during compression. The shallower water from core in borehole USW SD-6 was extracted from nonwelded units collectively referred to as the Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded (PTn). The deeper water was from core in both boreholes USW SD-6 and USW WT-24 in the nonwelded units referred to as the Calico Hills nonwelded (CHn). Significant differences in mean dissolved-ion concentrations in pore water between the PTn and CHn are (1) decreases in Ca, Mg, SO4, and NO3 and (2) increases in HCO3 and (Na + K)/(Ca + Mg) ratios. The decrease in NO3 and the increase in HCO3 could be the result of denitrification through the oxidation of organic matter. The decrease in Ca and associated increase in (Na + K)/(Ca + Mg) is the result of ion exchange with zeolites in the CHn in borehole USW WT-24. This effect is not nearly as pronounced in borehole USW SD-6, probably reflecting a smaller amount of zeolitization of the CHn in USW SD-6. Geochemical calculations using the PHREEQC code indicate that the pore water from both boreholes USW SD-6 and USW WT-24 is uniformly undersaturated in anhydrite, gypsum, and amorphous silica, but supersaturated in quartz and chalcedony. The saturation of calcite, aragonite, sepiolite, and dolomite is more variable from sample to sample. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, SM Stoller Corp, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Yang, IC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, SM Stoller Corp, MS 421,MS 419,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 62-3 SI SI BP 361 EP 380 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00160-2 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 677DH UT WOS:000182791300020 PM 12714300 ER PT J AU Eddebbarh, AA Zyvoloski, GA Robinson, BA Kwicklis, EM Reimus, PW Arnold, BW Corbet, T Kuzio, SP Faunt, C AF Eddebbarh, AA Zyvoloski, GA Robinson, BA Kwicklis, EM Reimus, PW Arnold, BW Corbet, T Kuzio, SP Faunt, C TI The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: an overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Yucca Mountain; saturated zone; site-scale flow and transport model; radionuclides AB The US Department of Energy is pursuing Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for the development of a geologic repository for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, if the repository is able to meet applicable radiation protection standards established by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Effective performance of such a repository would rely on a number of 'natural and engineered barriers to isolate radioactive waste from the accessible environment. Groundwater beneath Yucca Mountain is the primary medium through which most radionuclides might move away from the potential repository. The saturated zone (SZ) system is expected to act as a natural barrier to this possible movement of radionuclides both by delaying their transport and by reducing their concentration before they reach the accessible environment. Information obtained from Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project activities is used to estimate groundwater flow rates through the site-scale SZ flow and transport model area and to constrain general conceptual models of groundwater flow in the site-scale area. The site-scale conceptual model is a synthesis of what is known about flow and transport processes at the scale required for total system performance assessment of the site. This knowledge builds on and is consistent with knowledge that has accumulated at the regional scale but is more detailed because more data are available at the site-scale level. The mathematical basis of the site-scale model and the associated numerical approaches are designed to assist in quantifying the uncertainty in the permeability of rocks in the geologic framework model and to represent accurately the flow and transport processes included in the site-scale conceptual model. Confidence in the results of the mathematical model was obtained by comparing calculated to observed hydraulic heads, estimated to measured permeabilities, and lateral flow rates calculated by the site-scale model to those calculated by the regional-scale flow model. In addition, it was confirmed that the flow paths leaving the region of the potential repository are consistent with those inferred from gradients of measured head and those independently inferred from water-chemistry data. The general approach of the site-scale SZ flow and transport model analysis is to calculate unit breakthrough curves for radionuclides at the interface between the SZ and the biosphere using the three-dimensional site-scale SZ flow and transport model. Uncertainties are explicitly incorporated into the site-scale SZ flow and transport abstractions through key parameters and conceptual models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Isotope & Nucl Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Eddebbarh, AA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Robinson, Bruce/F-6031-2010 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 62-3 SI SI BP 477 EP 493 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 677DH UT WOS:000182791300026 PM 12714306 ER PT J AU Zyvoloski, G Kwicklis, E Eddebbarh, AA Arnold, B Faunt, C Robinson, BA AF Zyvoloski, G Kwicklis, E Eddebbarh, AA Arnold, B Faunt, C Robinson, BA TI The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Yucca Mountain; saturated zone hydrology; numerical modeling; parameter estimation AB This paper presents several different conceptual models of the Large Hydraulic Gradient (LHG) region north of Yucca Mountain and describes the impact of those models on groundwater flow near the potential high-level repository site. The results are based on a numerical model of site-scale saturated zone beneath Yucca Mountain. This model is used for performance assessment predictions of radionuclide transport and to guide future data collection and modeling activities. The numerical model is calibrated by matching available water level measurements using parameter estimation techniques, along with more informal comparisons of the model to hydrologic and geochemical information. The model software (hydrologic simulation code FEHM and parameter estimation software PEST) and model setup allows for efficient calibration of multiple conceptual models. Until now, the Large Hydraulic Gradient has been simulated using a low-permeability, east-west oriented feature, even though direct evidence for this feature is lacking. In addition to this model, we investigate and calibrate three additional conceptual models of the Large Hydraulic Gradient, all of which are based on a presumed zone of hydrothermal chemical alteration north of Yucca Mountain. After examining the heads and permeabilities obtained from the calibrated models, we present particle pathways from the potential repository that record differences in the predicted groundwater flow regime. The results show that Large Hydraulic Gradient can be represented with the alternate conceptual models that include the hydrothermally altered zone. The predicted pathways are mildly sensitive to the choice of the conceptual model and more sensitive to the quality of calibration in the vicinity on the repository. These differences are most likely due to different degrees of fit of model to data, and do not represent important differences in hydrologic conditions for the different conceptual models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA USA. RP Zyvoloski, G (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Robinson, Bruce/F-6031-2010 NR 13 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 62-3 SI SI BP 731 EP 750 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 677DH UT WOS:000182791300039 PM 12714319 ER PT J AU Cooper, DJ Andersen, DC Chimner, RA AF Cooper, DJ Andersen, DC Chimner, RA TI Multiple pathways for woody plant establishment on floodplains at local to regional scales SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Colorado; dams; floods; Green River; Populus; regulated river; riparian; Tamarix; tree ageing; unregulated river; Utah; Yampa River ID GREEN RIVER; TAMARIX-RAMOSISSIMA; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; TREE RECRUITMENT; CHANNEL CHANGE; COLORADO; DYNAMICS; FLOOD; UTAH; USA AB 1 The structure and functioning of riverine ecosystems is dependent upon regional setting and the interplay of hydrologic regime and geomorphologic processes. We used a retrospective analysis to study recruitment along broad, alluvial valley segments (parks) and canyon segments of the unregulated Yampa River and the regulated Green River in the upper Colorado River basin, USA. We precisely aged 811 individuals of Populus deltoides ssp. wislizenii (native) and Tamarix ramosissima (exotic) from 182 wooded patches and determined the elevation and character of the germination surface for each. We used logistic regression to relate recruitment events (presence or absence of cohort) to five flow and two weather parameters. 2 Woody plant establishment occurred via multiple pathways at patch, reach and segment scales. Recruitment occurred through establishment on (1) vertically accreting bars in the unregulated alluvial valley, (2) high alluvial floodplain surfaces during rare large flood events, (3) vertically accreting channel margin deposits in canyon pools and eddies, (4) vertically accreting intermittent/abandoned channels, (5) low elevation gravel bars and debris fans in canyons during multi-year droughts, and (6) bars and channels formed prior to flow regulation on the dammed river during controlled flood events. 3 The Yampa River's peak flow was rarely included in models estimating the likelihood that recruitment would occur in any year. Flow variability and the interannual pattern of flows, rather than individual large floods, control most establishment. 4 Regulation of the Green River flow since 1962 has had different effects on woody vegetation recruitment in canyons and valleys. The current regime mimics drought in a canyon setting, accelerating Tamarix invasion whereas in valleys the ongoing geomorphic adjustment of the channel, combined with reduced flow variability, has nearly eliminated Populus establishment. 5 A single year's flow or a particular pattern of flows over a sequence of years, whether natural or man-made, produces different recruitment opportunities in alluvial and canyon reaches, in diverse landforms within a particular river reach, and for Populus and Tamarix . The design of flows to restore riparian ecosystems must consider these multiple pathways and adjust the seasonal timing, magnitude and interannual frequency of flows to match the desired outcome. C1 Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USBR, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cooper, DJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 61 TC 100 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 34 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 91 IS 2 BP 182 EP 196 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00766.x PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662UT UT WOS:000181967800002 ER PT J AU Kery, M Gregg, KB AF Kery, M Gregg, KB TI Effects of life-state on detectability in a demographic study of the terrestrial orchid Cleistes bifaria SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture models; closed population models; plant census; plant demography ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SURVIVAL; MARK; INFORMATION; VEGETATION; MANAGEMENT; SELECTION; INFERENCE; RARE AB 1 Most plant demographic studies follow marked individuals in permanent plots. Plots tend to be small, so detectability is assumed to be one for every individual. However, detectability could be affected by factors such as plant traits, time, space, observer, previous detection, biotic interactions, and especially by life-state. 2 We used a double-observer survey and closed population capture-recapture modelling to estimate state-specific detectability of the orchid Cleistes bifaria in a long-term study plot of 41.2 m(2). Based on AIC(c) model selection, detectability was different for each life-state and for tagged vs. previously untagged plants. There were no differences in detectability between the two observers. 3 Detectability estimates (SE) for one-leaf vegetative, two-leaf vegetative, and flowering/fruiting states correlated with mean size of these states and were 0.76 (0.05), 0.92 (0.06), and 1 (0.00), respectively, for previously tagged plants, and 0.84 (0.08), 0.75 (0.22), and 0 (0.00), respectively, for previously untagged plants. (We had insufficient data to obtain a satisfactory estimate of previously untagged flowering plants). 4 Our estimates are for a medium-sized plant in a small and intensively surveyed plot. It is possible that detectability is even lower for larger plots and smaller plants or smaller life-states (e.g. seedlings) and that detectabilities < 1 are widespread in plant demographic studies. 5 State-dependent detectabilities are especially worrying since they will lead to a size- or state-biased sample from the study plot. Failure to incorporate detectability into demographic estimation methods introduces a bias into most estimates of population parameters such as fecundity, recruitment, mortality, and transition rates between life-states. We illustrate this by a simple example using a matrix model, where a hypothetical population was stable but, due to imperfect detection, wrongly projected to be declining at a rate of 8% per year. 6 Almost all plant demographic studies are based on models for discrete states. State and size are important predictors both for demographic rates and detectability. We suggest that even in studies based on small plots, state- or size-specific detectability should be estimated at least at some point to avoid biased inference about the dynamics of the population sampled. C1 W Virginia Wesleyan Coll, Dept Biol, Buckhannon, WV 26201 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP W Virginia Wesleyan Coll, Dept Biol, Buckhannon, WV 26201 USA. EM gregg@wvwc.edu NR 29 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-0477 EI 1365-2745 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 91 IS 2 BP 265 EP 273 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00759.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662UT UT WOS:000181967800009 ER PT J AU Kellogg, CH Bridgham, SD Leicht, SA AF Kellogg, CH Bridgham, SD Leicht, SA TI Effects of water level, shade and time on germination and growth of freshwater marsh plants along a simulated successional gradient SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE establishment; hydrology; Phalaris arundinacea; restoration; wetland ID SEED-GERMINATION; COMMUNITIES; ESTABLISHMENT; REGENERATION; RESPONSES; SEEDLINGS; DIVERSITY; ZONATION; DEPTH AB 1 We examined the effect of soil organic content (1.4, 3.6, 7.2% soil C), water level (+2, -1, -4 cm from soil surface) and duration (13 or 33 days) on 10 species that varied in abundance during succession in freshwater marshes. We also determined the effect of shade (0, 40, 80% shade) and soil organic content (1.4 and 7.2% soil C) on germination of six species over 62 days with water 0.5 cm below the soil surface. 2 Water level consistently affected species germination on both dates. Above-ground biomass was generally higher with increasing organic content of soil, but shade had little effect on germination or height. 3 The hydrologic zone in which species were found in the field was a good indicator of the response of germination to hydrology. Both early successional species and species widespread across the successional gradient show similar germination on all organic contents, while later successional species appear to germinate best at higher organic contents. 4 Successional changes in soils are capable of affecting plant community development, independent of disturbance. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Kellogg, CH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 41 TC 29 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 91 IS 2 BP 274 EP 282 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00764.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662UT UT WOS:000181967800010 ER PT J AU Nielsen, JL Williams, I Sage, GK Zimmerman, CE AF Nielsen, JL Williams, I Sage, GK Zimmerman, CE TI The importance of genetic verification for determination of Atlantic salmon in north Pacific waters SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; DNA; invasive species; molecular identification ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; ONCORHYNCHUS; SEQUENCES; POPULATIONS; NUCLEAR; PRIMER; M13 AB Genetic analyses of two unknown but putative Atlantic salmon Salmo salar captured in the Copper River drainage, Alaska, demonstrated the need for validation of morphologically unusual fishes. Mitochondrial DNA sequences (control region and cytochrome b) and data from two nuclear genes [first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) sequence and growth hormone (GH1) amplification product] indicated that the fish caught in fresh water on the Martin River was a coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, while the other fish caught in the intertidal zone of the Copper River delta near Grass Island was an Atlantic salmon. Determination of unusual or cryptic fish based on limited physical characteristics and expected seasonal spawning run timing will add to the controversy over farmed Atlantic salmon and their potential effects on native Pacific species. It is clear that determination of all putative collections of Atlantic salmon found in Pacific waters requires validation. Due to uncertainty of fish identification in the field using plastic morphometric characters, it is recommended that genetic analyses be part of the validation process. (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Sci Off, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Nielsen, JL (reprint author), USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Sci Off, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Zimmerman, Christian/0000-0002-3646-0688 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 62 IS 4 BP 871 EP 878 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00072.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 726ZU UT WOS:000185632100010 ER PT J AU Kurath, G Garver, KA Troyer, RM Emmenegger, EJ Einer-Jensen, K Anderson, ED AF Kurath, G Garver, KA Troyer, RM Emmenegger, EJ Einer-Jensen, K Anderson, ED TI Phylogeography of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in North America SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; FISH RHABDOVIRUS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; DISTINCT LINEAGES; EVOLUTION; SALMON; DIVERSITY; NUCLEOPROTEIN; ANTIBODIES AB Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a rhabdoviral pathogen that infects wild and cultured salmonid fish throughout the Pacific Northwest of North America. IHNV causes severe epidemics in young fish and can cause disease or occur asymptomatically in adults. In a broad survey of 323 IHNV field isolates, sequence analysis of a 303 nucleotide variable region within the glycoprotein gene revealed a maximum nucleotide diversity of 8(.)6%, indicating low genetic diversity overall for this virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major virus genogroups, designated U, M and L, which varied in topography and geographical range. Intragenogroup genetic. diversity measures indicated that the M genogroup had three- to fourfold more diversity than the other genogroups and suggested relatively rapid evolution of the M genogroup and stasis within the U genogroup. We speculate that factors influencing IHNV evolution may have included ocean migration ranges of their salmonid host populations and anthropogenic effects associated with fish culture. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Danish Vet Lab, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark. RP Kurath, G (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 66 TC 111 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 15 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 84 BP 803 EP 814 DI 10.1099/vir.0.18771-0 PN 4 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 664GN UT WOS:000182053500007 PM 12655081 ER PT J AU Hammond, WC Toomey, DR AF Hammond, WC Toomey, DR TI Seismic velocity anisotropy and heterogeneity beneath the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography Experiment (MELT) region of the East Pacific Rise from analysis of P and S body waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE mantle flow; melt generation; mid-ocean ridge; seismic tomography; seismic anisotropy; East Pacific Rise ID MID-OCEAN RIDGES; PARTIALLY MOLTEN ROCKS; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; OLIVINE POLYCRYSTALS; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; MINERAL TEXTURE; MAGMA MIGRATION; SURFACE-WAVES; LEAST-SQUARES; FLOW BENEATH AB [1] We use teleseismic P and S delay times and shear wave splitting measurements to constrain isotropic and anisotropic heterogeneity in the mantle beneath the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR). The data comprise 462 P and S delay times and 18 shear wave splitting observations recorded during the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) Experiment. We estimate the mantle melt content ( F) and temperature ( T) variation from the isotropic velocity variation. Our results indicate that the maximum variation in F beneath our array is between zero and similar to1.2%, and maximum variation in T is between zero and similar to100 K. We favor an explanation having partial contributions from both T and F. We approximate the seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle with hexagonal symmetry, consistent with the assumption of two dimensionality of mantle flow. Our new tomographic technique uses a nonlinear inversion of P and slow S polarization delay times to simultaneously solve for coupled V-P and V-S heterogeneity throughout the model and for the magnitude of anisotropy within discrete domains. The domain dimensions and the dip of the anisotropy are fixed for each inversion but are varied in a grid search, obtaining the misfit of the models to the body wave delay data and to split times of vertically propagating S waves. The data misfit and the isotropic heterogeneity are sensitive to domain dimensions and dip of anisotropy. In a region centered beneath the SEPR the best average dip of the hexagonal symmetry axis is horizontal or dipping shallowly (<30 degrees) west. Given the resolution of our data, a subaxial region characterized by vertically aligned symmetry axes may exist but is limited to be <80 km deep. We infer that the mantle flow beneath the SEPR is consistent with shallow asthenospheric return flow from the direction of the South Pacific superswell. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Hammond, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bhammond@usgs.gov; drt@newberry.uoregon.edu NR 79 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B4 AR 2176 DI 10.1029/2002JB001789 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 667PT UT WOS:000182242200001 ER PT J AU Takahashi, H Hirata, K AF Takahashi, H Hirata, K TI The 2000 Nemuro-Hanto-Oki earthquake, off eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and the high intraslab seismic activity in the southwestern Kuril Trench SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE plate coupling; 1994 Kuril earthquake; southwestern Kuril Trench; intraslab earthquake; Hokkaido ID INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH EARTHQUAKES; 1994 SHIKOTAN EARTHQUAKE; MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS; CONTINUOUS GPS ARRAY; 1984 MORGAN-HILL; SANRIKU-OKI; OCTOBER 4; NORTHEASTERN JAPAN; AFTERSHOCK DISTRIBUTION; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION AB [1] The 2000 Nemuro-Hanto-Oki earthquake (M(w)6.8) occurred in the southwestern part of the Kuril Trench. The hypocenter was located close to the aftershock region of the great 1994 Kuril earthquake (M(w)8.3), named "the 1994 Hokkaido-Toho-Oki earthquake'' by the Japan Meteorological Agency, for which the fault plane is still in debate. Analysis of the 2000 event provides a clue to resolve the fault plane issue for the 1994 event. The hypocenters of the 2000 main shock and aftershocks are determined using arrival times from a combination of nearby inland and submarine seismic networks with an improved azimuthal coverage. They clearly show that the 2000 event was an intraslab event occurring on a shallow-dipping fault plane between 55 and 65 km in depth. The well-focused aftershock distribution of the 2000 event, the relative location of the 1994 event with respect to the 2000 event, and the similarity between their focal mechanisms strongly suggest that the faulting of the great 1994 earthquake also occurred on a shallow-dipping fault plane in the subducting slab. The recent hypocenter distribution around the 1994 aftershock region also supports this result. Large intraslab earthquakes occurring to the southeast of Hokkaido may occur due to a strong coupling on the plate boundary, which generates relatively large stress field within the subducting Pacific plate. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Takahashi, H (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Inst Seismol & Volcanol, Kita Ku, Kita 10,Nishi 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. EM hiroaki@eos.hokudai.ac.jp RI Takahashi, Hiroaki/A-4520-2012 NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B4 AR 2178 DI 10.1029/2002JB001813 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 667PT UT WOS:000182242200002 ER PT J AU Toprak, S Holzer, TL AF Toprak, S Holzer, TL TI Liquefaction potential index: Field assessment SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE liquefaction; earthquakes; California ID EARTHQUAKE AB Cone penetration test (CPT) soundings at historic liquefaction sites in California were used to evaluate the predictive capability of the liquefaction potential index (LPI), which was defined by Iwasaki et al. in 1978. LPI combines depth, thickness, and factor of safety of liquefiable material inferred from a CPT sounding into a single parameter. LPI data from the Monterey Bay region indicate that the probability of surface manifestations of liquefaction is 58 and 93%, respectively, when LPI equals or exceeds 5 and 15. LPI values also generally correlate with surface effects of liquefaction: Decreasing from a.median of 12 for soundings in lateral spreads to 0 for soundings where no surface effects were reported. The index is particularly promising for probabilistic liquefaction hazard mapping where it may be a useful parameter for characterizing the liquefaction potential of geologic units. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Toprak, S (reprint author), Pamukkale Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Denizli, Turkey. EM tholzer@usgs.gov RI Toprak, Selcuk/C-9397-2009 NR 28 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD APR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 4 BP 315 EP 322 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:4(315) PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 657PW UT WOS:000181676400004 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Thomas, NJ AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Thomas, NJ TI Sarcocysts of an unidentified species of Sarcocystis in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-AMERICAN OPOSSUM; DIDELPHIS-ALBIVENTRIS; NEURONA; BRAZIL; INFECTION; NEREIS AB The number of Sarcocystis species that infect sea otters (Enhydra lutris) is unknown. Sea otter tissues were recently shown to harbor sarcocysts of S. neurona and of unidentified species of Sarcocystis. Whereas sarcocysts of S. neurona have walls 1-3 mum thick with type 9 villar protrusions, ultrastructure of a distinct thin-walled sarcocyst (0.5-0.7 mum thick) lacking villar protrusions, but instead exhibiting minute type I undulations on the sarcocyst wall, is described in this report. Parasites characterized from a sea otter infection were inferred to be related to, but distinct from, other species belonging to Sarcocystis, based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a portion of the beta subunit of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase gene. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Dept Interior, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 89 IS 2 BP 397 EP 399 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0397:SOAUSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 672RP UT WOS:000182535500035 PM 12760665 ER PT J AU Lee, SY Barnes, CG Snoke, AW Howard, KA Frost, CD AF Lee, SY Barnes, CG Snoke, AW Howard, KA Frost, CD TI Petrogenesis of Mesozoic, peraluminous granites in the Lamoille Canyon area, Ruby Mountains, Nevada, USA SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE leucogranite; Late Cretaceous; crustal melting; Sevier orogeny; peraluminous ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; EAST HUMBOLDT RANGE; TRACE-ELEMENT FRACTIONATION; NORTHERN-GREAT-BASIN; NORTHEASTERN NEVADA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; TERTIARY GRANITE; 2-MICA GRANITES; PLUS QUARTZ AB Two groups of closely associated, peraluminous, two-mica granitic gneiss were identified in the area. The older, sparsely distributed unit is eguigranular (EG) with initial epsilon(Nd) similar to-8.8 and initial Sr-87/Sr-86 similar to0.7098. Its age is uncertain. The younger unit is Late Cretaceous (similar to80 Ma), pegmatitic, and sillimanite-bearing (KPG), with epsilon(Nd) from -15.8 to -17.3 and initial Sr-87/Sr-86 from 07157 to 0.7198. The concentrations of Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, h, Zr, Zn and Hf are higher, and K, Rb and Th are lower in the EG. Major- and trace-element models indicate that the KPG was derived by muscovite dehydration melting (<35 km depth) of Neoproterozoic metapelitic rocks that are widespread in the eastern Great Basin. The models are broadly consistent with anatexis of crust tectonically thickened during the Sevier orogeny; no mantle mass or heat contribution was necessary. As such, this unit represents one crustal end-member of regional Late Cretaceous peraluminous granites. The EG was produced by biotite dehydration melting at greater depths, with garnet stable in-the residue. The source. of the EG was probably Paleoproterozoic metagraywacke. Because EG magmatism probably pre-dated Late Cretaceous crustal thickening, it required heat input from the mantle or from mantle-derived magma. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Barnes, CG (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI Frost, Carol/E-9048-2014 OI Frost, Carol/0000-0002-1674-2725 NR 100 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 44 IS 4 BP 713 EP 732 DI 10.1093/petrology/44.4.713 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670EN UT WOS:000182394600005 ER PT J AU Muss, JD Austin, DF Snyder, JR AF Muss, JD Austin, DF Snyder, JR TI Plants of the Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; endangered species; invasive species; flora; species richness AB A new survey of the Big Cypress National Preserve shows that the vascular flora consists of 145 families and 851 species. Of these, 72 are listed by the State of Florida as endangered or threatened plants, while many others are on the margins of their ranges. The survey also shows 158 species of exotic plants within the Preserve, some of which imperil native species by competing with them. Finally, we compare the flora of the Big Cypress National Preserve with those of the nearby Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve and the Everglades National Park. Although Big Cypress is less than half the size of Everglades National Park, it has 90% of the native species richness (693 vs. 772). C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Div Biol Sci, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. USGS, Big Cypress Natl Preserve Field Stn, HCR 61, Ochopee, FL 34141 USA. RP Muss, JD (reprint author), Florida Atlantic Univ, Div Biol Sci, 2912 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD APR-JUN PY 2003 VL 130 IS 2 BP 119 EP 142 DI 10.2307/3557535 PG 24 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 697DG UT WOS:000183926500007 ER PT J AU Nakano, M Kumagai, H Chouet, BA AF Nakano, M Kumagai, H Chouet, BA TI Source mechanism of long-period events at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, Japan, inferred from waveform inversion of the effective excitation functions SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE long-period events; Kusatsu-Shirane volcano; effective excitation function; waveform inversion; hydrothermal fluid; fluid-filled crack ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM; ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; REDOUBT-VOLCANO; SEISMIC EVENTS; SOURCE MODEL; TREMOR; BENEATH; RESONANCE AB We investigate the source mechanism of long-period (LP) events observed at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, Japan, based on waveform inversions of their effective excitation functions. The effective excitation function, which represents the apparent excitation observed at individual receivers, is estimated by applying an autoregressive filter to the LP waveform. Assuming a point source, we apply this method to seven LP events the waveforms of which are characterized by simple decaying and nearly monochromatic oscillations with frequency in the range 1-3 Hz. The results of the waveform inversions show dominant volumetric change components accompanied by single force components, common to all the events analyzed, and suggesting a repeated activation of a sub-horizontal crack located 300 m beneath the summit crater lakes. Based on these results, we propose a model of the source process of LP seismicity, in which a gradual buildup of steam pressure in a hydrothermal crack in response to magmatic heat causes repeated discharges of steam from the crack. The rapid discharge of fluid causes the collapse of the fluid-filled crack and excites acoustic oscillations of the crack, which produce the characteristic waveforms observed in the LP events. The presence of a single force synchronous with the collapse of the crack is interpreted as the release of gravitational energy that occurs as the slug of steam ejected from the crack ascends toward the surface and is replaced by cooler water flowing downward in a fluid-filled conduit linking the crack and the base of the crater lake. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan. Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nakano, M (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan. NR 41 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 122 IS 3-4 BP 149 EP 164 AR PII S0377-0273(02)00499-7 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00499-7 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 654XH UT WOS:000181521900001 ER PT J AU Morgan, LA Shanks, WC Lovalvo, DA Johnson, SY Stephenson, WJ Pierce, KL Harlan, SS Finn, CA Lee, G Webring, M Schulze, B Duhn, J Sweeney, R Balistrieri, L AF Morgan, LA Shanks, WC Lovalvo, DA Johnson, SY Stephenson, WJ Pierce, KL Harlan, SS Finn, CA Lee, G Webring, M Schulze, B Duhn, J Sweeney, R Balistrieri, L TI Exploration and discovery in Yellowstone Lake: results from high-resolution sonar imaging, seismic reflection profiling, and submersible studies SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Yellowstone Lake; Yellowstone caldera; hydrothermal explosion craters; rhyolitic lava flows; hydrothermal vents; swath bathymetry; sub-bottom seismic reflection profiling; submersible remotely operated vehicle; siliceous spires; domed lacustrine sediments; fissures; submerged shorelines; caldera resurgence; sublacustrine landslide deposits; fluid flow ID NATIONAL-PARK; HYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSION; CALDERA MARGIN; DEFORMATION; SUBSIDENCE; MAGMA AB Discoveries from multi-beam sonar mapping and seismic reflection surveys of the northern, central, and West Thumb basins of Yellowstone Lake provide new insight into the extent of post-collapse volcanism and active hydrothermal processes occurring in a large lake environment above a large magma chamber. Yellowstone Lake has an irregular bottom covered with dozens of features directly related to hydrothermal, tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary processes. Detailed bathymetric, seismic reflection, and magnetic evidence reveals that rhyolitic lava flows underlie much of Yellowstone Lake and exert fundamental control on lake bathymetry and localization of hydrothermal activity. Many previously unknown features have been identified and include over 250 hydrothermal vents, several very large (> 500 m diameter) hydrothermal explosion craters, many small hydrothermal vent craters (similar to 1-200 m diameter), domed lacustrine sediments related to hydrothermal activity, elongate fissures cutting postglacial sediments, siliceous hydrothermal spire structures, sublacustrine landslide deposits, submerged former shorelines, and a recently active graben. Sampling and observations with a submersible remotely operated vehicle confirm and extend our understanding of the identified features. Faults, fissures, hydrothermally inflated domal structures, hydrothermal explosion craters, and sublacustrine landslides constitute potentially significant geologic hazards. Toxic elements derived from hydrothermal processes also may significantly affect the Yellowstone ecosystem. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Eastern Ocean, W Redding, CT 06896 USA. Montana State Univ, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. L3 Commun Elac Nautik GmbH, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Morgan, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM lmorgan@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 122 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 242 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00503-6 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 654XH UT WOS:000181521900004 ER PT J AU Sidor, IF Pokras, MA Major, AR Poppenga, RH Taylor, KM Miconi, RM AF Sidor, IF Pokras, MA Major, AR Poppenga, RH Taylor, KM Miconi, RM TI Mortality of common loons in New England, 1987 to 2000 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic factors; aspergillus; common loon; Gavia immer; lead toxicosis; New England; trauma ID GAVIA-IMMER; COASTAL WATERS; CANADA; FLORIDA; MERCURY AB Diagnostic findings are presented on 522 common loons (Gavia immer) found dead or moribund in New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, USA) between 1987 and 2000. Common loon numbers and range in New England have decreased from historic levels over the last century due to a number of proposed factors. Goals of this study were to identify and categorize causes of mortality and quantify natural versus anthropogenic causes. The majority of identifiable mortality in chicks was from intraspecific aggression (25%) and other causes of trauma (32%). Death in immature loons was primarily from fungal respiratory disease (20%) and trauma (18%). Causes of adult loon mortality differed significantly in breeding and wintering habitats. Wintering adults primarily died of trauma (17%) and infection (11%) and had significantly poorer body condition than breeding loons. In breeding adults, confirmed and suspected lead toxicosis from ingested fishing weights accounted for almost half of all mortality. Direct anthropogenic factors accounted for 52% of loon mortality in this study. Because of high carcass recovery rates, we believe these data are a good representation of loon mortality in New England. Results highlight the importance of human influences on conservation and management of the common loon in New England. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Lab Pathol & Toxicol, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Clin, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Loon Preservat Comm, Moultonborough, NH 03254 USA. RP Sidor, IF (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Pathobiol, 61 N Eagleville Rd,U-89, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 BP 306 EP 315 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 700GA UT WOS:000184103200007 PM 12910757 ER PT J AU Augspurger, T Fischer, JR Thomas, NJ Sileo, L Brannian, RE Miller, KJG Rocke, TE AF Augspurger, T Fischer, JR Thomas, NJ Sileo, L Brannian, RE Miller, KJG Rocke, TE TI Vacuolar myelinopathy in waterfowl from a North Carolina impoundment SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Anseriformes; birds; intramyelinic edema; North Carolina; vacuolar myelinopathy; waterfowl ID AMERICAN COOTS AB Vacuolar myelinopathy was confirmed by light and electron microscopic examination of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola) collected during an epizootic at Lake Surf in central North Carolina (USA) between November 1998 and February 1999. Clinical signs of affected birds were consistent with central nervous system impairment of motor function (incoordination, abnormal movement and posture, weakness, paralysis). This is the first report of this disease in wild waterfowl (Anseriformes). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Augspurger, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. EM tom_augspurger@fws.gov OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 BP 412 EP 417 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 700GA UT WOS:000184103200021 PM 12910770 ER PT J AU Lopez, RR Silvy, NJ Labisky, RF Frank, PA AF Lopez, RR Silvy, NJ Labisky, RF Frank, PA TI Hurricane impacts on Key deer in the Florida Keys SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Florida Key deer; home ranges; hurricanes; mortality; movements; natural disturbances; Odocoileus virginanus clavium; white-tailed deer ID HOME-RANGE AB The landing in the Florida Keys of Hurricanes Georges (Category 2) in 1998 and Irene (Category 1) in 1999, in combination with an ongoing radiotelemetry study of Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginanus davium), offered a unique opportunity to evaluate the impacts of natural disturbances on Key deer. We relocated 53 deer (female, n = 29; male, n = 24) during Hurricane Georges and 45 deer (female, n = 27; male, n = 18) during Hurricane Irene. One adult male drowned due to Hurricane Georges (<2% of radiomarked deer); no deaths were attributed to Hurricane Irene. A comparison of productivity estimates between years found a significant (P < 0.001) increase in fawn:doe estimates for post-hurricane years (1999-2000) as compared to pre-hurricane years (1995-1998). The mean fawn:doe ratio observed during 1995-1998 was 0.31. The mean fawn:doe ratio observed during 1999-2000 was 0.64. We found no significant difference in mean daily distances moved by deer between hurricane and non-hurricane years. However, we observed significantly larger ranges (95% probability area) and core areas (50% probability area) for both males and females following Hurricane Georges. Fifteen water holes were monitored monthly following Hurricane Georges, and due to the storm surge, 27% (4/15) of these water holes were found to be unsuitable for deer use (salinity > 15 ppt). In some cases, water-hole suitability did not improve until several weeks or months later. Our study suggests that mild to moderate hurricanes (Category 1-2) have little direct impact on the survival of Key deer; however, stronger storms (>Category 3) might have a greater impact due to stronger winds and greater storm surges (>3.5 m). C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, FL 33043 USA. RP Lopez, RR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM roel@tamu.edu NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 280 EP 288 DI 10.2307/3802769 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100005 ER PT J AU Sargeant, GA Johnson, DH Berg, WE AF Sargeant, GA Johnson, DH Berg, WE TI Sampling designs for carnivore scent-station surveys SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE carnivores; Minnesota; population index; sampling variation; scent station; statistical power; survey design ID POWER ANALYSIS; ABUNDANCE; METHODOLOGY; POPULATIONS; TRENDS AB Scent stations usually are deployed in clusters to expedite data collection and increase the number of stations that can be operated for a given cost. Presumed benefits of cluster sampling may not be realized, however, unless cluster sizes are chosen with respect to sampling variation within and among clusters. To encourage and facilitate the use of efficient designs and reporting standards, we used data collected in Minnesota, USA, during 1986-1991 to (1) compare the performance of survey designs with various numbers of stations/cluster; (2). estimate relations between required sample sizes and visitation rates, changes in visitation rates, and error rates; and (3) compare 2 measures of carnivore response: proportions of scent stations (station index) and proportions of clusters (line index) visited by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Despite broad ecological differences between the species, results were similar for foxes and skunks. Foxes visited 2-21 % of stations and 15-84% of lines. Skunks visited 1-16% of stations and 3-54% of lines. Station and line indices were closely related (r(2) > 0.86) and were similarly sensitive indicators of change in visitation rates. Low visitation rates greatly limited the potential usefulness of scent-station surveys because required minimum sample sizes increased exponentially as visitation rates decreased. For visitation rates below 5-10%, required minimum sample sizes were very large and difficult to anticipate. Relative to single-stage sampling, cluster sampling with 10 stations/cluster inflated sample variances, hence sample sizes required to achieve a fixed level of precision, by a factor of 1.6-2.2. Cluster sampling is advantageous only when cost savings permit increases in sample sizes that outweigh concomitant increases in sampling variability. Costs and sampling variation both should be considered when choosing survey designs, and designs should be evaluated and refined as data accumulate. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Sargeant, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 289 EP 298 DI 10.2307/3802770 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100006 ER PT J AU Oakleaf, JK Mack, C Murray, DL AF Oakleaf, JK Mack, C Murray, DL TI Effects of wolves on livestock calf survival and movements in central Idaho SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; cattle; compensation; habitat selection; Idaho; prey selection; radiotelemetry; survival; wolves ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; HOME-RANGE; WOLF PREDATION; NATIONAL-PARK; POPULATION; BISON; MOOSE AB We examined interactions between wolves (Canis lupus) and domestic calves (Bos tauras) within a grazing allotment in central Idaho, USA, to evaluate the role of wolves on calf survival and movements. During the 1999 and 2000 grazing seasons, we radiomarked 231 calves/year-representing 33% of the calf population-OD the Diamond Moose Association (DMA) grazing allotment and monitored their survival and movements relative to wolf distribution. Overall, calf survival was high ( greater than or equal to95%), with relatively few mortalities (n = 13) among the marked population. Of the 13 calf mortalities, 8 were unrelated to predation (pneumonia, unknown natural causes, fire), 4 were wolf predation, and I was coyote predation. Calves selected by wolves were younger than the surviving cohort by an average of 24 days (wolf-killed +/- 31 Mar 13 days [mean birthdate +/- SE], n = 4; live population: 7 Mar +/- 1.6 days, n = 207; P < 0.05). Calf movement patterns and group size did not vary relative to the level of spatial overlap with wolves. However, vulnerability to predation appeared to be correlated with spatial proximity of calves to wolf home ranges and rendezvous sites. These results suggest that in our study area, the overall impact of wolves was not significant on either calf survival or behavior. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Nez Perce Tribe, McCall, ID 83638 USA. RP Oakleaf, JK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mexican Wolf Project, POB 856, Alpine, AZ 85920 USA. NR 42 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.2307/3802771 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100007 ER PT J AU Anderson, CR Lindzey, FG AF Anderson, CR Lindzey, FG TI Estimating cougar predation rates from GPS location clusters SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cougar; Global Positioning System; GPS; predation model; predation rate; prey composition; Puma concolor; Wyoming ID MOUNTAIN LION PREDATION; COLLAR; PERFORMANCE; MOVEMENT AB We examined cougar (Puma concolor) predation from Global Positioning System (GPS) location clusters ( greater than or equal to2 locations within 200 m on the same or consecutive nights) of 11 cougars during September-May, 1999-2001. Location success of GPS averaged 2.4-5.0 of 6 location attempts/night/cougar. We surveyed potential predation sites during summer-fall 2000 and summer 2001 to identify prey composition (n = 74; 3-388 days post predation) and record predation-site variables (n = 97; 3-270 days post predation). We developed a model to estimate probability that a cougar killed a large mammal from data collected at CPS location clusters where the probability of predation increased with number of nights (defined as locations at 2200, 0200, or 0500 hr) of cougar presence within a 200-m radius (P < 0.001). Mean estimated cougar predation rates for large mammals were 7.3 days/kill for subadult females (1-2.5 yr; n = 3, 90% CI: 6.3 to 9.9), 7.0 days/kill for adult females (n = 2, 90% CI: 5.8 to 10.8), 5.4 days/kill for family groups (females with young; n = 3, 90% CI: 4.5 to 8.4), 9.5 days/kill for a subadult male (1-2.5 yr; n = 1, 90% CI: 6.9 to 16.4), and 7.8 days/kill for adult males (n = 2, 90% CI: 6.8 to 10.7). We may have slightly overestimated cougar predation rates due to our inability to separate scavenging from predation. We detected 45 deer (Odocoileus spp.), 15 elk (Cervus elaphus), 6 pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), 2 livestock, 1 moose (Alces alces), and 6 small mammals at cougar predation sites. Comparisons between cougar sexes suggested that females selected mule deer and males selected elk (P < 0.001). Cougars averaged 3.0 nights on pronghorn carcasses 3.4 nights on deer carcasses, and 6.0 nights on elk carcasses. Most cougar predation (81.7%) occurred between 1901-0500 hr and peaked from 2201-0200 hr (31.7%). Applying GPS technology to identify predation rates and prey selection will allow managers to efficiently estimate the ability of an area's prey base to sustain or be affected by cougar predation. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Anderson, CR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Univ Stn, Box 3166, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 37 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 8 U2 71 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.2307/3802772 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100008 ER PT J AU Sauer, JR Fallon, JE Johnson, R AF Sauer, JR Fallon, JE Johnson, R TI Use of North American Breeding Bird Survey data to estimate population change for bird conservation regions SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE monitoring; North American Bird Conservation Initiative; North American Breeding Bird Survey; surveys; trends; wildlife ID LAND BIRDS; TRENDS; HYPOTHESES; ABUNDANCE; COUNT; TIME AB Conservation planning requires information at a variety of geographic scales, and it is often unclear whether surveys designed for other purposes will provide appropriate information for management at various scales. We evaluated the use of the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) to meet information needs for conservation planning in Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs). The BBS originally was developed to provide regional estimates for states, provinces, physiographic regions, and larger areas. Many analyses have used physiographic regions within states/ provinces as strata. We evaluated potential consequences of using BCRs instead of the BBS physiographic regions, testing for spatial differences in sample intensity within states and provinces. We reclassified the BBS survey routes to BCRs and conducted route regression trend (interval-specific population change) analyses for a variety of regions and time intervals. Our results were similar to those based on traditional BBS regions and suggest minimal consequences of the reclassification for the BBS sample. We summarized population change within BCRs and assessed the efficiency of the BBS in estimating population change for 421 species surveyed. As would be expected from an omnibus survey, many species appeared to be poorly monitored by the BBS, with 42% of species encountered at < 1 bird per route from the survey, and 28% of trend estimates too imprecise to detect a 3% per year change over 35 years. Our results indicated that the quality of the survey for estimation of population change varied among BCRs. Population trends of species were heterogeneous over space and time, varying among BCRs for 76% of species and over time for 39% of species. Regional heterogeneity also existed in trends of species groups from the BBS. While 49% of all species in the survey had increasing populations, grassland breeding birds showed consistent declines, with only 18% of species having positive trend estimates. Bird Conservation Regions appear to provide reasonable strata for summary of BBS data. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Bird Habitat Conservat, Fergus Falls, MN 56537 USA. RP Sauer, JR (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 35 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 8 U2 42 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 372 EP 389 DI 10.2307/3802778 PG 18 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100014 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Hines, JE Luukkonen, DR AF Krementz, DG Hines, JE Luukkonen, DR TI Survival and recovery rates of American woodcock banded in Michigan SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American woodcock; harvest; Michigan; recovery rates; Scolopax minor; survival rates ID REPORTING RATES; MARK AB American woodcock (Scolopax minor) population indices have declined since U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) monitoring began in 1968. Management to stop and/or reverse this population trend has been hampered by the lack of recent information on woodcock population parameters. Without recent information on survival rate trends, managers have had to assume that the recent declines in recruitment indices are the only parameter driving woodcock declines. Using program MARK, we estimated annual survival and recovery rates of adult and juvenile American woodcock, and estimated summer survival of local (young incapable of sustained flight) woodcock banded in Michigan between 1978 and 1998. We constructed a set of candidate models from a global model with age (local, juvenile, adult) and time (year)-dependent survival and recovery rates to no age or time-dependent survival and recovery rates. Five models were supported by the data, with all models suggesting that survival rates differed among age classes, and 4 models had survival rates that were constant over time. The fifth model suggested that juvenile and adult survival rates were linear on a logit scale over time. Survival rates averaged over likelihood-weighted model results were 0.8784 +/- 0.1048 (SE) for locals, 0.2646 +/- 0.0423 (SE) for juveniles, and 0.4898 +/- 0.0329 (SE) for adults. Weighted average recovery rates were 0.0326 +/- 0.0053 (SE) for juveniles and 0.0313 +/- 0.0047 (SE) for adults. Estimated differences between our survival estimates and those from prior years were small, and our confidence around those differences was variable and uncertain. juvenile survival rates were low. C1 Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, ASrkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Sci Biol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Krementz, DG (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, ASrkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Sci Biol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 398 EP 407 DI 10.2307/3802780 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100016 ER PT J AU Parker, JM Anderson, SH AF Parker, JM Anderson, SH TI Habitat use and movements of repatriated Wyoming toads SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE amphibians; Bufo baxteri; endangered species management; habitat use; movements; reintroduction; repatriation; Wyoming; Wyoming toad ID BUFO AB We studied habitat use and movements of a repatriated population of federally endangered Wyoming toads (Bufo baxteri) after the breeding season at Mortensen Lake, Albany County, Wyoming, USA. We followed 8 adult toads using telemetry (n = 68 relocations) during periods of activity and observed 59 post-metamorphic juvenile toads (n = 59 locations). Adult toads used habitat with a greater mean vegetation canopy cover (mean = 52.6%) than juveniles (mean = 39.20%). We found adults farther from the shoreline (mean = 1.32 m) than juveniles (mean = 1.04 m). Substrates used by toads had a mean surface temperature of 20.31 degreesC for adults and 23.05 degreesC for juveniles. We found most adult and juvenile toads on saturated substrates. All adult toads sampled did not move outside of a 30 x 500 m area along the east-to-south shore where they were captured. Toads were active diurnally through the end of October. We found toads torpid at night. We compared our results to a similar study of the historic population and found that adult toads of the current population used denser vegetation than those of the historic population. Unlike many bufonids, terrestrial stages of the Wyoming toad appear to depend on saturated substrates. The best logistic regression predictors of adult and juvenile toad presence were surface temperature and distance to shore. Survey transects within the moist margin of the lake (! 10 m from water) and after substrates have reached temperatures greater than or equal to20 degreesC will likely yield more detections. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool & Physiol,Biol Res Div, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Parker, JM (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Dept Zool & Physiol,Biol Res Div, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 BP 439 EP 446 DI 10.2307/3802784 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 674DF UT WOS:000182621100020 ER PT J AU Hemming, JM Brim, MS Jarvis, RB AF Hemming, JM Brim, MS Jarvis, RB TI A survey of dioxin and furan compounds in sediments of Florida Panhandle Bay systems SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Florida Panhandle; sediment; dioxin; furan; TEQs; bays ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; LIFE STAGE MORTALITY; MINK MUSTELA-VISON; FISH-EATING BIRDS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Ecol Serv, Panama City Field Off, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. RP US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Ecol Serv, Panama City Field Off, 1601 Balboa Ave, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2003 VL 46 IS 4 BP 512 EP 521 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00002-X PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 680GP UT WOS:000182968200030 PM 12705925 ER PT J AU Bakker, KK Higgins, KF AF Bakker, KK Higgins, KF TI Avian use of natural versus planted woodlands in eastern South Dakota, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE grassland birds; planted woodlands; natural woodlands; northern Great Plains; woodland birds ID HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; BIRD COMMUNITIES; GREAT-PLAINS; AREA; FOREST; PREDATION; SUCCESS; SHELTERBELTS; CONSERVATION AB We compared avian use of naturally occurring and planted woodlands in eastern South Dakota, USA, to evaluate whether planted woodlands support the same avian communities as natural woodlands. A stratified cluster sample was used to randomly select 307 public areas in which to survey planted (n = 425) and natural (n = 99) woodland patches. Eighty-five species of birds were detected in eastern South Dakota woodlands, 36 of which occurred in greater than or equal to 5 of 524 patches surveyed. The probability of occurrence for 8 of 13 woodland-obligate species was significantly greater in natural woodland habitats than in planted woodland habitats. Four of these species breed in relatively high numbers in eastern South Dakota. Only one woodland-obligate occurred less frequently in natural woodlands. Probability of occurrence for 6 edge and generalist species, including the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater [Boddaert]), was significantly higher in planted woodlands. The avian community of planted woodlands was dominated by edge and generalist species. The homogeneous vegetation structure typical of planted woodlands does not appear to provide the habitat characteristics needed by woodland-obligate birds. We conclude that planted woodlands do not support significant numbers of woodland-obligate species and may negatively impact grassland-nesting birds by attracting edge and generalist bird species and predators into previously treeless habitats. Planted woodlands cannot be considered equal replacement habitats for natural woodland patches when managing for nongame woodland bird species. However, the preservation and maintenance of natural woodlands is critical for woodland-obligate species diversity in the northern Great Plains. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Bakker, KK (reprint author), Dakota State Univ, Coll Nat Sci, 820 N Washington, Madison, SD 57042 USA. NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 121 EP 128 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 668AJ UT WOS:000182267800004 ER PT J AU Fuller, SA Henne, JP Carmichael, GJ Tomasso, JR AF Fuller, SA Henne, JP Carmichael, GJ Tomasso, JR TI Toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to the Gila trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH; CHLORIDE; INHIBITION AB A pilot study was conducted to determine the acute resistance of Gila trout Oncorhynchus gilae to ammonia (NH3) and nitrite (NO2). All fish survived exposure to up to 4.5 mg/L total NH3-N (0.36 mg/L unionized NH3-N; pH 8.5, 15degreesC) for 96 h. The 96-h median lethal concentration was 5.86 mg/L total NH3-N (0.47 mg/L un-ionized NH3-N). Gila trout exposed to nitrite for 96 h died when exposed to 10 mg/L or more NO2--N and 3 mg/L environmental chloride. Increasing the environmental chloride concentration increased survival. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mora Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, Mora, NM 87732 USA. RP Tomasso, JR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2003 VL 65 IS 2 BP 162 EP 164 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2003)65<162:TOAANT>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 670LA UT WOS:000182408400015 ER PT J AU Barbraud, C Nichols, JD Hines, JE Hafner, H AF Barbraud, C Nichols, JD Hines, JE Hafner, H TI Estimating rates of local extinction and colonization in colonial species and an extension to the metapopulation and community levels SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; POLLOCKS ROBUST DESIGN; UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; ARDEA-PURPUREA; MARKED ANIMALS; SURVIVAL RATES; SITE DYNAMICS; POPULATION; EVOLUTION; HABITAT AB Coloniality has mainly been studied from an evolutionary perspective, but relatively few studies have developed methods for modelling colony dynamics. Changes in number of colonies over time provide a useful tool for predicting and evaluating the responses of colonial species to management and to environmental disturbance. Probabilistic Markov process models have been recently used to estimate colony site dynamics using presence-absence data when all colonies are detected in sampling efforts. Here, we define and develop two general approaches for the modelling and analysis of colony dynamics for sampling situations in which all colonies are, and are not, detected. For both approaches, we develop a general probabilistic model for the data and then constrain model parameters based on various hypotheses about colony dynamics. We use Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to assess the adequacy of the constrained models. The models are parameterised with conditional probabilities of local colony site extinction and colonization. Presence-absence data arising from Pollock's robust capture-recapture design provide the basis for obtaining unbiased estimates of extinction, colonization, and detection probabilities when not all colonies are detected. This second approach should be particularly useful in situations where detection probabilities are heterogeneous among colony sites. The general methodology is illustrated using presence-absence data on two species of herons. Estimates of the extinction and colonization rates showed interspecific differences and strong temporal and spatial variations. We were also able to test specific predictions about colony dynamics based on ideas about habitat change and metapopulation dynamics. We recommend estimators based on probabilistic modelling for future work on colony dynamics. We also believe that this methodological framework has wide application to problems in animal ecology concerning metapopulation and community dynamics. C1 Stn Biol Tour Valat, FR-13200 Arles, France. Ctr Etudes Biol Chize, UPR 1934 CNRS, FR-79360 Villiers En Bois, France. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Stn Biol Tour Valat, FR-13200 Arles, France. EM barbraud@cebc.cnrs.fr RI Barbraud, Christophe/A-5870-2012 NR 67 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD APR PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1 BP 113 EP 126 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12055.x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 665EL UT WOS:000182106600012 ER PT J AU Benson, L Barber, D Andrews, JT Taylor, H Lamothe, P AF Benson, L Barber, D Andrews, JT Taylor, H Lamothe, P TI Rare-earth elements and Nd and Pb isotopes as source indicators for Labrador Sea clay-size sediments during Heinrich event 2 SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; BOUNDARY UNDERCURRENT; AR-40/AR-39 AGES; DYNAMICS; SR; DISCHARGES; PATTERNS; MAXIMUM; NEVADA AB Elemental abundances and Nd and Pb isotope ratios were determined on samples from the carbonate-free, clay-size fractions of sediments from intervals above, within, and below Heinrich event 2 (H-2) in core HU87-9 from the Northwest Labrador Sea slope. In HU87-9. rare-earth element (REE) distributions and elemental concentrations within the H-2 event are distinct from those outside this event. epsilon(Nd)(0) and Pb-206/Pb-204 data also indicate different values for sediments deposited within and outside the H-2 event. Comparisons of REE patterns from the H-2 interval with those from bedrock units in Baffin Island, northern Quebec, and Labrador indicate that the Lake Harbour Group (LHG), which crops out on the north side of the Hudson Strait, is the most probable bedrock source of the clay-size fraction found within the H-2 interval in HU87-9. The Tasiuyak Gneiss (TG) and Lac Lomier Complex (LLC) have REE patterns (including a negative Eu anomaly) similar to those found in H-2 sediments; however, the La/Yb ratios of these units are smaller than those associated with H-2 sediments. The Nd and Pb isotope data Support and complement REE-based interpretations of provenance; i.e., the Nd-Pb signatures of sediments deposited at the HU87-9 site during the H-2 event are similar to Nd-Pb signatures obtained on diamicts from the western end of Hudson Strait. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Benson, L (reprint author), Bryn Mawr Coll, Dept Geol, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 USA. EM lbenson@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD APR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8-9 BP 881 EP 889 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00011-8 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 676AP UT WOS:000182730000008 ER PT J AU Schmeeckle, MW Nelson, JM AF Schmeeckle, MW Nelson, JM TI Direct numerical simulation of bedload transport using a local, dynamic boundary condition SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bedload; equations of motion; numerical simulation; sediment transport; turbulence ID 2-DIMENSIONAL BED FORMS; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SALTATING GRAINS; FRICTION ANGLE; LOAD TRANSPORT; SHEAR-STRESS; FLOW; WATER; MECHANICS AB Temporally and spatially averaged models of bedload transport are inadequate to describe the highly variable nature of particle motion at low transport stages. The primary sources of this variability are the resisting forces to downstream motion resulting from the geometrical relation (pocket friction angle) of a bed grain to the grains that it rests upon, variability of the near-bed turbulent velocity field and the local modification of this velocity field by upstream, protruding grains. A model of bedload transport is presented that captures these sources of variability by directly integrating the equations of motion of each particle of a simulated mixed grain-size sediment bed. Experimental data from the velocity field downstream and below the tops of upstream, protruding grains are presented. From these data, an empirical relation for the velocity modification resulting from upstream grains is provided to the bedload model. The temporal variability of near-bed turbulence is provided by a measured near-bed time series of velocity over a gravel bed. The distribution of pocket friction angles results as a consequence of directly calculating the initiation and cessation of motion of each particle as a result of the combination of fluid forcing and interaction with other particles. Calculations of bedload flux in a uniform boundary and simulated pocket friction angles agree favourably with previous studies. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ctr Earth Surface Proc Res, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Schmeeckle, MW (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ctr Earth Surface Proc Res, 108 Carraway Bldg, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 37 TC 117 Z9 119 U1 4 U2 30 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD APR PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2 BP 279 EP 301 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00555.x PG 23 WC Geology SC Geology GA 668GF UT WOS:000182281400005 ER PT J AU Marshall, K Mamone, M Barclay, R AF Marshall, K Mamone, M Barclay, R TI A survey of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe brooms used for nests by northern spotted owls on the applegate Ranger District and Ashland Resource area in southwest Oregon SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Douglas-fir; Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe; forest management; northern spotted owl; spotted owl nests; wildlife habitat AB A survey was done to provide forest managers in southwest Oregon with information about characteristics of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) brooms used for nests by northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis var. caurina). Data were collected on 35 nest brooms and nest trees. Site, stand, and mistletoe data were collected in variable-radius plots in a 20 ac area around 11 of the nest trees. On average, half the nest trees' crowns were occupied by brooms. Douglas-fir trees in variable radius plots immediately surrounding the nest trees were more heavily infected than trees in neighboring plots. The majority of owl nests were in Type 2 and 3 brooms. Few nests were in Type I brooms even though they were the most common broom type. The majority of nests were in brooms in the lower third of the tree crowns and on the lower to middle third of the slope. Survey results were used to make recommendations for managing infected trees and stands for current and replacement spotted owl nest habitat in the survey area. C1 SW Oregon Forest Insect & Dis Serv Ctr, Central Point, OR 97502 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. 2B Forests, Applegate, OR 97530 USA. RP Marshall, K (reprint author), SW Oregon Forest Insect & Dis Serv Ctr, 2606 Old Stage Rd, Central Point, OR 97502 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 115 EP 117 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 664FT UT WOS:000182051600006 ER PT J AU Boyle, TP Strand, MJ AF Boyle, TP Strand, MJ TI Macroinvertebrate community structure and related environmental variables in two Forks of the Virgin River, Utah SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Virgin River; benthic macroinvertebrates; community structure; multivariate analysis; impact analysis; Zion National Park ID CLASSIFICATION; ORDINATION AB Using multivariate analysis techniques, we analyzed variation in the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in the North Fork and East Fork of the Virgin River in and above Zion National Park in concert with a number of naturally occurring and anthropogenic environmental variables. Correspondence analysis revealed that the community structure in the 2 streams was markedly different despite occurring in areas similar in topography, elevation. and terrestrial vegetation cover Subsequent analyses of the 2 streams separately, using canonical correspondence analysis to test for strength of association of environmental variables with variations in benthic macroinvertebrate community structure revealed that communities in the East Fork of the Virgin River were more associated with nitrogen-related variables influenced by agricultural and urban activities along the river and that communities in the North Fork were most strongly associated with naturally occurring physical variables. C1 Colorado State Univ, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Div Biostat, Denver, CO 80206 USA. RP Boyle, TP (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD APR PY 2003 VL 63 IS 2 BP 155 EP 166 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676CP UT WOS:000182734600002 ER PT J AU Clayton, JC AF Clayton, JC TI Effects of clearcutting and wildfire on shrews (Soricidae : Sorex) in a Utah coniferous forest SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE shrew; Soricidae; Sorex cinereus; Sorex nionticolus; clearcut; fire; logging; disturbance ID SMALL MAMMALS; RESPONSES; FIRE C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biol & Environm Studies, Ft Kent, ME 04743 USA. RP Clayton, JC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2493 Portola Rd,Suite B, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD APR PY 2003 VL 63 IS 2 BP 264 EP 267 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676CP UT WOS:000182734600014 ER PT J AU Gauthier, DT Rhodes, MW Vogelbein, WK Kator, H Ottinger, CA AF Gauthier, DT Rhodes, MW Vogelbein, WK Kator, H Ottinger, CA TI Experimental mycobacteriosis in striped bass Morone saxatilis SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE mycobacteriosis; striped bass; Morone saxatilis; Mycobacterium marinum; Mycobacterium gordonae; Mycobacterium shottsii; granuloma ID CARASSIUS-AURATUS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; TUBERCULOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; INFECTION; GOLDFISH; GORDONAE; LESIONS; MARINUM; SALMON AB Striped bass Morone saxatilis were infected intraperitoneally with approximately 10(5) Mycobacterium marinum, M. shottsii sp. nov., or M. gordonae. Infected fish were maintained in a flow-through freshwater system at 18 to 21degreesC, and were examined histologically and bacteriologically at 2, 4, 6, 8, 17, 26, 36 and 45 wk post-infection (p.i.). M. marinum caused acute peritonitis, followed by extensive granuloma development in the mesenteries, spleen and anterior kidney. Granulomas in these tissues underwent a temporal progression of distinct morphological stages, culminating in well-circumscribed lesions surrounded by normal or healing tissue. Mycobacteria were cultured in high numbers from splenic tissue at all times p.i. Standard Ziehl-Neelsen staining, however, did not demonstrate acid-fast rods in most early inflammatory foci and granulomas. Large numbers of acid-fast rods were present in granulomas beginning at 8 wk p.i. Between 26 and 45 wk p.i., reactivation of disease was observed in some fish, with disintegration of granulomas, renewed inflammation, and elevated splenic bacterial densities approaching 10(9) colony-forming units g(-1). Infection with M. shottsii or M. gordonae did not produce severe pathology. Mild peritonitis was followed by granuloma formation in the mesenteries, but, with 1 exception, granulomas were not observed in the spleen or anterior kidney. M. shottsii and M. gordonae both established persistent infections in the spleen, but were present at densities at least 2 orders of magnitude less than M marinum at all time points observed. Granulomas in the mesenteries of M shottsii- and M. gordonae-infected fish resolved over time, and no reactivation of disease was observed. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Gauthier, DT (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 34 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAR 31 PY 2003 VL 54 IS 2 BP 105 EP 117 DI 10.3354/dao054105 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 689KL UT WOS:000183491500003 PM 12747636 ER PT J AU Kiryu, Y Shields, JD Vogelbein, WK Kator, H Blazer, VS AF Kiryu, Y Shields, JD Vogelbein, WK Kator, H Blazer, VS TI Infectivity and pathogenicity of the oomycete Aphanomyces invadans in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE dose response; epizootic ulcerative syndrome; LD(50); lesions; mortality; secondary zoospores; tissue repair; ulcerative mycosis ID ULCERATIVE SYNDROME EUS; RED SPOT DISEASE; EASTERN AUSTRALIA; ESTUARINE FISH; NORTH-CAROLINA; UNITED-STATES; MYCOSIS; DINOFLAGELLATE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; PISCICIDA AB Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus develop characteristic skin ulcers in response to infection by the oomycete Aphanomyces invadans. To investigate pathogenicity, we conducted a dose response study. Juvenile menhaden were inoculated subcutaneously with 0, 1, 5, 10, 100, and 500 secondary zoospores per fish and monitored for 37 d post-injection (p.i.). Survival rates declined with increasing zoospore dose, with significantly different survivorship curves for the different doses. Moribund and dead fish exhibited characteristic ulcerous lesions at the injection site starting at 13 d p.i. None of the sham-injected control fish (0 zoospore treatment) died. The LD(50) (lethal dose killing 50% of exposed menhaden) for inoculated fish was estimated at 9.7 zoospores; however, some fish receiving an estimated single zoospore developed infections that resulted in death. Menhaden were also challenged by aqueous exposure and confirmed that A. invadans was highly pathogenic by this more environmentally realistic route. Fish that were acclimated to culture conditions for 30 d, and presumably free of skin damage, then aqueously exposed to 100 zoospores ml(-1), exhibited 14% lesion prevalence with 11 % mortality. Net-handled fish that were similarly infected had a significantly higher lesion prevalence (64 %) and mortality (64 %). Control fish developed no lesions and did not die. Scanning electron microscopy of fish skin indicated that zoospores adhered to intact epidermis, germinated and penetrated the epithelium with a germ tube. Our results indicate that A. invadans is a primary pathogen of menhaden and is able to cause disease at very low zoospore concentrations. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Shields, JD (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM jeff@vims.edu NR 46 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAR 31 PY 2003 VL 54 IS 2 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.3354/dao054135 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 689KL UT WOS:000183491500006 PM 12747639 ER PT J AU Meibom, A Anderson, DL Sleep, NH Frei, R Chamberlain, CP Hren, MT Wooden, JL AF Meibom, A Anderson, DL Sleep, NH Frei, R Chamberlain, CP Hren, MT Wooden, JL TI Are high He-3/He-4 ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components? SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE He isotopes; Os isotopes; plumes; upper mantle; lower mantle ID SOUTHEAST INDIAN RIDGE; HELIUM-ISOTOPES; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; ABYSSAL PERIDOTITES; GEOCHEMISTRY; SEAMOUNTS; OSMIUM; HETEROGENEITY; SYSTEMATICS; STATISTICS AB The existence of a primordial, undegassed lower mantle reservoir characterized by high concentration of He-3 and high He-3/He-4 ratios is a cornerstone assumption in modern geochemistry. It has become standard practice to interpret high He-3/He-4 ratios in oceanic basalts as a signature of deep-rooted plumes. The unfiltered He isotope data set for oceanic spreading centers displays a wide, nearly Gaussian, distribution qualitatively similar to the Os isotope (Os-187/Os-188) distribution of mantle-derived Os-rich alloys. We propose that both distributions are produced by shallow mantle processes involving mixing between different proportions of recycled, variably aged (.) radiogenic and unradiogenic domains under varying degrees of partial melting. In the case of the Re-Os isotopic system, radiogenic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-rich and unradiogenic (depleted mantle residue) endmembers are constantly produced during partial melting events. In the case of the (U+Th)-He isotope system, effective capture of He-rich bubbles during growth of phenocryst olivine in crystallizing magma chambers provides one mechanism for 'freezing in' unradiogenic (i.e. high He-3/He-4) He isotope ratios, while the higher than chondritic (U+Th)/He elemental ratio in the evolving and partially degassed MORB melt provides the radiogenic (i.e. low He-3/He-4) endmember. If this scenario is correct, the use of He isotopic signatures as a fingerprint of plume components in oceanic basalts is not justified. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Meibom, A (reprint author), Stanford Univ, 320 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 43 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 2003 VL 208 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00038-4 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662NW UT WOS:000181954800007 ER PT J AU Hirata, K Takahashi, H Geist, E Satake, K Tanioka, Y Sugioka, H Mikada, H AF Hirata, K Takahashi, H Geist, E Satake, K Tanioka, Y Sugioka, H Mikada, H TI Source depth dependence of micro-tsunamis recorded with ocean-bottom pressure gauges: the January 28, 2000 M-w 6.8 earthquake off Nemuro Peninsula, Japan SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE tsunami; micro-tsunami; depth dependence; ocean bottom; pressure gauges; Kuril Islands ID 1994 SHIKOTAN EARTHQUAKE; MOMENT-TENSOR SOLUTIONS; SUBDUCTION-ZONE; OCTOBER 4; GLOBAL SEISMICITY; SOURCE PARAMETERS; KURIL TRENCH; FAULT MODEL; INVERSION; DEFORMATION AB Micro-tsunami waves with a maximum amplitude of 4-6 turn were detected with the ocean-bottom pressure gauges on a cabled deep seafloor observatory south of Hokkaido, Japan, following the January 28, 2000 earthquake (M-w 6.8) in the southern Kuril subduction zone. We model the observed micro-tsunami and estimate the focal depth and other source parameters such as fault length and amount of slip using grid searching with the least-squares method. The source depth and. stress drop for the January 2000 earthquake are estimated to be 50 km and 7 MPa, respectively, with possible ranges of 45-55 km and 4-13 MPa.. Focal depth of typical inter-plate earthquakes in this region ranges from 10 to 20 km and stress drop of inter-plate earthquakes generally is around 3 MPa. The source depth and stress drop estimates suggest that the earthquake was an intra-slab event in the subducting Pacific plate, rather than an inter-plate event. In addition, for a prescribed fault width of 30 kin, the fault length is estimated to be 15 kin, with possible ranges of 10-20 km, which is the same as the previously determined aftershock distribution. The corresponding estimate for seismic moment is 2.7 X 10(19) Nm with possible ranges of 23 X 10(19)-3.2 X 10(19) Nm. Standard tide gauges along the nearby coast did not record any tsunami signal. High-precision ocean-bottom pressure measurements offshore thus make it possible to determine fault parameters of moderate-sized earthquakes in subduction zones using open-ocean tsunami waveforms. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Deep Sea Res Dept, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Meteorol Res Inst, Seismol & Volcanol Res Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. RP Hirata, K (reprint author), Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Deep Sea Res Dept, 2-15 Natsushima Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. EM hiratak@jamstec.go.jp RI Satake, Kenji/E-2312-2011; Takahashi, Hiroaki/A-4520-2012; Sugioka, Hiroko/O-7371-2015; OI Satake, Kenji/0000-0002-3368-3085; Mikada, Hitoshi/0000-0002-9396-4209 NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 2003 VL 208 IS 3-4 BP 305 EP 318 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00040-2 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662NW UT WOS:000181954800016 ER PT J AU Amundson, R Austin, AT Schuur, EAG Yoo, K Matzek, V Kendall, C Uebersax, A Brenner, D Baisden, WT AF Amundson, R Austin, AT Schuur, EAG Yoo, K Matzek, V Kendall, C Uebersax, A Brenner, D Baisden, WT TI Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE nitrogen isotopes; soil nitrogen; plant nitrogen ID N-15 NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; PRECIPITATION GRADIENT; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; NITRATE; DELTA-N-15; DYNAMICS; AMMONIUM; CYCLE; WATER AB We compiled new and published data on the natural abundance N isotope composition (delta(15)N values) of soil and plant organic matter from around the world. Across a broad range of climate and ecosystem types, we found that soil and plant delta(15)N values systematically decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) and decreasing mean annual temperature (MAT). Because most undisturbed soils are near N steady state, the observations suggest that an increasing fraction of ecosystem N losses are N-15-depleted forms (NO3, N2O, etc.) with decreasing MAP and increasing MAT. Wetter and colder ecosystems appear to be more efficient in conserving and recycling mineral N. Globally, plant delta(15)N values are more negative than soils, but the difference (delta(15)N(plant)-delta(15)N(soil)) increases with decreasing MAT (and secondarily increasing MAP), suggesting a systematic change in the source of plant-available N (organic/NH4+ versus NO3-) with climate. Nitrogen isotopes reflect time integrated measures of the controls on N storage that are critical for predictions of how these ecosystems will respond to human-mediated disturbances of the global N cycle. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Catedra Ecol, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Amundson, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Baisden, Troy/B-9831-2008; 黄, 宝同/E-6579-2010; Austin, Amy/E-7988-2011; Yoo, Kyungsoo/D-2463-2013; Amundson, Ronald /E-2654-2015 OI Baisden, Troy/0000-0003-1814-1306; NR 61 TC 340 Z9 354 U1 21 U2 202 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 27 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 AR 1031 DI 10.1029/2002GB001903 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 677PY UT WOS:000182817800001 ER PT J AU Gray, ST Betancourt, JL Fastie, CL Jackson, ST AF Gray, ST Betancourt, JL Fastie, CL Jackson, ST TI Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE drought; tree-rings; multi decadal variability; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ID NORTH PACIFIC; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; DECADAL VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; CALIFORNIA; AMERICA; SHIFTS; BASIN AB Tree-ring records spanning the past seven centuries from the central and southern Rocky Mountains were studied using wavelet analysis to examine multidecadal (>30-70 yr) patterns of drought variation. Fifteen tree-ring series were grouped into five regional composite chronologies based on shared low-frequency behavior. Strong multidecadal phasing of moisture variation was present in all regions during the late 16th century megadrought. Oscillatory modes in the 30-70 yr domain persisted until the mid-19th century in two regions, and wet-dry cycles were apparently synchronous at some sites until the 1950s drought. The 16th/17th century pattern of severe multidecadal drought followed by decades of wet conditions resembles the 1950s drought and post-1976 wet period. The 16th century megadrought, which may have resulted from coupling of a decadal (similar to20-30 yr) Pacific cool phase with a multidecadal warm phase in the North Atlantic, marked a substantial reorganization of climate in the Rocky Mountain region. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Middlebury Coll, Dept Biol, Middlebury, VT 05443 USA. RP Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 22 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1316 DI 10.1029/2002GL016154 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 677PT UT WOS:000182817300002 ER PT J AU Barron, JA Heusser, L Herbert, T Lyle, M AF Barron, JA Heusser, L Herbert, T Lyle, M TI High-resolution climatic evolution of coastal northern California during the past 16,000 years SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE upwelling; California; Holocene; diatom; ENSO; alkenone ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; CURRENT SYSTEM; PACIFIC-OCEAN; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; AGE CALIBRATION; EL-NINO; HOLOCENE; 42-DEGREES-N; VARIABILITY AB [1] Holocene and latest Pleistocene oceanographic conditions and the coastal climate of northern California have varied greatly, based upon high-resolution studies (ca. every 100 years) of diatoms, alkenones, pollen, CaCO3%, and total organic carbon at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1019 (41.682degreesN, 124.930degreesW, 980 m water depth). Marine climate proxies (alkenone sea surface temperatures [SSTs] and CaCO3%) behaved remarkably like the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP)-2 oxygen isotope record during the Bolling-Allerod, Younger Dryas (YD), and early part of the Holocene. During the YD, alkenone SSTs decreased by >3degreesC below mean Bolling-Allerod and Holocene SSTs. The early Holocene (ca. 11.6 to 8.2 ka) was a time of generally warm conditions and moderate CaCO3 content (generally >4%). The middle part of the Holocene (ca. 8.2 to 3.2 ka) was marked by alkenone SSTs that were consistently 1-2degreesC cooler than either the earlier or later parts of the Holocene, by greatly reduced numbers of the gyre-diatom Pseudoeunotia doliolus (<10%), and by a permanent drop in CaCO3% to <3%. Starting at ca. 5.2 ka, coastal redwood and alder began a steady rise, arguing for increasing effective moisture and the development of the north coast temperate rain forest. At ca. 3.2 ka, a permanent ca. 1degreesC increase in alkenone SST and a threefold increase in P. doliolus signaled a warming of fall and winter SSTs. Intensified (higher amplitude and more frequent) cycles of pine pollen alternating with increased alder and redwood pollen are evidence that rapid changes in effective moisture and seasonal temperature (enhanced El Nino-Southern Oscillation [ENSO] cycles) have characterized the Site 1019 record since about 3.5 ka. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Heusser & Heusser Inc, New York, NY USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Boise State Univ, CGISS, Boise, ID 83725 USA. RP Barron, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 62 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 AR 1020 DI 10.1029/2002PA000768 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 677RB UT WOS:000182820400003 ER PT J AU Anderson, G Ji, C AF Anderson, G Ji, C TI Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION AB [ 1] On 23 October 2002, the M-w 6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake occurred in central Alaska. It was followed on 3 November 2002 by the M-w 7.9 Denali Fault mainshock, the largest strike-slip earthquake to occur in North America during the past 150 years. We have modeled static Coulomb stress transfer effects during this sequence. We find that the Nenana Mountain foreshock transferred 30-50 kPa of Coulomb stress to the hypocentral region of the Denali Fault mainshock, encouraging its occurrence. We also find that the two main earthquakes together transferred more than 400 kPa of Coulomb stress to the Cross Creek segment of the Totschunda fault system and to the Denali fault southeast of the mainshock rupture, and up to 80 kPa to the Denali fault west of the Nenana Mountain rupture. Other major faults in the region experienced much smaller static Coulomb stress changes. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Anderson, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1310 DI 10.1029/2002GL016724 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 677PR UT WOS:000182817200005 ER PT J AU Schofield, PJ AF Schofield, PJ TI Habitat selection of two gobies (Microgobius gulosus, Gobiosoma robustum): influence of structural complexity, competitive interactions, and presence of a predator SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE competition; Gobiosoma robustum; habitat selection; Microgobius gulosus; predation; seagrass ID GOBIUSCULUS-FLAVESCENS FABRICIUS; ARTIFICIAL SEAGRASS; SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; PREY RELATIONSHIPS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SPATIAL SCALE; REEF FISHES; FLORIDA BAY AB Herein I compare the relative importance of preference for structurally complex habitat against avoidance of competitors and predators in two benthic fishes common in the Gulf of Mexico. The code goby Gobiosoma robustum Ginsburg and clown goby Microgobius gulosus (Girard) are common, ecologically similar fishes found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. In Florida Bay, these fishes exhibit habitat partitioning: G. robustum is most abundant in seagrass-dominated areas while M. gulosus is most abundant in sparsely vegetated habitats. In a small-scale field survey, I documented the microhabitat use of these species where their distributions overlap. In a series of laboratory experiments, I presented each species with structured (artificial seagrass) versus nonstructured (bare sand) habitats and measured their frequency of choosing either habitat type. I then examined the use of structured versus nonstructured habitats when the two species were placed together in a mixed group. Finally, I placed a predator (Opsanus beta) in the experimental aquaria to determine how its presence influenced habitat selection. In the field, G. robustum was more abundant in seagrass and M. gulosus was more abundant in bare mud. In the laboratory, both species selected grass over sand in allopatry. However, in sympatry, M gulosus occupied sand more often when paired with G. robustum than when alone. G. robustum appears to directly influence the habitat choice of M gulosus: It seems that M gulosus is pushed out of the structured habitat that is the preferred habitat of G. robustum. Thus, competition appears to modify the habitat selection of these species when they occur in sympatry. Additionally, the presence of the toadfish was a sufficient stimulus to provoke both M. gulosus and G. robustum to increase their selection for sand (compared to single-species treatments). Distribution patterns of M gulosus dand G. robustum likely result from a synthesis of various biotic and abiotic filters, including physiological tolerances to environmental factors, dispersal ability of larvae, and availability of food. Selection for structural complexity, competition, and presence of predators may further define the resulting pattern of distribution observed in the field. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RP Schofield, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM pam_schofield@usgs.gov NR 56 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 288 IS 1 BP 125 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00004-2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 659MD UT WOS:000181779700009 ER PT J AU Hosford, A Tivey, M Matsumoto, T Dick, H Schouten, H Kinoshita, H AF Hosford, A Tivey, M Matsumoto, T Dick, H Schouten, H Kinoshita, H TI Crustal magnetization and accretion at the Southwest Indian Ridge near the Atlantis II fracture zone, 0-25 Ma SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Mid-ocean ridge; Southwest Indian Ridge; crustal magnetization; ridge segmentation; asymmetric spreading; Atlantis II fracture zone ID DRILLING PROGRAM HOLE-735B; SLOW-SPREADING CENTERS; OCEAN CRUST; SEA-FLOOR; TRANSFORM INTERSECTIONS; PLATE MOTIONS; MOHNS RIDGE; ANOMALIES; SEGMENTATION; ROCKS AB [1] We analyze geophysical data that extend from 0 to 25-Myr-old seafloor on both flanks of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Lineated marine magnetic anomalies are consistent and identifiable within the study area, even over seafloor lacking a basaltic upper crust. The full spreading rate of 14 km/Myr has remained nearly constant since at least 20 Ma, but crustal accretion has been highly asymmetric, with half rates of 8.5 and 5.5 km/Myr on the Antarctic and African flanks, respectively. This asymmetry may be unique to a similar to400 km wide corridor between large-offset fracture zones of the SWIR. In contrast to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, crustal magnetization amplitudes correlate directly with seafloor topography along the present-day rift valleys. This pattern appears to be primarily a function of along-axis variations in crustal thickness, rather than magnetic mineralogy. Off-axis, magnetization amplitudes at paleo-segment ends are more positive than at paleo-segment midpoints, suggesting the presence of an induced component of magnetization within the lower crust or serpentinized upper mantle. Alteration of the magnetic source layer at paleo-segment midpoints reduces magnetization amplitudes by 70-80% within 20 Myr of accretion. Magnetic and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 735B data suggest that the lower crust cooled quickly enough to lock in a primary thermoremanent magnetization that is in phase with that of the overlying upper crust. Thus magnetic polarity boundaries within the intrusive lower crust may be steeper than envisioned in prior models of ocean crustal magnetization. As the crust ages, the lower crust becomes increasingly important in preserving marine magnetic stripes. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. RP Hosford, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 989, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM allegra@usgs.gov RI Tivey, Maurice/E-9247-2015 OI Tivey, Maurice/0000-0003-0821-1155 NR 90 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2169 DI 10.1029/2001JB000604 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 677QR UT WOS:000182819500001 ER PT J AU O'Connor, JE Jones, MA Haluska, TL AF O'Connor, JE Jones, MA Haluska, TL TI Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE channel migration; river pattern; large woody debris; log jams; flood plains; gravel-bed rivers; Olympic Peninsula ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; DEE MEANDERS; NORTHWEST; TRANSPORT; EXAMPLE; PATTERN; FRANCE AB Comparison of historic channel migration rates, modem planform conditions, and overall sediment, wood, and flow conditions and interactions for the Quinault River and Queets River in the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, reveals decadal- to century-scale interactions between gravel-bed channels and forested flood plains in temperate maritime environments. The downstream alluvial portions of these two rivers can be divided into three reaches of different slope, flow, sediment, and wood regimes: (i) the upper Quinault River is aggrading behind Lake Quinault, a natural lake that traps most sediment and wood transported from the Olympic Mountain headwaters. (ii) The lower Quinault River, downstream of Lake Quinault, transports only sediment and wood derived from reworking of flood-plain deposits and contributed from valley margins. (iii) The Queets River has unimpeded movement of sediment and water from the mountainous headwaters to the Pacific Ocean. Measurements of channel planform characteristics and historic migration rates and patterns show that these three reaches have correspondingly distinct channel and flood-plain morphologies and dynamics. The aggrading and sediment-rich upper Quinault River has the widest flood plain, widest active channel, greatest number of low-flow channels and flanking gravel bars, and an average channel migration rate of 12.7 +/- 3.3 m/year between 1900 and 1994. The comparatively sediment-poor lower Quinault River has the narrowest flood plain, narrowest active channel, and lowest channel migration rate (4.0 +/- 1.2 m/year); and most flow is through a single channel with few adjacent gravel bars. The Queets River has attributes intermediate between the lower and upper Quinault Rivers, including an average channel migration rate of 7.5 +/- 2.9 m/year. Flood-plain turnover rates are similar for all three reaches, with channels eroding the flood plain at the rate of about 0.2% of the flood-plain area per year, and with corresponding flood-plain half-lives of 300 to 500 years. Observations from this study and previous studies on the Queets River show that channel and flood-plain dynamics and morphology are affected by interactions between flow, sediment, and standing and entrained wood, some of which likely involve time frames similar to 200-500-year flood-plain half-lives. On the upper Quinault River and Queets River, log jams promote bar growth and consequent channel shifting, short-distance avulsions, and meander cutoffs, resulting in mobile and wide active channels. On the lower Quinault River, large portions of the channel are stable and flow within vegetated flood plains. However, locally, channel-spanning log jams have caused channel avulsions within reaches that have been subsequently mobile for several decades. In all three reaches, log jams appear to be areas of conifer germination and growth that may later further influence channel and flood-plain conditions on long time scales by forming flood-plain areas resistant to channel migration and by providing key members of future log jams. Appreciation of these processes and dynamics and associated temporal and spatial scales is necessary to formulate effective long-term approaches to managing fluvial ecosystems in forested environments. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP O'Connor, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 51 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1-3 BP 31 EP 59 AR PII S0169-555X(02)00324-0 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00324-0 PG 29 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 657KU UT WOS:000181666100003 ER PT J AU Curran, JH Wohl, EE AF Curran, JH Wohl, EE TI Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE step-pool; large woody debris; flow resistance ID HIGH-GRADIENT STREAMS; GRAVEL-BED STREAMS; MOUNTAIN STREAMS; BAR RESISTANCE; RIVERS; MORPHOLOGY; HYDRAULICS; VELOCITY; USA AB Total flow resistance, measured as Darcy-Weisbach f, in 20 step-pool channels with large woody debris (LWD) in Washington, ranged from 5 to 380 during summer low flows. Step risers in the study streams consist of either (1) large and relatively immobile woody debris, bedrock, or roots that form fixed, or "forced," steps, or (2) smaller and relatively mobile wood or clasts, or a mixture of both, arranged across the channel by the stream. Flow resistance in step-pool channels may be partitioned into grain, form, and spill resistance. Grain resistance is calculated as a function of particle size, and form resistance is calculated as large woody debris drag. Combined, grain and form resistance account for less than 10% of the total flow resistance. We initially assumed that the substantial remaining portion is spill resistance attributable to steps. However, measured step characteristics could not explain between-reach variations in flow resistance. This suggests that other factors may be significant; the coefficient of variation of the hydraulic radius explained 43% of the variation in friction factors between streams, for example. Large woody debris generates form resistance on step treads and spill resistance at step risers. Because the form resistance of step-pool channels is relatively minor compared to spill resistance and because wood in steps accentuates spill resistance by increasing step height, we suggest that wood in step risers influences channel hydraulics more than wood elsewhere in the channel. Hence, the distribution and function, not just abundance, of large woody debris is critical in steep, step-pool channels. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Curran, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4230 Univ Dr,Suite 201, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. OI Curran, Janet/0000-0002-3899-6275 NR 48 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1-3 BP 141 EP 157 AR PII S0169-555X(02)00333-1 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00333-1 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 657KU UT WOS:000181666100008 ER PT J AU Lacy, JR Stacey, MT Burau, JR Monismith, SG AF Lacy, JR Stacey, MT Burau, JR Monismith, SG TI Interaction of lateral baroclinic forcing and turbulence in an estuary SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE estuarine hydrodynamics; lateral variability; shear front; transverse currents; stratification; stratification-turbulence interaction ID PARTIALLY STRATIFIED ESTUARY; FRONTS; CURRENTS; FLOW AB [1] Observations of density and velocity in a channel in northern San Francisco Bay show that the onset of vertical density stratification during flood tides is controlled by the balance between the cross-channel baroclinic pressure gradient and vertical mixing due to turbulence. Profiles of velocity, salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment concentration were measured in transects across Suisun Cutoff, in northern San Francisco Bay, on two days over the 12.5-hour tidal cycle. During flood tides an axial density front developed between fresher water flowing from the shallows of Grizzly Bay into the northern side of Suisun Cutoff and saltier water flowing up the channel. North of the front, transverse currents were driven by the lateral salinity gradient, with a top-to-bottom velocity difference greater than 30 cm/s. South of the front, the secondary circulation was weak, and along-channel velocities were greater than to the north. The gradient Richardson number shows that stratification was stable north of the front, while the water column was turbulently mixed south of the front. Time-series measurements of velocity and salinity demonstrate that the front develops during each tidal cycle. In estuaries, longitudinal dynamics predict less stratification during flood than ebb tides. These data show that stratification can develop during flood tides due to a lateral baroclinic pressure gradient in estuaries with complex bathymetry. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Lacy, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C3 AR 3089 DI 10.1029/2002JC001392 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 667HB UT WOS:000182224300005 ER PT J AU Ritz, JF Bourles, D Brown, ET Carretier, S Chery, J Enhtuvshin, B Galsan, P Finkel, RC Hanks, TC Kendrick, KJ Philip, H Raisbeck, G Schlupp, A Schwartz, DP Yiou, F AF Ritz, JF Bourles, D Brown, ET Carretier, S Chery, J Enhtuvshin, B Galsan, P Finkel, RC Hanks, TC Kendrick, KJ Philip, H Raisbeck, G Schlupp, A Schwartz, DP Yiou, F TI Late Pleistocene to Holocene slip rates for the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault (Gobi-Altay, Mongolia) estimated with Be-10 dates SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Late Pleistocene; Holocene; thrust fault; slip rate; Be-10 dating; Mongolia ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; BOGD FAULT; AMS FACILITY; CENOZOIC TECTONICS; EARTHQUAKES; EXAMPLES; MOUNTAIN; ASIA; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA AB [1] We surveyed morphotectonic markers along the central part of the Gurvan Bulag thrust, a fault that ruptured with the Bogd fault during the Gobi-Altay earthquake (1957, M 8.3), to document climatic and tectonic processes along the fault for the late Pleistocene-Holocene period. The markers were dated using Be-10 produced in situ. Two major periods of alluviation ended at 131 +/- 20 and 16 +/- 4.8 ka. These appear to be contemporaneous with global climatic changes at the terminations of marine isotope stages (MIS) 6 and 2. The vertical slip rates, determined from offset measurements and surfaces ages, are 0.14 +/- 0.03 mm/yr over the late Pleistocene-Holocene and between 0.44 +/- 0.11 and 1.05 +/- 0.25 mm/yr since the end of the late Pleistocene. The higher of these slip rates for the last similar to16 kyr is consistent with paleoseismic investigations along the fault [Prentice et al., 2002], and suggests that, at the end of late Pleistocene, the fault evolved from quiescence to having recurrence intervals of 4.0 +/- 1.2 kyr for surface ruptures with similar to4 m vertical offset (similar to that of 1957). The inferred recurrence interval is comparable to that of the Bogd fault (3.7 +/- 1.3 kyr) suggesting that the two faults may have ruptured together also earlier during the last similar to16 kyr. C1 Univ Montpellier 2, UMR 5573, Lab Geophys Tecton & Sedimentol, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France. Europole Mediterraneen Arbois, CEREGE, F-13545 Aix En Provence 4, France. Univ Minnesota, Large Lakes Observ, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. BRGM ARN3, F-45000 Orleans, France. Mongolian Acad Sci, Ctr Informat & Remote Sensing, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongol Peo Rep. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, CNRS, IN2P3, F-91405 Orsay, France. CEA, Lab Teledetect & Risque Sism, DIF, DASE,LDG, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. RP Ritz, JF (reprint author), Univ Montpellier 2, UMR 5573, Lab Geophys Tecton & Sedimentol, Pl Eugene Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France. EM ritz@dstu.univ-montp2.fr RI Carretier, Sebastien/D-2960-2009; carretier, sebastien/G-9686-2013 OI Carretier, Sebastien/0000-0001-8336-1263; carretier, sebastien/0000-0001-8336-1263 NR 48 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2162 DI 10.1029/2001JB000553 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 667JH UT WOS:000182228000001 ER PT J AU Babiarz, CL Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Gilmour, C Branfireun, BA AF Babiarz, CL Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Gilmour, C Branfireun, BA TI Application of ultrafiltration and stable isotopic amendments to field studies of mercury partitioning to filterable carbon in lake water and overland runoff SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY OCT 15-19, 2001 CL MINAMATA, JAPAN DE isotopes; colloids; runoff; lakes; mercury; methylmercury; ultrafiltration ID TANGENTIAL-FLOW ULTRAFILTRATION; AQUEOUS-PHASE ETHYLATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GOLD AMALGAMATION; ORGANIC-CARBON; TRACE-METAL; METHYLMERCURY; SYSTEMS AB Results from pilot studies on colloidal phase transport of newly deposited mercury in lake water and overland runoff demonstrate that the combination of ultrafiltration, and stable isotope amendment techniques is a viable tool for the study of mercury partitioning to filterable carbon. Ultrafiltration mass balance calculations were generally excellent, averaging 97.3, 96.1 and 99.8% for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total mercury (Hg-T), and methylmercury (MeHg), respectively. Sub nanogram per liter quantities of isotope were measurable, and the observed phase distribution from replicate ultrafiltration separations on lake water agreed within 20%. We believe the data presented here are the first published colloidal phase mercury data on lake water and overland runoff from uncontaminated sites. Initial results from pilot-scale lake amendment experiments indicate that the choice of matrix used to dissolve the isotope did not affect the initial phase distribution of the added mercury in the lake. In addition there was anecdotal evidence that native MeHg was either recently produced in the system, or at a minimum, that this 'old' MeHg partitions to the same subset of DOC that binds the amended mercury. Initial results from pilot-scale overland runoff experiments indicate that less than 20% of newly deposited mercury was transported in the filterable fraction (<0.7 mum). There is some indication of colloidal phase enrichment of mercury in runoff compared to the phase distribution of organic carbon, but the mechanism of this enrichment is unclear. The phase distribution of newly deposited mercury can differ from that of organic carbon and native mercury, suggesting that the quality of the carbon (available ligands), not the quantity of carbon, regulates partitioning. Further characterization of DOC is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Aquat Sci Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Acad Nat Sci, Benedict Estuarine Res Ctr, St Leonard, MD 20685 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. RP Babiarz, CL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, 660 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010; Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 NR 18 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 304 IS 1-3 BP 295 EP 303 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00576-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00576-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 669YA UT WOS:000182377700026 PM 12663191 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO Glaser, PH Siegel, DI Weeks, EP AF Rosenberry, DO Glaser, PH Siegel, DI Weeks, EP TI Use of hydraulic head to estimate volumetric gas content and ebullition flux in northern peatlands SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE peatlands; ground water; gas generation; barometric efficiency; ebullition; piezometer ID LOST RIVER PEATLAND; METHANE FLUX; PORE-WATER; MINNESOTA; TRANSPORT; BOG; GROUNDWATER; VEGETATION; PRESSURE; COMPLEX AB [1] Hydraulic head was overpressured at middepth in a 4.2-m thick raised bog in the Glacial Lake Agassiz peatlands of northern Minnesota, and fluctuated in response to atmospheric pressure. Barometric efficiency (BE), determined by calculating ratios of change in hydraulic head to change in atmospheric pressure, ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 during July through November of both 1997 and 1998. The overpressuring and a BE response were caused by free-phase gas contained primarily in the center of the peat column between two or more semielastic, semiconfining layers of more competent peat. Two methods were used to determine the volume of gas bubbles contained in the peat, one using the degree of overpressuring in the middepth of the peat, and the other relating BE to specific yield of the shallow peat. The volume of gas calculated from the overpressuring method averaged 9%, assuming that the gas was distributed over a 2-m thick overpressured interval. The volume of gas using the BE method averaged 13%. Temporal changes in overpressuring and in BE indicate that the volume of gaseous-phase gas also changed with time, most likely because of rapid degassing (ebullition) that allowed sudden loss of gas to the atmosphere. Estimates of gas released during the largest ebullition events ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 mol m(-2) d(-1). These ebullition events may contribute a significant source of methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere that has so far largely gone unmeasured by gas-flux chambers or tower-mounted sensors. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 413,Bldg 53, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013 NR 45 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 AR 1066 DI 10.1029/2002WR001377 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 667KT UT WOS:000182231300001 ER PT J AU Dawson, VK Meinertz, JR Schmidt, LJ Gingerich, WH AF Dawson, VK Meinertz, JR Schmidt, LJ Gingerich, WH TI A simple analytical procedure to replace HPLC for monitoring treatment concentrations of chloramine-T on fish culture facilities SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE chloramine-T; fish; disease; analysis; HPLC; colorimetry AB Concentrations of chloramine-T must be monitored during experimental treatments of fish when studying the effectiveness of the drug for controlling bacterial gill disease. A surrogate analytical method for analysis of chloramine-T to replace the existing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described. A surrogate method was needed because the existing HPLC method is expensive, requires a specialist to use, and is not generally available at fish hatcheries. Criteria for selection of a replacement method included ease of use, analysis time, cost, safety, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The most promising approach was to use the determination of chlorine concentrations as an indicator of chloramine-T. Of the currently available methods for analysis of chlorine, the DPD (NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) colorimetric method best fit the established criteria. The surrogate method was evaluated under a variety of water quality conditions. Regression analysis of all DPD colorimetric analyses with the HPLC values produced a linear model (Y=0.9602 X+0.1259) with an r(2) value of 0.9960. The average accuracy (percent recovery) of the DPD method relative to the HPLC method for the combined set of water quality data was 101.5%. The surrogate method was also evaluated with chloramine-T solutions that contained various concentrations of fish feed or selected densities of rainbow trout. When samples were analyzed within 2 h, the results of the surrogate method were consistent with those of the HPLC method. When samples with high concentrations of organic material were allowed to age more than 2 h before being analyzed, the DPD method seemed to be susceptible to interference, possibly from the development of other chloramine compounds. However, even after aging samples 6 h, the accuracy of the surrogate DPD method relative to the HPLC method was within the range of 80-120%. Based on the data comparing the two methods, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has concluded that the DPD colorimetric method is appropriate to use to measure chloramine-T in water during pivotal efficacy trials designed to support the approval of chloramine-T for use in fish culture. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Dawson, VK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 17 PY 2003 VL 217 IS 1-4 BP 61 EP 72 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00425-8 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00425-8 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 648BE UT WOS:000181129300006 ER PT J AU Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ Murray, AL Shearer, KD AF Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ Murray, AL Shearer, KD TI Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; ration level; growth; innate immune system ID ATLANTIC SALMON; GROWTH-HORMONE; SEA BASS; DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; IN-VITRO; SALAR L; FISH; MATURATION; PARR; DIET AB The relationship between nutritional status and disease resistance in cultured salmonids can be affected by dietary manipulations. Careful attention to feeding levels may be important to avoid imbalances in nutrient levels that could ultimately impair a fish's ability to resist infectious microorganisms. In the current study, fish in three feed-level groups were fed an experimental diet either to satiation, 64% of satiation or 40% of satiation. A fourth group of fish were fed a commercial diet at the 64% of satiation level and served as controls. To evaluate certain indices of disease resistance in the test and control fish, a panel of assays was employed to measure humoral and cellular immune functions 30, 39 and 54 weeks after starting the dietary treatments. The panel included measures of blood hematocrit and leucocrit levels, plasma protein concentration and serum lysozyme and complement activity. Cellular analyses included differential blood leucocyte counts, NBT reduction and phagocytosis by pronephros macrophages and myeloperoxidase activity of pronephros neutrophils. No differences were observed in those indices between fish tested from the control-diet group (commercial diet fed at the 64% rate) and fish tested from the 64% feed-level group, except that fish fed the commercial diet had a greater concentration of plasma protein. Leucocrit values and plasma protein concentrations tended to increase among the experimental feed groups as the ration increased from 40% to satiation. More importantly, phagocytic activity by anterior kidney leucocytes was found to be inversely proportional to the feed level. Whereas the results of this study provide evidence that the salmonid immune system may be fairly robust with regard to available metabolic energy, the significant changes observed in phagocytic cell activity suggest that some cellular immune functions may be affected by the feed level. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 17 PY 2003 VL 217 IS 1-4 BP 529 EP 545 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00369-1 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00369-1 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 648BE UT WOS:000181129300040 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Allen, JA AF Krauss, KW Allen, JA TI Factors influencing the regeneration of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. on a tropical Pacific island SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE growth; seed predation; salinity; light; silviculture; mangrove swamps; Pacific islands; Federated States of Micronesia ID RHIZOPHORA-MANGLE L; SEED PREDATION; PROPAGULE PREDATION; AVICENNIA-MARINA; TIDAL FORESTS; RED MANGROVE; DISPERSAL; GROWTH; DOMINANCE; PATTERNS AB Mangrove swamps occupy approximately two-thirds of the shoreline on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and also border the island's most populated areas. Kosraeans depend on mangrove swamps for a supply of wood to support a growing handicraft industry, for a dependable source of fuelwood, and for habitat to support the harvest of fish and mangrove crabs. One of the more prominent mangrove species on Kosrae is Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, yet it is not the most preferred species for carving or cooking. To evaluate B. gymnorrhiza's persistence in the intertidal and to develop a better understanding of factors influencing its regeneration, we investigated predispersal insect colonization of propagules, postdispersal propagule predation by crabs, and the relative effects of natural and artificial shade, salinity, and tidal flooding on early tree seedling survival and growth. Predispersal insect colonization of propagules by boring insects was very high (93%), but the damage did not seem to influence seedling survival. Postdispersal predation of B. gymnorrhiza propagules by crabs was low (17%) and did not change in gap versus understory plots. Predation did vary by intertidal location (lower intertidal > middle intertidal = upper intertidal), with lower predation occurring in an intertidal location with a B. gymnorrhiza-dominated overstory. Shade and tidal inundation reduced seedling growth more than salinity in greenhouse investigations, but sunlight had less positive influence on seedling growth in the field. In general, regeneration and growth occurred successfully under a variety of conditions, indicating that none of the factors investigated serve as strong regulators to B. gymnorrhiza regeneration and early growth on Kosrae. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Rm 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 47 TC 27 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAR 17 PY 2003 VL 176 IS 1-3 BP 49 EP 60 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00219-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00219-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 649ZB UT WOS:000181236900005 ER PT J AU Ulrich, GA Breit, GN Cozzarelli, IM Suflita, JM AF Ulrich, GA Breit, GN Cozzarelli, IM Suflita, JM TI Sources of sulfate supporting anaerobic metabolism in a contaminated aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEEP SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS; EAST-CENTRAL TEXAS; TERRESTRIAL SUBSURFACE; LANDFILL LEACHATE; MICROBIAL PROCESSES; ORGANIC-ACIDS; FERRIC IRON; SEDIMENTS; REDUCTION; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Field and laboratory techniques were used to identify the biogeochemical factors affecting sulfate reduction in a shallow, unconsolidated alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Depth profiles of S-35-sulfate reduction rates in aquifer sediments were positively correlated with the concentration of dissolved sulfate. Manipulation of the sulfate concentration in samples revealed a Michaelis-Menten-like relationship with an apparent K-m and V-max of approximately 80 and 0.83 muM SO(4)(-2.)day(-1), respectively. The concentration of sulfate in the core of the leachate plume was well below 20 muM and coincided with very low reduction rates. Thus, the concentration and availability of this anion could limit in situ sulfate-reducing activity. Three sulfate sources were identified, including iron sulfide oxidation, barite dissolution, and advective flux of sulfate. The relative importance of these sources varied with depth in the alluvium. The relatively high concentration of dissolved sulfate at the water table is attributed to the microbial oxidation of iron sulfides in response to fluctuations of the water table. At intermediate depths, barite dissolves in undersaturated pore water containing relatively high concentrations of dissolved barium (similar to100 muM) and low concentrations of sulfate. Dissolution is consistent with the surface texture of detrital barite grains in contact with leachate. Laboratory incubations of unamended and barite-amended aquifer slurries supported the field observation of increasing concentrations of barium in solution when sulfate reached low levels. At a deeper highly permeable interval just above the confining bottom layer of the aquifer, sulfate reduction rates were markedly higher than rates at intermediate depths. Sulfate is supplied to this deeper zone by advection of uncontaminated groundwater beneath the landfill. The measured rates of sulfate reduction in the aquifer also correlated with the abundance of accumulated iron sulfide in this zone. This suggests that the current and past distributions of sulfate-reducing activity are similar and that the supply of sulfate has been sustained at these sites. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Suflita, JM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 37 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1099 DI 10.1021/es011288a PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656VH UT WOS:000181629700007 PM 12680660 ER PT J AU Prentice, CS Mann, P Pena, LR Burr, G AF Prentice, CS Mann, P Pena, LR Burr, G TI Slip rate and earthquake recurrence along the central Septentrional fault, North American-Caribbean plate boundary, Dominican Republic SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE paleoseismology; septentrional fault; Caribbean tectonics; Dominican Republic; seismic hazard ID AGE CALIBRATION; MOTION; DEFORMATION; ZONE AB [1] The Septentrional fault zone (SFZ) is the major North American-Caribbean, strike-slip, plate boundary fault at the longitude of eastern Hispaniola. The SFZ traverses the densely populated Cibao Valley of the Dominican Republic, forming a prominent scarp in alluvium. Our studies at four sites along the central SFZ are aimed at quantifying the late Quaternary behavior of this structure to better understand the seismic hazard it represents for the northeastern Caribbean. Our investigations of excavations at sites near Rio Cenovi show that the most recent ground-rupturing earthquake along this fault in the north central Dominican Republic occurred between A. D. 1040 and A. D. 1230, and involved a minimum of similar to4 m of left-lateral slip and 2.3 m of normal dip slip at that site. Our studies of offset stream terraces at two locations, Rio Juan Lopez and Rio Licey, provide late Holocene slip rate estimates of 6-9 mm/yr and a maximum of 11-12 mm/yr, respectively, across the Septentrional fault. Combining these results gives a best estimate of 6-12 mm/yr for the slip rate across the SFZ. Three excavations, two near Tenares and one at the Rio Licey site, yielded evidence for the occurrence of earlier prehistoric earthquakes. Dates of strata associated with the penultimate event suggest that it occurred post-A. D. 30, giving a recurrence interval of 800-1200 years. These studies indicate that the SFZ has likely accumulated elastic strain sufficient to generate a major earthquake during the more than 800 years since it last slipped and should be considered likely to produce a destructive future earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Univ Arizona, NSF Accelerator Facil, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Prentice, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cprentice@usgs.gov RI Mann, Paul/A-2077-2009 NR 18 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2149 DI 10.1029/2001JB000442 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666WL UT WOS:000182199400001 ER PT J AU Hooper, RP AF Hooper, RP TI Diagnostic tools for mixing models of stream water chemistry SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hillslope hydrology; streamflow generation; end-member mixing analysis; stream chemistry ID CATCHMENT; ALUMINUM; USA AB [1] Mixing models provide a useful null hypothesis against which to evaluate processes controlling stream water chemical data. Because conservative mixing of end-members with constant concentration is a linear process, a number of simple mathematical and multivariate statistical methods can be applied to this problem. Although mixing models have been most typically used in the context of mixing soil and groundwater end-members, an extension of the mathematics of mixing models is presented that assesses the "fit'' of a multivariate data set to a lower dimensional mixing subspace without the need for explicitly identified end-members. Diagnostic tools are developed to determine the approximate rank of the data set and to assess lack of fit of the data. This permits identification of processes that violate the assumptions of the mixing model and can suggest the dominant processes controlling stream water chemical variation. These same diagnostic tools can be used to assess the fit of the chemistry of one site into the mixing subspace of a different site, thereby permitting an assessment of the consistency of controlling end-members across sites. This technique is applied to a number of sites at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed located near Atlanta, Georgia. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Hooper, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 11 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 AR 1055 DI 10.1029/2002WR001528 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 667CK UT WOS:000182213100003 ER PT J AU White, WB Tourre, YM Barlow, M Dettinger, M AF White, WB Tourre, YM Barlow, M Dettinger, M TI A delayed action oscillator shared by biennial, interannual, and decadal signals in the Pacific Basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Pacific biennial signals; Pacific interannual signals; Pacific decadal signals; coupling physics of decadal signals ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM; EL-NINO; ROSSBY WAVES; INTERDECADAL CHANGES; WESTERN BOUNDARY; ENSO EVENTS; VARIABILITY AB [1] Biennial, interannual, and decadal signals in the Pacific basin are observed to share patterns and evolution in covarying sea surface temperature (SST), 18degreesC isotherm depth (Z18), zonal surface wind (ZSW), and wind stress curl (WSC) anomalies from 1955 to 1999. Each signal has warm SST anomalies propagating slowly eastward along the equator, generating westerly ZSW anomalies in their wake. These westerly ZSW anomalies produce cyclonic WSC anomalies off the equator which pump baroclinic Rossby waves in the western/central tropical North Pacific Ocean. These Rossby waves propagate westward, taking similar to6, similar to12, and similar to36 months to reach the western boundary near similar to7degreesN, similar to12degreesN, and similar to18degreesN on biennial, interannual, and decadal period scales, respectively. There, they reflect as equatorial coupled waves, propagating slowly eastward in covarying SST, Z18, and ZSW anomalies, taking similar to6, similar to12, and similar to24 months to reach the central/eastern equatorial ocean. These equatorial coupled waves produce a delayed-negative feedback to the warm SST anomalies there. The decrease in Rossby wave phase speed with latitude, the increase in meridional scale of equatorial SST anomalies with period scale, and the associated increase in latitude of Rossby wave forcing are consistent with the delayed action oscillator (DAO) model used to explain El Nino. However, this is not true of the western-boundary reflection of Rossby waves into slow equatorial coupled waves. This requires modification of the extant DAO model. We construct a modified DAO model, demonstrating how the various mechanisms and the size and sources of their delays yield the resulting frequency of each signal. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM wbwhite@ucsd.edu; Yvestourre@aol.com; mbarlow@aer.com; mddettin@usgs.gov NR 58 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C3 AR 3070 DI 10.1029/2002JC001490 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 666VV UT WOS:000182197900011 ER PT J AU Benoit, JP McNutt, SR Barboza, V AF Benoit, JP McNutt, SR Barboza, V TI Duration-amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE scaling; volcanic tremor; exponential model; power law model; duration-amplitude ID OLD-FAITHFUL GEYSER; REDOUBT VOLCANO; PAVLOF VOLCANO; EARTHQUAKE; ALASKA; SEISMICITY; MECHANISM; ERUPTIONS; ORIGIN; SYSTEM AB [1] The duration-amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor was examined in eight volcanoes and one geothermal area. An exponential model, implying a scale-bound source process, is found to be a better fit to the data than a power law (scale invariant) model. The exponential model well describes tremor associated with magmatic and phreatic eruptions, shallow and deep source regions, and geothermal sources. We tested the exponential model described by: d(D-R) = d(t)e (-lambdaDR), where d is the duration of tremor greater than or equal to a particular amplitude D-R, d(t) is the total duration of tremor, and the inverse of lambda is the characteristic amplitude of the distribution. lambda(-1) takes on values between 0.003 and 7.7 cm(2). Our results show that the characteristic amplitude for eruptive tremor is greater than for noneruptive tremor, that for deep tremor is greater than for shallow tremor, and that for tremor associated with magmatic eruptions is greater than for tremor associated with phreatic eruptions. The exponential scaling of tremor suggests that tremor is not simply composed of a series of low-frequency events closely spaced in time. Further, the exponential scaling requires the source to be scale bound; the amplitude variations of tremor are distributed about a constant characteristic amplitude. We propose that exponential scaling of tremor amplitude is caused by fixed source geometry driven by variable excess pressures. The exponential scaling of tremor demonstrates that tremor source processes are fundamentally different from those for earthquakes. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Nacl, OVSICORI, Heredia, Costa Rica. RP Benoit, JP (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM steve@giseis.alaska.edu NR 52 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2146 DI 10.1029/2001JB001520 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666WH UT WOS:000182199100003 ER PT J AU Foulger, GR Julian, BR Pitt, AM Hill, DP Malin, PE Shalev, E AF Foulger, GR Julian, BR Pitt, AM Hill, DP Malin, PE Shalev, E TI Three-dimensional crustal structure of Long Valley caldera, California, and evidence for the migration of CO2 under Mammoth Mountain SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE tomography; Long Valley; volcano; carbon dioxide; crustal structure; earthquakes ID GRENSDALUR VOLCANIC COMPLEX; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER; GEOTHERMAL AREA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EARTHQUAKES; ICELAND; RESERVOIR; DEFORMATION; GEOPHYSICS AB [1] A temporary network of 69 three-component seismic stations captured a major seismic sequence in Long Valley caldera in 1997. We performed a tomographic inversion for crustal structure beneath a 28 km x 16 km area encompassing part of the resurgent dome, the south moat, and Mammoth Mountain. Resolution of crustal structure beneath the center of the study volume was good down to similar to3 km below sea level (similar to5 km below the surface). Relatively high wave speeds are associated with the Bishop Tuff and lower wave speeds characterize debris in the surrounding moat. A low-V-p/V-s anomaly extending from near the surface to x 1 km below sea level beneath Mammoth Mountain may represent a CO2 reservoir that is supplying CO2-rich springs, venting at the surface, and killing trees. We investigated temporal variations in structure beneath Mammoth Mountain by differencing our results with tomographic images obtained using data from 1989/1990. Significant changes in both V-p and V-s were consistent with the migration of CO2 into the upper 2 km or so beneath Mammoth Mountain and its depletion in peripheral volumes that correlate with surface venting areas. Repeat tomography is capable of detecting the migration of gas beneath active silicic volcanoes and may thus provide a useful volcano monitoring tool. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Duke Univ, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Foulger, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM g.r.foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 57 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2147 DI 10.1029/2000JB000041 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 666WH UT WOS:000182199100001 ER PT J AU Stow, D Daeschner, S Hope, A Douglas, D Petersen, A Myneni, R Zhou, L Oechel, W AF Stow, D Daeschner, S Hope, A Douglas, D Petersen, A Myneni, R Zhou, L Oechel, W TI Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID NEAR-INFRARED CHANNELS; AVHRR DATA; CALIBRATION AB The interannual variability and trend of above-ground photosynthetic activity of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s is examined for the north slope region of Alaska. based on the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index (SINDVI) derived from local area coverage (LAC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Smaller SINDVI values occurred during the three years (1992-1994) following the volcanic eruption of Mt Pinatubo, Even after implementing corrections for this stratospheric aerosol effect and adjusting for changes in radiometric calibration coefficients, an apparent increasing trend of SINDVI in the 1990s is evident for the entire north slope. The most pronounced increase was observed for the foothills physiographical province. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Juneau, AK 99824 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Stow, D (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RI Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Zhou, Liming/A-2688-2012; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012 OI Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; NR 19 TC 90 Z9 185 U1 4 U2 36 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1111 EP 1117 DI 10.1080/0143116021000020144 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 662BT UT WOS:000181926400014 ER PT J AU Grauch, VJS Rodriguez, BD Bankey, V Wooden, JL AF Grauch, VJS Rodriguez, BD Bankey, V Wooden, JL TI Evidence for a Battle Mountain-Eureka crustal fault zone, north-central Nevada, and its relation to Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic continental breakup SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE crustal structure; geophysics; isotope geochemistry; Nevada-USA; plate tectonics ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GREAT-BASIN; GOLD DEPOSITS; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION; GRAVITY; RANGE; ANOMALIES; TECTONICS; EXTENSION AB Combined evidence from gravity, radiogenic isotope, and magnetotelluric (MT) data indicates a crustal fault zone that coincides with the northwest-trending Battle Mountain-Eureka (BME) mineral trend in north-central Nevada, USA. The BME crustal fault zone likely originated during Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic rifting of the continent and had a large influence on subsequent tectonic events, such as emplacement of allochthons and episodic deformation, magmatism, and mineralization throughout the Phanerozoic. MT models show the fault zone is about 10 km wide, 130-km long, and extends from 1 to 5 km below the surface to deep crustal levels. Isotope data and gravity models imply the fault zone separates crust of fundamentally different character. Geophysical evidence for such a long-lived structure, likely inherited from continental breakup, defies conventional wisdom that structures this old have been destroyed by Cenozoic extensional processes. Moreover, the coincidence with the alignment of mineral deposits supports the assertion by many economic geologists that these alignments are indicators of buried regional structures. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Grauch, VJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM tien@usgs.gov; brod@usgs.gov; viki@usgs.gov; jwooden@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2140 DI 10.1029/2001JB000681 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 665XP UT WOS:000182146800001 ER PT J AU Gunasekera, RC Foulger, GR Julian, BR AF Gunasekera, RC Foulger, GR Julian, BR TI Reservoir depletion at The Geysers geothermal area, California, shown by four-dimensional seismic tomography SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE geysers; tomography; four-dimensional; geothermal; reservoir; depletion ID ICELAND; FIELD; EARTHQUAKES; INVERSION; COMPLEX; ROCK AB Intensive geothermal exploitation at The Geysers geothermal area, California, induces myriads of small-magnitude earthquakes that are monitored by a dense, permanent, local seismometer network. Using this network, tomographic inversions were performed for the three-dimensional V-p and V-p/V-s structure of the reservoir for April 1991, February 1993, December 1994, October 1996, and August 1998. The extensive low-V-p/V-s anomaly that occupies the reservoir grew in strength from a maximum of 9% to a maximum of 13.4% during the 7-year study period. This is attributed to depletion of pore liquid water in the reservoir and replacement with steam. This decreases V-p by increasing compressibility, and increases V-s because of reduction in pore pressure and the drying of argillaceous minerals, e. g., illite, which increase the shear modulus. These effects serendipitously combine to lower V-p/V-s, resulting in a strong overall effect that provides a convenient tool for monitoring reservoir depletion. Variations in the V-p and V-s fields indicate that water depletion is the dominant process in the central part of the exploited reservoir, and pressure reduction and mineral drying in the northwest and southeast parts of the reservoir. The rate at which the V-p/V-s anomaly grew in strength in the period 1991-1998 suggests most of the original anomaly was caused by exploitation. Continuous monitoring of V-p, V-s, and V-p/V-s is an effective geothermal reservoir depletion monitoring tool and can potentially provide information about depletion in parts of the reservoir that have not been drilled. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Durham, Sci Labs, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Gunasekera, RC (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Downing Pl, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. EM Rashmin@dunelm.org.uk; foulger@swave.wr.usgs.gov; julian@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 7 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2134 DI 10.1029/2001JB000638 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 665XK UT WOS:000182146400001 ER PT J AU Osorio, JE Powell, TD Frank, RS Moss, K Haanes, EJ Smith, SR Rocke, TE Stinchcomb, DT AF Osorio, JE Powell, TD Frank, RS Moss, K Haanes, EJ Smith, SR Rocke, TE Stinchcomb, DT TI Recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE raccoon poxvirus; plague; Yersinia pestis; F1 antigen; mice ID TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS; YERSINIA-PESTIS; PNEUMONIC PLAGUE; SUBUNIT VACCINE; VIRUS; SUPPRESSION; FRACTION-1; RABIES AB Using a raccoon poxvirus (RCN) expression system, we have developed new recombinant vaccines that can protect mice against lethal plague infection. We tested the effects of a translation enhancer (EMCV-IRES) in combination with a secretory (tPA) signal or secretory (tPA) and membrane anchoring (CHV-gG) signals on in vitro antigen expression of F1 antigen in tissue culture and the induction of antibody responses and protection against Yersinia pestis challenge in mice. The RCN vector successfully expressed the F1 protein of Y. pestis in vitro. In addition, the level of expression was increased by the insertion of the EMCV-IRES and combinations of this and the secretory signal or secretory and anchoring signals. These recombinant viruses generated protective immune responses that resulted in survival of 80% of vaccinated mice upon challenge with Y. pestis. Of the RCN-based vaccines we tested, the RCN-IRES-tPA-YpF1 recombinant construct was the most efficacious. Mice vaccinated with this construct withstood challenge with as many as 1.5 million colony forming units of Y. pestis (7.7 x 10(4) LD50). Interestingly, vaccination with F1 fused to the anchoring signal (RCN-IR-ES-tPA-YpF1-gG) elicited significant anti-F1 antibody titers, but failed to protect mice from plague challenge. Our studies demonstrate, in vitro and in vivo, the potential importance of the EMCV-IRES and secretory signals in vaccine design. These molecular tools provide a new approach for improving the efficacy of vaccines. In addition, these novel recombinant vaccines could have human, veterinary, and wildlife applications in the prevention of plague. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Heska Corp, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. USGS, BRD, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Osorio, JE (reprint author), Powderject Vaccines, 585 Sci Dr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAR 7 PY 2003 VL 21 IS 11-12 BP 1232 EP 1238 AR PII S0264-410X(02)00557-1 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00557-1 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 646WK UT WOS:000181058800028 PM 12559803 ER PT J AU Kent, DB Fox, P Davis, JA AF Kent, DB Fox, P Davis, JA TI Influence of chemical conditions on rates of oxidation of arsenic(III) by synthetic, biogenic, and natural manganese oxides SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dbkent@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 198-GEOC BP U943 EP U943 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917804401 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Davis, JA Reitmeyer, R AF Waychunas, GA Davis, JA Reitmeyer, R TI Iron hydroxide nanoprecipitate formation and suppression on quartz surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO USA. EM gawaychunas@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 194-GEOC BP U943 EP U943 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917804399 ER PT J AU Willette, DC Lewan, MD Curtis, JB AF Willette, DC Lewan, MD Curtis, JB TI Evaluating geological factors responsible for generation of natural gas and pyrobitumen through pyrolysis of smackover oil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 174-GEOC BP U939 EP U939 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917804379 ER PT J AU Jenks, JA Leslie, DM AF Jenks, JA Leslie, DM TI Effect of domestic cattle on the condition of female white-tailed deer in southern pine-bluestem forests, USA SO ACTA THERIOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Odocoileus virginianus; nutritional condition; cattle; competition; reproduction ID TEXAS; POPULATIONS; PARAMETERS; OKLAHOMA; HERD; DIET; FAT AB Effect of domestic cattle stocking on the nutritional condition of white-tailed deer Odocoileus uirginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) was assessed using physiological indices of collected specimens. Three study areas were delineated in McCurtain County, Oklahoma (heavy cattle stocking), and Howard (moderate to light cattle stocking) and Pike (no cattle stocking) counties, Arkansas that were similar with respect to soils and vegetation but differed with respect to cattle stocking rate. Female white-tailed deer were collected from study areas in February and August 1987-1988 to assess nutritional condition. Deer collected from study areas exposed to cattle grazing in February had lower carcass weights, fat attributes (femur marrow and kidney fat), and reproductive rates (fetuses/doe) than deer that were not exposed to cattle grazing. In August, deer collected from the moderate cattle area had heavier eviscerated carcass weights, serum glucose, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratios than deer collected from the heavy cattle area. Results suggest that if cattle are removed from managed forests in winter, nutritional condition of deer would be improved because of reduced competition for food. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Jenks, JA (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RI Jenks, Jonathan/B-7321-2009 NR 56 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI BIALOWIEZA PA MAMMAL RESEARCH INST, 17-230 BIALOWIEZA, POLAND SN 0001-7051 J9 ACTA THERIOL JI Acta Theriol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1007/BF03194273 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 665AJ UT WOS:000182097200013 ER PT J AU Shi, H Singh, A AF Shi, H Singh, A TI Status and interconnections of selected environmental issues in the global coastal zones SO AMBIO LA English DT Article AB This study focuses on assessing the state of population distribution, land cover distribution, biodiversity hotspots, and protected areas in global coastal zones. The coastal zone is defined as land within 100 km of the coastline. This study attempts to answer such questions as: how crowded are the coastal zones, what is the pattern of land cover distribution in these areas, how much of these areas are designated as protected areas, what is the state of the biodiversity hotspots, and what are the interconnections between people and coastal environment. This study uses globally consistent and comprehensive geospatial datasets based on remote sensing and other sources. The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) layering methods and consistent datasets has made it possible to identify and quantify selected coastal zones environmental issues and their interconnections. It is expected that such information provide a scientific basis for global coastal zones management and assist in policy formulations at the national and international levels. C1 N Amer USGS, EROS Data Ctr, UNEP,GRID, Div Early Warning & Assessment, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Shi, H (reprint author), N Amer USGS, EROS Data Ctr, UNEP,GRID, Div Early Warning & Assessment, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD MAR PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2 BP 145 EP 152 DI 10.1639/0044-7447(2003)032[0145:SAIOSE]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 677GN UT WOS:000182798700013 PM 12733801 ER PT J AU Chu, SG Hong, CS Rattner, BA McGowan, PC AF Chu, SG Hong, CS Rattner, BA McGowan, PC TI Methodological refinements in the determination of 146 polychlorinated biphenyls, including non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted PCBs, and 26 organochlorine pesticides as demonstrated in heron eggs SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; POROUS GRAPHITIC CARBON; MARINE MAMMALS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NYCTICORAX-NYCTICORAX; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COPLANAR; CONGENERS; CHLOROBIPHENYLS AB A method for the determination of 146 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including four non-ortho- and eight mono-ortho-substituted congeners, and 26 chlorinated pesticides is described. The method consists of ultrasonic extraction, Florisil cleanup, HPLC fractionation over porous graphitic carbon (PGC), and final determination with GC/ECD, GC/MS, or both. Two PCB congeners (PCB 30 and PCB 161) and two polybromobiphenyls (2,4',5-tribromobiphenyl and 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromobiphenyl) were used as surrogate standards to evaluate the analytical efficiency. Four PCB congeners, PCB 14 and PCB 159 for the first fraction, PCB 61 for the second fraction, and PCB 204 for the third fraction, were used as internal standards to monitor the GC performance. The retention behavior of PCBs and pesticides on the PGC column are discussed. The method was found to be reproducible, effective, and reliable under the operational conditions proposed and was applied successfully to the analysis of individual PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) egg samples. C1 SUNY Albany, New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Hong, CS (reprint author), SUNY Albany, New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA. NR 46 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1058 EP 1066 DI 10.1021/ac0205560 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 650JE UT WOS:000181259300011 PM 12641223 ER PT J AU Brinkman, NE Haugland, RA Wymer, LJ Byappanahalli, M Whitman, RL Vesper, SJ AF Brinkman, NE Haugland, RA Wymer, LJ Byappanahalli, M Whitman, RL Vesper, SJ TI Evaluation of a rapid, quantitative real-time PCR method for enumeration of pathogenic Candida cells in water SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM CONIDIA; FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; IDENTIFICATION; YEASTS; QUANTIFICATION; COMMUNITY; DIAGNOSIS; ALBICANS; PRODUCTS AB Quantitative PCR (QPCR) technology, incorporating fluorigenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry, was utilized for the specific detection and quantification of six pathogenic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae) in water. Known numbers of target cells were added to distilled and tap water samples, filtered, and disrupted directly on the membranes for recovery of DNA for QPCR analysis. The assay's sensitivities were between one and three cells per filter. The accuracy of the cell estimates was between 50 and 200% of their true value (95% confidence level). In similar tests with surface water samples, the presence of PCR inhibitory compounds necessitated further purification and/or dilution of the DNA extracts, with resultant reductions in sensitivity but generally not in quantitative accuracy. Analyses of a series of freshwater samples collected from a recreational beach showed positive correlations between the QPCR results and colony counts of the corresponding target species. Positive correlations were also seen between the cell quantities of the target Candida species detected in these analyses and colony counts of Enterococcus organisms. With a combined sample processing and analysis time of less than 4 h, this method shows great promise as a tool for rapidly assessing potential exposures to waterborne pathogenic Candida species from drinking and recreational waters and may have applications in the detection of fecal pollution. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US Geol Survey, Indiana, PA USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W ML King Dr,Mail Stop 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 40 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1775 EP 1782 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.3.1775-1782.2003 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 653LA UT WOS:000181435600056 PM 12620869 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA Wershaw, RL Brown, GK Reddy, MM AF Leenheer, JA Wershaw, RL Brown, GK Reddy, MM TI Characterization and diagenesis of strong-acid carboxyl groups in humic substances SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SUWANNEE RIVER; FULVIC-ACID; ORGANIC-ACIDS; GEORGIA; BINDING; HETEROGENEITY; DISSOCIATION; MODELS AB A small fraction of carboxylic acid functional groups in humic substances are exceptionally acidic with pK(a) values as low as 0.5. A review of acid-group theory eliminated most models and explanations for these exceptionally acidic carboxyl groups. These acidic carboxyl groups in Suwannee River fulvic acid were enriched by a 2-stage fractionation process and the fractions were characterized by elemental, molecular-weight, and titrimetric analyses, and by infrared and (13)C- and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. An average structural model of the most acidic fraction derived from the characterization data indicated a high density of carboxyl groups Clustered on oxygen-heterocycle alicyclic rings. Intramolecular H-bonding between adjacent carboxyl groups in these ring structures enhanced stabilization of the carboxylate anion which results in low pK(a1) values. The standard, tetrahydrofuran tetracarboxylic acid, was shown to have similar acidity characteristics to the highly acidic fulvic acid fraction. The end products of 3 known diagenetic pathways for the formation of humic substances were shown to result in carboxyl groups clustered on oxygen-heterocycle alicyclic rings. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Leenheer, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 408,Bldg 95, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM leenheer@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 471 EP 482 AR PII S0883-2927(02)00100-2 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00100-2 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 643HB UT WOS:000180854900011 ER PT J AU Durner, GM Amstrup, SC Fischbach, AS AF Durner, GM Amstrup, SC Fischbach, AS TI Habitat characteristics of polar bear terrestrial maternal den sites in northern Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; den habitat; maternal den; National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska; polar bear; Ursus maritimus; Prudhoe Bay ID BEAUFORT SEA; AREA AB Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) give birth to and nurture their young in dens of ice and snow. During 19992001, we measured the structure of 22 dens on the coastal plain of northern Alaska after polar bear families had evacuated their dens in the spring. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, we revisited the sites of 42 maternal and autumn exploratory dens and recorded characteristics of the under-snow habitat. The structure of polar bear snow dens was highly variable. Most were simple chambers with a single entrance/egress tunnel. Others had multiple chambers and additional tunnels. Thickness of snow above and below dens was highly variable, but most dens were overlain by less than I in of snow. Dens were located on, or associated with, pronounced landscape features (primarily coastal and river banks, but also a lake shore and an abandoned oil field gravel pad) that are readily distinguished from the surrounding terrain in summer and catch snow in early winter. Although easily identified, den landforms in northern Alaska were more subtle than den habitats in many other parts of the Arctic. The structure of polar bear dens in Alaska was strikingly similar to that of dens elsewhere and has remained largely unchanged in northern Alaska for more than 25 years. Knowledge of den structure and site characteristics will allow resource managers to identify habitats with the greatest probability of holding dens. This information may assist resource, managers in preventing negative impacts of mineral exploration and extraction on polar bears. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kodiak Natl Wildlife Refuge, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Durner, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Fischbach, Anthony/E-7166-2010 OI Fischbach, Anthony/0000-0002-6555-865X NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 23 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 670XD UT WOS:000182434600006 ER PT J AU Burns, DA AF Burns, DA TI Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - a review and new analysis of past study results SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; nitrogen; Colorado; Rock mountains; nitrogen saturation ID HIGH-ELEVATION CATCHMENT; FRONT RANGE; ALPINE TUNDRA; NIWOT-RIDGE; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES; PARTICULATE NITRATE; DRY DEPOSITION; N RETENTION; AMINO-ACIDS AB The Rocky Mountain region of Colorado and southern Wyoming receives as much as 7kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. an amount that may have caused changes in aquatic and terrestrial life in otherwise pristine ecosystems. Results from published studies indicate a long-term increase in the rate of atmospheric N deposition during the 20th century, but data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and Clean Air Status and Trends Network show no region-wide increase during the past 2 decades. Nitrogen loads in atmospheric wet deposition have increased since the mid-1980s, however, at three high elevation ( > 3000 m) sites east of the Continental Divide in the Front Range. Much of this increase is the result of increased ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in wet deposition. This suggests an increase in contributions from agricultural areas or from vehicles east of the Rocky Mountains and is consistent with the results of previous studies that have suggested a significant eastern source for atmospheric N deposition to the Front Range. The four sites with the highest NH4+ concentrations in wet deposition were among the six easternmost NADP sites, which is also consistent with a source to the east of the Rockies. This analysis found an increase in N loads in wet deposition at Niwot Ridge of only 0.013 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), more than an order of magnitude less than previously reported for this site. This lower rate of increase results from application of the non-parametric Seasonal Kendall trend test to mean monthly data, which failed a test for normality, in contrast to linear regression, which was applied to mean annual data in a previous study. Current upward trends in population growth and energy use in Colorado and throughout the west suggest a need for continued monitoring of atmospheric deposition of N, and may reveal more widespread trends in N deposition in the future. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 59 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 7 BP 921 EP 932 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 650JU UT WOS:000181260700006 ER PT J AU Finlay, JC AF Finlay, JC TI Controls of streamwater dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in a forested watershed SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CO2; dissolved inorganic carbon; metabolism; stable carbon isotopes; streams; weathering ID TRAVERTINE-DEPOSITING STREAM; ORGANIC-CARBON; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; RIVER CONTINUUM; DIOXIDE; GROUNDWATER; CO2; RESPIRATION; CATCHMENTS AB I investigated controls of stream dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sources and cycling along a stream size and productivity gradient in a temperate forested watershed in northern California. Dissolved CO2 (CO2 ((aq))) dynamics in heavily shaded streams contrasted strongly with those of larger, open canopied sites. In streams with canopy cover > 97%, CO2 ((aq)) was highest during baseflow periods (up to 540 muM) and was negatively related to discharge. Effects of algal photosynthesis on CO2 ((aq)) were minimal and stream CO2 ((aq)) was primarily controlled by groundwater CO2 ((aq)) inputs and degassing losses to the atmosphere. In contrast to the small streams, CO2 ((aq)) in larger, open-canopied streams was often below atmospheric levels at midday during baseflow and was positively related to discharge. Here, stream CO2 ((aq)) was strongly influenced by the balance between autotrophic and heterotrophic processes. Dynamics of HCO3- were less complex. HCO3- and Ca2+ were positively correlated, negatively related to discharge, and showed no pattern with stream size. Stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC (i.e. delta(13)C DIC) increased with stream size and discharge, indicating contrasting sources of DIC to streams and rivers. During summer baseflows, delta(13)C DIC were C-13-depleted in the smallest streams (minimum of -17.7parts per thousand) due to the influence of CO2 ((aq)) derived from microbial respiration and HCO3- derived from carbonate weathering. delta(13)C DIC were higher (up to -6.6parts per thousand) in the larger streams and rivers due to invasion of atmospheric CO2 enhanced by algal CO2 ((aq)) uptake. While small streams were influenced by groundwater inputs, patterns in CO2 ((aq)) and evidence from stable isotopes demonstrate the strong influence of stream metabolism and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere on stream and river carbon cycles. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Finlay, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Finlay, Jacques/B-6081-2011 OI Finlay, Jacques/0000-0002-7968-7030 NR 61 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 6 U2 63 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAR PY 2003 VL 62 IS 3 BP 231 EP 252 DI 10.1023/A:1021183023963 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 617LR UT WOS:000179363600001 ER PT J AU Bulger, JB Scott, NJ Seymour, RB AF Bulger, JB Scott, NJ Seymour, RB TI Terrestrial activity and conservation of adult California red-legged frogs Rana aurora draytonii in coastal forests and grasslands SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE California red-legged frog; Amphibian migration; buffer zones; wildlife corridors; amphibian conservation ID BUFO-CALAMITA METAPOPULATION; BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS; MOVEMENT PATTERNS; BUFFER ZONES; POOL FROG; DISPERSAL; TOAD; ORIENTATION; AMPHIBIANS; EXTINCTION AB The federally threatened California red-legged frog Rana aurora draytonii occupies both aquatic and terrestrial habitats in its adult life stage. The terrestrial activities of this species are not well known and require documentation to assist in the development of appropriate levels of protection under the US Endangered Species Act. We studied the terrestrial activities of radio-tagged red-legged frogs (n = 8-26) inhabiting a coastal watershed in Santa Cruz County, California, during 1997-1998. In particular, we investigated (1) the use of terrestrial habitats by non-migrating adults in relation to season, breeding chronology, and precipitation, and (2) adult migration behavior, including seasonal timing, duration, distances traveled, and the use of corridors. Non-migrating red-legged frogs occupied terrestrial habitats briefly (median = 4-6 days) following infrequent summer rains, but resided nearly continuously on land (median = 20-30 days) from the onset of the winter wet-season until breeding activities commenced 1-2 months later. All of the non-migrating frogs remained within 130 m of their aquatic site of residence (median < 25 m). Intervals spent on land were again brief during mid/late winter (median = 1-4 days), despite frequent and copious rainfall. Adult migration to and from breeding sites occurred from late October through mid-May (wet season). We monitored 25 migration events between aquatic sites that were 200-2800 m apart. Short distance movements ( < 300 m) were completed in 1-3 days, longer movements required up to 2 months. Most migrating frogs moved overland in approximately straight lines to target sites without apparent regard to vegetation type or topography. Riparian corridors were neither essential nor preferred as migration routes. Frogs traveling overland occurred in upland habitats as far as 500 m from water. Approximately 11-22% of the adult population was estimated to migrate to and from breeding sites annually, whereas the bulk of the adult population was resident at these sites. Adequate protection of red-legged frog populations inhabiting relatively undeveloped landscapes is liable to be achieved by retaining an array of suitable habitat elements within at least 100 m of occupied aquatic sites, and by imposing seasonal limitations on detrimental human activities occurring within this zone. Specific protections for migrating frogs are probably unwarranted in forest and rangeland environments because dispersal habitat is ubiquitous and migrating frogs are widely distributed across the landscape in space and time. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Scott, NJ (reprint author), Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles, 900 Exposit Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. NR 43 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 110 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00179-9 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00179-9 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 637JA UT WOS:000180506900009 ER PT J AU Minckley, WL Marsh, PC Deacon, JE Dowling, TE Hedrick, PW Matthews, WJ Mueller, G AF Minckley, WL Marsh, PC Deacon, JE Dowling, TE Hedrick, PW Matthews, WJ Mueller, G TI A conservation, plan for native fishes of the Lower Colorado River SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conservation; management; genetics; endangered fishes ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; SUCKER XYRAUCHEN TEXANUS; RAZORBACK SUCKER; GROWTH; SQUAWFISH; PROGRAM; BASIN AB The native fish fauna of the lower Colorado River, in the western United States, includes four "big-river" fishes that are federally listed as endangered. Existing recovery implementation plans are inadequate for these critically imperiled species. We describe a realistic, proactive management program founded on demographic and genetic principles and crafted to avoid potential conflicts with nonnative sport fisheries. In this program, native species would breed and their progeny grow in isolated, protected, off-channel habitats in the absence of non native fishes. Panmictic adult populations would reside in the main channel and connected waters, exchanging reproductive adults and repatriated subadults with populations occupying isolated habitats. Implementation of the plan would greatly enhance recovery potential of the four listed fishes. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73018 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 54 TC 90 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2003 VL 53 IS 3 BP 219 EP 234 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0219:ACPFNF]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 653JZ UT WOS:000181433200013 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Sladen, WJL Lishman, WA Clegg, KR Duff, JW Gee, GF Lewis, JC AF Ellis, DH Sladen, WJL Lishman, WA Clegg, KR Duff, JW Gee, GF Lewis, JC TI Motorized migrations: The future or mere fantasy? SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crane; goose; migration; swan; ultralight aircraft AB In 15 experiments from 1993 to 2002, we led cranes, geese, and swans on their first southward migration with either ultralight aircraft or vehicles on the ground. These experiments reveal that large birds can be readily trained to follow, and most will return north (and South) in subsequent migrations unassisted. These techniques can be used to teach birds new (or forgotten) migration paths. Although we are constantly improving our training techniques, we now have an operational program that can be broadly applied to those species whose juveniles learn migration routes from their parents. C1 USGS, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. Airlie Ctr, Warrenton, VA 20187 USA. Operat Migrat, Blackstock, ON L0B 1B0, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS, SW Biol Sci Ctr, HC 1,Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2003 VL 53 IS 3 BP 260 EP 264 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0260:MMTFOM]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 653JZ UT WOS:000181433200016 ER PT J AU Etherington, LL Eggleston, DB Stockhausen, WT AF Etherington, LL Eggleston, DB Stockhausen, WT TI Partitioning loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats into mortality and emigration SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Blue Crab Conference CY MAR, 2000 CL UNIV NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON, WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA HO UNIV NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON ID CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS RATHBUN; POSTSETTLEMENT MORTALITY; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; MARK-RECAPTURE; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; LOCAL DYNAMICS; REEF FISHES; POPULATIONS; IMMIGRATION; DISPERSAL AB Determining how post-settlement processes modify patterns of settlement is vital in understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment variability of species with open populations. Generally, either single components of post-settlement loss (mortality or emigration) are examined at a time, or else the total loss is examined without discrimination of mortality and emigration components. The role of mortality in the loss of early juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, has been addressed in a few studies; however, the relative contribution of emigration has received little attention. We conducted mark-recapture experiments to examine the relative contribution of mortality and emigration to total loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats. Loss was partitioned into emigration and mortality components using a modified version of Jackson's (1939) square-within-a-square method. The field experiments assessed the effects of two size classes of early instars (J1-J2, J3-J5), two densities of juveniles (low: 16 m(-2), high: 64 m(-2)), and time of day (day, night) on loss rates. In general, total loss rates of experimental juveniles and colonization rates by unmarked juveniles were extremely high (range = 10-57 crabs m(-2)/6 h and 17-51 crabs m(-2)/6 h for loss and colonization, respectively). Total loss rates were higher at night than during the day, suggesting that juveniles (or potentially their predators) exhibit increased nocturnal activity. While colonization rates did not differ by time of day, J3-J5 juveniles demonstrated higher rates of colonization than J1-J2 crabs. Overall, there was high variability in both mortality and emigration, particularly for emigration. Average probabilities of mortality across all treatment combinations ranged from 0.25-0.67/6 h, while probabilities of emigration ranged from 0.29-0.72/6 h. Although mean mortality rates were greater than emigration rates in most treatments, the proportion of experimental trials in which crab loss from seagrass due to mortality was greater than losses due to emigration was not significantly different from 50%. Thus, mortality and emigration appear to contribute equally to juvenile loss in seagrass habitats. The difference in magnitude (absolute amount of loss) between mean emigration and mean mortality varied between size classes, such that differences between emigration and mortality were relatively small for J1-J2 crabs, but much larger for J3-J5 crabs. Further, mortality rates were density-dependent for J3-J5 juvenile stages but not for J1-J2 crabs, whereas emigration was inversely density-dependent among J3-J5 stages but not for J1-J2 instars. The co-dependency of mortality and emigration suggests that the loss term (emigration or mortality) which has the relatively stronger contribution to total loss may dictate the patterns of loss under different conditions. For older juveniles (J3-J5), emigration may only have a large impact on juvenile loss where densities are low, since the contribution of mortality appears to be much greater than emigration at high densities. The size-specific pattern of density-dependent mortality supports the notion of an ontogenetic habitat shift by early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass to unvegetated habitats, since larger individuals may experience increased mortality at high densities within seagrass beds. Qualitative comparisons between this study and a concurrent study of planktonic emigration of J1-J5 blue crabs (Blackmon and Eggleston, 2001) suggests that benthic emigration among J1-J2 blue crabs was greater than planktonic emigration; for J3-J5 stages benthic and planktonic emigration were nearly equal. This study demonstrates the potentially large role of emigration in recruitment processes and patterns of early juvenile blue crabs, and illustrates how juvenile size, juvenile density, and time of day can affect mortality and emigration rates as well as total loss and colonization. The components of population loss can have very different impacts at the population level on multiple spatial scales, which highlights the need to separate population loss into emigration and mortality. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Etherington, LL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Glacier Bay Field Stn, Gustavus, AK 99826 USA. NR 49 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 IS 2 BP 371 EP 391 PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 732CV UT WOS:000185924000010 ER PT J AU Arciniega-Ceballos, A Chouet, B Dawson, P AF Arciniega-Ceballos, A Chouet, B Dawson, P TI Long-period events and tremor at Popocatepetl volcano (1994-2000) and their broadband characteristics SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volcanic eruption; volcanic seismic signals; long-period events; tremor; very-long-period signals; Popocatepetl ID BAND SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS; FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; REDOUBT-VOLCANO; ASO-VOLCANO; JAPAN; EXPLOSIONS; SIGNALS; MEXICO; ALASKA AB Following an initial phreatic eruption on 21 December 1994, activity at Popocatepedtl has been dominated by fumarolic emissions interspersed with more energetic emissions of ashes and gases. A phase of repetitive dome-building and dome-destroying episodes began in March 1996 and is still ongoing at present. We describe the long-period (LP) seismicity accompanying eruptive activity at Popocateped from December 1994 through May WOO, using data from a three-component broadband seismometer located 5 km from the summit crater. The broadband records display a variety of signals, with periods ranging in the band 0.04-90 s. Long-period events and tremor with typical dominant periods in the range 0.3-2.0 s are the most characteristic signals observed at Popocatepetl. These signals appear to reflect volumetric sources driven by pressure fluctuations associated with the unsteady transport of gases beneath the crater. Very-long-period (VLP) signals are also observed in association with LP events and tremor. The VLP signals which accompany LP events display Ricker-like wavelets with periods near 36 s, whereas VLP signals associated with tremor waveforms typically show sustained oscillations at periods ranging up to 90 s. The spectra and particle motion patterns remain similar from event to event for the majority of LP and tremor signals analyzed during the time span of this study, suggesting a repeated, non-destructive activation of a common source. Hypocenters determined by phase pick analyses of selected LP events recorded by the seven-station, permanent Popocatepetl short-period network suggest that the majority of these events are confined to a source region in the top 1.5 km below the crater floor. The repetitive occurrences of VLP signals with closely matched waveform characteristics are consistent with a non-destructive reactivation of at least two sources. One source appears to coincide with the main source region of LP seismicity, whereas the second is a deeper source whose activity appears to be intimately linked with episodes of monochromatic tremor. C1 Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Arciniega-Ceballos, A (reprint author), Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 65 IS 2-3 BP 124 EP 135 DI 10.1007/s00445-002-0248-8 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 665CG UT WOS:000182101600004 ER PT J AU Poore, BS AF Poore, BS TI The open black box: the role of the end-user in GIS integration SO CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER-GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN LA English DT Article ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION; INTEROPERABILITY; TECHNOLOGY; POLITICS; DESIGN AB Formalist theories of knowledge that underpin GIS scholarship on integration neglect the importance and creativity of end-users in knowledge construction. This has practical consequences for the success of large distributed databases that contribute to spatial-data infrastructures. Spatial-data infrastructures depend on participation at local levels, such as counties and watersheds, and they must be developed to support feedback from local users. Looking carefully at the work of scientists in a watershed in Puget Sound, Washington, USA during the salmon crisis reveals that the work of these end-users articulates different worlds of knowledge. This view of the user is consonant with recent work in science and technology studies and research into computer-supported cooperative work. GIS theory will be enhanced when it makes room for these users and supports their practical work. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 90 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0008-3658 EI 1541-0064 J9 CAN GEOGR-GEOGR CAN JI Can. Geogr.-Geogr. Can. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 47 IS 1 BP 62 EP 74 DI 10.1111/1541-0064.02e13 PG 13 WC Geography SC Geography GA 689CZ UT WOS:000183475200007 ER PT J AU Fend, SV Rodriguez, P AF Fend, SV Rodriguez, P TI Eremidrilus n. gen. (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae) and new species from California, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; OLIGOCHAETA; GROUNDWATER; SYSTEMATICS; CAVE AB A new Nearctic lumbriculid genus, Eremidrilus, includes four new California species (E. elegans, E. coyote, E. ritocsi, and E. felini) plus the new combination of Trichodrilus allegheniensis Cook, 1971 from the eastern U.S.A. Eremidrihis has the Trichodrilus arrangement of reproductive organs, but is distinguished by a filiform proboscis and male pores on folded porophores. A combination of other characters distinguishes most Eremidrilus species from most Trichodrilus species: (i) elongate-tubular thin-walled atria, (ii) posterior vasa deferentia forming a loop in X1, (iii) no posterior blood vessels, (iv) nephridia not present in VII. Spermathecae restricted to the first postatrial segment and laterally displaced spermathecal pores differentiate the western Eremidrilus species from the single eastern species. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Basque Country, Dept Zool & Dinam Celular, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. RP Fend, SV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mailstop 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM svfend@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 81 IS 3 BP 515 EP 542 DI 10.1139/Z02-235 PG 28 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 677BV UT WOS:000182787800018 ER PT J AU Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Cranor, WL Ho, KT AF Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Cranor, WL Ho, KT TI Comparisons of coarse and fine versions of two carbons for reducing the bioavailabilities of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE sediment; organic contaminants; bioavailability; charcoal; adsorption; TIE ID TOXICITY; REMOVAL; RESIN AB Coarse (whole) and finely ground Ambersorb 1500 and coarse and fine coconut charcoal were compared as to their efficiencies in scavenging organic contaminants desorbed from sediment. Aqueous slurries of a test sediment spiked (I ppm) with p,p'-DDE (DDE), 2,2,5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), naphthalene (NAP), or phenanthrene (PHEN), and containing 1% levels of the test carbons were treated by shaking at 35 degreesC while exposed to clusters of low-density polyethylene membrane (detox spiders). Controls consisted of spiked sediments and detox spiders but no added carbon of any kind and thus represented unimpeded bioavailabilities (to the spiders). After the treatments-agitation periods from 2.5 to 60 h, depending on contaminant hydrophobicity-the exposed detox spiders were analyzed. The fine carbon of either type was more effective than its coarser variant in obstructing contaminant bioavailabilities. The finer variants of both carbons obstructed the bioavailabilities of NAP and PHEN equally well as did the coarser variants of both. Whole Ambersorb 1500 and coarse coconut charcoal were similarly ineffective in intercepting TCB and DDE. Ground Ambersorb 1500 obstructed virtually all bioavailability of all four contaminants and was far more effective than fine coconut charcoal in intercepting DDE and TCB. An additional experiment compared the effectiveness of ground Ambersorb 1500 and fine coconut charcoal in obstructing the bioavailabilities from sediment of a broad array of spiked organochlorine pesticides. The performance of ground Ambersorb 1500 was again found to be superior; the bioavailable levels of each of the 27 pesticides were markedly lower in the presence of ground Ambersorb 1500 than in the presence of fine coconut charcoal. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Lebo, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 2003 VL 50 IS 10 BP 1309 EP 1317 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00817-2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 650AM UT WOS:000181240200005 PM 12586162 ER PT J AU Parson, EA Corell, RW Barron, EJ Burkett, V Janetos, A Joyce, L Karl, TR MacCracken, MC Melillo, J Morgan, MG Schimel, DS Wilbanks, T AF Parson, EA Corell, RW Barron, EJ Burkett, V Janetos, A Joyce, L Karl, TR MacCracken, MC Melillo, J Morgan, MG Schimel, DS Wilbanks, T TI Understanding climatic impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation in the United States: Building a capacity for assessment SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID INCREASING CARBON-DIOXIDE; INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; EXPERT JUDGMENTS; CHANGING CLIMATE; GLOBAL CHANGE; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; WEEDS; RICE AB Based on the experience of the U.S. National Assessment, we propose a program of research and analysis to advance capability for assessment of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. We identify specific priorities for scientific research on the responses of ecological and socioeconomic systems to climate and other stresses: for improvement in the climatic inputs to impact assessments; and for further development of assessment methods to improve their practical utility to decision-makers. Finally, we propose a new institutional model for assessment, based principally on regional efforts that integrate observations, research, data, applications, and assessment on climate and linked environmental-change issues. The proposed program will require effective collaboration between scientists, resource managers, and other stakeholders, all of whose expertise is needed to define and prioritize key regional issues, characterize relevant uncertainties, and assess potential responses. While both scientifically and omanizationally challenging, such an integrated program holds the best promise of advancing Our capacity to manage resources and the economy adaptively under a changing climate. C1 Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Amer Meteorol Soc, Washington, DC USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. World Resources Inst, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Washington, DC USA. US Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Parson, EA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, 79 JFK St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 101 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAR PY 2003 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 42 DI 10.1023/A:1022188519982 PG 34 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 651UJ UT WOS:000181340200003 ER PT J AU Donahue, SW Vaughan, MR Demers, LM Donahue, HJ AF Donahue, SW Vaughan, MR Demers, LM Donahue, HJ TI Serum markers of bone metabolism show bone loss in hibernating bears SO CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BLACK BEARS; MINERAL DENSITY; BED REST; BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS; IMMOBILIZATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; OSTEOPENIA; PROLIFERATION; REVERSIBILITY; RESORPTION AB Disuse osteopenia was studied in hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus) using serum markers of bone metabolism. Blood samples were collected from male and female, wild black bears during winter derming and active summer periods. Radioimmunoassays were done to determine serum concentrations of cortisol, the carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide, and the carboxy-terminal propeptide of Type I procollagen, which are markers of bone resorption and formation, respectively. The bone resorption marker was significantly higher during winter hibernation than it was in the active summer months, hut the bone formation marker was unchanged, suggesting an imbalance in bone remodeling and a net bone loss during disuse. Serum cortisol was significantly correlated with the bone resorption marker, but not with the bone formation marker. The bone formation marker was four- to fivefold higher in an adolescent and a 17-year-old bear early in the remobilization period compared with the later summer months. These findings raise the possibility that hibernating black bears may minimize bone loss during disuse by maintaining osteoblastic function and have a more efficient compensatory mechanism for recovering immobilization-induced bone loss than that of humans or other animals. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Pathol, Hershey, PA USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Med, Hershey, PA USA. Penn State Univ, Musculoskeletal Res Lab, Dept Orthopaed & Rehabil, Hershey, PA USA. RP Donahue, SW (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 312 Chem Sci Bldg,1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [R01-AG13087] NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-921X J9 CLIN ORTHOP RELAT R JI Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. PD MAR PY 2003 IS 408 BP 295 EP 301 DI 10.1097/01.blo.0000038054.29678.6b PG 7 WC Orthopedics; Surgery SC Orthopedics; Surgery GA 653LM UT WOS:000181436700041 PM 12616074 ER PT J AU Plunkert, PA Guzzino, T Hawkins, M Cheveley, G Klapwijk, P Kakela, P Stack, S Christian, JM Bateman, P Hunziker, R Robuck, A AF Plunkert, PA Guzzino, T Hawkins, M Cheveley, G Klapwijk, P Kakela, P Stack, S Christian, JM Bateman, P Hunziker, R Robuck, A TI 2003 commodity reports SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Doe Run Co, St Louis, MO 63146 USA. Silver Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Plunkert, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRIMEDIA BUSINESS MAGAZINES & MEDIA INC PI OVERLAND PK PA 9800 METCALF, OVERLAND PK, KS 66212-2216 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 204 IS 3 BP 20 EP 35 PG 16 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 666TP UT WOS:000182192800012 ER PT J AU Ainley, DG Ford, RG Brown, ED Suryan, RM Irons, DB AF Ainley, DG Ford, RG Brown, ED Suryan, RM Irons, DB TI Prey resources, competition, and geographic structure of kittiwake colonies in Prince William Sound SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ammodytes hexapterus; black-legged kittiwake; Clupea pallasi; colonial seabird; colony geographic structure; colony size; foraging density; foraging range; interference competition; Pacific herring; Pacific sand lance; Rissa tridactyla ID BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; INTERFERENCE COMPETITION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; INTERCOLONY COMPETITION; FORAGING HABITAT; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; CLIFF SWALLOWS; ROSEATE TERNS; FISH SCHOOLS; LIFE-HISTORY AB Mostly indirect evidence has shown that the size of bird colonies is often related positively to the size of foraging areas, in turn an indirect measure of prey availability. We report here results of an unusual opportunity to directly investigate the relationships among the size and distribution of colonies of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), the degree of overlap of colony-specific foraging areas, and the availability of kittiwake prey, principally Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) and sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1995-1999. Aerial surveys to assess prevalence of prey schools visible at the surface (the kittiwake mode of prey search) allowed quantification of prey availability in foraging areas. Foraging areas and foraging ranges were determined by radio telemetry. Large colonies occurred as far apart as physically possible and not within foraging range (similar to40 km) of one another; only small colonies occurred within the respective ranges of large colonies. Foraging range, foraging trip duration, and area of foraging grounds were related positively to colony size. Down to the finest scale (1.5-nautical miles, or 2.8 km), the presence-absence of foraging kittiwakes was related to where prey schools were likely to occur, rather than there being a direct relationship between densities of kittiwakes and observed prey schools. Annual variation in school density did not alter the relationship between colony size and size of foraging grounds, i.e., more abundant prey did not reduce the size of the foraging ground. Importantly, the quality of foraging grounds (prevalence of fish schools at the surface) decreased with colony size. We conclude that the density of foraging kittiwakes within Prince William Sound has reached a limit: additional birds would compromise access to prey, probably by passive foraging interference. This pattern would explain why overall numbers of breeding kittiwakes in the Sound have remained relatively stable during the past few decades, whereas several colonies have dramatically increased in size and others have decreased or disappeared. C1 H T Harvey & Associates, San Jose, CA 95118 USA. RG Ford Consulting, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Ainley, DG (reprint author), H T Harvey & Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway,Suite 145, San Jose, CA 95118 USA. EM dainley@harveyecology.com NR 61 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3 BP 709 EP 723 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0709:PRCAGS]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656VF UT WOS:000181629500023 ER PT J AU Royle, JA Nichols, JD AF Royle, JA Nichols, JD TI Estimating abundance from repeated presence-absence data or point counts SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance estimation; Breeding Bird Survey; detection probability; mixture models; occupancy rate; patch occupancy models; point counts; presence-absence data ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; DEMOGRAPHIC-MODELS; METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; WILDLIFE POPULATIONS; REGRESSION; POISSON; RATES; SIZE AB We describe an approach for estimating occupancy rate or the proportion of area occupied when heterogeneity in detection probability exists as a result of variation in abundance of the organism under study. The key feature of such problems, which we exploit, is that variation in abundance induces variation in detection probability. Thus, heterogeneity in abundance can be modeled as heterogeneity in detection probability. Moreover, this linkage between heterogeneity in abundance and heterogeneity in detection probability allows one to exploit a heterogeneous detection probability model to estimate the underlying distribution of abundances. Therefore, our method allows estimation of abundance from repeated observations' of the presence or absence of animals without having to uniquely mark individuals in the population. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Royle, JA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM andy_royle@fws.gov OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 54 TC 468 Z9 487 U1 24 U2 257 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3 BP 777 EP 790 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0777:EAFRPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656VF UT WOS:000181629500029 ER PT J AU Ross, RM Bennett, RM Snyder, CD Young, JA Smith, DR Lemarie, DP AF Ross, RM Bennett, RM Snyder, CD Young, JA Smith, DR Lemarie, DP TI Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) on fish community structure and function in headwater streams of the Delaware River basin SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE coldwater fishes; eastern hemlock; functional diversity; headwater streams; hemlock woolly adelgid; ravines; species diversity; tolerance AB Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis ) forests of the eastern U.S. are in decline due to invasion by the exotic insect hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae ). Aquatic biodiversity in hemlock ecosystems has not been documented; thus the true impact of the infestation cannot be assessed. We compared ichthyofaunal assemblages and trophic structure of streams draining hemlock and hardwood forests by sampling first- and second-order streams draining 14 paired hemlock and hardwood stands during base flows in July 1997 at the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Over 1400 fish of 15 species and 7 families were collected, but hemlock and hardwood streams individually harbored only one to four species. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis ) and brown trout (Salmo trutta ) were two to three times as prevalent in hemlock than hardwood streams. Insectivorous fishes occurred in significantly higher proportion in streams of hardwood (0.90) than hemlock (0.46) stands, while piscivores occurred more often in hemlock (0.85) than hardwood (0.54) stands. Functional (trophic) diversity of fishes in hemlock and second-order streams was numerically greater than that of hardwood and first-order streams. Species composition also differed by stream order and terrain type. Biodiversity is threatened at several levels within hemlock ecosystems at risk to the hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern U.S. forests. C1 US Geol Survey, No Appalachian Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. US Geol Survey, Aquat Ecol Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Ross, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Appalachian Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 7 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD MAR PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1 BP 60 EP 65 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0633.2003.00006.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 644PJ UT WOS:000180927000002 ER PT J AU John, DA Hofstra, AH Theodore, TG AF John, DA Hofstra, AH Theodore, TG TI A special issue devoted to gold deposits in northern Nevada: part 1. Regional studies and epithermal deposits - Preface SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Editorial Material ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; EOCENE MAGMATISM; JERRITT-CANYON; CARLIN TREND; GREAT-BASIN; MINERALIZATION; MIOCENE; EXPLORATION; ORIGIN C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP John, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-901,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI John, David/0000-0001-7977-9106 NR 80 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 225 EP 234 DI 10.2113/98.2.225 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400001 ER PT J AU Howard, KA AF Howard, KA TI Crustal structure in the Elko-Carlin region, Nevada, during Eocene gold mineralization: Ruby-East Humboldt metamorphic core complex as a guide to the deep crust SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICAN CORDILLERA; WOOD HILLS REGION; RAFT-RIVER DETACHMENT; SEVIER OROGENIC BELT; NORMAL-FAULT SYSTEMS; NORTHEASTERN NEVADA; TECTONOTHERMAL EVOLUTION; MESOZOIC TECTONICS; PEQUOP MOUNTAINS AB The deep crustal rocks exposed in the Ruby-East Humboldt metamorphic core complex, northeastern Nevada, provide a guide for reconstructing Eocene crustal structure similar to50 km to the west near the Carlin trend of gold deposits. The deep crustal rocks, in the footwall of a west-dipping normal-sense shear system, may have underlain the Pinon and Adobe Ranges about 50 km to the west before Tertiary extension, close to or under part of the Carlin trend. Eocene lakes formed on the hanging wall of the fault system during an early phase of extension and may have been linked to a fluid reservoir for hydrothermal circulation. The magnitude and timing of Paleogene extension remain indistinct, but dikes and tilt axes in the upper crust indicate that spreading was east-west to northwest-southeast, perpendicular to a Paleozoic and Mesozoic orogen that the spreading overprinted. High geothermal gradients associated with Eocene or older crustal thinning may have contributed to hydrothermal circulation in the upper crust. Late Eocene eruptions, upper crustal dike intrusion, and gold mineralization approximately coincided temporally with deep intrusion of Eocene sills of granite and quartz diorite and shallower intrusion of the Harrison Pass pluton into the core-complex rocks. Stacked Mesozoic nappes of metamorphosed Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks in the core complex lay at least 13 to 20 km deep in Eocene time, on the basis of geobarometry studies. In the northern part of the complex, the presently exposed rocks had been even deeper in the late Mesozoic, to >30 km depths, before losing part of their cover by Eocene time. Nappes in the core plunge northward beneath the originally thicker Mesozoic tectonic cover in the north part of the core complex. Mesozoic nappes and tectonic wedging likely occupied the thickened midlevel crustal section between the deep crustal core-complex intrusions and nappes and the overlying upper crust. These structures, as well as the subsequent large-displacement Cenozoic extensional faulting and flow in the deep crust, would be expected to blur the expression of any regional structural roots that could correlate with mineral belts. Structural mismatch of the mineralized upper crust and the tectonically complex middle crust suggests that the Carlin trend relates not to subjacent deeply penetrating rooted structures but to favorable upper crustal host rocks aligned within a relatively coherent regional block of upper crust. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Howard, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 975, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 176 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 249 EP 268 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400003 ER PT J AU Grauch, VJS Rodriguez, BD Wooden, JL AF Grauch, VJS Rodriguez, BD Wooden, JL TI Geophysical and isotopic constraints on crustal structure related to mineral trends in north-central Nevada and implications for tectonic history SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; LARGE-SCALE FRACTURES; GOLD DEPOSITS; GREAT-BASIN; GRAVITY; ANOMALIES; RANGE; AGE AB We combined information from Sr and Ph isotope data and magnetotelluric models to develop a new magnetic and gravity interpretation of the crustal structure of north-central Nevada to better understand the origin of mineral trends. The new interpretation suggests a crustal structure that is composed of Precambrian continental crust, transitional crust, and primarily oceanic crust that are separated by northwest- and northeast-striking fault zones. The magnetic expression of the buried Precambrian continental crust is recognized for the first time. Low magnetic values primarily reflect magnetite-poor crystalline crust rather than elevated temperatures at depth. Northwest- and northeast-striking crustal boundaries are defined by isotopic data and abrupt gradients in gravity and magnetic data. The Carlin and Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral trends are associated with two of three northwest-striking boundaries. The Carlin boundary is primarily defined by a change in density and isotopic character of the lower to middle crust. The Battle Mountain-Eureka boundary coincides with a density contrast in, the upper crust and a change in isotopic character in the lower to middle crust. Magnetotelluric models suggest that the Battle Mountain-Eureka boundary represents a crustal fault zone for most of its extent, but that deep-rooted faulting is more complex near and northwest of Battle Mountain. Crustal fault zones inferred from the magnetotelluric models near the Carlin trend are oblique to it, suggesting that they may not have been controlled by the deep boundary seen in the gravity and isotopic data. The third northwest-trending boundary is related to the western edge of the buried Precambrian continent in west-central Nevada, but lacks an associated mineral trend. A northeast-striking boundary forms the northern limit of Precambrian continental and transitional crust. The boundaries may have originated as rift or transform faults during Precambrian breakup of Rodinia or as faults accommodating lateral movements or accretion during later Paleozoic tectonic events. Comparing the crustal structure to tectonic elements produced by successively younger events shows that it had a profound influence on subsequent sedimentation, deformation, magmatism, extension, and most important, mineralization. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM tien@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 269 EP 286 DI 10.2113/98.2.269 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400004 ER PT J AU Theodore, TG Kotlyar, BB Singer, DA Bergerr, VI Abbott, EW Foster, AL AF Theodore, TG Kotlyar, BB Singer, DA Bergerr, VI Abbott, EW Foster, AL TI Applied geochemistry, geology, and mineralogy of the northernmost Carlin trend, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID GOLD DEPOSIT; SPECTROSCOPY; EXPLORATION; ABSORPTION; SOILS; ARSENIC(III); SPECIATION; ADSORPTION; OXIDATION; ARSENITE AB Investigations in the northernmost Carlin trend were undertaken to advance understanding of the geochemical signatures and genesis of precious metal deposits in the trend. Two fundamental geologic relationships near the trend significantly affect regional geochemical distributions: a remarkably intact lower Paleozoic stratigraphic sequence of siliceous rocks in the upper plate of the middle Paleozoic Roberts Mountains thrust, and the widespread repetition of rocks high in the upper plate during late Paleozoic thrusting that thickens the cover above mineralized rock in the lower plate. A compilation of previously published chemical analyses of 440 stream sediment samples and 115 rocks from two 7(1)/(2)-minute quadrangles, as well as new chemical analyses of approximately 1,000 drill core samples in a 1,514 in (4,970 ft) hole through the Rodeo Creek deposit were used to construct three-dimensional element distribution models that highlight metal zonation in the mineralized systems. The Rodeo Creek deposit comprises deep Ag base-metal+/-Au-mineralized rock below the Roberts Mountains thrust and contains an unusually high Ag/Au ratio greater than 30. Stacked geochemical halos related to the deposit are confined to the lower plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust and include two horizons of Hg, Cu, and Zn anomalies-as much as 180 m above the deposit-that mostly result from mercurian sphalerite. Extremely subtle indications of mineralization in the upper plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust above the deposit include arsenopyrite overgrowths on small pyrite crystals in 50- to 75-mum-wide clay-carbonate veinlets that lack alteration halos, arsenical rims on small disseminated crystals of recrystallized diagenetic pyrite, and partial replacement of diagenetic pyrite by tennantite. Some of these minerals contain anomalously high An. However, these As-(Au)-bearing rocks most likely represent another locus of largely untested mineralized rock rather than distal halos related to either the Rodeo Creek or the nearby Dee and Storm gold deposits. Application of micromineralogic techniques helped to identify mineral assemblages that are specific to mineralization and provided an empirical foundation for interpretations of geochemical halos in the Carlin trend. District-scale geochemical patterns of several elements in stream sediments and surface rocks coincide with the northernmost Carlin trend and can be used to explore for Carlin-type deposits. Concentrations of elevated As and Sb in stream sediments (as much as 54 ppm As) have northwest-elongate lobate patterns that clearly outline the trend across a width of approximately 4 km. Arsenic contents of exposed rocks (as much as 90 ppm As) strongly correlate with As contents of derivative stream sediments, and rock contents of Sb show a somewhat lesser but nonetheless strong and similar correspondence. Factor analysis of stream-sediment data shows that those factor scores that are correlated with As, Sb, An, and Pb also are high along the trend and suggest that mineralized rocks may be present. Although As was not detected by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) studies in heavy mineral concentrates of high-As stream sediments in the Carlin trend, X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) of selected light fractions of stream sediment samples indicate that Al-bearing phases, such as gibbsite, amorphous Al oxyhydroxides, or aluminosilicate clay minerals host most of the As(V). The best fit, visually and in terms of the lowest residual, was obtained by a model compound of As(V) sorbed to gibbsite. Thus, most As in stream sediments derived from altered rock within the Carlin trend apparently is contained in light fractions. The geochemical character of young, unconsolidated, postmineral deposits that cover mineralized rocks on the Carlin trend partly results from mineralized sources along the trend. Concentration of As in the Miocene Carlin Formation shows air exceptionally well developed progressive increase to about 30 ppm As as altered rock surrounding the trend is approached. Mineralized and/or altered rock fragments probably have been shed directly into the sedimentary basin of the Carlin Formation, mid migration of As, now fixed as As(V), also may have occurred in the supergene environment after material was recycled out of the Carlin Formation and into present-day gulleys. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. King Midas Resources Ltd, Reno, NV 89502 USA. RP Theodore, TG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 113 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 19 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 287 EP 316 DI 10.2113/98.2.287 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400005 ER PT J AU Peters, SG Armstrong, AK Harris, AG Oscarson, RL Noble, PJ AF Peters, SG Armstrong, AK Harris, AG Oscarson, RL Noble, PJ TI Biostratigraphy and structure of paleozoic host rocks and their relationship to Carlin-type gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon mining district, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID ROBERTS MOUNTAINS ALLOCHTHON; NORTHEASTERN NEVADA; ORIGIN; MAGMATISM; EXTENSION; SEQUENCE; RANGE; ORE AB The Jerritt Canyon mining district in the northern Independence Range, northern Nevada, contains multiple, nearly horizontal, thrust masses of platform carbonate rocks that are exposed in a series of north- to northeast-elongated, tectonic windows through rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon. The Roberts Mountains allochthon was emplaced during the Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Antler orogeny. These thrust masses contain structurally and stratigraphically controlled Carlin-type gold deposits. The gold deposits are hosted in tectonically truncated units of the Silurian to Devonian Hanson Creek and Roberts Mountains Formations that lie within structural slices of an Eastern assemblage of Cambrian to Devonian carbonate rocks. in addition, these multiply thrust-faulted and folded host rocks are structurally interleaved with Mississippian siliciclastic rocks and are overlain structurally by Cambrian to Devonian siliciclastic units of the Roberts Mountains allochthon. All sedimentary rocks were involved in thrusting, high-angle faulting, and folding, and some of these events indicate substantial late Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic regional shortening. Early Pennsylvanian and late Eocene dikes also intrude the sedimentary rocks. These rocks all were uplifted into a northeast-trending range by subsequent late Cenozoic Basin and Range faulting. Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks flank part of the range. Pathways of hydrothermal fluid flow and locations of Carlin-type gold orebodies in the Jerritt Canyon mining district were controlled by structural and host-rock geometries within specific lithologies of the stacked thrust masses of Eastern assemblage rocks. The gold deposits are most common proximal to intersections of northeast-striking faults, northwest-striking dikes, and thrust planes that he adjacent to permeable stratigraphic horizons. The host stratigraphic units include carbonate sequences that contained primary intercrystalline permeability, which provided initial pathways for fluid flow and later served as precipitation sites for ore minerals. Alteration, during, and perhaps prior to mineralization, enhanced primary permeability by dissolution, by removal of calcite, and by formation of dolomite. Ore-stage sulfide minerals and alteration minerals commonly precipitated in pore spaces among dolomite,grains. Microveinlets and microbrecciation in zones of intense alteration also provided networks of secondary permeability that further enhanced fluid flux and produced additional sites for ore deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Peters, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-954,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA USA. NR 115 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 317 EP 337 DI 10.2113/98.2.317 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400006 ER PT J AU Castor, SB Boden, DR Henry, CD Cline, JS Hofstra, AH McIntosh, WC Tosdal, RM Wooden, JP AF Castor, SB Boden, DR Henry, CD Cline, JS Hofstra, AH McIntosh, WC Tosdal, RM Wooden, JP TI The Tuscarora Au-Ag district: Eocene volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits in the Carlin gold region, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; FLUID INCLUSION; AR-40/AR-39 GEOCHRONOLOGY; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; ROUND MOUNTAIN; BEAST DEPOSIT; MAGMATISM; MINERALIZATION; TREND AB The Tuscarora mining district contains the oldest and the only productive Eocene epithermal deposits in Nevada. The district is a particularly clear example of association of low-sulfidation deposits with igneous activity and structure, and it is unusual in that it consists of two adjoining but physically and chemically distinct types of low-sulfidation deposits. Moreover, Tuscarora deposits are of interest because they formed contemporaneously with nearby, giant Carlin-type gold deposits. The Tuscarora deposits formed within the 39.9 to 39.3 Ma Tuscarora volcanic field, along and just outside the southeastern margin of the caldera-like Mount Blitzen volcanic center. Both deposit types formed at 39.3 Ma, contemporaneous with the only major intrusive activity in the volcanic field. No deposits are known to have formed during any of the intense volcanic phases of the field. Intrusions were the apparent heat source, and structures related to the Mount Blitzen center were conduits for hydrothermal circulation. The ore-forming fluids interacted dominantly with Eocene igneous rocks. The two deposit types occur in a northern silver-rich zone that is characterized by relatively high Ag/Au ratios (110-150), narrow alteration zones, and quartz and carbonate veins developed mostly in intrusive dacite, and in a southern gold-rich zone that is typified by relatively low Ag/Au ratios (4-14), more widespread alteration, and quartz-fissure and stockwork veins commonly developed in tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. The deposit types have similar fluid inclusion and Pb and S isotope characteristics but different geochemical signatures. Quartz veins from both zones have similar thermal and paragenetic histories and contain fluid inclusions that indicate that fluids cooled from between 260degrees and 230degreesC to less than 200degreesC. Fluid boiling may have contributed to precious-metal deposition. Veins in both zones have relatively high As and Sb and low Bi, Te, and W. The silver zone has high Ca, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cd, Tl, and Se. The gold zone has high Hg and Mo. A few samples from an area of overlap between the zones share chemical characteristics of both deposit types. The deposit types could represent a single zoned or evolving system in which hydrothermal fluids rose along structures within the silver zone, preferentially deposited Ag and base metals, and then spread into the gold zone. Alternatively, the deposit types could represent two distinct but temporally indistinguishable hydrothermal cells that only narrowly overlapped spatially. As noted in previous studies, the hydrothermal fluids that generated the Tuscarora and other epithermal deposits could have evolved from Carlin-type fluids by boiling and mixing with meteoric water. If so, the Tuscarora deposit may represent epithermal conditions above Carlin-type deposits, and Carlin-type deposits may lie beneath the district. C1 Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, New Mexico Bur Geol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Mineral Deposit Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Castor, SB (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 98 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 13 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 339 EP 366 DI 10.2113/98.2.339 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400007 ER PT J AU Berger, BR Tingley, JV Drew, LJ AF Berger, BR Tingley, JV Drew, LJ TI Structural localization and origin of compartmentalized fluid flow, Comstock lode, Virginia City, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA SHEAR ZONE; PULL-APART BASINS; RANGE PROVINCE; STRESS; DEPOSITS; MODEL; PATTERNS AB Bonanza-grade orebodies in epithermal-style mineral deposits characteristically occur as discrete zones within spatially more extensive fault and/or fracture systems. Empirically, the segregation of such systems into compartments of higher and lower permeability appears to be a key process necessary for high-grade ore formation and, most commonly, it is such concentrations of metals that make an epithermal vein district world class. in the world-class silver- and gold-producing Comstock mining district, Nevada, several lines of evidence lead to the conclusion that the Comstock lode is localized in an extensional stepover between right-lateral fault zones. This evidence includes fault geometries, kinematic indicators of slip, the hydraulic connectivity of faults as demonstrated by veins and dikes along faults, and the opening of a normal-fault-bounded, asymmetric basin between two parallel and overlapping northwest-striking, lateral- to lateral-oblique-slip fault zones. During basin opening, thick, generally subeconomic, banded quartz-adularia veins were deposited in the normal fault zone, the Comstock fault, and along one of the bounding lateral fault zones, the Silver City fault. As deformation continued, the intrusion of dikes and small plugs into the hanging wall of the Comstock fault zone may have impeded the ability of the stepover to accommodate displacement on the bounding strike-slip faults through extension within the stepover. A transient period of transpressional deformation of the Comstock fault zone ensued, and the early-stage veins were deformed through boudinaging and hydraulic fragmentation, fault-motion inversion, and high- and low-angle axial rotations of segments of the fault planes and some fault-bounded wedges. This deformation led to the formation of spatially restricted compartments of high vertical permeability and hydraulic connectivity and low lateral hydraulic connectivity. Bonanza orebodies were formed in the compartmentalized zones of high permeability and hydraulic connectivity. As heat flow and related hydrothermal activity waned along the Comstock fault zone, extension was reactivated in the stepover along the Occidental zone of normal faults east of the Comstock fault zone. Volcanic and related intrusive activity in this part of the stepover led to a new episode of hydrothermal activity and formation of the Occidental lodes. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Berger, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 66 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 387 EP 408 DI 10.2113/98.2.387 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400009 ER PT J AU Wallace, AR AF Wallace, AR TI Geology of the Ivanhoe Hg-Au district, northern Nevada: Influence of Miocene volcanism, lakes, and active faulting on epithermal mineralization SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID BASIN; MAGMATISM; DEPOSIT; ORIGIN; MIDDLE; RIFT AB The mercury-gold deposits of the Ivanhoe mining district in northern Nevada formed when middle Miocene rhyolitic volcanism and high-angle faulting disrupted a shallow lacustrine environment. Sinter and replacement mercury deposits formed at and near the paleosurface, and disseminated gold deposits and high-grade gold-silver veins formed beneath the hot spring deposits. The lacustrine environment provided abundant meteoric water; the rhyolites heated the water; and the faults, flow units, and lakebeds provided fluid pathways for the hydrothermal fluids. A shallow lake began to develop in the Ivanhoe area about 16.5 Ma. The lake progressively expanded and covered the entire area with fine-grained lacustrine sediments. Lacustrine sedimentation continued to at least 14.4 Ma, and periodic fluctuations in the size and extent of the lake may have been responses to both climate and nearby volcanism. The eruption of rhyolite and andesite flows and domes periodically disrupted the lacustrine environment and produced interfingered flows and lake sediments. The major pulse of rhyolitic volcanism took place between 15.16+/-0.05 and 14.92+/-0.05 Ma. High-angle faulting began in the basement about 15.2 Ma, penetrated to and disrupted the paleosurface after 15.10+/-0.06 Ma, and largely ceased by 14.92+/-0.05 Ma. Ground motion related to both faulting and volcanism created debris flows and soft-sediment deformation in the lakebeds. Mercury-gold mineralization was coeval with rhyolite volcanism and high-angle faulting, and it took place about 15.2 to 14.9 Ma. At and near the paleosurface, hydrothermal fluids migrated through tuffaceous sediments above relatively impermeable volcanic and Paleozoic units, creating chalcedonic, cinnabar-bearing replacement bodies and sinters. Disseminated gold was deposited in sedimentary and volcanic rocks beneath the mercury deposits, although the hydrologic path between the two ore types is unclear. Higher-grade gold-silver deposits formed in massive rhyolites and Paleozoic quartzites at deeper levels, and these mineralized zones possibly represent the feeder zones for the higher-level deposits. Fluctuations in the ground-water table locally produced hydrothermal oxidation of the near-surface mercury and disseminated gold deposits. The locus of mineralization shifted with time, moving south and east from its inception point in the west-central part of the district. Thus, although mineralization in the district took place during a span of 300,000 years, the duration of mineralization at any one place probably was much shorter. The low-sulfidation deposits of the Ivanhoe district formed at the same time and under similar conditions as those in the nearby Midas district, 15 kin to the northwest, which includes the large, high-grade Ken Snyder gold-silver epithermal vein deposit. The exposures in the Ivanhoe district are interpreted to represent the near-surface example of the paleosurface that originally was present above the Midas mineralizing system. The resulting combined Ivanhoe-Midas model provides an exploration guide for epithermal deposits in similar geologic environments in northern Nevada. C1 Univ Nevada, US Geol Survey, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Wallace, AR (reprint author), Univ Nevada, US Geol Survey, MS 176, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 409 EP 424 DI 10.2113/98.2.409 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400010 ER PT J AU John, DA Hofstra, AH Fleck, RJ Brummer, JE Saderholm, EC AF John, DA Hofstra, AH Fleck, RJ Brummer, JE Saderholm, EC TI Geologic setting and genesis of the Mule Canyon low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, north-central Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID OXYGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; WAIOTAPU GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; NEW-ZEALAND; FLUID INCLUSION; ORE-DEPOSITS; RANGE PROVINCE; GREAT-BASIN; GEOCHEMISTRY; MINERALIZATION AB The Mule Canyon mine exploited shallow, low-sulfidation, epithermal Au-Ag deposits that lie near the west side of the Northern Nevada rift in northern Lander County, Nevada. Mule Canyon consists of six small-deposits that contained premining reserves of about 8.2 Mt at an average grade of 3.81 g Au/tonne. It is an uncommon mafic end member of low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits associated with tholeiitic bimodal basalt-rhyolite magmatism. The ore is hosted by a basalt-andesite eruptive center that formed between about 16.4 to 15.8 Ma during early mafic eruptions related to regionally extensive bimodal magmatism. Hydrothermal alteration and Au-Ag ores formed at about 15.6 Ma and were tightly controlled by north-northwest- to north-striking high-angle fault and breccia zones developed during rifting, emplacement of mafic dikes, and eruption of mafic lava flows. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages are zoned outward from fluid conduits in the sequence silica-adularia, adularia-smectite, smectite (intermediate argillic), and smectite-carbonate (propylitic). All alteration types contain abundant pyrite and/or marcasite+/-arsenopyrite. Field relations indicate that silica-adularia alteration is superimposed on argillic and propylitic alteration. Little or no steam-heated acid-sulfate alteration is present, probably the result of a near-surface water table during hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition. Two distinct ore types are present at Mule Canyon: early replacement and later open-space filling. Replacement ores consist of disseminated and vesicle-filling pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite in argillically altered or weakly silicified rocks. Ore minerals consist of Au-bearing arsenopyrite and arsenian pyrite overgrowths on earlier-formed pyrite and marcasite. Open-space filling ores include narrow stockwork quartz-adularia veins, banded and crustiform opaline and chalcedonic silica-adularia veins, silica-adularia cemented breccias, and sparse carbonate-pyrite and/or marcasite veins. Ore minerals consist mostly of electrum and Ag sulfide and selenide minerals, with minor to major amounts of pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite, and local stibnite. Both types of ores have similar geochemical signatures, characterized by high An, Ag, As, Sb, and Se contents, locally high Hg, Mo, Tl, and W contents, and low Cu, Pb, and Zn contents. Stable isotope data indicate that ore fluids consisted dominantly of meteoric water that evolved by deep circulation through Paleozoic sedimentary rocks at low water/rock ratios (about 1) and high temperatures (>200Cdegrees). Calculated isotopic compositions of ore fluids are delta(18)O(H 2 O)=-3 to -7 per mil, deltaD(H 2 O)=-107 to -124 per mil delta(13)C(CO2)=0 to -6 per mil, and delta(34)S(H 2 S)=-3 to +8 per mil. The ore fluids obtained much of their H2S and CO2 and probably scavenged ore metals and trace elements from the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Some H2S and CO2 may have been derived from degassing Miocene magmas. Mule Canyon formed at shallow depths, probably about 100 m below the paleosurface. Ore fluids were dilute, nearly neutral in pH, reduced, H2S-rich, and CO2-bearing. Peak temperatures in ore zones reached 230degrees to 265degreesC at nearly lithostatic pressures when some crystalline quartz+/-adularia precipitated, but most ore formed at temperatures <200&DEG;C at near hydrostatic pressures and was accompanied by precipitation of opaline and chalcedonic silica&PLUSMN;adularia&PLUSMN;calcite and dolomite. Deposition of gold in As-rich overgrowths on pyrite and/or marcasite in disseminated ores occurred owing to decreasing H2S in the ore fluids resulting from sulfidation reactions. Later electrum and Ag selenide precipitation in open spaces occurred owing to boiling, loss of H2S to the vapor phase, and cooling. Mule Canyon is similar to most other low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits associated with Miocene tholeiitic, bimodal basalt-rhyolite magmatism in the Great Basin, such as Sleeper, Midas, and Buckhorn. Major differences at Mule Canyon are the high Fe sulfide contents of some ores and altered wall rocks, the paucity of silicification, and the presence of only narrow and discontinuous gold-bearing siliceous veins. These differences primarily are due to the mafic composition of the host rocks. Mule Canyon differs from low-sulfidation deposits associated with subduction-related calc-alkaline porphyry intrusions, such as the Comstock lode, in that a much smaller proportion of water, salts, and metals was derived from crystallizing magmas. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Phelps Dodge Tyrone Inc, Tyrone, NM 88065 USA. Newmont Gold Co, Yanacocha, Peru. RP John, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI John, David/0000-0001-7977-9106 NR 115 TC 46 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 22 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 98 IS 2 BP 425 EP 463 DI 10.2113/98.2.425 PG 39 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670PL UT WOS:000182417400011 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Villella, RF Lemarie, DP AF Smith, DR Villella, RF Lemarie, DP TI Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE adaptive cluster sampling; biological surveys; freshwater mussels; sampling rare populations; unionids ID SPATIAL AGGREGATION; WATER MUSSELS; ALASMIDONTA; EFFICIENCY; BIVALVIA; RARE AB Freshwater mussels appear to be promising candidates for adaptive cluster sampling because they are benthic macroinvertebrates that cluster spatially and are frequently found at low densities. We applied adaptive cluster sampling to estimate density of freshwater mussels at 24 sites along the Cacapon River, WV, where a preliminary timed search indicated that mussels were present at low density. Adaptive cluster sampling increased yield of individual mussels and detection of uncommon species; however, it did not improve precision of density estimates. Because finding uncommon species, collecting individuals of those species, and estimating their densities are important conservation activities, additional research is warranted on application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussels. However, at this time we don not recommend routine application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussel populations. The ultimate, and currently unanswered, question is how to tell when adaptive cluster sampling should be used, i.e., when is a population sufficiently rare and clustered for adaptive cluster sampling to be efficient and practical? A cost-effective procedure needs to be developed to identify biological populations for which adaptive cluster sampling is appropriate. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 19 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1 BP 7 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1021956617984 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 635LA UT WOS:000180399300002 ER PT J AU Hopkins, TE Cech, JJ AF Hopkins, TE Cech, JJ TI The influence of environmental variables on the distribution and abundance of three elasmobranchs in Tomales Bay, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE bat ray; Myliobatis; leopard shark; Triakis; brown smoothhound; Mustelus ID SHARK TRIAKIS-SEMIFASCIATA; LARGE AUSTRALIAN ESTUARY; MYLIOBATIS-CALIFORNICA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; ELKHORN SLOUGH; FISH FAUNA; TEMPERATURE; MOVEMENTS; GROWTH; REPRODUCTION AB We tested the hypothesis that temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen affect elasmobranch distribution and abundance in Tomales Bay, California, with monthly longline samples over a 20 month period. We used a Poisson regression under generalized least squares and found that temperature and salinity were the most important factors determining the distribution and abundance of the three most common elasmobranch species, bat ray, Myliobatis californica, leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, and brown smoothhound shark, Mustelis henlei. Females of all three species were more abundant than males throughout the Bay, and were most abundant in the warmer, more saline inner bay. All three species apparently left Tomales Bay in late fall as water temperatures in the bay decreased to < 10 - 12 &DEG;C, and returned in early spring after temperatures increased to > 10 degreesC. Three of 257 bat rays tagged in Tomales Bay were recaptured, all within 1 km of their tagging location despite having been free for up to 583 d. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Florida Ecol Serv Off, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cech, JJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Florida Ecol Serv Off, 1339 20th St, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. NR 80 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2003 VL 66 IS 3 BP 279 EP 291 DI 10.1023/A:1023907121605 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 682UF UT WOS:000183110200008 ER PT J AU Nagorski, SA Moore, JN McKinnon, TE Smith, DB AF Nagorski, SA Moore, JN McKinnon, TE Smith, DB TI Scale-dependent temporal variations in stream water geochemistry SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK-RIVER; ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; DIEL VARIATION; COLORADO; METALS; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT; PATTERNS; MONTANA AB A year-long study of four western Montana streams (two impacted by mining and two "pristine") evaluated surface water geochemical dynamics on various time scales(monthly, daily, and bi-hourly). Monthly changes were dominated by snowmelt and precipitation dynamics. On the daily scale, post-rain surges in some solute and particulate concentrations were similar to those of early spring runoff flushing characteristics on the monthly scale. On the bi-hourly scale, we observed diel (diurnal-nocturnal) cycling for pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, dissolved inorganic carbon, total suspended sediment, and some total recoverable metals at some or all sites. A comparison of the cumulative geochemical variability within each of the temporal groups reveals that for many water quality parameters there were large overlaps of concentration ranges among groups. We found that short-term (daily and bi-hourly) variations of some geochemical parameters covered large proportions of the variations found on a much longer term (monthly) time scale. These results show the importance of nesting short-term studies within long-term geochemical study designs to separate signals of environmental change from natural variability. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Geol, Murdock Environm Biogeochem Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Moore, JN (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Geol, Murdock Environm Biogeochem Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 5 BP 859 EP 864 DI 10.1021/es025983+ PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 650HY UT WOS:000181258600023 PM 12666913 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT AF Kolpin, DW Furlong, ET Meyer, MT Thurman, EM Zaugg, SD Barber, LB Buxton, HT TI Response to comment on "pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 2 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 5 U2 59 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1054 EP 1054 DI 10.1021/es0202356 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 650HY UT WOS:000181258600052 ER PT J AU Gryc, G Terman, MJ AF Gryc, G Terman, MJ TI In memorium - John A. Reinemund (1919-2002) SO EPISODES LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, MS 975, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, MS 917, Reston, VA USA. RP Gryc, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 975, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI BEIJING PA C/O ACAD GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 6 BAIWANZHUANG RD, PO BOX 823, BEIJING 100037, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0705-3797 J9 EPISODES JI Episodes PD MAR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 47 EP 48 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727DQ UT WOS:000185641900006 ER PT J AU Warner, JC Schoellhamer, D Schladow, G AF Warner, JC Schoellhamer, D Schladow, G TI Tidal truncation and barotropic convergence in a channel network tidally driven from opposing entrances SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE channel network; tidal truncation; residual circulation; barotropic convergence; San Francisco Bay ID INLET ESTUARINE SYSTEMS; PROPAGATION AB Residual circulation patterns in a channel network that is tidally driven from entrances on opposite sides are controlled by the temporal phasing and spatial asymmetry of the two forcing tides. The Napa/Sonoma Marsh Complex in San Francisco Bay, CA, is such a system. A sill on the west entrance to the system prevents a complete tidal range at spring tides that results in tidal truncation of water levels. Tidal truncation does not occur on the east side but asymmetries develop due to friction and off-channel wetland storage. The east and west asymmetric tides meet in the middle to produce a barotropic convergence zone that controls the transport of water and sediment. During spring tides, tidally averaged water-surface elevations are higher on the truncated west side. This creates tidally averaged fluxes of water and sediment to the east. During neap tides, the water levels are not truncated and the propagation speed of the tides controls residual circulation, creating a tidally averaged flux in the opposite direction. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Warner, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 629 EP 639 DI 10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00213-5 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 687RL UT WOS:000183390400020 ER PT J AU Brigatti, MF Kile, DE Poppi, L AF Brigatti, MF Kile, DE Poppi, L TI Crystal structure and chemistry of lithium-bearing trioctahedral micas-3T SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY LA English DT Article DE lithian siderophyllite; crystal structure; chemistry; octahedral occupancy ID PIKES PEAK BATHOLITH; REFINEMENT; LEPIDOLITE; COLORADO AB Chemical analyses and crystal structure refinements were performed on lithian siderophyllite-3T crystals from granitic pegmatites of the anorogenic Pikes Peak batholith (Colorado) to characterize the crystal chemistry and relations with trioctahedral lithium-bearing micas showing different stacking sequences. Chemical data show that the studied samples fall on the siderophyllite-polylithionite join, closer to the siderophyllite end-member. Single-crystal X-ray refinements were carried out on three samples (two of which were taken from core and rim of the same crystal) in space-group P3(1)12 (the agreement factor, R-obs, varies between 0.034 and 0.036). Mean bond distances and mean electron counts of M1, M2 and M3 octahedral sites indicate an ordered cation distribution with M1 and M3 positions substantially larger than M2. In the sample with the largest iron content, the M2 mean electron count increases as well as the mean distance, whereas remains smaller than or . The tetrahedral cation-oxygen atom mean distances range from 1.614 to 1.638 Angstrom and from 1.663 to 1.678 Angstrom for T1 and T2 sites, respectively, being consistent with Al3+ enrichment in the T2 sites. The tetrahedral rotation angle, a, is generally small (3.1 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 4.6) and decreases with siderophyllite content. As Fe increases, the T1 tetrahedron becomes flatter (112.4 less than or equal to tau(T1) less than or equal to 110.5), whereas T2 tetrahedron distortion appears unchanged (110.7 less than or equal to tau(T2) less than or equal to 110.9). C1 Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-41100 Modena, Italy. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Brigatti, MF (reprint author), Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-41100 Modena, Italy. RI Brigatti, Maria Franca/L-9792-2015 OI Brigatti, Maria Franca/0000-0002-7526-9931 NR 33 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0935-1221 J9 EUR J MINERAL JI Eur. J. Mineral. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 15 IS 2 BP 349 EP 355 DI 10.1127/0935-1221/2003/0015-0349 PG 7 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 665CN UT WOS:000182102200014 ER PT J AU DeStefano, S DeGraaf, RM AF DeStefano, S DeGraaf, RM TI Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID URBAN; CONSERVATION; GEESE AB The fringes of cities, and rural properties within commuting distance of cities, experience some of the highest rates of development in the world. This can cause dramatic changes to the landscape, the alteration of ecological functions, and a reduction in biodiversity. With the spread of suburbia, however, come opportunities for some species to exploit new resources. While many wild creatures can enrich the lives of suburban dwellers, large increases in the populations of species such as deer, beaver, and coyotes can lead to a change in status from resource to pest. For several decades, wildlife managers have alternately embraced and ignored issues related to urban and suburban wildlife. Today, management of suburban areas challenges wildlife agencies on two fronts: the threat to habitat and biodiversity and the problem of "overabundant" wildlife. This is not only a tremendous management challenge, but also an educational opportunity to help people understand the natural world and their place in it. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP DeStefano, S (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 50 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 4 U2 72 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 1 IS 2 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.2307/3868036 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WN UT WOS:000221789500016 ER PT J AU Bratton, JF Colman, SM Thieler, ER Seal, RR AF Bratton, JF Colman, SM Thieler, ER Seal, RR TI Birth of the modern Chesapeake Bay estuary between 7.4 and 8.2 ka and implications for global sea-level rise SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MID-PACIFIC ISLAND; CONTINUOUS RECORD; REEF GROWTH; ACCUMULATION RATES; UNITED-STATES; BALTIC-SEA; ICE-SHEET; PAST 14KY; TAHITI; PENINSULA AB Two major pulses of sea-level rise are thought to have taken place since the last glacial maximum meltwater pulses (mwp) 1A (12 cal ka) and 1B (9.5 cal ka). Between mwp I B and about 6 cal ka, many of the complex coastal ecosystems which ring the world's oceans began to form. Here we report data for rhenium, carbon isotopes, total organic carbon, and fossil oysters from Chesapeake Bay which span the transition from fresh to brackish water conditions in the bay in the mid-Holocene. These data constrain sea-level change and resulting environmental change in the bay. They indicate that the transition was rapid, and that it was produced by (1) a third pulse of rapid eustatic sea-level rise, or (2) a geometry of the prehistoric Chesapeake Bay basin which predisposed it to a nonlinear response to a steadily rising sea level. Similar nonlinear changes in vulnerable coastal environments are likely to take place in the future due to polar warming, regardless of the timing or rate of sea-level rise. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 21092 USA. RP Bratton, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Colman, Steve/0000-0002-0564-9576; Bratton, John/0000-0003-0376-4981 NR 46 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 188 EP 197 DI 10.1007/s00367-002-0112-z PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 671KR UT WOS:000182464400002 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Fuller, CC Davis, JA Rehr, JJ AF Waychunas, GA Fuller, CC Davis, JA Rehr, JJ TI Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite: II. XANES analysis and simulation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Topical Symposium on Advances in Oxide and Sulfide Mineral Surface Geochemistry CY 2001 CL HOT SPRINGS, VIRGINIA ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE; BODY DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS; FINE-STRUCTURE; K-EDGE; INTERATOMIC DISTANCES; CONDENSED MATTER; EXAFS; SPECTRA; ARSENATE AB X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis of sorption complexes has the advantages of high sensitivity (10- to 20-fold greater than extended X-ray absorption fine structure [EXAFS] analysis) and relative ease and speed of data collection (because of the short k-space range). It is thus a potentially powerful tool for characterization of environmentally significant surface complexes and precipitates at very low surface coverages. However, quantitative analysis has been limited largely to "fingerprint" comparison with model spectra because of the difficulty of obtaining accurate multiple-scattering amplitudes for small clusters with high confidence. In the present work, calculations of the XANES for 50- to 200-atom clusters of structure from Zn model compounds using the full multiple-scattering code Feff 8.0 accurately replicate experimental spectra and display features characteristic of specific first-neighbor anion coordination geometry and second-neighbor cation geometry and number. Analogous calculations of the XANES for small molecular clusters indicative of precipitation and sorption geometries for aqueous Zn on ferrihydrite, and suggested by EXAFS analysis, are in good agreement with observed spectral trends with sample composition, with Zn-oxygen coordination and with changes in second-neighbor cation coordination as a function of sorption coverage. Empirical analysis of experimental XANES features further verifies the validity of the calculations. The findings agree well with a complete EXAFS analysis previously reported for the same sample set, namely, that octahedrally coordinated aqueous Zn2+ species sorb as a tetrahedral complex on ferrihydrite with varying local geometry depending on sorption density. At significantly higher densities but below those at which Zn hydroxide is expected to precipitate, a mainly octahedral coordinated Zn 21 precipitate is observed. An analysis of the multiple scattering paths contributing to the XANES demonstrates the importance of scattering paths involving the anion sublattice. We also describe the specific advantages of complementary quantitative XANES and EXAFS analysis and estimate limits on the extent of structural information obtainable from XANES analysis. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Dept Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Waychunas, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Dept Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 30 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1031 EP 1043 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01280-2 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 648EM UT WOS:000181126800021 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Koschinsky, A Halliday, AN AF Hein, JR Koschinsky, A Halliday, AN TI Global occurrence of tellurium-rich ferromanganese crusts and a model for the enrichment of tellurium SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID OXIDATION; SELENIUM; PACIFIC; ELEMENTS; IRON; FRACTIONATION; OXYHYDROXIDES; SPECIATION; ANTIMONY; SEAWATER AB Hydrogenetic ferromanganese oxyhydroxide crusts (Fe-Mn crusts) precipitate out of cold ambient ocean water onto hard-rock surfaces (seamounts, plateaus, ridges) at water depths of about 400 to 4000 m throughout the ocean basins. The slow-growing (mm/Ma) Fe-Mn crusts concentrate most elements above their mean concentration in the Earth's crust. Tellurium is enriched more than any other element (up to about 50,000 times) relative to its Earth's crustal mean of about I ppb, compared with 250 times for the next most enriched element. We analyzed the Te contents for a suite of 105 bulk hydrogenetic crusts and 140 individual crust layers from the global ocean. For comparison, we analyzed 10 hydrothermal stratabound Mn-oxide samples collected from a variety of tectonic environments in the Pacific. In the Fe-Mn crust samples, Te varies from 3 to 205 ppm, with mean contents for Pacific and Atlantic samples of about 50 ppm and a mean of 39 ppm for Indian crust samples. Hydrothermal Mn samples have Te contents that range from 0.06 to I ppm. Continental margin Fe-Mn crusts have lower Te contents than open-ocean crusts, which is the result of dilution by detrital phases and differences in growth rates of the hydrogenetic phases. Correlation coefficient matrices show that for hydrothermal deposits, Te has positive correlations with elements characteristic of detrital minerals. In contrast, Te in open-ocean Fe-Mn crusts usually correlates with elements characteristic of the MnO2, carbonate fluorapatite, and residual biogenic phases. In continental margin crusts, Te also correlates with FeOOH associated elements. In addition, Te is negatively correlated with water depth of occurrence and positively correlated with crust thickness. Q-mode factor analyses support these relationships. However, sequential leaching results show that most of the Te is associated with FeOOH in Fe-Mn crusts and less than or equal to 10% is leached with the MnO2. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that Te occurs predominantly as H5TeO6- in ocean water. The speciation of Te in ocean water and charge balance considerations indicate that Te should be scavenged by FeOOH, which is in agreement with our leaching results. The thermodynamically more stable Te(IV) is less abundant by factors of 2 to 3.5 than Te(VI) in ocean water. This can be explained by preferential (not exclusive) scavenging of Te(IV) by FeOOH at the Fe-Mn crust surface and by Fe-Mn colloids in the water column. We propose a model in which the extreme enrichment of Te in Fe-Mn crusts is likely the result of an oxidation reaction on the surface of FeOOH. A similar oxidation process has been confirmed for Co, Ce, and Tl at the surface of MnO2 in crusts, but has not been suggested previously to occur in association with FeOOH in Fe-Mn crusts. Mass-balance considerations indicate that ocean floor Fe-Mn deposits are the major sink for Te in the oceans. The concentration and redox chemistry of Te in the global ocean are likely controlled by scavenging on Fe-Mn colloids in the water column and Fe-Mn deposits on the ocean floor, as is also the case for Ce. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Free Univ Berlin, Fachrichtung Geochem Hydrogeol & Mineral, D-12249 Berlin, Germany. ETH Zentrum, Dept Earth Sci, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Hein, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Koschinsky, Andrea /R-2927-2016 OI Koschinsky, Andrea /0000-0002-9224-0663 NR 50 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 7 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1117 EP 1127 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)01279-6 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 656JP UT WOS:000181604900003 ER PT J AU Coates, AG Aubry, MP Berggren, WA Collins, LS Kunk, M AF Coates, AG Aubry, MP Berggren, WA Collins, LS Kunk, M TI Early neogene history of the Central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panama SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Neogene; Central America; Panama; Bocas del Toro; paleobathymetry; stratigraphy ID COSTA-RICA; LIMON-BASIN; PALEOENVIRONMENTS; STRATIGRAPHY; ISTHMUS AB A newly discovered sequence of lower to middle Miocene rocks from the eastern Bocas del Toro archipelago, western Panama, reveals the timing and environment of the earliest stages in the rise of the Isthmus of Panama in this region. Two new formations, the Punta Alegre Formation (lower Miocene, Aquitanian to Burdigalian) and the Valiente Formation (middle Miocene, Langhian to Serravallian), are here named and formally described. The Punta Alegre Formation contains a diagnostic microfauna of benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils that indicate deposition in a 2000-m-deep pre-isthmian neotropical ocean from as old as 21.5-18.3 Ma. Its lithology varies from silty mudstone to muddy foraminiferal ooze with rare thin microturbidite layers near the top. The Valiente Formation, which ranges in age from 16.4 to ca. 12.0 Ma, lies with slight angular unconformity on the Punta Alegre Formation and consists of five lithofacies: (1) columnar basalt and flow breccia, (2) pyroclastic deposits, (3) coarse-grained volcaniclastic deposits, (4) coral-reef limestone with diverse large coral colonies, and (5) marine debris-flow deposits and microturbidites. These lithofacies are interpreted to indicate that after ca. 16 Ma a volcanic arc developed in the region of Bocas del Toro and that by ca. 12 Ma an extensively emergent archipelago of volcanic islands had formed. Ar-39/Ar-40 dating of basalt flows associated with the fossiliferous sedimentary rocks in the upper part of the Valiente Formation strongly confirms the ages derived from planktic foraminifera and nannofossils. Paleobathymetric analysis of the two new formations in the Valiente Peninsula and Popa Island, in the Bocas del Toro archipelago, shows a general shallowing from lower- through upper-bathyal to upper-neritic and emergent laharic and fluviatile deposits from ca. 19 to 12 Ma. The overlying nonconformable Bocas del Toro Group contains a lower transgressive sequence ranging from basal nearshore sandstone to upper-bathyal mudstone (ca. 8.15.3 Ma) and an upper regressive sequence (5.3-3.5 Ma). A similar paleobathymetric pattern is observed from the Gatun to Chagres Formations (12-6 Ma) in the Panama Canal Basin area and in the Uscari, Rio Banana, Quebrada Chocolate, and Moin Formations (8-1.7 Ma) in the southern Limon Basin of Costa Rica. C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Univ Montpellier, Inst Sci Evolut, Montpellier 5, France. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Coates, AG (reprint author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, POB 2072, Balboa, Panama. NR 40 TC 69 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 16 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 115 IS 3 BP 271 EP 287 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0271:ENHOTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 649EV UT WOS:000181194700002 ER PT J AU Lund, K Aleinikoff, JN Evans, KV Fanning, CM AF Lund, K Aleinikoff, JN Evans, KV Fanning, CM TI SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho: Implications for rifting of western Laurentia and synchroneity of Sturtian glacial deposits SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE SHRIMP; U-Pb geochronology; Windermere supergroup; Idaho; sturtian; glaciation; Rodinia rifting ID LATE PROTEROZOIC STRATIGRAPHY; SOUTHERN CANADIAN-CORDILLERA; NORTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CENTRAL BRITISH-COLUMBIA; KINGSTON PEAK FORMATION; MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS; SNOWBALL EARTH; GRAND-CANYON; BREAK-UP; PALEOMAGNETIC CONSTRAINTS AB In central Idaho roof pendants, a northwest-trending belt of metamorphosed strata, correlative with the Windermere Supergroup, links northern and southern segments of the western Laurentia Neoproterozoic rift belt. Nine newly named formations within the Gospel Peaks sequence-A through Gospel Peaks sequence-D record Cryogenian preglacial, rift-glacial, and postglacial events as well as Neoproterozoic III glacial and rift events. The Edwardsburg Formation of Gospel Peaks sequence B includes interfingered bimodal rift-related volcanic and glaciogenic diamictite strata. Zircons from a rhyodacite flow in the lower Edwardsburg Formation and from a rhyolite How at its top, dated by using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP), yielded a weighted average of 685 +/- 7 Ma and 684 +/- 4 Ma. Reevaluation of geochronology and correlations indicates that Cryogenian rifting may have been (1) protracted between 780 and 685 Ma, (2) diachronous along the Cordillera, and/or (3) stepwise with a Cordilleran-wide event at ca. 685 Ma that initiated the formation of the Cordilleran miogeocline and set its geometry. Reevaluation of the Cryogenian glacial record indicates that (1) two associated ca. 685 Ma glacial intervals in the Edwardsburg Formation correlate with the Rapitan glaciation, (2) the Sturtian snowball Earth event must be reevaluated on the basis of revision of Rapitan glaciation from 750-700 Ma to ca. 685 Ma, and (3) there were older Cryogenian glaciations or Cryogenian glaciations were not globally synchronous. New dates and correlations significantly impact the number and synchroneity of possible snowball Earth events and the paleolatitudes of Cryogenian glaciations. Western Laurentian events at ca. 685 Ma particularily affect Neoproterozoic paleocontinental reconstructions by indicating diachronous and multi step breakup of supercontinent Rodinia. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Lund, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 126 TC 110 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 12 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 115 IS 3 BP 349 EP 372 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0349:SUPGON>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 649EV UT WOS:000181194700007 ER PT J AU Avigad, D Kolodner, K McWilliams, M Persing, H Weissbrod, T AF Avigad, D Kolodner, K McWilliams, M Persing, H Weissbrod, T TI Origin of northern Gondwana Cambrian sandstone revealed by detrital zircon SHRIMP dating SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pan-African orogeny; erosion; Cambrian sandstone; detrital zircon; U-PbSHRIMP dating; Gondwana ID EASTERN ARABIAN SHIELD; U-PB AGES; NUBIAN SHIELD; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; PROTEROZOIC CRUST; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; SINAI PENINSULA; SOUTHERN ISRAEL; JORDAN AB Voluminous Paleozoic sandstone sequences were deposited in northern Africa and Arabia following an extended Neoproterozoic orogenic cycle that culminated in the assembly of Gondwana. We measured sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb ages of detrital zircons separated from several Cambrian units in the Elat area of southern Israel in order to unravel their provenance. This sandstone forms the base of the widespread siliciclastic section now exposed on the periphery of the Arabian-Nubian shield in northeastern Africa and Arabia. Most of the detrital zircons we analyzed yielded Neoproterozoic concordant ages with a marked concentration at 0.55-0.65 Ga. The most likely provenance of the Neoproterozoic detritus is the Arabian-Nubian shield; 0.55-0.65 Ga was a time of posttectonic igneous activity, rift-related volcanism, and strike-slip faulting there. Of the zircons, 30% yielded pre-Neoproterozoic ages grouped at 0.9-1.1 Ga (Kibaran), 1.65-1.85 Ga, and 2.45-2.7 Ga. The majority of the pre-Neoproterozoic zircons underwent Pb loss, possibly as a consequence of the Pan-African orogeny resetting their provenance. Rocks of the Saharan metacraton and the southern Afif terrane in Saudi Arabia (similar to1000 km south of Elat) are plausible sources of these zircons. Kibaran basement rocks are currently exposed more than 3000 km south of Elat (flanking the Mozambique belt), but the shape of the detrital zircons of that age and the presence of feldspar in the host sandstone are not fully consistent with such a long-distance transport. Reworking of Neo-proteorozoic glacial detritus may explain the presence of Kibaran detrital zircons in the Cambrian of Elat, but the possibility that the Arabian-Nubian shield contains Kibaran rocks (hitherto not recognized) should also be explored. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Avigad, D (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RI McWilliams, Michael/A-9548-2011 OI McWilliams, Michael/0000-0002-4107-7069 NR 57 TC 120 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 227 EP 230 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0227:OONGCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 649GN UT WOS:000181199100009 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM Parsons, T Trehu, AM Snelson, CM Fisher, MA AF Brocher, TM Parsons, T Trehu, AM Snelson, CM Fisher, MA TI Seismic evidence for widespread serpentinized forearc upper mantle along the Cascadia margin SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE serpentinite; mantle; forearc; Moho; Cascadia ID SUBDUCTION ZONE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; SLAB; ARC; WASHINGTON; VELOCITY; OREGON; MODEL; IMAGE; MOHO AB Petrologic models suggest that dehydration and metamorphism of subducting slabs release water that serpentinizes the overlying forearc mantle. To test these models, we use the results of controlled-source seismic surveys and earthquake tomography to map the upper mantle along the Cascadia margin forearc. We find anomalously low upper-mantle velocities and/or weak wide-angle reflections from the top of the upper mantle in a narrow region along the margin, compatible with recent teleseismic studies and indicative of a serpentinized upper mantle. The existence of a hydrated forearc upper-mantle wedge in Cascadia has important geological and geophysical implications. For example, shearing within the upper mantle, inferred from seismic reflectivity and consistent with its serpentinite rheology, may occur during aseismic slow slip events on the megathrust. In addition, progressive dehydration of the hydrated mantle wedge south of the Mendocino triple junction may enhance the effects of a slab gap during the evolution of the California margin. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceanog, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338; Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 29 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 21 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 267 EP 270 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0267:SEFWSF>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 649GN UT WOS:000181199100019 ER PT J AU Love, JJ Constable, CG AF Love, JJ Constable, CG TI Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Review DE Earth's magnetic field; geomagnetic variation; geomagnetism; palaeointensity; palaeomagnetism; statistical methods ID EARTHS MAGNETIC-FIELD; PALEOMAGNETIC INCLINATION DATA; GEOMAGNETIC SECULAR VARIATION; SCIENTIFIC DRILLING PROJECT; CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; PAST 5 MYR; PALEOSECULAR VARIATION; LAVA FLOWS; PALEOINTENSITY DETERMINATIONS; ABSOLUTE PALEOINTENSITY AB With the aim of treating the statistics of palaeomagnetic directions and intensities jointly and consistently, we represent the mean and the variance of palaeomagnetic vectors, at a particular site and of a particular polarity, by a probability density function in a Cartesian three-space of orthogonal magnetic-field components consisting of a single (unimodal) non-zero mean, spherically-symmetrical (isotropic) Gaussian function. For palaeomagnetic data of mixed polarities, we consider a bimodal distribution consisting of a pair of such symmetrical Gaussian functions, with equal, but opposite, means and equal variances. For both the Gaussian and bi-Gaussian distributions, and in the spherical three-space of intensity, inclination, and declination, we obtain analytical expressions for the marginal density functions, the cumulative distributions, and the expected values and variances for each spherical coordinate (including the angle with respect to the axis of symmetry of the distributions). The mathematical expressions for the intensity and off-axis angle are closed-form and especially manageable, with the intensity distribution being Rayleigh-Rician. In the limit of small relative vectorial dispersion, the Gaussian (bi-Gaussian) directional distribution approaches a Fisher (Bingham) distribution and the intensity distribution approaches a normal distribution. In the opposite limit of large relative vectorial dispersion, the directional distributions approach a spherically-uniform distribution and the intensity distribution approaches a Maxwell distribution. We quantify biases in estimating the properties of the vector field resulting from the use of simple arithmetic averages, such as estimates of the intensity or the inclination of the mean vector, or the variances of these quantities. With the statistical framework developed here and using the maximum-likelihood method, which gives unbiased estimates in the limit of large data numbers, we demonstrate how to formulate the inverse problem, and how to estimate the mean and variance of the magnetic vector field, even when the data consist of mixed combinations of directions and intensities. We examine palaeomagnetic secular-variation data from Hawaii and Reunion, and although these two sites are on almost opposite latitudes, we find significant differences in the mean vector and differences in the local vectorial variances, with the Hawaiian data being particularly anisotropic. These observations are inconsistent with a description of the mean field as being a simple geocentric axial dipole and with secular variation being statistically symmetrical with respect to reflection through the equatorial plane. Finally, our analysis of palaeomagnetic acquisition data from the 1960 Kilauea flow in Hawaii and the Holocene Xitle flow in Mexico, is consistent with the widely held suspicion that directional data are more accurate than intensity data. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Love, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Love, Jeffrey/N-7593-2013; Constable, Catherine/F-7784-2010 OI Love, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3324-0348; Constable, Catherine/0000-0003-4534-4977 NR 120 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 152 IS 3 BP 515 EP 565 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x PG 51 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 646GP UT WOS:000181027500002 ER PT J AU Godey, S Snieder, R Villasenor, A Benz, HM AF Godey, S Snieder, R Villasenor, A Benz, HM TI Surface wave tomography of North America and the Caribbean using global and regional broad-band networks: phase velocity maps and limitations of ray theory SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Caribbean; North America; phase velocity; ray theory; scattering; surface wave tomography ID FREQUENCY TRAVEL-TIMES; FRECHET KERNELS; UPPER-MANTLE; INVERSION; MODELS; HETEROGENEITY; PROPAGATION; EVOLUTION; EXAMPLES AB We present phase velocity maps of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves across the North American and Caribbean plates. Our data set consists of 1846 waveforms from 172 events recorded at 91 broad-band stations operating in North America. We compute phase velocity maps in four narrow period bands between 50 and 150 s using a non-linear waveform inversion method that solves for phase velocity perturbations relative to a reference Earth model (PREM). Our results show a strong velocity contrast between high velocities beneath the stable North American craton, and lower velocities in the tectonically active western margin, in agreement with other regional and global surface wave tomography studies. We perform detailed comparisons with global model results, which display good agreement between phase velocity maps in the location and amplitude of the anomalies. However, forward modelling shows that regional maps are more accurate for predicting waveforms. In addition, at long periods, the amplitude of the velocity anomalies imaged in our regional phase velocity maps is three time larger than in global phase velocity models. This amplitude factor is necessary to explain the data accurately, showing that regional models provide a better image of velocity structures. Synthetic tests show that the raypath coverage used in this study enables one to resolve velocity features of the order of 800-1000 km. However, only larger length-scale features are observed in the phase velocity maps. The limitation in resolution of our maps can be attributed to the wave propagation theory used in the inversion. Ray theory does not account for off-great-circle ray propagation effects, such as ray bending or scattering. For wavelengths less than 1000 km, scattering effects are significant and may need to be considered. C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Earth Sci, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Univ Utrecht, Fac Earth Sci, POB 80021, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. EM godey@geo.uu.nl RI Villasenor, Antonio/A-8037-2008 OI Villasenor, Antonio/0000-0001-8592-4832 NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 152 IS 3 BP 620 EP 632 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01866.x PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 646GP UT WOS:000181027500007 ER PT J AU Saccorotti, G Chouet, B Dawson, P AF Saccorotti, G Chouet, B Dawson, P TI Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE calderas; seismic velocities; surface waves; volcanic structure ID SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY; IZU-OSHIMA VOLCANO; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; RAYLEIGH-WAVES; VESUVIUS; JAPAN; MICROTREMOR; EXPLOSIONS; INVERSION; LOCATION AB The properties of the surface wavefield at Kilauea Volcano are analysed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed in and around the Kilauea caldera. Tremor recordings were obtained during two Japan-US cooperative experiments conducted in 1996 and 1997. The seismometers were deployed in three semi-circular arrays with apertures of 300, 300 and 400 m, and a linear array with length of 1680 m. Data are analysed using a spatio-temporal correlation technique well suited for the study of the stationary stochastic wavefields of Rayleigh and Love waves associated with volcanic activity and scattering sources distributed in and around the summit caldera. Spatial autocorrelation coefficients are obtained as a function of frequency and are inverted for the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh and Love waves using a grid search that seeks phase velocities for which the L-2 norm between data and forward modelling operators is minimized. Within the caldera, the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1400 to 1800 m s(-1) at 1 Hz down to 300-400 m s(-1) at 10 Hz, and the phase velocities of Love waves range from 2600 to 400 m s(-1) within the same frequency band. Outside the caldera, Rayleigh wave velocities range from 1800 to 1600 m s(-1) at 1 Hz down to 260-360 m s(-1) at 10 Hz, and Love wave velocities range from 600 to 150 m s(-1) within the same frequency band. The dispersion curves are inverted for velocity structure beneath each array, assuming these dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves. The velocity structures observed at different array sites are consistent with results from a recent 3-D traveltime tomography of the caldera region, and point to a marked velocity discontinuity associated with the southern caldera boundary. C1 Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Osservatorio Vesuviano, I-80124 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Saccorotti, G (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, I-80124 Naples, Italy. OI Saccorotti, Gilberto/0000-0003-2915-1446 NR 40 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 152 IS 3 BP 633 EP 648 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 646GP UT WOS:000181027500008 ER PT J AU Ben-Zion, Y Peng, ZG Okaya, D Seeber, L Armbruster, JG Ozer, N Michael, AJ Baris, S Aktar, M Kuwahara, Y Ito, H AF Ben-Zion, Y Peng, ZG Okaya, D Seeber, L Armbruster, JG Ozer, N Michael, AJ Baris, S Aktar, M Kuwahara, Y Ito, H TI A shallow fault-zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault, western Turkey SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fault models; guided waves; inversion; low-velocity zone; waveform analysis ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; PUNCHBOWL FAULT; OCEANIC-CRUST; GUIDED-WAVES; HEAD WAVES; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE; DEPTH; PROPAGATION; TRANSITION AB We discuss the subsurface structure of the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault based on analysis of a large seismic data set recorded by a local PASSCAL network in the 6 months following the M (w) = 7.4 1999 Izmit earthquake. Seismograms observed at stations located in the immediate vicinity of the rupture zone show motion amplification and long-period oscillations in both P- and S-wave trains that do not exist in nearby off-fault stations. Examination of thousands of waveforms reveals that these characteristics are commonly generated by events that are well outside the fault zone. The anomalous features in fault-zone seismograms produced by events not necessarily in the fault may be referred to generally as fault-zone-related site effects. The oscillatory shear wave trains after the direct S arrival in these seismograms are analysed as trapped waves propagating in a low-velocity fault-zone layer. The time difference between the S arrival and trapped waves group does not grow systematically with increasing source-receiver separation along the fault. These observations imply that the trapping of seismic energy in the Karadere-Duzce rupture zone is generated by a shallow fault-zone layer. Traveltime analysis and synthetic waveform modelling indicate that the depth of the trapping structure is approximately 3-4 km. The synthetic waveform modelling indicates further that the shallow trapping structure has effective waveguide properties consisting of thickness of the order of 100 m, a velocity decrease relative to the surrounding rock of approximately 50 per cent and an S-wave quality factor of 10-15. The results are supported by large 2-D and 3-D parameter space studies and are compatible with recent analyses of trapped waves in a number of other faults and rupture zones. The inferred shallow trapping structure is likely to be a common structural element of fault zones and may correspond to the top part of a flower-type structure. The motion amplification associated with fault-zone-related site effects increases the seismic shaking hazard near fault-zone structures. The effect may be significant since the volume of sources capable of generating motion amplification in shallow trapping structures is large. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Istanbul, Geophys Engn Dept, TR-34850 Istanbul, Turkey. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Bogazici Univ, Kandilli Observ, TR-81220 Istanbul, Turkey. Bogazici Univ, Earthquake Res Inst, TR-81220 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Ben-Zion, Y (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 55 TC 137 Z9 143 U1 2 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 152 IS 3 BP 699 EP 717 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01870.x PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 646GP UT WOS:000181027500013 ER PT J AU Cronin, TM Dwyer, GS Kamiya, T Schwede, S Willard, DA AF Cronin, TM Dwyer, GS Kamiya, T Schwede, S Willard, DA TI Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE paleoclimatology; Holocene; Medieval Warm Period; Little Ice Age; 20th century climate; North Atlantic Oscillation ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; PAST MILLENNIUM; HOLOCENE; OCEAN; SEA; HEMISPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; CIRCULATION; SEDIMENTS AB We present paleoclimate evidence for rapid (< 100 years) shifts of similar to 2-4 degreesC in Chesapeake Bay (CB) temperature similar to 2100, 1600, 950, 650, 400 and 150 years before present (years BP) reconstructed from magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) paleothermometry. These include large temperature excursions during the Little Ice Age (similar to 1400-1900 AD) and the Medieval Warm Period (similar to 800-1300 AD) possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). Evidence is presented for a long period of sustained regional and North Atlantic-wide warmth with low-amplitude temperature variability between similar to450. and 1000 AD. In addition to centennial-scale temperature shifts, the existence of numerous temperature maxima between 2200 and 250 years BP (average similar to 70 years) suggests that multi-decadal processes typical of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are an inherent feature of late Holocene climate. However, late 19th and 20th century temperature extremes in Chesapeake Bay associated with NAO climate variability exceeded those of the prior 2000 years, including the interval 450-1000 AD, by 2-3 degreesC, suggesting anomalous recent behavior of the climate system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Kanazawa Univ, Dept Geol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 926A, Reston, VA USA. NR 54 TC 141 Z9 151 U1 5 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD MAR PY 2003 VL 36 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 29 AR PII S0921-8181(02)00161-3 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00161-3 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 657KT UT WOS:000181665900002 ER PT J AU Barreto, S Borges, PAV Guo, Q AF Barreto, S Borges, PAV Guo, Q TI A typing error in Tokeshi's test of bimodality SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Letter ID ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; DISTRIBUTIONS; DYNAMICS C1 Univ Acores, Dept Ciencias Agrarias, P-9700 Terceira, Acores, Portugal. US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Borges, PAV (reprint author), Univ Acores, Dept Ciencias Agrarias, 851 Angra Heroismo, P-9700 Terceira, Acores, Portugal. RI Borges, Paulo/B-2780-2008 OI Borges, Paulo/0000-0002-8448-7623 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 173 EP 174 DI 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00018.x PG 2 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 652TU UT WOS:000181396700008 ER PT J AU Hill, MC Poeter, E Zheng, CM Doherty, J AF Hill, MC Poeter, E Zheng, CM Doherty, J TI MODFLOW 2001 and other modeling odysseys SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Int Ground Water Ctr, Golden, CO USA. Univ Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA. Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Watermark Numer Comp, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. RP Hill, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RI Zheng, Chunmiao/I-5257-2014 OI Zheng, Chunmiao/0000-0001-5839-1305 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 113 EP 113 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02574.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 652ML UT WOS:000181382900001 ER PT J AU Hunt, R AF Hunt, R TI Ground water-lake interaction modeling using the LAK3 package for MODFLOW 2000 SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Software Review C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Hunt, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 8 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 114 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02575.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 652ML UT WOS:000181382900002 ER PT J AU Feinstein, D Dunning, C Hunt, RJ Krohelski, J AF Feinstein, D Dunning, C Hunt, RJ Krohelski, J TI Stepwise use of GFLOW and MODFLOW to determine relative importance of shallow and deep receptors SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys Conference CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL COLORADO SCH MINES, GOLDEN, COLORADO HO COLORADO SCH MINES ID MODEL AB A stepwise modeling approach is implemented in which a regional one-layer analytic element model is used to simulate the flow system and to furnish boundary conditions for an extracted local three-dimensional model. In this case study the stepwise approach is used to evaluate the fate of recharge in the Menomonee Valley adjacent to Lake Michigan. Two major receptors exist for recharge that flows through contaminated valley fill: the surface water estuary and a tunnel system constructed similar to75 to 110 in below land surface to store storm runoff. The primary objective of the modeling is to delineate the contributing areas of recharge to each receptor. Of interest is the ability of the one-layer regional model to furnish flux boundary conditions to the local three-dimensional model despite the presence of vertical flow conditions at the boundaries of the local model. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the local model was insensitive to the vertical distribution of the flux. Each step of the modeling approach demonstrates that both receptors play an important role in capturing valley recharge. The pattern of capture of the one-layer model differed in shape from that delineated by the multi-layer local model in the presence of a flow system with pronounced vertical anisotropy and with sinks drawing water from different elevations. C1 US Geol Survey, Milwaukee, WI USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI USA. RP Feinstein, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Milwaukee, WI USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 190 EP 199 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02582.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 652ML UT WOS:000181382900009 PM 12656285 ER PT J AU Hunt, RJ Haitjema, HM Krohelski, JT Feinstein, DT AF Hunt, RJ Haitjema, HM Krohelski, JT Feinstein, DT TI Simulating ground water-lake interactions: Approaches and insights SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys Conference CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL COLORADO SCH MINES, GOLDEN, COLORADO HO COLORADO SCH MINES ID FLOW GEOMETRY; MODEL AB Approaches for modeling lake-ground water interactions have evolved significantly from early simulations that used fixed lake stages specified as constant head to sophisticated LAK packages for MODFLOW. Although model input can be complex, the LAK package capabilities and output are superior to methods that rely on a fixed lake stage and compare well to other simple methods where lake stage can be calculated. Regardless of the approach, guidelines presented here for model grid size, location of three-dimensional flow, and extent of vertical capture can facilitate the construction of appropriately detailed models that simulate important lake-ground water interactions without adding unnecessary complexity. In addition to MODFLOW approaches, lake simulation has been formulated in terms of analytic elements. The analytic element lake package had acceptable agreement with a published LAK1 problem, even though there were differences in the total lake conductance and number of layers used in the two models. The grid size used in the original LAK1 problem, however, violated a grid size guideline presented in this paper. Grid sensitivity analyses demonstrated that an appreciable discrepancy in the distribution of stream and lake flux was related to the large grid size used in the original LAK1 problem. This artifact is expected regardless of MODFLOW LAK package used. When the grid size was reduced, a finite-difference formulation approached the analytic element results. These insights and guidelines can help ensure that the proper lake simulation tool is being selected and applied. