FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Hart, CJR Mair, JL Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI AF Hart, CJR Mair, JL Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI TI Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH-EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Hutton Symposium on Origin of Granites and Related Rocks CY SEP, 2003 CL Toyohashi, JAPAN DE gold; granites; metallogeny; oxidation state; petrogenesis; tungsten; Yukon ID I-TYPE GRANITES; NORTHWEST TERRITORIES; GOLD MINERALIZATION; EASTERN AUSTRALIA; MAGMATIC SYSTEMS; SKARN; ROCKS; ND; TEMPERATURE; DEPOSITS AB The Tombstone, Mayo and Tungsten plutonic suites of granitic intrusions, collectively termed the Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, form three geographically, mineralogically, geochemically and metallogenically distinct plutonic suites. The granites (sensu lato) intruded the ancient North American continental margin of the northern Canadian Cordillera as part of a single magmatic episode in the mid-Cretaceous (96-90 Ma). The Tombstone Suite is alkalic, variably fractionated, slightly oxidised, contains magnetite and titanite, and has primary, but no xenocrystic, zircon. The Mayo Suite is sub-alkalic, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, fractionated, but with early felsic and late mafic phases, moderately reduced with titanite dominant, and has xenocrystic zircon. The Tungsten Suite is peraluminous, entirely felsic, more highly fractionated, reduced with ilmenite dominant, and has abundant xenocrystic zircon. Each suite has a distinctive petrogenesis. The Tombstone Suite was derived from an enriched, previously depleted lithospheric mantle, the Tungsten Suite is from the continental crust including, but not dominated by, carbonaceous pelitic rocks, and the Mayo Suite is from a similar sedimentary crustal source, but is mixed with a distinct mafic component from an enriched mantle source. Each suite has a distinctive metallogeny that is related to the source and redox characteristics of the magma. The Tombstone Suite has a Au-Cu-Bi association that is characteristic of most oxidised and alkalic magmas, but also has associated, and enigmatic, U-Th-F mineralisation. The reduced Tungsten Suite intrusions are characterised by world-class tungsten skarn deposits with less significant Cu, Zn, Sn and Mo anomalies. The Mayo Suite intrusions are characteristically gold-enriched, with associated As, Bi, Te and W associations. All suites also have associated, but distal and lower temperature Ag-Pb- and Sb-rich mineral occurrences. Although processes such as fractionation, volatile enrichment and phase separation are ultimately required to produce economic concentrations of ore elements from crystallising magmas, the nature of the source materials and their redox state play an important role in determining which elements are effectively concentrated by magmatic processes. C1 Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. Yukon Geol Survey, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hart, CJR (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. EM craig.hart@gov.yk.ca NR 99 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC EDINBURGH PI EDINBURGH PA 22-24 GEORGE ST, EDINBURGH EH2 2PQ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0263-5933 J9 T ROY SOC EDIN-EARTH JI Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.-Earth Sci. PY 2004 VL 95 BP 339 EP 356 PN 1-2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 908RU UT WOS:000227808300027 ER PT S AU Bangs, EE Fontaine, J Meier, T Niemeyer, C Jimenez, M Smith, D Mack, C Asher V Handegard, L Collinge, M Krischke, R Sime, C Nadeau, S Moody, D AF Bangs, EE Fontaine, J Meier, T Niemeyer, C Jimenez, M Smith, D Mack, C Asher, V Handegard, L Collinge, M Krischke, R Sime, C Nadeau, S Moody, D BE Rahm, J TI Restoration and conflict management of the gray wolf in Montana, Idaho and Wyoming SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-NINTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 69th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY MAR 16-20, 2004 CL Spokane, WA SP Nat Conservancy, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, US Geol Survey, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Bureau Reclamat, Boone & Crockett Club, US Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, Recreat Boating & Fishing Fdn, Conservat Fund, Theodore Roosevelt Conservat Partership Inc, Wildlife Soc, Fed Cartridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Natl Rifle Assoc, Congress Sportsmen Fdn, fari Club Int ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; NORTH-AMERICA; WOLVES; REINTRODUCTION; CONSERVATION C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Helena, MT USA. RP Bangs, EE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Helena, MT USA. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2004 VL 69 BP 89 EP 105 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BBT19 UT WOS:000227670300009 ER PT S AU Moskovits, DK Fialkowski, C Mueller, GM Sullivan, TA Rogner, J McCance, E AF Moskovits, DK Fialkowski, C Mueller, GM Sullivan, TA Rogner, J McCance, E BE AlfsenNorodom, C Lane, BD Corry, M TI Chicago wilderness - A new force in urban conservation SO URBAN BIOSPHERE AND SOCIETY: PARTNERSHIP OF CITIES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Urban Biosphere and Society - Partnership of Cities CY OCT 29-30, 2003 CL New York Acad Sci, New York, NY SP Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, UNESCO HO New York Acad Sci DE Chicago Wilderness; urban landscape; biodiversity; education; natural resources management; sustainability AB In 1996, a coalition of diverse and determined organizations launched a new initiative in the Chicago region. Our vision? Chicago Wilderness: a thriving mosaic of natural areas, connected by greenways and wildlife corridors, embedded in the nation's third largest metropolis. In this vision, the region's human communities reclaim a cultural tradition of protecting and restoring the globally outstanding natural communities that enrich our lives. Today, more than 170 organizations join forces to transform this vision into reality. A regional biodiversity recovery plan, the result of 3 years of assessment and planning by scientists, land managers, educators, and policy strategists, sets priorities and determines the lines of action for the coalition. This regional agenda stems from our vision and recovery goals for each ecological community; it encourages targeted research initiatives that focus on characterizing our native biological diversity and on analyzing elements critical to its recovery. Ultimately, though, the long-term survival of our natural wealth rests on the support from the public. Although the challenges to conservation educators and communicators are many, Chicago Wilderness allows us to work together in understanding our audiences, channeling our resources, and creating novel approaches to engage the widest public in our conservation efforts. C1 Chicago Wildernes, Conservat Program, Chicago, IL 60603 USA. Field Museum Nat Hist, Environm & Conservat Program, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zool Soc, Conservat Program, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Barrington, IL 60010 USA. RP McCance, E (reprint author), Chicago Wildernes, Conservat Program, 8 S Michigan,Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60603 USA. EM emccance@chicagowildemess.org NR 10 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 19 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-553-2 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2004 VL 1023 BP 215 EP 236 DI 10.1196/annals.1319.011 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Urban Studies GA BAN79 UT WOS:000223006800013 PM 15253908 ER PT J AU Wakkinen, WL Kasworm, WF AF Wakkinen, WL Kasworm, WF TI Demographics and population trends of grizzly bears in the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk ecosystems of British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, and Washington SO URSUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Small Populations of Grizzly Bears in the United States and Canada Transborder Region CY DEC 02-04, 2002 CL Sandpoint, ID SP Natl Wildlife Federat, US Forest Serv, Wilburforce Fdn, Wildlife Soc, Wildlife Soc, NW Sect, Int Assoc Bear Res & Management, US Fish & Game, Washington Dept Fish & Wukdlife, Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, BC Habitat Conservat Trust Fund, Bear Trust Int DE British Columbia; Cabinet-Yaak; grizzly bear; Idaho; Montana; mortality; population trend; reproduction; Selkirks; survival; Ursus arctos; Washington ID SURVIVAL RATES; REPRODUCTION; MORTALITY; MOUNTAINS; AGE AB We summarize and report survival and cause-specific mortality of grizzly bearsin the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk Mountains recovery zones from 1983-2002 to examine effects on the populations. Fifty-four percent of total known mortality in the Cabinet-Yaak was human-caused (n=28) and 80% of total known mortality in the Selkirk Mountains was human-caused (n=40). We investigated demographic values of 53 and 61 radiocollared grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and attendant offspring in the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk Mountains recovery zones, respectivelyfrom 1983-2002. Nineteen mortalities of radiocollared animals or offspring were detected in the Cabinet-Yaak sample and 20 in the Selkirk Mountains. Estimated survival rates were 0.929 (95% CI=0.091) for adult females, 0.847 (95% CI=0.153) for adult males, 0.771 (95% CI=0.208) for subadult females, 0.750 (95% CI=0.520) for subadult males, 0.875 (95% CI=0.231) for yearlings, and 0.679 (95% CI=0.179) for cubs in the Cabinet-Yaak. Estimated survival rates for the Selkirk Mountains were 0.936 (95% CI=0.064) for adult females, 0.908 (95% CI=0.102) for adult males, 0.900 (95% CI=0.197) for subadult females, 0.765 (95% CI=0.176) for subadult males, 0.784 (95% CI=0.178) for yearlings, and 0.875 (95% CI=0.125) for cubs. Reproductive rates were 0.291 and 0.284 female cubs/ year/adult female for the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk Mountains recovery zones, respectfully. The annual exponential rate of increase (r) was -0.037 for the Cabinet-Yaak recovery zone and 0.018 for the Selkirk Mountains. C1 Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Libby, MT 59923 USA. RP Wakkinen, WL (reprint author), Idaho Dept Fish & Game, HCR 85 Box 323J, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805 USA. EM wakkinen@coldreams.com; Wayne_Kasworm@fws.gov NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA C/O TERRY WHITE, UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT FORESTRY, WILDLIFE & FISHERIES, PO BOX 1071, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901-1071 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 65 EP 75 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0065:DAPTOG>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 911DQ UT WOS:000227982300009 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Merrill, T AF Mattson, DJ Merrill, T TI A model-based appraisal of habitat conditions for grizzly bears in the Cabinet-Yaak region of Montana and Idaho SO URSUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Small Populations of Grizzly Bears in the United States and Canada Transborder Region CY DEC 02-04, 2002 CL Sandpoint, ID SP Natl Wildlife Federat, US Forest Serv, Wilburforce Fdn, Wildlife Soc, Wildlife Soc, NW Sect, Int Assoc Bear Res & Management, US Fish & Game, Washington Dept Fish & Wukdlife, Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, BC Habitat Conservat Trust Fund, Bear Trust Int DE Cabinet-Yaak; density; grizzly bear; habitat; suitability; Montana; Ursus arctos ID MINIMUM VIABLE POPULATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; BLACK BEARS; YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM; URSUS-ARCTOS; MORTALITY; CONSERVATION; WASHINGTON; MOUNTAINS; RATES AB We used a broad-scale model based on observations of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) or their sign, calibrated to reported putative death rate, to appraise current habitat conditions in the Cabinet-Yaak region of Montana. Habitat capability (i.e., potential grizzly bear densities) and regional human population sizes had the greatest effects in this model. We predicted the effects of (1) human population increases (+150% anticipated by 2023), (2) changes in lethality of humans (i.e., the probability that a human would kill a bear given an encounter), and (3) differences in the ratio of unknown to known bear deaths on the extent and location of potential source areas. We predicted densities of 1.0 and 2.1 grizzly bears/100 km2 with and without human impacts, respectively. Under our baseline scenario (3% sustainable mortality and 1:1 ratio of unknown to known bear deaths), we predicted that 2 source areas totaling 9,156 km2 and potentially supporting 123 bears occurred in our study area. With projected human population increases, potential source areas and bear populations declined by 33% and 45%, respectively. A spatially uniform increase of 1% in annual death rate (as a surrogate for increased human lethality) reduced potential source areas and bear numbers by 41% and 36%. Source areas and bear numbers declined by 39% and 34% if the ratio of unknown to known grizzly bear deaths was 2:1 versus 1:1. We obtained the best match with current population estimates (about 35 bears) assuming a 2:1 ratio of unknown to known deaths and a very low sustainable death rate of 2%. This implies either high levels of illegal human-caused mortality and low birth and recruitment rates or a population smaller than currently estimated. We conclude that human numbers and human lethality will likely govern the fate of grizzly bears in this region. C1 No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. LTB Inst Landscape Ecol, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM David_Mattson@usgs.gov; troyl@moscow.com NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA C/O TERRY WHITE, UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT FORESTRY, WILDLIFE & FISHERIES, PO BOX 1071, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901-1071 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 76 EP 89 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0076:AMAOHC>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 911DQ UT WOS:000227982300010 ER PT J AU Proctor, MF Servheen, C Miller, SD Kasworm, WF Wakkinen, WL AF Proctor, MF Servheen, C Miller, SD Kasworm, WF Wakkinen, WL TI A comparative analysis of management options for grizzly bear conservation in the US-Canada trans-border area SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE British Columbia; brown bear; Cabinet-Yaak; demographics; genetics; grizzly bear; Idaho; Montana; population viability analysis; Purcells; Selkirks; small populations; Ursus arctos ID INDUSTRIAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION; BROWN BEARS; POPULATION; DYNAMICS; REPRODUCTION; DISPERSAL; MOUNTAINS; VIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; RECOVERY AB Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations spanning the U.S.-Canada border in thesouth Selkirk, Purcell-Yaak, and Cabinet Mountains are small, vulnerable, andat the front lines of any further range contraction in North America. Recent genetics work demonstrated that the south Selkirk grizzlies are an isolated population (no male or female connectivity) of fewer than 100 individuals with a15-20% reduction in genetic diversity and that the Purcell-Yaak population isdeclining and demographically isolated (no female connectivity) with fewer than 50 individuals. The <25 animals living in the Cabinet Mountains population are likely isolated from both the south Selkirk Mountain and the Purcell-Yaak populations. We recognize these populations need enhanced management. To guidethe development of a comprehensive management plan, we explored the effects of 3 actions (population augmentation, enhanced population interchange, and reduced mortality through management actions). We simulated 2 populations of 50 and 100 individuals using population viability analysis (PVA) software (VORTEX). We examined these management actions and combinations of them on population growth rate and extinction probabilities. Our simulations suggest that augmentation had the largest demographic effect on population growth rate over the short-term, mortality reductions had the largest effect in the long-term, and establishing population interchange and reducing mortality had the greatest effect on extinction probability. Enhanced cooperative U.S. and Canadian efforts are required to address the issues facing these small grizzly populations and to build connectivity to existing larger populations and areas of vacant habitat. Our findings apply to recovery and conservation efforts for small populations of all species of bears. C1 Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conserv, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Natl Wildlife Federat, Missoula, MT 59802 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Libby, MT 59923 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805 USA. RP Proctor, MF (reprint author), POB 920, Kaslo, BC V0G 1M0, Canada. EM mproctor@netidea.com; wayne_kasworm@fws.gov; wakkinen@coldreamscom NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 23 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA C/O TERRY WHITE, UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT FORESTRY, WILDLIFE & FISHERIES, PO BOX 1071, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901-1071 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 145 EP 160 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0145:ACAOMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 911DR UT WOS:000227982400001 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ AF Mattson, DJ TI Consumption of voles and vole food caches by Yellowstone grizzly bears: exploratory analyses SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE food caching; food habits; foraging; grizzly bears; Microtus; Ursus arctos; voles; Yellowstone ID MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FLUCTUATIONS; MONTANUS; RODENTS; MAMMALS; HABITS; COVER AB Previously published observations of bears consuming murid rodents have been limited to short anecdotes. Only 2 studies reported bears consuming rodent foodcaches. I investigated the consumption of voles (Microtus spp.) and vole foodcaches by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Yellowstone region, 1977-92, using data collected during a study of 140 radiomarked bears. Study bears excavated vole nests, burrows, or food caches at 45 different sites. Excavations of nests (n = 37) were more common than excavations of food caches (n = 15). The remains of voles were found in 62 bear feces. Occurrences of voles in bear feces and excavations by bears for vole nests or food caches were essentially uncorrelated over time, suggesting that total consumption of voles and pursuit ofvoles or vole food caches by excavation were affected by different factors. Excavations by bears were largest in size and peaked in number during the driest months of the study period and were most likely to occur on gently sloping sites with abundant grasses, especially of the genus Phleum, and sedges (Carex). Bear excavations were more common during drought, probably because voles increased their burrowing in response to drying of wet soils, decreased above-ground security, and decreased abundance of above-ground foods. Food caching by voles has been documented in Canada and at high latitudes in the U.S., but prior to this study, only once in the U.S. Rocky Mountains. Bears consumed vole food caches primarily during September and were most successful finding caches at sites where yampah (Perideridia gairdneri) was abundant. Study bears excavated vole nests most often during spring and fall. Although voles were not a major source of energy for Yellowstone's grizzly bears, some individuals frequently foraged for voles during certain years. C1 No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA C/O TERRY WHITE, UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT FORESTRY, WILDLIFE & FISHERIES, PO BOX 1071, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901-1071 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 218 EP 226 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0218:COVAVF>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 911DR UT WOS:000227982400009 ER PT S AU Lemeshewsky, GP AF Lemeshewsky, GP BE Rahman, ZU Schowengerdt, RA Reichenbach, SE TI Visual enhancement of unmixed multispectral imagery using adaptive smoothing SO VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visual Information Processing XIII CY APR 15-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE landsat; adaptive smoothing; multispectral unmixing ID ANISOTROPIC DIFFUSION; CLASSIFICATION AB Adaptive smoothing (AS) has been previously proposed as a method to smooth uniform regions of an image, retain contrast edges, and enhance edge boundaries. The method is an implementation of the anisotropic diffusion process which results in a gray scale image. This paper discusses modifications to the AS method for application to multi-band data which results in a color segmented image. The process was used to visually enhance the three most distinct abundance fraction images produced by the Lagrange constraint neural network learning-based unmixing of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus multispectral sensor data. A mutual information-based method was applied to select the three most distinct fraction images for subsequent visualization as a red, green, and blue composite. A reported image restoration technique (partial restoration) was applied to the multispectral data to reduce unmixing error, although evaluation of the performance of this technique was beyond the scope of this paper. The modified smoothing process resulted in a color segmented image with homogeneous regions separated by sharpened, coregistered multiband edges. There was improved class separation with the segmented image, which has importance to subsequent operations involving data classification. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Lemeshewsky, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM glemeshe@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5361-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5438 BP 252 EP 262 DI 10.1117/12.543109 PG 11 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAS06 UT WOS:000223341800027 ER PT J AU Campbell, JL Hornbeck, JW Mitchell, MJ Adams, MB Castro, MS Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Kochenderfer, JN Likens, GE Lynch, JA Murdoch, PS Nelson, SJ Shanley, JB AF Campbell, JL Hornbeck, JW Mitchell, MJ Adams, MB Castro, MS Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Kochenderfer, JN Likens, GE Lynch, JA Murdoch, PS Nelson, SJ Shanley, JB TI Input-output budgets of inorganic nitrogen for 24 forest watersheds in the northeastern United States: A review SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Review DE ammonium; input-output relationships; nitrate; nitrogen; nitrogen saturation; watersheds ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN; NEW-YORK; NEW-ENGLAND; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; ADIRONDACK REGION; TEMPERATE FOREST; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS AB Input-output budgets for dissolved inorganic nitrogen ( DIN) are summarized for 24 small watersheds at 15 locations in the northeastern United States. The study watersheds are completely forested, free of recent physical disturbances, and span a geographical region bounded by West Virginia on the south and west, and Maine on the north and east. Total N budgets are not presented; however, fluxes of inorganic N in precipitation and streamwater dominate inputs and outputs of N at these watersheds. The range in inputs of DIN in wet-only precipitation from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites was 2.7 to 8.1 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) (mean = 6.4 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1); median = 7.0 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)). Outputs of DIN in streamwater ranged from 0.1 to 5.7 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) (mean = 2.0 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1); median = 1.7 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)). Precipitation inputs of DIN exceeded outputs in streamwater at all watersheds, with net retention of DIN ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) (mean = 4.4 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1); median = 4.6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)). Outputs of DIN in streamwater were predominantly NO3-N ( mean = 89%; median = 94%). Wet deposition of DIN was not significantly related to DIN outputs in streamwater for these watersheds. Watershed characteristics such as hydrology, vegetation type, and land-use history affect DIN losses and may mask any relationship between inputs and outputs. Consequently, these factors need to be included in the development of indices and simulation models for predicting 'nitrogen saturation' and other ecological processes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Univ Maine, Senator George J Mitchell Ctr Environm & Watershe, Orono, ME USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, Forest Resources Lab 311, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Troy, NY USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Montpelier, VT USA. RP Campbell, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; Castro, Mark/J-6529-2015; OI Castro, Mark/0000-0002-4279-8204; Campbell, John/0000-0003-4956-1696; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 83 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 47 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 151 IS 1-4 BP 373 EP 396 DI 10.1023/B:WATE.0000009908.94219.04 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 756ZT UT WOS:000187516200023 ER PT J AU Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Burkhardt, MR Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR AF Bednar, AJ Garbarino, JR Burkhardt, MR Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR TI Field and laboratory arsenic speciation methods and their application to natural-water analysis SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arsenic; speciation; methods; water; SPE ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; POULTRY LITTER; ICP-MS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDRIDE GENERATION; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; SEPARATION; ROXARSONE; SAMPLES AB The toxic and carcinogenic properties of inorganic and organic arsenic species make their determination in natural water vitally important. Determination of individual inorganic and organic arsenic species is critical because the toxicology, mobility, and adsorptivity vary substantially. Several methods for the speciation of arsenic in groundwater, surface-water, and acid mine drainage sample matrices using field and laboratory techniques are presented. The methods provide quantitative determination of arsenite [As(111)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), and roxarsone in 2-8 min at detection limits of less than I mug arsenic per liter (mug As L-1). All the methods use anion exchange chromatography to separate the arsenic species and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry as an arsenic-specific detector. Different methods were needed because some sample matrices did not have all arsenic species present or were incompatible with particular high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mobile phases. The bias and variability of the methods were evaluated using total arsenic, As(Ill), As(V), DMA, and MMA results from more than 100 surface-water, groundwater, and acid mine drainage samples, and reference materials. Concentrations in test samples were as much as 13,000 mug As L-1 for As(111) and 3700 mug As L-1 for As(V). Methylated arsenic species were less than 100 mug As L-1 and were found only in certain surface-water samples, and roxarsone was not detected in any of the water samples tested. The distribution of inorganic arsenic species in the test samples ranged from 0% to 90% As(111). Laboratory-speciation method variability for As(Ill), As(V), MMA, and DMA in reagent water at 0.5 mug As L-1 was 8-13% (n = 7). Field-speciation method variability for As(111) and As(V) at I mug As L-1 in reagent water was 3-4% (n = 3). (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Garbarino, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, POB 25046,MS 407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jrgarb@usgs.gov RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011; OI ranville, james/0000-0002-4347-4885 NR 33 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 355 EP 364 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.034 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 763EL UT WOS:000188061900011 PM 14675647 ER PT J AU Byappanahalli, M Fujioka, R AF Byappanahalli, M Fujioka, R TI Indigenous soil bacteria and low moisture may limit but allow faecal bacteria to multiply and become a minor population in tropical soils SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Health Related Water Microbiology CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Water Assoc DE faecal indicator bacteria; microbial ecology; tropical soil; water quality ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCE; ENTEROCOCCI; STREAMS; COLIFORMS; SURVIVAL AB The soil environment in Hawaii is generally characterised as sub-optimal but permissive to support the in situ growth of E coli and enterococci. However, soil desiccation and competition for nutrients by major indigenous soil microflora have been identified as potential factors that could limit a rapid and continual growth of faecal indicator bacteria in this soil environment. Despite these limitations, the genetic capacities of E. coli and enterococci are robust enough to enable these bacteria to become established as minor populations of Hawaii's soil microflora. Although the concentrations of E. coli and enterococci may have represented a fraction of the total soil microbiota, their presence in this habitat was very significant, for two important reasons: (a) soil was a major environmental source of E. coli and enterococci, and (b) the elevated counts of these bacteria in streams that routinely exceeded the EPA standards were due to run-off from soil. As a result, E. coli and enterococci were inadequate indicators to measure the degree of faecal contamination and potential presence of sewage-borne pathogens in Hawaiian streams. C1 Univ Hawaii, Water Resources Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Byappanahalli, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM byappan@usgs.gov NR 13 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 17 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 845QG UT WOS:000223258800006 PM 15318482 ER PT J AU Alexander, RB Smith, RA Schwarz, GE AF Alexander, RB Smith, RA Schwarz, GE TI Estimates of diffuse phosphorus sources in surface waters of the United States using a spatially referenced Watershed model SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2002 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS SP IWA DE nutrients; phosphorus; reservoirs; surface water; watershed model ID MONITORING DATA; NITROGEN; EXPORT; ESTUARIES; LOADS; SIZE AB The statistical watershed model SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) was used to estimate the sources and transport of total phosphorus (TP) in surface waters of the United States. We calibrated the model using stream measurements of TP from 336 watersheds of mixed land use and spatial data on topography, soils, stream hydrography, and land use (agriculture, forest, shrub/grass, urban). The model explained 87% of the spatial variability in log transformed stream TP flux (kg yr(-1)). Predictions of stream yield (kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) were typically within 45% of the observed values at the monitoring sites. The model identified appreciable effects of soils, streams, and reservoirs on TP transport. The estimated aquatic rates of phosphorus removal declined with increasing stream size and rates of water flushing in reservoirs (i.e. areal hydraulic loads). A phosphorus budget for the 2.9 million km(2) Mississippi River Basin provides a detailed accounting of TP delivery to streams, the removal of TP in surface waters, and the stream export of TP from major interior watersheds for sources associated with each land-use type. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Alexander, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 12 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 1 EP 10 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 807UP UT WOS:000220526700001 PM 15053093 ER PT J AU Puckett, LJ AF Puckett, LJ TI Hydrogeologic controls on the transport and fate of nitrate in ground water beneath riparian buffer zones: results from thirteen studies across the United States SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2002 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS SP IWA DE ground water; hydrogeology; hyporheic zone; nitrate; riparian buffer zones ID SURFACE-WATER; DENITRIFICATION; FLOW; WETLANDS; AQUIFER; SYSTEM; RIVER AB During the last two decades there has been growing interest in the capacity of riparian buffer zones to remove nitrate from ground waters moving through them. Riparian zone sediments often contain organic carbon, which favors formation of reducing conditions that can lead to removal of nitrate through denitrification. Over the past decade the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWOA) Program has investigated the transport and fate of nitrate in ground and surface waters in study areas across the United States. In these studies riparian zone efficiency in removing nitrate varied widely as a result of variations in hydrogeologic factors. These factors include (1) denitrification in the up-gradient aquifer due to the presence of organic carbon or other electron donors, (2) long residence times (>50 years) along ground-water flow paths allowing even slow reactions to completely remove nitrate, (3) dilution of nitrate enriched waters with older water having little nitrate, (4) bypassing of riparian zones due to extensive use of drains and ditches, and (5) movement of ground water along deep flow paths below reducing zones. By developing a better understanding of the hydrogeologic settings in which riparian buffer zones are likely to be inefficient we can develop improved nutrient management plans. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Puckett, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lpuckett@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 10 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 807UP UT WOS:000220526700006 PM 15053098 ER PT J AU Spruill, TB AF Spruill, TB TI Effectiveness of riparian buffers in controlling ground-water discharge of nitrate to streams in selected hydrogeologic settings of the North Carolina Coastal Plain SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2002 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS SP IWA DE denitrification; ground water; hydrogeology; nitrate; riparian buffer ID WATER AB Water-quality and hydrologic information were collected along ground-water flow paths from two well-drained and two poorly drained Coastal Plain settings in North Carolina to evaluate the relative effectiveness of riparian buffers in reducing discharge of nitrate to streams. At one well-drained site with a 100 m buffer, little or no effect was detected on surface-water quality by discharging ground water because extensive woody vegetation in the buffer was able to take up not only most nitrate, but also most ground water before discharging to the stream during the growing season (March-October). At the second well-drained site, ground water discharging to the stream from the side with a buffer contained about 2 mg/L of nitrate-nitrogen after passing through the bed of the stream compared to 6 mg/L in ground water discharging from the side with no buffer, In the poorly drained settings, nitrate in ground water decreased from about 6 mg/L in the recharge area to less than 0.02 mg/L downgradient from the riparian buffer. Ground water discharging from the side with no buffer contained 0.83 mg/L. Riparian buffers appear effective in reducing nitrate in ground water discharging to Coastal Plain streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Spruill, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. EM tspruill@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 63 EP 70 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 807UP UT WOS:000220526700008 PM 15053100 ER PT J AU Taylor, JP McDaniel, KC AF Taylor, JP McDaniel, KC TI Revegetation strategies after saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) control in headwater, transitional, and depositional watershed areas SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems CY NOV, 2003 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL DE Acroptilon repens; Baccharis glutinosa; Distichlis spicata (L.) DISSP; Elaeagnus angustifoiia; ELGAN; imazapyr; Lepidium latifolium; perennial pepperweed; Populus deltoides; riparian restoration; Russian-olive; Salix exicjua; Salix gooddingii; saltgrass; triclopyr ID UNITED-STATES; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; NEW-MEXICO; RESTORATION; ESTABLISHMENT; MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGY; DECLINE AB The exotic saltcedar occupies headwater, transitional, and depositional watershed portions, and revegetation strategies can be quite different depending on these locations. Regardless of specific socioeconomic or biological needs (or both), sites must often be revegetated after control to avoid reinfestation or invasion by other exotic species. Where natural riparian hydrologic processes continue to function, natural regeneration can be used as an effective restoration mechanism. However, in altered river systems, harsh environmental site characteristics may occur that severely limit revegetation potential after control, particularly in depositional areas. Because of high costs associated with saltcedar control, revegetation, and follow-up management, specific treatment areas should be evaluated and prioritized based on revegetation potential. Specific consideration should be given to the establishment of sustainable plant communities for long-term exclusion of saltcedar and other exotics. C1 Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Taylor, JP (reprint author), Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 1246, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. EM john_p_taylor@fws.gov NR 40 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 12 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PY 2004 VL 18 SU S BP 1278 EP 1282 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1278:RSASTS]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 890RI UT WOS:000226528100022 ER PT J AU Crosier, CS Stohlgreni, TJ AF Crosier, CS Stohlgreni, TJ TI Improving biodiversity knowledge with data set synergy: A case study of nonnative plants in Colorado SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems CY NOV, 2003 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL DE data bias; data synergy; normative species; species richness ID MODELS AB Species lists are important tools for managing biodiversity, including controlling nonnative species, but they are either incomplete or lacking for many areas. Our objective was to illustrate how the synergy of disparate data sets can increase knowledge of species distributions while minimizing further field expenditures. We compared five different data types (two species lists, weed surveys, vegetation plots, and weed maps) of normative plant locations at the county level from 45 data sets covering Colorado. Species lists captured the highest number of species, but they missed many of the noxious weeds recorded by weed-mapping data. The number of species recorded per county increased by 30% on average with data synergy even in the most intensively surveyed areas. Each data type also followed the same pattern of survey intensity, leaving some areas in the state consistently unsurveyed or undersurveyed. On average, there was a 44% increase in species recorded per county with all data types included. Overall, inclusion of more data types greatly increased knowledge of the normative species in Colorado. Therefore, harnessing the synergy of disparate data sets seems to be a cost-effective first step to increase knowledge of species richness (presence) in an area. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Crosier, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150C Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM catherine_crosier@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PY 2004 VL 18 SU S BP 1441 EP 1444 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1441:IBKWDS]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 890RI UT WOS:000226528100054 ER PT J AU Westbrooks, RG AF Westbrooks, RG TI New approaches for early detection and rapid response to invasive plants in the United States SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems CY NOV, 2003 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL DE early detection; invasive plants; rapid assessment; rapid response AB Currently, the Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds is leading a national effort to develop and implement a National Early Detection and Rapid Response System for Invasive Plants in the United States. Ultimately, the system will be part of an All Taxa Early Detection and Rapid Response System under the National Invasive Species Management Plan. The overall purpose of developing such a system for invasive plants is to provide a coordinated framework of public and private partners to more effectively address new invasive plants through: (1) early detection and reporting of suspected new plants to appropriate officials, (2) identification and vouchering of submitted specimens by designated botanists, (3) verification of suspected new state, regional, and national plant records, (4) archival of new records in designated regional and plant databases, (5) rapid assessment of confirmed new records, and (6) rapid response to new records that are determined to be invasive. Currently, the U.S. Geological Survey is cooperating with state and regional partner groups in New England, the Gulf Coast, and the West to develop and field-test elements and processes that were identified in the Conceptual Design Plan. Once fully implemented across the nation, the proposed system will provide an important second line of defense against invasive plants that complements federal efforts to prevent unwanted introductions at the ports of entry. C1 US Geol Survey, Whiteville, NC 28472 USA. RP Westbrooks, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 233 Border Belt Dr, Whiteville, NC 28472 USA. EM rwestbrooks@usgs.gov NR 4 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PY 2004 VL 18 SU S BP 1468 EP 1471 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1468:NAFEDA]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 890RI UT WOS:000226528100060 ER PT J AU Loope, L Starr, F Starr, K AF Loope, L Starr, F Starr, K TI Protecting endangered plant species from displacement by invasive plants on Maui, Hawaii SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems CY NOV, 2003 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL DE biological control; Clidemia hirta; early detection; Hedychium gardnerianum; interagency cooperation; Miconia calvescens; Psidium cattleianum; public education; rapid response; weed exclusion AB The Hawaiian island of Maui, with highly diverse habitats and 80 federally endangered plant species, provides a microcosm for addressing the threats of plant invasions to endemic biological diversity through partnerships for research and management. An evolving vision of what is needed involves an accelerated, balanced program involving exclusion of potential new invaders, early detection and rapid response, biological control, control to protect local populations, and public education. C1 USGS Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Maui, HI 96768 USA. RP Loope, L (reprint author), USGS Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Maui, HI 96768 USA. EM lloyd_loope@usgs.gov NR 13 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 18 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PY 2004 VL 18 SU S BP 1472 EP 1474 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1472:PEPSFD]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 890RI UT WOS:000226528100061 ER PT J AU Kesler, DC Haig, SM AF Kesler, DC Haig, SM TI Thermal characteristics of wild and captive Micronesian kingfisher nesting habitats SO ZOO BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Micronesian kingfisher; Halcyon cinnamomina; Pohnpei; captive breeding program; temperature; thermoneutral zone ID CLUTCH SIZE; CORTICOSTERONE; INCUBATION; WEATHER; BIRDS; GUAM AB To provide information for managing the captive population of endangered Guam Micronesian kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina), four biologically relevant thermal metrics were compared among captive facilities on the United States mainland and habitats used by wild Micronesian kingfishers on the island of Pohnpei (H. c. reichenbachii), Federated States of Micronesia. Additionally, aviaries where kingfishers laid eggs were compared to those in which birds did not attempt to breed. Compared to aviaries, habitats used by wild Pohnpei kingfishers had 3.2degreesC higher daily maximum and minimum temperatures and the proportion of time when temperatures were in the birds' thermoneutral zone was 45% greater. No differences were found in the magnitude of temperature fluctuation in captive and wild environments. In captive environments in which birds bred, daily maximum temperatures were 2.1degreesC higher and temperatures were within the thermoneutral zone 25% more often than in the aviaries where the kingfishers did not breed. No differences were found in the magnitude of temperature fluctuation or the daily minimum temperature. Results suggest that the thermal environment has the potential to influence reproduction, and that consideration should be given to increasing temperatures in captive breeding facilities to improve propagation of the endangered Micronesian kingfisher. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USGS FRESC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Kesler, DC (reprint author), USGS FRESC, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Dylan_Kesler@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0733-3188 J9 ZOO BIOL JI Zoo Biol. PY 2004 VL 23 IS 4 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1002/zoo.20010 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 848SR UT WOS:000223487900002 ER PT J AU Woodman, N AF Woodman, N TI A new small-eared shrew of the Cryptotis nigrescens-group from Colombia (Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID INSECTIVORA AB Cryptotis colombiana Woodman & Timm, 1993 previously was known from few specimens from two isolated regions in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Recent collecting in the northern Cordillera Central and review of older collections from the central Cordillera Oriental in the vicinity of Bogota yielded additional specimens that permit reevaluation of the two geographic populations of these small-eared shrews. Morphological and morphometrical studies indicate that the population inhabiting the Cordillera Oriental represents a distinct, previously unrecognized species that I describe herein as Cryptotis brachyonyx. Study of 54 specimens of shrews from the Cordillera Oriental in systematic collections in North America, South America, and Europe yielded only four specimens of the new species, all collected before 1926. The paucity of modern specimens suggests that C. brachyonyx may be extremely restricted in distribution, or possibly extinct. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Woodman, N (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 4 BP 853 EP 872 PG 20 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 761VQ UT WOS:000187936500002 ER PT J AU Anderson, SP Blum, AE AF Anderson, SP Blum, AE TI Controls on chemical weathering: small- and large-scale perspectives SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Study Imaging & Dynam Earth, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Anderson, SP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Campus Box 450,1560 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Anderson, Suzanne/F-4039-2014 OI Anderson, Suzanne/0000-0002-6796-6649 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 202 IS 3-4 BP 191 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.08.004 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756LP UT WOS:000187466800001 ER PT J AU Turner, BF Stallard, RF Brantley, SL AF Turner, BF Stallard, RF Brantley, SL TI Investigation of in situ weathering of quartz diorite bedrock in the Rio Icacos basin, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY MAY 20-24, 2001 CL HOT SPRINGS, VIRGINIA DE weathering; bedrock; solute flux ID DENUDATION RATES; MOUNTAINS; TRANSPORT; DISSOLUTION; WATERSHEDS; EVOLUTION; FELDSPAR; EROSION; BE-10; ROCKS AB The Rio Icacos basin, in Puerto Rico, is the site of the highest measured chemical solute fluxes for a catchment on granodiorite; this is partly attributable to high annual rainfall (4300 mm), high average temperature (23 degreesC), and moderate relief The bulk of these fluxes is contributed by dissolution of plagioclase and amphiboles in zones of partially weathered rock (0.5-1.5 m thick) underlying saprolite. These zones are characterized by systems of onion-skin "rindlets" (each 3-10 cm thick) in which porosity development is dominated by weathering of plagioclase to kaolinite. Fe-bearing aluminosilicate minerals homblende, augite, and biotite persist in the weathered rock after plagioclase has weathered to completion, but homblende and augite disappear between the porous rindlet systems and saprolite. A new watershed-scale solute mass balance corroborates earlier studies and yields an overall reaction stoichiometry that closely resembles complete weathering of the rock (except quartz and biotite) to kaolinite and Fe3+ oxides. Our findings indicate that steady-state assumptions are reasonable and useful in studying weathering at this site. Estimated steady-state sediment yields (based on net solute fluxes and average bedrock composition) of 3.24 x 10(-9) to 3.60 x 10(-9) kg m(-2) s(-1) are smaller than measured values, indicating that sediment generation is currently accelerated with respect to steady-state; however, sediment generation has recently been closer to steady-state. Since weathering within the rindlet systems occurs on multiple fronts moving upward and downward, two new steady-state conceptual models are developed to account for (1) multiple parallel weathering fronts, and (2) differential rates of advance of weathering fronts due to porosity development. Based on these models, in situ weathering rates for plagioclase at two sample locations of 2.7 x 10(-15) and 5.0 x 10(-15) mol Na g(-1) s(-1) are calculated, values comparable to BET surface area normalized rates of 2.7 x 10(-16) to 5.0 x 10(-15) mol Na m(-2) s(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Turner, BF (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 39 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 202 IS 3-4 BP 313 EP 341 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.05.001 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756LP UT WOS:000187466800007 ER PT J AU White, AF Brantley, SL AF White, AF Brantley, SL TI The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field? SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY MAY 20-24, 2001 CL HOT SPRINGS, VIRGINIA DE weathering rates; time; silicate minerals ID ALBITE DISSOLUTION KINETICS; FELDSPAR DISSOLUTION; PH-DEPENDENCE; HORNBLENDE DISSOLUTION; BIOTITE DISSOLUTION; SURFACE-AREA; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; GRANITOID ROCKS AB The correlation between decreasing reaction rates of silicate minerals and increasing duration of chemical weathering was investigated for both experimental and field conditions. Column studies, using freshly prepared Panola Granite, produced ambient plagioclase weathering rates that decreased parabolically over 6 years to a final rate of 7.0 x 10(-14) Mol m(-2) s(-1). In contrast, the corresponding plagioclase reaction rate for partially kaolinized Panola Granite, after reaching steady-state weathering after 2 months of reactions, was significantly less (2.1 x 10(-15) Mol m(-2) s(-1)). Both rates were normalized to plagioclase content and BET surface area. Extrapolation of decreasing rates for the fresh plagioclase with time indicated that several thousand years of reaction would be required to replicate the rate of the naturally weathered plagioclase under identical experimental conditions. Both rates would remain orders of magnitude faster than field weathering rates previously measured for a weathering profile in the Panola Granite. Additional trends in weathering rates with time were established from a tabulation of previously reported experimental and field rates for plagioclase, K-feldspar, homblende and biotite. Discrepancies in the literature, produced by normalization of weathering rates with respect to surface areas measured by gas absorption (BET) and geometric methods, were overcome by developing a time-dependent roughness factor. Regression curves through the corrected rates produced strong correlations with time that were similar for the four silicate minerals. The average silicate weathering rate R (mol m(-2) s(-1)) was described by the power function R = 3.1 x 10(-13) t(-0.61) which was similar to the relationship describing the decrease in the fresh Panola plagioclase with time and suggesting control by transport-limited reaction. The time dependency of silicate weathering is discussed in terms of processes intrinsic to the silicate mineral and those extrinsic to the weathering environment. Intrinsic surface area, which increases with the duration of weathering, was shown to account for a third of the exponential decrease in the weathering rate shown by the above equation. Other factors, including progressive depletion of energetically reactive surfaces and accumulation of leached layers and secondary precipitates, must explain differences for fresh and weathered plagioclase reacting under identical experimental conditions. Extrinsic controls, including low permeability, high mineral/fluid ratios and increased solute concentrations, produce weathering reactions close to thermodynamic equilibrium under field conditions compared to highly unsaturated conditions during experimental reaction of fresh and weathered plagioclase. These differences explain the time-dependent difference in field and lab rates. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 420, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 97 TC 482 Z9 488 U1 13 U2 158 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 202 IS 3-4 BP 479 EP 506 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.03.001 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756LP UT WOS:000187466800015 ER PT J AU Cabrol, NA Grin, EA Carr, MH Sutter, B Moore, JM Farmer, JD Greeley, R Kuzmin, RO DesMarais, DJ Kramer, MG Newsom, H Barber, C Thorsos, I Tanaka, KL Barlow, NG Fike, DA Urquhart, ML Grigsby, B Grant, FD de Goursac, O AF Cabrol, NA Grin, EA Carr, MH Sutter, B Moore, JM Farmer, JD Greeley, R Kuzmin, RO DesMarais, DJ Kramer, MG Newsom, H Barber, C Thorsos, I Tanaka, KL Barlow, NG Fike, DA Urquhart, ML Grigsby, B Grant, FD de Goursac, O TI Exploring Gusev Crater with Spirit: Review of science objectives and testable hypotheses SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review DE Gusev; lake; Apollinaris Patera; Spirit rover ID MARTIAN IMPACT CRATERS; ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; MAADIM-VALLIS; EARLY MARS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; WIND EROSION; ORIGIN; EJECTA; WATER; CHANNELS AB Gusev Crater was selected as the landing site for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit mission. Located at the outlet of Ma'adim Vallis and 250 km south of the volcano Apollinaris Patera, Gusev is an outstanding site to achieve the goals of the MER mission. The crater could have collected sediments from a variety of sources during its 3.9 Ga history, including fluvial, lacustrine, volcanic, glacial, impact, regional and local aeolian, and global air falls. It is a unique site to investigate the past history of water on Mars, climate and geological changes, and the potential habitability of the planet, which are central science objectives of the MER mission. Because of its complex history and potential diversity, Gusev will allow the testing of a large spectrum of hypotheses with the complete suite of MER instruments. Evidence consistent with long-lived lake episodes exist in the landing ellipse area. They might offer a unique opportunity to study, for the first time, Martian aqueous sediments and minerals formed in situ in their geological context. We review the geological history and diversity of the landing site, the science hypotheses that can be tested during the MER mission, and the relevance of Gusev to the MER mission objectives and payload. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Vernadsky Inst, Moscow 117975, Russia. Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Sci & Math Educ, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. Schreder Planetarium, Redding, CA 96001 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Geol, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. Mars Soc France, F-92150 Suresnes, France. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ncabrol@mail.arc.nasa.gov; egrin@mail.arc.nasa.gov; carr@usgs.gov; bsutter@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jmoore@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jfarmer@asu.edu; greeley@asu.edu; rok@geokhi.ru; david_desmarais@qmgate.arc.nas; kramerm@fsl.orst.edu; newsom@unm.edu; ivan.e.thorsos@jpl.nasa.gov; ktanaka@usgs.gov; nadine.barlow@nau.edu; ngb@physics.ucf.edu; urquhart@utdallas.edu; brian@projectarise.org; goursac@club-internet.fr RI Fike, David/D-3634-2011 OI Fike, David/0000-0003-2848-0328 NR 100 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8076 DI 10.1029/2002JE002026 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 761JY UT WOS:000187898300001 ER PT J AU Kirk, RL Howington-Kraus, E Redding, B Galuszka, D Hare, TM Archinal, BA Soderblom, LA Barrett, JM AF Kirk, RL Howington-Kraus, E Redding, B Galuszka, D Hare, TM Archinal, BA Soderblom, LA Barrett, JM TI High-resolution topomapping of candidate MER landing sites with Mars Orbiter Camera narrow-angle images SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; Mars Exploration Rovers; landing sites; topography; photogrammetry; photoclinometry ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; LASER ALTIMETER; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; ROUGHNESS; SURFACE; PLANETARY; GEOLOGY; CHASMA AB [1] We analyzed narrow-angle Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC-NA) images to produce high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) in order to provide topographic and slope information needed to assess the safety of candidate landing sites for the Mars Exploration Rovers ( MER) and to assess the accuracy of our results by a variety of tests. The mapping techniques developed also support geoscientific studies and can be used with all present and planned Mars-orbiting scanner cameras. Photogrammetric analysis of MOC stereopairs yields DEMs with 3-pixel ( typically 10 m) horizontal resolution, vertical precision consistent with similar to 0.22 pixel matching errors ( typically a few meters), and slope errors of 1 - 3degrees. These DEMs are controlled to the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) global data set and consistent with it at the limits of resolution. Photoclinometry yields DEMs with single-pixel ( typically similar to 3 m) horizontal resolution and submeter vertical precision. Where the surface albedo is uniform, the dominant error is 10 - 20% relative uncertainty in the amplitude of topography and slopes after "calibrating'' photoclinometry against a stereo DEM to account for the influence of atmospheric haze. We mapped portions of seven candidate MER sites and the Mars Pathfinder site. Safety of the final four sites (Elysium, Gusev, Isidis, and Meridiani) was assessed by mission engineers by simulating landings on our DEMs of "hazard units'' mapped in the sites, with results weighted by the probability of landing on those units; summary slope statistics show that most hazard units are smooth, with only small areas of etched terrain in Gusev crater posing a slope hazard. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. EM rkirk@usgs.gov NR 71 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8088 DI 10.1029/2003JE002131 PG 38 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760ZX UT WOS:000187866100003 ER PT J AU Squyres, SW Arvidson, RE Baumgartner, ET Bell, JF Christensen, PR Gorevan, S Herkenhoff, KE Klingelhofer, G Madsen, MB Morris, RV Rieder, R Romero, RA AF Squyres, SW Arvidson, RE Baumgartner, ET Bell, JF Christensen, PR Gorevan, S Herkenhoff, KE Klingelhofer, G Madsen, MB Morris, RV Rieder, R Romero, RA TI Athena Mars rover science investigation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; Rover; payload ID MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; DUST; PATHFINDER; MISSION; ANALOG; ROCKS; WATER AB [1] Each Mars Exploration Rover carries an integrated suite of scientific instruments and tools called the Athena science payload. The primary objective of the Athena science investigation is to explore two sites on the Martian surface where water may once have been present, and to assess past environmental conditions at those sites and their suitability for life. The remote sensing portion of the payload uses a mast called the Pancam Mast Assembly (PMA) that provides pointing for two instruments: the Panoramic Camera ( Pancam), and the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES). Pancam provides high-resolution, color, stereo imaging, while Mini-TES provides spectral cubes at mid-infrared wavelengths. For in-situ study, a five degree-of-freedom arm called the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD) carries four more tools: a Microscopic Imager (MI) for close-up imaging, an Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) for elemental chemistry, a Mossbauer Spectrometer (MB) for the mineralogy of Fe-bearing materials, and a Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT) for removing dusty and weathered surfaces and exposing fresh rock underneath. The payload also includes magnets that allow the instruments to study the composition of magnetic Martian materials. All of the Athena instruments have undergone extensive calibration, both individually and using a set of geologic reference materials that are being measured with all the instruments. Using a MER-like rover and payload in a number of field settings, we have devised operations processes that will enable us to use the MER rovers to formulate and test scientific hypotheses concerning past environmental conditions and habitability at the landing sites. C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ USA. Honeybee Robot, New York, NY 10012 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan Chem & Analyt Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Orsted Lab, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. RP Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, 428 Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM squyres@astro.cornell.edu RI de Souza, Paulo/B-8961-2008; Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011 OI de Souza, Paulo/0000-0002-0091-8925; Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111 NR 38 TC 152 Z9 153 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8062 DI 10.1029/2003JE002121 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760ZX UT WOS:000187866100002 ER PT J AU Wara, MW Delaney, ML Bullen, TD Ravelo, AC AF Wara, MW Delaney, ML Bullen, TD Ravelo, AC TI Possible roles of pH, temperature, and partial dissolution in determining boron concentration and isotopic composition in planktonic foraminifera SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE boron; geochemistry; foraminifera; pH; carbon dioxide; Ocean Drilling Program ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MAGNESIUM; SEAWATER; RATIOS; PROXY; CALCITE; OCEAN; MG AB We present the first continuous records from 0 to 5 Ma (in 0.333 m.y. integrated time steps) of paired boron/calcium (B/Ca) ratios and boron isotopes (delta(11)B) in the planktonic foraminifera Globogerinoides sacculifer (without sacc) from a site in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program Site 806). These measurements, the first made in conjunction with calcification temperature (magnesium/calcium ratios) and average shell mass measurements, indicate that pH is not the sole environmental variable controlling B in planktonic foraminiferal calcite. Our data are consistent with calcification temperature exerting a primary control on B concentration and isotopic composition in planktonic foraminifera. If so, calcification temperature must be taken into account if pH for past oceans and atmospheric pCO(2) are to be estimated from B isotope measurements in foraminiferal calcite. Doing so will substantially increase the uncertainty of pH estimates. Although this work was designed as a temporal study, its results define new aspects of calibrating the delta(11)B paleo-pH tracer. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wara, MW (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 AR 1100 DI 10.1029/2002PA000797 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 761AC UT WOS:000187866600001 ER PT J AU Toda, S Stein, R AF Toda, S Stein, R TI Toggling of seismicity by the 1997 Kagoshima earthquake couplet: A demonstration of time-dependent stress transfer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Coulomb stress; stress triggering; seismicity ID DYNAMIC STRESS; JAPAN; FAULT; AFTERSHOCKS; LANDERS; PROBABILITIES; DEFORMATION; MAGNITUDE; FAILURE; RUPTURE AB [1] Two M similar to 6 well-recorded strike-slip earthquakes struck just 4 km and 48 days apart in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, in 1997, providing an opportunity to study earthquake interaction. Aftershocks are abundant where the Coulomb stress is calculated to have been increased by the first event, and they abruptly stop where the stress is dropped by the second event. This ability of the main shocks to toggle seismicity on and off argues that static stress changes play a major role in exciting aftershocks, whereas the dynamic Coulomb stresses, which should only promote seismicity, appear to play a secondary role. If true, the net stress changes from a sequence of earthquakes might be expected to govern the subsequent seismicity distribution. However, adding the stress changes from the two Kagoshima events does not fully capture the ensuing seismicity, such as its rate change, temporal decay, or migration away from the ends of the ruptures. We therefore implement a stress transfer model that incorporates rate/state friction, in which seismicity is treated as a sequence of independent nucleation events that are dependent on the fault slip, slip rate, and elapsed time since the last event. The model reproduces the temporal response of seismicity to successive stress changes, including toggling, decay, and aftershock migration. Nevertheless, the match of observed to predicted seismicity is quite imperfect, due perhaps to inadequate knowledge of several model parameters. However, to demonstrate the potential of this approach, we build a probabilistic forecast of larger earthquakes on the expected rate of small aftershocks, taking advantage of the large statistical sample the small shocks afford. Not surprisingly, such probabilities are highly time- and location-dependent: During the first decade after the main shocks, the seismicity rate and the chance of successive large shocks are about an order of magnitude higher than the background rate and are concentrated exclusively in the stress triggering zones. C1 Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Toda, S (reprint author), Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Site 7,Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM s-toda@aist.go.jp; rstein@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 23 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B12 AR 2567 DI 10.1029/2003JB002527 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760ZZ UT WOS:000187866300004 ER PT J AU Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB Reno, PW AF Pirhonen, J Schreck, CB Reno, PW TI Can smolting be assessed by food intake in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)? SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE salmonids; non-lethal; osmoregulation; cortisol; seawater challenge test; appetite ID SALMO-SALAR L; ATLANTIC SALMON; SEAWATER ACCLIMATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; FRESH-WATER; L. SMOLTS; GROWTH; SMOLTIFICATION; CORTISOL; SALINITY C1 Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coastal Oregon Marine Expt Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Pirhonen, J (reprint author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, POB 35, FIN-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD DEC 22 PY 2003 VL 34 IS 15 BP 1459 EP 1463 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2003.00960.x PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752HG UT WOS:000187154600011 ER PT J AU Johnson, MS Coon, WF Mehta, VK Steenhuis, TS Brooks, ES Boll, J AF Johnson, MS Coon, WF Mehta, VK Steenhuis, TS Brooks, ES Boll, J TI Application of two hydrologic models with different runoff mechanisms to a hillslope dominated watershed in the northeastern US: a comparison of HSPF and SMR SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE distributed modeling; saturation excess; infiltration excess; runoff mechanisms ID QUALITY; PERFORMANCE; TRANSPORT AB Differences in the simulation of hydrologic processes by watershed models directly affect the accuracy of results. Surface runoff generation can be-simulated as either: (1) infiltration-excess (or Hortonian) overland flow, or (2) saturation-excess overland flow. This study compared the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) and the Soil Moisture Routing (SMR) models, each representing one of these mechanisms. These two models were applied to a 102 km(2) watershed in the upper part of the Irondequoit Creek basin in central New York State over a seven-year simulation period. The models differed in both the complexity of simulating snowmelt and baseflow processes as well as the detail in which the geographic information was preserved by each model. Despite their differences in structure and representation of hydrologic processes, the two models simulated streamflow with almost equal accuracy. Since streamflow is an integral response and depends mainly on the watershed water balance, this was not unexpected. Model efficiency values for the seven-year simulation period were 0.67 and 0.65 for SMR and HSPF, respectively. HSPF simulated winter streamflow slightly better than SMR as a result of its complex snowmelt routine, whereas SMR simulated summer flows better than HSPF as a result of its runoff and baseflow processes. An important difference between model results was the ability to predict the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. HSPF aggregates soil moisture content, which is generally related to a specific pervious land unit across the entire watershed, whereas SMR predictions of moisture content distribution are geographically specific and matched field observations reasonably well. Important is that the saturated area was predicted well by SMR and confirmed the validity of using saturation-excess mechanisms for this hillslope dominated watershed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Steenhuis, TS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Engn, 226 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Johnson, Mark/B-4445-2008 OI Johnson, Mark/0000-0001-5070-7539 NR 51 TC 60 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 22 PY 2003 VL 284 IS 1-4 BP 57 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.07.005 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 759DM UT WOS:000187723100005 ER PT J AU Watts, P Waythomas, CF AF Watts, P Waythomas, CF TI Theoretical analysis of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flows SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE tsunami generation; pyroclastic flow; volcano hazards ID UNDERWATER LANDSLIDES; SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES; ANIAKCHAK-VOLCANO; KILAUEA VOLCANO; VAPOR EXPLOSION; WATER-WAVES; IGNIMBRITES; SEA; EMPLACEMENT; SIMULATION AB Pyroclastic flows are a common product of explosive volcanism and have the potential to initiate tsunamis whenever thick, dense flows encounter bodies of water. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow by decomposing the pyroclastic flow into two components, the dense underflow portion, which we term the pyroclastic debris flow, and the plume, which includes the surge and coignimbrite ash cloud parts of the flow. We consider five possible wave generation mechanisms. These mechanisms consist of steam explosion, pyroclastic debris flow, plume pressure, plume shear, and pressure impulse wave generation. Our theoretical analysis of tsunami generation by these mechanisms provides an estimate of tsunami features such as a characteristic wave amplitude and wavelength. We find that in most situations, tsunami generation is dominated by the pyroclastic debris flow component of a pyroclastic flow. This work presents information sufficient to construct tsunami sources for an arbitrary pyroclastic flow interacting with most bodies of water. C1 Appl Fluids Engn Inc, Long Beach, CA 90803 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Watts, P (reprint author), Appl Fluids Engn Inc, 5710 E 7th St,Private Mail Box 237, Long Beach, CA 90803 USA. EM phil.watts@appliedfluids.com; chris@usgs.gov NR 89 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B12 AR 2563 DI 10.1029/2002JB002265 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760XA UT WOS:000187859500002 ER PT J AU Peterson, CH Rice, SD Short, JW Esler, D Bodkin, JL Ballachey, BE Irons, DB AF Peterson, CH Rice, SD Short, JW Esler, D Bodkin, JL Ballachey, BE Irons, DB TI Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; SEA OTTERS; CRUDE-OIL; ALASKA; RECOVERY; MORTALITY; POPULATIONS; PERSISTENCE; COMMUNITY AB The ecosystem response to the 1989 spill of oil from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound, Alaska, shows that current practices for assessing ecological risks of oil in the oceans and, by extension, other toxic sources should be changed. Previously, it was assumed that impacts to populations derive almost exclusively from acute mortality. However, in the Alaskan coastal ecosystem, unexpected persistence of toxic subsurface oil and chronic exposures, even at sublethal levels, have continued to affect wildlife. Delayed population reductions and cascades of indirect effects postponed recovery. Development of ecosystem-based toxicology is required to understand and ultimately predict chronic, delayed, and indirect long-term risks and impacts. C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Peterson, CH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NR 45 TC 457 Z9 486 U1 71 U2 574 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 19 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5653 BP 2082 EP 2086 DI 10.1126/science.1084282 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 755CB UT WOS:000187385200032 PM 14684812 ER PT J AU Prejean, S Stork, A Ellsworth, W Hill, D Julian, B AF Prejean, S Stork, A Ellsworth, W Hill, D Julian, B TI High precision earthquake locations reveal seismogenic structure beneath Mammoth Mountain, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; ANOMALOUS EARTHQUAKES; FAULT; VOLCANO; CO2 AB In 1989, an unusual earthquake swarm occurred beneath Mammoth Mountain that was probably associated with magmatic intrusion. To improve our understanding of this swarm, we relocated Mammoth Mountain earthquakes using a double difference algorithm. Relocated hypocenters reveal that most earthquakes occurred on two structures, a near-vertical plane at 7-9 km depth that has been interpreted as an intruding dike, and a circular ring-like structure at similar to5.5 km depth, above the northern end of the inferred dike. Earthquakes on this newly discovered ring structure form a conical section that dips outward away from the aseismic interior. Fault-plane solutions indicate that in 1989 the seismicity ring was slipping as a ring-normal fault as the center of the mountain rose with respect to the surrounding crust. Seismicity migrated around the ring, away from the underlying dike at a rate of similar to0.4 km/month, suggesting that fluid movement triggered seismicity on the ring fault. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94035 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Prejean, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94035 USA. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 24 AR 2247 DI 10.1029/2003GL018334 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 760WB UT WOS:000187857300002 ER PT J AU van Geen, A Zheng, Y Bernhard, JM Cannariato, KG Carriquiry, J Dean, WE Eakins, BW Ortiz, JD Pike, J AF van Geen, A Zheng, Y Bernhard, JM Cannariato, KG Carriquiry, J Dean, WE Eakins, BW Ortiz, JD Pike, J TI On the preservation of laminated sediments along the western margin of North America SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE oxygen-minimum zone; laminations; bioturbation; deglaciation; California margin ID SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; OXYGEN-MINIMUM ZONE; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; LATE PLEISTOCENE; VARVE FORMATION; EL-NINO; PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE; CLIMATE OSCILLATIONS; LAST DEGLACIATION AB Piston, gravity, and multicores as well as hydrographic data were collected along the Pacific margin of Baja California to reconstruct past variations in the intensity of the oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ). Gravity cores collected from within the OMZ north of 24degreesN did not contain laminated surface sediments even though bottom water oxygen (BWO) concentrations were close to 5 mumol/kg. However, many of the cores collected south of 24degreesN did contain millimeter- to centimeter-scale, brown to black laminations in Holocene and older sediments but not in sediments deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum. In addition to the dark laminations, Holocene sediments in Soledad Basin, silled at 290 m, also contain white coccolith laminae that probably represent individual blooms. Two open margin cores from 430 and 700 m depth that were selected for detailed radiocarbon dating show distinct transitions from bioturbated glacial sediment to laminated Holocene sediment occurring at 12.9 and 11.5 ka, respectively. The transition is delayed and more gradual (11.3-10.0 ka) in another dated core from Soledad Basin. The observations indicate that bottom-water oxygen concentrations dropped below a threshold for the preservation of laminations at different times or that a synchronous hydrographic change left an asynchronous sedimentary imprint due to local factors. With the caveat that laminated sections should therefore not be correlated without independent age control, the pattern of older sequences of laminations along the North American western margin reported by this and previous studies suggests that multiple patterns of regional productivity and ventilation prevailed over the past 60 kyr. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Inst Invest Oceanol, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Earth Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales. RP van Geen, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Pike, Jennifer/D-2589-2009; Bernhard, Joan/M-3260-2013; Ortiz, Joseph/E-1144-2011 OI Pike, Jennifer/0000-0001-9415-6003; Bernhard, Joan/0000-0003-2121-625X; Ortiz, Joseph/0000-0002-6583-3850 NR 75 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 AR 1098 DI 10.1029/2003PA000911 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 760XE UT WOS:000187859900004 ER PT J AU Carr, MH Head, JW AF Carr, MH Head, JW TI Basal melting of snow on early Mars: A possible origin of some valley networks SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; HIGH OBLIQUITY; EVOLUTION; CLIMATE; WATER; CO2; ICE; MODEL; WARM; WET AB Valley networks appear to be cut by liquid water, yet simulations suggest that early Mars could not have been warmed enough by a CO2-H2O greenhouse to permit rainfall. The vulnerability of an early atmosphere to impact erosion, the likely rapid scavenging of CO2 from the atmosphere by weathering, and the lack of detection of weathering products all support a cold early Mars. We explore the hypothesis that valley networks could have formed as a result of basal melting of thick snow and ice deposits. Depending on the heat flow, an early snowpack a few hundred meters to a few kilometers thick could undergo basal melting, providing water to cut valley networks. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM james_head_III@brown.edu NR 40 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 24 AR 2245 DI 10.1029/2003GL018575 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 760VZ UT WOS:000187857100007 ER PT J AU Kulongoski, JT Hilton, DR Izbicki, JA AF Kulongoski, JT Hilton, DR Izbicki, JA TI Helium isotope studies in the Mojave Desert, California: implications for groundwater chronology and regional seismicity SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE helium isotope; noble gas; groundwater; hydrology; geochemistry ID GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN; LONG VALLEY CALDERA; NOBLE-GASES; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; MODERN PRECIPITATION; WATER CIRCULATION; RADIOGENIC HELIUM; NATURAL TRACERS; TRANSPORT; CRUSTAL AB We report helium isotope and concentration results for groundwaters from the western Mojave River Basin (MRB), 130 km east of Los Angeles, CA. The basin lies adjacent to the NW-SE trending San Andreas Fault (SAF) system. Samples were collected along two groundwater flowpaths that originate in the San Gabriel Mountains and discharge to the Mojave River located similar to 32 km to the northeast. Additional groundwater samples were collected from Mojave River Deposits underlying the Mojave River. The primary objective of this study is to identify and quantify crustal and mantle helium contributions to the regional groundwater system. A total of 27 groundwaters, sampled previously for chemistry and isotope systematics (including C-14 activity) have measured helium concentrations that increase along flowpaths from 9.9 x 10(-8) to 1.0 x 10(-4) cm(3) STP g(-1) H2O. Concomitantly, He-3/He-4 ratios decrease from 0.84R(A) to 0.11R(A) (R-A equals the He-3/He-4 ratio in air = 1.4 x 10(-6)). We did not record He-3/He-4 ratios equivalent to crustal-production values (similar to 0.02R(A)) in any sample. Dissolved helium concentrations were resolved into components associated with solubility equilibration, air entraimnent, mantle-derivation, in-situ production within the aquifer, and extraneous crustal fluxes. All samples contained the first four components, but only older samples had the superimposed effects of helium derived from a crustal flux. The radiogenic He component has chronological significance, and good concordance between He-4 and C-14 ages for younger groundwaters (<25,000 year) demonstrates the integrity of the He-4-chronometer in this setting. Helium-rich waters could also be dated with the He-4 technique, but only by first isolating the whole crustal flux (3-10 x 10(-6) cm(3) STP cm(-2) year(-1)). Mantle-derived He-3 (He-3(m)) is present in all MRB samples irrespective of distance from the SAF. However, regional-aquifer groundwaters near the terminus of the flowpath have a significantly greater content of mantle-derived He-3 in comparison with more modem samples. We propose that faults in the basin other than the SAF may be an additional source of mantle-derived helium. The large range in He-3(m) concentrations may be related to fault activity; however, groundwaters with lower and more constant He-3(m) contents may indicate that seismic activity along the SAF has been relatively constant for the past 30,000 years, demonstrating that ancient groundwaters may serve as an archive for paleoseismic events. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Fluids & Volatiles Lab, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Kulongoski, JT (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Fluids & Volatiles Lab, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Hilton, David/B-7611-2008; OI Kulongoski, Justin/0000-0002-3498-4154 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 202 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.07.002 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 755AE UT WOS:000187365000007 ER PT J AU Chen, W Westerhoff, P Leenheer, JA Booksh, K AF Chen, W Westerhoff, P Leenheer, JA Booksh, K TI Fluorescence excitation - Emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION; TREATED WASTE-WATER; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; SECONDARY EFFLUENTS; RECLAIMED WATER; SPECTROSCOPY; ACID AB Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water and soil. However, interpreting the >10,000 wave length-dependent fluorescence intensity data points represented in EEMs has posed a significant challenge. Fluorescence regional integration, a quantitative technique that integrates the volume beneath an EEM, was developed to analyze EEMs. EEMs were delineated into five excitation-emission regions based on fluorescence of model compounds, DOM fractions, and marine waters or freshwaters. Volumetric integration under the EEM within each region, normalized to the projected excitation-emission area within that region and dissolved organic carbon concentration, resulted in a normalized region-specific EEM volume (Phi(i,n)). Solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, and EEMs were obtained for standard Suwannee River fulvic acid and 15 hydrophobic or hydrophilic acid, neutral, and base DOM fractions plus nonfractionated DOM from wastewater effluents and rivers in the southwestern United States. DOM fractions fluoresced in one or more EEM regions. The highest cumulative EEM volume (Phi(T,n) = SigmaPhi(i,n)) was observed for hydrophobic neutral DOM fractions, followed by lower Phi(T,n) values for hydrophobic acid, base, and hydrophilic acid DOM fractions, respectively. An extracted wastewater biomass DOM sample contained aromatic protein- and humic-like material and was characteristic of bacterial-soluble microbial products. Aromatic carbon and the presence of specific aromatic compounds (as indicated by solid-state C-13 NMR and FTIR data) resulted in EEMs that aided in differentiating wastewater effluent DOM from drinking water DOM. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Westerhoff, P (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 5306, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 51 TC 1147 Z9 1374 U1 158 U2 1062 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 5701 EP 5710 DI 10.1021/es034354c PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 753UB UT WOS:000187248000031 PM 14717183 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ AF Horowitz, AJ TI An evaluation of sediment rating curves for estimating suspended sediment concentrations for subsequent flux calculations SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sediment rating curves; suspended sediment concentration; suspended sediment flux estimates ID LOADS; RIVERS AB In the absence of actual suspended sediment concentration (SSC) measurements, hydrologists have used sediment rating (sediment transport) curves to estimate (predict) SSCs for subsequent flux calculations. Various evaluations of the sediment rating-curve method were made using data from long-term, daily sediment-measuring sites within large ( > 1000 000 km(2)), medium ( < 1000 000 to > 1000 km(2)), and small ( < 1000 km(2)) river basins in the USA and Europe relative to the estimation of suspended sediment fluxes. The evaluations address such issues as the accuracy of flux estimations for various levels of temporal resolution as well as the impact of sampling frequency on the magnitude of flux estimation errors. The sediment rating-curve method tends to underpredict high, and overpredict low SSCs. As such, the range of errors associated with concomitant flux estimates for relatively short time-frames (e.g. daily, weekly) are likely to be substantially larger than those associated with longer time-frames (e.g. quarterly, annually) because the over- and underpredictions do not have sufficient time to balance each other. Hence, when error limits must be kept under +/-20%, temporal resolution probably should be limited to quarterly or greater. The evaluations indicate that over periods of 20 or more years, errors of < 1% can be achieved using a single sediment rating curve based on data spanning the entire period. However, somewhat better estimates for the entire period, and markedly better annual estimates within the period, can be obtained if individual annual sediment rating curves are used instead. Relatively accurate (errors < +/-20%) annual suspended sediment fluxes can be obtained from hydrologically based monthly measurements/samples. For 5-year periods or longer, similar results can be obtained from measurements/samples collected once every 2 months. In either case, hydrologically based sampling, as opposed to calendar-based sampling is likely to limit the magnitude of flux estimation errors. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Suite 130,3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 24 TC 183 Z9 184 U1 13 U2 45 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 17 BP 3387 EP 3409 DI 10.1002/hyp.1299 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 752XG UT WOS:000187201000001 ER PT J AU Constantz, J AF Constantz, J TI Dams and downstream ground water SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Constantz, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,Bldg 15,Mckelvey Bldg, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 17 BP 3533 EP 3535 DI 10.1002/hyp.5164 PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 752XG UT WOS:000187201000009 ER PT J AU Baher, S Thurber, C Roberts, K Rowe, C AF Baher, S Thurber, C Roberts, K Rowe, C TI Relocation of seismicity preceding the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii: Delineation of a possible failed rift SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mauna Loa; volcanoes; swarms; focal mechanisms; data processing; arrival time ID LOCAL EARTHQUAKE TOMOGRAPHY; FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS; CROSS-CORRELATION; CANARY-ISLANDS; CALIFORNIA; LOCATIONS; GROWTH; SEQUENCE; MODELS; JUNE AB Waveform cross-correlation based repicking of P arrival times and subsequent relocation of 187 earthquakes that occurred near the summit of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, prior to the March 1984 eruption has illuminated a previously obscured structure beneath the northwestern flank. Simultaneous inversion for hypocenters and velocity model parameters using the refined arrival times resulted in well-constrained relative earthquake locations with very low arrival time misfits (average RMS 0.041 s). Pre-eruption seismicity from this time period occurred in two groups: a shallow group located near Mauna Loa's summit, at depths of 1-3 km, and a deeper group (5-10 km) located 4-6 km northwest of the summit. After relocation, we found that most of the northwest flank earthquakes occurred along a 3-km-long planar feature striking about 60degrees West of North in a thin band about I km thick. There is a temporal migration of epicenters from the northwestern edge of the zone migrating towards the summit. Focal mechanisms in this zone reveal a change in faulting from strike-slip in the southeast to a mix of strike-slip and normal faulting in the northwest. This feature we interpret to be related to a rift zone that was stunted by the buttressing of the adjacent volcanoes Hualalai and Mauna Kea. Previous gravity and magnetic studies provide supporting evidence for the existence of a rift zone. There was only a modest increase in clustering of the summit events. After relocation, hypocenters that were previously located within a diffuse zone (4.5 km) were reduced to a 2.5-km-wide zone. They extend from a depth of 6 km to about sea level, trending toward the summit. The focal mechanisms from the summit events are mix of faulting types without a consistent pattern. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Baher, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 128 IS 4 BP 327 EP 339 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00199-9 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 747QH UT WOS:000186815400002 ER PT J AU Crumpler, LS Tanaka, KL AF Crumpler, LS Tanaka, KL TI Geology and MER target site characteristics along the southern rim of Isidis Planitia, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; Mars rovers; landing sites; Isidis; geologic mapping; highland terrain ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; EXPLORATION ROVER MISSION; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; TERRESTRIAL ANALOGS; ORBITER CAMERA; IMPACT BASINS; SYRTIS MAJOR; SURFACE; ORIGIN; TERRA AB [1] The southern rim of the Isidis basin contains one of the highest densities of valley networks, several restricted paleolake basins, and the stratigraphically lowest ( oldest) terrain on Mars. Geologic mapping in Viking, MGS/MOC, and MOLA data, Odyssey/THEMIS data, and other multispectral data products supports the presence of extensive fans of debris and sediments deposited along the inner rim of the Isidis basin where large valleys enter the lowlands. Additional processes subsequent to the period of intense fluvial activity, including mass flow analogous to some glacial processes, have contributed to the materials accumulated on the margins of the Isidis basin. These have occurred along preexisting channels and valleys at the termini of major channels where they enter the plains along the highland-lowland boundary. If the abundant valley networks in highland terrains are the result of runoff accompanied by saturated groundwater flow, as has been suggested in previous studies of ancient fluvial highland terrains, then the extreme age and abundance of early valley networks in the Libya Montes highland rocks should have resulted in deposition of materials that record evidence for the long-term presence of water in the form of aqueous alteration of polycrystalline constituents. The material deposited along the basin margin is likely to consist of ancient altered highland rocks in several physical states ( weathered, rounded, and angular) exposing both weathered and altered surfaces, and exposures of alteration profiles in fractured faces and unweathered material from rock interiors. Debris fans shed off the southern rim of Isidis Planitia should contain materials that have experienced possible saturated groundwater flow, residence within paleolake basins, and derivative materials deposited during the most fluvially intensive part of Martian geologic history. Many of these materials have also been reworked by ice-related processes. In situ measurements of the ancient crustal materials, in the form of rocks within the debris fans, and the weathered condition of the rocky material are potential sources for mineralogical evidence of climatic conditions in earliest Martian geologic history. The absence of alteration within rocks would, on the other hand, support the hypothesis that fluvial runoff during the earliest history of Mars was geologically brief rather than long-term and that long-term saturated groundwater flow was not present. Determination of the presence or absence of alteration would have corresponding implications for hypotheses requiring the long-term presence of aqueous solutions (i.e., complex organic compounds and life). A proposed MER site along the margin addresses realistic field science objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission and the current goals of the Mars Exploration Program. In situ measurements may be important in deriving estimates of the longevity and intensity of past wetter climates. C1 New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, 1801 Mt Rd NW, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. EM lcrumpler@nmmnh.state.nm.us; ktanaka@wr.usgs.gov NR 65 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8080 DI 10.1029/2002JE002040 PG 42 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756QX UT WOS:000187493400002 ER PT J AU Anderson, G Aagaard, B Hudnut, K AF Anderson, G Aagaard, B Hudnut, K TI Fault interactions and large complex earthquakes in the Los Angeles area SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA AB Faults in complex tectonic environments interact in various ways, including triggered rupture of one fault by another, that may increase seismic hazard in the surrounding region. We model static and dynamic fault interactions between the strike-slip and thrust fault systems in southern California. We find that rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga thrust fault system is unlikely to trigger rupture of the San Andreas or San Jacinto strike-slip faults. However, a large northern San Jacinto fault earthquake could trigger a cascading rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga system, potentially causing a moment magnitude 7.5 to 7.8 earthquake on the edge of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Anderson, G (reprint author), UNAVCO, 6350 Nautilus Dr, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010; OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Aagaard, Brad/0000-0002-8795-9833 NR 16 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5652 BP 1946 EP 1949 DI 10.1126/science.1090747 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 752NL UT WOS:000187174000055 PM 14671298 ER PT J AU Maddux, TB McLean, SR Nelson, JM AF Maddux, TB McLean, SR Nelson, JM TI Turbulent flow over three-dimensional dunes: 2. Fluid and bed stresses SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article DE dunes; turbulence; skin friction; form drag; total stress; spatial average ID SPATIALLY AVERAGED FLOW; OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; BOTTOM FRICTION; MEAN FLOW; FORMS; RIPPLES; MECHANICS; STABILITY; CANADA AB Dunes formed in response to fluid flow exert a total boundary stress on the fluid that is made up of form drag and skin friction, the latter of which is generally considered important for predicting sediment transport and dune evolution. Previous research has used various methods to estimate the total stress and its subcomponents, with recent work suggesting the application of a spatial average to the equations of motion. A complete, three-dimensional (3-D) form of this analysis is derived and applied to recent measurements of turbulent open-channel flow over 3-D dunes. Spatial averages of Reynolds shear stresses over 3-D dunes cannot be used to predict total boundary shear stress. However, estimations of total boundary shear stress from the spatially averaged equations of motion agree with not only the sum of form drag and skin friction but also the direct measurements of average free surface slope. Form-induced stresses from secondary circulations augment the relatively low Reynolds shear stresses over the 3-D dunes. These low turbulence levels have ramifications for sediment transport predictions, in that use of the total boundary shear stress in prediction of sediment transport over 3-D dunes must account for these low turbulence levels so as not to overpredict transport rates. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Maddux, TB (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Mail Stop 9, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM tbmaddux@whoi.edu; mclean@engineering.ucsb.edu; jmn@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD DEC 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS F1 AR F16010 DI 10.1029/2003JF000018 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 863MQ UT WOS:000224566400002 ER PT J AU Maddux, TB Nelson, JM McLean, SR AF Maddux, TB Nelson, JM McLean, SR TI Turbulent flow over three-dimensional dunes: 1. Free surface and flow response SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article DE dunes; ripples; turbulence; 3-D; free surface; Reynolds stress ID 2-DIMENSIONAL BED FORMS; SPATIALLY AVERAGED FLOW; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SUBAQUEOUS DUNES; BARCHAN DUNES; SAND DUNES; MEAN FLOW; RIPPLES; RIVER; CANADA AB A series of detailed measurements were made of unidirectional turbulent open-channel flow over fixed, artificial, sinuous-crested three-dimensional (3-D) dune shapes. The response of the mean free surface was two-dimensional (2-D). Mean streamwise velocities were largest over the node of the sinuous dune crest line rather than over the maxima or minima of the crest line. Friction coefficients of the 3-D dunes were 50% higher on average in comparison to those of their 2-D counterparts when subjected to flows of similar depths and discharges. Despite the larger friction of the 3-D dunes, the turbulence generated by them was much weaker than that generated by their 2-D counterparts. The spatial structure of turbulence caused by the sinuous crest line of the 3-D dunes was correlated with the presence of secondary currents. These secondary current cells directed flow upward in the regions where the streamwise velocities were low and downward in the regions where streamwise velocities were high, suggesting that they could be responsible for a significant amount of momentum flux not being carried by the low turbulent stresses over the 3-D dunes. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Mail Stop 9, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM tbmaddux@whoi.edu; jmn@usgs.gov; mclean@engineering.ucsb.edu NR 59 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9003 EI 2169-9011 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD DEC 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS F1 AR F16009 DI 10.1029/2003JF000017 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 863MQ UT WOS:000224566400001 ER PT J AU Maki, JN Bell, JF Herkenhoff, KE Squyres, SW Kiely, A Klimesh, M Schwochert, M Litwin, T Willson, R Johnson, A Maimone, M Baumgartner, E Collins, A Wadsworth, M Elliot, ST Dingizian, A Brown, D Hagerott, EC Scherr, L Deen, R Alexander, D Lorre, J AF Maki, JN Bell, JF Herkenhoff, KE Squyres, SW Kiely, A Klimesh, M Schwochert, M Litwin, T Willson, R Johnson, A Maimone, M Baumgartner, E Collins, A Wadsworth, M Elliot, ST Dingizian, A Brown, D Hagerott, EC Scherr, L Deen, R Alexander, D Lorre, J TI Mars Exploration Rover Engineering Cameras SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE cameras; Mars; surface imaging ID IMAGER AB [1] NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission will place a total of 20 cameras (10 per rover) onto the surface of Mars in early 2004. Fourteen of the 20 cameras are designated as engineering cameras and will support the operation of the vehicles on the Martian surface. Images returned from the engineering cameras will also be of significant importance to the scientific community for investigative studies of rock and soil morphology. The Navigation cameras (Navcams, two per rover) are a mast-mounted stereo pair each with a 45degrees square field of view (FOV) and an angular resolution of 0.82 milliradians per pixel (mrad/pixel). The Hazard Avoidance cameras (Hazcams, four per rover) are a body-mounted, front- and rear-facing set of stereo pairs, each with a 124degrees square FOV and an angular resolution of 2.1 mrad/pixel. The Descent camera (one per rover), mounted to the lander, has a 45degrees square FOV and will return images with spatial resolutions of -4 m/pixel. All of the engineering cameras utilize broadband visible filters and 1024 x 1024 pixel detectors. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM justin.n.maki@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8071 DI 10.1029/2003JE002077 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756QW UT WOS:000187493300003 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, S Kipp, KL Ingebritsen, SE Reid, ME AF Hurwitz, S Kipp, KL Ingebritsen, SE Reid, ME TI Groundwater flow, heat transport, and water table position within volcanic edifices: Implications for volcanic processes in the Cascade Range SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE groundwater flow; volcanic edifice; Cascade Range; water table; numerical simulations; stratovolcano ID SPRING-DOMINATED STREAMS; MOUNT-RAINIER; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; OREGON CASCADES; COOLING PLUTONS; PERMEABILITY; MODEL; WASHINGTON AB [1] The position of the water table within a volcanic edifice has significant implications for volcano hazards, geothermal energy, and epithermal mineralization. We have modified the HYDROTHERM numerical simulator to allow for a free-surface ( water table) upper boundary condition and a wide range of recharge rates, heat input rates, and thermodynamic conditions representative of continental volcano-hydrothermal systems. An extensive set of simulations was performed on a hypothetical stratovolcano system with unconfined groundwater flow. Simulation results suggest that the permeability structure of the volcanic edifice and underlying material is the dominant control on water table elevation and the distribution of pressures, temperatures, and fluid phases at depth. When permeabilities are isotropic, water table elevation decreases with increasing heat flux and increases with increasing recharge, but when permeabilities are anisotropic, these effects can be much less pronounced. Several conditions facilitate the ascent of a hydrothermal plume into a volcanic edifice: a sufficient source of heat and magmatic volatiles at depth, strong buoyancy forces, and a relatively weak topography-driven flow system. Further, the plume must be connected to a deep heat source through a pathway with a time-averaged effective permeability greater than or equal to1 x 10(-16) m(2), which may be maintained by frequent seismicity. Topography-driven flow may be retarded by low permeability in the edifice and/or the lack of precipitation recharge; in the latter case, the water table may be relatively deep. Simulation results were compared with observations from the Quaternary stratovolcanoes along the Cascade Range of the western United States to infer hydrothermal processes within the edifices. Extensive ice caps on many Cascade Range stratovolcanoes may restrict recharge on the summits and uppermost flanks. Both the simulation results and limited observational data allow for the possibility that the water table beneath the stratovolcanoes is relatively deep. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 439, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM shaulh@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B12 AR 2557 DI 10.1029/2003JB002565 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756RB UT WOS:000187493800003 ER PT J AU Chmura, GL Anisfeld, SC Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC AF Chmura, GL Anisfeld, SC Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC TI Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE salt marsh; mangroves; soil carbon density; greenhouse gas flux; wetland soil ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; SEDIMENT ACCRETION RATES; MARSH VERTICAL ACCRETION; SALT-MARSH; COASTAL WETLANDS; METHANE EMISSIONS; ORGANIC-CARBON; BAY; FUNDY; ACCUMULATION AB [1] Wetlands represent the largest component of the terrestrial biological carbon pool and thus play an important role in global carbon cycles. Most global carbon budgets, however, have focused on dry land ecosystems that extend over large areas and have not accounted for the many small, scattered carbon-storing ecosystems such as tidal saline wetlands. We compiled data for 154 sites in mangroves and salt marshes from the western and eastern Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as well as the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico. The set of sites spans a latitudinal range from 22.4degreesS in the Indian Ocean to 55.5degrees N in the northeastern Atlantic. The average soil carbon density of mangrove swamps (0.055 +/- 0.004 g cm(-3)) is significantly higher than the salt marsh average (0.039 +/- 0.003 g cm(-3)). Soil carbon density in mangrove swamps and Spartina patens marshes declines with increasing average annual temperature, probably due to increased decay rates at higher temperatures. In contrast, carbon sequestration rates were not significantly different between mangrove swamps and salt marshes. Variability in sediment accumulation rates within marshes is a major control of carbon sequestration rates masking any relationship with climatic parameters. Globally, these combined wetlands store at least 44.6 Tg C yr(-1) and probably more, as detailed areal inventories are not available for salt marshes in China and South America. Much attention has been given to the role of freshwater wetlands, particularly northern peatlands, as carbon sinks. In contrast to peatlands, salt marshes and mangroves release negligible amounts of greenhouse gases and store more carbon per unit area. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, Ctr Climate & Global Change Res, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. RP Chmura, GL (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. NR 69 TC 261 Z9 295 U1 68 U2 379 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 AR 1111 DI 10.1029/2002GB001917 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756PL UT WOS:000187490200001 ER PT J AU Golombek, MP Grant, JA Parker, TJ Kass, DM Crisp, JA Squyres, SW Haldemann, AFC Adler, M Lee, WJ Bridges, NT Arvidson, RE Carr, MH Kirk, RL Knocke, PC Roncoli, RB Weitz, CM Schofield, JT Zurek, RW Christensen, PR Fergason, RL Anderson, FS Rice, JW AF Golombek, MP Grant, JA Parker, TJ Kass, DM Crisp, JA Squyres, SW Haldemann, AFC Adler, M Lee, WJ Bridges, NT Arvidson, RE Carr, MH Kirk, RL Knocke, PC Roncoli, RB Weitz, CM Schofield, JT Zurek, RW Christensen, PR Fergason, RL Anderson, FS Rice, JW TI Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review DE Mars Exploration Rover; landing sites; remote sensing; aqueous climatic and geologic histories; Meridiani; Gusev ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SIZE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS; REMOTE-SENSING DATA; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; MAADIM-VALLIS; SCALE ROUGHNESS AB [1] The selection of Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater as the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites took over 2 years, involved broad participation of the science community via four open workshops, and narrowed an initial -155 potential sites (80-300 x 30 km) to four finalists based on science and safety. Engineering constraints important to the selection included (1) latitude (10degreesN-15degreesS) for maximum solar power, (2) elevation (less than -1.3 km) for sufficient atmosphere to slow the lander, (3) low horizontal winds, shear, and turbulence in the last few kilometers to minimize horizontal velocity, (4) low 10-m-scale slopes to reduce airbag spin-up and bounce, (5) moderate rock abundance to reduce abrasion or strokeout of the airbags, and (6) a radar-reflective, load-bearing, and trafficable surface safe for landing and roving that is not dominated by fine-grained dust. The evaluation of sites utilized existing as well as targeted orbital information acquired from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey. Three of the final four landing sites show strong evidence for surface processes involving water and appear capable of addressing the science objectives of the missions, which are to determine the aqueous, climatic, and geologic history of sites on Mars where conditions may have been favorable to the preservation of evidence of possible prebiotic or biotic processes. The evaluation of science criteria placed Meridiani and Gusev as the highest-priority sites. The evaluation of the three most critical safety criteria (10-m-scale slopes, rocks, and winds) and landing simulation results indicated that Meridiani and Elysium Planitia are the safest sites, followed by Gusev and Isidis Planitia. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mgolombek@jpl.nassa.gov; grantj@nasm.si.edu; timothy.j.parker@jpl.nasa.gov; david.m.kass@jpl.nasagov; joy.crisp@jpl.nasa.gov; squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu; albert@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; joy@glassy.jpl.nasa.gov; wayne@cranberry.jpl.nasa.gov; nathan.bridges@jpl.nasa.gov; arvidson@wunder.wustl.edu; carr@usgs.gov; rkirk@usgs.gov; philip.c.knocke@jpl.nasa.gov; ralph.b.roncoli@jpl.nasa.gov; cweitz@hq.nasa.gov; tim@scn1.jpl.nasa.gov; rzurek@jpl.nasa.gov; phil.christensen@asu.edu; robin.fergason@asu.edu; anderson@higp.hawaii.edu; james.rice@asu.edu RI Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016; Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 120 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8072 DI 10.1029/2003JE002074 PG 48 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756QU UT WOS:000187493100001 ER PT J AU Markus, M Knapp, HV Tasker, GD AF Markus, M Knapp, HV Tasker, GD TI Entropy and generalized least square methods in assessment of the regional value of streamgages SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Illinois; gaging network; entropy; generalized least square method; information transfer; network design ID NETWORK-DESIGN; HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS; UNCERTAINTY; MODEL; REGRESSION AB The Illinois State Water Survey performed a study to assess the streamgaging network in the State of Illinois. One of the important aspects of the study was to assess the regional value of each station through an assessment of the information transfer among gaging records for low, average, and high flow conditions. This analysis was performed for the main hydrologic regions in the State, and the stations were initially evaluated using a new approach based on entropy analysis. To determine the regional value of each station within a region, several information parameters, including total net information, were defined based on entropy. Stations were ranked based on the total net information. For comparison, the regional value of the same stations was assessed using the generalized least square regression (GLS) method, developed by the US Geological Survey. Finally, a hybrid combination of GLS and entropy was created by including a function of the negative net information as a penalty function in the GLS. The weights of the combined model were determined to maximize the average correlation with the results of GLS and entropy. The entropy and GLS methods were evaluated using the high-flow data from southern Illinois stations. The combined method was compared with the entropy and GLS approaches using the high-flow data from eastern Illinois stations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Watershed Sci Sect, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Markus, M (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, Watershed Sci Sect, 2204 Griffith Dr 518, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 283 IS 1-4 BP 107 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00244-0 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 746BH UT WOS:000186726100007 ER PT J AU Clark, RN Swayze, GA Livo, KE Kokaly, RF Sutley, SJ Dalton, JB McDougal, RR Gent, CA AF Clark, RN Swayze, GA Livo, KE Kokaly, RF Sutley, SJ Dalton, JB McDougal, RR Gent, CA TI Imaging spectroscopy: Earth and planetary remote sensing with the USGS Tetracorder and expert systems SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE imaging spectroscopy; reflectance spectroscopy; planetary mapping; expert system; Tetracorder; mineral map ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; GALILEAN SATELLITES; MARS; MINERALS; WATER AB Imaging spectroscopy is a tool that can be used to spectrally identify and spatially map materials based on their specific chemical bonds. Spectroscopic analysis requires significantly more sophistication than has been employed in conventional broadband remote sensing analysis. We describe a new system that is effective at material identification and mapping: a set of algorithms within an expert system decision-making framework that we call Tetracorder. The expertise in the system has been derived from scientific knowledge of spectral identification. The expert system rules are implemented in a decision tree where multiple algorithms are applied to spectral analysis, additional expert rules and algorithms can be applied based on initial results, and more decisions are made until spectral analysis is complete. Because certain spectral features are indicative of specific chemical bonds in materials, the system can accurately identify and map those materials. In this paper we describe the framework of the decision making process used for spectral identification, describe specific spectral feature analysis algorithms, and give examples of what analyses and types of maps are possible with imaging spectroscopy data. We also present the expert system rules that describe which diagnostic spectral features are used in the decision making process for a set of spectra of minerals and other common materials. We demonstrate the applications of Tetracorder to identify and map surface minerals, to detect sources of acid rock drainage, and to map vegetation species, ice, melting snow, water, and water pollution, all with one set of expert system rules. Mineral mapping can aid in geologic mapping and fault detection and can provide a better understanding of weathering, mineralization, hydrothermal alteration, and other geologic processes. Environmental site assessment, such as mapping source areas of acid mine drainage, has resulted in the acceleration of site cleanup, saving millions of dollars and years in cleanup time. Imaging spectroscopy data and Tetracorder analysis can be used to study both terrestrial and planetary science problems. Imaging spectroscopy can be used to probe planetary systems, including their atmospheres, oceans, and land surfaces. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clark, RN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Kokaly, Raymond/A-6817-2017 OI Kokaly, Raymond/0000-0003-0276-7101 NR 56 TC 201 Z9 221 U1 2 U2 49 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 6 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 5131 DI 10.1029/2002JE001847 PG 44 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756MV UT WOS:000187484400001 ER PT J AU Calvert, AJ Fisher, MA Ramachandran, K Trehu, AM AF Calvert, AJ Fisher, MA Ramachandran, K Trehu, AM TI Possible emplacement of crustal rocks into the forearc mantle of the Cascadia Subduction Zone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID JUAN-DE-FUCA; SOUTHERN VANCOUVER-ISLAND; CONVERGENT MARGIN; PLATE; SLAB AB Seismic reflection profiles shot across the Cascadia forearc show that a 5-15 km thick band of reflections, previously interpreted as a lower crustal shear zone above the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, extends into the upper mantle of the North American plate, reaching depths of at least 50 km. In the extreme western corner of the mantle wedge, these reflectors occur in rocks with P wave velocities of 6750-7000 ms(-1). Elsewhere, the forearc mantle, which is probably partially serpentinized, exhibits velocities of approximately 7500 ms(-1). The rocks with velocities of 6750-7000 ms(-1) are anomalous with respect to the surrounding mantle, and may represent either: (1) locally high mantle serpentinization, (2) oceanic crust trapped by backstepping of the subduction zone, or (3) rocks from the lower continental crust that have been transported into the uppermost mantle by subduction erosion. The association of subparallel seismic reflectors with these anomalously low velocities favours the tectonic emplacement of crustal rocks. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Calvert, AJ (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 5 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 23 AR 2196 DI 10.1029/2003GL018541 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 756ME UT WOS:000187481800002 ER PT J AU Battaglia, J Got, JL Okubo, P AF Battaglia, J Got, JL Okubo, P TI Location of long-period events below Kilauea Volcano using seismic amplitudes and accurate relative relocation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE LP events; multiplet; earthquake location; seismic amplitudes; Kilauea; Hawaii ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; SOURCE MECHANISM; SPATIAL EXTENT; ARRAY ANALYSES; SOURCE MODEL; HAWAII; TREMOR; ERUPTION; FAULT AB We present methods for improving the location of long-period ( LP) events, deep and shallow, recorded below Kilauea Volcano by the permanent seismic network. LP events might be of particular interest to understanding eruptive processes as their source mechanism is assumed to directly involve fluid transport. However, it is usually difficult or impossible to locate their source using traditional arrival time methods because of emergent wave arrivals. At Kilauea, similar LP waveform signatures suggest the existence of LP multiplets. The waveform similarity suggests spatially close sources, while catalog solutions using arrival time estimates are widely scattered beneath Kilauea's summit caldera. In order to improve estimates of absolute LP location, we use the distribution of seismic amplitudes corrected for station site effects. The decay of the amplitude as a function of hypocentral distance is used for inferring LP location. In a second stage, we use the similarity of the events to calculate their relative positions. The analysis of the entire LP seismicity recorded between January 1997 and December 1999 suggests that a very large part of the LP event population, both deep and shallow, is generated by a small number of compact sources. Deep events are systematically composed of a weak high-frequency onset followed by a low-frequency wave train. Aligning the low-frequency wave trains does not lead to aligning the onsets indicating the two parts of the signal are dissociated. This observation favors an interpretation in terms of triggering and resonance of a magmatic conduit. Instead of defining fault planes, the precise relocation of similar LP events, based on the alignment of the high-energy low-frequency wave trains, defines limited size volumes. C1 US Geol Survey, Hawaii Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Ctr Study Act Volcanoes, Hilo, HI USA. Univ Savoie, LGIT, F-73376 Le Bourget Du Lac, France. RP Battaglia, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM battag@geology.wisc.edu; jean-luc.got@univ-savoie.fr; pokubo@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 5 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B12 AR 2553 DI 10.1029/2003JB002517 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756MY UT WOS:000187485000001 ER PT J AU Chavarria, JA Malin, P Catchings, RD Shalev, E AF Chavarria, JA Malin, P Catchings, RD Shalev, E TI A look inside the San Andreas fault at Parkfield through vertical seismic profiling SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CALIFORNIA; SCATTERING; WAVES AB The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth pilot hole is located on the southwestern side of the Parkfield San Andreas fault. This observatory includes a vertical seismic pro. ling (VSP) array. VSP seismograms from nearby microearthquakes contain signals between the P and S waves. These signals may be P and S waves scattered by the local geologic structure. The collected scattering points form planar surfaces that we interpret as the San Andreas fault and four other secondary faults. The scattering process includes conversions between P and S waves, the strengths of which suggest large contrasts in material properties, possibly indicating the presence of cracks or fluids. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Chavarria, JA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 17 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 5 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5651 BP 1746 EP 1748 DI 10.1126/science.1090711 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 750AX UT WOS:000186970100042 PM 14657494 ER PT J AU Worrall, F Kolpin, DW AF Worrall, F Kolpin, DW TI Direct assessment of groundwater vulnerability from single observations of multiple contaminants SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE groundwater pollution; pesticide leaching; pollution risk assessment; well monitoring ID WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT; NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION; DRASTIC APPROACH; UNITED-STATES; NEW-ZEALAND; LAND-USE; GIS; POLLUTION; HERBICIDES AB Groundwater vulnerability is a central concept in pollution risk assessment, yet its estimation has been largely a matter of expert judgment. This work applies a method for the direct calculation of vulnerability from monitoring well observations of pesticide concentrations. The method has two major advantages: it is independent of the compounds being examined, and it has a direct probabilistic interpretation making it ideal for risk assessment. The methodology was applied to data from a groundwater monitoring program in the midwestern United States. The distribution of the vulnerabilities was skewed toward zero. Spatial distribution of the vulnerabilities shows them to be controlled by both regional and local factors. Methods are presented for estimating the necessary sample sizes for vulnerability studies. The further application of the approach developed in this study to understanding groundwater pollution is discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Worrall, F (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC 5 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 12 AR 1345 DI 10.1029/2002WR001212 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 756NT UT WOS:000187488500001 ER PT J AU Beyer, RA McEwen, AS Kirk, RL AF Beyer, RA McEwen, AS Kirk, RL TI Meter-scale slopes of candidate MER landing sites from point photoclinometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers; photoclinometry; landing sites ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; EXPLORATION ROVER MISSION; VIKING-1 LANDER; MARS; ROUGHNESS; SURFACE; CAMERA; GEOLOGY AB Photoclinometry was used to analyze the small-scale roughness of areas that fall within the proposed Mars Exploration Rover (MER) 2003 landing ellipses. The landing ellipses presented in this study were those in Athabasca Valles, Elysium Planitia, Eos Chasma, Gusev Crater, Isidis Planitia, Melas Chasma, and Meridiani Planum. We were able to constrain surface slopes on length scales comparable to the image resolution (1.5 to 12 m/pixel). The MER 2003 mission has various engineering constraints that each candidate landing ellipse must satisfy. These constraints indicate that the statistical slope values at 5 m baselines are an important criterion. We used our technique to constrain maximum surface slopes across large swaths of each image, and built up slope statistics for the images in each landing ellipse. We are confident that all MER 2003 landing site ellipses in this study, with the exception of the Melas Chasma ellipse, are within the small-scale roughness constraints. Our results have provided input into the landing hazard assessment process. In addition to evaluating the safety of the landing sites, our mapping of small-scale roughnesses can also be used to better define and map morphologic units. The morphology of a surface is characterized by the slope distribution and magnitude of slopes. In looking at how slopes are distributed, we can better define landforms and determine the boundaries of morphologic units. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Beyer, RA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Kuiper Space Sci Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. OI Beyer, Ross/0000-0003-4503-3335 NR 41 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8085 DI 10.1029/2003JE002120 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756MU UT WOS:000187484300003 ER PT J AU Fenton, LK Bandfield, JL Ward, AW AF Fenton, LK Bandfield, JL Ward, AW TI Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Sedimentary history as analyzed from multiple data sets SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; aeolian processes; dunes and ripples; surface composition; thermal inertia; geomorphology ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; SAND DUNES; MARTIAN SURFACE; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; ORBITER CAMERA; PARTICLE-SIZE; KELSO DUNES; DEPOSITS; FEATURES AB Proctor Crater is a 150 km diameter crater in Noachis Terra, within the southern highlands of Mars. The analysis leading to the sedimentary history incorporates several data sets including imagery, elevation, composition, and thermal inertia, mostly from the Mars Global Surveyor mission. The resulting stratigraphy reveals that the sedimentary history of Proctor Crater has involved a complex interaction of accumulating and eroding sedimentation. Aeolian features spanning much of the history of the crater interior dominate its surface, including large erosional pits, stratified beds of aeolian sediment, sand dunes, erosional and depositional streaks, dust devil tracks, and small bright bed forms that are probably granule ripples. Long ago, up to 450 m of layered sediment filled the crater basin, now exposed in eroded pits on the crater floor. These sediments are probably part of an ancient deposit of aeolian volcaniclastic material. Since then, some quantity of this material has been eroded from the top layers of the strata. Small, bright dune forms lie stratigraphically beneath the large dark dune field. Relative to the large dark dunes, the bright bed forms are immobile, although in places, their orientations are clearly influenced by the presence of the larger dunes. Their prevalence in the crater and their lack of compositional and thermal distinctiveness relative to the crater floor suggests that these features were produced locally from the eroding basin fill. Dust devil tracks form during the spring and summer, following a west-southwesterly wind. Early in the spring the dust devils are largely restricted to dark patches of sand. As the summer approaches, dust devil tracks become more plentiful and spread to the rest of the crater floor, indicating that the entire region acquires an annual deposit of dust that is revealed by seasonal dust devils. The dark dunes contain few dust devil tracks, suggesting that accumulated dust is swept away directly by saltation, rather than by the passage of dust devils. Spectral deconvolution indicates that the dark dunes have infrared spectra consistent with basalt-like materials. The average thermal inertia calculated from Thermal Emission Spectrometer bolometric temperatures is 277+/-17 J m(-2) s(-0.5) K(-1), leading to an effective grain size of 740+/-170 mm, which is consistent with coarse sand and within the range expected for Martian sand. The coarse sand that composes the large dune field may have originated from outside the crater, saltating in from the southwest. Most of the transport pathway that delivered this sand to the dune field has since been eroded away or buried. The sand was transported to the east center of the crater floor, where beneath the present-day dunes a 50 m high mound of sand has accumulated. Dune slip faces indicate a wind regime consisting of three opposing winds. Some of these wind directions are correlated with the orientations of dust devil tracks and bright bed forms. The combination of a tall mound of sand and three opposing winds is consistent with a convergent wind regime, which produces the large reversing transverse and star dunes that dominate the dune field. The dark dunes have both active slip faces and seemingly inactive slip faces, suggesting that the dunes vary spatially in their relative activity. Nevertheless, the aeolian activity that has dominated the history of Proctor Crater still continues today. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Branch, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Fenton, LK (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Mail Code 1404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM lkfenton@asu.edu; joshband@imap3.asu.edu; wward@usgs.gov NR 96 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 5129 DI 10.1029/2002JE002015 PG 39 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 756MU UT WOS:000187484300001 ER PT J AU Work, TM Rameyer, RA Takata, G Kent, ML AF Work, TM Rameyer, RA Takata, G Kent, ML TI Protozoal and epitheliocystis-like infections in the introduced bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira in Hawaii SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE bluestripe snapper; Lutjanus kasmira; Apicomplexa; protozoa; epitheliocystis-like organism; pathology; epizootiology ID HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS; SPARUS-AURATA; APICOMPLEXA; MORTALITY; LIVER; FISH; POPULATIONS; PARASITES; PACIFIC; DISEASE AB The bluestripe snapper, or taape, was introduced into Hawaii in the 1950s and has since become very abundant throughout the archipelago. As part of a health survey of reef fish in Hawaii, we necropsied 120 taape collected from various coastal areas south of Oahu and examined fish histology for extraintestinal organisms. Forty-seven percent of taape were infected with an apicomplexan protozoan compatible with a coccidian. Infection was evident mainly in the spleen and, less commonly, the kidney. Prevalence of this coccidian increased with size of fish, and we saw no significant pathology associated with the organism. Twenty-six percent of taape were also infected with an epitheliocystis-like organism that occurred mainly in the kidney and, less commonly, the spleen. In contrast to the coccidian, fish mounted a notable inflammatory response to the epitheliocystis-like organism, and this inflammation appeared to increase in severity with age. Prevalence of the epitheliocystis-like organism infection increased with age, but infection was not seen in fish greater than 26.5 cm fork length. The high prevalence of coccidial infection in introduced taape prompts the concern that these organisms, along with the epitheliocystis-like organism, have the potential to be transmitted to native reef fish. Given the impact of other introduced microbial organisms on native Hawaiian fauna, there is a clear need to assess whether protozoa and bacteria are endemic to Hawaii, and whether they negatively impact native reef fish that closely associate with taape. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Tripler Army Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Honolulu, HI 96859 USA. Oregon State Univ, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM thierry_work@usgs.gov RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD DEC 3 PY 2003 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.3354/dao057059 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 779CH UT WOS:000189277700008 PM 14735922 ER PT J AU O'Brien, CA Williams, JD Hoggarth, MA AF O'Brien, CA Williams, JD Hoggarth, MA TI Morphological variation in glochidia shells of six species of Elliptio from Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast drainages in the southeastern United States SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID MUSSELS; UNIONIDAE; MOLLUSCA; BIVALVIA; FISH AB The genus Elliptio, with 36 currently recognized species, is the largest genus in the family Unionidae in North America. The genus is represented by two species, Elliptio crassidens and E. dilatata, in the Interior Basin and 34 species in drainages of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast. The paucity and variation of conchological characters in the genus Elliptio makes it extremely difficult to define species and determine relationships. We examined glochidia from six species of Elliptio in an effort to determine if there are useful characteristics for species level identification and/or characters for identification of species groups. Elliptio species were selected to represent different morphological groups from four drainages in the southeastern United States. The glochidia from E. crassidens, E. dariensis, E. hopetonensis, E. icterina, E. shepardiana, and E. mcmichaeli were qualitatively compared, using scanning electron microscopy, with each other and with descriptions of these and other Elliptio glochidia described in the literature. Two groups were identified. The crassidens group, including E. crassidens, E. dariensis, and E. mcmichaeli, had subtriangular glochidia with a triangular styliform hook extending from the ventral margin of the valve and rough exterior valve sculpturing. Adults of this group had wrinkled or corrugated sculpturing on the posterior slope of the shell. The complanata group, including E. hopetonensis, E. icterina, and E. shepardiana, had subelliptical glochidia with a broad flange extending the entire ventral margin and loose-looped exterior valve sculpturing. Adults of this group lack sculpturing on the posterior slope of the shell. Differences in glochidial morphometrics were found, however, additional work is needed to determine if they are reliable for species level identification. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Aquat Resources Studies, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Otterbein Coll, Dept Life & Earth Sci, Westerville, OH 43081 USA. RP O'Brien, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Aquat Resources Studies, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD DEC 2 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 3 BP 719 EP 731 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 752CN UT WOS:000187129600012 ER PT J AU Arroyo-Cabrales, J Gardner, AL AF Arroyo-Cabrales, J Gardner, AL TI The type specimen of Anoura geoffroyi lasiopyga (Chiroptera : Phyllostomidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB In 1868, Wilhelm Peters described Glossonycteris lasiopyga, based on a specimen provided by Henri de Saussure and collected in Mexico. The type specimen was presumed to be among those housed in the collections of the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt, Universitat, in Berlin, Germany. Our study of one of Saussure's specimens from Mexico, discovered in the collections of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland, demonstrates that it and not one of the Berlin specimens is the holotype. C1 M&C Ticul Alvarez Solorzano, INAH, Lab Arqueozool, Mexico City 06060, DF, Mexico. Smithsonian Inst, Biodivers Program Off, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Arroyo-Cabrales, J (reprint author), M&C Ticul Alvarez Solorzano, INAH, Lab Arqueozool, Modena 16 Col Ctr, Mexico City 06060, DF, Mexico. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD DEC 2 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 3 BP 737 EP 741 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 752CN UT WOS:000187129600014 ER PT J AU Su, GW Nimmo, JR Dragila, MI AF Su, GW Nimmo, JR Dragila, MI TI Effect of isolated fractures on accelerated flow in unsaturated porous rock SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE unsaturated flow; fractured rock; preferential flow ID VADOSE ZONE; WATER-FLOW; SEEPAGE; MEDIA; INFILTRATION; SURFACES; PHYSICS; CHALK AB Fractures that begin and end in the unsaturated zone, or isolated fractures, have been ignored in previous studies because they were generally assumed to behave as capillary barriers and remain nonconductive. We conducted a series of experiments using Berea sandstone samples to examine the physical mechanisms controlling flow in a rock containing a single isolated fracture. The input fluxes and fracture orientation were varied in these experiments. Visualization experiments using dyed water in a thin vertical slab of rock were conducted to identify flow mechanisms occurring due to the presence of the isolated fracture. Two mechanisms occurred: (1) localized flow through the rock matrix in the vicinity of the isolated fracture and (2) pooling of water at the bottom of the fracture, indicating the occurrence of film flow along the isolated fracture wall. These mechanisms were observed at fracture angles of 20 and 60 degrees from the horizontal, but not at 90 degrees. Pooling along the bottom of the fracture was observed over a wider range of input fluxes for low-angled isolated fractures compared to high-angled ones. Measurements of matrix water pressures in the samples with the 20 and 60 degree fractures also demonstrated that preferential flow occurred through the matrix in the fracture vicinity, where higher pressures occurred in the regions where faster flow was observed in the visualization experiments. The pooling length at the terminus of a 20 degree isolated fracture was measured as a function of input flux. Calculations of the film flow rate along the fracture were made using these measurements and indicated that up to 22% of the flow occurred as film flow. These experiments, apparently the first to consider isolated fractures, demonstrate that such features can accelerate flow through the unsaturated zone and should be considered when developing conceptual models. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Su, GW (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90R01116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gwsu@lbl.gov NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC 2 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 12 AR 1326 DI 10.1029/2002WR001691 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 756NP UT WOS:000187487800001 ER PT J AU Baughman, GL Perkins, WS Lasier, PJ Winger, PV AF Baughman, GL Perkins, WS Lasier, PJ Winger, PV TI Effect of treatment in a constructed wetland on toxicity of textile wastewater SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EFFLUENTS C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Athens, GA USA. RP Winger, PV (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM kjpwsp@tri-countyelectric.net NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 3 IS 12 BP 28 EP 30 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 770MR UT WOS:000188735000005 ER PT J AU Winton, BR Leslie, DM AF Winton, BR Leslie, DM TI Nest sites and conservation of endangered Interior Least Terns Sterna antillarum athalassos on an alkaline flat in the south-central Great Plains (USA) SO ACTA ORNITHOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Interior Least Terns; Sterna antillarum athalassos; apparent nest success; flooding; nest losses; predator exclosures; Oklahoma ID NORTH-CENTRAL OKLAHOMA; SNOWY PLOVERS; SUCCESS; HABITAT; COLONY; DISTURBANCE; MANAGEMENT; PREDATORS AB We monitored nest sites of endangered Interior Least Terns on a 5 095 ha alkaline flat in north-central Oklahoma, USA. After nest loss, Least Terns commonly renested And experienced 30% apparent nest success in 1995-1996 (n = 233 nests). Nest success and predation differed by location on the alkaline flat in 1995 and overall, but nest success and flooding did not differ by microhabitat type. Predation was highest at nests: 5 cm from debris (driftwood/hay) in 1995. No differences in nesting success, flooding, or predation were observed on comparing nests inside, and outside electrified enclosures. Coyotes and Striped Skunks were confirmed nest predators, and Ring-billed Gulls were suspected nest predators. We identified one location on the alkaline flat of about 1000 ha with consistently lower nest losses attributable to flooding and predation and the highest hatching success compared with other parts of the alkaline flat, it was typified by open ground and bisected by several creeks. Management activities that minimize flooding and predation in this area could further enhance nest success and theoretically increase overall productivity of this population of Least Terns. However, the efficacy of electrified enclosures and nest-site enhancements, as currently undertaken, is questionable because of considerable annual variation in use by and protection of Least Terns. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacassine Natl Wildlife Refuge, Lake Arthur, LA 70549 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Winton, BR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacassine Natl Wildlife Refuge, 209 Nat Dr, Lake Arthur, LA 70549 USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 4 PU MUSEUM & INSTITUTE ZOOLOGY PI WARSAW PA WILCZA 64, PL-00-679 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0001-6454 J9 ACTA ORNITHOL JI Acta Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 2 BP 135 EP 141 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 759ZL UT WOS:000187784700008 ER PT J AU Matmon, A Bierman, PR Larsen, J Southworth, S Pavich, M Finkel, R Caffee, M AF Matmon, A Bierman, PR Larsen, J Southworth, S Pavich, M Finkel, R Caffee, M TI Erosion of an ancient mountain range, the Great Smoky Mountains, north Carolina and Tennessee (vol 303, pg 972, 2003) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Matmon, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM amatmon@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 303 IS 10 BP 972 EP 973 DI 10.2475/ajs.303.10.972 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 767JL UT WOS:000188436400004 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Allen, JA AF Krauss, KW Allen, JA TI Influences of salinity and shade on seedling photosynthesis and growth of two mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle and Bruguiera sexangula, introduced to Hawaii SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE carbon assimilation; invasion biology; tight response curves; photosynthesis; salt sensitivity; shade tolerance; Rhizophora mangle; Brugutera sexangula ID RED MANGROVE; FOREST AB Rhizophora mangle was first introduced to Hawaii in 1902 to promote shoreline stabilization. Intertidal competition with native and introduced salt marsh species was low, and beyond the early 1920s, mangrove forests expanded rapidly. An additional mangrove species, Bruguiera sexangula, was introduced in 1922 and currently co-occurs with R. mangle in only a few stands on the north shore and windward sides of Oahu. Where the two species overlap, R. mangle, having colonized intertidal zones first, forms nearly monospecific forest stands. To determine why R. mangle remains the dominant mangrove, we initiated a greenhouse study to compare seedling growth and photosynthetic light response of both species growing at two light levels and contrasting salinity regimes (2, 10, 32 PSU). The asymptotic nature of B. sexangula's assimilation response is indicative of stomatal regulation, whereas only light level appears to regulate photosynthesis in R. mangle. Shifts in patterns of biomass allocation and physiological response indicate two contrasting strategies relative to sunlight and salinity. B. sexangula's strategy is characterized by slow growth with little variation under favorable conditions and morphological plasticity under stressful conditions, which allows for adjustments in carbon gain efficiency (morphological strategy). On the other hand, R. mangle's strategy involves faster growth under a wide range of environmental conditions with physiological enhancement of carbon assimilation (physiological strategy). Low salinity combined with reduced light, or simply low sunlight alone, appears to favor R. mangle and B. sexangula equally. High salinity places greater, but not overwhelming, stress on B. sexangula seedlings, but tends to favor R. mangle at higher light levels. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Paul Smiths Coll, Div Forestry, Paul Smiths, NY 12970 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 26 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 77 IS 4 BP 311 EP 324 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2003.08.004 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 753FB UT WOS:000187220500005 ER PT J AU Booms, TL Fuller, MR AF Booms, TL Fuller, MR TI Gyrfalcon feeding behavior during the nestling period in central West Greenland SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE camera; falcon; Falco rusticolus; feeding behavior; food habits; Greenland; gyrfalcon; time-lapse video ID FALCO-RUSTICOLUS; BODY DRAG; PREY; DIET; RADIOTRACKING; ISLAND AB We studied gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) food delivery and feeding behavior during the nestling period in central West Greenland during the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. We used time-lapse video cameras installed at three nests to record 2677.25 hours of nestling video. Ptarmigan delivered to nests were usually plucked prior to delivery and included the breast and superior thoracic vertebrae. Arctic hare leverets were rarely plucked and often delivered in parts. The most commonly delivered leveret part was the hind legs attached to the lower back. Passerines were rarely plucked and usually delivered whole. After feeding the young, adults removed 20.9% of prey items from the nest, which included items both with and without obvious muscle still attached. Prey delivery rates were similar among nests and increased as nestlings aged. Prey delivery frequency peaked in the morning and evening, with a distinct lull in the late evening and early morning hours. Male and female adults delivered a similar number of prey, though males typically delivered smaller prey than females. Gyrfalcons cached and re-delivered at least 9.1% of all items delivered, and one item was cached and retrieved three times. C1 Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. USGS Forest Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Booms, TL (reprint author), N10909 Oxbow Ln, Wausaukee, WI 54177 USA. EM travisbooms@hotmail.com NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 16 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD DEC PY 2003 VL 56 IS 4 BP 341 EP 348 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 764FX UT WOS:000188197700004 ER PT J AU Evans, TJ Fischbach, A Schliebe, S Manly, B Kalxdorff, S York, G AF Evans, TJ Fischbach, A Schliebe, S Manly, B Kalxdorff, S York, G TI Polar bear aerial survey in the eastern Chukchi sea: A pilot study SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Ursus maritimus; polar bear; Beaufort Sea; Chukchi Sea; line transect; icebreaker ID BEAUFORT SEA AB Alaska has two polar bear populations: the Southern Beaufort Sea population, shared with Canada, and the Chukchi/Bering Seas population, shared with Russia. Currently a reliable population estimate for the Chukchi/Bering Seas population does not exist. Land-based aerial and mark-recapture population surveys may not be possible in the Chukchi Sea because variable ice conditions, the limited range of helicopters, extremely large polar bear home ranges, and severe weather conditions may limit access to remote areas. Thus line-transect aerial surveys from icebreakers may be the best available tool to monitor this polar bear stock. In August 2000, a line-transect survey was conducted in the eastern Chukchi Sea and western Beaufort Sea from helicopters based on a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker under the "Ship of Opportunity" program. The objectives of this pilot study were to estimate polar bear density in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort Seas and to assess the logistical feasibility of using ship-based aerial surveys to-develop polar bear population estimates. Twenty-nine polar bears in 25 groups were sighted on 94 transects (8257 km). The density of bears was estimated as I bear per 147 km(2) (CV = 38%). Additional aerial surveys in late fall, using dedicated icebreakers, would be required to achieve the number of sightings, survey effort, coverage, and precision needed for more effective monitoring of population trends in the Chukchi Sea. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Kodiak Natl Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Evans, TJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Thomas_Evans@fws.gov RI Fischbach, Anthony/E-7166-2010 OI Fischbach, Anthony/0000-0002-6555-865X NR 17 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 10 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD DEC PY 2003 VL 56 IS 4 BP 359 EP 366 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 764FX UT WOS:000188197700006 ER PT J AU Hamilton, TD Brigham-Grette, J AF Hamilton, TD Brigham-Grette, J TI David Moody Hopkins (1921-2001) - Obituaries SO ARCTIC LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Hamilton, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD DEC PY 2003 VL 56 IS 4 BP 423 EP 424 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 764FX UT WOS:000188197700014 ER PT J AU Sileo, L Beyer, WN Mateo, R AF Sileo, L Beyer, WN Mateo, R TI Pancreatitis in wild zinc-poisoned waterfowl SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; CANADA GEESE; LEAD; TOXICOSIS; TOXICITY; DUCKLINGS; MALLARDS; COPPER; CHICK; DUCK AB Four waterfowl were collected in the Tri-State Mining District ( Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri, USA), an area known to be contaminated with lead, cadmium and zinc (Zn). They were part of a larger group of 20 waterfowl collected to determine the exposure of birds to metal contamination at the site. The four waterfowl ( three Branta canadensis, one Anas platyrhynchos) had mild to severe degenerative abnormalities of the exocrine pancreas, as well as tissue ( pancreas, liver) concentrations of Zn that were considered toxic. The mildest condition was characterized by generalized atrophy of exocrine cells that exhibited cytoplasmic vacuoles and a relative lack of zymogen. The most severe condition was characterized by acini with distended lumens and hyperplastic exocrine tissue that completely lacked zymogen; these acini were widely separated by immature fibrous tissue. Because the lesions were nearly identical to the lesions reported in chickens and captive waterfowl that had been poisoned with ingested Zn, and because the concentrations of Zn in the pancreas and liver of the four birds were consistent with the concentrations measured in Zn-poisoned birds, we concluded that these waterfowl were poisoned by Zn. This may be the first reported case of zinc poisoning in free-ranging wild birds poisoned by environmental Zn. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Vet, Toxicol Lab, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. RP Sileo, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RI Mateo, Rafael/A-3117-2011 OI Mateo, Rafael/0000-0003-1307-9152 NR 26 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 7 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 655 EP 660 DI 10.1080/03079450310001636246 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 752UF UT WOS:000187185000012 PM 14676018 ER PT J AU Link, WA Royle, JA Hatfield, JS AF Link, WA Royle, JA Hatfield, JS TI Demographic analysis from summaries of an age-structured population SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE age-structured populations; demographic analysis; latent variables; Markov chain Monte Carlo; whooping cranes; wildlife statistics ID WHOOPING-CRANE; GRUS-AMERICANA; BOWHEAD WHALES; DYNAMICS; MODEL AB Demographic analyses of age-structured populations typically rely on life history data for individuals, or when individual animals are not identified, on information about the numbers of individuals in each age class through time. While it is usually difficult to determine the age class of a randomly encountered individual, it is often the case that the individual can be readily and reliably assigned to one of a set of age classes. For example, it is often possible to distinguish first-year from older birds. In such cases, the population age structure can be regarded as a latent variable governed by a process prior, and the data as summaries of this latent, structure. In this article, we consider the problem of uncovering the latent structure and estimating process parameters from summaries of age class information. We present a demographic analysis for the critically endangered migratory population of whooping cranes (Grus americana), based only on counts of first-year birds and of older birds. We estimate age and year-specific survival rates. We address the controversial issue of whether management action on the breeding grounds has influenced recruitment, relating recruitment rates to the number of seventh-year and older birds, and examining the pattern of variation through time in this rate. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2003 VL 59 IS 4 BP 778 EP 785 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2003.00091.x PG 8 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 756UE UT WOS:000187501100005 PM 14969455 ER PT J AU Link, WA AF Link, WA TI Nonidentifiability of population size from capture-recapture data with heterogeneous detection probabilities SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; detection probability; heterogeneity; population estimation; wildlife statistics ID CLOSED POPULATION; MODELS; VARY AB Heterogeneity in detection probabilities has long been recognized as problematic in mark-recapture studies, and numerous models developed to accommodate its effects. Individual heterogeneity is especially problematic, in that reasonable alternative models may predict essentially identical observations from populations of substantially different sizes. Thus even with very large samples, the analyst will not be able to distinguish among reasonable models of heterogeneity, even though these yield quite distinct inferences about population size. The problem is illustrated with models for closed and open populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 11 TC 171 Z9 173 U1 2 U2 30 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2003 VL 59 IS 4 BP 1123 EP 1130 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2003.00129.x PG 8 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 756UE UT WOS:000187501100043 PM 14969493 ER PT J AU Klinger, Y Sieh, K Altunel, E Akoglu, A Barka, A Dawson, T Gonzalez, T Meltzner, A Rockwell, T AF Klinger, Y Sieh, K Altunel, E Akoglu, A Barka, A Dawson, T Gonzalez, T Meltzner, A Rockwell, T TI Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the western segment of the North Anatolian fault, Turkey SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AUGUST 1999 IZMIT; MARMARA SEA REGION; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; SURFACE RUPTURE; KINEMATICS; SEISMICITY; ISTANBUL; WASATCH; SCARPS AB We have conducted a paleoseismic investigation of serial fault rupture at one site along the 110-km rupture of the North Anatolian fault that produced the M-w 7.4 earthquake of 17 August 1999. The benefit of using a recent rupture to compare serial ruptures lies in the fact that the location, magnitude, and slip vector of the most recent event are all very well documented. We wished to determine whether or not the previous few ruptures of the fault were similar to the recent one. We chose a site at a step-over between two major strike-slip traces, where the principal fault is a normal fault. Our two excavations across the 1999 rupture reveal fluvial sands and gravels with two colluvial wedges related to previous earthquakes. Each wedge is about 0.8 m thick. Considering the processes of collapse and subsequent diffusion that are responsible for the formation of a colluvial wedge, we suggest that the two paleoscarps were similar in height to the 1999 scarp. This similarity supports the concept of characteristic slip, at least for this location along the fault. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of 16 charcoal samples are consistent with the interpretation that these two paleoscarps formed during large historical events in 1509 and 1719. If this is correct, the most recent three ruptures at the site have occurred at 210- and 280-year intervals. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Osmangazi Univ, Bademlik Eskesehir, Turkey. Tech Univ Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Earth Consultant Int, Orange, CA 92867 USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Klinger, Y (reprint author), Inst Phys Globe, 4 Pl Jussieu, Paris, France. RI Meltzner, Aron/A-5585-2009; klinger, yann/B-1226-2011; OI Meltzner, Aron/0000-0002-2955-0896; Rockwell, Thomas/0000-0001-5319-6447 NR 34 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2317 EP 2332 DI 10.1785/0120010270 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900001 ER PT J AU McGarr, A Fletcher, JB AF McGarr, A Fletcher, JB TI Maximum slip in Earthquake Fault Zones, apparent stress, and stick-slip friction SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG-MOTION DATA; SUPERSTITION HILLS EARTHQUAKE; SOURCE GROUND MOTION; 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; DEEP DRILLING SITE; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 9 KM DEPTH; SOURCE PARAMETERS; RUPTURE PROCESS; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AB The maximum slip, observed or inferred, for a small patch within the larger fault zone of an earthquake is a remarkably well-constrained function of the seismic moment. A large set of maximum slips, mostly derived from slip models of major earthquakes, indicate that this parameter increases according to the cube root of the seismic moment. Consistent with this finding, neither the average slip rate for the patches of maximum slip nor the apparent stresses of earthquakes show any systematic dependence on seismic moment. Maximum average slip rates are several meters per second independent of moment and, for earthquakes in continental crustal settings, the apparent stress is limited to about 10 MPa. Results from stick-slip friction experiments in the laboratory, combined with information about the state of stress in the crust, can be used to predict, quite closely, the maximum slips and maximum average slip rates within the fault zones of major earthquakes as well as their apparent stresses. These findings suggest that stick-slip friction events observed in the laboratory and earthquakes in continental settings, even with large magnitudes, have similar rupture mechanisms. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McGarr, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 69 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2355 EP 2362 DI 10.1785/0120030037 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900003 ER PT J AU Anderson, G Agnew, DC Johnson, HO AF Anderson, G Agnew, DC Johnson, HO TI Salton trough regional deformation estimated from combined trilateration and survey-mode GPS data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; JACINTO FAULT; SLIP RATES; EARTHQUAKE; GEODOLITE; LANDERS; VALLEY AB The Salton Trough in southeastern California, United States, has one of the highest seismicity and deformation rates in southern California, including 20 earthquakes M 6 or larger since 1892. From 1972 through 1987, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measured a 41-station trilateration network in this region. We remeasured 37 of the USGS baselines using survey-mode Global Positioning System methods from 1995 through 1999. We estimate the Salton Trough deformation field over a nearly 30-year period through combined analysis of baseline length time series from these two datasets. Our primary result is that strain accumulation has been steady over our observation span, at a resolution of about 0.05 mustrain/yr at 95% confidence, with no evidence for significant long-term strain transients despite the occurrence of seven large regional earthquakes during our observation period. Similar to earlier studies, we find that the regional strain field is consistent with 0.5 +/- 0.03 mustrain/yr total engineering shear strain along an axis oriented 311.6degrees +/- 23degrees east of north, approximately parallel to the strike of the major regional faults, the San Andreas and San Jacinto (all uncertainties in the text and tables are standard deviations unless otherwise noted). We also find that (1) the shear strain rate near the San Jacinto fault is at least as high as it is near the San Andreas fault, (2) the areal dilatation near the southeastern Salton Sea is significant, and (3) one station near the southeastern Salton Sea moved anomalously during the period 1987.95-1995.11. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Anderson, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2402 EP 2414 DI 10.1785/0120030014 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900007 ER PT J AU Galehouse, JS Lienkaemper, JJ AF Galehouse, JS Lienkaemper, JJ TI Inferences drawn from two decades of alinement array measurements of creep on faults in the San Francisco Bay Region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; AMERICA PLATE BOUNDARY; HAYWARD FAULT; ANDREAS-FAULT; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; CALAVERAS FAULT; PHILIPPINE FAULT; ACTIVE FAULT; SURFACE SLIP; ZONE AB We summarize over 20 years of monitoring surface creep on faults of the San Andreas system in the San Francisco Bay region using alinement arrays. The San Andreas fault is fully locked at five sites northwest from San Juan Bautista, the southern end of the 1906 earthquake rupture, that is, no creep (<1 mm/yr) is observed. Likewise, the San Gregorio, Rodgers Creek, and West Napa faults show no creep. The measured creep rate on the Calaveras-Paicines fault from Hollister southward is either 6 or similar to10 mm/yr, depending on whether the arrays cross all of the creeping traces. Northward of Hollister, the central Calaveras creep rate reaches 14 +/- 2 mm/yr but drops to similar to2 mm/yr near Calaveras Reservoir, where slip transfers to the southern Hayward fault at a maximum creep rate of 9 mm/yr at its south end. However, the Hayward fault averages only 4.6 mm/yr over most of its length. The Northern Calaveras fault, now creeping at 3-4 mm/yr, steps right to the Concord fault, which has a similar rate, 2.5-3.5 mm/yr, which is slightly slower than the 4.4 mm/yr rate on its northward continuation, the Green Valley fault. The Maacama fault creeps at 4.4 mm/yr near Ukiah and 6.5 mm/yr in Willits. The central and southern segments of the Calaveras fault are predominantly creeping, whereas the Hayward, Northern Calaveras, and Maacama faults are partly locked and, along with the Rodgers Creek and San Andreas, have high potential for major earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Galehouse, JS (reprint author), POB 140, Twain, CA 95984 USA. NR 78 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2415 EP 2433 DI 10.1785/0120020226 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900008 ER PT J AU Hardebeck, JL Shearer, PM AF Hardebeck, JL Shearer, PM TI Using S/P amplitude ratios to constrain the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; WAVE; INVERSION; AFTERSHOCKS; LOCATIONS; PACIFIC AB We test whether S-wave/P-wave amplitude ratio data can improve the computed focal mechanisms of small earthquakes, using events from two southern California aftershock sequences. The observed S/P ratios are generally consistent with the expected mechanisms, implying that S/P ratios can in fact be useful in constraining the focal mechanisms of small events. However, we also find that noise in the observations leads to scatter in the S/P ratios of factors of 2, and sometimes higher. This scatter limits the usefulness of the S/P ratios in two ways: (1) the focal mechanism cannot simply be fit to S/P amplitude data alone without accounting for the noise in a more sophisticated focal mechanism inversion process; (2) while the amplitude ratios may improve poorly constrained mechanisms, they are less useful in refining solutions that are already relatively well constrained. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Hardebeck, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Shearer, Peter/K-5247-2012; OI Shearer, Peter/0000-0002-2992-7630; Hardebeck, Jeanne/0000-0002-6737-7780 NR 21 TC 105 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2434 EP 2444 DI 10.1785/0120020236 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900009 ER PT J AU Boore, DM Gibbs, JF Joyner, WB Tinsley, JC Ponti, DJ AF Boore, DM Gibbs, JF Joyner, WB Tinsley, JC Ponti, DJ TI Estimated ground motion from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake at the site of the interstate 10 and La Cienega Boulevard Bridge collapse, west Los Angeles, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SOIL RESPONSE; SAN-FRANCISCO; VARIABILITY; SEPARATION; FERNANDO; VALLEY AB We have estimated ground motions at the site of a bridge collapse during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. The estimated motions are based on correcting motions recorded during the mainshock 2.3 km from the collapse site for the relative site response of the two sites. Shear-wave slownesses and damping based on analysis of borehole measurements at the two sites were used in the site response analysis. We estimate that the motions at the collapse site were probably larger, by factors ranging from 1.2 to 1.6, than at the site at which the ground motion was recorded, for periods less than about 1 sec. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2737 EP 2751 DI 10.1785/0120020197 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900028 ER PT J AU Ramelli, AR DePolo, CM Yount, JC AF Ramelli, AR DePolo, CM Yount, JC TI Ground cracks associated with the 1994 double spring flat earthquake, West-Central Nevada SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RANGE PROVINCE; BASIN AB The 1994 Double Spring Flat earthquake (M-W 5.8) occurred within a densely faulted step-over between the Genoa and Antelope Valley faults, two principal normal faults of the transition zone between the Basin and Range Province and the northern Sierra Nevada. The earthquake created zones of ground cracks from 0.1 to 2.8 km long along at least five northwest- to north-northwest-striking faults in the epicentral area. Individual cracks had extensional openings generally from 1 to 10 mm wide. No cracks displayed obvious vertical separation, and only one zone showed permissive evidence of right-lateral separation. Over the 8 days following the main-shock (the period over which the cracks were found), aftershocks formed a dominant northeast trend suggesting the earthquake occurred along a northeast-striking structure. However, no ground breakage was found along faults striking parallel to this northeast aftershock alignment, and subsequent aftershocks formed a conjugate northwest trend. Based on the location and character of the five zones, the observed cracks are attributed to secondary fault slip and shaking effects. The earthquake also created ground cracks along at least two faults 15-25 km from the epicenter. In both of these cases, the faults had documented histories of prior ground cracking, indicating that they are particularly susceptible to such triggered deformation. C1 Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ramelli, AR (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, MS 178, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2762 EP 2768 DI 10.1785/0120020177 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 760EP UT WOS:000187798900031 ER PT J AU Bronte, CR Ebener, MP Schreiner, DR DeVault, DS Petzold, MM Jensen, DA Richards, C Lozano, SJ AF Bronte, CR Ebener, MP Schreiner, DR DeVault, DS Petzold, MM Jensen, DA Richards, C Lozano, SJ TI Fish community change in lake superior, 1970-2000 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Salmonid Communities in Oligotrophic Lakes II CY MAY 18-20, 2000 CL UNIV TORONTO, MISSISSAUGA, CANADA HO UNIV TORONTO ID LAMPREY PETROMYZON-MARINUS; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; HERRING COREGONUS-ARTEDII; ST-LOUIS RIVER; GREAT-LAKES; SEA LAMPREY; FOOD-WEB; CISCOES COREGONINAE; THERMAL HABITAT; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Changes in Lake Superior's fish community are reviewed from 1970 to 2000