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. RP Hunt, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 10 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 227 EP 237 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02586.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 652ML UT WOS:000181382900013 PM 12656289 ER PT J AU Russell, TF Heberton, CI Konikow, LF Hornberger, GZ AF Russell, TF Heberton, CI Konikow, LF Hornberger, GZ TI A finite-volume ELLAM for three-dimensional solute-transport modeling SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys Conference CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL COLORADO SCH MINES, GOLDEN, COLORADO HO COLORADO SCH MINES ID LOCALIZED ADJOINT METHOD; EQUATION AB A three-dimensional finite-volume ELLAM method has been developed, tested, and successfully implemented as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) MODFLOW-2000 ground water modeling package. It is included as a solver option for the Ground Water Transport process. The FVELLAM uses space-time finite volumes oriented along the streamlines of the flow field to solve an integral form of the solute-transport equation, thus combining local and global mass conservation with the advantages of Eulerian-Lagrangian characteristic methods. The USGS FVELLAM code simulates solute transport in flowing ground water for a single dissolved solute constituent and represents the processes of advective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing from fluid sources, retardation, and decay. Implicit time discretization of the dispersive and source/sink terms is combined with a Lagrangian treatment of advection, in which forward tracking moves mass to the new time level, distributing mass among destination cells using approximate indicator functions. This allows the use of large transport time increments (large Courant numbers) with accurate results, even for advection-dominated systems (large Peclet numbers). Four test cases, including comparisons with analytical solutions and benchmarking against other numerical codes, are presented that indicate that the FVELLAM can usually yield excellent results, even if relatively few transport time steps are used, although the quality of the results is problem-dependent. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Math, Denver, CO 80217 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Water Resources Discipline, Reston, VA USA. RP Russell, TF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Math, POB 173364,Campus Box 170, Denver, CO 80217 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 258 EP 272 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02589.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 652ML UT WOS:000181382900016 PM 12656292 ER PT J AU McDonald, MG Harbaugh, AW AF McDonald, MG Harbaugh, AW TI The history of MODFLOW SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys Conference CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL COLORADO SCH MINES, GOLDEN, COLORADO HO COLORADO SCH MINES C1 McDonald Morrissey Associates Inc, Reston, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP McDonald, MG (reprint author), McDonald Morrissey Associates Inc, 11735 Bowman Green Dr, Reston, VA USA. NR 22 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 24 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 280 EP 283 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02591.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 652ML UT WOS:000181382900018 PM 12656294 ER PT J AU Bartsch, LA Richardson, WB Sandheinrich, MB AF Bartsch, LA Richardson, WB Sandheinrich, MB TI Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) limit food for larval fish (Pimephales promelas) in turbulent systems: a bioenergetics analysis SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Dreissena; Pimephales; larval fish; turbulence; bioenergetics ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; WESTERN LAKE-ERIE; ONEIDA LAKE; NEW-YORK; SIZE; INVASION; WATER; COMMUNITIES; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB We conducted a factorial experiment, in outdoor mesocosms, on the effects of zebra mussels and water column mixing (i.e., turbulence) on the diet, growth, and survival of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Significant (P < 0.05) larval mortality occurred by the end of the experiment with the highest mortality (90%) occurring in the presence of both turbulence and zebra mussels, whereas mortality was 37% in treatment with turbulence and 17% and 18% in the zebra mussels treatment, and the control, respectively. The size of individual fish was significantly different among treatments at the end of the experiment and was inversely related to survival. Levels of trophic resources (i.e., phyto and zooplankton) varied among treatments and were treatment specific. Turbulent mixing facilitated removal of phytoplankton by zebra mussels by making the entire water column of the tanks available to these benthic filter feeders. Early in the experiment (Day = 0 to 14) the physical process of turbulent mixing likely caused a reduction in standing stocks of zooplankton. The interactive effect of turbulence and mussels reduced copepod and rotifer stocks, through physical processes and through filtration by zebra mussels, relative to the turbulence treatment. The reductions in the number of total zooplankton in the turbulent mixing mesocosms and the further reduction of rotifer and copepod in the turbulence and mussels treatment coincided with a period of increased reliance of larval fathead minnows on these prey. Estimates of consumption from bioenergetics modeling and measured prey standing stocks indicated caloric resources of suitable prey in turbulence treatments during the early weeks of the experiment were insufficient to prevent starvation. Early mortality in the turbulence and mussels treatment likely released surviving fish from intense intraspecific competition and resulted in higher individual growth rates. A combination of high abundance of zebra mussels in an environment with a well-mixed water column can have significant effects on larval fish survival and growth. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Bartsch, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM lynn-bartsch@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAR PY 2003 VL 495 IS 1-3 BP 59 EP 72 DI 10.1023/A:1025467624273 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 715TX UT WOS:000184989300006 ER PT J AU Juracek, KE Mau, DP AF Juracek, KE Mau, DP TI Metals, trace elements, and organochlorine compounds in bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake, Kansas, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on the Interactions between Sediments and Water CY MAY 05-10, 2002 CL BANFF, CANADA DE metals; trace elements; organochlorine compounds; bottom sediment; reservoir ID RESERVOIR; BASINS AB Bottom-sediment cores were used to investigate the occurrence of 44 metals and trace elements, and 15 organochlorine compounds in Tuttle Creek Lake, a reservoir with an agricultural basin in northeast Kansas, U. S. A. On the basis of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment-quality guidelines, concentrations of Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn frequently or typically exceeded the threshold-effects levels for toxic biological effects. Organochlorine compounds either were not detected or were detected at concentrations generally below the threshold-effects levels. Statistically significant positive depositional trends were determined for several elements. However, because the vertical profiles of element concentrations typically indicated a bimodal distribution and much of the variability could be attributable to analytical variance, the statistical trends may not represent actual trends. DDE concentrations reflected the history of DDT use. Substantial increases in grain corn and soybean production, irrigated land, and hog production in the basin have not had a discernible effect on sediment quality in the reservoir. Future research focused on small impoundments throughout the basin may enhance understanding of the effects of human activity on sediment quality within the Tuttle Creek Lake system and elsewhere. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Juracek, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAR PY 2003 VL 494 IS 1-3 BP 277 EP 282 DI 10.1023/A:1025447223154 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 716LE UT WOS:000185029300038 ER PT J AU Schuster, PF Reddy, MM LaBaugh, JW Parkhurst, RS Rosenberry, DO Winter, TC Antweiler, RC Dean, WE AF Schuster, PF Reddy, MM LaBaugh, JW Parkhurst, RS Rosenberry, DO Winter, TC Antweiler, RC Dean, WE TI Characterization of lake water and ground water movement in the littoral zone of Williams Lake, a closed-basin lake in north central Minnesota SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sediment porewater samplers; peepers; littoral zone; advective flow; calcium budgets ID CHEMICAL BUDGETS; CARBON-CYCLE; PORE-WATER; SEEPAGE; SEDIMENTS; TRANSPORT; DIFFUSION; BALANCE; DESIGN; FLUXES AB Williams Lake, Minnesota is a closed-basin lake that is a flow-through system with respect to ground water. Ground-water input represents half of the annual water input and most of the chemical input to the lake. Chemical budgets indicate that the lake is a sink for calcium, yet surficial sediments contain little calcium carbonate. Sediment pore-water samplers (peepers) were used to characterize solute fluxes at the lake-water-ground-water interface in the littoral zone and resolve the apparent disparity between the chemical budget and sediment data. Pore-water depth profiles of the stable isotopes delta(18)O and delta(2)H were non-linear where ground water seeped into the lake, with a sharp transition from lake-water values to ground-water values in the top 10 cm of sediment. These data indicate that advective inflow to the lake is the primary mechanism for solute flux from ground water. Linear interstitial velocities determined from delta(2)H profiles (316 to 528 cm/yr) were consistent with velocities determined independently from water budget data and sediment porosity (366 cm/yr). Stable isotope profiles were generally linear where water flowed out of the lake into ground water. However, calcium profiles were not linear in the same area and varied in response to input of calcium carbonate from the littoral zone and subsequent dissolution. The comparison of pore-water calcium profiles to pore-water stable isotope profiles indicate calcium is not conservative. Based on the previous understanding that 40-50 % of the calcium in Williams Lake is retained, the pore-water profiles indicate aquatic plants in the littoral zone are recycling the retained portion of calcium. The difference between the pore-water depth profiles of calcium and delta(18)O and delta(2)H demonstrate the importance of using stable isotopes to evaluate flow direction and source through the lake-water-ground-water interface and evaluate mechanisms controlling the chemical balance of lakes. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Schuster, PF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 42 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 17 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 823 EP 838 DI 10.1002/hyp.1211 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 652MH UT WOS:000181382600009 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W AF Thatcher, W TI GPS constraints on the kinematics of continental deformation SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; AMERICA PLATE BOUNDARY; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; RANGE PROVINCE; NEW-ZEALAND; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; GEODETIC DETERMINATION; TECTONIC DEFORMATION AB Recent GPS observations from the western United States, New Zealand, central Greece, and Japan indicate that present-day continental deformation is typically focused in narrow deforming zones whose extent is much smaller than the intervening largely inactive regions. However, these narrow zones are heterogeneously distributed, reflecting the inherent heterogeneity of continental lithospheric strength and internal buoyancy. Plate driving and resisting forces stress plate boundary zones and plate interiors and drive deformation. These forces change continuously and discontinuously, leading to continental deformation that typically evolves and migrates with time. Magmatic and tectonic processes alter lithospheric rheology and internal buoyancy and also contribute to the time-varying character of continental deformation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 75 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 7 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 45 IS 3 BP 191 EP 212 DI 10.2747/0020-6814.45.3.191 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA 700BP UT WOS:000184093000001 ER PT J AU Rhodes, MW Kator, H Kotob, S van Berkum, P Kaattari, I Vogelbein, W Quinn, F Floyd, MM Butler, WR Ottinger, CA AF Rhodes, MW Kator, H Kotob, S van Berkum, P Kaattari, I Vogelbein, W Quinn, F Floyd, MM Butler, WR Ottinger, CA TI Mycobacterium shottsii sp nov., a slowly growing species isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; WATER AB Slowly growing, non-pigmented mycobacteria were isolated from striped bass (Morone saxatilis) during an epizootic of mycobacteriosis in the Chesapeake Bay. Growth characteristics, acid-fastness and results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing were consistent with those of the genus Mycobacterium. A unique profile of biochemical reactions was observed among the 21 isolates. A single cluster of eight peaks identified by analysis of mycolic acids (HPLC) resembled those of reference patterns but differed in peak elution times from profiles of reference species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. One isolate (M175(T)) was placed within the slowly growing mycobacteria by analysis of aligned 16S rRNA gene sequences and was proximate in phylogeny to Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum. However, distinct nucleoticle differences were detected in the 16S rRNA gene sequence among M175(T), M. ulcerans and M. marinum (99-2% similarity). Isolate IM175(T) could be differentiated from other slowly growing, nonpigmented mycobacteria by its inability to grow at 37degreesC, production of niacin and urease, absence of nitrate reductase and resistance to isoniazid (1 mug ml(-1)), thiacetazone and thiophene-2-carboxylic hydrazide. Based upon these genetic and phenotypic differences, isolate IM175T (= ATCC 700981(T) = NCTC 13215(T)) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species, Mycobacterium shottsii sp. nov. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Rhodes, MW (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 14 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 53 BP 421 EP 424 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02299-0 PN 2 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 661NY UT WOS:000181897700007 PM 12710607 ER PT J AU Han, TK Derby, M Martin, DF Wright, SD Dao, ML AF Han, TK Derby, M Martin, DF Wright, SD Dao, ML TI Effects of brevetoxins on murine myeloma SP2/O cells: Aberrant cellular division SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brevetoxins; dinoflagellates; Karenia brevis; manatees; red tides toxins; Trichechus manatus latirostris AB Massive deaths of manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) during the red tide seasons have been attributed to brevetoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (formerly Ptychodiscus breve and Gymnodinium breve). Although these toxins have been found in macrophages and lymphocytes in the lung, liver, and secondary lymphoid tissues of these animals, the molecular mechanisms of brevetoxicosis have not yet been identified. To investigate the effects of brevetoxins on immune cells, a murine myeloma cell line (SP2/O) was used as a model for in vitro studies. By adding brevetoxins to cultures of the SP2/O cells at concentrations ranging from 20 to 600 ng/ml, an apparent increase in proliferation was observed at around 2 hours post challenge as compared to the unchallenged cell cultures. This was followed by a drop in cell number at around 3 hours, suggesting an aberrant effect of brevetoxins on cellular division, the cells generated at 2 hours being apparently short-lived. In situ immunochemical staining of the SP2/O cells at 1 and 2 hour post challenge showed an accumulation of the toxins in the nucleus. A 21-kDa protein was subsequently isolated from the SP2/O cells as having brevetoxin-binding properties, and immunologically identified as p21, a nuclear factor known to down-regulate cellular proliferation through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. These data are the first on a possible effect of brevetoxins on the cell cycle via binding to p21, a phenomenon that needs to be further investigated and validated in normal immune cells. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Chem, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. USGS Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Branch Dis Invest, Madison, WI USA. RP Dao, ML (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, SCA 110, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.1080/10915810390198384 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 663UP UT WOS:000182024900002 PM 12745987 ER PT J AU Blums, P Nichols, JD Lindberg, MS Hines, JE Mednis, A AF Blums, P Nichols, JD Lindberg, MS Hines, JE Mednis, A TI Factors affecting breeding dispersal of European ducks on Engure marsh, Latvia SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breeding dispersal; local survival; nest success; permanent emigration; site fidelity ID NEST-SITE FIDELITY; ESTIMATE TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; POLLOCKS ROBUST DESIGN; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; TAG-RECOVERY DATA; HABITAT SELECTION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NATAL DISPERSAL; MARKED ANIMALS; GULL COLONIES AB 1. We used up to 35 years of capture-recapture data from nearly 3300 individual female ducks nesting on Engure Marsh, Latvia, and multistate modelling to test predictions about the influence of environmental, habitat and management factors on breeding dispersal probability within the marsh. 2. Analyses based on observed dispersal distances of common pochards and tufted ducks provided no evidence that breeding success in year t influenced dispersal distance between t and t + 1. 3. Breeding dispersal distances (year t to t + 1) of pochards and tufted ducks were associated with a delay in relative nest initiation dates in year t + 1. The delay was greater for pochards (c. 4 days) than for tufted ducks (c. 2 days) when females dispersed > 0.8 km. 4. Northern shovelers and tufted ducks moved from a large island to small islands at low water levels and from small islands to the large island at high water levels before the construction of elevated small islands (1960-82). Following this habitat management (1983-94), breeding fidelity was extremely high and not influenced by water level in the marsh for either species. 5. Because pochard nesting habitats in black-headed gull colonies were saturated during the entire study period, nesting females moved into and out of colonies with similar probabilities. Local survival probabilities and incubation body masses were higher for both yearlings (SY) and adults (ASY) nesting within gull colonies, suggesting that these females were of better quality than females nesting outside of the colonies. 6. Tufted ducks showed higher probabilities of moving from islands to emergent marshes when water levels were higher both before and after habitat management. However, rates of movement for a given water level were higher during the period before management than after. 7. Both pochards and tufted ducks exhibited asymmetric movement with respect to proximity to water, with higher movement probabilities to near-water nesting locations than away from these locations. 8. Multistate capture-recapture models provided analyses that were useful in investigating sources of variation in breeding dispersal probabilities. C1 Latvian State Univ, Inst Biol, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Blums, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Gaylord Mem Lab, Sch Nat Resources, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. NR 66 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 IS 2 BP 292 EP 307 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00698.x PG 16 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 662UJ UT WOS:000181967000010 ER PT J AU Patino, R Goodbred, SL Draugelis-Dale, R Barry, CE Foott, JS Wainscott, MR Gross, TS Covay, KJ AF Patino, R Goodbred, SL Draugelis-Dale, R Barry, CE Foott, JS Wainscott, MR Gross, TS Covay, KJ TI Morphometric and histopathological parameters of gonadal development in adult common carp from contaminated and reference sites in Lake Mead, Nevada SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GOLDFISH CARASSIUS-AURATUS; MELANOMACROPHAGE CENTERS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; IN-VITRO; FISH; EFFLUENTS; CHEMICALS; RESERVOIR; TELEOSTS AB This study examined the hypothesis that exposure to sublethal concentrations of contaminants alters the gonadal condition of feral common carp Cyprinus carpio. Adult common carp in Lake Mead, Nevada. were collected from a contaminated site (Las Vegas Bay) that receives municipal and industrial effluent and from a reference site (Overton Arm) with a relatively low level of contamination. Fish were sampled seven times over a 1-year period extending over two separate spawning seasons. Morphometric and histopathological parameters of gonadal and germ cell development were determined. In males, the pattern of seasonal changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was similar between the sites and showed no clear association with site-specific seasonal temperature profiles. However, Las Vegas Bay males had consistently lower GSI values and, on one of the sampling dates, a lower proportion of sperm relative to other germ cell stages (determined histologically). Further, Las Vegas Bay males had a higher incidence of gonadal macrophage aggregates, which are putative tissue biomarkers of contaminant exposure in fishes. In females, seasonal GSI profiles, the frequency of fish with postovulatory follicles (an index of spawning activity), and the timing of new follicle recruitment all showed differences between sites, but these differences generally matched differences in water temperature profile. Also, the peak size-frequency of full-grown follicles did not differ between sites, and estimates of fecundity for the second spawning season indicated that females from the reference site unexpectedly produced a lower number of gametes. Overall, site differences in gonadal condition were observed in carp of both sexes but they seemed to be associated with site differences in contaminant levels only in males. The apparent lack of association between contaminant level and gonadal condition in female carp from mildly mesotrophic Lake Mead may indicate a lack of contaminant effects in females or a confounding effect of the higher nutrient loads in the Las Vegas Bay environment. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Calif Nevada Fish Hlth Ctr, Anderson, CA 96007 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Geol Survey, Atlantic & Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Las Vegas, NV 89706 USA. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM reynaldo.patino@ttu.edu NR 44 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2003 VL 15 IS 1 BP 55 EP 68 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2003)015<0055:MAHPOG>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 685VK UT WOS:000183284200007 ER PT J AU Bischoff, JL Shamp, DD Aramburu, A Arsuaga, JL Carbonell, E de Castro, JMB AF Bischoff, JL Shamp, DD Aramburu, A Arsuaga, JL Carbonell, E de Castro, JMB TI The Sima de los Huesos hominids date to beyond U/Th equilibrium (> 350 kyr) and perhaps to 400-500 kyr: New radiometric dates SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Atapuerca; Sima de los Huesos; Middle Pleistocene; uranium-series ID SIERRA-DE-ATAPUERCA; MIDDLE-PLEISTOCENE SITE; MODERN HUMANS; NEANDERTHAL DNA; SPAIN; REMAINS; CEPRANO; ORIGIN; BONES; AGE AB The Sima de los Huesos site of the Atapuerca complex near Burgos, Spain contains the skeletal remains of at least 28 individuals in a mud breccia underlying an accumulation of the Middle Pleistocene cave bear (U. deningeri). Earlier dating estimates of 200 to 320 kyr were based on U-series and ESR methods applied to bones, made inaccurate by unquantifiable uranium cycling. We report here on a new discovery within the Sima de los Huesos of human bones stratigraphically underlying an in situ speleothem. U-series analyses of the speleothem shows the lower part to be at isotopic U/Th equilibrium, translating to a firm lower limit of 350 kyr for the SH hominids. Finite dates on the upper part suggest a speleothem growth rate of c. 1 cm/32 kyr. This rate, along with paleontological constraints, place the likely age of the hominids in the interval of 400 to 600 kyr. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Basque Country, Dept Mineral & Petrol, Leioa 48940, Bizkaia, Spain. Univ Complutense Madrid, Inst Geol Econ, Fac Ciencias Geol, Dept Palaeontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Univ Rovira & Virgili, Lab Arqueol, Terragona 43005, Spain. CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. RP Bischoff, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Aranburu, Arantza/L-9502-2014 NR 30 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 30 IS 3 BP 275 EP 280 DI 10.1006/jasc.202.0834 PG 6 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 646MR UT WOS:000181039300002 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Piatt, JF AF Litzow, MA Piatt, JF TI Variance in prey abundance influences time budgets of breeding seabirds: evidence from pigeon guillemots Cepphus columba SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SKUAS CATHARACTA-SKUA; BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FOOD AVAILABILITY; ENERGY DENSITY; COMMON MURRES; CHICK GROWTH; BROOD SIZE; URIA-AALGE; ECOLOGY AB We use data on pigeon guillemots Cepphus columba to test the hypothesis that discretionary time in breeding seabirds is correlated with Variance in prey abundance. We measured the amount of time that guillemots spent at the colony before delivering fish to chicks ("resting time") in relation to fish abundance as measured by beach seines and bottom trawls. Radio telemetry showed that resting time was inversely correlated with time spent diving for fish during foraging trips (r = -0.95). Pigeon guillemots fed their chicks either Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus, a schooling midwater fish, which exhibited high interannual variance in abundance (CV = 181%) or a variety of non-schooling demersal fishes, which were less variable in abundance (average CV = 111%). Average resting times were 46% higher at colonies where schooling prey dominated the diet. Individuals at these colonies reduced resting times 32% during years of low food abundance, but did not reduce meal delivery rates. In contrast. individuals feeding on non-schooling fishes did not reduce resting times during low food years, but did reduce meal delivery rates by 27%. Interannual variance in resting times was greater for the schooling group than for the non-schooling group. We conclude from these differences that time allocation in pigeon guillemots is more flexible when variable schooling prey dominate diets. Resting times were also 27% lower for individuals feeding two-chick rather than one-chick broods. The combined effects of diet and brood size on adult time budgets may help to explain higher rates of brood reduction for pigeon guillemot chicks fed non-schooling fishes. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 45 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 34 IS 1 BP 54 EP 64 DI 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.02995.x PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 676GQ UT WOS:000182743300008 ER PT J AU Bromirski, PD Flick, RE Cayan, DR AF Bromirski, PD Flick, RE Cayan, DR TI Storminess variability along the California coast: 1858-2000 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; EL-NINO; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; CIRCULATION REGIMES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; AMERICA; OSCILLATION; ANOMALIES; DYNAMICS; IMPACTS AB The longest available hourly tide gauge record along the West Coast (U. S.) at San Francisco yields meteorologically forced nontide residuals (NTR), providing an estimate of the variation in "storminess'' from 1858 to 2000. Mean monthly positive NTR (associated with low sea level pressure) show no substantial change along the central California coast since 1858 or over the last 50 years. However, in contrast, the highest 2% of extreme winter NTR levels exhibit a significant increasing trend since about 1950. Extreme winter NTR also show pronounced quasi-periodic decadal-scale variability that is relatively consistent over the last 140 years. Atmospheric sea level pressure anomalies (associated with years having high winter NTR) take the form of a distinct, large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern, with intense storminess associated with a broad, southeasterly displaced, deep Aleutian low that directs storm tracks toward the California coast. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, Calif Dept Boating & Waterways, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Bromirski, PD (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, Calif Dept Boating & Waterways, 8602 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 28 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 16 IS 6 BP 982 EP 993 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0982:SVATCC>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 653UX UT WOS:000181456400006 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Fournier, F Karasov, WH Elfessi, A Gutreuter, S AF Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Fournier, F Karasov, WH Elfessi, A Gutreuter, S TI Effects of subcutaneous transmitter implants on behavior, growth, energetics, and survival of Common Loon chicks SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Common Loon; effects; Gavia immer; radiomarking; surgical implant; telemetry; transmitter implant ID DUCKLINGS AB High rates of Common Loon (Gavia immer) chick mortality have been documented in Wisconsin, especially on acidic lakes, but causes and timing of chick mortality are poorly understood. We modified and evaluated a subcutaneous transmitter implant technique for Common Loon chicks using wild and captive reared chicks. Results indicated that behavior, growth, energy expenditure, and survival did not differ significantly between chicks marked with miniature transmitters (mass 0.76 g, representing <0.8% of body mass at hatching) and unmarked chicks. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fantana Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Kenow, Kevin/0000-0002-3062-5197 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 74 IS 2 BP 179 EP 186 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 668QD UT WOS:000182303900011 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Stancill, W DeBates, TJ Willis, DW AF Paukert, CP Stancill, W DeBates, TJ Willis, DW TI Predatory effects of northern pike and largemouth bass: Bioenergetic modeling and ten years of fish community sampling SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERCH; LAKE AB Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), northern pike (Esox lucius), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were sampled in fall 1992 to 2001 in Pelican Lake, Nebraska using electrofishing, gill netting, and trap netting to evaluate the effects of northern pike and largemouth bass on the introductions of bluegill and perch and the potential effects of northern pike on common carp recruitment throughout a 10-year period. The number of yellow perch per gill net remained low even after over 59,000 adult perch were stocked in 1994. However, the number of bluegill collected per hour of night electrofishing increased from <20 prior to 1997 (when 102,800 25-50 mm bluegills were stocked) and has typically been <40 since then. The mean number of common carp collected per gill net remained low in all years and protection of northern pike greater than or equal to710 mm. with a maximum length limit may have aided in controlling carp recruitment. Bioenergetic modeling revealed that the 2001 northern pike population consumed between 49,000 and 77,000 yellow perch, suggesting that these predators can substantially reduce perch abundance. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Fishery Assistance, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663947 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 650YG UT WOS:000181291800002 ER PT J AU Morey, NM Berry, CR AF Morey, NM Berry, CR TI Biological characteristics of the blue sucker in the James River and the Big Sioux River, South Dakota SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISHES AB Little is known about the relative abundance and biology of the blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus), a species that may be declining in some parts of its range. We described the age, growth, condition, length distribution, and habitat preference of the blue sucker in two South Dakota rivers. Specimens were collected from the James River (n=74) and Big Sioux River (n=28) during the summer of 2000. Although five macrohabitats were sampled with electrofishing and hoopnets, most individuals were collected from riffle habitats and downstream of rock darns. Total length-weight relationships were log(10)W=-6.14+3.37(log(10)L) (r(2)=0.92) for blue suckers from the James River and log(10)W = -6.52+3.50(log(10)L) (r(2)=0.97) for fish from the Big Sioux River. Mean condition factors (K = W(10(5))/L-3) of blue suckers were 0.79 (SE = 0.07) for the James River and 0.73 (SE 0.07) for the Big Sioux River. Blue suckers between 500 and 700 mm dominated length distributions (range = 374-717 mm) of both samples. Ages ranged from two to nine years, but six-year-old fish were captured most frequently. Blue suckers grew rapidly during juvenile stages (< age 5); however, growth slowed afterward. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USGS, S Dakota Cooperat Res Unit, NPBL, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Morey, NM (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663949 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 650YG UT WOS:000181291800004 ER PT J AU Frey, AP Bozek, MA Edwards, CJ Newman, SP AF Frey, AP Bozek, MA Edwards, CJ Newman, SP TI Diet overlap and predation between smallmouth bass and walleye in a north temperate lake SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; YELLOW PERCH; MICROPTERUS-DOLOMIEUI; COLUMBIA RIVER; FISH; FOOD; ERIE; POPULATION; WISCONSIN; SALMONIDS AB Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) diets from Big Crooked Lake, Wisconsin were examined to assess the degree of diet overlap and predation occurring between these species in an attempt to determine whether walleye influence smallmouth bass recruitment, which is consistently low compared to proximal lakes that do not have walleye. Of 389 adult walleye stomachs examined from June 1999 through March 2000, a total of 879 prey fish was found, but only one was identified as a smallmouth bass. In 303 smallmouth bass stomachs examined, 55 prey fish were found and no cannibalism was evident, nor were walleye preyed upon. Dietary overlap using the Schoener resource overlap index was 0.416, 0.293 and 0.205 for the months June, July and August 1999, respectively, indicating that there was not a significant dietary overlap during summer months. Because neither diet overlap nor predation appeared substantial in Big Crooked Lake, additional research on interactions among younger age classes of walleye, interactions at other times of the year, and interactions with other species are needed to elucidate limitations to smallmouth bass recruitment in this system. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Wisconsin Cooperat Fisheries Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,USGS, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Woodruff, WI 54568 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Frey, AP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Wisconsin Cooperat Fisheries Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,USGS, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. NR 45 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 11 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 43 EP 54 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663950 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 650YG UT WOS:000181291800005 ER PT J AU Roush, KD Paukert, CP Stancill, W AF Roush, KD Paukert, CP Stancill, W TI Distribution and movement of juvenile paddlefish in a mainstem Missouri River reservoir SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYODON SPATHULA; HABITAT USE; PRAIRIE RESERVOIR; ADULT PADDLEFISH; ALABAMA RIVER; MIGRATION AB Hatchery-raised paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) were implanted with ultrasonic transmitters and tracked from August to November 1998 and March to November of 1999 and 2000 to determine diel movements and seasonal distribution in Lake Francis Case, South Dakota. Juvenile (340 to 432 mm eye to fork length) paddlefish (N=32) exhibited variable movement patterns but remained in the upper reservoir reaches throughout the three-year study. Movement rates ranged from 35 to 3,464 m/h with 90% of all locations in the upper third (51 km) of the reservoir. Increased movement rates were weakly correlated with increased water temperature (r=O. 16, P=0.04). Daytime paddlefish movement peaked in July and August. However, diel movements were variable among seasons. In spring, movement rates did not differ among diel periods, whereas summer movements were lower during crepuscular periods and fall movements were lowest during the day. Although paddlefish were stocked at two locations in Lake Francis Case, they appeared to disperse and use reservoir areas similarly. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Great Plains Fish & Wildlife Management Assistanc, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. RP Roush, KD (reprint author), Michigan Dept Environm Qual, Constitut Hall,PBO 30273, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 79 EP 87 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663953 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 650YG UT WOS:000181291800008 ER PT J AU Meneks, ML Vondracek, B Hatch, J AF Meneks, ML Vondracek, B Hatch, J TI Larval fish as indicators of reproductive success in unchannelized and channelized tributaries of the Red River Basin, Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREAM AB During 1998 and 1999, larval fish phenology, abundance, and diversity were characterized at 13 reaches in the Buffalo River and Sand Hill River, tributaries of the Red River of the North. Channelized reaches were less stable than unchannelized reaches, showing more overall variation and greater daily fluctuation in temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO), and a higher level of intermittent flow. These reaches also exhibited significantly lower larval diversity. Principal component analysis explained > 84% of the variance for the first two axes for larval catch, with axis I associated with channelization and axis 2 associated with temperature and DO. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) was associated with channelized reaches, whereas spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera), common shiner (Luxilis cornutus), redhorse (Moxostoma spp.), and darters (Etheostoma spp.) were associated with unchannelized reaches in both years. Clear associations of reproductive guilds with channel type were not detected, but species of intermediate pollution tolerance were associated with unchannelized reaches and tolerant species were associated with channelized reaches. C1 Univ Minnesota, Gen Coll, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, James Ford Bell Museum Nat Hist, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Meneks, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Stanislaus Natl Forest, 19777 Greenley Rd, Sonora, CA 95370 USA. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 7 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663960 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 650YG UT WOS:000181291800015 ER PT J AU DeBates, TJ Chipps, SR Ward, MC Werlin, KB Lorenzen, PB AF DeBates, TJ Chipps, SR Ward, MC Werlin, KB Lorenzen, PB TI Cladoceran zooplankton abundance under clear and snow-covered ice SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIGRATION; DAPHNIA AB We described the distribution of cladoceran zooplankton under the ice in a natural, glacial lake. Local light availability apparently altered the spatial distribution of cladocerans. Light levels measured under snow-covered areas (0.178 lux) were an order of magnitude less than those measured at the same depth under clear ice (1.750 lux). Cladoceran density under snow-covered areas was significantly higher (Bosmina spp.=3.34/L; Daphnia spp. =0.61/L) than cladoceran abundance under clear ice (Bosmina spp.=0.91/L; Daphnia spp.=0.19/L). C1 S Dakota State Univ, USGS, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP DeBates, TJ (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, USGS, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 169 EP 170 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663963 PG 2 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 650YG UT WOS:000181291800018 ER PT J AU Hoffman, RL Larson, GL Brokes, BJ AF Hoffman, RL Larson, GL Brokes, BJ TI Habitat segregation of Ambystoma gracile and Ambystoma macrodactylum in mountain ponds and lakes, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; LARVAL SALAMANDERS; POPULATIONS; COMPETITION; PREDATION; COVER AB Ambystoma gracile (Baird) and Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird are common salamander species occupying key trophic positions in mountain ponds and lakes of Mount Rainier National Park (MORA). Based on amphibian surveys conducted in ponds and lakes in the northeast quadrant of MORA during the summers of 1993-1995, 20 sites were resampled in 1996 to document and evaluate distributions of the two species relative to site habitat characteristics. Distributions of larvae were assessed either by nearshore snorkel or visual encounter surveys of each study site. Twelve environmental variables representing pond and lake physical characteristics, water quality, and nutrient concentrations were measured. The occurrences at each site of three major habitat components (i.e., pond bottom firmness, coarse woody debris, and emergent/aquatic vegetation) were qualitatively estimated. Allotopic distributions of larval populations of both species were related to site elevation, maximum depth, organic content of bottom substrates, and surface area. Ambystoma gracile sites were larger, deeper, lower in elevation, had flocculent sediment higher in organic content, abundant coarse woody debris, and limited emergent/aquatic vegetation relative to A. macrodactylum sites. Ambystoma macrodactylum sites were smaller, shallower, higher in elevation, had firm sediments low in organic content, and had a greater occurrence of emergent/aquatic vegetation than did A. gracile sites. Two sites supported syntopic populations and exhibited many of the habitat characteristics observed at sites inhabited by each species. The distribution of each species in MORA was related to the interconnection between habitat characteristics of ponds and lakes and species life-history patterns and possibly interspecific interactions. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Conner Dist Off, La Conner, WA 98304 USA. RP Hoffman, RL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 24 EP 34 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0024:HSOAGA]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 731WX UT WOS:000185910400004 ER PT J AU Clark, AM Moler, PE Possardt, EE Savitzky, AH Brown, WS Bowen, BW AF Clark, AM Moler, PE Possardt, EE Savitzky, AH Brown, WS Bowen, BW TI Phylogeography of the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) based on mtDNA sequences SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POSTGLACIAL COLONIZATION ROUTES; WESTERN RATTLESNAKE; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; RESTRICTION DATA; CONSERVATION; POPULATIONS; VIPERIDAE; SNAKE; BIOGEOGRAPHY AB The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is beset by a variety of conservation problems, including habitat loss and persecution. Effective management plans require an understanding of rangewide population structure and intraspecific evolutionary subdivisions. Northern and southern populations have been recognized as distinct subspecies, but this classification remains controversial. A proposed alternative arrangement recognizes southern, northern, and western morphotypes. To resolve intraspecific partitions, we examined a 319 base-pair (bp) fragment of mtDNA cytochrome b in 123 specimens of C. horridus. Neighbor-joining and parsimony analyses reveal a shallow gene genealogy (d(max) = 0.024) and sharing of haplotypes among putative subspecies. Analysis of molecular variance demonstrates that traditional subspecific divisions explain only 3.5% of variation, whereas the alternative geographic classification (southern, northern, and western regions) explains 18.6% of genetic variation. The superior performance of the regional grouping can be attributed to an east-west phylogeographic partitioning at the Appalachian and Allegheny Mountain ranges, which were probably uninhabitable at higher elevations during glacial intervals. Distribution of haplotypes and climatic data suggest that a radiation into more northern areas occurred after the most recent (Wisconsinan) glaciation. Hence, the mtDNA data indicate distinct population segments across the range of C. horridus but do not show evolutionary separations that would support subspecific designations. C1 Univ Florida, BEECS Genet Anal Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ E Georgia, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Biol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Skidmore Coll, Dept Biol, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Univ Florida, BEECS Genet Anal Lab, POB 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM ginger@biotech.ufl.edu; paul.moler@fwc.state.fl.us; earl_possardt@fws.gov; asavitzk@odu.edu; wbrown@skidmore.edu; bowen@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu NR 53 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 EI 1937-2418 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0145:POTTRC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 731WX UT WOS:000185910400019 ER PT J AU Longshore, KM Jaeger, JR Sappington, JM AF Longshore, KM Jaeger, JR Sappington, JM TI Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) survival at two eastern Mojave desert sites: Death by short-term drought? SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT DISEASE; WATER; POPULATIONS; NEVADA AB Survival of adult Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) appears related to site-specific variation in precipitation and productivity of annual plants. We studied adult tortoise survival rates at two closely situated, but physiographically different, sites in the eastern Mojave Desert over a nine-year period (spring 1992 to spring 2001). Survival rates were initially derived from population surveys conducted over a three-year period and by radio-telemetry monitoring over a seven-year period beginning in 1994. After a period of initial stability, survival rates on the two sites diverged over the study period, and seven-year survival rates estimated from radio-telemetry monitoring were 0.900 and 0.269, respectively. A die-off in 1996 on the latter site appears to have been triggered by a period of drought, which began in the summer of 1995, coupled with a failure of annual vegetation production in 1996. Depressed survival rates on this site were associated with drought conditions during three of four years. Although the decline had the appearance of an epizootic, there were no clinical signs of disease. Relatively short-term drought, combined with little or no annual biomass, appears to have caused severe reductions in tortoise survival. If periods of drought-induced low survival are common over relatively small areas, then source-sink population dynamics may be an important factor determining tortoise population densities. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Las Vegas Field Stn, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Longshore, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Las Vegas Field Stn, 160 N Stephanie St, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0169:DTGASA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 731WX UT WOS:000185910400022 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH AF Ellis, DH TI Subadult and pale Steppe Eagles breeding in Mongolia SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Steppe Eagle; Aquila nipalensis ID GOLDEN EAGLES C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS SW Biol Sci Ctr, HC 1 Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 75 EP 77 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 673CJ UT WOS:000182561800012 ER PT J AU Schweig, E Gomberg, J Petersen, M Ellis, M Bodin, P Mayrose, L Rastogi, BK AF Schweig, E Gomberg, J Petersen, M Ellis, M Bodin, P Mayrose, L Rastogi, BK TI The Mw 7.7 BhuJ earthquake: Global lessons for earthquake hazard in intra-plate regions SO JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA LA English DT Article DE earthquake; intra-plate regions; periodicity; hazard assessment; Bhuj; Kachchh; New Madrid; central USA ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; DEFORMATION; FEATURES; MOTION; INDIA; FAULT; AREA AB The Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake occurred in the Kachchh District of the State of Gujarat, India on 26 January 2001, and was one of the most damaging intraplate earthquakes ever recorded. This earthquake is in many ways similar to the three great New Madrid earthquakes that occurred in the central United States in 1811-1812. An Indo-US team is studying the similarities and differences of these sequences in order to learn lessons for earthquake hazard in intraplate regions. Herein we present some preliminary conclusions from that study. Both the Kutch and New Madrid regions have rift type geotectonic setting. In both regions the strain rates are of the order of 10(-9)/yr and attenuation of seismic waves as inferred from observations of intensity and liquefaction are low. These strain rates predict recurrence intervals for Bhuj or New Madrid sized earthquakes of several thousand years or more. In contrast, intervals estimated from paleoseismic studies and from other independent data are significantly shorter, probably hundreds of years. All these observations together may suggest that earthquakes relax high ambient stresses that are locally concentrated by rheologic heterogeneities, rather than loading by plate-tectonic forces. The latter model generally underlies basic assumptions made in earthquake hazard assessment, that the long-term average rate of energy released by earthquakes is determined by the tectonic loading rate, which thus implies an inherent average periodicity of earthquake occurrence. Interpreting the observations in terms of the former model therefore may require re-examining the basic assumptions of hazard assessment. C1 US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80446 USA. Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN USA. Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad 50007, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Schweig, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC INDIA PI BANGALORE PA #64 12TH CROSS, BASAPPA LAYOUT P B 1922, GAVIPURAM PO, BANGALORE 560019, INDIA SN 0016-7622 J9 J GEOL SOC INDIA JI J. Geol. Soc. India PD MAR PY 2003 VL 61 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 652ZK UT WOS:000181410600003 ER PT J AU Nerbonne, JF Vondracek, B AF Nerbonne, JF Vondracek, B TI Volunteer macroinvertebrate monitoring: assessing training needs through examining error and bias in untrained volunteers SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Nerbonne, JF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Program, 200 Hodson Hall,1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 152 EP 163 DI 10.2307/1467984 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 653PT UT WOS:000181446200011 ER PT J AU Zajac, RN Lewis, RS Poppe, LJ Twichell, DC Vozarik, J DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML AF Zajac, RN Lewis, RS Poppe, LJ Twichell, DC Vozarik, J DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML TI Responses of infaunal populations to benthoscape structure and the potential importance of transition zones SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOFT-SEDIMENT SYSTEMS; LONG-ISLAND SOUND; BENTHIC HABITAT; SIDESCAN SONAR; DEMERSAL FISH; SEA; INVERTEBRATES; DISTURBANCE; CHANNEL; SCALE AB Relationships between population abundance and seafloor landscape, or benthoscape, structure were examined for 16 infaunal taxa in eastern Long Island Sound. Based on analyses of a side-scan sonar mosaic, the 19.4-km(2) study area was comprised of six distinct large-scale (> km(2)) benthoscape elements, with varying levels of mesoscale (km(2)-m(2)) and small-scale (< m(2)) physical and biological habitat heterogeneity. Transition zones among elements varied from similar to 50 to 200 m in width, comprised similar to 32% of the benthoscape, and added to overall benthoscape heterogeneity. Population abundances of nine taxa varied significantly among the large-scale elements. Most species were found at high abundances only in one benthoscape element, but three had several foci of elevated abundances. Analyses of population responses to habitat heterogeneity at different spatial scales indicated that abundances of eight taxa varied significantly among spatial scales, but the significant scales were mixed among these species. Relatively large residual variations suggest significant amounts of mesoscale spatial variation were unaccounted for, varying from similar to 1 km(2) to several m(2). Responses to transition zones were mixed as well. Abundances of nine taxa varied significantly among transition zones and interiors of benthoscape elements, most with elevated abundances in transition zones. Our results show that infaunal populations exhibit complex and spatially varying patterns of abundance in relation to benthoscape structure and suggest that mesoscale variation may be particularly critical in this regard. Also, transition zones among benthoscape features add considerably to this variation and may be ecological important areas in seafloor environments. C1 Univ New Haven, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. Connecticut Dept Environm Protect, Long Isl Sound Resource Ctr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Millstone Environm Lab, Waterford, CT 06485 USA. RP Univ New Haven, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. EM rzajac@newhaven.edu NR 55 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 2 BP 829 EP 842 PG 14 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 659CB UT WOS:000181758700022 ER PT J AU Julian, SE King, TL Savage, WK AF Julian, SE King, TL Savage, WK TI Isolation and characterization of novel tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers for the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE Ambystoma maculatum; microsatellite DNA; population structure; salamander AB Fifteen tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were identified and characterized for spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) collected from three vernal pools in the southeastern USA. These markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity (7-32 alleles per locus), heterozygosity (31.6-86.3%) and allelic heterogeneity (91% of comparisons were statistically significant). Considerable differentiation among populations was observed as genetic distances (chord) ranged between 0.50 and 0.65, and all F-ST values (0.08-0.14) were statistically significant. Moreover, genotypic assignment tests correctly classified all individuals to their respective collection. These markers should prove useful for investigating fine-scale population structure and mating system. C1 Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Biol Resources Div, USGS, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv, Cape Canaveral, FL USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Biol Resources Div, USGS, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAR PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 7 EP 9 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00333.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 657EA UT WOS:000181651400003 ER PT J AU Julian, SE King, TL Savage, WK AF Julian, SE King, TL Savage, WK TI Novel Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, microsatellite DNA markers detect population structure and hybrid complexes SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE Ambystoma jeffersonianum; microsatellite DNA; population structure; unisexual hybrid complex AB Twenty polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and characterized in Ambystoma jeffersonianum collected from three vernal pools in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. These markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity (7-23 alleles per locus), heterozygosity (46.7% to 100%), and allelic heterogeneity (96% of comparisons were statistically significant). Genetic distances were greatest in comparisons between collections, intermediate within collections, and least among sibling pairs. Six markers were trisomic in A. jeffersonianum-A. laterale hybrids. These microsatellite DNA loci should allow delineation of genetic structure within and among populations of the diploid A. jeffersonianum and provide an effective method for identification of triploid hybrid individuals. C1 Leetown Sci Ctr, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Julian, SE (reprint author), Leetown Sci Ctr, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM tim_king@usgs.gov NR 9 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAR PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 95 EP 97 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00362.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 657EA UT WOS:000181651400030 ER PT J AU Roon, DA Waits, LP Kendall, KC AF Roon, DA Waits, LP Kendall, KC TI A quantitative evaluation of two methods for preserving hair samples SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE DNA extraction; DNA preservation; hair; noninvasive genetic sampling; PCR; Ursus arctos ID DNA; BLACK AB Hair samples are an increasingly important DNA source for wildlife studies, yet optimal storage methods and DNA degradation rates have not been rigorously evaluated. We tested amplification success rates over a one-year storage period for DNA extracted from brown bear (Ursus arctos) hair samples preserved using silica desiccation and -20 degreesC freezing. For three nuclear DNA microsatellites, success rates decreased significantly after a six-month time point, regardless of storage method. For a 1000 bp mitochondrial fragment, a similar decrease occurred after a two-week time point. Minimizing delays between collection and DNA extraction will maximize success rates for hair-based noninvasive genetic sampling projects. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USGS, NRMSC Sci Ctr, W Glacier, MT USA. RP Roon, DA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 12 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAR PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 163 EP 166 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00358.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 657EA UT WOS:000181651400054 ER PT J AU Middleton, BA AF Middleton, BA TI Lost and found SO NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Surveys Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. RP Middleton, BA (reprint author), US Geol Surveys Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY PI NEW YORK PA ATTN: LIBRARY SERIALS UNIT CENTRAL PK WEST AT 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024-5192 USA SN 0028-0712 J9 NAT HIST JI Nat. Hist. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 112 IS 2 BP 88 EP 88 PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 647YJ UT WOS:000181121400018 ER PT J AU Bennett, DH Connor, WP Eaton, CA AF Bennett, DH Connor, WP Eaton, CA TI Substrate composition and emergence success of fall chinook salmon in the Snake River SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REDDS AB The percentage of fine sediment particles in stream channel substrate is inversely related to emergence success of chinook salmon embryos. We used a previously published method to relate substrate composition at seven fall chinook salmon spawning sites in the Snake River implicitly to emergence success. We used dome suction to sample substrate at four spawning sites in the upper reach of Snake River and three in the lower reach. Mean percent fines <6.4 mm and <0.85 mm were less in upper reach samples than in lower reach samples. In laboratory tests, mean emergence success decreased from 47% to 10% as the mixtures of percent fines <6.4 mm and <0.85 rum increased in substrate mixtures. A regression equation developed from the laboratory data to predict mean emergence success from mean percent fines <6.4 mm and <0.85 mm had an r(2) value of 0.94. Predicted emergence success based on substrate composition in the Snake River ranged from 46% to 48% for sites in the upper reach, and from 29% to 47% for sites in the lower reach. These predictions of emergence success are slightly higher than those reported in the literature for chinook salmon spawning habitat. Based on the combination of field and laboratory findings, we conclude that substrate composition at the seven spawning sites we studied in the Snake River should not limit fall chinook salmon production. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fisheries Resource Off, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. Kooskia Natl Fish Hatchery, Kooskia, ID 83539 USA. RP Bennett, DH (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 77 IS 2 BP 93 EP 99 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678XT UT WOS:000182892500001 ER PT J AU Tiffan, KF Haskell, CA Rondorf, DW AF Tiffan, KF Haskell, CA Rondorf, DW TI Thermal exposure of juvenile fall chinook salmon migrating through a lower Snake River Reservoir SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IMPLANTED RADIO TRANSMITTERS; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIOR AB Impoundment of the Snake River, Washington, has resulted in high water temperatures and late seaward migration of juvenile fall chinook salmon during summer months. To determine if juvenile fall chinook salmon are exposed to temperatures higher than the upper incipient lethal, we tagged groups of fish with temperature-sensing radio tags and tracked them in Little Goose Reservoir on the Snake River during the summers of 1998 and 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of the reservoir's thermal environment were described using a bathythermograph. Little Goose Reservoir was generally homothermic, and temperatures selected by fish were typically not significantly different from mean water temperatures. No areas of thermal refugia existed in Little Goose Reservoir. Thermal exposure was most influenced by fish residence time in the reservoir within each year and by temperature differences between years. Current augmentation of Snake River summer flows with cold-water releases from Dworshak Dam in Idaho reduces the thermal exposure of juvenile fall chinook salmon by lowering water temperatures up to 4degreesC and may therefore increase their survival. Continued flow augmentation using water from Dworshak Reservoir may be the only mechanism to meet the temperature standard for the lower Snake River. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Tiffan, KF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 77 IS 2 BP 100 EP 109 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678XT UT WOS:000182892500002 ER PT J AU Erickson, JL Adams, MJ AF Erickson, JL Adams, MJ TI A comparison of bat activity at low and high elevations in the Black Hills of western Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INSECTIVOROUS BATS; DENSITY AB We examined the differences in activity patterns and community structure of bats between low (<150 m) and high ( ! 575 m) elevation sites in two habitats of the Capitol State Forest, Washington. Total bat activity averaged four times higher at low elevation sites than at high elevation sites. Feeding activity was almost 20 times higher at low elevation sites. However, the non-myotis group had similar activity levels at high and low elevation, whereas myotis group activity decreased at higher elevations. Different levels of activity between elevations could be the result of differences in insect availability, climatic conditions, and morphology of the bat species. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Erickson, JL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Janet.Erickson@orst.edu NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 77 IS 2 BP 126 EP 130 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678XT UT WOS:000182892500005 ER PT J AU Allen, JA Krauss, KW Hauff, RD AF Allen, JA Krauss, KW Hauff, RD TI Factors limiting the intertidal distribution of the mangrove species Xylocarpus granatum SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE kosrae; Federated States of Micronesia; seed predation; salinity tolerance; flood tolerance ID AVICENNIA-MARINA; SEED PREDATION; DIFFERENTIAL PREDATION; PROPAGULE PREDATION; TIDAL FORESTS; SALINITY; AUSTRALIA; DOMINANCE; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB The tree species Xylocarpus granatum is commonly described as occurring in the upper intertidal zone of mangrove forests, but mature trees are occasionally found at lower elevations. In the Utwe River basin, on the Pacific island of Kosrae, we investigated the relative importance of several biotic and abiotic factors that may control the intertidal distribution of X. granatum. Factors we evaluated included differential seed predation across the lower, mid, and upper intertidal zones and seedling responses to salinity, tidal flooding, and shade. Seed predation was 22.4% over the first 34 days and varied little among zones or in gaps versus under the forest canopy. By day 161, there were still no differences in seed mortality, but a significant difference was found in seedling establishment, with much greater establishment in the upper intertidal plots. X. granatum seedlings in a greenhouse experiment exhibited greater growth in freshwater than seedlings in 23 ppt salinity, which is typical of salinity levels found in the mid intertidal zone in our field study sites in Micronesia, where mature X. granatum trees are generally absent. Seedlings grown in 23 ppt salinity, however, exhibited few visible signs of stress associated with patterns in growth. Seedlings grown in a simulated tidal flooding treatment (with 23 ppt salinity) also showed few signs of stress. Growth declined dramatically under 80% shade cloths, but there were few interactions of shading with either 23 ppt salinity or simulated tidal flooding. Differential seed predation is not likely to be the primary factor responsible for the intertidal distribution of X. granatum on Kosrae. However, seedling tolerance of flooding or salinity may be more important, especially relative to a potential contribution to secondary stress mortality. Other factors may ultimately prove to be more critical, such as physiological effects of salinity on seed germination, effects of tides on seed dispersal and rooting, or differential herbivory on seedlings. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 57 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2003 VL 135 IS 1 BP 110 EP 121 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-1167-2 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 672AB UT WOS:000182497200013 PM 12647110 ER PT J AU Yigit, O Hofstra, AH AF Yigit, O Hofstra, AH TI Lithogeochemistry of Carlin-type gold mineralization in the Gold Bar district, Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, Nevada SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE lithogeochemistry; Carlin-type deposits; gold mineralization; Nevada ID JERRITT-CANYON; DEPOSITS; CONSTRAINTS; MAGMATISM; AGE AB The Gold Bar district contains five Carlin-type gold deposits and four resources for a combined gold endowment of 1.6 M oz [50 t]. The gold deposits are hosted in Devonian carbonate rocks below parautochthonous and allochthonous Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks emplaced during the Early Mississippian Antler orogeny. The district is in the Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, a long-lived structural feature that localized intrusions and ore deposits of different types and ages. The whole-rock geochemistry of four different mineralized and unmineralized Devonian carbonate rock units (two favorable and two unfavorable) were determined and interpreted in the context of the regional geology. A combination of basic statistics, R-mode factor analysis, isocon plots, and alteration diagrams were utilized to (1) identify favorable geochemical attributes of the host rocks, (2) characterize alteration and associated element enrichments and depletions, and (3) identify the mechanism of gold precipitation. This approach also led to the recognition of other types of alteration and mineralization in host rocks previously thought to be solely affected by Carlin-type mineralization. Unit 2 of the Upper Member of the Denay Formation, with the highest Al2O3, Fe2O3 and SiO2 contents and the lowest CaO content, is the most favorable host rock. Based on the high regression coefficients of data arrays on X-Y plots that project toward the origin, Al2O3 and TiO2 were immobile and K2O and Fe2O3 were relatively immobile during alteration and mineralization. Specific element associations identified by factor analysis are also prominent on isocon diagrams that compare the composition of fresh and altered equivalents of the same rock units. The most prominent associations are: Au, As, Sb, SiO2, Tl, -CaO and -LOI, the main gold mineralizing event and related silicification and decalcification; Cd, Zn, Ag, P, Ni and Tl, an early base metal event; and MgO, early dolomitization. Alteration diagrams, consisting of X-Y plots of SiO2/Al2O3, K2O/ Al2O3, CO2/Al2O3, [S/Al2O3]/[FC2O3/Al2O3], provide evidence for progressive silicification, decarbonation (decalcification and dedolomitization), argillization (illite), and sulfidation as a function of gold mineralization. The latter process is identified as the principal mechanism of gold precipitation. The lithogeochemistry of the ores in the Gold Bar district is typical of that documented in classic Carlin-type gold deposits in the region, but the size of the deposits and the intensity of alteration and mineralization are less. The presence of other types of mineralization in the Gold Bar district is also common to most of the other Carlin-type districts located in major mineral belts. The approach used in this study is well suited to the interpretation of multi-element geochemical data from other study areas with superimposed alteration and mineralization. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Dept Geol Engn, TR-17020 Canakkale, Turkey. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Yigit, O (reprint author), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Dept Geol Engn, TR-17020 Canakkale, Turkey. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00142-7 PG 24 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 647YM UT WOS:000181121700003 ER PT J AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM TI Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Scientific Meeting on Seismic Motion, Lithospheric Structures, Earthquake and Volcanic Sources CY MAR 16-18, 2000 CL UNIV SO CALIF, LOS ANGELES, CA HO UNIV SO CALIF DE stochastic; simulation; ground motion; random vibration; earthquake; strong motion; site amplification ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; EARTHQUAKE SOURCE SPECTRA; SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; NEAR-SOURCE REGIME; MOMENT-MAGNITUDE RELATIONS; FOURIER-AMPLITUDE SPECTRA; RANDOM VIBRATION THEORY; BARRIER MODEL; SOURCE PARAMETERS AB A simple and powerful method for simulating ground motions is to combine parametric or functional descriptions of the ground motion's amplitude spectrum with a random phase spectrum modified such that the motion is distributed over a duration related to the earthquake magnitude and to the distance from the source. This method of simulating ground motions often goes by the name "the stochastic method." It is particularly useful for simulating the higher-frequency ground motions of most interest to engineers (generally, f > 0.1 Hz), and it is widely used to predict ground motions for regions of the world in which recordings of motion from potentially damaging earthquakes are not available. This simple method has been successful in matching a variety of ground-motion measures for earthquakes with seismic moments spanning more than 12 orders of magnitude and in diverse tectonic environments. One of the essential characteristics of the method is that it distills what is known about the various factors affecting ground motions (source, path, and site) into simple functional forms. This provides a means by which the results of the rigorous studies reported in other papers in this volume can be incorporated into practical predictions of ground motion. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM boore@usgs.gov NR 222 TC 477 Z9 511 U1 5 U2 54 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 160 IS 3-4 BP 635 EP 676 DI 10.1007/PL00012553 PG 42 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 640YP UT WOS:000180716900010 ER PT J AU Chouet, B AF Chouet, B TI Volcano seismology SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Scientific Meeting on Seismic Motion, Lithospheric Structures, Earthquake and Volcanic Sources CY MAR 16-18, 2000 CL UNIV SO CALIF, LOS ANGELES, CA HO UNIV SO CALIF DE long-period events; fluid-filled crack model; hydrothermal systems; magmatic transport; high-resolution tomography; very-long-period seismicity; laboratory experiments with analog fluids; Q; Sompi method ID LONG-PERIOD SEISMICITY; FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD; TRAVEL TIME TOMOGRAPHY; LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM; WAVE-NUMBER METHODS; KILAUEA VOLCANO; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; REDOUBT-VOLCANO AB A fundamental goal of volcano seismology is to understand active magmatic systems, to characterize the configuration of such systems, and to determine the extent and evolution of source regions of magmatic energy. Such understanding is critical to our assessment of eruptive behavior and its hazardous impacts. With the emergence of portable broadband seismic instrumentation, availability of digital networks with wide dynamic range, and development of new powerful analysis techniques, rapid progress is being made toward a synthesis of high-quality seismic data to develop a coherent model of eruption mechanics. Examples of recent advances are: (1) high-resolution tomography to image subsurface volcanic structures at scales of a few hundred meters; (2) use of small-aperture seismic antennas to map the spatio-temporal properties of long-period (LP) seismicity; (3) moment tensor inversions of very-long-period (VLP) data to derive the source geometry and mass-transport budget of magmatic fluids; (4) spectral analyses of LP events to determine the acoustic properties of magmatic and associated hydrothermal fluids; and (5) experimental modeling of the source dynamics of volcanic tremor. These promising advances provide new insights into the mechanical properties of volcanic fluids and subvolcanic mass-transport dynamics. As new seismic methods refine our understanding of seismic sources, and geochemical methods better constrain mass balance and magma behavior, we face new challenges in elucidating the physico-chemical processes that cause volcanic unrest and its seismic and gas-discharge manifestations. Much work remains to be done toward a synthesis of seismological, geochemical, and petrological observations into an integrated model of volcanic behavior. Future important goals must include: (1) interpreting the key types of magma movement, degassing and boiling events that produce characteristic seismic phenomena; (2) characterizing multiphase fluids in subvolcanic regimes and determining their physical and chemical properties; and (3) quantitatively understanding multiphase fluid flow behavior under dynamic volcanic conditions. To realize these goals, not only must we learn how to translate seismic observations into quantitative information about fluid dynamics, but we also must determine the underlying physics that governs vesiculation, fragmentation, and the collapse of bubble-rich suspensions to form separate melt and vapor. Refined understanding of such processes-essential for quantitative short-term eruption forecasts-will require multidisciplinary research involving detailed field measurements, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM chouet@chouet.wr.usgs.gov RI Jiao, Liqing/A-8821-2011 NR 117 TC 151 Z9 152 U1 4 U2 29 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 160 IS 3-4 BP 739 EP 788 DI 10.1007/PL00012556 PG 50 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 640YP UT WOS:000180716900013 ER PT J AU Benson, L Linsley, B Smoot, J Mensing, S Lund, S Stine, S Sarna-Wojcicki, A AF Benson, L Linsley, B Smoot, J Mensing, S Lund, S Stine, S Sarna-Wojcicki, A TI Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the climate of the Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PDO; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; Mono Lake; Sierra Nevada ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; HYPERSALINE MONO LAKE; NORTH PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; SEDIMENTS; AMERICA; SHIFTS; AD AB Mono Lake sediments have recorded five major oscillations in the hydrologic balance between A.D. 1700 and 1941. These oscillations can be correlated with tree-ring-based oscillations in Sierra Nevada snowpack. Comparison of a tree-ring-based reconstruction of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index (D'Arrigo et al., 2001) with a coral-based reconstruction of Subtropical South Pacific sea-surface temperature (Linsley et al., 2000) indicates a high degree of correlation between the two records during the past 300 yr. This suggests that the PDO has been a pan-Pacific phenomena for at least the past few hundred years. Major oscillations in the hydrologic balance of the Sierra Nevada correspond to changes in the sign of the PDO with extreme droughts occurring during PDO maxima. Four droughts centered on A.D. 1710, 1770, 1850, and 1930 indicate PDO-related drought reoccurrence intervals ranging from 60 to 80 yr. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22090 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geog, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Calif State Univ Hayward, Hayward, CA 94542 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 39 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 59 IS 2 BP 151 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00007-3 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 672DC UT WOS:000182505000002 ER PT J AU Smith, FA Betancourt, JL AF Smith, FA Betancourt, JL TI The effect of Holocene temperature fluctuations on the evolution and ecology of Neotoma (woodrats) in Idaho and northwestern Utah SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bergmann's rule; body mass; species replacement; Neotoma lepida; Neotoma cinerea; late quaternary; global warming ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; GREAT-BASIN; LATE-PLEISTOCENE; GLOBAL CHANGE; BODY-SIZE; RESPONSES; RECORD; ECOSYSTEMS; MILLENNIUM; CINEREA AB Animals respond to climatic change by adapting or by altering distributional patterns. How an animal responds is influenced by where it is positioned within its geographic range; the probability of extirpation is increased near range boundaries. Here, we examine the impact of Holocene climatic fluctuations on a small mammalian herbivore, the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), at five locations within south central Idaho and northwestern Utah. Previous work demonstrated that woodrats adapt to temperature shifts by altering body size. We focus here on the relationship between body mass, temperature, and location within the geographic range. Body mass is estimated by measuring fossil fecal pellets, a technique validated in earlier work. Overall, we find the predicted phenotypic response to climate change: animals were larger during cold periods, and smaller during warmer episodes. However, we also identify several time periods when changes in environmental temperature exceeded the adaptive flexibility of N. cinerea. A smaller-bodied species, the desert woodrat (N. lepida) apparently invaded lower elevation sites during the mid-Holocene, despite being behaviorally and physically subordinate to N. cinerea. Analysis of contemporary patterns of body size and thermal tolerances for both woodrat species suggests this was because of the greater heat tolerance of N. lepida. The robust spatial relationship between contemporary body size and ambient temperature is used as a proxy to reconstruct local climate during the Holocene. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM fasmith@unm.edu NR 63 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 EI 1096-0287 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 59 IS 2 BP 160 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00004-8 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 672DC UT WOS:000182505000003 ER PT J AU Rowan, LC Mars, JC AF Rowan, LC Mars, JC TI Lithologic mapping in the Mountain Pass, California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer; ASTER; remote sensing; geologic mapping ID IMAGING SPECTROMETER DATA; GRAPEVINE MOUNTAINS; AVIRIS DATA; IMAGES; MINERALS; ROCKS; DISCRIMINATION; NEVADA; IR AB Evaluation of an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of the Mountain Pass, California area indicates that several important litbologic groups can be mapped in areas with good exposure by using spectral-matching techniques. The three visible and six near-infrared bands, which have 15-m and 30-m resolution, respectively, were calibrated by using in situ measurements of spectral reflectance. Calcitic rocks were distinguished from dolomitic rocks by using matched-filter processing in which image spectra were used as references for selected spectral categories. Skarn deposits and associated bright coarse marble were mapped in contact metamorphic zones related to intrusion of Mesozoic and Tertiary granodioritic rocks. Fe-muscovite, which is common in these intrusive rocks, was distinguished from Al-muscovite present in granitic gneisses and Mesozoic granite. Quartzose rocks were readily discriminated, and carbonate rocks were mapped as a single broad unit through analysis of the 90-m resolution, five-band surface emissivity data, which is produced as a standard product at the EROS Data Center. Three additional classes resulting from spectral-angle mapper processing ranged from (1) a broad granitic rock class (2) to predominately granodioritic rocks and (3) a more mafic class consisting mainly of mafic gneiss, amphibolite and variable mixtures of carbonate rocks and silicate rocks. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Rowan, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Mail Stop 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 32 TC 237 Z9 269 U1 6 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3 BP 350 EP 366 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00127-X DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00127-X PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 656CT UT WOS:000181591800003 ER PT J AU Mars, JC Crowley, JK AF Mars, JC Crowley, JK TI Mapping mine wastes and analyzing areas affected by selenium-rich water runoff in southeast Idaho using AVIRIS imagery and digital elevation data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE selenium; phosphoria; mead peak member; dinwoody; park city; remote sensing; phosphate; phosphorite; mine waste; hyperspectral; digital elevation model; AVIRIS ID SPECTROMETER AB Remotely sensed hyperspectral and digital elevation data from southeastern Idaho are combined in a new method to assess mine waste contamination. Waste rock from phosphorite mining in the area contains selenium, cadmium, vanadium, and other metals. Toxic concentrations of selenium have been found in plants and soils near some mine waste dumps. Eighteen mine waste dumps and five vegetation cover types in the southeast Idaho phosphate district were mapped by using Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery and field data. The interaction of surface water runoff with mine waste was assessed by registering the AVIRIS results to digital elevation data, enabling determinations of (1) mine dump morphologies, (2) catchment watershed areas above each mine dump, (3) flow directions from the dumps, (4) stream gradients, and (5) the extent of downstream wetlands available for selenium absorption. Watersheds with the most severe selenium contamination, such as the South Maybe Canyon watershed, are associated with mine dumps that have large catchment watershed areas, high stream gradients, a paucity of downstream wetlands, and dump forms that tend to obstruct stream flow. Watersheds associated with low concentrations of dissolved selenium, such as Angus Creek, have mine dumps with small catchment watershed areas, low stream gradients, abundant wetlands vegetation, and less obstructing dump morphologies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Mars, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 48 U1 7 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3 BP 422 EP 436 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00132-3 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00132-3 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 656CT UT WOS:000181591800008 ER PT J AU Kokaly, RF Despain, DG Clark, RN Livo, KE AF Kokaly, RF Despain, DG Clark, RN Livo, KE TI Mapping vegetation in Yellowstone National Park using spectral feature analysis of AVIRIS data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE AVIRIS; Yellowstone National Park; vegetation; remote sensing; spectral feature analysis ID IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY; WATER INDEX; LEAF; SPECTROMETRY; CHEMISTRY; NITROGEN AB Knowledge of the distribution of vegetation on the landscape can be used to investigate ecosystem functioning. The sizes and movements of animal populations can be linked to resources provided by different plant species. This paper demonstrates the application of imaging spectroscopy to the study of vegetation in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone) using spectral feature analysis of data from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). AVIRIS data, acquired on August 7, 1996, were calibrated to surface reflectance using a radiative transfer model and field reflectance measurements of a ground calibration site. A spectral library of canopy reflectance signatures was created by averaging pixels of the calibrated AVIRIS data over areas of known forest and nonforest vegetation cover types in Yellowstone. Using continuum removal and least squares fitting algorithms in the US Geological Survey's Tetracorder expert system, the distributions of these vegetation types were determined by comparing the absorption features of vegetation in the spectral library with the spectra from the AVIRIS data. The 0.68 mum chlorophyll absorption feature and leaf water absorption features, centered near 0.98 and 1.20 mum, were analyzed. Nonforest cover types of sagebrush, grasslands, willows, sedges, and other wetland vegetation were mapped in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone. Conifer cover types of lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, Douglas fir, and mixed Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir forests were spectrally discriminated and their distributions mapped in the AVIRIS images. In the Mount Washburn area of Yellowstone, a comparison of the AVIRIS map of forest cover types to a map derived from air photos resulted in an overall agreement of 74.1% (kappa statistic = 0.62). Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Bozeman, MT USA. RP Kokaly, RF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 973,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Kokaly, Raymond/A-6817-2017 OI Kokaly, Raymond/0000-0003-0276-7101 NR 50 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 8 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3 BP 437 EP 456 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00133-5 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00133-5 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 656CT UT WOS:000181591800009 ER PT J AU Cecil, FE Aakhus-Witt, A Hawbaker, J Sayers, J Bozek, A Heidbrink, WW Darrow, DS Debey, TM Marmar, E AF Cecil, FE Aakhus-Witt, A Hawbaker, J Sayers, J Bozek, A Heidbrink, WW Darrow, DS Debey, TM Marmar, E TI Thin foil Faraday collectors as a radiation hard fast lost-ion diagnostic SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL MADISON, WISCONSIN SP Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc, Div Plasma Phys, US DOE, Off Fus Energy Sci & Defense Sci ID FUSION PLASMAS AB We are investigating thin foil Faraday collectors as a diagnostic for lost fast ions from tokamak fusion plasmas. Prototype devices have been recently, installed in the National Spherical Torus Experiment and DIII-D. Initial results from these devices indicate a loss of energetic ions from, a variety of plasma conditions. Results from a device installed immediately outside a thin Be window on ALCATOR C-mod, as a test on the response to moderately intense fluxes of soft x rays indicate an upper limit of about 2 x 10(-22) A/photon/cm(2) at a plasma electron temperature of 1.8 keV. An important property of the diagnostic is the expected ability to operate under fairly high neutron/gamma radiation backgrounds. We have tested this expectation by measuring the current from a thin (2.5 mum) Ni foil placed in the core of a TRIGA fission reactor. At a maximum steady-state power of 950 kW (10(13) n/cm(2)/s), a current of 1.2 nA/cm(2) was measured. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA USA. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Cecil, FE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 74 IS 3 SI SI BP 1747 EP 1749 DI 10.1063/1.1534400 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 655BB UT WOS:000181530500080 ER PT J AU Esque, TC Schwalbe, CR DeFalco, LA Duncan, RB Hughes, TJ AF Esque, TC Schwalbe, CR DeFalco, LA Duncan, RB Hughes, TJ TI Effects of desert wildfires on desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and other small vertebrates SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID COASTAL SAGE SCRUB; SONORAN DESERT; SMALL MAMMALS; FIRE; COMMUNITY; CALIFORNIA; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; RESPONSES; RODENTS AB We report the results of standardized surveys to determine the effects of wildfires on desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) and their habitats in the northeastern Mojave Desert and northeastern Sonoran Desert. Portions of 6 burned areas (118 to 1,750 ha) were examined for signs of mortality of vertebrates. Direct effects of fire in desert habitats included animal mortality and loss of vegetation cover. A range of 0 to 7 tortoises was encountered during surveys, and live tortoises were found on all transects. In addition to desert tortoises, only small (<1 kg) mammals and reptiles (11 taxa) were found dead on the study areas. We hypothesize that indirect effects of fire on desert habitats might result in changes in the composition of diets and loss of vegetation cover, resulting in an increase in predation and loss of protection from temperature extremes. These changes in habitat also might cause changes in vertebrate communities in burned areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Henderson, NV USA. Univ Arizona, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Sage Landscape Architecture & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Bur Land Management, Phoenix Field Off, Phoenix, AZ 85027 USA. RP Esque, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 160 N Stephanie Rd, Henderson, NV USA. EM todd_esque@usgs.gov NR 70 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 22 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0103:EODWOD>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 664CE UT WOS:000182043500016 ER PT J AU Zaun, BJ King, KA Hurt, C Schotborgh, HM AF Zaun, BJ King, KA Hurt, C Schotborgh, HM TI First record of white-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi, nesting in Arizona SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB This article reports the first record of white-faced ibis (Plegadis chihi) nesting in Arizona and describes observations during the nesting period. On 21 June 2000, a colony of approximately 75 nests was discovered on an island of bulrush (Scirpus) in Cibola Lake, a backwater of the Colorado River within Cibola National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona. Based on date of first hatching, egg laying began about 15 June 2000. Ibis nests were monitored weekly. Overall, nesting success in this colony was low, with a fledging rate of slightly less than 1 young per pair. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cibola Natl Wildlife Refuge, Cibola, AZ 85328 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arizona Ecol Serv Field Off, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. RP Zaun, BJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cibola Natl Wildlife Refuge, Cibola, AZ 85328 USA. RI Hurt, Carla/A-3284-2011 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 130 EP 131 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0130:FROWIP>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 664CE UT WOS:000182043500021 ER PT J AU Sparks, DW Valdez, EW AF Sparks, DW Valdez, EW TI Food habits of Nyctinomops macrotis at a maternity roost in New Mexico, as indicated by analysis of guano SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BAT TADARIDA-BRASILIENSIS; INSECTIVOROUS BATS; EPTESICUS-FUSCUS; BROWN BAT; INDIANA AB We examined 56 fecal pellets from under a maternity colony of big free-tailed bats (Nyctinomops macrotis) in the jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. The most important food items, listed in order of decreasing percent volume, were Cicadellidae, leafhoppers (26.7% volume, 58.9% frequency); Ichneumonidae, Ichneumon wasps (19.3% volume, 35.7% frequency); and Lepidoptera, moths (17.2% volume, 82.1% frequency). Overall, the most important orders as prey consumed, listed by decreasing percent volume, were Homoptera (27.6% volume, 62.5% frequency), Hymenoptera (19.5% volume, 37.5% frequency), Lepidoptera (17.2% volume, 82.1% frequency), Hemiptera (11.7% volume, 37.5% frequency), and Diptera (10.6% volume, 50.0% frequency). Our study documents an unusually varied diet, as previous studies indicated that these bats fed almost exclusively on moths. C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Sparks, DW (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 132 EP 135 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0132:FHONMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 664CE UT WOS:000182043500022 ER PT J AU Plumlee, GS Hageman, PL Meeker, GP Lamothe, PJ Theodorakos, P Sutley, SJ Clark, RN Wilson, SA Swayze, GA Hoefen, TM Taggart, J Adams, M Ziegler, TL AF Plumlee, GS Hageman, PL Meeker, GP Lamothe, PJ Theodorakos, P Sutley, SJ Clark, RN Wilson, SA Swayze, GA Hoefen, TM Taggart, J Adams, M Ziegler, TL TI The chemical composition and reactivity of dusts deposited by the 9/11/2001, World Trade Center collapse. SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Toxicol C1 USGS, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 SU S MA 925 BP 190 EP 191 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 654WB UT WOS:000181518500931 ER PT J AU Ziegler, TL Hinkley, TK Lamothe, PJ Meeker, GP Sutley, SJ Lowers, H Brownfield, IK Plumlee, GS AF Ziegler, TL Hinkley, TK Lamothe, PJ Meeker, GP Sutley, SJ Lowers, H Brownfield, IK Plumlee, GS TI Geochemical solubility of asbestos toxicological standards in simulated lung fluids. SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Toxicol C1 USGS, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 SU S MA 924 BP 190 EP 190 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 654WB UT WOS:000181518500930 ER PT J AU Gundersen, DT Plumlee, M Wong, C Paar, J Schreck, CB Feist, GW Webb, MA Maule, AG Foster, E Fitzpatrick, MS AF Gundersen, DT Plumlee, M Wong, C Paar, J Schreck, CB Feist, GW Webb, MA Maule, AG Foster, E Fitzpatrick, MS TI Endocrine disruption and persistent bioaccumulative contaminants in Columbia River white sturgeon. SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Soc Toxicol C1 Pacific Univ, Environm Sci Program, Forest Grove, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA USA. Dept Environm Qual, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 SU S MA 935 BP 193 EP 193 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 654WB UT WOS:000181518500941 ER PT J AU Van Gosen, BS Meeker, GP Plumlee, GS Ziegler, TL AF Van Gosen, BS Meeker, GP Plumlee, GS Ziegler, TL TI Mineralogical dilemmas in evaluating the human health impacts of asbestos in commercial mineral deposits. SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Toxicol C1 USGS, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 SU S MA 1923 BP 396 EP 396 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 654WB UT WOS:000181518501930 ER PT J AU Spidle, AP Kalinowski, ST Lubinski, BA Perkins, DL Beland, KF Kocik, JF King, TL AF Spidle, AP Kalinowski, ST Lubinski, BA Perkins, DL Beland, KF Kocik, JF King, TL TI Population structure of Atlantic salmon in Maine with reference to populations from Atlantic Canada SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SALAR L.; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; PACIFIC SALMON; EAST-COAST; SIZE; INDIVIDUALS; DIVERSITY AB Anadromous Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from 12 rivers in Maine, 3 rivers in New Brunswick, and 2 rivers each in Nova Scotia, Quebec, Newfoundland, and Labrador as well as 2 landlocked strains in Maine (N = 3,863) were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. Fish in the drainages of Maine's Kennebec and Penobscot rivers were genetically similar to those sampled from the 8 rivers recently listed as containing an endangered distinct population segment under the United States' Endangered Species Act. Genetic distance estimates confirm that Maine's Atlantic salmon, both landlocked and anadromous, represent a discrete population unit, genetically as independent from any Canadian population as the Canadian populations are from each other. Within Maine, the anadromous and landlocked populations were statistically distinct. Anadromous Atlantic salmon were more genetically similar among year-classes within rivers than among rivers, as would be expected if the river is the unit of population. The effective number of breeders estimated within each river is larger than the number of adults estimated from samples and redd counts over the 10-year period from 1991 to 2000. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Johnson Controls Inc, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Maine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Maine Field Stn, Orono, ME 04473 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM tim_king@usgs.gov RI Kalinowski, Steven/A-7607-2008 NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 196 EP 209 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0196:PSOASI>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900002 ER PT J AU Mebane, CA Maret, TR Hughes, RM AF Mebane, CA Maret, TR Hughes, RM TI An index of biological integrity (IBI) for Pacific Northwest rivers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; REGRESSION QUANTILES; DISTURBED STREAMS; WATER-QUALITY; LAND-USE; OREGON; IDAHO; HOMOGENIZATION; TEMPERATURE AB The index of biotic integrity (IBI) is a commonly used measure of relative aquatic ecosystem condition; however, its application to coldwater rivers over large geographic areas has been limited. A seven-step process was used to construct and test an IBI applicable to fish assemblages in coldwater rivers throughout the U.S. portion of the Pacific Northwest. First, fish data from the region were compiled from previous studies and candidate metrics were selected. Second, reference conditions were estimated from historical reports and minimally disturbed reference sites in the region. Third, data from the upper Snake River basin were used to test metrics and develop the initial index. Fourth, candidate metrics were evaluated for their redundancy, variability, precision, and ability to reflect a wide range of conditions while distinguishing reference sites from disturbed sites. Fifth, the selected metrics were standardized by being scored continuously from 0 to 1 and then weighted as necessary to produce an IBI ranging from 0 to 100. The resulting index included 10 metrics: number of native coldwater species, number of age-classes of sculpins Cottus spp., percentage of sensitive native individuals, percentage of coldwater individuals, percentage of tolerant individuals, number of alien species, percentage of common carp Cyprinus carpio individuals, number of selected salmonid age-classes, catch per unit effort of coldwater individuals, and percentage of individuals with selected anomalies. Sixth, the IBI responses were tested with additional data sets from throughout the Pacific Northwest. Last, scores from two minimally disturbed reference rivers were evaluated for longitudinal gradients along the river continuum. The IBI responded to environmental disturbances and was spatially and temporally stable at over 150 sites in the Pacific Northwest. The results support its use across a large geographic area to describe the relative biological condition of coolwater and coldwater rivers with low species richness. C1 Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID 83706 USA. US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Mebane, CA (reprint author), Idaho Dept Environm Qual, 1410 N Hilton, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM cmebane@deq.state.id.us RI Mebane, Christopher/C-7188-2009 OI Mebane, Christopher/0000-0002-9089-0267 NR 96 TC 68 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 239 EP 261 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0239:AIOBII>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900006 ER PT J AU Connolly, PJ Petersen, JH AF Connolly, PJ Petersen, JH TI Bigger is not always better for overwintering young-of-year steelhead SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT WINTER MORTALITY; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; BROWN TROUT; POPULATION-DENSITY; COLORADO SQUAWFISH; ENERGY STORES; SIZE; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE AB Many fishes occur across broad ranges of latitude and elevation, where winter temperatures can vary from mild to harsh. We conducted a laboratory experiment with three sizes of age-0 steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss to examine growth. condition, and energy reserves under low rations at three levels of water temperature typical of this species' distribution during winter. At the end of the 111-d experiment, all three starting sizes of age-0 steelhead (small, 2-3 g; medium, 3-4 g; large, 4-5 g) held in 3degreesC water had lower total lipid weight than those held in 6degreesC and 9degreesC water. Large fish had higher total lipid weight than small fish at the onset of the experiment and retained higher amounts at the end. However, large fish had either the lowest percentage increases or the highest percentage decreases in fork length, biomass, condition factor, total lipid weight, and percent lipids within all thermal treatments. The magnitude of the differences between small and large fish was highest in the warmest (9degreesC) water. We used bioenergetics simulations of juvenile steelhead growth to examine fish response to initial size, winter temperature, and food availability. Relatively warm water temperatures in winter, coupled with limited food availability, may present more of a physiological challenge to larger age-0 steelhead than to smaller fish. Our results suggest that achievement of large size before the start of a steelhead's first winter can have a cost under episodic conditions found across the wide ranges of latitude and elevation within this species' distribution. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Connolly, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501 A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM patrick_connolly@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 262 EP 274 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0262:BINABF>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900007 ER PT J AU Diaz, S Symstad, AJ Chapin, FS Wardle, DA Huenneke, LF AF Diaz, S Symstad, AJ Chapin, FS Wardle, DA Huenneke, LF TI Functional diversity revealed by removal experiments SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; SPECIES RICHNESS; LONG-TERM; CHANGING BIODIVERSITY; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; PRODUCTIVITY; GRASSLAND; ECOLOGY; FUTURE; CONSEQUENCES AB The dominant protocol to study the effects of plant diversity on ecosystem functioning has involved synthetically assembled communities, in which the experimental design determines species composition. By contrast, the composition of naturally assembled communities is determined by environmental filters, species recruitment and dispersal, and other assembly processes. Consequently, natural communities and ecosystems can differ from synthetic systems in their reaction to changes in diversity. Removal experiments, in which the diversity of naturally assembled communities is manipulated by removing various components, complement synthetic-assemblage experiments in exploring the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning. Results of recent removal experiments suggest that they are more useful for understanding the ecosystem effects of local, nonrandom extinctions, changes in the natural abundance of species, and complex interspecific interactions. This makes removal experiments a promising avenue for progress in ecological theory and an important source of information for those involved in making land-use and conservation decisions. C1 Univ Nacl Cordoba, CONICET, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Exactas Fis & Nat, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. US Geol Survey, Mt Rushmore Natl Mem, Keystone, SD 57751 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Landcare Res, Lincoln, New Zealand. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Vegetat Ecol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Diaz, S (reprint author), Univ Nacl Cordoba, CONICET, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, Casilla Correo 495, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. EM sdiaz@com.uncor.edu RI Huenneke, Laura/D-3582-2009; Wardle, David/F-6031-2011; OI Huenneke, Laura/0000-0002-2562-6822; Wardle, David/0000-0002-0476-7335; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910 NR 64 TC 216 Z9 230 U1 15 U2 153 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 140 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00007-7 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 658PT UT WOS:000181729900010 ER PT J AU Szell, CC Woodrey, MS AF Szell, CC Woodrey, MS TI Reproductive ecology of the least tern along the Lower Mississippi River SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE clutch initiation; hatching success; Least Tern; Mississippi River; nest success; productivity; reproductive success; Sterna antillarum ID SURVIVAL; SUCCESS; COLONY; VALLEY AB The reproductive ecology of the Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) was examined at four nesting colonies along the Lower Mississippi River during the 1995-1997 breeding seasons. Nest success, hatching success, and reproductive success were calculated in order to estimate productivity and evaluate reproductive status. Nesting colonies varied in size from 172 to 550 nests, with average clutch sizes ranging from 1.9-2.7 eggs/nest. Both nest success, the proportion of nests from which at minimum one egg hatched, and hatching success, the proportion of eggs that hatched, were significantly higher in 1995 (97% and 94% respectively) as compared to 1996 and 1997 (similar to40%). Reproductive success averaged between 0.28-1.27 fledglings/clutch. Predation and untimely flooding were the largest negative impacts upon successful tern reproduction. C1 Mississippi Museum Nat Sci, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Szell, CC (reprint author), Mississippi Museum Nat Sci, 2148 Riverside Dr, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. EM christopherszell@yahoo.com NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD MAR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0035:REOTLT]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 658TQ UT WOS:000181736900004 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Nissen, JM Elfessi, A Steinbach, R AF Kenow, KP Korschgen, CE Nissen, JM Elfessi, A Steinbach, R TI A voluntary program to curtail boat disturbance to waterfowl during migration SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE boating; diving ducks; human disturbance; migration; staging area; Upper Mississippi River; waterfowl ID MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; KEOKUK-POOL; CANVASBACKS AB A voluntary waterfowl avoidance area (VWAA) was established on Lake Onalaska in Navigation Pool 7 of the Upper Mississippi River, Wisconsin, USA, in 1986, to reduce boating disturbance to migratory waterfowl. We monitored boater compliance with the VWAA program in 1993 and 1997. Of 1,664 "boating events" observed on Lake Onalaska, boats intruded into the VWAA on 127 occasions. Boating events have increased from 1.82 boating events/h in 1986-88 to 1.97 in 1993 and 2.58 in 1997. Despite a 60% increase in boating traffic, the lake-wide disturbance rates in 1997 were comparable to that in 1981. We attribute this to a significant reduction in the proportion of lake-wide boating events that resulted in disturbance, a direct consequence of the VWAA program. Rate of intrusion into the VWAA was 0.11 per boating event in 1997 compared to 0.18 per boating event in 1986-88. Boating disturbances to waterfowl within the VWAA occurred at about half the rate (0.24 to 0.28 disturbances (.) hr(-1)) observed prior to establishment of the program (0.48 disturbances (.) hr(-1)). We also identified access points used by boaters and boating activities that were most likely to result in intrusion into the VWAA and associated disturbance to waterfowl. Results of these analyses have provided useful information to resource managers for targeting public education efforts. The VWAA program has contributed to the value of Lake Onalaska as a waterfowl refuge and demonstrates an effective collaboration among government agencies and non-governmental organizations. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Upper Mississippi River Natl Wildlife & Fish Refu, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Mark Twain Natl Wildlife Refuge, Quincy, IL 62301 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM kevin_kenow@usgs.gov NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD MAR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0077:AVPTCB]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 658TQ UT WOS:000181736900010 ER PT J AU Leibowitz, SG Vining, KC AF Leibowitz, SG Vining, KC TI Temporal connectivity in a prairie pothole complex SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE wetland hydrology; specific conductance; landscape connectivity; spatial analysis; GIS; dispersal; isolated wetlands; depressional wetlands; metapopulations ID NORTH-DAKOTA; ISOLATED WETLANDS; USA; REGION AB A number of studies have noted the occurrence of intermittent surface-water connections between depressional wetlands in general and prairie potholes in particular. Yet, the ecological implications of such connections remain largely unexplored. In 1995, we observed spillage into and out of a North Dakota wetland during two field visits. Between May 3 and May 26, there was a positive relationship between specific conductance and water level at this site, suggesting an external source of dissolved ions. We estimated that specific conductance may have increased at the site by as much as 614 muS cm(-1) due to spillage from the upslope wetland. Based on a spatial analysis that compared National Wetlands Inventory maps with 1996 color infrared imagery, we estimated that 28% of the area's wetlands had a temporary surface water connection to at least one other wetland at that time, including one complex of 14 interconnected wetlands. These results indicate that the connectivity observed in 1995 was not confined to the two wetlands nor to that single year. The degree of connectivity we observed would be expected to occur during the wetter portions of the region's 20-year wet-dry cycle. We hypothesize that intermittent surface-water connections between wetlands occur throughout the prairie pothole region. Given patterns in relief and precipitation, these connections most likely would have occurred in the eastern portion of the prairie pothole region. However, wetland drainage may have altered historical patterns. The implication of these spatial and temporal trends is that surface-water connections between depressional wetlands should be viewed as a probability event that has some distribution over time and space. We refer to connections that are impermanent, temporally discontinuous, or sporadic as temporal connectivity. The most intriguing feature of these temporary connections may be that they could affect biodiversity or population dynamics through transport of individuals or reproductive bodies. Research is needed to determine whether these connections actually cause these biological effects and to characterize the distribution and effects of this phenomenon. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA. RP Leibowitz, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM leibowitz.scott@epa.gov NR 35 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 19 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 13 EP 25 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0013:TCIAPP]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300002 ER PT J AU Gleason, RA Euliss, NH Hubbard, DE Duffy, WG AF Gleason, RA Euliss, NH Hubbard, DE Duffy, WG TI Effects of sediment load on emergence of aquatic invertebrates and plants from wetland soil egg and seed banks SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE agricultural impacts; egg banks; hydrophytes; prairie potholes; resting eggs; sedimentation; seed banks; siltation; tillage; wetland condition; wetland degradation ID PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; CALANOID COPEPOD EGGS; SEA-BOTTOM MUDS; RESTING EGGS; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; TEMPERATURE; GERMINATION; VEGETATION; DURATION; DYNAMICS AB Intensive agricultural activities near prairie wetlands may result in excessive sediment loads, which may bury seed and invertebrate egg banks that are important for maintenance and cycling of biotic communities during wet/dry cycles. We evaluated effects of sediment burial on emergence of plants and invertebrates from seed and invertebrate egg banks. Sediment-load experiments indicated that burial depths of 0.5 cm caused a 91.7% reduction in total seedling emergence and a 99.7% reduction in total invertebrate emergence. Results of our burial experiments corroborated prior research on seedling emergence. However, our study demonstrated that invertebrate emergence is also highly susceptible to the effects of burial. Our research suggests that sediment entering wetlands from agricultural erosion may also hamper successional changes throughout interannual climate cycles. Land-management strategies need to be implemented that will prevent erosion of cropland top soil from entering wetlands. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Humboldt State Univ, US Geol Survey, Calif Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Gleason, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 45 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 41 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 26 EP 34 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0026:EOSLOE]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300003 ER PT J AU McKenna, JE AF McKenna, JE TI Community metabolism during early development of a restored wetland SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE wetland restoration; aquatic production; diurnal curve; community metabolism ID DISSOLVED-OXYGEN DYNAMICS; FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; GREAT-LAKES; SALT-MARSH; ECOSYSTEM; EUTROPHICATION; FLORIDA; BIOMASS; MODEL AB Productivity is an important ecological function of any. natural system and may be quite high in wetlands. Restoration of productive wetlands may play a key role in re-establishing ecological function to portions of the vast areas of wetlands (roughly 86%) drained and otherwise altered in the United States over the past two centuries. A restored wetland at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge (upstate New-York,, USA) was examined to determine if ecological function (i.e., productivity), as well as biotic structure, was restored. Physicochemical conditions and both aquatic and terrestrial productivity were measured at the restoration site-and compared with rates and conditions in a reference wetland. Gross aquatic community production rates (based on diurnal oxygen curves) were similar at each site (1,679 and 2,311 g O-2.m(-2).yr(-1)) and within the range-expected for the habitat. Terrestrial Net Aboveground Primary Production rates (measured by monthly biomass changes) (2,400 and 2,500 g dry wt. . m(-2) . yr(-1)) were also similar between sites when tree and herb production were combined. Aquatic respiration rates (3,704 and 4,552 g O-2 . m(-2) yr(-1) were also similar but high, typically more than twice as large as gross aquatic production. As a result, net aquatic production rates at both sites were usually negative, indicating that these small wetlands are organic matter sinks that satisfy aquatic respiration by consumption of both autochthonous aquatic production and imported terrestrial production. They enhance diversity of the local landscape by producing populations of aquatic consumers that cannot be supported by aquatic production alone. Typical Weiland conditions and processes developed quickly after restoration, but differences in biotic community structure indicate that observed rates of production and respiration at both sites were maintained by flow through different food-web pathways. Despite the relatively high process rates, any successional progress of the restoration site is expected-to be slow. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McKenna, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, 3075 Gracie Ctr, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. EM jim_mckenna@usgs.gov NR 77 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 16 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 35 EP 50 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0035:CMDEDO]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300004 ER PT J AU Taft, OW Haig, SM AF Taft, OW Haig, SM TI Historical wetlands in Oregon's Willamette Valley: Implications for restoration of winter waterbird habitat SO WETLANDS LA English DT Review DE agricultural landscape; fire; historical wetlands; Kalapuya; land use; Oregon; shorebirds; wading birds; waterfowl; wetland loss; wetland prairie; wetland restoration; Willamette Valley ID MOVEMENT PATTERNS; USA; MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; PRAIRIE; PLANTS; MARSH; SOIL AB Before agricultural expansion in the 19(th) century, river valleys of North America supported expanses of wetland habitat. In restoring these landscapes, it is important to understand their historical condition and biological function. Synthesizing historical primary accounts (from explorers, travelers, settlers, and farmers)with contemporary knowledge of these wetland systems, we developed a profile of the wetlands and their use by nonbreeding waterbirds (e.g., waterfowl, wading birds, and shorebirds) within the Willamette Valley, Oregon, ca. 1840. We found evidence for three types of wetlands used by non-breeding waterbirds in fall, winter, and spring: emergent wetlands, riverine wetlands, and wetland prairie. The most extensive wetland type was wetland prairie, which functioned as fall/winter habitat for waterbirds, but only while native Kalapuyans managed the region with fire. Since the mid-1800s, four species, in particular, have decreased their use of the Willamette Valley: trumpeter-swan (Cygnus buccinator), snow goose (Chen caerulescens), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), and long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus). Information suggests that ca. 1840, waterbirds and their habitats were more abundant in the Willamette Valley than today. Restoration of the Willamette Valley landscape is warranted, and today's agricultural wetlands-former wetland prairie-hold highest restoration potential. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Taft, OW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Oriane_Taft@usgs.gov NR 150 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 51 EP 64 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0051:HWIOWV]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300005 ER PT J AU Tangen, BA Butler, MG Michael, JE AF Tangen, BA Butler, MG Michael, JE TI Weak correspondence between macroinvertebrate assemblages and land use in Prairie Pothole Region wetlands, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE agricultural land-use; bioassessment; Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI); metrics; redundancy analysis; variance partitioning ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; NORTH-DAKOTA; INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; FATHEAD MINNOWS; WATER; LAKE; QUALITY; DROUGHT; INDEX AB To evaluate the potential development of a macroinvertebrate Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for Prairie Pothole Region wetlands, we sampled the aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in 24 semipermanent wetlands located throughout central North Dakota. Wetland basins were selected to encompass a range of surrounding land-use, ranging from 100% grassland to 100% cropland. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to identify the influences of fish, and temporal and spatial variation on the macroinvertebrate community. We also used RDA to look for relationships between wetland macroinvertebrate communities and land-use. Seventeen potential invertebrate metrics were tested by graphical analyses. We identified a strong influence on the macroinvertebrate community due to the presence of fish. A number of invertebrate taxa decreased in abundance as the summer progressed, and there was noticeable variation in the invertebrate community among individual wetlands of the region. However, we detected no strong relationships between the varying degrees of agricultural land-use in the wetland catchments and the invertebrate community. Consequently, we were unable to identify any effective IBI metrics indicative of land-use disturbance. Lack of correspondence between land-use and macroinvertebrates in this habitat is most likely due to a high degree of natural disturbance (e.g., presence of fish, temporal changes) and a low diversity community of resilient taxa in Prairie Pothole Region wetlands. C1 N Dakota Dept Hlth, Environm Hlth Sect, Div Water Qual, Bismarck, ND 58506 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Tangen, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM brian_tangen@usgs.gov NR 69 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 23 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 104 EP 115 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0104:WCBMAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300010 ER PT J AU Austin, JE Guntenspergen, GR Sklebar, HT Buhl, TK AF Austin, JE Guntenspergen, GR Sklebar, HT Buhl, TK TI Differences in distribution of modified basins and ducks relative to roadside transects SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; Anas clypeata; Anas discors; Anas platyrhynchos; Anas strepera; blue-winged teal; gadwall; mallard; modified wetlands; North Dakota; northern shoveler; pintail; Prairie Pothole region; survey methodology ID PRAIRIE WETLANDS; NORTH-DAKOTA; STOCK PONDS; WATERFOWL; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT AB Wetland basins in the Prairie Pothole Region of the U.S. are commonly modified by excavation (e.g., roadside ditches, stock dugouts), partial drainage (ditching), and diking. Differences in the distribution of modified wetlands may affect the predictive accuracy of waterfowl survey data if such wetlands are not distributed randomly in the landscape and if waterfowl are not distributed equally among them. We used data collected on thirty-eight 40-km(2) plots in North Dakota to examine the distribution of modified basins relative to roadside transects and their use by five species of dabbling ducks in 1995. The 800-m-wide transects were subdivided into an inner 400-m transect, centered on the road, and the remaining outer transect area. We compared the distribution of modified and natural wetland basins among three sample areas: 1) the inner 400-m-wide roadside transect area, 2) the outer transect area, and 3) the remaining area within the 40-km(2) plot that was outside of the transects (outer plot). Duck use was compared between the two transect areas. The plots contained 20,582 basins, of which 88.5% were unmodified, 7.5% were excavated, 3.7% were partially drained, and 0.2% were diked. Nearly all excavated temporary (89%) and seasonal (90%) basins occurred in the inner transect area, reflecting the high proportion of basins that would be defined as roadside ditches. Excavated semipermanent basins were more evenly distributed among the outer plot and two transect widths; these basins often were dugouts but also included roadside ditches. Partially drained and diked basins also were fairly evenly distributed among the three sample areas. Semipermanent basins had greater use by mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern pintails (A. acuta) when they were partially drained than when they were excavated or unmodified; pintails also had greater use of partially drained seasonal basins. Use of wetland basins by gadwall (A. strepera), blue-winged teal (A. discors), and northern shovelers (A. clypeata) did not differ among water regimes or modification. We found no evidence to indicate that duck numbers determined from standard 400-m-wide roadside transects were biased relative to the larger landscape. However, pond counts derived from such transects were biased. Correlations of duck numbers to pond counts that exclude ditches or temporary basins would poorly reflect the response of ducks to available water. C1 US Geol Survey, No Praire Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP Austin, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Praire Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM jane_austin@usgs.gov OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 140 EP 148 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0140:DIDOMB]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300013 ER PT J AU Andersen, DC Nelson, SM Binkley, D AF Andersen, DC Nelson, SM Binkley, D TI Flood flows, leaf breakdown, and plant-available nitrogen on a dryland river floodplain SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE decomposition; floodplain; flood regime; nitrogen cycling; Populus deltoides wislizenii; riparian ID FREMONT COTTONWOOD SEEDLINGS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; FOREST STREAM; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; DESERT STREAM; DYNAMICS; WATER; SOIL; ESTABLISHMENT AB We tested the hypothesis that decomposition in flood-inundated patches of riparian tree leaf litter results in higher plant-available nitrogen in underlying, nutrient-poor alluvium. We used leafpacks (n = 56) containing cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. wislizenii) leaf litter to mimic natural accumulations of leaves in an experiment conducted on the Yampa River floodplain in semi-arid northwestern Colorado, USA. One-half of the leafpacks were set on the sandy alluvial surface, and one-half were buried 5 cm below the surface. The presence of NO3- and NH4+ presumed to result from a leafpack's submergence during the predictable spring flood pulse was assessed using an ion-exchange resin bag (IER) placed beneath each leafpack and at control locations. Leafpacks and IERs were collected one week after flood peak (71 days total exposure) at half the stations; the remainder were collected three weeks later (93 days exposure). A multi-peaked spring flood with above-average maximum discharge inundated leafpacks for total time periods ranging from 133 to 577 hours. Litter lost from 43 to 68 percent of its initial organic matter (OM) content. Organic matter loss increased with total time inundated and total time of exposure on the floodplain. Burial retarded OM loss if the total time inundated was relatively long, and substrate texture (sand vs. silt) affected OM loss in a complex manner through interactions with total time inundated and total time of exposure. No pulse of N attributable to leaf breakdown was detected in the IERs, and leafpack litter showed no net change in the mass of nitrogen present. Patterns of leafpack and IER nitrogen levels suggested that litter removed N from floodwater and thereby reduced N availability in underlying sediment. Immobilization of floodwater-N by litter and N mineralization outside the flood period may be important components of N flux in semi-arid and and floodplain environments. C1 US Bur Reclamat, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Denver Tech Serv Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Andersen, DC (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, D-8200,POB 25007, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM doug_andersen@usgs.gov RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 42 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 180 EP 189 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0180:FFLBAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 659PF UT WOS:000181785300017 ER PT J AU Green, GI Mattson, DJ AF Green, GI Mattson, DJ TI Tree rubbing by Yellowstone grizzly bears Ursus arctos SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grizzly bears; marking; rubbing; rub tree; Ursus arctos horribilis; Yellowstone AB Tree rubbing or marking by bears has been observed throughout the northern hemisphere. Even so, this behaviour has rarely been studied. We documented 93 sites where grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis rubbed on 116 trees during 1986-1992, in the Yellowstone. Ecosystem. We used logistic regression and information-based estimation and selection criteria to specify models that explained selection of sites and individual trees for rubbing by bears in our study area. The probability of rubbing peaked during May and June, the period of mating and moult, and declined thereafter. At the landscape level, grizzly bears selected for gentle south-facing slopes, forest/non-forest ecotones with sparse deadfall, and forest stands dominated by lodgepole pine Pinus contorta or Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii. Among the trees at sites where bears rubbed, we found strong selection for large diameters but no indication of selection for species. Rubbed trees were highly associated with travel routes likely used by bears, including game trails, recreation trails and forest edges. Rubbing was often oriented towards these likely travel routes. Short trails of entrenched pad-shaped marks leading up to rubbed trees were recorded at 58% of the sites where rubbing occurred. Contrary to reports of black bears Ursus americanus clawing and biting trees, we found shredded or bitten bark at only 9% of sites with rubbed or otherwise marked trees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bears used trees primarily for rubbing their back and shoulders. Our findings are consistent with previous arguments that rubbing serves as a means of chemical communication. C1 No Arizona Univ, USGS SW Biol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Coeur dAlene Tribe Fish & Wildlife Off, Plummer, ID 83851 USA. RP Green, GI (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, USGS SW Biol Sci Ctr, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 40 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 6 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 662PP UT WOS:000181956600001 ER PT J AU O'Shea, TJ Bogan, MA Ellison, LE AF O'Shea, TJ Bogan, MA Ellison, LE TI Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: Status of the science and recommendations for the future SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bats; Chiroptera; endangered species; population estimation; species of concern; trend monitoring ID ROOST AB Populations of bats (Order Chiroptera) are difficult to monitor. However, current recognition of the importance of bats to biodiversity, their ecological and economic value as ecosystem components, and their vulnerability to declines makes monitoring trends in their populations a much-needed cornerstone for their future management. We report findings and recommendations of a recent expert workshop on monitoring trends in bat populations in the United States and territories. We summarize selected case reports presented by others at the workshop, including reviews of methods and ongoing efforts to monitor a wide range of species of bats in a diverse array of situations. Most efforts at monitoring bat populations involve use of indices that are uncalibrated in relation to population size, do not incorporate measures of variation or detectability, are discontinuous in time and space, and sometimes lack standard protocols. This is in part because the complex and variable natural history of bats poses many challenges to monitoring. We also review principal findings and recommendations made by workshop participants. Recommendations centered on improving methods for monitoring populations of bats, defining objectives and priorities for monitoring, gaining mandates for monitoring, and enhancing information exchange. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ New Mexico, US Geol Survey, Museum SW Biol, Aridlands Field Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP O'Shea, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 55 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 16 EP 29 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900004 ER PT J AU Niemuth, ND AF Niemuth, ND TI Identifying landscapes for greater prairie chicken translocation using habitat models and GIS: a case study SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE GIS; landscape ecology; prairie chicken; scale; sharp-tailed grouse; spatially explicit habitat model ID SHARP-TAILED GROUSE; LEK EVOLUTION; LAND-USE; POPULATIONS; HYPOTHESIS; REANALYSIS; NESTS AB Declines in the number and range of prairie grouse (Tympanuchus spp.) in North America have prompted numerous translocation efforts to establish additional populations, but overall success of translocations has been low. Because success of a translocation is ultimately determined by the quantity and quality of habitat at the translocation site, evaluating habitat prior to translocation should be a critical consideration. I used landscape characteristics surrounding 75 greater prairie chicken (T. cupido) leks and 75 unused points to develop a habitat model identifying suitability of landscapes for greater prairie chickens in Wisconsin. Presence of leks was positively associated with amount of grassland and wetland in the landscape and negatively associated with forest cover and distance from nearest known lek. The model correctly identified 94% of sample leks and unused points. I applied the model to digital landcover data of the entire state of Wisconsin to create a spatially explicit map predicting suitability of unoccupied landscapes for translocation of greater prairie chickens. Sites identified as suitable for greater prairie chickens agreed with results of other prairie chicken habitat models and landscapes identified as having high priority for conservation of grassland birds in Wisconsin. The most suitable landscapes had substantial public ownership but would likely require fine-grained management to meet all habitat requirements of greater prairie chickens. Landscape-level habitat models combined with accurate digital data provide an efficient means of objectively assessing habitat for prairie chicken translocation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. RP Niemuth, ND (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Habitat & Populat Evaluat Team, 3425 Miriam Ave, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. NR 66 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 145 EP 155 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900016 ER PT J AU Taylor, JP Smith, LM AF Taylor, JP Smith, LM TI Chufa management in the middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE above-ground standing crop; below-ground standing crop; chufa; Cyperus esculentus; migratory birds; moist soil management; wetlands ID CYPERUS-ESCULENTUS; NUTSEDGE; PURPLE; LIGHT AB Natural wetlands provide food resources for a variety of migratory birds. Although much is known regarding the production of above-ground food resources, little is known about the production of below-ground food resources such as chufa (Cyperus esculentus) tubers. In 1996 and 1997, we compared chufa production among mowing, discing, and sustained flooding treatments in the middle Rio Grande Valley at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. Mowing occurred early in the growing season to reduce potential competitors such as cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), light discing occurred 30 days after wetland drawdown to stimulate tuber production, and periodic sustained flooding occurred during the growing season to drown competing plants. In addition to chufa, we compared mass of total above- and below-ground standing crop, seeds, tubers, and rhizomes among treatments. Mowing and discing treatments had similar below-ground chufa biomass, whereas the sustained flood treatment suppressed chufa growth relative to these treatments. Chufa production was higher during the second year of the study on all treatments, probably due to vegetative cloning over the 2-year study. Although the production of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), and total underground mass was similar among treatments, seed mass was reduced as a result of discing. From this perspective, mowed and sustained flood treatments were preferred, due to similar total below-ground production among treatments and lower seed mass in the disced treatment. Managers should consider combined above- and below-ground production to provide a diversity of food resources for migratory birds. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Wildlife & Fisheries Management Inst, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Taylor, JP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 1246, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 156 EP 162 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900017 ER PT J AU Boersen, MR Clark, JD King, TL AF Boersen, MR Clark, JD King, TL TI Estimating black bear population density and genetic diversity at Tensas River, Louisiana using microsatellite DNA markers SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE black bear; genetic markers; Louisiana; mark-recapture; Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge; Ursus americanus luteolus ID INBREEDING DEPRESSION; UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; FLORIDA PANTHER; SIZE ESTIMATORS; BROWN BEARS; CAPTURE; ANIMALS; FLOW AB The Recovery Plan for the federally threatened Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus) mandates that remnant populations be estimated and monitored. In 1999 we obtained genetic material with barbed-wire hair traps to estimate bear population size and genetic diversity at the 329-km(2) Tensas River Tract, Louisiana. We constructed and monitored 122 hair traps, which produced 1,939 hair samples. Of those, we randomly selected 116 subsamples for genetic analysis and used up to 12 microsatellite DNA markers to obtain multilocus genotypes for 58 individuals. We used Program CAPTURE to compute estimates of population size using multiple mark-recapture models. The area of study was almost entirely circumscribed by agricultural land, thus the population was geographically closed. Also, study-area boundaries were biologically discreet, enabling us to accurately estimate population density. Using model Chao M-h to account for possible effects of individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities, we estimated the population size to be 119 (SE = 29.4) bears, or 0.36 bears/km(2). We were forced to examine a substantial number of loci to differentiate between some individuals because of low genetic variation. Despite the probable introduction of genes from Minnesota bears in the, 1960s, the isolated population at Tensas exhibited characteristics consistent with inbreeding and genetic drift. Consequently, the effective population size at Tensas may be as few as 32, which warrants continued monitoring or possibly genetic augmentation. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, So Appalachian Field Lab, US Geol Survey, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Boersen, MR (reprint author), Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agcy, POB 40747, Nashville, TN 37204 USA. EM jclark1@utk.edu NR 64 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 6 U2 30 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 197 EP 207 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900022 ER PT J AU Fleskes, JP AF Fleskes, JP TI Effects of backpack radiotags on female northern pintails wintering in California SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; backpack; harness; northern pintail; radiotelemetry; spear-suture; transmitter ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; WILD MALLARDS; SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; CAPTIVE MALLARDS; SUMMER SURVIVAL; TRANSMITTERS; RATES; MOVEMENTS; REPRODUCTION; BIAS AB To test whether backpack radiotags impacted the wintering biology of northern pintails (Anas acuta), I attached spear-suture (SSU, n = 82 in 1993) or harness (HAR, n = 337 in 1991-1993) backpack radiotags to female Hatch-Year (HY) and After-Hatch-Year (AHY) pintails after their autumn arrival in California. I evaluated impacts of radiotags on 1) wintering population distribution; 2) flock status, flock size, and body mass at harvest; and 3) August-March survival. I also compared retention of SSU and HAR following attachment. Distribution, flock status, and flock size at harvest of HAR, SSU, and unmarked (UMK) pintails were similar. However, harvest mass of HAR pintails averaged 133 g (SE = 25 g) less than UMK pintails; loss tended to be greatest for heavier HY females in 1993. Daily survival rates during 1993-1994 of HAR vs. SSU pintails were similar for both HY (0.9979 vs. 0.9974) and AHY (0.9988 vs. 0.9986) female pintails. Retention ranged from 30-158 days ((x) over bar = 81 d, SE = 5 d) for the 37 SSU that I confirmed as being shed; all other SSU failed <158 days or were on pintails that died <158 days. Two HAR were shed during the 202-205-day annual study over 3 years. Both backpack radiotag types are appropriate for study of some aspects of pintail wintering ecology, but I recommend against SSU radiotags for >1-month studies due to poor retention past a month. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Fleskes, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 212 EP 219 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900024 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR Cooch, EG Gutierrez, RJ Krebs, CJ Lindberg, MS Pollock, KH Ribic, CA Shenk, TM AF Anderson, DR Cooch, EG Gutierrez, RJ Krebs, CJ Lindberg, MS Pollock, KH Ribic, CA Shenk, TM TI Rigorous science: suggestions on how to raise the bar SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE education; in-service training; life-long learning; peer review; professional meetings; publication quality; research funding; scientific inference; science philosophy; university curricula ID WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT; STATISTICS; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION AB We offer suggestions for improving the validity of scientific inferences in wildlife ecology and management. These suggestions are offered under 7 categories as subjects of debate and refinement within our profession: university education, manuscript review and publication, professional meetings, in-service training, agency funding, review of field studies, and planning and assessment. We recommend consideration of the appointment of a Special Commissioner, working directly under The Wildlife Society (TWS) president, to oversee and coordinate various programs aimed at improving the rigor in our science and the educational opportunities of our membership. For such efforts to succeed, TWS membership must support attempts to better the science in our profession. We urge TWS members to become engaged in the process of improving the management of our natural resources by strengthening activities that will improve the quality of our science. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol,Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Anderson, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Room 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 296 EP 305 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900037 ER PT J AU Waddle, JH Rice, KG Percival, HF AF Waddle, JH Rice, KG Percival, HF TI Using personal digital assistants to collect wildlife field data SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Waddle, JH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Bldg 10, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Waddle, Hardin/D-3845-2009 OI Waddle, Hardin/0000-0003-1940-2133 NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 306 EP 308 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900038 ER PT J AU Beadell, J Greenberg, R Droege, S Royle, JA AF Beadell, J Greenberg, R Droege, S Royle, JA TI Distribution, abundance, and habitat affinities of the Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TIDAL MARSHES; POPULATIONS AB We examined the distribution and abundance of the Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana nigrescens) at previously occupied sites and points within potential habitat. We found Swamp Sparrows throughout their formerly documented range except in southern Chesapeake Bay. Swamp Sparrows were most common in the Mullica River region of New Jersey where we detected individuals at 78% of systematically chosen points with a mean count of 4.1 birds/point. The percentages of points with positive detections in. the regions of Delaware River (39%), eastern Delaware Bay (23%), western Delaware Bay (34%), and Tuckahoe River (31%) were lower. The mean count of birds/point was between 0.4 and 0.6 in these regions. A higher resolution Poisson model of relative abundance suggested that the greatest concentrations of Swamp Sparrows occurred not only in the Mullica River area but also along northwestern Delaware Bay. Regression analysis of Swamp Sparrow counts and habitat features identified shrubs (Iva frutescens and Baccharis halimifolia) as a key habitat component. By applying density estimates generated by DISTANCE (Thomas et al. 1998) to the approximate area of potential shrub habitat along Delaware Bay, we estimated that the core population of Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrows was less than 28,000 pairs. We recommend that the Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow be listed as a subspecies of concern by state and local governments because of its relatively small population size, restricted distribution in the mid-Atlantic region, and narrow habitat requirements. C1 Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Greenberg, R (reprint author), Migratory Bird Ctr, Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC 20008 USA. OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 115 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 DI 10.1676/02-041 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 720ZJ UT WOS:000185292300006 ER PT J AU Nagorski, SA Moore, JN McKinnon, TE Smith, DB AF Nagorski, SA Moore, JN McKinnon, TE Smith, DB TI Geochemical response to variable streamflow conditions in contaminated and uncontaminated streams SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hysteresis; runoff; trace metals; suspended sediment; water quality; spring flushing ID FRASER-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; JERSEY PINELANDS STREAMS; DISSOLVED TRACE-ELEMENTS; WATER-QUALITY; SIERRA-NEVADA; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; METAL CONTAMINATION; SOLUTE CHEMISTRY; UNITED-STATES; MINE DRAINAGE AB [1] Seasonal variations in stream inorganic geochemistry are not well documented or understood. We sampled two mining-impacted and two relatively pristine streams in western Montana over a 12-month period, collecting samples every 4 weeks, with supplemental sampling (at least weekly) during spring runoff. We analyzed all samples for dissolved (operationally defined as <0.2 μm) and total recoverable concentrations. Generally, the trace elements (Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) did not correlate linearly with streamflow, while the major elements (e.g., Ca, K, and Mg) did. Suspended sediment, total recoverable metals, and H+ followed clockwise hysteresis rotations, driven by short-term flushing events during the very early stages of spring runoff. Mining-impacted sites had higher concentrations of many trace elements than did relatively pristine sites. One of the mining impacted sites exhibited strong geochemical responses to spring rain events in the basin. The results underscore the need to sample streams frequently during changing hydrologic and climatic conditions in order to accurately monitor surface water quality and to determine solute and particulate loads (both contaminant and noncontaminant). C1 Univ Montana, Dept Geol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nagorski, SA (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Geol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 69 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 AR 1044 DI 10.1029/2001WR001247 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 664UM UT WOS:000182080200002 ER PT J AU Muths, E AF Muths, E TI Home range and movements of boreal toads in undisturbed habitat SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID BUFO-CALAMITA; TERRESTRIAL; SUMMER AB I sampled movements and amount of area used by boreal toads (Bufo boreas) between June and October for 3 yr. Females were found farther from the breeding site than were males, and mean home ranges, as calculated by the adaptive kernel method, were four times larger for females than for males. Temperature and snow accumulation were comparable over the study, but data collection was hampered by mortality of animals caused by an outbreak of amphibian chytridiomycosis in yr 2. These data provide insight into use of habitat by boreal toads in undisturbed areas but may not be typical of a completely healthy population. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Muths, E (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 28 TC 39 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD FEB 26 PY 2003 IS 1 BP 160 EP 165 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0160:HRAMOB]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 654DC UT WOS:000181477800017 ER PT J AU Baher, SA Davis, PM AF Baher, SA Davis, PM TI An application of seismic tomography to basin focusing of seismic waves and Northridge earthquake damage SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Santa Monica; tomography; focusing; basin; ground motion; earthquake hazard ID SANTA-MONICA; LOS-ANGELES; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CALIFORNIA; AREA; FAULT; AMPLIFICATION; HAZARD; RANGES AB [1] Damage during the 1994 Northridge earthquake was anomalously concentrated in Santa Monica, California. Aftershock studies suggest that the basin substructure caused localized amplification of seismic waves by focusing the energy. However, the geometry and velocities of the geological structure are uncertain, relying on extrapolation from widely separated boreholes. We present results of a tomographic study which includes inverting over 30,000 travel times from a seismic array experiment on a 194 station array and a 10-km-long Vibroseis survey. We find that the damage zone is located above a subbasin several kilometers deep where low-velocity sediments of the northeastern Los Angeles basin are separated from higher-velocity rocks of the Santa Monica Mountains by the steeply dipping Santa Monica-Potrero Canyon fault zone. Three-dimensional ray tracing through this structure shows that focusing of rays from the Northridge earthquake epicenter occurs in the region where damage was greatest and where aftershock amplitudes are magnified. We also find that near-surface P velocities, while low in the Santa Monica basin, do not correlate with the zone of damage. In a related study [Baher et al., 2002], site effects determined from coda waves are better correlated with damage, suggesting that compliant site effects were also important in localizing the damage distribution. We conclude that the anomalous damage was caused by a combination of site and basin focusing effects. Such geometries may be quite common in earthquake zones worldwide where similar results have been observed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Baher, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM sbaher@usgs.gov; pdavis@ess.ucla.edu NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B2 AR 2122 DI 10.1029/2001JB001610 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 664RY UT WOS:000182075800001 ER PT J AU Dzurisin, D AF Dzurisin, D TI A comprehensive approach to monitoring volcano deformation as a window on the eruption cycle SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE volcano geodesy; volcano deformation; volcano monitoring; radar interferometry ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; MOUNT ST-HELENS; 28 JUNE 1992; POSITIONING SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS; CONTINUOUS BOREHOLE STRAIN; SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; GROUND DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; MAMMOTH-MOUNTAIN AB [1] Since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, volcanologists have made considerable progress toward predicting eruptions on the basis of precursors that typically start a few days to several months in advance. Although accurate eruption prediction is by no means routine, it may now be possible in some cases to extend the effective warning period by anticipating the onset of short-term precursors. Three promising indicators of deep magmatic processes are (1) deep, long-period earthquakes and tremor that indicate the ascent of magma through the crust, (2) magmatic CO2 emission rate as a proxy for magma supply rate, and (3) relatively broad, generally aseismic surface uplift caused by magmatic intrusions. In the latter case it is essential to sample the deformation field thoroughly in both time and space to adequately constrain source models. Until recently, this has been nearly impossible because high-precision sensors could not be deployed in sufficient numbers, nor could extensive geodetic surveys be conducted often enough. Advances in instrumentation, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and telecommunications are helping to overcome these limitations. As a result, comprehensive geodetic monitoring of selected volcanoes is now feasible. A combination of InSAR, large-aperture GPS surveys, microgravity surveys, and dense arrays of continuous GPS stations, strain meters, and tiltmeters can reveal both spatial and temporal patterns of ground deformation throughout the eruption cycle. Improved geodetic monitoring of many of the world's volcanoes would be a major stride toward better understanding of magmatic processes and longer-term eruption forecasts. C1 US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Dzurisin, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Court,Bldg 10,Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. NR 116 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD FEB 26 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 AR 1001 DI 10.1029/2001RG000107 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 664UG UT WOS:000182079700001 ER PT J AU Snyder, NP Whipple, KX Tucker, GE Merritts, DJ AF Snyder, NP Whipple, KX Tucker, GE Merritts, DJ TI Importance of a stochastic distribution of floods and erosion thresholds in the bedrock river incision problem SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE tectonic geomorphology; erosion; bedrock channels; relief; thresholds; stochastic processes ID MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; STREAM-POWER; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; LANDSCAPE RESPONSE; MOUNTAIN-RANGES; EXTREME FLOODS; UPLIFT RATES; ROCK-UPLIFT; CLIMATE AB [1] Fluvial erosion of bedrock occurs during occasional flood events when boundary shear stress exceeds a critical threshold to initiate incision. Therefore efforts to model the evolution of topography over long timescales should include an erosion threshold and should be driven by a stochastic distribution of erosive events. However, most bedrock incision models ignore the threshold as a second-order detail. In addition, climate is poorly represented in most landscape evolution models, so the quantitative relationship between erosion rate and measurable climatic variables has been elusive. Here we show that the presence of an erosion threshold, when combined with a well-constrained, probabilistic model of storm and flood occurrence, has first-order implications for the dynamics of river incision in tectonically active areas. First, we make a direct calculation of the critical shear stress required to pluck bedrock blocks for a field site in New York. Second, we apply a recently proposed stochastic, threshold, bedrock incision model to a series of streams in California, with known tectonic and climatic forcing. Previous work in the area has identified a weak relationship between channel gradient or relief and rock uplift rate that is not easily explained by simpler detachment-limited models. The results with the stochastic threshold model show that even low erosion thresholds, which are exceeded in steep channels during high-frequency flood events, fundamentally affect the predicted relationship between gradient and uplift rate in steady state rivers, in a manner consistent with the observed topography. This correspondence between theory and data is, however, nonunique; models in which a thin alluvial cover may act to inhibit channel incision in the low uplift rate zone also provide plausible explanations for the observed topography. Third, we explore the broader implications of the stochastic threshold model to the development of fluvial topography in active tectonic settings. We suggest that continued field applications of geomorphic models, including physically meaningful thresholds and stochastic climate distributions, are required to advance our knowledge of interactions among surficial, climatic, and crustal processes. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3TB, England. Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Geosci, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA. RP Snyder, NP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM nsnyder@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 22 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B2 AR 2117 DI 10.1029/2001JB001655 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 663BR UT WOS:000181985700001 ER PT J AU Guinand, B Scribner, KT Page, KS Burnham-Curtis, MK AF Guinand, B Scribner, KT Page, KS Burnham-Curtis, MK TI Genetic variation over space and time: analyses of extinct and remnant lake trout populations in the Upper Great Lakes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE historical DNA; lake trout; Laurentian Great Lakes; genetic impact; microsatellites ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; OLD SCALE SAMPLES; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; ATLANTIC SALMON; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; NORTH-AMERICA; DNA ANALYSIS; DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION AB Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the upper Laurentian Great Lakes of North America experienced striking reductions in abundance and distribution during the mid-twentieth century. Complete collapse of populations was documented for Lake Michigan, and a few remnant populations remained only in lakes Huron and Superior. Using DNA obtained from historical scale collections, we analysed patterns of genetic diversity at five microsatellite loci from archived historical samples representing 15 populations (range 1940-1959) and from three contemporary remnant populations across lakes Huron and Superior (total n = 893). Demographic declines in abundance and the extirpation of native lake trout populations during the past 40 years have resulted in the loss of genetic diversity between lakes owing to extirpation of Lake Michigan populations and a temporal trend for reduction in allelic richness in the populations of lakes Superior and Huron. Naturally reproducing populations in Lake Superior, which had been considered to be remnants of historical populations, and which were believed to be responsible for the resurgence of lake trout numbers and distribution, have probably been affected by hatchery supplementation. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USGS, BRD, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Guinand, B (reprint author), Stn Mediterraneenne Environm Littoral, CNRS, UMR Genome Populat & Interact 5000, F-34200 Sete, France. EM guinand@univ-montp2.fr NR 65 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD FEB 22 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1513 BP 425 EP 433 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2250 PG 9 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 651LC UT WOS:000181320500013 PM 12639323 ER PT J AU Winter, A Paul, A Nyberg, J Oba, T Lundberg, J Schrag, D Taggart, B AF Winter, A Paul, A Nyberg, J Oba, T Lundberg, J Schrag, D Taggart, B TI Orbital control of low-latitude seasonality during the Eemian SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; CORALS; QUATERNARY; OXYGEN; MODEL AB We used Sr/Ca and stable isotope data from well dated and preserved corals from the northeastern Caribbean to determine the seasonal environmental conditions for four continuous years during the Eemian, the last time the Earth was in a prolonged warm phase. We determined that the seasonal range in SST during the Eemian was 25degrees-30degreesC. This is similar to1-2degrees larger than at present and caused primarily by winter cooling and, only to a small degree, by summer warming. As climate modeling studies indicate, the bias towards colder winters can be explained by changes in low latitude insolation induced by altered orbital parameters, modulated by atmospheric CO(2) levels that were lower than today. Milankovitch forcing at higher latitudes was probably less important. C1 Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-2800 Bremen 33, Germany. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Earth Sci Marine Geol, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Carleton Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA USA. RP Winter, A (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00709 USA. EM a_winter@rumac.uprm.edu; apau@palmod.uni-bremen.de; johann.gvc1@gvc.gu.se; oba-tad@ees.hokudai.ac.jp; lundber@ccs.carleton.ca; schrag@eps.harvard.edu; btaggart@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 20 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 4 AR 1163 DI 10.1029/2002GL016275 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 663AQ UT WOS:000181983100004 ER PT J AU McBride, JH Kolata, DR Hildenbrand, TG AF McBride, JH Kolata, DR Hildenbrand, TG TI Geophysical constraints on understanding the origin of the Illinois basin and its underlying crust SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Illinois basin; seismic reflection; crustal evolution ID NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; UNITED-STATES; SEISMIC VOLCANOSTRATIGRAPHY; MIDCONTINENT REGION; CRATONIC BASINS; RIFT; AMERICA; ZONES; EARTHQUAKE; SUBSIDENCE AB Interpretation of reprocessed seismic reflection profiles reveals three highly coherent, layered, unconformity-bounded sequences that overlie (or are incorporated within) the Proterozoic "ganite-rhyolite province" beneath the Paleozoic Illinois basin and extend down into middle crustal depths. The sequences, which are situated in east-central Illinois and west-central Indiana, are bounded by strong, laterally continuous reflectors that are mappable over distances in excess of 200 km and are expressed as broad "basinal" packages that become areally more restricted with depth. Normal-fault reflector offsets progressively disrupt the sequences with depth along their outer margins. We interpret these sequences as being remnants of a Proterozoic rhyolitic caldera complex and/or rift episode related to the original thermal event that produced the granite - rhyolite province. The overall thickness and distribution of the sequences mimic closely those of the overlying Mt. Simon (Late Cambrian) elastic sediments and indicate that an episode of localized subsidence was underway before deposition of the post-Cambrian Illinois basin stratigraphic succession, which is centered farther south over the "New Madrid rift system" (i.e., Reelfoot rift and Rough Creek graben). The present configuration of the Illinois basin was therefore shaped by the cumulative effects of subsidence in two separate regions, the Proterozoic caldera complex and/or rift in east-central Illinois and west-central Indiana and the New Madrid rift system to the south. Filtered isostatic gravity and magnetic intensity data preclude a large mafic igneous component to the crust so that any Proterozoic volcanic or rift episode must not have tapped deeply or significantly into the lower crust or upper mantle during the heating event responsible for the granite -rhyolite. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Illinois State Geol Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McBride, JH (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geol, POB 24606, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 76 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD FEB 20 PY 2003 VL 363 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00653-4 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 649BD UT WOS:000181186300003 ER PT J AU Von Damm, KL Lilley, MD Shanks, WC Brockington, M Bray, AM O'Grady, KM Olson, E Graham, A Proskurowski, G AF Von Damm, KL Lilley, MD Shanks, WC Brockington, M Bray, AM O'Grady, KM Olson, E Graham, A Proskurowski, G CA SouEPR Sci Party TI Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE black smokers; hydrothermal processes; mid-ocean ridges; East Pacific Rise; phase separation ID CHEMISTRY; VAPOR; SOLUBILITIES; SYSTEMATICS; SEAWATER; NACL-H2O; PRESSURE; PLUMES AB The discovery of Brandon vent on the southern East Pacific Rise is providing new insights into the controls on mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry. The physical conditions at the time of sampling ( 87 bar and,405degreesC) place the Brandon fluids very close to the critical point of seawater (298 bar and 407degreesC). This permits in situ study of the effects of near critical phenomena, which are interpreted to be the primary cause of enhanced transition metal transport in these fluids. Of the five orifices on Brandon sampled, three were venting fluids with less than seawater chlorinity, and two were venting fluids with greater than seawater chlorinity. The liquid phase orifices contain 1.6-1.9 times the chloride content of the vapors. Most other elements, excluding the gases, have this same ratio demonstrating the conservative nature of phase separation and the lack of subsequent water-rock interaction. The vapor and liquid phases vent at the same time from orifices within meters of each other on the Brandon structure. Variations in fluid compositions occur on a time scale of minutes. Our interpretation is that phase separation and segregation must be occurring 'real time' within the sulfide structure itself. Fluids from Brandon therefore provide an unique opportunity to understand in situ phase separation without the overprinting of continued water-rock interaction with the oceanic crust, as well as critical phenomena. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Von Damm, KL (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 22 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 206 IS 3-4 BP 365 EP 378 AR PII S0012-821X(02)01081-6 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01081-6 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 645PR UT WOS:000180988000010 ER PT J AU Charlier, BLA Peate, DW Wilson, CJN Lowenstern, JB Storey, M Brown, SJA AF Charlier, BLA Peate, DW Wilson, CJN Lowenstern, JB Storey, M Brown, SJA TI Crystallisation ages in coeval silicic magma bodies: U-238-Th-230 disequilibrium evidence from the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruption deposits, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE rhyolite; granitoid; zircon; Okataina volcano; Taupo Volcanic Zone; Rotoiti eruption; Earthquake Flat eruption; U-Th disequilibrium dating ID MARINE TERRACE CHRONOLOGY; U-PB AGES; ROTOEHU ASH; RESIDENCE TIMES; NORTH-ISLAND; LESSER ANTILLES; MINERAL AGES; ZIRCONS; STRATIGRAPHY; EVOLUTION AB The timescales over which moderate to large bodies of silicic magma are generated and stored are addressed here by studies of two geographically adjacent, successive eruption deposits in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. The earlier, caldera-forming Rotoiti eruption (> 100 km(3) magma) at Okataina volcano was followed, within months at most, by the Earthquake Flat eruption (similar to 10 km(3) magma) from nearby Kapenga volcano; both generated non-welded ignimbrite and coeval widespread fall deposits. The Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat deposits are both crystal-rich high-silica rhyolites, with sparse glass-bearing granitoid fragments also occurring in Rotoiti lag breccias generated during caldera collapse. Here we report U-238-Th-230 disequilibrium data on whole rocks and mineral separates from representative Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat pumices and the co-eruptive Rotoiti granitoid fragments using TIMS and in situ zircon analyses by SIMS. Multiple-grain zircon-controlled crystallisation ages measured by TIMS from the Rotoiti pumice range from 69 +/- 3 ka (< 63 mum size fraction) to 76 +/- 6 (125-250 mum fraction), with a weighted mean of all size fractions of 71 +/- 2 ka. SIMS model ages from single zircons in pumice range from 50 +/- 24 ka to > 350 ka, with a pronounced peak at 70-90 ka. The weighted mean of isochrons is 83 +/- 14 ka, in accord with the TIMS data. One glass-bearing Rotoiti granitoid clast yielded an age of 57 +/- 8 ka by TIMS (controlled by Th-rich phases that, however, are not apparently present in the juvenile pumices). Another glass-bearing Rotoiti granitoid yielded SIMS zircon model ages peaking at 60-90 ka, having a similar age distribution to the pumice. Age data from pumices are consistent with a published 64 +/- 4 ka eruptive age (now modified to 62 +/- 2 ka), but chemical and/or mineralogical data imply that the granitoid lithics are not largely crystalline Rotoiti rhyolite, but instead represent contemporaneous partly molten intrusions reflecting different sources in their chemistries and mineralogies. Similarly, although the Earthquake Flat eruption immediately followed (and probably was triggered by) the Rotoiti event, age data from juvenile material are significantly different. A multiple-grain zircon-controlled crystallisation age measured by TIMS from a representative pumice is 173 +/- 5 ka, while SIMS model ages range from 70(-26)(+34) ka to > 350 ka, with a peak at 105 ka. These age data coupled with previously published geochemical and isotopic data show that the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat deposits were erupted from independent, unconnected magma bodies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Danish Lithosphere Ctr, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Taupo 2730, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Charlier, BLA (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RI Peate, David/A-1248-2007; Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011; Charlier, Bruce/A-7548-2012; OI Peate, David/0000-0002-7813-5824; Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743; Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 47 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 206 IS 3-4 BP 441 EP 457 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01109-3 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 645PR UT WOS:000180988000015 ER PT J AU Tauxe, L Love, JJ AF Tauxe, L Love, JJ TI Paleointensity in Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project Hole (HSDP2): Results from submarine basaltic glass SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE paleointensity; thellier technique; submarine basaltic glass ID GEOMAGNETIC INTENSITY VARIATIONS; OCEAN-FLOOR BASALTS; SINGLE-DOMAIN; MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; CUBIC ANISOTROPY; GRAINS; FIELD; TITANOMAGNETITE; HYSTERESIS; SLOW AB [1] Paleointensity estimates based on the high quality Thellier-Thellier data from the early Brunhes (420-780 ka) are rare (only 30 in the published literature). The Second Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP2) drill hole recovered submarine volcanics spanning the approximate time period of 420-550 ka. These are of particular interest for absolute paleointensity studies owing to the abundance of fresh submarine basaltic glass, which can preserve an excellent record of ancient geomagnetic field intensity. We present here new results of Thellier-Thellier paleointensity experiments that nearly double the number of reliable paleointensity data available for the early Brunhes. We also show that the magnetizations of the associated submarine basalts are dominated by viscous magnetizations and therefore do not reflect the true ancient geomagnetic field intensity at the time of extrusion. The viscous contamination is particularly severe because of a combination of low blocking temperatures in the basalts and relatively high temperatures in the deeper parts of the drill core. Our new data, when placed on the approximate timescale available for HSDP and HSDP2, are at odds with other contemporaneous paleointensity data. The discrepancy can be reconciled by adjusting the HSDP timescales to be younger by about 35 kyr. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Tauxe, L (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Love, Jeffrey/N-7593-2013 OI Love, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3324-0348 NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 4 AR 8702 DI 10.1029/2001GC000276 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 647DU UT WOS:000181077800003 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Freer, J Beven, K AF Peters, NE Freer, J Beven, K TI Modelling hydrologic responses in a small forested catchment (Panola Mountain, Georgia, USA): a comparison of the original and a new dynamic TOPMODEL SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Runoff Generation and Implications for River Basin Modelling CY OCT 09-12, 2000 CL FREIBURG, GERMANY DE distributed hydrological model; streamflow generation; GLUE; uncertainty; transmissivity ID RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; UNCERTAINTY; TERRAIN; FLOW; CALIBRATION; PREDICTION; PIEDMONT AB Preliminary modelling results for a new version of the rainfall-runoff model TOPMODEL, dynamic TOPMODEL, are compared with those of the original TOPMODEL formulation for predicting streamflow at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia. Dynamic TOPMODEL uses a kinematic wave routing of subsurface flow, which allows for dynamically variable upslope contributing areas, while retaining the concept of hydrological similarity to increase computational efficiency. Model performance in predicting discharge was assessed for the original TOPMODEL and for one landscape unit (LU) and three LU versions of the dynamic TOPMODEL (a bare rock area, hillslope with regolith <1 m, and a riparian zone with regolith <5 m). All simulations used a 30 min time step for each of three water years. Each 1-LU model underpredicted the peak streamflow, and generally overpredicted recession streamflow during wet periods and underpredicted during dry periods. The difference between predicted recession streamflow generally was less for the dynamic TOPMODEL and smallest for the 3-LU model. Bayesian combination of results for different water years within the GLUE methodology left no behavioural original or 1-LU dynamic models and only 168 (of 96000 sample parameter sets) for the 3-LU model. The efficiency for the streamflow prediction of the best 3-LU model was 0.83 for an individual year, but the results suggest that further improvements could be made. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Antwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RI Freer, Jim/C-7335-2009; Beven, Keith/F-8707-2011 NR 46 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 2 BP 345 EP 362 DI 10.1002/hyp.1128 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 644GF UT WOS:000180909000011 ER PT J AU Mariner, RH Evans, WC Presser, TS White, LD AF Mariner, RH Evans, WC Presser, TS White, LD TI Excess nitrogen in selected thermal and mineral springs of the Cascade Range in northern California, Oregon, and Washington: sedimentary or volcanic in origin? SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPES; HELIUM; GASES; HEAT AB Anomalous N-2/Ar values occur in many thermal springs and mineral springs, some volcanic fumaroles, and at least one acid-sulfate spring of the Cascade Range. Our data show that N-2/Ar values are as high as 300 in gas from some of the hot springs, as high as 1650 in gas from some of the mineral springs, and as high as 2400 in gas from the acid-sulfate spring on Mt. Shasta. In contrast, gas discharging from hot springs that contain nitrogen and argon solely of atmospheric origin typically exhibits N-2/Ar values of 40-80, depending on the spring temperature. If the excess nitrogen in the thermal and mineral springs is of sedimentary origin then the geothermal potential of the area must be small, but if the nitrogen is of volcanic origin then the geothermal potential must be very large. End-member excess nitrogen (delta(15)N) is +5.3parts per thousand for the thermal waters of the Oregon Cascades but is only about +1parts per thousand for fumaroles on Mt. Hood and the acid-sulfate spring on Mt. Shasta. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations are highest for thermal springs associated with aquifers between 120 and 140degreesC. Chloride is the major anion in most of the nitrogen-rich springs of the Cascade Range, and N-2/Ar values generally increase as chloride concentrations increase. Chloride and excess nitrogen in the thermal waters of the Oregon Cascades probably originate in an early Tertiary marine formation that has been buried by the late Tertiary and Quaternary lava flows of the High Cascades. The widespread distribution of excess nitrogen that has been generated in low to moderate-temperature sedimentary environments is further proof of the restricted geothermal potential of the Cascade Range. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Mariner, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 24 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 121 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 114 AR PII S0377-0273(02)00414-6 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00414-6 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 645WD UT WOS:000181002300005 ER PT J AU Nathenson, M Thompson, JM White, LD AF Nathenson, M Thompson, JM White, LD TI Slightly thermal springs and non-thermal springs at Mount Shasta, California: Chemistry and recharge elevations SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mount Shasta; springs; geothermal systems; stable isotopes ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; OREGON CASCADES; DISCHARGE; HEAT; GEOTHERMOMETER; TEMPERATURES; ISOTOPES; SYSTEMS; RATES; RANGE AB Temperature measurements, isotopic contents, and dissolved constituents are presented for springs at Mount Shasta to understand slightly thermal springs in the Shasta Valley based on the characteristics of non-thermal springs. Non-thermal springs on Mount Shasta are generally cooler than mean annual air temperatures for their elevation. The specific conductance of non-thermal springs increases linearly with discharge. temperature. Springs at higher and intermediate elevations on Mount Shasta have fairly limited circulation paths, whereas low-elevation springs have longer paths because of their higher-elevation recharge. Springs in the Shasta Valley are warmer than air temperatures for their elevation and contain significant amounts of chloride and sulfate, constituents often associated with volcanic hydrothermal systems. Data for the Shasta Valley springs generally define mixing trends for dissolved constituents and temperature. The isotopic composition of the Shasta Valley springs indicates that water fell as precipitation at a higher elevation than any of the non-thermal springs. It is possible that the Shasta Valley springs include a component of the outflow from a proposed 210degreesC hydrothermal system that boils to supply steam for the summit acid-sulfate spring. In order to categorize springs such as those in the Shasta Valley, we introduce the term slightly thermal springs for springs that do not meet the numerical criterion of 10degreesC above air temperature for thermal springs but have temperatures greater than non-thermal springs in the area and usually also have dissolved constituents normally found in thermal waters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nathenson, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Nathenson, Manuel/0000-0002-5216-984X NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 121 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 153 AR PII S0377-0273(02)00426-2 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00426-2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 645WD UT WOS:000181002300007 ER PT J AU Titus, TN Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR AF Titus, TN Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR TI Exposed water ice discovered near the south pole of Mars SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID THERMAL MAPPER OBSERVATIONS; GROUND ICE; LAYERED DEPOSITS; SUMMER TEMPERATURES; VAPOR; BEHAVIOR; REGIONS; ALBEDO; CAP; STABILITY AB The Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) has discovered water ice exposed near the edge of Mars' southern perennial polar cap. The surface H2O ice was first observed by THEMIS as a region that was cooler than expected for dry soil at that latitude during the summer season. Diurnal and seasonal temperature trends derived from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations indicate that there is H2O ice at the surface. Viking observations, and the few other relevant THEMIS observations, indicate that surface H2O ice may be widespread around and under the perennial CO2 cap. C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Titus, TN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 31 TC 129 Z9 131 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 14 PY 2003 VL 299 IS 5609 BP 1048 EP 1051 DI 10.1126/science.1080497 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 645DB UT WOS:000180960000042 PM 12471268 ER PT J AU Stepanauskas, R Moran, MA Bergamaschi, BA Hollibaugh, JT AF Stepanauskas, R Moran, MA Bergamaschi, BA Hollibaugh, JT TI Covariance of bacterioplankton composition and environmental variables in a temperate delta system SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterioplankton biogeography; 16S rRNA; T-RFLP; clone libraries; dissolved organic matter ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; BACTERIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; RIBOSOMAL-RNA ANALYSIS; HIGH-MOUNTAIN LAKE; WATER; DYNAMICS; DIVERSITY; MATTER; ASSEMBLAGES AB We examined seasonal and spatial variation in bacterioplankton composition in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (CA) using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Cloned 16S rRNA genes from this system were used for putative identification of taxa dominating the T-RFLP profiles. Both cloning and T-RFLP analysis indicated that Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium and Proteobacteria were the most abundant bacterioplankton groups in the Delta. Despite the broad variety of sampled habitats (deep water channels, lakes, marshes, agricultural drains, freshwater and brackish areas), and the spatial and temporal differences in hydrology, temperature and water chemistry among the sampling campaigns, T-RFLP electropherograms from all samples were similar, indicating that the same bacterioplankton phylotypes dominated in the various habitats of the Delta throughout the year. However, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLS) of T-RFLP profiles revealed consistent grouping of samples on a seasonal, but not a spatial, basis. beta-Proteobacteria related to Ralstonia, Actinobacteria related to Microthrix, and beta-Proteobacteria identical to the environmental Clone LD12 had the highest relative abundance in summer/fall T-RFLP profiles and were associated with low river flow, high pH, and a number of optical and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indicative of an increased proportion of phytoplankton-produced organic material as opposed to allochthonous, terrestrially derived organic material. On the other hand, Geobacter-related beta-Proteobacteria showed a relative increase in abundance in T-RFLP analysis during winter/spring, and probably were washed out from watershed soils or sediment. Various phylotypes associated with the same phylogenetic division, based on tentative identification of T-RFLP fragments, exhibited diverse seasonal patterns, suggesting that ecological roles of Delta bacterioplankton were partitioned at the genus or species level. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Stepanauskas, R (reprint author), Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. OI Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581; Stepanauskas, Ramunas/0000-0003-4458-3108 NR 49 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 23 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD FEB 13 PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 85 EP 98 DI 10.3354/ame031085 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 652AR UT WOS:000181357800008 ER PT J AU Reimschuessel, R Gieseker, CM Driscoll, C Baya, A Kane, AS Blazer, VS Evans, JJ Kent, ML Moran, JDW Poynton, SL AF Reimschuessel, R Gieseker, CM Driscoll, C Baya, A Kane, AS Blazer, VS Evans, JJ Kent, ML Moran, JDW Poynton, SL TI Myxosporean plasmodial infection associated with ulcerative lesions in young-of-the-year Atlantic menhaden in a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, and possible links to Kudoa clupeidae SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Atlantic menhaden; Brevoortia tyrannus; Kudoa clupeidae; Myxosporea; plasmodia; lesions ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; N. SP MYXOZOA; PARASITIC ENCEPHALITIS; MYXOBOLUS-CEREBRALIS; THYRSITES GILCHRIST; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RAINBOW-TROUT; GENUS KUDOA; LIFE-CYCLE; DISEASE AB Ulcers in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrann us (Latrobe) (Clupeidae), observed along the USA east coast, have been attributed to diverse etiologies including bacterial, fungal and, recently, harmful algal blooms. To understand the early pathogenesis of these lesions, we examined juvenile Atlantic menhaden collected during their seasonal presence in Chesapeake Bay tributaries from April to October 1999 and from March to August 2000. We conducted histopathological examinations of young-of-the-year fish from the Pocomoke River tributary, which has a history of fish mortalities and high lesion prevalence. Kudoa clupeidae (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) spores were present in the muscles of fish collected in both years. Of the fish assessed by histology in April, 5 to 14 % were infected, while in May 90 to 96 % were infected. Infection rates remained high during the summer. Mature spores were primarily located within myomeres and caused little or no observable pathological changes. Ultrastructure showed spores with capsulogenic cells bearing filamentous projections, and a basal crescentic nucleus with mottled nucleoplasm containing cleaved, condensed chromatin. Also, a highly invasive plasmodial stage of a myxozoan was found in the lesions of juvenile Atlantic menhaden. The plasmodia were observed in fish collected between May and July, with the maximum occurrence in late June 1999 and late May 2000. Plasmodia penetrated and surrounded muscle bundles, causing grossly observable raised lesions in 73 % of all fish infected with this invasive stage, Plasmodia were also detected in the visceral organs, branchial arches, and interocular muscles of some fish. Some of the invasive extrasporogonic plasmodial lesions were associated with ulcers and chronic inflammatory infiltrates. The plasmodial stage appeared to slough out of the tissue with subsequent evidence of wound healing. Ultrastructure showed plasmodia with an elaborate irregular surface, divided into distinct ectoplasm and endoplasm; the latter contained numerous spherical vegetative nuclei, secondary generative cells, and occasional cell doublets. Our ultrastructural studies indicate that the plasmodial organisms, which are important in the etiology of the skin lesions, are myxozoans, and they may represent early stages of K. clupeidae. C1 USDA, Ctr Vet Med, Res Off, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. Univ Maryland, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Univ Maryland, Aquat Pathobiol Ctr, Dept Vet Med, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Comparat Med, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Inst Gewasserokol & Binnenfischerei, D-12587 Berlin, Germany. RP Reimschuessel, R (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Vet Med, Res Off, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 91 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD FEB 13 PY 2003 VL 53 IS 2 BP 143 EP 166 DI 10.3354/dao053143 PG 24 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 669KR UT WOS:000182350900007 PM 12650247 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, J Galloway, DL Zebker, HA AF Hoffmann, J Galloway, DL Zebker, HA TI Inverse modeling of interbed storage parameters using land subsidence observations, Antelope Valley, California SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE subsidence; InSAR; storage; compaction; estimation ID AQUIFER SYSTEM COMPACTION; ONE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; LOS-ANGELES; LAS-VEGAS; GROUNDWATER; INTERFEROMETRY; PIXLEY; BASIN; FIELD AB [1] We use land-subsidence observations from repeatedly surveyed benchmarks and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) in Antelope Valley, California, to estimate spatially varying compaction time constants, tau, and inelastic specific skeletal storage coefficients, S(knu)*, in a previously calibrated regional groundwater flow and subsidence model. The observed subsidence patterns reflect both the spatial distribution of head declines and the spatially variable inelastic skeletal storage coefficient. Using the nonlinear parameter estimation program UCODE we estimate compaction time constants between 3.8 and 285 years. The S(knu)* values are estimated by linear estimation and range from 0 to almost 0.09. We find that subsidence observations over long time periods are necessary to constrain estimates of the large compaction time constants in Antelope Valley. The InSAR data used in this study cover only a three-year period, limiting their usefulness in constraining these time constants. This problem will be alleviated as more SAR data become available in the future or where time constants are small. By incorporating the resulting parameter estimates in the previously calibrated regional model of groundwater flow and land subsidence we can significantly improve the agreement between simulated and observed land subsidence both in terms of magnitude and spatial extent. The sum of weighted squared subsidence residuals, a common measure of model fit, was reduced by 73% with respect to the original model. However, the ability of the model to adequately reproduce the subsidence observed over only a few years is impaired by the fact that the simulated hydraulic heads over small time periods are often not representative of the actual aquifer hydraulic heads. Errors in the simulated hydraulic aquifer heads constitute the primary limitation of the approach presented here. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Hoffmann, J (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM joern@pangea.stanford.edu NR 41 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 13 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 AR 1031 DI 10.1029/2001WR001252 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 662TQ UT WOS:000181964800002 ER PT J AU Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB Reno, PW Ogut, H AF Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB Reno, PW Ogut, H TI Effect of fasting on feed intake, growth and mortality of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, during an induced Aeromonas salmonicida epizootic SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Aeromonas salmonicida; fasting; feed intake; furunculosis ID ACUTE NUTRITIONAL DEPRIVATION; PLASMA THYROID-HORMONE; YEARLING COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; HOST-DEFENSE; CORTISOL; STRESS; INFECTION; SALAR AB Anorexia is a common sign of bacterial and viral diseases and is thought to be a negative consequence of the disease process. However, this inappetence may be an active portion of the host defence system. We tested this idea by withdrawing food for 32 days from juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during an Aeromonas salmonicida epizootic, induced by cohabitation. Disease-specific mortality was low (5.0% and 12.5% in fed and fasted groups, respectively); there was no mortality in uninfected control fish. While only very few fish had detectable A. salmonicida in the kidney, at the termination of the experiment, an average of 18.5% and 65.0% of the fish in fed and fasted groups, respectively, had this bacterium in or on mucus, but these mean values were not statistically different because of high variation between replicates. Feed intake was measured by X-radiography at days 16 (fed groups) and 32 (all groups). Feed intake as well as growth were unaffected by exposure to bacteria. However, food consumption was greater when fasted fish exposed to A. salmonicida were offered a meal than in those infected individuals that had been eating. This result may be relevant for application of medicated diet, as it seems possible that fasting of sick fish before administration of medicated ration could increase the probability that sick individuals would also eat. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rig his reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coastal Oregon Marine Expt Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Karadeniz Tech Univ, Fac Surmene Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Technol Engn, TR-61530 Trabzon, Turkey. RP Pirhonen, J (reprint author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, POB 35, FIN-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. RI OGUT, Hamdi/A-5253-2009 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD FEB 10 PY 2003 VL 216 IS 1-4 BP 31 EP 38 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00435-0 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00435-0 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 630ZC UT WOS:000180140800004 ER PT J AU Torchin, ME Lafferty, KD Dobson, AP McKenzie, VJ Kuris, AM AF Torchin, ME Lafferty, KD Dobson, AP McKenzie, VJ Kuris, AM TI Introduced species and their missing parasites SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID POPULATION INTERACTIONS; STABILITY AB Damage caused by introduced species results from the high population densities and large body sizes that they attain in their new location(1-4). Escape from the effects of natural enemies is a frequent explanation given for the success of introduced species(5,6). Because some parasites can reduce host density(7-13) and decrease body size(14), an invader that leaves parasites behind and encounters few new parasites can experience a demographic release and become a pest(4,15). To test whether introduced species are less parasitized, we have compared the parasites of exotic species in their native and introduced ranges, using 26 host species of molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Here we report that the number of parasite species found in native populations is twice that found in exotic populations. In addition, introduced populations are less heavily parasitized (in terms of percentage infected) than are native populations. Reduced parasitization of introduced species has several causes, including reduced probability of the introduction of parasites with exotic species (or early extinction after host establishment), absence of other required hosts in the new location, and the host-specific limitations of native parasites adapting to new hosts. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Torchin, ME (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 22 TC 665 Z9 711 U1 16 U2 223 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 6 PY 2003 VL 421 IS 6923 BP 628 EP 630 DI 10.1038/nature01346 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 642KH UT WOS:000180803200041 PM 12571595 ER PT J AU Harlan, SS Geissman, JW Premo, WR AF Harlan, SS Geissman, JW Premo, WR TI Paleomagnetism and geochronology of an Early Proterozoic quartz diorite in the southern Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Paleomagnetism Global Tectonics and the Rock Record CY AUG, 2000 CL ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN DE paleomagnetism; geochronology; diorite ID U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; DECAY CONSTANTS; EAST ANTARCTICA; DYKE SWARM; LAURENTIA; HISTORY; CONNECTION; AUSTRALIA; MAGMATISM AB We present geochronologic and paleomagnetic data from a north-trending quartz diorite intrusion that cuts Archean metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks; of the South Pass Greenstone Belt of the Wyoming craton. The quartz diorite was previously thought to be either Archean or Early Proterozoic (?) in age and is cut by north and northeast-trending Proterozoic diabase dikes of uncertain age, for which we also report paleomagnetic data. New U-Pb analyses of baddeleyite and zircon from the quartz diorite yield a concordia upper intercept age of 2170 +/- 8 Ma (95% confidence). An(40)Ar/Ar-39 amphibole date from the same sample yields a similar apparent age of about 2124 +/- 30 Ma (2sigma), thus confirming that the intrusion is Early Proterozoic in age and that it has probably not been thermally disturbed since emplacement. A magmatic event at ca. 2.17 Ga has not previously been documented in the Wyoming craton. The quartz diorite and one of the crosscutting diabase dikes yield essentially identical, well-defined characteristic remanent magnetizations. Results from eight sites in the quartz diorite yield an in situ mean direction of north declination and moderate to steep positive inclination (Dec. = 355degrees, Inc. = 65degrees, kappa = 145, alpha(95) = 5degrees) with a paleomagnetic pole at 84degreesN, 215degreesE (deltam = 6degrees, deltap = 7degrees). Data from other diabase dike sites are inconsistent with the quartz diorite results, but the importance of these results is uncertain because the age of the dikes is not well known. Interpretation of the quartz diorite remanent magnetization is problematic. The in situ direction is similar to expected directions for magnetizations of Late Cretaceous/early Tertiary age. However, there is no compelling evidence to suggest that these rocks were remagnetized during the late Mesozoic or Cenozoic. Assuming this magnetization to be primary, then the in situ paleomagnetic pole is strongly discordant with poles of 2167, 2214, and 2217 Ma from the Canadian Shield, and is consistent with proposed separation of the Wyoming Craton and Laurentia prior to about 1.8 Ga. Correcting the quartz diorite pole for the possible effects of Laramide-age tilting of the Wind River Range, based on the attitude of nearby overlying Cambrian Flathead Sandstone (dip=20degrees, N20degreesE), gives a tilt corrected pole of 75degreesN, 58degreesE (deltam = 4degrees, 6p = 6degrees), which is also discordant with respect to time-equivalent poles from the Superior Province. Reconstruction of the Superior and Wyoming Province using a rotation similar to that proposed by Roscoe and Card [Can. J. Earth Sci. 46(1993)2475] is problematic, but reconstruction of the Superior and Wyoming Provinces based on restoring them to their correct paleolatitude and orientation using a closest approach fit indicates that the two cratons could have been adjacent at about 2.17 Ga prior to rifting at about 2.15 Ga. The paleomagnetic data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that the Huronian and Snowy Pass Supergroups could have evolved as part of a single epicratonic sedimentary basin during the Early Proterozoic. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Harlan, SS (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD FEB 6 PY 2003 VL 362 IS 1-4 BP 105 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00633-9 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 644LL UT WOS:000180919300007 ER PT J AU Acker, SA Gregory, S Lienkaemper, G McKee, WA Swanson, FJ Miller, SD AF Acker, SA Gregory, S Lienkaemper, G McKee, WA Swanson, FJ Miller, SD TI Composition, complexity, and tree mortality in riparian forests in the central Western Cascades of Oregon SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE riparian forests; tree mortality; large wood in streams; flood effects; unconstrained stream reach ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; COASTAL-PLAIN; VEGETATION; FLOOD; STREAMS; BIODIVERSITY; MOUNTAINS; PATTERN; ZONES AB Riparian forests contribute to the diversity and function of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To assess some of these contributions, we compared tree composition, stand complexity, and temporal patterns of tree mortality on permanent plots in seven mature and old-growth stands representing upland forests and forests along low- and mid-order streams in the Western Cascade Range of Oregon. We also assessed recruitment of large wood into stream channels due to tree mortality, both by direct measurement and by estimation from tree mortality and location data. Stands differed in composition due to both stream order and successional stage. Stands on mid-order streams had high abundance of hardwood trees and/or Thuja plicata. Stand complexity (variability in tree diameters, tree life-form diversity, and tree species diversity), was high in stands on mid-order streams and in the upland, old-growth stand. Tree mortality was exceptionally high in six of the seven stands in 1996, the year in which the largest flood during the study occurred. However, only in the one stand on an unconstrained reach of a mid-order stream was mortality primarily due to flooding. Estimated recruitment of wood was much higher from the stand on the unconstrained reach than from the other stands on mid-order streams, suggesting that unconstrained reaches may be important for efforts to maintain or restore large wood in streams. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Olymp Natl Pk, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Boreal Ecol Cooperat Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Acker, SA (reprint author), Olymp Natl Pk, 600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. EM steve_acker@nps.gov NR 46 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 3 PY 2003 VL 173 IS 1-3 BP 293 EP 308 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00005-1 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00005-1 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 644BE UT WOS:000180897400022 ER PT J AU Bowles, DE Barr, CB Stanford, R AF Bowles, DE Barr, CB Stanford, R TI Habitat and phenology of the endangered riffle beetle Heterelmis comalensis and a coexisting species, Microcylloepus pusillus, (Coleoptera : Elmidae) at Comal Springs, Texas, USA SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE conservation; habitat conditions; substrate availability; competition ID NORTHWEST ARKANSAS; SOUTHEAST TEXAS; STREAM; COMMUNITY AB Habitat characteristics and seasonal distribution of the riffle beetles Heterelmis comalensis and Microcylloepus pusillus were studied at Comal Springs, Texas, during 1993-1994, to aid in developing sound recommendations for sustaining their natural populations. Comal Springs consists of four major spring outlets and spring-runs. The four spring-runs are dissimilar in size, appearance, canopy and riparian cover, substrate composition, and aquatic macrophyte composition. Habitat conditions associated with the respective populations of riffle beetles, including physical-chemical measurements, water depth, and current velocity, were relatively uniform and varied little among sampling dates and spring-runs. However, the locations of the beetles in the respective spring-runs were not well correlated to current velocity, water depth, or distance from primary spring orifices. Factors such as substrate size and availability and competition are proposed as possibly influencing their respective distributions. Maintaining high-quality spring-flows and protection of the physical habitat of Heterelmis comalensis presently are the only means by which to ensure the survival of this endemic species. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Essig Museum Entomol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Austin, TX USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Austin, TX 78744 USA. RP Bowles, DE (reprint author), Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, POB 1685, Marcos, TX 78667 USA. EM david.bowles@tpwd.state.tx.us NR 51 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 156 IS 3 BP 361 EP 383 DI 10.1127/0003-9136/2003/0156-0361 PG 23 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 660XC UT WOS:000181859400004 ER PT J AU Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ AF Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ TI Embryotoxic thresholds of mercury: Estimates from individual mallard eggs SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYL MERCURY; GAVIA-IMMER; REPRODUCTION; METHYLMERCURY; SURVIVAL; EXPOSURE; SELENIUM; DUCKS AB Eighty pairs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed an uncontaminated diet until each female had laid 15 eggs. After each female had laid her 15th egg, the pair was randomly assigned to a control diet or diets containing 5, 10, or 20 mug/g mercury as methylmercury until she had laid a second set of 15 eggs. There were 20 pairs in each group. After the second set of 15 eggs, the pair was returned to an uncontaminated diet, and the female was permitted to lay another 30 eggs. For those pairs fed the mercury diets, the even-numbered eggs were incubated and the odd-numbered eggs were saved for possible mercury analysis. Mercury in the even-numbered eggs was estimated as the average of what was in the neighboring odd-numbered eggs. Neurological signs of methylmercury poisoning were observed in ducklings that hatched from eggs containing as little as 2.3 mug/g estimated mercury on a wet-weight basis, and deformities were seen in embryos from eggs containing about 1 mug/g estimated mercury. Although embryo mortality was seen in eggs estimated to contain as little as 0.74 mug/g mercury, there were considerable differences in the sensitivity of mallard embryos, especially from different parents, with some embryos surviving as much as 30 or more mug/g mercury in the egg. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Heinz, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 24 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 44 IS 2 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-2021-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 634CD UT WOS:000180321700013 PM 12520398 ER PT J AU Brown, SM Johnson, CA Watling, RJ Premo, WR AF Brown, SM Johnson, CA Watling, RJ Premo, WR TI Constraints on the composition of ore fluids and implications for mineralising events at the Cleo gold deposit, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Cleo; Eastern Goldfields Province; fluid inclusions; gold; isotopes; ore fluids; Yilgarn Craton ID LEAD ISOTOPE EVIDENCE; BEARING QUARTZ-VEINS; U-TH-PB; WALL ROCK; SYSTEMATICS; MINE; SM; INCLUSIONS; KAMBALDA; MINERALIZATION AB The Cleo gold deposit, 55 km south of Laverton in the Eastern Goldfields Province of Western Australia, is characterised by banded iron-formation (BIF)-hosted ore zones in the gently dipping Sunrise Shear Zone and high-grade vein-hosted ore in the Western Lodes. There is evidence that gold mineralisation in the Western Lodes (which occurred at ca 2655 Ma) post-dates the majority of displacement along the Sunrise Shear Zone, but it remains uncertain if the ore in both structures formed simultaneously or separately. Overall, the Pb, Nd, Sr, C, O and S isotopic compositions of ore-related minerals from both the Western Lodes and ore zones in the Sunrise Shear Zone are similar. Early low-salinity aqueous-carbonic fluids and late high-salinity fluids with similar characteristics are trapped in inclusions in quartz veins from both the Sunrise Shear Zone and the Western Lodes. The early CO2, Co-2 -H2O, and H2O-dominant inclusions are interpreted as being related to ore formation, and to have formed from a single low-salinity aqueous-carbonic fluid as a result of intermittent fluid immiscibility. Homogenisation temperatures indicate that these inclusions were trapped at approximately 280degreesC and at approximately 4 km depth, in the deeper epizonal range. Differences between the ore zones are detected in the trace-element composition of gold samples, with gold from the Sunrise Shear Zone enriched in Ni, Pb, Sn, Te and Zn, and depleted in As, Bi, Cd, Cu and Sb, relative to gold from the Western Lodes. Although there are differences in gold composition between the Sunrise Shear Zone and Western Lodes, and hence the metal content of ore fluids may have varied slightly between the different ore zones, no other systematic fluid or solute differences are detected between the ore zones. Given the fact that the ore fluids in each zone have very similar bulk properties, the considerable differences in gold grade, sulfide mineral abundance, and ore textures between the two ore zones most likely result from different gold-deposition mechanisms. The association of ore zones in the Sunrise Shear Zone with pyrite-replaced BIF suggests that wall-rock sulfidation was the most significant mechanism of gold precipitation, through the destabilisation of gold-bisulfide complexes. The Western Lodes, however, do not exhibit any host-rock preference and multistage veins commonly contain coarse-grained gold. Fluid-inclusion characteristics and breccia textures in veins in the Western Lodes suggest that rapid pressure changes, brought about by intermittent release of overpressured fluids and concomitant phase separation, are likely to have caused the destabilisation of gold-thiocomplexes, leading to formation of higher-grade gold ore zones. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Chem, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. RP Brown, SM (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Global Metallogeny, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. NR 59 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0812-0099 J9 AUST J EARTH SCI JI Aust. J. Earth Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 50 IS 1 BP 19 EP 38 DI 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2003.00971.x PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 641PM UT WOS:000180754200003 ER PT J AU Petersen, JL Bischof, R Krapu, GL Szalanski, AL AF Petersen, JL Bischof, R Krapu, GL Szalanski, AL TI Genetic variation in the Midcontinental population of sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Grus canadensis; sandhill crane; genetic variation; Midcontinental population; mtDNA ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; CYTOCHROME-B; GRUIDAE; GRUIFORMES; HYBRIDIZATION; SEQUENCES; AVES AB Three subspecies of sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) are recognized in the Mid-continental population, the lesser (Grus c. canadensis), Canadian (G. c. rowani), and greater (G. c. tabida). Blood samples collected on the population's primary spring staging area in Nebraska, U. S. A., were used to resolve the genetic relationship among these subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis of 27 G. canadensis, by DNA sequencing of a 675 bp region of the mtDNA, supports the subspecies designations of G. c. canadensis and G. c. tabida. G. c. rowani individuals were intermediate with each of the other two subspecies. Genetic divergence ranged from 6.5 to 14.5% between G. c. canadensis and G. c. tabida, 0.5 to 6.6% within G. c. canadensis, and 0.1 to 6.0% within G. c. tabida. Sufficient DNA for analysis was obtained from shed feathers indicating a source of genetic material that does not require the capture or sacrifice of the birds. Other genetic markers and methods, including satellite telemetry, are required for obtaining detailed information on crane distributions as needed to establish effective management units for the MCP. C1 Nebraska Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Lincoln, NE USA. Nebraska Game & Pk Commiss, Wildlife Res Sect, Lincoln, NE USA. USGS No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Petersen, JL (reprint author), Western Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1 Univ Circle, Macomb, IL 61455 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1023/A:1020985427461 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 611VK UT WOS:000179038300001 PM 12645869 ER PT J AU Barnett, DT Stohlgren, TJ AF Barnett, DT Stohlgren, TJ TI A nested-intensity design for surveying plant diversity SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE inventory; nested-intensity designs; plant species richness; sample plot size ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; CENTRAL GRASSLANDS; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; RAPID ASSESSMENT; PATTERN; ASPEN; SCALE; AREA; ELK; BIODIVERSITY AB Managers of natural landscapes need cost-efficient, accurate, and precise systems to inventory plant diversity. We investigated a nested-intensity sampling design to assess local and landscape-scale heterogeneity of plant species richness in aspen stands in southern Colorado, USA. The nested-intensity design used three vegetation sampling techniques: the Modified-Whittaker, a 1000-m(2) multiple-scale plot (n = 8); a 100-m(2) multiple-scale Intensive plot (n = 15); and a 100-m(2) single-scale Extensive plot (n = 28). The large Modified-Whittaker plot (1000 m(2)) recorded greater species richness per plot than the other two sampling techniques (P< 0.001), estimated cover of a greater number of species in 1-m(2) subplots (P< 0.018), and captured 32 species missed by the smaller, more numerous 100-m(2) plots of the other designs. The Intensive plots extended the environmental gradient sampled, capturing 17 species missed by the other techniques, and improved species-area calculations. The greater number of Extensive plots further expanded the gradient sampled, and captured 18 additional species. The multiscale Modified-Whittaker and Intensive designs allowed quantification of the slopes of species-area curves in the single-scale Extensive plots. Multiple linear regressions were able to predict the slope of species-area curves (adj R-2 = 0.64, P< 0.001) at each Extensive plot, allowing comparison of species richness at each sample location. Comparison of species - accumulation curves generated with each technique suggested that small, single-scale plot techniques might be very misleading because they underestimate species richness by missing locally rare species at every site. A combination of large and small multi-scale and single-scale plots greatly improves our understanding of native and exotic plant diversity patterns. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Mid Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Barnett, DT (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Mid Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 50 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 29 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 255 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1021939010065 PG 24 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 634MU UT WOS:000180344500007 ER PT J AU Patino, R Yoshizaki, G Bolamba, D Thomas, P AF Patino, R Yoshizaki, G Bolamba, D Thomas, P TI Role of arachidonic acid and protein kinase c during maturation-inducing hormone-dependent meiotic resumption and ovulation in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE follicle; meiosis; ovary; ovulation ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE-2; GONADOTROPIN-INDUCED OVULATION; OOCYTE MATURATION; RAT OVARY; IN-VITRO; NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID; LIPOXYGENASE METABOLITES; MEMBRANE-RECEPTOR AB The roles of arachidonic acid (AA) and protein kinase C (PKC) during in vitro maturation-inducing hormone (MIH)-dependent meiotic resumption (maturation) and ovulation were studied in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). The requirement for cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites of AA was examined using a nonspecific COX inhibitor, indomethacin (IM), as well as two COX products, prostaglandin (PG) F-2alpha and PGE(2), whereas the role of lipoxygenase (LOX) was investigated using a specific LOX inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). The involvement of PKC was examined using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, as well as GF109203X (GF), a specific inhibitor of PKC and 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), nonspecific inhibitor of protein kinases. Genomic mechanisms were examined with the transcription-inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD) and the functionality of heterologous (oocyte-granulosa) gap junctions (GJ) with a dye transfer assay. The AA (100 p,M) and PGF(2alpha) (5 muM) did not induce maturation, and NDGA (10 muM) did not affect MIH-dependent maturation. However, IM (100 muM) partially inhibited MIH-dependent maturation. Conversely, AA and both PGs induced, and IM and NDGA inhibited, MIH-dependent ovulation in matured follicles. The PMA (1 mug/ml) did not induce maturation but caused ovulation in matured follicles, whereas PKC inhibitors (GF, 5 p,M; H7, 50 p,M) did not affect MIH-dependent maturation but inhibited MIH- and PMA-dependent ovulation. The PMA-dependent ovulation was inhibited by IM but not by NDGA. In addition, ActD (5 muM) blocked MIH-dependent, but not PMA-dependent, ovulation, and PGF(2alpha) restored MIH-dependent ovulation in ActD-blocked follicles. The AA and PGs did not induce, and GF did not inhibit, MIH-dependent heterologous GJ uncoupling. In conclusion, AA and PKC mediate MIH-dependent ovulation but not meiotic resumption or heterologous GJ uncoupling in croaker follicles; but a permissive role of COX products of AA during maturation is possible. A novel model of MIH-dependent ovulation is proposed in which 1) LOX and COX metabolites of AA are both required for ovulation, but at upstream and downstream sites of the pathway, respectively, relative to PKC, and 2) PKC is downstream of genomic activation. C1 US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Dept Aquat Biosci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RP Patino, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014 NR 52 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 BP 516 EP 523 DI 10.1095/biolreprod.102.009662 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 639RY UT WOS:000180644200020 PM 12533414 ER PT J AU Hall, MHP Fagre, DB AF Hall, MHP Fagre, DB TI Modeled climate-induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850-2100 SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glacier retreat; climate models; vegetation response ID ALASKA; VEGETATION; BAY; EXPEDITION; WASHINGTON; RETREAT; USA AB The glaciers in the Blackfoot-Jackson Glacier Basin of Glacier National Park, Montana, decreased in area from 21.6 square kilometers (km(2)) in 1850 to 7.4km(2) in 1979. Over this same period global temperatures increased by 0.45degreesC (+/- 0.15degreesC). We analyzed the climatic causes and ecological consequences of glacier retreat by creating spatially explicit models of the creation and ablation of glaciers and of the response of vegetation to climate change. We determined the melt rate and spatial distribution of glaciers under two possible future climate scenarios, one based on carbon dioxide-induced global warming and the other on a linear temperature extrapolation. Under the former scenario, all glaciers in the basin will disappear by,the year 2030, despite predicted increases in precipitation; under the latter, melting is slower. Using a second model, we analyzed vegetation responses to variations in soil moisture and increasing temperature in a complex alpine landscape and predicted where plant communities are likely to be located as conditions change. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Glacier Natl Pk, Biol Resources Div, Glacier Field Stn, W Glacier, MT USA. RP Hall, MHP (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM mhhall@esf.edu; dan_fagre@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 44 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2003 VL 53 IS 2 BP 131 EP 140 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0131:MCIGCI]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 643DF UT WOS:000180846100005 ER PT J AU Golden, NH Rattner, BA McGowan, PC Parsons, KC Ottinger, MA AF Golden, NH Rattner, BA McGowan, PC Parsons, KC Ottinger, MA TI Concentrations of metals in feathers and blood of nestling black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; MANGANESE EXPOSURE; BALTIMORE-HARBOR; GROWTH-RATES; HEAVY-METAL; GREAT EGRET; MERCURY; WILDLIFE; CHICKS; ORGANOCHLORINE C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Maryland, Marine Estuarine Environm Sci Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 27 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 70 IS 2 BP 385 EP 393 DI 10.1007/s00128-002-0203-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 640JG UT WOS:000180684900030 PM 12545375 ER PT J AU Reasenberg, PA Hanks, TC Bakun, WH AF Reasenberg, PA Hanks, TC Bakun, WH TI An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031 SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC ACTIVITY; AFTERSHOCKS; FAILURE; ANDREAS; FAULTS AB The moment magnitude M 7.8 earthquake in 1906 profoundly changed the rate of seismic activity over much of northern California. The low rate of seismic activity in the Sari Francisco Bay region (SFBR) since 1906, relative to that of the preceding 55 yr, is often explained as a stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, existing elastic and visco-elastic models of stress change fail to fully account for the duration of the lowered rate of earthquake activity. We use variations in the rate of earthquakes as a basis for a simple empirical model for estimating the probability of M greater than or equal to6.7 earthquakes in the SFBR. The model preserves the relative magnitude distribution of sources predicted by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities' (WGCEP, 1999; WGCEP, 2002) model of characterized ruptures on SFBR faults and is consistent with the occurrence of the four M greater than or equal to6.7 earthquakes in the region since 1838. When the empirical model is extrapolated 30 yr forward from 2002, it gives a probability of 0.42 for one or more M greater than or equal to6.7 in the SFBR. This result is lower than the probability of 0.5 estimated by WGCEP (1988), lower than the 30-yr Poisson probability of 0.60 obtained by WGCEP (1999) and WGCEP (2002), and lower than the 30-yr time-dependent probabilities of 0.67, 0.70, and 0.63 obtained by WGCEP (1990), WGCEP (1999), and WGCEP (2002), respectively, for the occurrence of one or more large earthquakes. This lower probability is consistent with the lack of adequate accounting for the 1906 stress-shadow in these earlier reports. The empirical model represents one possible approach toward accounting for the stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, the discrepancy between our result and those obtained with other modeling methods underscores the fact that the physics controlling the timing of earthquakes is not well understood. Hence, we advise against using the empirical model alone (or any other single probability model) for estimating the earthquake hazard and endorse the use of all credible earthquake probability models for the region, including the empirical model, with appropriate weighting, as was done in WGCEP (2002). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Reasenberg, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1785/0120020014 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700001 ER PT J AU Ponce, DA Hildenbrand, TG Jachens, RC AF Ponce, DA Hildenbrand, TG Jachens, RC TI Gravity and magnetic expression of the San Leandro gabbro with implications for the geometry and evolution of the Hayward Fault zone, Northern California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; FRANCISCO BAY-REGION; CREEP RATE; UNITED-STATES; SYSTEM; SLIP; DISPLACEMENT; ANOMALIES; LOCATION; BODIES AB The Hayward Fault, one of the most hazardous faults in northern California, trends north-northwest and extends for about 90 km along the eastern San Francisco Bay region. At numerous locations along its length, distinct and elongate gravity and magnetic anomalies correlate with mapped mafic and ultramafic rocks. The most prominent of these anomalies reflects the 16-km-long San Leandro gabbroic block. Inversion of magnetic and gravity data constrained with physical property measurements is used to define the subsurface extent of the San Leandro gabbro body and to speculate on its origin and relationship to the Hayward Fault Zone. Modeling indicates that the San Leandro gabbro body is about 3 km wide, dips about 75degrees-80degrees northeast, and extends to a depth of at least 6 km. One of the most striking results of the modeling, which was performed independently of seismicity data, is that accurately relocated seismicity is concentrated along the western edge or stratigraphically lower bounding surface of the San Leandro gabbro. The western boundary of the San Leandro gabbro block is the base of an incomplete ophiolite sequence and represented at one time, a low-angle roof thrust related to the tectonic wedging of the Franciscan Complex. After repeated episodes of extension and attenuation, the roof thrust of this tectonic wedge was rotated to near vertical, and in places, the strike-slip Hayward Fault probably reactivated or preferentially followed this preexisting feature. Because earthquakes concentrate near the edge of the San Leandro gabbro but tend to avoid its interior, we qualitatively explore mechanical models to explain how this massive igneous block may influence the distribution of stress. The microseismicity cluster along the western flank of the San Leandro gabbro leads us to suggest that this stressed volume may be the site of future moderate to large earthquakes. Improved understanding of the three-dimensional geometry and physical properties along the Hayward Fault will provide additional constraints on seismic hazard probability, earthquake modeling, and fault interactions that are applicable to other major strike-slip faults around the world. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ponce, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 61 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 14 EP 26 DI 10.1785/0120020013 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700002 ER PT J AU Tuttle, MP Prentice, CS Dyer-Williams, K Pena, LR Burr, G AF Tuttle, MP Prentice, CS Dyer-Williams, K Pena, LR Burr, G TI Late Holocene liquefaction features in the Dominican Republic: A powerful tool for earthquake hazard assessment in the Northeastern Caribbean SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PLATE BOUNDARY ZONE; MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; MOTION; PALEOSEISMICITY; TECTONICS; PACIFIC AB Several generations of sand blows and sand dikes, indicative of significant and recurrent liquefaction, are preserved in the late Holocene alluvial deposits of the Cibao Valley in northern Dominican Republic. The Cibao Valley is structurally controlled by the Septentrional fault, an onshore section of the North American-Caribbean strike-slip plate boundary. The Septentrional fault was previously studied in the central part of the valley, where it sinistrally offsets Holocene terrace risers and soil horizons. In the eastern and western parts of the valley, the Septentrional fault is buried by Holocene alluvial deposits, making direct study of the structure difficult. Liquefaction features that formed in these Holocene deposits as a result of strong ground shaking provide-a record of earthquakes in these areas. Liquefaction features in the eastern Cibao Valley indicate that at least one historic earthquake, probably the moment magnitude, M 8, 4 August 1946 event, and two to four prehistoric earthquakes of M 7 to 8 struck this area during the past 1100 yr. The prehistoric earthquakes appear to cluster in time and could have resulted from rupture of the central and eastern sections of the Septentrional fault circa A.D. 1200. Liquefaction features in the western Cibao Valley indicate that one historic earthquake, probably the M 8, 7 May 1842 event, and two prehistoric earthquakes of M 7-8 struck this area during the past 1600 yr. Our findings suggest that rupture of the Septentrional fault circa A.D. 1200 may have extended beyond the central Cibao Valley and generated an earthquake of M 8. Additional information regarding the age and size distribution of liquefaction features is needed to reconstruct the prehistoric earthquake history of Hispaniola and to define the long-term behavior and earthquake potential of faults associated with the North American-Caribbean plate boundary. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Catolica, Santiago, Dominican Rep. Univ Arizona, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Fac, NSF, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP M Tuttle & Associates, 128 Tibbetts Lane, Georgetown, ME 04548 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 27 EP 46 DI 10.1785/0120010233 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700003 ER PT J AU Moran, SC AF Moran, SC TI Multiple seismogenic processes for high-frequency earthquakes at Katmai National Park, Alaska: Evidence from stress tensor inversions of fault-plane solutions SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAGMATIC SYSTEM; MOUNT-RAINIER; SEISMICITY; VOLCANO; CALDERA; ORIENTATIONS; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; WASHINGTON; MECHANISMS AB The volcanological significance of seismicity within Katmai National Park has been debated since the first seismograph was installed in 1963, in part because Katmai seismicity consists almost entirely of high-frequency earthquakes that can be caused by a wide range of processes. I investigate this issue by determining 140 well-constrained first-motion fault-plane solutions for shallow (depth < 9 km) earthquakes occurring between 1995 and 2001 and inverting these solutions for the stress tensor in different regions within the park. Earthquakes removed by several kilometers from the volcanic axis occur in a stress field characterized by horizontally oriented sigma(1) and sigma(3) axes, with sigma(1) rotated slightly (12degrees) relative to the NUVEL1A subduction vector, indicating that these earthquakes are occurring in response to regional tectonic forces. On the other hand, stress tensors for earthquake clusters beneath several Katmai cluster volcanoes have vertically oriented sigma(1) axes, indicating that these events are occurring in response to local, not regional, processes. At Martin-Mageik, vertically oriented sigma(1) is most consistent with failure under edifice loading conditions in conjunction with localized pore pressure increases associated with hydrothermal circulation cells. At Trident-Novarupta, it is consistent with a number of possible models, including occurrence along fractures formed during the 1912 eruption that now serve as horizontal conduits for migrating fluids and/or Volatiles from nearby degassing and cooling magma bodies. At Mount Katmai, it is most consistent with continued seismicity along ring-fracture systems created in the 1912 eruption, perhaps enhanced by circulating hydrothermal fluids and/or seepage from the caldera-filling lake. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Moran, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM scmoran@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 94 EP 108 DI 10.1785/0120020113 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700007 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Bodin, P Reasenberg, PA AF Gomberg, J Bodin, P Reasenberg, PA TI Observing earthquakes triggered in the near field by dynamic deformations SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SUPERSTITION HILLS EARTHQUAKE; ANTARCTIC PLATE EARTHQUAKE; STRESS-STRAIN CHANGES; STRONG-MOTION DATA; 1999 HECTOR MINE; 1983 BORAH PEAK; 4 FEBRUARY 1976; SLIP HISTORY; MARCH 25; REGIONAL SEISMICITY AB We examine the hypothesis that dynamic deformations associated with seismic waves trigger earthquakes in many tectonic environments. Our analysis focuses on seismicity at close range (within the aftershock zone), complementing published studies of long-range triggering: Our results suggest that dynamic triggering is not confined to remote distances or to geothermal and volcanic regions. Long unilaterally propagating ruptures may focus radiated dynamic deformations in the propagation direction. Therefore, we expect seismicity triggered dynamically by a directive rupture to occur asymmetrically, with a majority of triggered earthquakes in the direction of rupture propagation. Bilaterally propagating ruptures also may be directive, and we propose simple criteria for assessing their directivity. We compare the inferred rupture direction and observed seismicity rate change following 15 earthquakes (M 5.7 to M 8.1) that occurred in California and Idaho in the United States, the Gulf of Aqaba, Syria, Guatemala, China, New Guinea, Turkey, Japan; Mexico, and Antarctica. Nine of these mainshocks had clearly directive, unilateral ruptures. Of these nine, seven apparently induced an asymmetric increase in seismicity rate that correlates with the rupture direction. The two exceptions include an earthquake preceded by a comparable-magnitude event on a conjugate fault and another for which data limitations prohibited conclusive results. Similar (but weaker) correlations were found for the bilaterally rupturing earthquakes we studied. Although the static stress change also may trigger seismicity, it and the seismicity it triggers are expected to be similarly asymmetric only if the final slip is skewed toward the rupture terminus. For several of the directive earthquakes, we suggest that the seismicity rate change correlates better with the dynamic stress field than the static stress change. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave,Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 60 TC 85 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 118 EP 138 DI 10.1785/0120020075 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700009 ER PT J AU Bakun, WH Johnston, AC Hopper, MG AF Bakun, WH Johnston, AC Hopper, MG TI Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in eastern North America from Modified Mercalli intensities SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STABLE CONTINENTAL REGIONS; SEISMIC MOMENT ASSESSMENT; MISSISSIPPI VALLEY EARTHQUAKES; GROUND MOTION; ATTENUATION; CALIFORNIA; FREQUENCY; SCALE; AREA AB We use 28 calibration events (3.7 less than or equal to M less than or equal to 7.3) from Texas to the Grand Banks, Newfoundland, to develop a Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) model and associated site corrections for estimating source parameters of historical earthquakes in eastern North America. The model, MMI = 1.41 + 1.68 X M - 0.00345 X Delta - 2.08log (Delta), where Delta is the distance in kilometers from the epicenter and M is moment magnitude, provides unbiased estimates of M and its uncertainty, and, if site corrections are used, of source location. The model can be used for the analysis of historical earthquakes with only a few MMI assignments. We use this model, MMI site corrections, and Bakun and Wentworth's (1997) technique to estimate M and the epicenter for three important historical earthquakes. The intensity magnitude M-I is 6.1 for the 18 November 1755 earthquake near Cape Ann, Massachusetts; 6.0 for the 5 January 1843 earthquake near Marked Tree, Arkansas; and 6.0 for the 31 October 1895 earthquake. The 1895 event probably occurred in southern Illinois, about 100 km north of the site of significant ground failure effects near Charleston, Missouri. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Memphis, CERI, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 190 EP 202 DI 10.1785/0120020087 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700013 ER PT J AU Guatteri, M Mai, PM Beroza, GC Boatwright, J AF Guatteri, M Mai, PM Beroza, GC Boatwright, J TI Strong ground-motion prediction from stochastic-dynamic source models SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID INTEGRAL-EQUATION METHOD; HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIATION; 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; OMEGA-SQUARE MODEL; RUPTURE VELOCITY; STRESS DROP; QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION; SPATIAL VARIATION; BARRIER MODEL; FAULT AB In the absence of sufficient data in the very near source, predictions of the intensity and variability of ground motions from future large earthquakes depend strongly on our ability to develop realistic models of the earthquake source. In this article we simulate near-fault strong ground motion using dynamic source models. We use a boundary integral method to simulate dynamic rupture of earthquakes by specifying dynamic source parameters (fracture energy and stress drop) as spatial random fields. We choose these quantities such that they are consistent with the statistical properties of slip heterogeneity found in finite-source models of past earthquakes. From these rupture models we compute theoretical strong-motion seismograms up to a frequency of 2 Hz for several realizations of a scenario strike-slip M-w 7.0 earthquake and compare empirical response spectra, spectra obtained from our dynamic models, and spectra determined from corresponding kinematic simulations. We find that spatial and temporal variations in slip, slip rise time, and rupture propagation consistent with dynamic rupture models exert a strong influence on near-source ground motion. Our results lead to a feasible approach to specify the variability in the rupture time distribution in kinematic models through a generalization of Andrews' (1976) result relating rupture speed to apparent fracture energy, stress drop, and crack length to 3D dynamic models. This suggests that a simplified representation of dynamic rupture may be obtained to approximate the effects of dynamic rupture without having to do full dynamic simulations. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Guatteri, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Mai, Paul Martin/C-3252-2014 OI Mai, Paul Martin/0000-0002-9744-4964 NR 52 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 301 EP 313 DI 10.1785/0120020006 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700021 ER PT J AU Singh, SK Bansal, BK Bhattacharya, SN Pacheco, JF Dattatrayam, RS Ordaz, M Suresh, G Kamal Hough, SE AF Singh, SK Bansal, BK Bhattacharya, SN Pacheco, JF Dattatrayam, RS Ordaz, M Suresh, G Kamal Hough, SE TI Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; M-w 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; MODEL; FAULT; PREDICTION; UTTARKASHI; AMPLITUDE; SPECTRUM; JABALPUR; HIMALAYA AB Only five moderate and large earthquakes (M-w greater than or equal to5.7) in India-three in the Indian shield region and two in the Himalayan arc region-have given rise to multiple strong ground-motion recordings. Near-source data are available for only two of these events. The Bhuj earthquake (M-w 7.6), which occurred in the shield region, gave rise to useful recordings at distances exceeding 550 km. Because of the scarcity of the data, we use the stochastic method to estimate ground motions. We assume that (1) S waves dominate at R < 100 km and Lg waves at R ? 100 km, (2) Q = 508f(0.48) is valid for the Indian shield as well as the Himalayan arc region, (3) the effective duration is given by fc(-1) + 0.05R, where fc is the corner frequency, and R is the hypocentral distance in kilometer, and (4) the acceleration spectra are sharply cut off beyond 35 Hz. We use two finite-source stochastic models. One is an approximate model that reduces to the omega(2)-source model at distances greater that about twice the source dimension. This model has the advantage that the ground motion is controlled by the familiar stress parameter, Deltasigma. In the other finite-source model, which is more reliable for near-source ground-motion estimation, the high-frequency radiation is controlled by the strength factor, sfact, a quantity that is physically related to the maximum slip rate on the fault. We estimate Deltasigma needed to fit the observed Amax and Vmax data of each earthquake (which are mostly in the far field). The corresponding sfact is obtained by requiring that the predicted curves from the two models match each other in the far field up to a distance of about 500 km. The results show: (1) The Deltasigma that explains Amax data for shield events may be a function of depth, increasing from similar to50 bars at 10 km to similar to400 bars at 36 km. The corresponding sfact values range from 1.0-2.0. The 06 values for the two Himalayan arc events are 75 and 150 bars (sfact = 1.0 and 1.4). (2) The Deltasigma required to explain Vmax data is, roughly, half the corresponding value for Amax, while the same sfact explains both sets of data. (3) The available far-field Amax and Vmax data for the Bhuj mainshock are well explained by Deltasigma = 200 and 100 bars, respectively, or, equivalently, by sfact = 1.4. The predicted Amax and Vmax in the epicentral region of this earthquake are 0.80 to 0.95 g and 40 to 55 cm/sec, respectively. C1 Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Govt India, Dept Sci & Technol, New Delhi 110016, India. Indian Meteorol Dept, New Delhi 110003, India. Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Ingn, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttar Pradesh, India. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Singh, SK (reprint author), Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NR 36 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 353 EP 370 DI 10.1785/0120020102 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700024 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Carver, D Williams, RA Harmsen, S Zerva, A AF Hartzell, S Carver, D Williams, RA Harmsen, S Zerva, A TI Site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and wave propagation at the San Jose, California, dense seismic array SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT-FILLED VALLEYS; GLOBAL SEARCH ALGORITHM; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; STRONG-GROUND MOTION; ANDREAS FAULT; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; SEATTLE FAULT; CLARA VALLEY; SH-WAVES; P-WAVES AB Ground-motion records from a 52-element dense seismic array near San Jose, California, are analyzed to obtain site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and plane-wave propagation characteristics. The array, located on the eastern side of the Santa Clara Valley south of the San Francisco Bay, is sited over the Evergreen basin, a 7-km-deep depression with Miocene and younger deposits. Site response values below 4 Hz are up to a factor of 2 greater when larger, regional records are included in the analysis, due to strong surface-wave development within the Santa Clara Valley. The pattern of site amplification is the same, however, with local or regional events. Site amplification increases away from the eastern edge of the Santa Clara Valley, reaching a maximum over the western edge of the Evergreen basin, where the pre-Cenozoic basement shallows rapidly. Amplification then decreases further to the west. This pattern may be caused by lower shallow shear-wave velocities and thicker Quaternary deposits further from the edge of the Santa Clara Valley and generation/trapping of surface waves above the shallowing basement of the western Evergreen basin. Shear-wave velocities from the inversion of site response spectra based on smaller, local earthquakes compare well with those obtained independently from our seismic reflection/refraction measurements. Velocities from the inversion of site spectra that include larger, regional records do not compare well with these measurements. A mix of local and regional events, however, is appropriate for determination of site response to be used in seismic hazard evaluation, since large damaging events would excite both body and surface waves with a wide range in ray parameters. Frequency-wavenumber, plane-wave analysis is used to determine the backazimuth and apparent velocity of coherent phases at the array. Conventional, high-resolution, and multiple signal characterization f-k power spectra and stacked slowness power spectra are compared. These spectra show surface waves generated/ scattered at the edges of the Santa Clara Valley and possibly within the valley at the western edge of the Evergreen basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Civil & Architectural Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046 MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 56 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 443 EP 464 DI 10.1785/0120020080 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700030 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JB Boatwright, J Lindh, AG AF Fletcher, JB Boatwright, J Lindh, AG TI Wave propagation and site response in the Santa Clara Valley SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND-MOTION AMPLIFICATION; LOMA-PRIETA AFTERSHOCKS; FRANCISCO BAY; CODA WAVES; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; ARRAY; BASIN; SEISMOGRAMS; ATTENUATION AB Forty-two portable digital instruments were deployed across the Santa Clara Valley from June until early November 1998; this array recorded 14 small and moderate local events and 7 large teleseismic events. We analyze the ground motion from these events to determine station delays and relative site amplification within the Valley. P waves from an event at the southern edge of the valley are early (Deltat > -0.35 sec) at stations over an axial ridge in the basement interface in the middle of the valley, but late (Deltat < 0.20 sec) for stations over the Cupertino and Evergreen basins to either side. The S-wave delays are approximately twice as large. Teleseismic P-waves from an M = 7.0 event beneath the Bonin Islands show a similar pattern in travel-time delays. The P waves are amplified by factors of 1.5-3 for frequencies below 2 Hz at stations within either basin, compared with stations on the axial ridge. The P-wave coda appear enhanced at 2-3 sec, but coda Q estimates at frequencies from 0.2 to 1.1 Hz are not markedly different at stations over the basin compared with stations on the ridge with the possible exceptions of consistently high values over the northern end of the Evergreen Basin. We invert the S-wave spectra for site-specific attenuation and amplification from the 14 local events by assuming a common source spectra for each event, 1/r geometrical spreading, and constraining the inversion using the 30-m velocity profile at four stations in the array. The largest amplifications occurred in the 1- to 6-Hz band at stations near the northwest edge of the Evergreen basin. While the highest amplifications occur at stations with the lowest S-wave velocities, the scatter obscures the correlation between velocity and amplification. The stations in the basins are characterized by higher attenuation than the stations on the basement ridge. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fletcher, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 480 EP 500 DI 10.1785/0120010202 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700032 ER PT J AU Zhang, RR Ma, S Hartzell, S AF Zhang, RR Ma, S Hartzell, S TI Signatures of the seismic source in EMD-based characterization of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake recordings SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; NONLINEAR SEDIMENT RESPONSE; STRONG-GROUND MOTION; 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; HILBERT SPECTRUM; RUPTURE HISTORY; INVERSION; FAULT AB In this article we use empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to characterize the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake records and investigate the signatures carried over from the source rupture process. Comparison of the current study results with existing source inverse solutions that use traditional data processing suggests that the EMD-based characterization contains information that sheds light on aspects of the earthquake rupture process. We first summarize the fundamentals of the EMD and illustrate its features through the analysis of a hypothetical and a real record. Typically, the Northridge strong-motion records are decomposed into eight or nine intrinsic mode functions (IMF's), each of which emphasizes a different oscillation mode with different amplitude and frequency content. The first IMF has the highest-frequency content; frequency content decreases with an increase in IMF component. With the aid of a finite-fault inversion method, we then examine aspects of the source of the 1994 Northridge earthquake that are reflected in the second to fifth IMF components. This study shows that the second IMF is predominantly wave motion generated near the hypocenter, with high-frequency content that might be related to a large stress drop associated with the initiation of the earthquake. As one progresses from the second to the fifth IMF component, there is a general migration of the source region away from the hypocenter with associated longer-period signals as the rupture propagates. This study suggests that the different IMF components carry information on the earthquake rupture process that is expressed in their different frequency bands. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Zhang, RR (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Ma, Shuo/G-8089-2011 NR 49 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 501 EP 518 DI 10.1785/0120010285 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 662WH UT WOS:000181971700033 ER PT J AU Mitro, MG Zale, AV Rich, BA AF Mitro, MG Zale, AV Rich, BA TI The relation between age-0 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) abundance and winter discharge in a regulated river SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ANIMAL POPULATIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; SNAKE RIVER; HENRYS FORK; HABITAT USE; SURVIVAL; IDAHO; SALAR AB We identified and experimentally tested a discharge-abundance relation that predicted, based on the mean river discharge in the second half of winter (15 January - 31 March), the spring abundance of age-0 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a section of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, with complex bank habitat. We also considered a competing hypothesis in which autumn abundance determined spring abundance. We established that large abundances of age-0 trout were present in autumn (34 000 - 81000) and lower abundances remained in spring (8000 - 15 000). Winter loss of age-0 trout was initiated in January. Spring abundance in 1996-1998 was related to autumn abundance (r(2) > 0.99) and mean discharge in the second half of winter (17.1-22.8 m(3).s(-1); r(2) > 0.99) but not mean discharge in the first half of winter (15.1-21.1 m(3).s(-1); r(2) = 0.11). We experimentally maintained a high discharge (20-21 m(3).s(-1)) in the second half of winter in 1999 to test model predictions. Autumn abundance failed to predict spring abundance (observed = 11 109; predicted = 6822; 95% prediction interval = 4669-8975). However, the discharge-abundance model accurately predicted spring abundance (predicted = 11980; 95% prediction interval = 10 728 - 13 231). Higher discharge in the second half of winter may have provided more bank habitat at a critical time for survival. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey,Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. RP Mitro, MG (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Fisheries & Habitat Res Program, 1350 Femrite Dr, Monona, WI 53716 USA. EM matt.mitro@dnr.state.wi.us NR 20 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2 BP 135 EP 139 DI 10.1139/F03-006 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 673TU UT WOS:000182596900003 ER PT J AU Magee, JA Obedzinski, M McCormick, SD Kocik, JF AF Magee, JA Obedzinski, M McCormick, SD Kocik, JF TI Effects of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MARINE SURVIVAL; LOW PH; GROWTH-HORMONE; BROOK TROUT; NOVA-SCOTIA; K+ ATPASE; ALUMINUM; WATER; RIVERS; ACID AB The effect of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt physiology and survival in fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW) was investigated. Smolts were held in either ambient (control, pH 6.0-6.6), acidified (chronic, pH 4.4-6.1), or episodically acidified (episodic, pH reduction from control levels to pH similar to5.2 for 48 h once weekly) river water for 31 days and then transferred to 34parts per thousand SW. Smolts fed little while in acidified conditions and chronic smolts did not grow in length or weight. In FW, chronic smolts experienced increases in hematocrit and plasma potassium and reductions in plasma sodium and chloride. Upon transfer to SW, chronic and episodic smolts experienced reductions in hematocrit, increases in plasma sodium, chloride, and potassium levels, and suffered mortalities. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activities were reduced by exposure to acid. For most parameters, the effect of episodic acid exposure was less than that of chronic acidification. Exposure to acidic conditions, even when short in duration and followed by a 30-h recovery period in suitable water (pH 6.5), led to a 35% mortality of smolts upon transfer to SW. This study highlights the importance of measuring and assessing sublethal stresses in FW and their ultimate effects in marine ecosystems. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Orono, ME 04473 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Little Falls Field Stn, HCR 72, Cherryfield, ME 04622 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Kocik, JF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 31 Main St, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2 BP 214 EP 221 DI 10.1139/F03-015 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 673TU UT WOS:000182596900011 ER PT J AU Roby, DD Lyons, DE Craig, DP Collis, K Visser, GH AF Roby, DD Lyons, DE Craig, DP Collis, K Visser, GH TI Quantifying the effect of predators on endangered species using a bioenergetics approach: Caspian terns and juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS; ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY; WATERBIRD PREDATION; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; DIET COMPOSITION; MODEL; GROWTH; ENERGETICS; FISH AB We estimated the consumption of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) and other forage fishes by Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) nesting on Rice Island in the Columbia River estuary in 1997 and 1998 using a bioenergetics modeling approach. The study was prompted by concern that Caspian tern predation might be a substantial source of mortality to out-migrating juvenile salmonids from throughout the Columbia River basin, many populations of which are listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The bioenergetics model used estimates of the energy requirements of the tern population and the proportion of tern energy requirements met by various prey types. The resulting estimate of the number of juvenile salmonids consumed by Rice Island Caspian terns was 8.1 million (5.9-10.4 million) in 1997 and 12.4 million (9.1-15.7 million) in 1998. Tern predation rates on juvenile salmonids were substantial, representing up to 15% of the juveniles to reach the estuary from some listed populations. Nevertheless, based on simple age-structured models of salmonid populations, it appears unlikely that management of Caspian tern predation alone would reverse salmonid declines. Management to reduce tern predation could, however, contribute to a comprehensive strategy to recover imperiled salmonid populations in the Columbia River basin. C1 Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Columbia River Tribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Zool Lab, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. RP Lyons, DE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 69 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 81 IS 2 BP 250 EP 265 DI 10.1139/Z02-242 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 664UU UT WOS:000182080900009 ER PT J AU Schindler, M Hawthorne, FC Huminicki, DMC Haynes, P Grice, JD Evans, HT AF Schindler, M Hawthorne, FC Huminicki, DMC Haynes, P Grice, JD Evans, HT TI Bobjonesite, V4+ O (SO4) (H2O)(3), a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, USA SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE bobjonesite; new mineral species; crystal structure; minasragrite; orthominasragrite; anorthominasragrite; vanadate; Temple Mountain; Utah ID CRYSTALS AB Bobjonesite, V4+ O (SO4) (H2O)(3), is a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A. It occurs as blue-green crusts and efflorescences in fractures in a fossil (Triassic) tree; individual crystals are 1 mm and are intimately intergrown. Bobjonesite hydrates very easily, and is unstable in all but the driest atmosphere. Its structure was determined on a crystal of bobjonesite; however, the physical properties, optical properties and X-ray powder-diffraction pattern were recorded on the synthetic equivalent, and an electron-microprobe analysis was not possible. Bobjonesite has a pale blue streak, a vitreous luster and no observable fluorescence under ultraviolet light. It has no cleavage or parting. The Mobs hardness is similar to1, and the calculated density is 2.28 g/cm(3). Bobjonesite is biaxial positive, with alpha 1.555(2), beta 1.561(1), gamma 1.574(2), 2V(obs.) = 72(1)degrees, 2V(calc.) = 69degrees; it is non-pleochroic, X = b, Y approximate to a, Z boolean AND c approximate to 19degrees (in beta obtuse). Bobjonesite is monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, cell dimensions from single-crystal data: a 7.3940(5), b 7.41 11(3), c 12.0597(9) Angstrom, beta 106.55(1)degrees, V 633.5(1) Angstrom3, Z = 4. The strongest seven lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Angstrom(I)(hkl)] are as follows: 5.795(100)(002), 3.498(90)(112), 3.881(48)((1) over bar 03), 5.408(37) (101), 4.571(20)(012), 6.962(11)((1) over bar 01) and 6.254(11)(011). The chemical formula was derived from crystal-structure analysis; the end-member formula is V O (SO4) (H2O)(3). The crystal structure of bobjonesite was refined to an R index of 3.6% for 1105 observed (\F-0\ > 5sigmaF) reflections measured with an automated four-circle X-ray diffractometer using MoKalpha X-radiation. There is one V site occupied by V4+ and surrounded by three O atoms and three (H2O) groups in an octahedral arrangement, with one short vanadyl bond (1.577 Angstrom), four similar equatorial bonds ([2.022 Angstrom]), and one longer V-O bond (2.278 Angstrom) traps to the vanadyl bond. The structure consists of isolated [V-2(4+) O-2 (H2O)(6) (SO4)(2)] clusters linked by hydrogen bonds. C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Geol Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Canadian Museum Nat, Div Res, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Natl Sci 959, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schindler, M (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Geol Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RI Hawthorne, Frank/F-6864-2011 OI Hawthorne, Frank/0000-0001-6405-9931 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83 PN 1 PG 8 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 663TT UT WOS:000182022500007 ER PT J AU Kelly, EG Forsman, ED Anthony, RG AF Kelly, EG Forsman, ED Anthony, RG TI Are Barred Owls displacing Spotted Owls? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Barred Owl; competition; distribution; Northern Spotted Owl; occupancy; Strix occidentalis caurina; Strix varia ID STRIX-VARIA; HABITAT; MITIGATION; RANGE AB Barred Owls (Strix varia) have expanded their range into the Pacific Northwest, and anecdotal evidence suggests that they may be displacing the federally threatened Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Our objectives were to describe the current status of Barred Owls in Oregon and compare occupancy of Spotted Owls in historic Spotted Owl territories before and after Barred Owls were first detected in those territories. Between 1974 and 1998, we estimated that 706 different Barred Owl territories were located in Oregon. From 1989-1998 an average of 60 new Barred Owl territories were located in Oregon each year. In Spotted Owl demographic study areas in Oregon and Washington, Barred Owl detections increased at Spotted Owl territories from 1987-1999. Occupancy of Spotted Owl territories declined after Barred Owls were detected within 0.80 km of the territory center. When Barred Owls were detected 0.81-2.40 km from Spotted Owl territory centers, occupancy of Spotted Owls was only marginally less than at territories without Barred Owls. This suggests that the frequency and intensity of interactions between the two species is negatively associated with distance between them. Our results suggest that land managers and regulatory agencies should regard Barred Owls as a threat to Spotted Owls, particularly if Barred Owls continue to increase in number as they have during the past 25 years. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unist, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelly, EG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Newport Field Off, 2127 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 35 TC 56 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 28 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2003 VL 105 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[45:ABODSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 648BP UT WOS:000181130200004 ER PT J AU Hilton, B Miller, MW AF Hilton, B Miller, MW TI Annual survival and recruitment in a Ruby-throated Hummingbird population, excluding the effect of transient individuals SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Archilochus colubris; mark-recapture; population growth; recruitment; Ruby-throated Hummingbird; survival; transients ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; MARKED ANIMALS; RATES; HYPOTHESES; RECOVERY; PROGRAM; GROWTH AB We estimated annual apparent survival, recruitment, and rate of population growth of breeding Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris), while controlling for transients, by using 18 years of capture-mark-recapture data collected during 1984-2001 at Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History near York, South Carolina. Resident males had lower apparent survival (0.30 +/- 0.05 SE) than females (0.43 +/- 0.04). Estimates of apparent survival did not differ by age. Point estimates suggested that newly banded males were less likely than females to be residents, but standard errors of these estimates overlapped (males: 0.60 +/- 0.14 SE; females: 0.67 +/- 0.09). Estimated female recruitment was 0.60 +/- 0.06 SE, meaning that 60% of adult females present in any given year had entered the population during the previous year. Our estimate for rate of change indicated the population of female hummingbirds was stable during the study period (1.04 +/- 0.04 SE). We suggest an annual goal of greater than or equal to64 adult females and greater than or equal to64 immature females released per banding area to enable rigorous future tests for effects of covariates on population dynamics. Development of a broader cooperating network of hummingbird banders in eastern North America could allow tests for regional or metapopulation dynamics in this species. C1 Hilton Pond Ctr Piedmont Nat Hist, York, SC 29745 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Hilton, B (reprint author), Hilton Pond Ctr Piedmont Nat Hist, 1432 DeVinney Rd, York, SC 29745 USA. RI Miller, Mark/F-6284-2015 OI Miller, Mark/0000-0003-4211-1393 NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 17 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2003 VL 105 IS 1 BP 54 EP 62 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[54:ASARIR]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 648BP UT WOS:000181130200005 ER PT J AU Ainley, DG Ballard, G Barton, KJ Karl, BJ Rau, GH Ribic, CA Wilson, PR AF Ainley, DG Ballard, G Barton, KJ Karl, BJ Rau, GH Ribic, CA Wilson, PR TI Spatial and temporal variation of diet within a presumed metapopulation of Adelie Penguins SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Adelie Penguin; Antarctic; colony choice; diet variation; diet quality; Pygoscelis adeliae; stable isotope ID STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; FAST SEA-ICE; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; ROSS-SEA; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MCMURDO SOUND; ANTARCTICA; SEABIRDS; COLONY; SIZE AB We investigated temporal and spatial variability in the diet of chick-provisioning Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at all colonies within one isolated cluster in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica, 1994-2000. We wished to determine if prey quality explained different population growth and emigration rates among colonies. Diet composition was described both by conventional means (stomach samples) and by analysis of stable isotopes in chick tissues (toenails of individuals killed by skuas [Stercorarius maccormicki]). Diets were similar among the four study colonies compared to the disparity apparent among 14 widely spaced sites around the continent. Calorimetry indicated that fish are more energetically valuable than krill, implying that if diet varied by colony, diet quality could attract recruits and help to explain differential rates of colony growth. However, a multiple-regression analysis indicated that diet varied as a function of year, time within the year, and percent of foraging area covered by sea ice, but not by colony location. Stable isotopes revealed similarity of diet at one colony where conventional sampling was not possible. We confirmed that sea ice importantly affects diet composition of this species in neritic waters, and found that (1) quality of summer diet cannot explain different population growth rates among colonies, and (2) stable isotope analysis of chick tissues (toenails) is a useful tool to synoptically describe diet in this species over a large area. C1 HT Harvey & Associates, San Jose, CA 95118 USA. Point Reyes Bird Observ, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. Landcare Res New Zealand Ltd, Nelson, New Zealand. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ainley, DG (reprint author), HT Harvey & Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway,Suite 145, San Jose, CA 95118 USA. NR 55 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 21 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2003 VL 105 IS 1 BP 95 EP 106 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[95:SATVOD]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 648BP UT WOS:000181130200009 ER PT J AU Fanshawe, S VanBlaricom, GR Shelly, AA AF Fanshawe, S VanBlaricom, GR Shelly, AA TI Restored top carnivores as detriments to the performance of marine protected areas intended for fishery sustainability: A case study with red abalones and sea otters SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; HALIOTIS-RUFESCENS; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; POPULATIONS; RESERVES; URCHINS; REFUGIA AB Marine protected areas are possible solutions to the problems of protecting the integrity of marine ecosystems and of sustaining harvested marine populations. We report demographic data for red abalones ( Haliotis rufescens ) at nine sites along the California coast. Six of our sites are within marine protected areas, and four of those six sites are occupied by sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ). Sea otters are known abalone predators and are believed to have an important role in facilitating biodiversity within coastal kelp forest communities along the North Pacific Rim. We asked whether marine protected areas intended to conserve ecosystems are compatible with use of marine protected areas for abalone fishery sustainability. We found that both sea otters and recreational harvest alter the density, size distribution, and microhabitat distribution of red abalones in qualitatively similar ways. Red abalone populations in marine protected areas outside the current sea otter range have higher density, are composed of larger individuals, and occur in more-open microhabitats compared with populations in locations lacking sea otters but subject to harvest and with populations in locations with sea otters. The effects of sea otters are stronger than the effects of harvest. Characterization of harvest effects on density may be confounded by other uncontrolled factors. We conclude that coastal marine protected areas off California cannot enhance abalone fisheries if, in the interest of ecosystem integrity, they also contain sea otters. Where restored top carnivores limit the sustainability of commodity harvest, it may be possible to resolve conflicts with two categories of spatially segregated, single-use marine protected areas, one focusing on ecosystem restoration and the other on fishery development. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Calif Sea Otter Project, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. TerraStat Consulting Grp, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. RP VanBlaricom, GR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci,US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 62 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 5 U2 46 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 BP 273 EP 283 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00432.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 643DG UT WOS:000180846200032 ER PT J AU Scott, ML Skagen, SK Merigliano, MF AF Scott, ML Skagen, SK Merigliano, MF TI Relating geomorphic change and grazing to avian communities in riparian forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; MISSOURI RIVER; HABITAT; COTTONWOOD; BIRDS; VEGETATION; BOTTOMLAND; FLOOD; ESTABLISHMENT; ASSEMBLAGES AB Avian conservation in riparian or bottomland forests requires an understanding of the physical and biotic factors that sustain the structural complexity of riparian vegetation. Riparian forests of western North America are dependent upon flow-related geomorphic processes necessary for establishment of new cottonwood and willow patches. In June 1995, we examined how fluvial geomorphic processes and long-term grazing influence the structural complexity of riparian vegetation and the abundance and diversity of breeding birds along the upper Missouri River in central Montana, a large, flow-regulated, and geomorphically constrained reach. Use by breeding birds was linked to fluvial geomorphic processes that influence the structure of these patches. Species richness and bird diversity increased with increasing structural complexity of vegetation ( F (1,32) = 75.49, p < 0.0001; F (1,32) = 79.76, p < 0.0001, respectively ). Bird species composition was significantly correlated with vegetation strata diversity ( r (s,33) = 0.98, p < 0.0001 ). Bird abundance in canopy and tall-shrub foraging guilds increased significantly with increasing tree cover and tall-shrub cover ( F (1,22) = 34.68, p < 0.0001; F (1,20) = 22.22, p < 0.0001, respectively ). Seventeen bird species, including five species of concern ( e.g., Red-eyed Vireo [ Vireo olivaceus ] ), were significantly associated ( p < 0.10 ) with structurally complex forest patches, whereas only six bird species were significantly associated with structurally simple forest patches. We related the structural complexity of 34 riparian vegetation patches to geomorphic change, woody vegetation establishment, and grazing history over a 35-year post-dam period ( 1953-1988 ). The structural complexity of habitat patches was positively related to recent sediment accretion ( t (33) = 3.31, p = 0.002 ) and vegetation establishment ( t (20.7) = -3.63, p = 0.002 ) and negatively related to grazing activity ( t (19.6) = 3.75, p = 0.001 ). Avian conservation along rivers like the upper Missouri requires maintenance of the geomorphic processes responsible for tree establishment and management of land-use activities in riparian forests. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Scott, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 66 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 BP 284 EP 296 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.00466.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 643DG UT WOS:000180846200033 ER PT J AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M TI Identification of site frequencies from building records SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article ID 2 ADJACENT BUILDINGS; SEISMIC RESPONSES; APPARENT PERIODS AB A simple procedure to identify site frequencies using earthquake response records from roofs and basements of buildings is presented. For this purpose, data from five different buildings are analyzed using only spectral analyses techniques. Additional data such as free-field records in close proximity to the buildings and site characterization data are also used to estimate site frequencies and thereby to provide convincing evidence and confirmation of the site frequencies inferred from the building records. Furthermore, simple code-formula is used to calculate site frequencies and compare them with the identified site frequencies from records. Results show that the simple procedure is effective in identification of site frequencies and provides relatively reliable estimates of site frequencies when compared with other methods. Therefore the simple procedure for estimating site frequencies using earthquake records can be useful in adding to the database of site frequencies. Such databases can be used to better estimate site frequencies of those sites with similar geological structures. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD FEB PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1193/1.1542618 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 655EJ UT WOS:000181538100001 ER PT J AU Williams, RA Wood, S Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Meremonte, ME Street, R Worley, DM AF Williams, RA Wood, S Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Meremonte, ME Street, R Worley, DM TI Surface seismic refraction/reflection measurement determinations of potential site resonances and the areal uniformity of NEHRP site class D in Memphis, Tennessee SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; EARTHQUAKE; MISSOURI; VELOCITY; BASIN AB We determined S-wave velocities (V-s) to about 40-m depth at 65 locations in the Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee, area. The V-s measurements were made using high-resolution seismic refraction and reflection methods on the ground surface. We find a clear difference in the V-s profiles between sites located on the Mississippi River flood plain and those located to the east, mostly covered by loess, in the urban areas of Memphis. The average V-s to 30-m depth at 19 sites on the modem Mississippi River floodplain averages 197 m/s (+/-15 m/s) and places 17 of these sites at the low end of NEHRP soil profile category type D (average V-s 180-360 m/s). The two remaining sites are type E. V-s to 30-m depth at 46 sites in the urban areas east of the modem floodplain are more variable and generally higher than the floodplain sites, averaging about 262 m/s (+/-45 m/s), still within category D. We often observed the base of the loess as a prominent S-wave reflection and as an increase in V-s to about 500 m/s. Based on the two-way travel time of this reflection, during an earthquake the impedance boundary at the loess base may generate resonances in the 3- to 6-Hz range over many areas of Memphis. Amplitude spectra from four local earthquakes recorded at one site located on loess indicate consistent resonance peaks in the 4.5- to 6.5-Hz range. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Geol, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Williams, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS966,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD FEB PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 159 EP 189 DI 10.1193/1.1543161 PG 31 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 655EJ UT WOS:000181538100008 ER PT J AU Youngs, RR Arabasz, WJ Anderson, RE Ramelli, AR Ake, JP Slemmons, DB McCalpin, JP Doser, DI Fridrich, CJ Swan, FH Rogers, AM Yount, JC Anderson, LW Smith, KD Bruhn, RL Knuepfer, PLK Smith, RB dePolo, CM O'Leary, DW Coppersmith, KJ Pezzopane, SK Schwartz, DP Whitney, JW Olig, SS Toro, GR AF Youngs, RR Arabasz, WJ Anderson, RE Ramelli, AR Ake, JP Slemmons, DB McCalpin, JP Doser, DI Fridrich, CJ Swan, FH Rogers, AM Yount, JC Anderson, LW Smith, KD Bruhn, RL Knuepfer, PLK Smith, RB dePolo, CM O'Leary, DW Coppersmith, KJ Pezzopane, SK Schwartz, DP Whitney, JW Olig, SS Toro, GR TI A methodology for probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article ID MAGNITUDE; EARTHQUAKE; RUPTURE; GROWTH; LENGTH; BASIN AB We present a methodology for conducting a site-specific probabilistic analysis of fault displacement hazard. Two approaches are outlined. The first relates the occurrence of fault displacement at or near the ground surface to the occurrence of earthquakes in the same manner as is done in a standard probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for ground shaking. The methodology for this approach is taken directly from PSHA methodology with the ground-motion attenuation function replaced by a fault displacement attenuation function. In the second approach, the rate of displacement events and the distribution for fault displacement are derived directly from the characteristics of the faults or geologic features at the site of interest. The methodology for probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) was developed for a normal faulting environment and the probability distributions we present may have general application in similar tectonic regions. In addition, the general methodology is applicable to any region and we indicate the type of data needed to apply the methodology elsewhere. C1 Geomatrix Consultants, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. USGS, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80255 USA. Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. GEOHAZ, Estes Pk, CO 80517 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Georisk Associates, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Mines, Seismol Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. Coppersmith Consulting, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. URS Corp, Oakland, CA 94607 USA. Risk Engn Inc, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geomatrix Consultants, 2101 Webster St,12th Fl, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. EM byoungs@geomatrix.com NR 26 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 EI 1944-8201 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD FEB PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 191 EP 219 DI 10.1193/1.1542891 PG 29 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 655EJ UT WOS:000181538100009 ER PT J AU Weigel, DE Peterson, JT Spruell, P AF Weigel, DE Peterson, JT Spruell, P TI Introgressive hybridization between native cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE cutthroat trout; hybrid zone; introgression; nonnative introductions; nuclear DNA; Oncorhynchus clarki; Oncorhynchus mykiss; rainbow trout ID REDUCED INCUBATION TEMPERATURES; MODEL SELECTION; HYBRID ZONES; PINK SALMON; BROOK-TROUT; HENRYS-FORK; SNAKE RIVER; STREAM; SURVIVAL; HABITAT AB Introgressive hybridization threatens the persistence of several species of native salmonids in the western United States, but little is known about the factors influencing the establishment and maintenance of introgressed populations. We examined the occurrence of introgressive hybridization in westslope cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki lew-isi) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) populations in relation to physical characteristics of streams, trout density estimates, and the distance from stocking source. Trout were sampled from 80 stream sites in the Clearwater River Basin, Idaho, USA, and tissues from individual trout were analyzed to detect hybridization using noncoding sequences of nuclear DNA. We found a broad zone of hybridization detected at 64% of the sampled sites. The presence and degree of introgression was negatively related to elevation and positively related to stream width in our logistic regression model. Stream elevation and size likely influence hydrologic and thermal regimes. An interaction between the life history characteristics of the native and normative trout with these hydrologic and thermal stream gradients could explain the invasion success of rainbow trout and hence, the extent of the hybrid zone. Alternatively, the influence of elevation and stream width could be the result of habitat selection by the parental species, thereby reducing the opportunity for hybridization. Understanding the relationship between abiotic factors and introgressive hybridization will assist fisheries managers when evaluating the potential threat of introgression in different stream habitats and applying the necessary management actions to conserve the native cutthroat trout genotypes across broad landscapes. C1 Dept Fisheries Resource Management, Nez Perce Tribe, Orofino, ID 83544 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Weigel, DE (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Snake River Area Off, 1359 Hansen Ave, Burley, ID 83318 USA. NR 70 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 21 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 38 EP 50 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0038:IHBNCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 657JX UT WOS:000181663700004 ER PT J AU Beever, EA Tausch, RJ Brussard, PF AF Beever, EA Tausch, RJ Brussard, PF TI Characterizing grazing disturbance in semiarid ecosystems across broad scales, using diverse indices SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE broad spatial scales; disturbance; Equus caballus; feral horses; grazing; Great Basin; landscape ecology; monitoring; Nevada; reciprocal averaging; semiarid ecosystems; TWINSPAN ID GREAT-BASIN DESERT; BROMUS-TECTORUM L; SMALL MAMMALS; SEMIDESERT GRASSLAND; VEGETATION RESPONSES; LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURE; STABLE STATES; FERAL HORSES; CENTRAL UTAH; NEW-MEXICO AB Although management and conservation strategies continue to move toward broader spatial scales and consideration of many taxonomic groups simultaneously, researchers have struggled to characterize responses to disturbance at these scales. Most studies of disturbance by feral grazers investigate effects on only one or two ecosystem elements across small spatial scales, limiting their applicability to ecosystem-level management. To address this inadequacy, in 1997 and 1998 we examined disturbance created by feral horses (Equus caballus) in nine mountain ranges of the western Great Basin, USA, using plants, small mammals, ants, and soil compaction as indicators. Nine horse-occupied and 10 horse-removed sites were stratified into high- and low-elevation groups, and all sites at each elevation had similar vegetation type, aspect, slope gradient, and recent (greater than or equal to 15-yr) fire and livestock-grazing histories. Using reciprocal averaging and TWINSPAN analyses, we compared relationships among sites using five data sets: abiotic variables, percent cover by plant species, an index of abundance by plant species, 10-disturbance-sensitive response variables, and grass and shrub species considered. "key" indicators by land managers. Although reciprocal averaging and TWINSPAN analyses of percent cover, abiotic variables, and key species suggested relationships between sites influenced largely by biogeography (i.e., mountain range), disturbance-sensitive variables clearly segregated horse-occupied and horse-removed sites. These analyses suggest that the influence of feral horses on many Great Basin ecosystem attributes is not being detected by monitoring only palatable plant species. We recommend development of an expanded monitoring strategy based not only on established vegetation measurements investigating forage consumption, but also including disturbance-sensitive variables (e.g., soil surface hardness, abundance of ant mounds) that more completely reflect the suite of effects that a large-bodied grazer may impose on mountain ecosystems, independent of vegetation differences. By providing a broader-based mechanism for detection of adverse effects, this strategy would provide management agencies with defensible data in a sociopolitical arena that has been embroiled in conflict for several decades. C1 Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol 314, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Beever, EA (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 101 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 43 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 119 EP 136 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0119:CGDISE]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 657JX UT WOS:000181663700009 ER PT J AU Proffitt, CE Travis, SE Edwards, KR AF Proffitt, CE Travis, SE Edwards, KR TI Genotype and elevation influence Spartina alterniflora colonization and growth in a created salt marsh SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE dredged-sediment substrate; environmental factors and local adaptation; field experiment; growth strategies; Louisiana (USA) salt marsh; restoration strategies; salt marsh creation and restoration; Spartina alterniflora ID REDUCED GENETIC DIVERSITY; ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDE; INDIVIDUAL FITNESS; PATENS; POPULATIONS; PLANT AB dColonization, growth, and clonal morphology differ with genotype and are influenced by elevation. Local adaptation of Spartina alterniflora to environmental conditions may lead-to dominance by different suites of genotypes in different locations within a marsh. In a constructed marsh, we found reduced colonization in terms of density of clones with increasing distance from edge in a 200-ha mudflat created in 1996; however, growth in diameter was not different among three 100-m-long zones that differed in distance from site edge. Distance from edge was confounded by elevation in this comparison of natural colonization. The rate of clonal expansion in diameter was 3.1 m/yr, and clonal growth was linear over the 28 mo of the study. The area dominated by S. alterniflora in the three distance zones increased concomitantly with clonal growth. However, the lower initial clonal densities and colonization by other plant species resulted in reduced overall dominance by S. alterniflora in the two more-interior locations. Seedling recruitment was an important component of S. alterniflora colonization at all elevations and distances from edge two years after site creation. Seedlings were spatially very patchy and tended to occur near clones that probably produced them. A field experiment revealed that S. alterniflora height and total stem length varied with genotype, while stem density and flowering stem density did not. Differences between edge and center of clonal patches also occurred for some response variables, and there were also significant interactions with genotype. Differences between edge and-center are interpreted as differences in clone morphology. Elevation differences over distances of a,few meters influenced total stem length and, flowering stem density but not other response variables. Clones that were larger in diameter also tended to have greater stem heights and total stem lengths. A number of plant morphological measures were found to vary significantly among the five genotypes and had broad-sense heritabilities ranging up to 0.71. These results indicate that S. alterniflora populations developing on new substrata colonize broadly, but growth and reproduction vary with genotype and are influenced by changes in elevation (range: 11.8 cm), and probably other environmental factors, over. relatively small distances. Differences in growth and clone morphology of different genets, and the frequent occurrence of seedlings throughout the site, underscore the importance of genetic variability in natural and created populations. C1 USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. McNeese State Univ, Louisiana Environm Res Ctr, Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA. RP Proffitt, CE (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 37 TC 61 Z9 67 U1 4 U2 42 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 180 EP 192 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0180:GAEISA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 657JX UT WOS:000181663700013 ER PT J AU Langtimm, CA Beck, CA AF Langtimm, CA Beck, CA TI Lower survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees in years with intense coastal storms SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE climate change; Florida; Gulf of Mexico; hurricanes; manatee; marine mammals; mark-recapture; photo-identification; seagrass; survival probabilities; Trichechus manatus ID TRICHECHUS-MANATUS; ATLANTIC HURRICANES; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; FOREST RESPONSE; MARKED ANIMALS; HERVEY-BAY; LATIROSTRIS; POPULATIONS; QUEENSLAND; AUSTRALIA AB The endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) inhabits the subtropical waters of the southeastern United States, where hurricanes are a regular occurrence. Using mark-resighting statistical models, we analyzed 19 years of photo-identification data and detected significant annual variation in adult survival for a subpopulation in northwest Florida where human impact is low. That variation coincided with years when intense hurricanes (Category 3 or greater on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) and a major winter storm occurred in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mean survival probability during years with no or low intensity storms was 0.972 (approximate 95% confidence interval = 0.9.61-0.980) but dropped to 0.936 (0.864-0.971) in 1985 with Hurricanes Elena, Kate, and Juan; to 0.909 (0.837-0.951) in 1993 with the March "Storm of the Century"; and to 0.817 (0.735-0.878) in 1995 with Hurricanes Opal, Erin, and Allison. These drops in survival probability were not catastrophic in magnitude and were detected because of the use of state-of-the-art statistical techniques and the quality of the data. Because individuals of this small population range extensively along the north Gulf coast of Florida, it was possible to resolve storm effects on a regional scale rather than the site-specific local scale common to studies of more sedentary species. This is the first empirical evidence in support 4 storm effects on manatee survival and suggests a cause-effect relationship. The decreases in survival could be due to direct mortality, indirect mortality, and/or emigration from the region as a consequence of storms.-Future impacts to the population by a single catastrophic hurricane, or series of smaller hurricanes, could increase the probability of extinction. With the advent in 1995 of a new 25- to 50-yr cycle of greater hurricane activity, and longer term change possible with global climate change, it becomes all the more important to reduce mortality and injury from boats and other human causes and control the loss of foraging habitat to coastal development. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Carribean Sci Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Langtimm, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Carribean Sci Ctr, Biol Resource Div, 412 NE 16th Ave,Room 250, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. NR 58 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 5 U2 42 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 257 EP 268 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0257:LSPFAF]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 657JX UT WOS:000181663700019 ER PT J AU Airame, S Dugan, JE Lafferty, KD Leslie, H McArdle, DA Warner, RR AF Airame, S Dugan, JE Lafferty, KD Leslie, H McArdle, DA Warner, RR TI Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: A case study from the California Channel Islands SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biogeography; Channel Islands; connectivity; ecological linkages; fisheries management; habitat; marine reserves; MPA; reserve size; simulated annealing ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; FISHERY; MANAGEMENT AB Using ecological criteria as a theoretical framework, we describe the steps involved in designing a network of marine reserves for conservation and fisheries management. Although we-describe the case study of the Channel Islands, the approach to marine reserve design may be effective in other regions where traditional management alone does not sustain marine resources. A group of agencies, organizations, and individuals established clear goals for marine reserves in the Channel Islands, including conservation of ecosystem biodiversity, sustainable fisheries, economic viability, natural and cultural heritage, and education. Given the constraints of risk management, experimental design, monitoring, and enforcement, scientists recommended at least one, but no more than four, reserves in each biogeographic region. In general, the percentage of an area to be included in a reserve network depends on the goals. In the Channel Islands, after consideration of both conservation goals and the risk from human threats and natural catastrophes, scientists recommended reserving an area of 30-50% of all representative habitats in each biogeographic region. For most species of concern, except pinnipeds and seabirds, information about distributions, dispersal, and population growth was limited. As an alternative to species distribution information, suitable habitats for species of concern were used to locate potential reserve sites. We used a simulated annealing algorithm to identify potential reserve network scenarios that would represent all habitats within the smallest area possible. The analysis produced an array of potential reserve network scenarios that all met the established goals. C1 Channel Isl Natl Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA 93109 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Sea Grant Cooperat Extens, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Airame, S (reprint author), Channel Isl Natl Marine Sanctuary, 113 Harbor Way,Suite 150, Santa Barbara, CA 93109 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; NR 71 TC 140 Z9 143 U1 15 U2 67 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S170 EP S184 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700014 ER PT J AU Carr, MH Neigel, JE Estes, JA Andelman, S Warner, RR Largier, JL AF Carr, MH Neigel, JE Estes, JA Andelman, S Warner, RR Largier, JL TI Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE fisheries; marine conservation; marine protected areas; marine reserves; reserve network design ID CORAL-REEF FISH; CRAB CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; GENE FLOW; POPULATION-GENETICS; TROPHIC CASCADES; SEED DISPERSAL; SEA OTTERS; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; SEMICOSSYPHUS-PULCHER; INTERACTION STRENGTH AB Concepts and theory for the design and application of terrestrial reserves is based on our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary processes responsible for biological diversity and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems and how humans have influenced these processes. How well this terrestrial-based theory can be applied toward the design and application of reserves in the coastal marine environment depends, in part, on the degree of similarity between these systems. Several marked differences in ecological and evolutionary processes exist between marine and terrestrial ecosystems as ramifications of fundamental differences in their physical environments (i.e., the relative prevalence of air and water) and contemporary patterns of human impacts. Most notably, the great extent and rate of dispersal of nutrients, materials, holoplanktonic organisms, and reproductive propagules of benthic organisms expand scales of connectivity among near-shore communities and ecosystems. Consequently, the "openness" of marine populations, communities, and ecosystems probably has marked influences on their spatial, genetic, and trophic structures and dynamics in ways experienced by only some terrestrial species. Such differences appear to be particularly significant for the kinds of organisms most exploited and targeted for protection in coastal marine ecosystems (fishes and macroinvertebrates). These and other differences imply some unique design criteria and application of reserves in the marine environment. In explaining the implications of these differences for marine reserve design and application, we identify many of the environmental and ecological processes and design criteria necessary for consideration in the development of the analytical approaches developed elsewhere in this Special Issue. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RI Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013 OI Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685 NR 183 TC 149 Z9 153 U1 15 U2 92 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S90 EP S107 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700008 ER PT J AU Roberts, CM Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR AF Roberts, CM Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR TI Application of ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing reserve networks SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity conservation; ecosystem functioning; ecosystem services; fisheries management; marine reserve selection; reserve evaluation criteria; reserve networks ID CORAL-REEFS; FISH COMMUNITIES; CARIBBEAN CORAL; SOUTH-AFRICA; AREAS; CONSERVATION; DISTURBANCE; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; MANAGEMENT AB Marine reserves are being established worldwide in response to,a growing recognition of the conservation crisis that is building in the oceans. However, designation of reserves has been largely opportunistic, or protective measures have been implemented (often overlapping and sometimes in conflict) by different entities seeking to achieve different ends. This has created confusion among both users and enforcers, and the proliferation of different measures provides a false sense of protection where little is offered. This paper sets out a procedure grounded in current understanding of ecological processes, that allows the evaluation and selection of reserve sites in order to develop functional, interconnected networks of fully protected reserves that will fulfill multiple objectives. By fully protected we mean permanently closed to fishing and other resource extraction. We provide a framework that unifies the central aims of conservation and fishery management, while also meeting other human needs such. as the provision of ecosystem services (e.g., maintenance of coastal water quality, shoreline protection, and recreational opportunities). In our scheme, candidate sites for reserves are evaluated against 12 criteria focused toward sustaining the biological integrity and productivity of marine systems at both local and regional scales. While a limited number of sites will be indispensable in a network, many will be of similar value as reserves, allowing the design of numerous alternative, biologically adequate networks. Devising multiple network designs will help ensure that ecological functionality is preserved throughout the socioeconomic evaluation process. Too often, socioeconomic criteria have dominated the process of reserve selection, potentially undermining their efficacy. We argue that application of biological criteria must precede and inform socioeconomic evaluation, since maintenance of ecosystem functioning is essential for meeting all of the goals for reserves. It is critical that stakeholders are fully involved throughout this process. Application of the proposed criteria will lead to networks whose multifunctionality will help. unite the objectives of different management entities, so accelerating progress toward improved stewardship of the oceans. C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Charles Darwin Res Stn, Quito, Ecuador. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Ecol, Santiago, Chile. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Sea Grant, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roberts, CM (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM cr10@york.ac.uk RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; NR 55 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 7 U2 84 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S215 EP S228 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700017 ER PT J AU Roberts, CM Andelman, S Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Possingham, HP Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR AF Roberts, CM Andelman, S Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Possingham, HP Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR TI Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE biodiversity conservation; ecosystem functioning; ecosystem services; fisheries management; marine reserve selection; reserve evaluation criteria; reserve networks ID CORAL-REEF FISHES; SOUTH-AFRICA; FOOD WEBS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; THREATENED STATUS; GLOBAL FISHERIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; KELP DETRITUS; FRESH-WATER; DONAX-SERRA AB Several schemes have been developed to help select the locations of marine reserves. All of them combine social, economic, and biological criteria, and few offer any guidance as to how to prioritize among the criteria identified. This can imply that the relative weights given to different criteria are unimportant. Where two sites are of equal value ecologically; then socioeconomic criteria should dominate the choice of which should be protected. However, in many cases, socioeconomic criteria are given equal or greater weight than ecological considerations in the choice of sites. This can lead to selection of reserves with little biological value that fail to meet many of the desired objectives. To avoid such a possibility, we develop a series of criteria that allow preliminary evaluation of candidate sites according to their relative biological values in advance of the application of socioeconomic criteria. We include criteria that,. while not strictly biological, have a strong influence on the species present or ecological processes. Out scheme enables sites to be assessed according to their biodiversity, the processes which underpin that diversity, and the processes that support fisheries and provide a spectrum of other services important to people. Criteria that capture biodiversity values include biogeographic representation, habitat representation and heterogeneity, and presence of species or populations of special interest (e.g., threatened species). Criteria that capture sustainability of biodiversity and fishery values include the size of reserves necessary to protect viable habitats, presence of exploitable species, vulnerable life stages, connectivity among reserves, links among ecosystems, and provision of ecosystem services to people. Criteria measuring human and natural threats enable candidate sites to be eliminated from consideration if risks are too great, but also help prioritize among sites where threats can be mitigated by protection. While our criteria can be applied to the design of reserve networks, they also enable choice of single reserves to be made in the context of the attributes of existing protected areas. The overall goal of our scheme is to promote the development of reserve networks that will maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at large scales. The values of eco-system goods and services for people ultimately depend on meeting this objective. C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Charles Darwin Res Stn, Quito, Ecuador. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Ecol, Santiago, Chile. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR USA. Univ Calif Sea Grant, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Adelaide, Dept Appl & Mol Ecol, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roberts, CM (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM cr10@york.ac.uk RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Possingham, Hugh/B-1337-2008; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Possingham, Hugh/0000-0001-7755-996X; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; NR 116 TC 179 Z9 184 U1 9 U2 134 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S199 EP S214 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700016 ER PT J AU Parmenter, RR Yates, TL Anderson, DR Burnham, KP Dunnum, JL Franklin, AB Friggens, MT Lubow, BC Miller, M Olson, GS Parmenter, CA Pollard, J Rexstad, E Shenk, TM Stanley, TR White, GC AF Parmenter, RR Yates, TL Anderson, DR Burnham, KP Dunnum, JL Franklin, AB Friggens, MT Lubow, BC Miller, M Olson, GS Parmenter, CA Pollard, J Rexstad, E Shenk, TM Stanley, TR White, GC TI Small-mammal density estimation: A field comparison of grid-based vs. web-based density estimators SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; density estimation; accuracy, precision, and bias; distance-sampling theory; rodent density; small mammals; trapping grids; accuracy of density estimates; trapping webs; accuracy of density estimates ID ESTIMATING ANIMAL ABUNDANCE; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE EXPERIMENTS; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; TRAPPING WEB; MACROPOD DENSITY; MARK-RECAPTURE; LINE; HANTAVIRUS; TRANSECTS; CHIPMUNKS AB Statistical models for estimating absolute densities of field populations of animals have been widely used over the last century in both scientific studies and wildlife management programs. To date, two general classes of density estimation models have been developed: models that use data sets from capture-recapture or removal sampling techniques (often derived from trapping grids) from which separate estimates of population size ((N) over cap) and effective sampling area ((A) over cap) are used to calculate density ((D) over cap = (N) over cap/(A) over cap); and models applicable to sampling regimes using distance-sampling theory (typically transect lines or trapping webs) to estimate detection functions and densities directly from the distance data. However, few studies have evaluated these respective models for accuracy, precision. and bias on known field populations. and no studies have been conducted that compare the two approaches under controlled field conditions. In this study, we evaluated both classes of density estimators on known densities of enclosed rodent populations. Test data sets (n = 11) were developed using nine rodent species from capture-recapture live-trapping on both trapping grids and trapping webs in four replicate 4.2-ha enclosures on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico, USA. Additional "saturation" trapping efforts resulted in an enumeration of the rodent populations in each enclosure, allowing the computation of true densities. Density estimates ((D) over cap) were calculated using program CAPTURE for the grid data sets and program DISTANCE for the web data sets, and these results were compared to the known true densities (D) to evaluate each model's relative mean square error, accuracy, precision, and bias. In addition, we evaluated a variety of approaches to each data set's analysis by having a group of independent expert analysts calculate their best density estimates without a priori knowledge of the true densities this "blind" test allowed us to evaluate the influence of expertise and experience in calculating density estimates in comparison to simply using default values in programs CAPTURE and DISTANCE. While the rodent sample sizes were considerably smaller than the recommended minimum for good model results, we found that several models performed well empirically. including the web-based uniform and half-normal models in program DISTANCE, and the grid-based models M-b and M-bh in program CAPTURE (with A adjusted by species-specific full mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) values). These models produced accurate (D) over cap values (with 95% confidence intervals that included the true D values) and exhibited acceptable bias but poor precision. However. in linear regression analyses comparing each model's (D) over cap values to the true D values over the range of observed test densities, only the web-based uniform model exhibited a regression slope near 1.0; all other models showed substantial slope deviations. indicating biased estimates at higher or lower density values. In addition, the grid-based (D) over cap analyses using full MMDM values for (W) over cap area adjustments required a number of theoretical assumptions of uncertain validity, and we therefore viewed their empirical successes with caution. Finally, density estimates from the independent analysts were highly variable, but estimates from web-based approaches had smaller mean square errors and better achieved confidence-interval coverage of D than did grid-based approaches. Our results support the contention that web-based approaches for density estimation of small-mammal populations are both theoretically and empirically superior to grid-based approaches, even when sample size is far less than often recommended. In view of the increasing need for standardized environmental measures for comparisons among ecosystems and through time, analytical models based on distance sampling appear to offer accurate density estimation approaches for research studies involving small-mammal abundances. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ St Andrews, Sch Math & Computat Sci, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Parmenter, RR (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM parmentr@sevilleta.unm.edu RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; OI Rexstad, Eric/0000-0002-4323-8161 NR 65 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 10 U2 98 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 73 IS 1 BP 1 EP 26 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0001:SMDEAF]2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 648XW UT WOS:000181177700001 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW Anteau, MJ Afton, AD Wooten, DE AF Custer, CM Custer, TW Anteau, MJ Afton, AD Wooten, DE TI Trace elements in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) from the Mississippi flyway SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lesser scaup; Aythya affinis; trace elements; selenium; chromium ID HEAVY-METALS; SELENIUM ACCUMULATION; BODY CONDITION; DIVING DUCKS; MERCURY; CONTAMINATION; MALLARDS; ALASKA; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS AB Previous research reported that concentrations of selenium in the livers of 88-95% of lesser scaup from locations in Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan, USA were either elevated (10-33 mug/g dry weight [dw]) or in the potentially harmful range (>33 mug/g dw). In order to determine the geographic extent of these high selenium concentrations, we collected lesser scaup in Louisiana, Arkansas, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Manitoba and analyzed the livers for 19 trace elements. We found that all trace element concentrations, except for selenium, generally were low. Arsenic, which usually is not detected in liver samples, was detected in Louisiana and may be related to past agricultural usages. Chromium, which also is not usually detected, was only present in lesser scaup from Arkansas and may be related to fertilizer applications. Cadmium and mercury concentrations did not differ among locations and concentrations were low. Selenium concentrations in Arkansas (geometric mean = 4.2 mug/g dw) were significantly lower than those in Louisiana (10.7 mug/g dw), Illinois (10.5 mug/g dw), and Minnesota (8.0 mug/g dw); concentrations in Wisconsin and Manitoba were intermediate (6.6 and 6.5 mug/g dw). About 25% of lesser scaup livers contained elevated selenium concentrations; however, none were in the harmful range. We concluded that selenium concentrations in lesser scaup in the Mississippi Flyway are elevated in some individuals, but not to the extent that has been documented in the industrial portions of the Great Lakes. C1 USGS, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Louisiana State Univ, USGS, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), USGS, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 40 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB-AUG PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1-4 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1023/A:1022584712262 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 648BB UT WOS:000181129000005 PM 12739856 ER PT J AU Evers, DC Taylor, KM Major, A Taylor, RJ Poppenga, RH Scheuhammer, AM AF Evers, DC Taylor, KM Major, A Taylor, RJ Poppenga, RH Scheuhammer, AM TI Common loon eggs as indicators of methylmercury availability in North America SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common loon; mercury; indicator; exposure; effects ID GAVIA-IMMER; MERCURY LEVELS; HEAVY-METALS; SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; METHYL MERCURY; WILD BIRDS; CANADA; RESIDUES; ONTARIO AB Increased anthropogenic mercury (Hg) deposition since pre-industrial times, and subsequent transformation of inorganic Hg to methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic environments, has created areas in North America where Hg poses a relatively high risk to wildlife, especially long-lived, piscivorous species. From 1995 to 2001, we opportunistically collected 577 eggs abandoned by Common Loons from eight states. Egg-Hg concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 4.42 mug/g (ww) or 0.10 to 19.40 mug/g (dw). Mercury was higher in eastern than in western North America. Female blood-Hg concentrations strongly correlated with those of eggs from the same territory even though the mean intraclutch Hg difference was 25%. In New England, egg volume declined significantly as egg-Hg concentrations increased. Fertility was not related to egg-Hg concentrations. Based on existing literature and this study's findings, egg-Hg risk levels were established and applied to our US data set and an existing Canadian data set. Regionally, we found the greatest risk levels in northeastern North America. With few exceptions, loon eggs are suitable indicators of methylmercury availability on lakes with territorial pairs. C1 BioDivers Res Inst, Falmouth, ME 04105 USA. Loon Preservat Comm, Moultonborough, NH 03254 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Trace Element Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Evers, DC (reprint author), BioDivers Res Inst, 411 US Rt 1,N,Suite 1, Falmouth, ME 04105 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 75 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 4 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB-AUG PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 81 DI 10.1023/A:1022593030009 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 648BB UT WOS:000181129000007 PM 12739858 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Gutreuter, S Hines, RK Meyer, MW Fournier, F Karasov, WH AF Kenow, KP Gutreuter, S Hines, RK Meyer, MW Fournier, F Karasov, WH TI Effects of methyl mercury exposure on the growth of juvenile common loons SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common loon; Gavia immer; growth; methyl mercury; mercury ID METHYLMERCURY; REPRODUCTION; WISCONSIN; MODELS; BLOOD AB We conducted a dose-response laboratory study to quantify the level of mercury exposure associated with negative effects on the development of common loon chicks reared in captivity from hatch to 105 days. A dose regimen was implemented that provided exposure levels that bracketed relevant exposure levels of methyl mercury found in loon chicks across North America. We observed no overt signs of mercury toxicosis and detected no significant effect of dietary mercury exposure on growth or food consumption. However, asymptotic mass was lower in chicks that hatched from eggs collected from nests on low pH lakes relative to eggs from neutral pH lakes. Rapid excretion of methyl mercury during feather growth likely provides loon chicks protection from methyl mercury toxicity and may explain the lack of convincing toxicological findings in this study. Lake-source effects suggest that in ovo exposure to methyl mercury or other factors related to lake pH have consequences on chick development. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper MidW Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper MidW Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM kevin_kenow@usgs.gov RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 43 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 EI 1573-3017 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB-AUG PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1-4 BP 171 EP 182 DI 10.1023/A:1022598525891 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 648BB UT WOS:000181129000015 PM 12739866 ER PT J AU Cohen, JB Rattner, BA Golden, NH AF Cohen, JB Rattner, BA Golden, NH TI Use of retrospective data to assess ecotoxicological monitoring needs for terrestrial vertebrates residing in Atlantic coast estuaries SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; national wildlife refuges; national parks; Contaminant Exposure and Effects-Terrestrial Vertebrates database; watersheds ID UNITED-STATES; GREAT-LAKES; MERCURY AB The "Contaminant Exposure and Effects-Terrestrial Vertebrates" (CEE-TV) database contains 4,336 records of ecotoxicological information for free-ranging amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals residing in Atlantic and Florida Gulf coast estuaries and their drainages. To identify spatial data gaps, those CEE-TV records for which the specific study location were known (n = 2,740) were combined with watershed and wildlife management unit boundaries using Geographic Information Systems software. The US Environmental Protection Agency's Index of Watershed Indicators (IWI), which classifies watersheds based on water quality and their vulnerability to pollution, was used to prioritize these data gaps. Of 136 watersheds in the study area, 15 that are classified by the IWI as having water quality problems or high vulnerability to pollution lacked terrestrial vertebrate ecotoxicological monitoring or research in the past decade. Older studies within some of these watersheds documented high levels of contaminants in wildlife tissues. Of 90 National Wildlife Refuge units, 42 without current data fall within watersheds of concern. Of 40 National Park units larger than I km, 17 without current data fall within watersheds of concern. Issues encountered in this analysis highlighted the need for spatially and temporally replicated field monitoring programs that utilize random sampling. Without data from such studies, it will be difficult to perform unbiased assessments of regional trends in contaminant exposure and effects in terrestrial vertebrates. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Yost, Russell/A-5937-2008 OI Yost, Russell/0000-0002-1573-5822 NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB-AUG PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1-4 BP 365 EP 375 DI 10.1023/A:1022531600392 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 648BB UT WOS:000181129000030 PM 12739881 ER PT J AU Coe, JA Ellis, WL Godt, JW Savage, WZ Savage, JE Michael, JA Kibler, JD Powers, PS Lidke, DJ Debray, S AF Coe, JA Ellis, WL Godt, JW Savage, WZ Savage, JE Michael, JA Kibler, JD Powers, PS Lidke, DJ Debray, S TI Seasonal movement of the Slumgullion landslide determined from Global Positioning System surveys and field instrumentation, July 1998-March 2002 SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Remote Sensing and Monitoring of Landslides held at the European-Geophysical-Society 26th General Assembly CY MAR, 2001 CL NICE, FRANCE SP European Geophys Soc, Nat Hazards Working Grp DE Slumgullion; landslide; Colorado; GPS; extensometer; monitoring; seasonal movement; snowmelt; rainfall; monsoon; pore pressure ID FROZEN SOILS; INFILTRATION; EARTHFLOW AB Measurements of landslide movement made by global positioning system surveys and extensometers over a 3.5-year period show that the Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado moved throughout the monitoring period, but that daily velocities varied on a seasonal basis. Landslide velocities peaked in the early spring and summer in response to snowmelt and summer thunderstorms, respectively. Velocities were slowest in mid-winter when air and soil temperatures were coldest and precipitation was generally low and/or in the form of snow with a low water content. We hypothesize that the seasonal variability in velocities is due to ground-water levels and corresponding pore pressures that decrease when surface water is unavailable or cannot infiltrate frozen landslide material, and increase when surface water from melting snow or rainfall infiltrates unfrozen landslide material. We also suggest that patches of bouldery debris and fractures (created by continuous movement of the landslide) are conduits through which surface water can infiltrate, regardless of the frozen or unfrozen state of the landslide matrix material. Therefore, the availability of surface water is more important than landslide temperature in controlling the rate of landslide movement. This hypothesis is supported by field instrumentation data that show (1) landslide velocities coinciding with precipitation amounts regardless of the depth of freezing of landslide material, (2) spring and annual landslide velocities that were greatest when the depth of freezing was also the greatest, and (3) a rapid (several weeks or less) velocity and pore pressure response to rainfall. The persistent, but seasonally variable movement of the landslide, fits the bathtub model for landslide movement described by Baum and Reid [Baum, R.L., Reid, M.E., 2000. Ground water isolation by low-permeability clays in landslide shear zones. In: Bromhead, E.N., Dixon, N., Ibsen, M.-L. (Eds.), Landslides in Research, Theory and Practice. Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Landslides, Cardiff, Wales, vol. 1, 139-144]. In their model, the landslide is isolated both mechanically and hydrologically from adjacent materials by low permeability clays. These clays cause the landslide to retain water. Our data support this model by suggesting that pore pressures at the basal landslide surface are always adequate to maintain landslide movement and that any infiltration of water at the surface of the landslide is adequate to rapidly increase landslide velocity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO USA. Inst Sci & Tech Grenoble, Dept Geotech, Grenoble, France. RP Coe, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Coe, Jeffrey/0000-0002-0842-9608 NR 43 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 101 AR PII S0013-7952(02)00199-0 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00199-0 PG 35 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 649RN UT WOS:000181221900006 ER PT J AU Thomas, JM Hudson, GB Stute, M Clark, JF AF Thomas, JM Hudson, GB Stute, M Clark, JF TI Noble gas loss may indicate groundwater flow across flow barriers in Southern Nevada SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT, 2000 CL RENO, NEVADA SP Geol Soc Amer DE noble gas; groundwater; isotope; hydrogeology; regional flow systems ID WATER; PALEOTEMPERATURE; SOLUBILITY; AQUIFER; PALEOCLIMATE; SEAWATER; RECORD; BASIN; AIR AB Average calculated noble gas temperatures increase from 10 to 22 degreesC in groundwater from recharge to discharge areas in carbonate-rock aquifers of southern Nevada. Loss of noble gases from groundwater in these regional flow systems at flow barriers is the likely process that produces an increase in recharge noble gas temperatures. Emplacement of low permeability rock into high permeability aquifer rock and the presence of low permeability shear zones reduce aquifer thickness from thousands to tens of meters. At these flow barriers, which are more than 1,000 m lower than the average recharge altitude, noble gases exsolve from the groundwater by inclusion in gas bubbles formed near the barriers because of greatly reduced hydrostatic pressure. However, re-equilibration of noble gases in the groundwater with atmospheric air at the low-altitude spring discharge area, at the terminus of the regional flow system, cannot be ruled out. Molecular diffusion is not an important process for removing noble gases from groundwater in the carbonate-rock aquifers because concentration gradients are small. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Thomas, JM (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 43 IS 5 BP 568 EP 579 DI 10.1007/s00254-002-0681-1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 652QK UT WOS:000181389700010 ER PT J AU Kester, CL Baron, JS Turk, JT AF Kester, CL Baron, JS Turk, JT TI Isotopic study of sulfate sources and residence times in a subalpine watershed SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT, 2000 CL RENO, NEVADA SP Geol Soc Amer DE isotope; sulfate; sources; residence times ID MOUNTAIN-NATIONAL-PARK; STABLE SULFUR ISOTOPES; LOCH-VALE; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; FOREST SOILS; COLORADO; DEPOSITION; SNOWMELT; STREAMS; DIOXIDE AB Stable sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios and naturally occurring S-35(SO4) activities were used to examine sulfate sources, address the role of sulfur dynamics, and estimate residence times of atmospherically derived sulfate in Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado. In 1996, surface water samples from small streams flowing through talus, forest, and wetland areas had delta(34)S(SO4) values ranging from 1.8 to 3.7parts per thousand. Values of delta(18)O(SO4) at the three sites ranged from -1.3 4 to 3.7parts per thousand. Average delta(34)S(SO4) and delta(18)O(SO4) values in Loch Vale precipitation (1991-1999) are higher (5.2 and 13.6, respectively) than surface water values, indicating that some of the deposited sulfate is transformed and/or mixed with other sulfur sources in the watershed (e.g. mineral and organic sulfur). Sulfate ages determined by S-35(SO4) activities support this and show that deposited sulfate may be stored on a timescale of 1 year or more prior to being released to surface waters. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kester, CL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 33 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 43 IS 5 BP 606 EP 613 DI 10.1007/s00254-002-0684-y PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 652QK UT WOS:000181389700013 ER PT J AU Cooper, DJ D'Amico, DR Scott, ML AF Cooper, DJ D'Amico, DR Scott, ML TI Physiological and morphological response patterns of Populus deltoides to alluvial groundwater pumping SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Populus deltoides; cottonwood; riparian ecosystems; groundwater; plant water status; water stress ID EASTERN SIERRA-NEVADA; RIPARIAN COTTONWOODS; RIVER BASIN; WATER; VEGETATION; DECLINE; DROUGHT; ALBERTA; TRANSPIRATION; TRICHOCARPA AB We examined the physiological and morphological response patterns of plains cottonwood [Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (Aiton) Eck.] to acute water stress imposed by groundwater pumping. Between 3 and 27 July 1996, four large pumps were used to withdraw alluvial groundwater from a cottonwood forest along the South Platte River, near Denver, Colorado, USA. The study was designed as a stand-level, split-plot experiment with factorial treatments including two soil types (a gravel soil and a loam topsoil over gravel), two water table drawdown depths (similar to0.5 m and > 1.0 m), and one water table control (no drawdown) per soil type. Measurements of water table depth, soil water potential (Psi(s)), predawn and midday shoot water potential (Psi(pd) and Psi(md)), and D/H (deuterium/hydrogen) ratios of different water sources were made in each of six 600-m(2) plots prior to, during, and immediately following pumping. Two additional plots were established and measured to examine the extent to which surface irrigation could be used to mitigate the effects of deep drawdown on P. deltoides for each soil type. Recovery of tree water status following pumping was evaluated by measuring stomatal conductance (g(s)) and xylem water potential (Psi(xp)) on approximately hourly time steps from before dawn to mid-afternoon on 11 August 1996 in watered and unwatered, deep-drawdown plots on gravel soils. P. deltoides responded to abrupt alluvial water table decline with decreased shoot water potential followed by leaf mortality. Psi(pd) and percent leaf loss were significantly related to the magnitude of water table declines. The onset and course of these responses were influenced by short-term variability in surface and ground water levels, acting in concert with physiological and morphological adjustments. Decreases in Psi(pd) corresponded with increases in Psi(md), suggesting shoot water status improved in response to stomatal closure and crown dieback. Crown dieback caused by xylem cavitation likely occurred when Psi(pd), reached -0.4 to -0.8 MPa. The application of surface irrigation allowed trees to maintain favorable water status with little or no apparent cavitation, even in deep-drawdown plots. Two weeks after the partial canopy dieback and cessation of pumping, g(s), and Psi(xp) measurements indicated that water stress persisted in unwatered P. deltoides in deep-drawdown plots. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. City Boulder Open Space & Mt Pk Dept, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Cooper, DJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 46 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2808-2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 635FV UT WOS:000180389100005 PM 12520377 ER PT J AU Bowerman, WW Best, DA Giesy, JP Shieldcastle, MC Meyer, MW Postupalsky, S Sikarskie, JG AF Bowerman, WW Best, DA Giesy, JP Shieldcastle, MC Meyer, MW Postupalsky, S Sikarskie, JG TI Associations between regional differences in polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in blood of nestling bald eagles and reproductive productivity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; dichlorodiphenyidichloroethylene; polychlorinated biphenyls; Great Lakes; reproduction ID GREAT-LAKES REGION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; MERCURY; FISH; AGE AB The relationship between regional reproduction rates of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood plasma from nestling bald eagles was assessed. Blood was analyzed from 309 nestlings from 10 subpopulations of eagles across the Great Lakes region. Geometric mean concentrations of p,p'-DDE and total PCBs were inversely correlated to the productivity and success rates of nesting bald eagles within nine subpopulations. Nestlings eight weeks of age and older had significantly greater geometric mean concentrations of total PCBs and p,p'-DDE than nestlings less than eight weeks of age. The ability to use measurements of p,p'-DDE and total PCBs in nestling blood to determine the potential impact of these contaminants on adult nesting on a regional scale was demonstrated. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Pesticide Res Ctr, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Natl Food Toxicol & Safety Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Crane Creek Wildlife Res Stn, Oak Harbor, OH 43449 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resurces, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bowerman, WW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, POB 709, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0371:ABRDIP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 637HC UT WOS:000180504800018 PM 12558169 ER PT J AU James, SM Little, EE AF James, SM Little, EE TI The effects of chronic cadmium exposure on American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Bufo americanus; cadmium; chronic exposure; hormesis; metamorphosis ID ARENARUM EMBRYOS; METAMORPHOSIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; ACCUMULATION; SALAMANDER; TOXICITY; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; TIME; SIZE AB American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles were exposed to cadmium from shortly after hatching through metamorphosis. Cadmium at 540 mug/L decreased percentage survival and metamorphosis; 5 and 54 mug/L increased growth relative to controls. Amphibians exposed to cadmium as tadpoles may be less tolerant of natural stressors in the terrestrial environment. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP James, SM (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Tucker Hall 105, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 377 EP 380 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0377:TEOCCE>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 637HC UT WOS:000180504800019 PM 12558170 ER PT J AU Carr, JA Gentles, A Smith, EE Goleman, WL Urquidi, LJ Thuett, K Kendall, RJ Giesy, JP Gross, TS Solomon, KR Van der Kraak, G AF Carr, JA Gentles, A Smith, EE Goleman, WL Urquidi, LJ Thuett, K Kendall, RJ Giesy, JP Gross, TS Solomon, KR Van der Kraak, G TI Response of larval Xenopus laevis to atrazine: Assessment of growth, metamorphosis, and gonadal and laryngeal morphology SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphibian; anuran; atrazine; reproduction; metamorphosis ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES; EMBRYO TERATOGENESIS ASSAY; FROGS ACRIS CREPITANS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; SEX-DIFFERENTIATION; FETAX; VALIDATION; HERBICIDES; ESTRADIOL; PESTICIDE AB Larval Xenopus laevis were exposed to one of four concentrations of atrazine (0, 1, 10, or 25 mug/L, I I replicate tanks per treatment, 60-65 larvae per replicate) dissolved in an artificial pond water (frog embryo teratogenesis assay- Xenopus [FETAX]) medium beginning 48 It after hatching until the completion of metamorphosis. Separate groups of larvae (six replicate tanks per treatment, 60-65 larvae per replicate) were exposed to estradiol (100 mug/L), dihydrotestosterone (100 mug/L), or ethanol vehicle control dissolved in FETAX medium. None of the treatments affected posthatch mortality, larval growth, or metamorphosis. There were no treatment effects on sex ratios except for estradiol, which produced a greater percentage of female offspring. Exposure to either estradiol or 25 mug atrazine/L increased the incidence of intersex animals based on assessment of gonadal morphology. Atrazine did not reduce the size of the laryngeal dilator muscle, a sexually dimorphic muscle in this species. We conclude that environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine do not influence metamorphosis or sex ratios and do not inhibit sexually dimorphic larynx growth in X. laevis. The incidence of atrazine-induced intersex animals was small (<5%) and occurred only at the greatest concentration of atrazine tested, a concentration that is rarely observed in surface waters in the United States. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool,Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Guelph, Ctr Toxicol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Carr, JA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 41 TC 129 Z9 143 U1 32 U2 99 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 396 EP 405 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0396:ROLXLT>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 637HC UT WOS:000180504800022 PM 12558173 ER PT J AU Smith, PN Bandiera, SM Skipper, SL Johnson, KA McMurry, ST AF Smith, PN Bandiera, SM Skipper, SL Johnson, KA McMurry, ST TI Environmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and cytochromes P450 in raccoons (Procyon lotor) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Wildlife Applications to Remediation Decision-Making CY AUG 18, 1999 CL DENVER, CO DE raccoon; polychlorinated biphenyls; biomarker; cytochrome p450; Paducah ID POLAR BEAR; IMMUNOTOXICITY; LIVER; PCBS; IMMUNOQUANTITATION; CONTAMINANTS; INDUCTION; WILDLIFE; RISK; RATS AB An investigation involving raccoons as a sentinel species at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) and Ballard Wildlife Management Area in western Kentucky (USA) delineated the extent of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Three separate measures of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction were used to evaluate raccoon physiological responses to PCB exposure. Hepatic CYP induction was estimated via determination of total CYP, dealkylase activities, and immunoreactive proteins. There were no differences in raccoon biomarker responses between study sites. Significant relationships between and among PCB residues and biomarkers indicated that hepatic CYP induction had occurred in response to PCB exposure. Pentoxyresorufin O-deethylase (PROD) activity, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 were biomarkers most closely associated with PCB exposure. The rank order of responses was CYP1A1 > CYP1A2 > PROD > ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) as related to raccoon liver PCB concentrations, whereas the order was CYP I A I > PROD > EROD > CYP1A2 when regressed with total PCB concentrations in abdominal fat. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rocky Mt Arsenal NWR, Commerce City, CO 80022 USA. So Illinois Univ, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA. RP Smith, PN (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM phil.smith@ttu.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04696] NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 417 EP 423 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0417:EPBEAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 637HC UT WOS:000180504800024 PM 12558175 ER PT J AU Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Brines, SJ Mason, DM Schwab, DJ McCormick, MJ Fleischer, GW DeSorcie, TJ AF Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Brines, SJ Mason, DM Schwab, DJ McCormick, MJ Fleischer, GW DeSorcie, TJ TI Spatially explicit measures of production of young alewives in Lake Michigan: Linkage between essential fish habitat and recruitment SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th Annual American-Fisheries-Society Conference CY NOV 06-10, 2000 CL GULF SHORES, ALABAMA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; PREDATORY CONTROL; STEELHEAD TROUT; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GREAT-LAKES; FOOD-WEB; ONTARIO; DYNAMICS; SIZE; POPULATION AB The identification and protection of essential habitats for early life stages of fishes are necessary to sustain fish stocks. Essential fish habitat for early life stages may be defined as areas where fish densities, growth, survival, or production rates are relatively high. To identify critical habitats for young-of-year (YOY) alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan, we integrated bioenergetics models with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to generate spatially explicit estimates of potential population production (an index of habitat quality). These estimates were based upon YOY alewife bioenergetic growth rate potential and their salmonine predators' consumptive demand. We compared estimates of potential population production to YOY alewife yield (an index of habitat importance). Our analysis suggested that during 1994-1995, YOY alewife habitat quality and yield varied widely throughout Lake Michigan. Spatial patterns of alewife yield were not significantly correlated to habitat quality. Various mechanisms (e.g., predator migrations, lake circulation patterns, alternative strategies) may preclude YOY alewives from concentrating in areas of high habitat quality in Lake Michigan. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hook, TO (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, 212 Museums Annex Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667 NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD FEB PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1007/BF02691690 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 655XA UT WOS:000181576900003 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Allen, JA Cahoon, DR AF Krauss, KW Allen, JA Cahoon, DR TI Differential rates of vertical accretion and elevation change among aerial root types in Micronesian mangrove forests SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE accretion; sedimentation; mangrove swamps; Pacific islands; Micronesia ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; SEDIMENT; VEGETATION; TRANSPORT; WETLAND; IMPACTS AB Root systems in mangrove swamps have captured the attention of scientists for decades. Among the postulated roles of root structures include a contribution to the geomorphological stability of mangrove soils through sediment trapping and binding. In this study, we used feldspar marker horizons and sediment pins to investigate the influence of three different functional root types-prop roots in Rhizophora spp., root knees in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and pneumatophores in Sonneratia alba-on vertical accretion and elevation change in three mangrove forests in the Federated States of Micronesia. Prop roots facilitated vertical accretion (11.0 mm year(-1)) more than pneumatophores or bare soil controls (mean, 8.3 mm year(-1)). Sediment elevation, on the other hand, increased at an average rate of only 1.3 mm year(-1) across all root types, with rate differences by root type, ranging from -0.2 to 3.4 mm year(-1), being detected within river basins. This investigation demonstrates that prop roots can assist in the settling of suspended sediments from estuarine waters, yet prop root structures are not as successful as pneumatophores in maintaining sediment elevation over 2.5 years. As root densities increase over time, an increase in turbulence-induced erosion and in shallow subsidence as organic peat layers form is expected in Micronesian mangrove forests. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Rm 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 33 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 34 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 56 IS 2 BP 251 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00184-1 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 663UE UT WOS:000182023900007 ER PT J AU Olson, NW Paukert, CP Willis, DW Klammer, JA AF Olson, NW Paukert, CP Willis, DW Klammer, JA TI Prey selection and diets of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus with differing population characteristics in two Nebraska natural lakes SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bluegill; diets; food habits; Lepomis macrochirus; Nebraska ID HABITAT USE; BODY SIZE; MACROPHYTES; PREDATION; SUNFISH; RATES; COMMUNITIES; BIOMASS; FISH AB Environmental prey samples and stomach contents of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque) were collected in spring and summer 2000 from two Nebraska Sandhill lakes. Watts Lake contained a low-density bluegill population, whereas Cozad Lake contained a high-density bluegill population. Bluegill diets from both lakes were compared to determine if bluegill prey preference differed between the two populations. The highest median per cent (by calories) of zooplankton in the diet was 1.3%; the remainder was macroinvertebrates. Watts Lake bluegills preferred (based on Manly's alpha) amphipods in spring and chironomids in summer. Cozad Lake bluegills did not show a strong preference (compared with Watts Lake) for any macroinvertebrates, but still utilized amphipods and chironomids during both seasons. Larger bluegills in Watts Lake preferred chironomids in summer, but Cozad Lake bluegills did not exhibit this relationship. The higher density Cozad Lake bluegill population appeared to be more opportunistic than the lower density Watts Lake population, but both preferred macroinvertebrates. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD USA. Nebraska Game & Pk Commiss, Bassett, NE USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 38 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00323.x PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 641KW UT WOS:000180744800004 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Barnett, DT Kartesz, J AF Stohlgren, TJ Barnett, DT Kartesz, J TI The rich get richer: patterns of plant invasions in the United States SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID INVASIBILITY; DIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES; BIODIVERSITY; RESISTANCE AB Observations from islands, small-scale experiments, and mathematical models have generally supported the paradigm that habitats of low plant diversity are more vulnerable to plant invasions than areas of high plant diversity. We summarize two independent data sets to show exactly the opposite pattern at multiple spatial scales. More significant, and alarming, is that hotspots of native plant diversity have been far more heavily invaded than areas of low plant diversity in most parts of the United States when considered at larger spatial scales. Our findings suggest that we cannot expect such hotspots to repel invasions, and that the threat of invasion is significant and predictably greatest in these areas. C1 Ft Collins Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Natl Inst Invas Species Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ N Carolina, Biota N Amer Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Ft Collins Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Natl Inst Invas Species Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM tom_stohlgren@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 249 Z9 264 U1 10 U2 74 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 1 IS 1 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WL UT WOS:000221789300014 ER PT J AU Johnson, TM Bullen, TD AF Johnson, TM Bullen, TD TI Selenium isotope fractionation during reduction by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate (green rust) SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID FREE-ENERGY; INDICATORS; OXYANIONS; SEDIMENTS; RATIOS AB We have determined the extent of Se isotope fractionation induced by reduction of selenate by sulfate interlayered green rust (GR(SO4)), a Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate. This compound is known to reduce selenate to Se(0), and it is the only naturally relevant abiotic selenate reduction pathway documented to date. Se reduction reactions, when they occur in nature, greatly reduce Se mobility and bioavailability. Se stable isotope analysis shows promise as an indicator of Se reduction, and Se isotope fractionation by various Se reactions must be known in order to refine this tool. We measured the increase in the Se-80/Se-76 ratio of dissolved selenate as lighter isotopes were preferentially consumed during reduction by GR(SO4). Six different experiments that used GR(SO4) made by two methods, with varying solution compositions and pH, yielded identical isotopic fractionations. Regression of all the data yielded an instantaneous isotope fractionation of 7.36 +/- 0.24parts per thousand. Selenate reduction by GR(SO4) induces much greater isotopic fractionation than does bacterial selenate reduction. If selenate reduction by GR(SO4) occurs in nature, it may be identifiable on the basis of its relatively large isotopic fractionation. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnson, TM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, 245 Nat Hist Bldg,MC-102, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 26 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 413 EP 419 AR PII S0016-7037(00)01137-7 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01137-7 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 640MM UT WOS:000180692600007 ER PT J AU Alt, JC Shanks, WC AF Alt, JC Shanks, WC TI Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites from the MARK area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Sulfur geochemistry and reaction modeling SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SLOW-SPREADING RIDGES; OCEANIC-CRUST; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; THIN CRUST; ROCKS; FRACTIONATION; MINERALOGY; OPHIOLITE AB The opaque mineralogy and the contents and isotope compositions of sulfur in serpentinized peridotites from the MARK (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Kane Fracture Zone) area were examined to understand the conditions of serpentinization and evaluate this process as a sink for seawater sulfur. The serpentinites contain a sulfur-rich secondary mineral assemblage and have high sulfur contents (up to 1 wt.%) and elevated delta(34)sufide (3.7 to 12.7parts per thousand). Geochemical reaction modeling indicates that seawater-peridotite interaction at 300 to 400degreesC alone cannot account for both the high sulfur contents and high delta(34)S(sulfide). These require a multistage reaction with leaching of sulfide from subjacent gabbro during higher temperature (similar to400degreesC) reactions with seawater and subsequent deposition of sulfide during serpentinization of peridotite at similar to300degreesC. Serpentinization produces highly reducing conditions and significant amounts of H, and results in the partial reduction of seawater carbonate to methane. The latter is documented by formation of carbonate veins enriched in C-13 (Up to 4.5%) at temperatures above 250degreesC. Although different processes produce variable sulfur isotope effects in other oceanic serpentinites, sulfur is consistently added to abyssal peridotites during serpentinization. Data for serpentinites drilled and dredged from oceanic crust and from ophiolites indicate that oceanic peridotites are a sink for up to 0.4 to 6.0 X 10(12) g seawater S yr (-1). This is comparable to sulfur exchange that occurs in hydrothermal systems in mafic oceanic crust at midocean ridges and on ridge flanks and amounts to 2 to 30% of the riverine sulfate source and sedimentary sulfide sink in the oceans. The high concentrations and modified isotope compositions of sulfur in serpentinites could be important for mantle metasomatism during subduction of crust generated at slow spreading rates. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Alt, JC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 2534 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 59 TC 97 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 641 EP 653 AR PII S0016-7037(02)01142-0 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01142-0 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 643NB UT WOS:000180866400006 ER PT J AU Matmon, A Bierman, PR Larsen, J Southworth, S Pavich, M Caffee, M AF Matmon, A Bierman, PR Larsen, J Southworth, S Pavich, M Caffee, M TI Temporally and spatially uniform rates of erosion in the southern Appalachian Great Smoky Mountains SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Great Smoky Mountains; cosmogenic nuclides; erosion; sediment generation ID NEW-ENGLAND; COSMOGENIC AL-26; DENUDATION; SEDIMENT; HISTORY; BASIN; BE-10; RIVER; INCISION; UPLIFT AB We measured Be-10 in fluvial sediment samples (n = 27) from eight Great Smoky Mountain drainages (1-330 km(2)). Results suggest spatially homogeneous sediment generation (on the 10(4)-10(5) yr time scale and >100 km(2) spatial scale) at 73 +/- 11 t km(-2) yr(-1), equivalent to 27 +/- 4 m/m.y. of bedrock erosion. This rate is consistent with rates derived from fission-track, long-term sediment budget, and sediment yield data, all of which indicate that the Great Smoky Mountains and the southern Appalachians eroded during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic at similar to30 m/m.y. In contrast, unroofing rates during the Paleozoic orogenic events that formed the Appalachian Mountains were higher ( greater than or equal to10(2) m/m.y.). Erosion rates decreased after termination of tectonically driven uplift, enabling the survival of this ancient mountain belt with its deep crustal root as an isostatically maintained feature in the contemporary landscape. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Matmon, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,M-S 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Caffee, Marc/K-7025-2015 OI Caffee, Marc/0000-0002-6846-8967 NR 50 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 5 U2 24 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 155 EP 158 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0155:TASURO>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 644BQ UT WOS:000180898400015 ER PT J AU Fuis, GS Clayton, RW Davis, PM Ryberg, T Lutter, WJ Okaya, DA Hauksson, E Prodehl, C Murphy, JM Benthien, ML Baher, SA Kohler, MD Thygesen, K Simila, G Keller, GR AF Fuis, GS Clayton, RW Davis, PM Ryberg, T Lutter, WJ Okaya, DA Hauksson, E Prodehl, C Murphy, JM Benthien, ML Baher, SA Kohler, MD Thygesen, K Simila, G Keller, GR TI Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California: Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crustal structure; tectonics; earthquakes; seismic imaging; southern California ID LOS-ANGELES BASIN; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; MOJAVE DESERT; REFLECTION DATA; ZONE AB We have constructed a composite image of the fault systems of the M 6.7 San Fernando (1971) and Northridge (1994), California, earthquakes, using industry reflection and oil test well data in the upper few kilometers of the crust, relocated aftershocks in the seismogenic crust, and LARSE II (Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, Phase II) reflection data in the middle and lower crust. In this image, the San Fernando fault system appears to consist of a decollement that extends 50 km northward at a dip of similar to25degrees from near the surface at the Northridge Hills fault, in the northern San Fernando Valley, to the San Andreas fault in the middle to lower crust. It follows a prominent aseismic reflective zone below and northward of the main-shock hypocenter. Interpreted upward splays off this decollement include the Mission Hills and San Gabriel faults and the two main rupture planes of the San Fernando earthquake, which appear to divide the hanging wall into shingle-or wedge-like blocks. In contrast, the fault system for the Northridge earthquake appears simple, at least east of the LARSE II transect, consisting of a fault that extends 20 km southward at a dip of similar to33degrees from similar to7 km depth beneath the Santa Susana Mountains, where it abuts the interpreted San Fernando decollement, to similar to20 km depth beneath the Santa Monica Mountains. It follows a weak aseismic reflective zone below and southward of the main-shock hypocenter. The middle crustal reflective zone along the interpreted San Fernando decollement appears similar to a reflective zone imaged beneath the San Gabriel Mountains along the LARSE I transect, to the east, in that it appears to connect major reverse or thrust faults in the Los Angeles region to the San Andreas fault. However, it differs in having a moderate versus a gentle dip and in containing no mid-crustal bright reflections. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquakes Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Div Phys Earth & Disaster Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Geophys, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Geol Sci, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Fuis, GS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquakes Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Davis, Paul/E-7151-2012; Ryberg, Trond/H-4329-2013; OI Ryberg, Trond/0000-0001-7129-5596; Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544; Hauksson, Egill/0000-0002-6834-5051 NR 33 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 171 EP U3 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0171:FSOTSF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Geology SC Geology GA 644BQ UT WOS:000180898400019 ER PT J AU Cannon, WF Dean, WE Bullock, JH AF Cannon, WF Dean, WE Bullock, JH TI Effects of Holocene climate change on mercury deposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota: The importance of eolian transport in the mercury cycle SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mercury; lake sediments; eolian; paleoclimate; Minnesota ID NORTH-AMERICA; SEDIMENTS; STATES; FIELD; RATES AB Sediments in Elk Lake, Minnesota, consist of 10,400 varve layers that provide a precise chronology for Holocene fluctuations in climate and biota recorded in the strata. Progressively greater concentrations and accumulation rates of mercury since ca. A.D. 1875 reflect deposition of anthropogenic mercury additions to the atmosphere. Within the Holocene record are numerous short intervals in which mercury concentrations and accumulation rates exceed the modern values. The highest mercury concentrations formed ca. 8 ka, coincident with a rapid change from cool, moist conditions to warm, dry conditions. A related change in flora from pine forest to prairie caused destruction of organic forest soils and the release of mercury that had been sequestered in them, resulting in a short-lived pulse of mercury to the lake. Accumulation rates of mercury were highest during the 4 k.y. mid-Holocene dry interval and show a correlation with periods of rapid deposition of eolian dust. The mercury was probably bound to wind-borne mineral particles, which were derived from an unidentified mercury-rich source region west of Elk Lake. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cannon, WF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 954, Reston, VA USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 187 EP 190 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0187:EOHCCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 644BQ UT WOS:000180898400023 ER PT J AU Chapman, MG AF Chapman, MG TI Sub-ice volcanoes and ancient oceans/lakes: a Martian challenge SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Subglacial Lakes CY 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE sub-ice volcanoes; Mars; Tuyas ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; VALLES-MARINERIS; UTOPIA-PLANITIA; NORTHERN PLAINS; GROUND ICE; MARS; SURFACE; TOPOGRAPHY; REGION AB New instruments on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft began providing accurate, high-resolution image and topography data from the planet in 1997. Though data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) are consistent with hypotheses that suggest large standing bodies of water/ice in the northern lowlands in the planet's past history, Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images acquired to test these hypotheses have provided negative or ambiguous results. In the absence of classic coastal features to test the paleo-ocean hypothesis, other indicators need to be examined. Tuyas and hyaloclastic ridges are sub-ice volcanoes of unique appearance that form in ponded water conditions on Earth. Features with similar characteristics occur on Mars. MOLA analyses of these Martian features provide estimates of the height of putative ice/water columns at the edge of the Utopia Planitia basin and within Ophir Chasma of Valles Marineris, and support the hypotheses of a northern ocean on Mars. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Chapman, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 66 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD FEB PY 2003 VL 35 IS 3-4 BP 185 EP 198 AR PII S0921-8181(02)00126-1 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00126-1 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 634XA UT WOS:000180366700004 ER PT J AU Brown, CL Parchaso, F Thompson, JK Luoma, SN AF Brown, CL Parchaso, F Thompson, JK Luoma, SN TI Assessing toxicant effects in a complex estuary: A case study of effects of silver on reproduction in the bivalve, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE silver; reproduction; bivalve; Potamocorbula amurensis; San Francisco Bay ID MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; TRACE-METAL CONTAMINATION; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; BIOACCUMULATION; PESTICIDES; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; VARIABILITY; ELEMENTS AB Contaminant exposures in natural systems can be highly variable. This variability is superimposed upon cyclic variability in biological processes. Together, these factors can confound determination of contaminant effects. Long term, multidisciplined studies with high frequency sampling can be effective in overcoming such obstacles. While studying trace metal contamination in the tissues of the clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay, an episode of high Ag concentrations was identified (maximum of 5.5 mug g(-1)) at two mid-estuary sites. High concentrations were not seen in clams up-estuary (maximum of 1.92 mug g(-1)) from these sites and were reduced down-estuary (maximum of 2.67 mug g(-1)). Silver is not common naturally in the environment, so its elevated presence is usually indicative of anthropogenic influences such as municipal and industrial discharge. Monthly sampling of reproductive status of clams characterized the reproductive cycle and differences in the patterns of reproductive activity that corresponded to changes in Ag tissue concentrations. The proportion of reproductive clams was less than 60% during periods when tissue concentrations were high (generally >2 mug g(-1)). When tissue concentrations of Ag decreased (less than or equal to1 mug g(-1)), the proportion of reproductive clams was 80 to 100%. A comparison between the annual proportion of reproductive clams and annual Ag tissue concentrations showed a significant negative correlation. No other measured environmental variables were correlated with reproductive impairment. The weight-of-evidence approach strongly supports a cause and effect relationship between Ag contamination and reduced reproductive activity in P. amurensis. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Brown, CL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM clbrown@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 95 EP 119 DI 10.1080/713609854 PG 25 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 651DU UT WOS:000181305900008 ER PT J AU Nichols, FH AF Nichols, FH TI Interdecadal change in the deep Puget Sound benthos SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Puget Sound; benthic community; long-term change; climate change; waste disposal ID LONG-TERM CHANGES; MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES; WEST-COAST; WASHINGTON; DYNAMICS; HOLOTHUROIDEA; ASSEMBLAGES; VARIABILITY; ABUNDANCE; FJORD AB Data from quantitative samples of the benthos at a 200-m site in central Puget Sound, collected twice yearly in most years between 1963 and 1992, were evaluated to determine the extent to which species composition in a continental-shelf depth community exhibits long-term persistence. Study results showed that the most abundant species were consistently present over the 30-year period. However, measures of species composition ( e. g., similarity, diversity) reveal a subtle, gradual change in the community over time. Among the changes are ( 1) multi-year periods of greatly increased abundance of the common species; ( 2) an overall increase in the total abundance of the benthic community beginning in the mid-1970s; ( 3) periods of increased abundance, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, of two species that are tolerant of organic enrichment; and ( 4) the steady decline in abundance of the large burrowing echinoderm, Brisaster latifrons as a consequence of the lack of recruitment to the site since 1970. Despite the conspicuousness of these changes, there are no observed environmental factors that readily explain them. Circumstantial evidence suggests that climate-related change in Puget Sound circulation beginning in the mid-1970s, organic enrichment associated with a nearby large source of primary-treated sewage, and the influence of changes in the abundance of the large echinoderms on the smaller species are potential agents of change. The principle reasons for our inability to identify causes of long-term change in the Puget Sound benthos are ( a) inconsistent long-term monitoring of environmental variables, (b) the lack of quantitative information about long-term changes in plankton and fish populations, ( c) lack of knowledge of specific predator/prey and competitive interactions in soft bottom benthos, (d) unknown influence of moderate levels of contamination on biota; and ( e) lack of understanding of possible linkages between climate regime shifts and fluctuations in local biological populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nichols, FH (reprint author), 1189 Harker Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. EM fnichols@pacbell.net NR 62 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD FEB PY 2003 VL 493 IS 1-3 BP 95 EP 114 DI 10.1023/A:1025453700512 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 715EN UT WOS:000184957700009 ER PT J AU Neuzil, CE AF Neuzil, CE TI Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE hydromechanics; poroelasticity; groundwater hydraulics; rheology; deformation ID CANADA SEDIMENTARY BASIN; WATER-LEVEL CHANGES; FLUID PRESSURES; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX; INDUCED SEISMICITY; THEORETICAL-MODEL; COMPACTION MODEL; INDUCED STRESSES; POROUS SOLIDS AB Earth's porous crust and the fluids within it are intimately linked through their mechanical effects on each other. This paper presents an overview of such "hydromechanical" coupling and examines current understanding of its role in geologic processes. An outline of the theory of hydromechanics and rheological models for geologic deformation is included to place various analytical approaches in proper context and to provide an introduction to this broad topic for nonspecialists. Effects of hydromechanical coupling are ubiquitous in geology, and can be local and short-lived or regional and very long-lived. Phenomena such as deposition and erosion, tectonism, seismicity, earth tides, and barometric loading produce strains that tend to alter fluid pressure. Resulting pressure perturbations can be dramatic, and many so-called "anomalous" pressures appear to have been created in this manner. The effects of fluid pressure on crustal mechanics are also profound. Geologic media deform and fail largely in response to effective stress, or total stress minus fluid pressure. As a result, fluid pressures control compaction, decompaction, and other types of deformation, as well as jointing, shear failure, and shear slippage, including events that generate earthquakes. By controlling deformation and failure, fluid pressures also regulate states of stress in the upper crust. Advances in the last 80 years, including theories of consolidation, transient groundwater flow, and poroelasticity, have been synthesized into a reasonably complete conceptual framework for understanding and describing hydromechanical coupling. Full coupling in two or three dimensions is described using force balance equations for deformation coupled with a mass conservation equation for fluid flow. Fully coupled analyses allow hypothesis testing and conceptual model development. However, rigorous application of full coupling is often difficult because (1) the rheological behavior of geologic media is complex and poorly understood and (2) the architecture, mechanical properties and boundary conditions, and deformation history of most geologic systems are not well known. Much of what is known about hydromechanical processes in geologic systems is derived from simpler analyses that ignore certain aspects of solid-fluid coupling. The simplifications introduce error, but more complete analyses usually are not warranted. Hydromechanical analyses should thus be interpreted judiciously, with an appreciation for their limitations. Innovative approaches to hydromechanical modeling and obtaining critical data may circumvent some current limitations and provide answers to remaining questions about crustal processes and fluid behavior in the crust. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA USA. RP Neuzil, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA USA. EM ceneuzil@usgs.gov NR 193 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 38 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 11 IS 1 BP 41 EP 83 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0230-8 PG 43 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 674TB UT WOS:000182651100003 ER PT J AU Morin, RH Savage, WZ AF Morin, RH Savage, WZ TI Effects of crustal stresses on fluid transport in fractured rock: case studies from northeastern and southwestern USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE crustal stresses; fluid transport; fractured rock; USA ID LONG SYMMETRIC RIDGES; AQUIFER HYDROGEOLOGY; COMPRESSIVE STRESS; PASSAIC FORMATION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; GEOPHYSICAL LOGS; NEW-JERSEY; BASIN; FLOW; FAULTS AB The link between stress and hydrologic properties was examined at two sites that are distinguished by different rock types and different stress states. This investigation is based upon the analysis and interpretation of geophysical logs obtained in water wells at the two locations. At the northeast site (Newark Basin), the hydrologic characteristics of sedimentary rocks are dependent upon the relationship to the current regional stress field of two primary types of orthogonal features that serve as preferential pathways for fluid flow. Subhorizontal bedding-plane partings are highly transmissive near the surface and delineate transversely isotropic fluid flow at shallow depths. With increasing depth, the subhorizontal planes become less dominant and steeply dipping fractures become more influential hydrologically. These high-angle features define anisotropic flow pathways that are preferentially oriented along strike. At the southwest site (west Texas), extrusive rocks are subjected to topographically modified tectonic and gravitational stresses that vary spatially within a valley setting. The attendant changes in stress invariants cause fracture connectivity within the rock mass to systematically increase with depth along the valley flanks, but to remain relatively low in the central valley. The degree of fracture connectivity predicted within this valley configuration is consistent with variations in transmissivity determined at several well locations. In each of these cases, the idealized understanding of the hydrologic system is enhanced by considering the effects of regional and local stresses that act upon the fractured-rock aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Savage, WZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 58 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 11 IS 1 BP 100 EP 112 DI 10.1007/s10040-002-0235-3 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 674TB UT WOS:000182651100005 ER PT J AU Gaddis, LR Staid, MI Tyburczy, JA Hawke, BR Petro, NE AF Gaddis, LR Staid, MI Tyburczy, JA Hawke, BR Petro, NE TI Compositional analyses of lunar pyroclastic deposits SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Moon; Moon surface; volcanism; spectroscopy ID SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; MARE BASALTS; GLASS-BEADS; MOON; CLEMENTINE; SOILS; STRATIGRAPHY; PROSPECTOR; EVOLUTION; NEARSIDE AB The 5-band Clementine UVVIS data at similar to100 m/pixel were used to examine the compositions of 75 large and small lunar pyroclastic deposits (LPDs), and these were compared to representative lunar maria and highlands deposits. Results show that the albedo, spectral color, and inferred composition of most LPDs are similar to those of low-titanium, mature lunar maria. These LPDs may have consisted largely of fragmented basalt, with substantial components of iron-bearing malic minerals (pyroxenes, olivine) and smaller amounts (if any) of volcanic glass. Several smaller LPDs also show substantial highland components. Three classes of very large deposits can be distinguished from most LPDs and from each other on the basis of crystallinity and possible titanium content of their pyroclastic components. One class has spectral properties that are dominated by high-titanium, crystallized "black beads" (e.g., Taurus-Littrow), a second consists of a mixture of high-titanium glasses and beads with a higher glass/bead ratio (Sulpicius Gallus) than that of Taurus-Littrow, and a third has a significant component of quenched iron-bearing volcanic glasses (Aristarchus) with possible moderate titanium contents. Although areally extensive, these three classes of very large pyroclastic deposits compose only 20 of the 75 deposits studied (similar to27%), and eruption of such materials was thus likely to have been less frequent on the Moon. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85282 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, HIGP, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Bates Coll, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. RP Gaddis, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM lgaddis@usgs.gov NR 73 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD FEB PY 2003 VL 161 IS 2 BP 262 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00036-2 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 653FA UT WOS:000181423500005 ER PT J AU Zoback, ML Mooney, WD AF Zoback, ML Mooney, WD TI Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL-ENERGY; HEAT-FLOW; THERMAL EVOLUTION; STRUCTURE BENEATH; GEOID ANOMALIES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SURFACE-WAVES; THICKNESS; DEFORMATION; DENSITY AB Lithospheric buoyancy, the product of lithospheric density and thickness, is an important physical property that influences both the long-term stability of continents and their state of stress. We have determined lithospheric buoyancy by applying the simple isostatic model of Lachenbruch and Morgan (1990). We determine the crustal portion of lithospheric buoyancy using the USGS global database of more than 1700 crustal structure determinations (Mooney et al., 2002), which demonstrates that a simple relationship between crustal thickness and surface elevation does not exist. In fact, major regions of the crust at or near sea level (0-200 m elevation) have crustal thicknesses that vary between 25 and 55 km. Predicted elevations due to the crustal component of buoyancy in the model exceed observed elevations in nearly all cases (97% of the data), consistent with the existence of a cool lithospheric mantle lid that is denser than the asthenosphere on which it floats. The difference between the observed and predicted crustal elevation is assumed to be equal to the decrease in elevation produced by the negative buoyancy of the mantle lid. Mantle lid thickness was first estimated from the mantle buoyancy and a mean lid density computed using a basal crust temperature determined from extrapolation of surface heat flow, assuming a linear thermal gradient in the mantle lid. The resulting values of total lithosphere thickness are in good agreement with thicknesses estimated from seismic data, except beneath cratonic regions where they are only 40-60% of the typical estimates (200-350 km) derived from seismic data. This inconsistency is compatible with petrologic data and tomography and geoid analyses that have suggested that cratonic mantle lids are similar to1% less dense than mantle lids elsewhere. By lowering the thermally determined mean mantle lid density in cratons by 1%, our model reproduces the observed 200-350+ km cratonic lithospheric thickness. We then computed gravitational potential energy by taking a vertical integral over the computed lithosphere density. Our computed values suggest that the thick roots beneath cratons lead to strong negative potential energy differences relative to surrounding regions, and hence exert compressive stresses superimposed on the intraplate stresses derived from plate boundary forces. Forces related to this lithosphere structure thus may explain the dominance of reverse-faulting earthquakes in cratons. Areas of high elevation and a thin mantle lid (e.g., western U.S. Basin and Range, East African rift, and Baikal rift) are predicted to be in extension, consistent with the observed stress regime in these areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Zoback, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 80 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 45 IS 2 BP 95 EP 118 DI 10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95 PG 24 WC Geology SC Geology GA 697LN UT WOS:000183944700001 ER PT J AU Drew, LJ AF Drew, LJ TI Model of the porphyry copper and polymetallic vein family of deposits - Applications in Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CARPATHIAN-PANNONIAN REGION; EVOLUTION; EXTENSION; FAULTS; STYLES; BASIN AB A tectonic model useful in estimating the occurrence of undiscovered porphyry copper and polymetallic vein systems has been developed. This model is based on the manner in which magmatic and hydrothermal fluids flow and are trapped in fault systems as far-field stress is released in tectonic strain features above subducting plates (e.g. strike-slip fault systems). The structural traps include preferred locations for stock emplacement and tensional-shear fault meshes within the step-overs that localize porphyry- and vein-style deposits. The application of the model is illustrated for the porphyry copper and polymetallic vein deposits in the Central Slovakian Volcanic Field, Slovakia; the Matra Mountains, Hungary; and the Apuseni Mountains, Romania. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Drew, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 45 IS 2 BP 143 EP 156 DI 10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.143 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 697LN UT WOS:000183944700004 ER PT J AU Beever, EA Brussard, PE Berger, J AF Beever, EA Brussard, PE Berger, J TI Patterns of apparent extirpation among isolated populations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) in the Great Basin SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE American pika; biogeography; climatic effects; extinction; grazing; hydrographic Great Basin; land management; montane alpine habitat; Ochotona princeps ID METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; INSULAR BIOGEOGRAPHY; EXTINCTION; MAMMALS; CONSERVATION; DISPERSAL; IMMIGRATION; MOUNTAINS; BEHAVIOR; ISLANDS AB We conducted exploratory analyses to examine the relative roles played by natural and anthropogenic influences on persistence of a montane mammal. We revisited historical locations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) within the hydrographic Great Basin during summers of 1994-1999. Seven of 25 populations (28%) reported earlier in the 20th century appeared to have experienced recent extirpations. We assessed causative agents of faunal change using several alternative, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses. Higher probability of persistence was correlated with greater area of talus habitat at local and mountain-range scales, higher elevation, more easterly longitude, more southern latitude, lack of livestock grazing, greater distance to primary roads, and wilderness management. However, only area of habitat in the mountain range, maximum elevation of talus habitat, and distance to primary roads appeared in the most parsimonious model of persistence when we used Akaike's information criterion model-selection technique. These results suggest that relaxation of montane faunas may occur more rapidly than previously expected; that biogeographic models of species occurrence can be refined by including more proximate factors (e.g., grazing status, proximity to roads); and that habitat-based approaches to modelling vertebrate trends should be accompanied by field data because population loss can occur with no apparent change in habitat. C1 Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol 314, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Moose, WY 83012 USA. RP Beever, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 62 TC 135 Z9 141 U1 13 U2 78 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 1 BP 37 EP 54 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0037:POAEAI>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 653BE UT WOS:000181414700004 ER PT J AU Doroff, AM Estes, JA Tinker, MT Burn, DM Evans, TJ AF Doroff, AM Estes, JA Tinker, MT Burn, DM Evans, TJ TI Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aerial surveys; Aleutian Islands; Enhydra lutris; population declines; population trends; sea otters; skiff-based surveys ID PREDATION; ALASKA AB Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations were exploited to near extinction and began to recover after the cessation of commercial hunting in 1911. Remnant colonies of sea otters in the Aleutian archipelago were among the first to recover; they continued to increase through the 1980s but declined abruptly during the 1990s. We conducted an aerial survey of the Aleutian archipelago in 2000 and compared results with similar surveys conducted in 1965 and 1992. The number of sea otters counted decreased by 75% between 1965 and 2000; 88% for islands at equilibrial density in 1965. The population decline likely began in the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5%/year in the 1990s. The minimal population estimate was 8,742 sea otters in 2000. The population declined to a uniformly low density in the archipelago, suggesting a common and geographically widespread cause. These data are in general agreement with the hypothesis of increased predation on sea otters. These data chronicle one of the most widespread and precipitous population declines for a mammalian carnivore in recorded history. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95004 USA. US Geol Survey, Dept Biol, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95004 USA. RP Doroff, AM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Tinker, Martin/F-1277-2011 NR 18 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 4 U2 31 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 1 BP 55 EP 64 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0055:SOPDIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 653BE UT WOS:000181414700005 ER PT J AU Rowland, MM Wisdom, MJ Johnson, DH Wales, BC Copeland, JP Edelmann, FB AF Rowland, MM Wisdom, MJ Johnson, DH Wales, BC Copeland, JP Edelmann, FB TI Evaluation of landscape models for wolverines in the interior northwest, United States of America SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian models; carnivores; conservation planning; Gulo gulo; habitat evaluation; interior Columbia Basin; models; Northwest; roads; wolverine ID LAND MANAGEMENT; GULO-GULO; CONSERVATION; CARNIVORES; MOUNTAINS; SCALE AB The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is an uncommon, wide-ranging carnivore of conservation concern. We evaluated performance of landscape models for wolverines within their historical range at 2 scales in the interior Northwest based on recent observations (n = 421) from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. At the subbasin scale, simple overlays of habitat and road-density classes were effective in predicting observations of wolverines. At the watershed scale, we used a Bayesian belief network model to provide spatially explicit estimates of relative habitat capability. The model has 3 inputs: amount of habitat, human population density, and road density. At both scales, the best models revealed strong correspondence between means of predicted counts of wolverines and means of observed counts (P < 0.001). Our results can be used to guide regional conservation planning for this elusive animal. C1 US Bur Land Management, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. US Forest Serv, Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. Idaho Power Co, Boise, ID 83707 USA. RP Rowland, MM (reprint author), US Bur Land Management, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 42 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 13 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 1 BP 92 EP 105 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0092:EOLMFW>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 653BE UT WOS:000181414700008 ER PT J AU Cope, WG Hove, MC Waller, DL Hornbach, DJ Bartsch, MR Cunningham, LA Dunn, HL Kapuscinski, AR AF Cope, WG Hove, MC Waller, DL Hornbach, DJ Bartsch, MR Cunningham, LA Dunn, HL Kapuscinski, AR TI Evaluation of relocation of unionid mussels to in situ refugia SO JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; LAKE ST-CLAIR; UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; NORTH-AMERICA; BIVALVIA; CONSERVATION; ABUNDANCE; TRANSLOCATION AB The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery and survival of four species of unionid mussles [pimpleback, Quadrula pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831); spike, Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820); Higgins eye, Lampsilis higginsii (I. Lea, 1857); and pocketbook, Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque, 1820)] that were experimentally relocated to in situ refugia in the St Croix River of Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA. In 1996, 150 mussels of each of the first three species (450 total) were relocated to three 5 x 5 m study grids (Site A), one near Lakeland, Minnesota, which served as a source-site control, and two in the experimental refuge 48 km upstream, near Franconia, Minnesota. In a second relocation in 1997, L. cardium was substituted for L. higginsii and 150 mussels of this and each of the other two species (450 total), were relocated to two study grids (Site B). The source site control was near Sunrise, Minnesota and the experimental refuge was 14 km downstream near Almelund, Minnesota. Mussel recovery, survival and substratum characteristics were evaluated annually at Site A for 2 years and for 3 years at Site B. Mean annual recovery of all three species ranged from 90 to 100% at Site A, and from 34 to 70% at site B. The mean annual survival of recaptured mussels ranged from 85 to 100% at Site A, and from 88 to 100% at Site B. The textural characteristics of the substratum differed significantly between the control and the two refuge locations at the beginning of the study, but did not differ from this initial status among subsequent years at Site A. At Site B, there was a significant shift in textural characteristics from large to smaller fractions over the four years. The relatively high survival of mussels during this study demonstrates the importance of proper handling and transport protocols when relocating mussels and the selection of suitable relocation habitat with stable substratum. When established correctly, in situ refugia may be a viable tool for preserving unionid mussels. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Macalester Coll, Dept Biol, St Paul, MN 55104 USA. Ecol Specialists Inc, Ofallon, MO 63366 USA. RP Cope, WG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564 NR 45 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 17 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0260-1230 J9 J MOLLUS STUD JI J. Molluscan Stud. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 69 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1093/mollus/69.1.27 PN 1 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 652WY UT WOS:000181404900003 ER PT J AU Blazer, VS Waldrop, TB Schill, WB Densmore, CL Smith, D AF Blazer, VS Waldrop, TB Schill, WB Densmore, CL Smith, D TI Effects of water temperature and substrate type on spore production and release in eastern Tubifex tubifex worms infected with Myxobolus cerebralis SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONID WHIRLING DISEASE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; COLORADO RIVER; ACTINOSPOREAN STAGE; CAUSATIVE AGENT; LIFE-CYCLE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPOSURE; HISTORY AB Eastern Tubifex tubifex worms were exposed to Myxobolus cerebralis spores at 9, 13, 17, and 20 C in 1-L jars that contained sand, mud, or leaf litter as substrata. Beginning 60 days after exposure, water from each jar was filtered daily and examined for the presence of waterborne triactinomyxon spores (TAMs). On discovering a single TAM from an experimental jar, 48 T. tubifex worms from that jar were placed individually into 24-well plates. Spores released from individual infected T. tubifex worms were quantified to determine the first day of TAM release from infected worms, the infection rate, the total number of TAMS released per worm, and the duration of release. No TAMs were found in any of the jars incubated at 20 C or in uninfected, control worms at any temperature. The total number of TAMs released by infected worms in mud and sand was highest at 13 C compared with other temperatures. Infection rates among individual worms increased with temperature between 9 and 17 C. Higher temperatures (up to 17 Q induced earlier TAM releases among infected worms, and substratum did not influence this production parameter. The average duration of TAM release decreased as the temperature increased from 9 to 17 C, and there was a significant effect of substratum in the groups maintained at 13 and 17 C. In all temperature treatments between 9 and 17 C, the duration of release was least in the worms maintained in leaf litter, as was the total number of TAMs released during the experimental period and the median number of TAMs per production day. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Blazer, VS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. OI Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X NR 37 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 89 IS 1 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0021:EOWTAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 652XZ UT WOS:000181407300004 PM 12659298 ER PT J AU Croley, TE Luukkonen, CL AF Croley, TE Luukkonen, CL TI Potential effects of climate change on ground water in Lansing, Michigan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE climate change; ground water hydrology; Lansing; Michigan; surface water hydrology; water policy; water resources planning ID GREAT-LAKES HYDROLOGY; GREENHOUSE-GAS; CHANGE SIMULATION; CHANGE IMPACTS AB Computer simulations involving general circulation models, a hydrologic modeling system, and a ground water flow model indicate potential impacts of selected climate change projections on ground water levels in the Lansing, Michigan, area. General circulation models developed by the Canadian Climate Centre and the Hadley Centre generated meteorology estimates for 1961 through 1990 (as a reference condition) and for the 20 years centered on 2030 (as a changed climate condition). Using these meteorology estimates, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory's hydrologic modeling system produced corresponding period streamflow simulations. Ground water recharge was estimated from the streamflow simulations and from variables derived from the general circulation models. The U.S. Geological Survey developed a numerical ground water flow model of the Saginaw and glacial aquifers in the Tri-County region surrounding Lansing, Michigan. Model simulations, using the ground water recharge estimates, indicate changes in ground water levels. Within the Lansing area, simulated ground water levels in the Saginaw aquifer declined under the Canadian predictions and increased under the Hadley. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. RP Croley, TE (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM croley@glerl.noaa.gov NR 31 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 BP 149 EP 163 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01568.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 656PY UT WOS:000181617200013 ER PT J AU Taylor, JG Ryder, SD AF Taylor, JG Ryder, SD TI Use of the Delphi method in resolving complex water resources issues SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Delphi method; water policy; regulation; decision making; modeling; reservoir fisheries ID MANAGEMENT; WILDLIFE; POLICY AB The tri-state river basins, shared by Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, are being modeled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to help facilitate agreement in an acrimonious water dispute among these different state governments. Modeling of such basin reservoir operations requires parallel understanding of several river system components: hydropower production, flood control, municipal and industrial water use, navigation, and reservoir fisheries requirements. The Delphi method, using repetitive surveying of experts, was applied to determine fisheries' water and lake-level requirements on 25 reservoirs in these interstate basins. The Delphi technique allowed the needs and requirements of fish populations to be brought into the modeling effort on equal footing with other water supply and demand components. When the subject matter is concisely defined and limited, this technique can rapidly assess expert opinion on any natural resource issue, and even move expert opinion toward greater agreement. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Legacy Land Trust, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Taylor, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM Jonathan-Taylor@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01570.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 656PY UT WOS:000181617200015 ER PT J AU Guo, QF AF Guo, QF TI Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE competition; facilitation; diversity; model; scale; unimodal ID PRODUCTIVITY GRADIENTS; PLANT COMPETITION; DIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; DENSITY; GROWTH; COEXISTENCE; MECHANISMS; CALIFORNIA AB Diversity-biomass relationships are frequently reported to be hump-shaped over space at a given time. However, it is not yet clear how diversity and biomass change simultaneously and how they are related to each other over time (e.g. in succession) at one locality. This study develops a temporal model based on the projected changes of various community variables in a generalized terrestrial environment after fire and uses post-fire succession data on Santa Monica Mountains of southern California and other published succession data to examine the temporal diversity-biomass relationships. The results indicate that in the early stages of succession, both diversity and biomass increase and a positive relationship appears, while in the late stages of succession, biomass continued to increase but diversity usually declines; thus a negative relationship may be observed. When the scales of measurement become sufficiently large so that the measured diversity and biomass cross various stages of succession, a 'hump-shaped' relationship can emerge. The diversity-biomass relationship appears to be concordant in space and time when appropriate scales are used. Formerly proposed explanations for spatial patterns may well apply to the temporal patterns (particularly colonization, facilitation and competitive exclusion). C1 Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RI Guo, Qinfeng/A-8034-2009 NR 63 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI LANNA PA MALMEN, S-740 11 LANNA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 14 IS 1 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02134.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 679HU UT WOS:000182915300013 ER PT J AU Tagami, T Nishimitsu, Y Sherrod, DR AF Tagami, T Nishimitsu, Y Sherrod, DR TI Rejuvenated-stage volcanism after 0.6-m.y. quiescence at West Maui volcano, Hawaii: new evidence from K-Ar ages and chemistry of Lahaina Volcanics SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; Maui; volcanism; K-Ar; chemistry ID PETROLOGY; SERIES; ORIGIN; LAVA AB West Maui's rejuvenated-stage Lahaina Volcanics were erupted from four discrete sites. New K-Ar ages indicate two pulses of volcanism, the older about 0.6 Ma and the younger about 0.4 Ma. Compositionally the lava flows are entirely basanitic, but each pulse is diverse. The underlying postshield-stage Honolua Volcanics were emplaced by about 1.2 Ma on the basis of previously published ages. Therefore the duration of volcanic quiescence prior to rejuvenation is about 0.6 m.y. at West Maui, much longer than estimated previously. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Geol & Mineral, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Tagami, T (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Geol & Mineral, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 120 IS 3-4 BP 207 EP 214 AR PII S0377-0273(02)00385-2 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00385-2 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 641BP UT WOS:000180724500004 ER PT J AU Battaglia, J Bachelery, P AF Battaglia, J Bachelery, P TI Dynamic dyke propagation deduced from tilt variations preceding the March 9, 1998, eruption of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tilt; models; dynamics; eruption; Piton de la Fournaise ID SURFACE DEFORMATION; KILAUEA VOLCANO; HALF-SPACE; INTRUSION; REUNION; CAVITY; HAWAII; MODELS AB During the hour preceding the March 9, 1998, eruption of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, the deformation network of the Observatory recorded some large deformations in the summit area. A broadband seismic station of the GEOSCOPE global network, RER, is located about 8 km away from the summit of the volcano. Signals from that station may be interpreted as tilt changes. The combination of the above two kinds of signals allows, by using a tensile fault model, to constrain the geometry as well as some characteristics (volume, propagation velocity) of the dyke that intruded the summit area during the hour preceding the beginning of eruptive activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 OVPF, Inst Phys Globe Paris, F-97418 La Plaine Cafres, France. Univ Reunion, Lab Sci Terre, F-97715 St Denis, France. RP Battaglia, J (reprint author), USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, POB 51, HI Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. OI BACHELERY, Patrick/0000-0002-0108-5486 NR 30 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 120 IS 3-4 BP 289 EP 310 AR PII S0377-0273(02)00410-9 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00410-9 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 641BP UT WOS:000180724500009 ER PT J AU Zhang, XO Cawood, PA Wilde, SA Liu, RQ Song, HL Li, W Snee, LW AF Zhang, XO Cawood, PA Wilde, SA Liu, RQ Song, HL Li, W Snee, LW TI Geology and timing of mineralization at the Cangshang gold deposit, north-western Jiaodong Peninsula, China SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article DE (40)Ar-(39)Ar dating; Cangshang gold deposit; gold mineralization; North China craton; SHRIMP U-Pb dating ID AGE; CONSTRAINTS; GRANITOIDS; TECTONICS; AUSTRALIA; CRATON; ZIRCON; MICAS AB The Cangshang gold deposit of the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula contains reserves of greater than 50 tonnes (t) and is developed by the largest open pit gold mine in China. This deposit is a Jiaojia-style (i.e. disseminated-and-veinlet) deposit. It is controlled by the San-Cang fault zone, which trends similar to040degrees and dips 40 75degreesSE at the mine site. The main (no. 1) orebody lies between a hanging wall of Precambrian metamorphic rocks (mainly amphibolite) of the Fenzishan Group and a footwall composed of the Mesozoic Linglong granitoid. The ore zone is mainly composed of pyritized, sericitized and silicified granitoid, which has undergone variable degrees of cataclasis. SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon indicates that the protolith of the hanging wall amphibolite was formed at 2530 +/- 17 Ma and underwent metamorphism at 1852 +/- 37 Ma. The footwall granodiorite has been dated at 166 +/- 4 Ma, whereas zircons from the ore zone yield a younger age of 154 +/- 5 Ma. Cathodoluminescence images of zircons from the granodiorite and ore zone show oscillatory zonation indicative of an igneous origin for both and the ages of these zircons, therefore, are all interpreted to be representative of magmatic crystallization. Dating of sericite by (40)Ar-(39)Ar has been used to directly determine the timing of formation of the Cangshang deposit, providing the first time absolute age on formation of the Jiaojia-style gold deposits. The well-defined age of 121.3 +/- 0.2 Ma provides the precise timing of gold mineralization at the Cangshang deposit. This age is consistent with those of Linglong-style (vein type) gold mineralization, also from the north-western Jiaodong Peninsula, at between 126 and 120 Ma. Therefore, our work indicates that both styles of gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula were formed during the same mineralization event. C1 Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Appl Geol, Tecton Special Res Ctr, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Minist Met Ind, Geol Acad, Tianjin 300061, Peoples R China. Laizhou Gold Co, Shandong 261440, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Zhang, XO (reprint author), Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Appl Geol, Tecton Special Res Ctr, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. EM zhang@lithos.curtin.edu.au RI Wilde, Simon /C-5174-2009 OI Wilde, Simon /0000-0002-4546-8278 NR 26 TC 99 Z9 128 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 38 IS 2 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1007/s00126-002-0290-7 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 655CU UT WOS:000181534400002 ER PT J AU Wilberg, MJ Hansen, MJ Bronte, CR AF Wilberg, MJ Hansen, MJ Bronte, CR TI Historic and modern abundance of wild lean lake trout in Michigan waters of Lake Superior: Implications for restoration goals SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LAMPREY PETROMYZON-MARINUS; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; COMMUNITY; HURON AB Populations of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior collapsed in the late 1950s due to overfishing and predation by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinas. A binational effort to restore the lean morphotype of lake trout began with the stocking of hatchery-reared fish followed by the chemical control of sea lampreys and closure of the commercial fishery. Previous comparisons of the contemporary abundance of wild lean lake trout with that from historic commercial fishery statistics indicate that abundance was higher historically. However, this conclusion may be biased because several factors-the inclusion of siscowet (the "fat" morphotype of lake trout) in the catch statistics, the soak time of nets, seasonal effects on catch per effort, and the confounding effects of effort targeted at lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis-were not accounted for. We developed new indices of historic lean lake trout abundance that correct for these biases and compared them with the assessment data from 1984 to 1998 in Michigan waters of Lake Superior. The modern (1984-1998) abundance of wild lean lake trout is at least as high as that during 19291943 in six of eight management areas but lower in one area. Measures to promote and protect naturally reproducing populations have been more successful than previously realized. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Wilberg, MJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 13 Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Wilberg, Michael/C-2765-2008; Wilberg, Michael/D-6289-2013; OI Wilberg, Michael/0000-0001-8982-5946; Hansen, Michael/0000-0001-8522-3876 NR 41 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0100:HAMAOW>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400009 ER PT J AU Porath, MT Nielsen, JL AF Porath, MT Nielsen, JL TI Evidence of sexually dimorphic introgression in Pinaleno Mountain Apache trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS POPULATIONS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; RAINBOW-TROUT; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CHINOOK SALMON; RARE ALLELES; BROOK CHARR; CONSERVATION AB The high-elevation headwater streams of the Pinaleno Mountains support small populations of threatened Apache trout Oncorhynchus apache that were stocked following the chemical removal of normative salmonids in the 1960s. A fisheries survey to assess population composition, growth, and size structure confirmed angler reports of infrequent occurrences of Oncorhynchus spp. exhibiting the external morphological characteristics of both Apache trout and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Nonlethal tissue samples were collected from 50 individuals in the headwaters of each stream. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and amplification of nuclear microsatellite loci were used to determine the levels of genetic introgression by rainbow trout in Apache trout populations at these locations. Sexually dimorphic introgression from the spawning of male rainbow trout with female Apache trout was detected using mtDNA and microsatellites. Estimates of the degree of hybridization based on three microsatellite loci were 10-88%. The use of nonlethal DNA genetic analyses can supplement information obtained from standard survey methods and be useful in assessing the relative importance of small and sensitive populations with a history of normative introductions. C1 Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Porath, MT (reprint author), Nebraska Game & Parks Commiss, Div Fisheries, 2200 N 33rd St, Lincoln, NE 68503 USA. NR 73 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 172 EP 180 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0172:EOSDII>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400015 ER PT J AU Tate, WB Allen, MS Myers, RA Estes, JR AF Tate, WB Allen, MS Myers, RA Estes, JR TI Comparison of electrofishing and rotenone for sampling largemouth bass in vegetated areas of two Florida lakes SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL POWER; FISH; ABUNDANCE; DENSITY AB We compared the sampling precision and efficiency of electrofishing and rotenone for assessing populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in vegetated portions of two Florida lakes. Sampling was conducted at Lochloosa and Orange lakes in north-central Florida from 1990 to 1999. Significant differences in length frequencies were determined between the two methods in 5 of 9 years for each take. In years where differences existed, electrofishing collected larger fish than did rotenone. The maximum deviation between cumulative relative length frequencies for the two methods was not related to total vegetation, native emergent vegetation, or hydrilla Hydrilla verticallata coverage at either lake. Sampling precision was greater for electrofishing than for rotenone; electrofishing also required less sampling effort to detect changes in the abundance of juvenile and adult largemouth bass. Electrofishing was a more precise and cost-effective method than rotenone for estimating largemouth bass abundance. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. RP Tate, WB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0181:COEARF>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400016 ER PT J AU Zigler, SJ Dewey, MR Knights, BC Runstrom, AL Steingraeber, MT AF Zigler, SJ Dewey, MR Knights, BC Runstrom, AL Steingraeber, MT TI Movement and habitat use by radio-tagged paddlefish in the upper Mississippi River and tributaries SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID POLYODON-SPATHULA; ADULT PADDLEFISH AB We used radio telemetry to evaluate the movement and habitat use of paddlefish Polyodon spathula in the upper Mississippi River and two tributary rivers. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into 71 paddlefish in Navigation Pools 5A and 8 of the upper Mississippi River, the Chippewa River, and the Wisconsin River during fall 1994 through fall 1996. Radiotagged paddlefish were located through summer 1997. The range of paddlefish movement was typically low during all seasons except spring, but some paddlefish moved throughout the 420-km extent of the study area. Paddlefish tagged in the Chippewa River were closely linked with the upper Mississippi River, as substantial portions of the population inhabited the adjacent Navigation Pool 4 each spring; paddlefish in the Wisconsin River, however, rarely ventured out of that tributary. The use of aquatic area types by paddlefish varied among the study reaches. A cartographic model of paddlefish habitat suitability was developed for Navigation Pool 8 based on geographic information systems (GIS) coverages of bathymetry and current velocity. The value of paddlefish habitat in the cartographic model increased with depth and decreased with current velocity. For example, areas modeled as excellent corresponded to regions classified as having both deep water (greater than or equal to6.0 m) and negligible (<5 cm/s) current velocities. Our study suggests that aquatic area types are an inadequate basis for making sound management decisions regarding the critical habitats of paddlefish in complex riverine systems because such strata rely on gross geomorpological features rather than on the physicochemical variables that fish use to choose habitats. The development of systemic GIS coverages of such variables could improve the understanding of fish habitat selection and management in the upper Mississippi River. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, La Crosse Fishery Resources Off, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. RP Zigler, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Zigler, Steven/0000-0002-4153-0652 NR 30 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 189 EP 205 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0189:MAHUBR>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400017 ER PT J AU Tate, WB Allen, MS Myers, RA Nagid, EJ Estes, JR AF Tate, WB Allen, MS Myers, RA Nagid, EJ Estes, JR TI Relation of age-0 largemouth bass abundance to hydrilla coverage and water level at Lochloosa and Orange Lakes, Florida SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC VEGETATION; RESERVOIR; FISHERIES; GROWTH AB Changes in electrofishing catch per hour (CPH) of age-0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were examined in relation to aquatic macrophytes and seasonal water elevation at Lochloosa and Orange lakes, Florida, during the 1990s. At Lochloosa Lake, stepwise multiple regression revealed a significant positive relationship between the mean CPH of age-0 largemouth bass and the percentage of areal coverage by hydrilla Hydrilla verticallata. At Orange Lake, mean CPH was directly associated with the percentage of areal coverage by hydrilla and inversely related to summer water levels. Thus, the influence of vegetation on age-0 largemouth bass abundance was similar at both lakes, but the effects of water levels were not. Further investigations into the effects of fluctuations in water levels on age-0 largemouth bass in natural lakes are needed. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Tallahassee, FL USA. RP Tate, WB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM bill_tate@usgs.gov NR 42 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 251 EP 257 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0251:ROALBA>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400022 ER PT J AU Mueller, GA Marsh, PC Foster, D Ulibarri, M Burke, T AF Mueller, GA Marsh, PC Foster, D Ulibarri, M Burke, T TI Factors influencing poststocking dispersal of razorback sucker SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; LARGEMOUTH BASS; TROUT; STRESS; EXERCISE; GROWTH; CONFINEMENT; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL; TELEOST AB Efforts to reintroduce razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus to specific river reaches have been plagued by downstream drift and poor survival, which have been attributed to stress, disorientation, predation, and poor conditioning. Poststocking dispersal of eight test groups (15 fish each) of razorback suckers was examined for 28 d with telemetry equipment. Fish were released in three different locations in the Colorado River basin of Utah, Arizona, and Nevada: (1) a 65,000-ha reservoir, (2) a small (<1-ha) backwater, and (3) a large (30-ha) backwater on the mainstem river. At each location, subgroups were released immediately (reference) or held to acclimate them to the site (3-7 d) before release. Two of four subgroups for the large-backwater test were preconditioned to flow. Dispersal from the stocking sites was rapid and declined with time for all tests, as fish appeared to seek and find cover. Downstream drift was most pronounced (<(x)over bar> = 69.5 km) from the small backwater and significantly (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01) greater than either the reservoir (<(x)over bar> = 3.7 km) or large-backwater sites ((x) over bar = 7.7 km). Site-acclimation tests were inconclusive, but downstream movement was significantly (Wilcoxon two-sample test, Z = -2.298, P < 0.01) less for fish preconditioned to flow (<(x)over bar> = 1.9 km) compared with pond-reared fish ((x) over bar = 7.7 km). We concluded that poststocking dispersal may decrease if razorback suckers are preconditioned to flow. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Willow Beach Natl Fish Hatchery, Willow Beach, AZ 86447 USA. Bur Reclamat, Boulder City, NV 89006 USA. RP Mueller, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25007,D-8220, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 270 EP 275 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0270:FIPDOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400025 ER PT J AU Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA del Rio, CM Rule, DC AF Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA del Rio, CM Rule, DC TI Effect of swimming activity on relative weight and body composition of juvenile rainbow trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PROPOSED REVISION; CONDITION INDEXES; STARVATION; TEMPERATURE; EQUATION; FISHERY AB Fisheries managers often assess body condition using relative weight (W-r) because it provides a comparative measure of fish plumpness among individuals and populations. However, it is not known whether the morphological information that W-r summarizes reflects physiological measures, such as relative lipid reserves, in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The purpose of this study was to determine whether swimming activity affects either the Wr or proximate body composition of juvenile (total length, 170-260 mm) rainbow trout. When rainbow trout from a hatchery were fed ad libitum for 147 d, inactive (no current) and active (15 cm/s current velocity) fish did not differ in W-r. However, inactive rainbow trout maintained relatively constant lipid levels, whereas active fish declined in lipid content. Relative weight may provide a comparable measure of body form, but it is not an accurate index of lipid content between active and inactive rainbow trout fed an excess ration. For assessing the physiological condition of rainbow trout, measurement of proximate body composition appears to be more accurate than indices based on length and weight. C1 US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Woldlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Simpkins, DG (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 283 EP 289 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0283:EOSAOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400027 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Willis, DW AF Paukert, CP Willis, DW TI Population characteristics and ecological role of northern pike in shallow natural lakes in Nebraska SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ESOX-LUCIUS; AQUATIC VEGETATION; LARGEMOUTH BASS; HABITAT; GROWTH; MODEL AB Northern pike Esox lucius were sampled in Nebraska's Sandhill lakes during 1998 and 1999 to determine population characteristics and their influence on the fish community in these shallow, warm lakes at the southwestern edge of this species' natural range. Density-dependent growth, size structure, and condition were not evident in the northern pike populations sampled. Relative abundance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides was positively related to size structure of yellow perch Perca flavescens and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus when northen pike were absent. When northern pike and largemouth bass populations were sympatric, these relationships were less evident. Population size structure of yellow perch was lower in lakes with northern pike, but decreased size structure was not evident for bluegills. Northern pike growth decreased with July bottom water temperature, which ranged from 20degreesC to 25degreesC. Recruitment patterns of northern pike in the Sandhill lakes appeared to be lake-specific, strong and weak year-classes occurring in the same year among different populations. Northern pike in these shallow, warm lakes act as a top-down predator and appear to structure fish communities predominated by largemouth bass and panfish. Biologists managing warmwater Midwestern lakes thus should consider the effect of northern pike on fish communities. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 43 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 313 EP 322 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0313:PCAERO>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 656AW UT WOS:000181587400031 ER PT J AU Feller, IC Whigham, DF McKee, KL Lovelock, CE AF Feller, IC Whigham, DF McKee, KL Lovelock, CE TI Nitrogen limitation of growth and nutrient dynamics in a disturbed mangrove forest, Indian River Lagoon, Florida SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE disturbance; fertilization; experiment; phosphorus; photosynthesis; resorption ID VS. PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION; RHIZOPHORA-MANGLE; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; USE EFFICIENCY; PLANT-GROWTH; FRESH-WATER; SEDIMENTS; PATTERNS; GRADIENT; LEAVES AB The objectives of this study were to determine effects of nutrient enrichment on plant growth, nutrient dynamics, and photosynthesis in a disturbed mangrove forest in an abandoned mosquito impoundment in Florida. Impounding altered the hydrology and soil chemistry of the site. In 1997, we established a factorial experiment along a tree-height gradient with three zones, i.e., fringe, transition, dwarf, and three fertilizer treatment levels, i.e., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), control, in Mosquito Impoundment 23 on the eastern side of Indian River. Transects traversed the forest perpendicular to the shoreline, from a Rhizophora mangle-dominated fringe through an Avicennia germinans stand of intermediate height, and into a scrub or dwarf stand of A. germinans in the hinterland. Growth rates increased significantly in response to N fertilization. Our growth data indicated that this site is N-limited along the tree-height gradient. After 2 years of N addition, dwarf trees resembled vigorously growing saplings. Addition of N also affected internal dynamics of N and P and caused increases in rates of photosynthesis. These findings contrast with results for a R. mangle-dominated forest in Belize where the fringe is N-limited, but the dwarf zone is P-limited and the transition zone is co-limited by N and P. This study demonstrated that patterns of nutrient limitation in mangrove ecosystems are complex, that not all processes respond similarly to the same nutrient, and that similar habitats are not limited by the same nutrient when different mangrove forests are compared. C1 Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Feller, IC (reprint author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014; Lovelock, Catherine/G-7370-2012; OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X; Lovelock, Catherine/0000-0002-2219-6855; Whigham, Dennis/0000-0003-1488-820X; Feller, Ilka/0000-0002-6391-1608 NR 65 TC 86 Z9 97 U1 7 U2 48 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD FEB PY 2003 VL 134 IS 3 BP 405 EP 414 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-1117-z PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 657BG UT WOS:000181645100015 PM 12647149 ER PT J AU Benson, L Liddicoat, J Smoot, J Sarna-Wojcicki, A Negrini, R Lund, S AF Benson, L Liddicoat, J Smoot, J Sarna-Wojcicki, A Negrini, R Lund, S TI Age of the Mono Lake excursion and associated tephra SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE PALEOINTENSITY DATA; HOT-SPRINGS TEPHRA; C-14 AGES; PYRAMID LAKE; CALIBRATION; CHRONOLOGY; NEVADA; LEVEL; BASIN; DEPOSITION AB The Mono Lake excursion (MLE) is an important time marker that has been found in lake and marine sediments across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Dating of this event at its type locality, the Mono Basin of California, has yielded controversial results with the most recent effort concluding that the MLE may actually be the Laschamp excursion (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 197 (2002) 151). We show that a volcanic tephra (Ash #15) that occurs near the midpoint of the MLE has a date (not corrected for reservoir effect) of 28,620+/-300 C-14 yr BP (similar to 32,400 GISP2 yr BP) in the Pyramid Lake Basin of Nevada. Given the location of Ash #15 and the duration of the MLE in the Mono Basin, the event occurred between 31,500 and 33,300 GISP2 yr BP, an age range consistent with the position and age of the uppermost of two paleointensity minima in the NAPIS-75 stack that has been associated with the MLE (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 358 (2000) 1009). The lower paleointensity minimum in the NAPIS-75 stack is considered to be the Laschamp excursion Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Arid Reg Climate Project, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Columbia Univ, Barnard Coll, Dept Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Calif State Univ Bakersfield, Dept Phys & Geol, Bakersfield, CA 93311 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Arid Reg Climate Project, Suite E127,3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 23 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2-4 BP 135 EP 140 AR PII S0277-3791(02)00249-4 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00249-4 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 647EU UT WOS:000181080300003 ER PT J AU Constantz, J Tyler, SW Kwicklis, E AF Constantz, Jim Tyler, Scott W. Kwicklis, Edward TI Temperature-Profile Methods for Estimating Percolation Rates in Arid Environments SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Review AB Percolation rates are estimated using vertical temperature profiles from sequentially deeper vadose environments, progressing from sediments beneath stream channels, to expansive basin-fill materials, and finally to deep fractured bedrock underlying mountainous terrain. Beneath stream channels, vertical temperature profiles vary over time in response to downward heat transport, which is generally controlled by conductive heat transport during dry periods, or by advective transport during channel infiltration. During periods of stream-channel infiltration, two relatively simple approaches are possible: a heat-pulse technique, or a heat and liquid-water transport simulation code. Focused percolation rates beneath stream channels are examined for perennial, seasonal, and ephemeral channels in central New Mexico, with estimated percolation rates ranging from 100 to 2100 mm d(-1). Deep within basin-fill and underlying mountainous terrain, vertical temperature gradients are dominated by the local geothermal gradient, which creates a profile with decreasing temperatures toward the surface. If simplifying assumptions are employed regarding stratigraphy and vapor fluxes, an analytical solution to the heat transport problem can be used to generate temperature profiles at specified percolation rates for comparison to the observed geothermal gradient. Comparisons to an observed temperature profile in the basin-fill sediments beneath Frenchman Flat, Nevada, yielded water fluxes near zero, with absolute values <10 mm yr(-1). For the deep vadose environment beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the complexities of stratigraphy and vapor movement are incorporated into a more elaborate heat and water transport model to compare simulated and observed temperature profiles for a pair of deep boreholes. Best matches resulted in a percolation rate near zero for one borehole and 11 mm yr(-1) for the second borehole. C1 [Constantz, Jim] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Tyler, Scott W.] Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Kwicklis, Edward] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Constantz, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jconstan@usgs.gov FU National Science Foundation [EAR-9614646] FX The authors would like to thank Jim Bartolino, USGS, for the Rio Grande Data; Amy Lewis, Sangre de Cristo Water, Santa Fe, NM, for surface water data for the Santa Fe River; Amy Stewart, Philip Williams and Associates, San Francisco, CA, for analysis of the Santa Fe River data; and Rich Niswonger, U.C. Davis and USGS, for analysis of the Bear Canyon data. The authors would also like to thank Joe Rousseau, USGS, and Paul "Ty" Ferre, University of Arizona, for thoughtful reviews. Efforts of the second author were funded in part by National Science Foundation Grant EAR-9614646. NR 55 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 2 IS 1 BP 12 EP 24 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UY UT WOS:000207557700002 ER PT J AU Bullen, TD White, AF Childs, CW AF Bullen, TD White, AF Childs, CW TI Comment on "Isotopic fractionation between Fe(III) and Fe(II) in aqueous solutions" ' by Clark Johnson et al., [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 195 (2002) 141-153] SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID IRON C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Victoria, Sch Chem & Phys Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Bullen, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 420,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN 30 PY 2003 VL 206 IS 1-2 BP 229 EP 232 AR PII S0012-821X(02)01091-9 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01091-9 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 642EY UT WOS:000180792300017 ER PT J AU Becker, MW Shapiro, AM AF Becker, MW Shapiro, AM TI Interpreting tracer breakthrough tailing from different forced-gradient tracer experiment configurations in fractured bedrock SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fractured rock; matrix diffusion; tracer tests; contaminant transport; advection dispersion; channeling ID HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; MASS-TRANSFER; RADIAL DISPERSION; CRYSTALLINE ROCK; CHANNEL MODEL; FLOW; TRANSPORT; TESTS; DIFFUSION; APERTURE AB [1] Conceptual and mathematical models are presented that explain tracer breakthrough tailing in the absence of significant matrix diffusion. Model predictions are compared to field results from radially convergent, weak-dipole, and push-pull tracer experiments conducted in a saturated crystalline bedrock. The models are based upon the assumption that flow is highly channelized, that the mass of tracer in a channel is proportional to the cube of the mean channel aperture, and the mean transport time in the channel is related to the square of the mean channel aperture. These models predict the consistent -2 straight line power law slope observed in breakthrough from radially convergent and weak-dipole tracer experiments and the variable straight line power law slope observed in push-pull tracer experiments with varying injection volumes. The power law breakthrough slope is predicted in the absence of matrix diffusion. A comparison of tracer experiments in which the flow field was reversed to those in which it was not indicates that the apparent dispersion in the breakthrough curve is partially reversible. We hypothesize that the observed breakthrough tailing is due to a combination of local hydrodynamic dispersion, which always increases in the direction of fluid velocity, and heterogeneous advection, which is partially reversed when the flow field is reversed. In spite of our attempt to account for heterogeneous advection using a multipath approach, a much smaller estimate of hydrodynamic dispersivity was obtained from push-pull experiments than from radially convergent or weak dipole experiments. These results suggest that although we can explain breakthrough tailing as an advective phenomenon, we cannot ignore the relationship between hydrodynamic dispersion and flow field geometry at this site. The design of the tracer experiment can severely impact the estimation of hydrodynamic dispersion and matrix diffusion in highly heterogeneous geologic media. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA USA. RP Becker, MW (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RI Becker, Matthew/J-2711-2012 NR 38 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN 30 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 AR 1024 DI 10.1029/2001WR001190 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 679FT UT WOS:000182910600002 ER PT J AU McGuire, AD Sturm, M Chapin, FS AF McGuire, AD Sturm, M Chapin, FS TI Arctic transitions in the land-atmosphere system (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic; carbon; energy; tundra; water ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CO2 EFFLUX; TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS; HIGH-LATITUDES; SOIL RESPIRATION; BOREAL FORESTS; ACTIVE LAYER; FRONTAL ZONE; FRESH-WATER AB [1] This paper briefly reviews the background, objectives, and results of the Arctic Transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System ( ATLAS) Project to date and provides thoughts on future directions. The key goal of the ATLAS Project is to improve understanding of controls over spatial and temporal variability of terrestrial processes in the Arctic that have potential consequences for the climate system, i.e., processes that affect the exchange of water and energy with the atmosphere, the exchange of radiatively active gases with the atmosphere, and the delivery of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean. Three important conclusions have emerged from research associated with the ATLAS Project. First, associated with the observation that the Alaskan Arctic has warmed significantly in the last 30 years, permafrost is warming, shrubs are expanding, and there has been a temporary release of carbon dioxide from tundra soils. Second, the winter is a more important period of biological activity than previously appreciated. Biotic processes, including shrub expansion and decomposition, affect snow structure and accumulation and affect the annual carbon budget of tundra ecosystems. Third, observed vegetation changes can have a significant positive feedback to regional warming. These vegetation effects are, however, less strong than those exerted by land - ocean heating contrasts and the topographic constraints on air mass movements. The papers of this special section provide additional insights related to these conclusions and to the overall goal of ATLAS. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab Alaska, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP McGuire, AD (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 214 Irving I Bldg, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ffadm@uaf.edu; msturm@crrel.usace.army.mil; terry.chapin@uaf.edu NR 89 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D2 AR 8166 DI 10.1029/2002JD002367 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 660GB UT WOS:000181824500003 ER PT J AU He, CR Wong, TF Beeler, NM AF He, CR Wong, TF Beeler, NM TI Scaling of stress drop with recurrence interval and loading velocity for laboratory-derived fault strength relations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE friction; constitutive equation; stress drop; recurrence time; loading rate; stick-slip ID STATE-DEPENDENT FRICTION; VARIABLE NORMAL STRESS; FREEDOM ELASTIC SYSTEM; SINGLE DEGREE; ROCK FRICTION; SLIP RATE; EARTHQUAKE; STABILITY; LAW; INSTABILITY AB [1] The dynamics of a spring-slider system with a single degree of freedom was investigated, focusing on two different rate-and state-dependent friction laws. While the inertia-controlled behavior and stick-slip cycles for a system that obeys the slip law have been extensively simulated, this study presents a comparative study of a system that obeys the slowness law. A key conclusion is that for both friction laws the overall stress drops are linearly related to the logarithm of the loading velocity ( and the recurrence time) through the velocity-weakening parameter b - a and normal stress. Relatively higher peak stresses, larger quasi-static stress drop, and larger effective fracture energy are associated with a system that obeys the slowness law. Consequently, the partitioning of stress drop between quasi-static and dynamic slips, as well as dynamic overshoot and strength recovery, varies according to whether the slowness or slip law has been adopted. Analytic approximations were derived that elucidate the interplay of dynamics, energetics, and frictional constitutive behavior in controlling the scaling of stress drops with loading velocity and recurrence time. Seismological implications of the scaling behavior are also discussed. C1 China Seismolog Bur, Inst Geol, Beijing, Peoples R China. China Seismolog Bur, Lab Tectonophys, Beijing, Peoples R China. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP He, CR (reprint author), China Seismolog Bur, Inst Geol, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM Teng-fong.Wong@sunysb.edu OI He, Changrong/0000-0001-8329-2480 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 23 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2037 DI 10.1029/2002JB001890 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 660JQ UT WOS:000181830400001 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH Wolcott, M Morris, R AF Work, TM Balazs, GH Wolcott, M Morris, R TI Bacteraemia in free-ranging Hawaiian green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE bacteria; bacteraemia; Chelonia mydas; green turtle; haematology; Vibrio ID MARINE TURTLES; VIBRIO-HARVEYI; NORTHERN AUSTRALIA; ALGINOLYTICUS; INFECTION; DISEASES; ISLANDS; TISSUES; BLOOD AB Past studies of free-ranging green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in Hawaii have shown that animals become immunosuppressed with increasing severity of this disease. Additionally, preliminary clinical examination of moribund turtles with FP revealed that some animals were also bacteraemic. We tested the hypothesis that bacteraemia in sea turtles is associated with the severity of FP. We captured free-ranging green turtles from areas in Hawaii where FP is absent, and areas where FP has been endemic since the late 1950s. Each turtle was given an FP severity score ranging from 0 (no tumours) to 3 (severely affected). A fifth category included turtles that were stranded ashore and moribund with FP. We found that the percentage of turtles with bacteraemia increased with the severity of FP, and that the majority of bacteria cultured were Vibrio spp. Turtles with severe FP were more susceptible to bactaeremia, probably in, part due to immunosuppression. The pattern of bacteraemia in relation to severity of disease strengthens the hypothesis that immunosuppression is a sequel to FP. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Makai Anim Clin, Kailua, HI 96734 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM thierry_work@usgs.gov RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 43 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JAN 22 PY 2003 VL 53 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.3354/dao053041 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 658FT UT WOS:000181711500006 PM 12608567 ER PT J AU Shearer, PM Hardebeck, JL Astiz, L Richards-Dinger, KB AF Shearer, PM Hardebeck, JL Astiz, L Richards-Dinger, KB TI Analysis of similar event clusters in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Northridge earthquake; similar event clusters ID WAVE-FORM SIMILARITY; NORTHERN HAYWARD FAULT; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TRANSVERSE RANGES; FOCAL MECHANISMS; MICROEARTHQUAKE CLUSTERS; LOS-ANGELES; LOCATIONS; SEQUENCE AB [1] We perform waveform cross-correlation on over 14,000 aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge M-W 6.7 earthquake in southern California as recorded by short-period stations of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN). Approximately 10-30% of the events belong to similar event clusters, depending upon the similarity criteria that are applied. We relocate events within 218 of these clusters to a relative location accuracy of about 30 m using the differential times obtained from the cross-correlation. These relocated event clusters often show planar features suggestive of faults at depth, and we apply principal parameter analysis to characterize the shape of each cluster and to compute best fitting planes. In several cases, these planes are parallel to the main shock fault plane; however, more generally, the seismicity planes exhibit a wide range of orientations, suggesting complexity in the aftershock faulting. Composite focal mechanisms can be obtained for each cluster by combining the P polarity data from individual events. A comparison of polarity measurement differences within similar event clusters provides constraints on the error rate in the individual focal mechanisms. For some clusters, we are able to resolve the primary versus auxiliary fault plane ambiguity by comparing the computed focal mechanisms with the best fitting seismicity planes. Individual event focal mechanisms are in general agreement with the composite focal mechanisms for the similar event clusters. Events occurring along the main shock rupture plane are mainly thrust, whereas events in the hanging wall are predominately strike-slip. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. CTBTO, Vienna, Austria. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Shearer, PM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM pshearer@ucsd.edu; jeanne@mahi.ucsd.edu; Luciana.Astiz@ctbto.org; Richards-DingerKB@navair.navy.mil RI Shearer, Peter/K-5247-2012 OI Shearer, Peter/0000-0002-2992-7630 NR 53 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 22 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2035 DI 10.1029/2001JB000685 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 660JP UT WOS:000181830300001 ER PT J AU Binkley, D Olsson, U Rochelle, R Stohlgren, T Nikolov, N AF Binkley, D Olsson, U Rochelle, R Stohlgren, T Nikolov, N TI Structure, production and resource use in some old-growth spruce/fir forests in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE conifer forests; net primary production; resource gradient ID ENGELMANN SPRUCE; LODGEPOLE PINE; LEAF-AREA; BIOMASS; AVAILABILITY; EFFICIENCY; COLORADO AB Old-growth forests of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) dominate much of the landscape of the Rocky Mountains. We characterized the structure, biomass and production of 18 old-growth (200-450-year-old) spruce/fir forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, as well as the stand-level supply and use of light and nitrogen. Stands were chosen to span a broad,range of elevation, aspect, and topography. Aboveground tree biomass in these old-growth forests averaged 253 Mg/ha (range 130-488 Mg/ha), with aboveground net primary production of 3700 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) (range from 2700 to 5200 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). Within stands, trees >35 cm in diameter accounted for 70% of aboveground biomass, but trees <35 cm contributed 70% of the production of woody biomass. Differences in slope and aspect among sites resulted in a range of incoming light from 58 to 74 TJ ha(-1) yr(-1), and tree canopies intercepted an average of 71% of incoming light (range 50-90%). Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of trees did not relate to the supply of light or N, but ANPP correlated strongly with the amount of light and N used (r(2) = 0.45-0.54, P < 0.01). Uptake of 1 kg of N was associated with about 260 kg of ANPP, and one TJ of intercepted shortwave radiation produced about 78 kg of ANPP Across these old-growth stands, stands with greater biomass showed higher rates of both ANPP and resource use; variation in aboveground biomass was associated with 24% of the variation in N use (P = 0.04), 44% of the light use (P = 0.003), and 45% of the ANPP (P = 0.002). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, USGS, Biol Res Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. N&T Serv, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Binkley, D (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dan@cnr.colostate.edu NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JAN 20 PY 2003 VL 172 IS 2-3 BP 271 EP 279 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00794-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00794-0 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 635HN UT WOS:000180393600012 ER PT J AU Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Ferrer, I Rutherford, DW Wershaw, RL Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR AF Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Ferrer, I Rutherford, DW Wershaw, RL Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR TI Photodegradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE photodegradation; roxarsone; leachates ID OXIDATION; PHOTOLYSIS; IRON AB Arsenic compounds have been used extensively in agriculture in the US for applications ranging from cotton herbicides to animal feed supplements. Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid), in particular, is used widely in poultry production to control coccidial intestinal parasites. It is excreted unchanged in the manure and introduced into the environment when litter is applied to farmland as fertilizer., Although the toxicity of roxarsone is less than that of inorganic arsenic, roxarsone can degrade, biotically and abiotically, to produce more toxic inorganic forms of arsenic, such as arsenite and arsenate. Experiments were conducted on aqueous litter leachates to test the stability of roxarsone under. different conditions. Laboratory experiments have shown that arsenite can be cleaved photolytically from the roxarsone moiety at pH 4-8 and that the degradation rate increases with increasing pH. Furthermore, the rate of photodegradation increases with nitrate and natural organic matter concentration, reactants that are commonly found in poultry-litter-water leachates. Additional photochemical reactions rapidly oxidize the cleaved arsenite to arsenate. The formation of arsenate is not entirely undesirable, because it is less mobile in soil systems and less toxic than arsenite. A possible mechanism for the degradation of roxarsone in poultry litter leachates is proposed. The results suggest that poultry litter storage and field application practices could affect the degradation of roxarsone and subsequent mobilization of inorganic arsenic species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Garbarino, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008; OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851; ranville, james/0000-0002-4347-4885 NR 22 TC 92 Z9 105 U1 4 U2 65 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JAN 20 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 1-3 BP 237 EP 245 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00322-4 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00322-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 642DC UT WOS:000180788100019 PM 12526912 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, S Goff, F Janik, CJ Evans, WC Counce, DA Sorey, ML Ingebritsen, SE AF Hurwitz, S Goff, F Janik, CJ Evans, WC Counce, DA Sorey, ML Ingebritsen, SE TI Mixing of magmatic volatiles with groundwater and interaction with basalt on the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Kilauea Volcano; magmatic volatiles; groundwater chemistry; water-rock interaction; hydrothermal system; mass transport ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; EAST RIFT-ZONE; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LOOWIT CANYON; WATERS; USA; HYDROGEN; TRITIUM AB [1] We interpret new chemical and isotopic data from samples collected between October 1998 and March 2002 from the NSF well ( also called the Keller well), the only deep well on the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Sample collection followed cleaning of the well, which renewed access to the hydrothermal system very close to the loci of magmatic and fumarolic activity. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the new samples differ remarkably from data published previously. On the basis of the S/Cl ratio and carbon and helium isotopes we conclude that the thermal fluids formed by condensation of magmatic gas into shallow meteoric groundwater. Gas condensation was followed by a complex pattern of basalt dissolution accompanied by an increase of fluid pH and precipitation of secondary minerals. Geochemical modeling and geothermometry imply that the fluids equilibrated with an assemblage of secondary minerals at temperatures between 90 and 140 degreesC. The significantly different chemical composition of the NSF well fluids from that of springs along the southern coast of the island indicates that mass transport from the summit region toward the lower flanks of the volcano is limited. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geol Geochem Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hurwitz, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM shaul@usgs.gov RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 75 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 18 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2028 DI 10.1029/2001JB001594 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 659WE UT WOS:000181799800005 ER PT J AU Wang, K Wells, R Mazzotti, S Hyndman, RD Sagiya, T AF Wang, K Wells, R Mazzotti, S Hyndman, RD Sagiya, T TI A revised dislocation model of interseismic deformation of the Cascadia subduction zone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE cascadia subduction zone; interseismic deformation; GPS; elastic dislocation; interplate earthquake ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; TIDAL MARSH STRATIGRAPHY; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; NORTH-AMERICA MOTION; DE-FUCA PLATE; FORE-ARC; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; VANCOUVER-ISLAND AB [1] CAS3D-2, a new three-dimensional (3-D) dislocation model, is developed to model interseismic deformation rates at the Cascadia subduction zone. The model is considered a snapshot description of the deformation field that changes with time. The effect of northward secular motion of the central and southern Cascadia forearc sliver is subtracted to obtain the effective convergence between the subducting plate and the forearc. Horizontal deformation data, including strain rates and surface velocities from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, provide primary geodetic constraints, but uplift rate data from tide gauges and leveling also provide important validations for the model. A locked zone, based on the results of previous thermal models constrained by heat flow observations, is located entirely offshore beneath the continental slope. Similar to previous dislocation models, an effective zone of downdip transition from locking to full slip is used, but the slip deficit rate is assumed to decrease exponentially with downdip distance. The exponential function resolves the problem of overpredicting coastal GPS velocities and underpredicting inland velocities by previous models that used a linear downdip transition. A wide effective transition zone (ETZ) partially accounts for stress relaxation in the mantle wedge that cannot be simulated by the elastic model. The pattern of coseismic deformation is expected to be different from that of interseismic deformation at present, 300 years after the last great subduction earthquake. The downdip transition from full rupture to no slip should take place over a much narrower zone. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Geog Survey Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Wang, K (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. EM wang@pgc.nrcan.gc.ca RI Mazzotti, Stephane/H-3928-2016 NR 57 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 18 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2026 DI 10.1029/2001JB001227 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 659WE UT WOS:000181799800004 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Lachenbruch, AH AF Savage, JC Lachenbruch, AH TI Consequences of viscous drag beneath a transform fault SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE transform fault; viscous drag; lithosphere self heating; crustal modeling ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; SHEAR ZONES; EARTHQUAKE; FLOW; LITHOSPHERE; STRESS AB [1] A transform fault is modeled as a vertical cut through an elastic layer (schizosphere) of thickness H overlying a viscous substrate ( plastosphere). We consider a steady transform motion accommodated in the schizosphere wholly by slip on the fault and in the plastosphere, insofar as possible, by viscous flow. For the case where the viscosity in the plastosphere is strain rate dependent but independent of temperature, the velocity solution in the plastosphere is Vtheta/pi, where V is the slip rate on the fault in the schizosphere and r and theta are the cylindrical coordinates with the origin at the bottom of the fault. The viscous stress is singular at the bottom of the fault (r = 0) and exceeds the brittle ( frictional) strength for r < r(0), where r = r(0)(theta) defines the brittle-ductile boundary in the plastosphere. Then the transform motion V theta/pi in the plastosphere is accommodated by pervasive Coulomb failure (granular flow) for r < r(0) and by viscous flow for r > r(0). Equating the brittle strength to the viscous stress defines the brittle-ductile boundary r(0) in the plastosphere as a function of H and viscosity. The additional condition that r(0) must be small allows the viscosity to be estimated from H. For small r, the temperature-independent solution is a valid approximation to the temperature-dependent solution, and the relation between viscosity and H should remain valid. From the temperature-independent model, we estimate that self-heating due to dissipation in the plastosphere for reasonable Earth parameters is less than similar to20 degreesC. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jasavage@usgs.gov; alachenbruch@usgs.gov NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2025 DI 10.1029/2001JB000711 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 659WD UT WOS:000181799700001 ER PT J AU Tiedeman, CR Hill, MC D'Agnese, FA Faunt, CC AF Tiedeman, CR Hill, MC D'Agnese, FA Faunt, CC TI Methods for using groundwater model predictions to guide hydrogeologic data collection, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE prediction uncertainty; sensitivities; correlation; value of information; data worth; advective transport ID NETWORK DESIGN; UNCERTAINTY; WATER; QUANTIFICATION; CALIBRATION; INFORMATION; FLUX AB [1] Calibrated models of groundwater systems can provide substantial information for guiding data collection. This work considers using such models to guide hydrogeologic data collection for improving model predictions by identifying model parameters that are most important to the predictions. Identification of these important parameters can help guide collection of field data about parameter values and associated flow system features and can lead to improved predictions. Methods for identifying parameters important to predictions include prediction scaled sensitivities (PSS), which account for uncertainty on individual parameters as well as prediction sensitivity to parameters, and a new "value of improved information'' (VOII) method presented here, which includes the effects of parameter correlation in addition to individual parameter uncertainty and prediction sensitivity. In this work, the PSS and VOII methods are demonstrated and evaluated using a model of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system. The predictions of interest are advective transport paths originating at sites of past underground nuclear testing. Results show that for two paths evaluated the most important parameters include a subset of five or six of the 23 defined model parameters. Some of the parameters identified as most important are associated with flow system attributes that do not lie in the immediate vicinity of the paths. Results also indicate that the PSS and VOII methods can identify different important parameters. Because the methods emphasize somewhat different criteria for parameter importance, it is suggested that parameters identified by both methods be carefully considered in subsequent data collection efforts aimed at improving model predictions. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Tiedeman, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tiedeman@usgs.gov; mchill@usgs.gov; fadagnes@usgs.gov; ccfaunt@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN 17 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 AR 1010 DI 10.1029/2001WR001255 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 660DX UT WOS:000181819500001 ER PT J AU Xu, F Vidale, JE Earle, PS AF Xu, F Vidale, JE Earle, PS TI Survey of precursors to P ' P ': Fine structure of mantle discontinuities SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE seismology; reflection; mantle; discontinuities ID 660-KM SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY; SYSTEM MG2SIO4-FE2SIO4; TRANSITION ZONE; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE; SUBDUCTION ZONES; MODIFIED SPINEL; TOPOGRAPHY; OLIVINE; BENEATH; REFLECTIONS AB [1] The jumps in seismic velocity and density near 410- and 660-km depths have been postulated to mark phase changes in a locally, chemically homogeneous mantle. Seismic estimates of upper mantle discontinuity thickness and lateral variability have varied, posing difficulties for assessing models with chemical and phase transition layering. Observations of underside high-frequency (similar to1 Hz) P wave reflections from the 410- and 660-km discontinuity that precede the P'P' phase provide unique constraints on the physical properties of these dynamically critical features. We have collected high-quality recordings of P'P' and its precursors from three sources: the California Seismic Network, the Large Aperture Seismic Array in Montana, and the Global Seismic Network. The array and regional network data have great sensitivity to weak P'P' precursors, whereas the global network recordings have good geographical distribution of bounce points. The only consistently observed reflections originate from depths near 410 km and 660 km. The reflector observed near 520-km depth with longer period waves, which has been interpreted as the olivine beta-gamma phase transition, is too small in impedance contrast or too thick to reflect 1-Hz P waves. Data from all three networks indicate that the 1-Hz P waves from the "660'' are bigger than those from the "410.'' Although large variability in P'P' and its precursors' amplitudes prevents strong conclusions, we show that the P'P' precursor amplitudes, travel time dispersion, and frequency content are consistent with a sharp (less than or equal to2 km) 660 and a more diffuse 410, consistent with mineral physics predictions. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Xu, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM fxu@moho.ess.ucla.edu; vidale@ucla.edu; pearle@usgs.gov RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 16 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2024 DI 10.1029/2001JB000817 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 659WB UT WOS:000181799500004 ER PT J AU Miklius, A Cervelli, P AF Miklius, A Cervelli, P TI Vulcanology: Interaction between Kilauea and Mauna Loa - Last year witnessed an unexpected communication between this pair of volcanoes. SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID HAWAIIAN VOLCANOS; MAGMA C1 US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Miklius, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 6 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 16 PY 2003 VL 421 IS 6920 BP 229 EP 229 DI 10.1038/421229a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 635KG UT WOS:000180397600034 PM 12529631 ER PT J AU Croue, JP Benedetti, MF Violleau, D Leenheer, JA AF Croue, JP Benedetti, MF Violleau, D Leenheer, JA TI Characterization and copper binding of humic and nonhumic organic matter isolated from the South Platte River: Evidence for the presence of nitrogenous binding site SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ION-BINDING; PREPARATIVE ISOLATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SUWANNEE-RIVER; NATURAL-WATERS; FULVIC-ACID; SUBSTANCES; SPECTROMETRY; COMPLEXATION; CONFLUENCE AB Humic substances typically constitute 40-60% of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters. However, little information is available regarding the metal binding properties of the nonhumic hydrophilic portion of the DOM. In this study, humic and nonhumic DOM samples were isolated from the South Platte River (Colorado, DOC = 2.6 mg.L-1, SUVA(254) = 2.4 L/mg.m) using a two-column array of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins. The three major isolated fractions of DOM, which accounted for 57% of the bulkDOM,were characterized using a variety of analytical tools. Proton and copper binding properties were studied for each fraction. The main objective of this work was to compare the structural and chemical characteristics of the isolated fractions and test models describing DOM reactivity toward metal ions. The characterization work showed significant structural differences between the three isolated fractions of DOM. The hydrophobic acid fraction (i.e., humic substances isolated from the XAD-8 resin) gave the largest C/H, C/O, and C/N ratios and aromatic carbon content among the three isolated fractions. The transphilic acid (TPHA) fraction ("transphilic" meaning fraction of intermediate polarity isolated from the XAD-4 resin) was found to incorporate the highest proportion of polysaccharides, whereas the transphilic neutral (TPHN) fraction was almost entirely proteinaceous. The gradual increase of the charge with pH for the three DOM fractions is most likely caused by a large distribution of proton affinity constants for the carboxylic groups, as well as a second type of group more generally considered to be phenolic. In the case of the DOM fraction enriched in proteinaceous material (i.e., TPHN fraction), the results showed that the amino groups are responsible for the charge reversal. For low copper concentrations, nitrogen-containing functional groups similar to those of amino acids are likely to be involved in complexation, in agreement with previously published data. C1 Univ Poitiers, CNRS,UMR 6008, Lab Chim Eau & Environm, ESIP, F-86022 Poitiers, France. Univ Paris 06, CNRS,UMR 7047, Lab Geochim & Met, UPMC Case 124, F-75252 Paris 05, France. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Croue, JP (reprint author), Univ Poitiers, CNRS,UMR 6008, Lab Chim Eau & Environm, ESIP, 40 Ave Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France. RI Benedetti, Marc/A-5463-2011 OI Benedetti, Marc/0000-0003-1075-8205 NR 38 TC 172 Z9 189 U1 7 U2 215 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 2 BP 328 EP 336 DI 10.1021/es020676p PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 637FT UT WOS:000180501500018 PM 12564905 ER PT J AU Chouet, B Dawson, P Ohminato, T Martini, M Saccorotti, G Giudicepietro, F De Luca, G Milana, G Scarpa, R AF Chouet, B Dawson, P Ohminato, T Martini, M Saccorotti, G Giudicepietro, F De Luca, G Milana, G Scarpa, R TI Source mechanisms of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, determined from moment-tensor inversions of very-long-period data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE very-long-period seismicity; moment tensor inversions; eruption mehanics ID COMPLEX BODY WAVES; MOUNT ST-HELENS; BUBBLE DYNAMICS; SINGLE FORCE; ASO-VOLCANO; AIR WAVES; JAPAN; TREMOR; ERUPTIONS; SIGNALS AB [1] Seismic data recorded in the 2-30 s band at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, are analyzed to quantify the source mechanisms of Strombolian explosions during September 1997. To determine the source-centroid location and source mechanism, we minimize the residual error between data and synthetics calculated by the finite difference method for a point source embedded in a homogeneous elastic medium that takes topography into account. Two source centroids are identified, each representative of the distinct event types associated with explosive eruptions from two different vents. The observed waveforms are well reproduced by our inversion, and the two source centroids that best fit the data are offset 220 and 260 m beneath and similar to160 m northwest of the active vents. The source mechanisms include both moment-tensor and single-force components. The principal axes of the moment tensor have amplitude ratios 1: 1: 2, which can be interpreted as representative of a crack, if one assumes the rock matrix at the source to have a Poisson ratio nu = 1/3, a value appropriate for hot rock. Both imaged cracks dip similar to60degrees to the northwest and strike northeast-southwest along a direction parallel to the elongation of the volcanic edifice and a prominent zone of structural weakness, as expressed by lineaments, dikes, and brittle structures. For our data set, the volume changes estimated from the moments are similar to200 m(3) for the largest explosion from each vent. Together with the volumetric source is a dominantly vertical force with a magnitude of 10(8) N, consistent with the inferred movement of the magma column perched above the source centroid in response to the piston-like rise of a slug of gas in the conduit. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Osservatario Vesuviano, Naples, Italy. Serv Sism Nazl, Rome, Italy. Univ Salerno, I-84100 Salerno, Italy. RP Chouet, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM chouet@usgs.gov; dawson@usgs.gov RI Giudicepietro, Flora/I-5387-2015 OI Giudicepietro, Flora/0000-0001-6198-8655 NR 58 TC 190 Z9 190 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B1 AR 2019 DI 10.1029/2002JB001919 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 659WA UT WOS:000181799400001 ER PT J AU Rees, CB McCormick, SD Vanden Heuvel, JP Li, WM AF Rees, CB McCormick, SD Vanden Heuvel, JP Li, WM TI Quantitative PCR analysis of CYP1A induction in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic salmon; p450; CYP1A; induction; quantitative PCR ID FISH FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; CYTOCHROME P4501A CYP1A; COMPETITIVE RT-PCR; MESSENGER-RNA; RAINBOW-TROUT; BETA-NAPHTHOFLAVONE; STENOTOMUS-CHRYSOPS; EXPRESSION; EXPOSURE AB Environmental pollutants are hypothesized to be one of the causes of recent declines in wild populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across Eastern Canada and the United States. Some of these pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins, are known to induce expression of the CYP1A subfamily of genes. We applied a highly sensitive technique, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for measuring the levels of CYP1A induction in Atlantic salmon. This assay was used to detect patterns of CYP1A mRNA levels, a direct measure of CYP1A expression, in Atlantic salmon exposed to pollutants under both laboratory and field conditions. Two groups of salmon were acclimated to 11 and 17 degreesC, respectively. Each subject then received an intraperitoneal injection (50 mg kg (-1)) of either beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) in corn oil (10 mg BNF ml(-1) corn oil) or corn oil alone. After 48 h, salmon gill, kidney, liver, and brain were collected for RNA isolation and analysis. All tissues showed induction of CYP1A by BNF. The highest base level of CYP1A expression (2.56 x 10(10) molecules/ mug RNA) was found in gill tissue. Kidney had the highest mean induction at five orders of magnitude while gill tissue showed the lowest mean induction at two orders of magnitude. The quantitative RT-PCR was also applied to salmon sampled from two streams in Massachusetts, USA. Salmon liver and gill tissue sampled from Millers River (South Royalston, Worcester County), known to contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), showed on average a two orders of magnitude induction over those collected from a stream with no known contamination (Fourmile Brook, Northfield, Franklin County). Overall, the data show CYP1A exists and is inducible in Atlantic salmon gill, brain, kidney, and liver tissue. In addition, the results obtained demonstrate that quantitative PCR analysis of CYP1A expression is useful in studying ecotoxicity in populations of Atlantic salmon in the wild. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Fall, MA 01376 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Li, WM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 13 Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI li, weiming /E-4652-2011; Li, Weiming /D-9615-2013 OI Li, Weiming /0000-0001-5437-1518 NR 46 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN 10 PY 2003 VL 62 IS 1 BP 67 EP 78 AR PII S0166-445X(02)00062-0 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 630ZE UT WOS:000180141000007 ER PT J AU Studinger, M Bell, RE Karner, GD Tikku, AA Holt, JW Morse, DL Richter, TG Kempf, SD Peters, ME Blankenship, DD Sweeney, RE Rystrom, VL AF Studinger, M Bell, RE Karner, GD Tikku, AA Holt, JW Morse, DL Richter, TG Kempf, SD Peters, ME Blankenship, DD Sweeney, RE Rystrom, VL TI Ice cover, landscape setting, and geological framework of Lake Vostok, East Antarctica SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Lake Vostok; East Antarctica; airborne geophysics; gravity; magnetics; tectonics ID WATER EXCHANGE; ACCRETED ICE; RIFT SYSTEM; HEAT-FLOW; SHEET; CONSTRAINTS; CONTINENTS; ISOTOPES; BENEATH; MODEL AB Lake Vostok, located beneath more than 4 km of ice in the middle of East Antarctica, is a unique subglacial habitat and may contain microorganisms with distinct adaptations to such an extreme environment. Melting and freezing at the base of the ice sheet, which slowly flows across the lake, controls the flux of water, biota and sediment particles through the lake. The influx of thermal energy, however, is limited to contributions from below. Thus the geological origin of Lake Vostok is a critical boundary condition for the subglacial ecosystem. We present the first comprehensive maps of ice surface, ice thickness and subglacial topography around Lake Vostok. The ice flow across the lake and the landscape setting are closely linked to the geological origin of Lake Vostok. Our data show that Lake Vostok is located along a major geological boundary. Magnetic and gravity data are distinct east and west of the lake, as is the roughness of the subglacial topography. The physiographic setting of the lake has important consequences for the ice flow and thus the melting and freezing pattern and the lake's circulation. Lake Vostok is a tectonically controlled subglacial lake. The tectonic processes provided the space for a unique habitat and recent minor tectonic activity could have the potential to introduce small, but significant amounts of thermal energy into the lake. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, POB 1000, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM mstuding@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Holt, John/C-4896-2009; Blankenship, Donald/G-5935-2010 NR 41 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN 10 PY 2003 VL 205 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 210 AR PII S0012-821X(02)01041-5 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01041-5 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 640JN UT WOS:000180685600007 ER PT J AU Huang, C Townshend, JRG AF Huang, C Townshend, JRG TI A stepwise regression tree for nonlinear approximation: applications to estimating subpixel land cover SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID FOREST COVER; AVHRR DATA; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; MIXING MODELS; CLASSIFICATION; VEGETATION; IMAGES; PROPORTIONS; CANOPY AB A stepwise regression tree (SRT) algorithm was developed for approximating complex nonlinear relationships. Based on the regression tree of Breiman et al. (BRT) and a stepwise linear regression (SLR) method, this algorithm represents an improvement over SLR in that it can approximate nonlinear relationships and over BRT in that it gives more realistic predictions. The applicability of this method to estimating subpixel forest was demonstrated using three test data sets, on all of which it gave more accurate predictions than SLR and BRT. SRT also generated more compact trees and performed better than or at least as well as BRT at all 10 equal forest proportion interval ranging from 0 to 100%. This method is appealing to estimating subpixel land cover over large areas. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Huang, C (reprint author), USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 31 TC 63 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JAN 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 1 BP 75 EP 90 DI 10.1080/01431160110115032 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 639JK UT WOS:000180624800006 ER PT J AU Griffith, JA Stehman, SV Sohl, TL Loveland, TR AF Griffith, JA Stehman, SV Sohl, TL Loveland, TR TI Detecting trends in landscape pattern metrics over a 20-year period using a sampling-based monitoring programme SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; WETLANDS AB Temporal trends in landscape pattern metrics describing texture, patch shape and patch size were evaluated in the US Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Ecoregion. The landscape pattern metrics were calculated for a sample of land use/cover data obtained for four points in time from 1973-1992. The multiple sampling dates permit evaluation of trend, whereas availability of only two sampling dates allows only evaluation of change. Observed statistically significant trends in the landscape pattern metrics demonstrated that the sampling-based monitoring protocol was able to detect a trend toward a more fine-grained landscape in this ecoregion. This sampling and analysis protocol is being extended spatially to the remaining 83 ecoregions in the US and temporally to the year 2000 to provide a national and regional synthesis of the temporal and spatial dynamics of landscape pattern covering the period 1973-2000. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Geog, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Raytheon ITSS Corp, EROS Data Ctr, US Geol Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Griffith, JA (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Geog, Box 5051, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RI Griffith, Jerry/C-1119-2009; OI Sohl, Terry/0000-0002-9771-4231 NR 9 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JAN 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 1 BP 175 EP 181 DI 10.1080/0143116021000018336 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 639JK UT WOS:000180624800014 ER EF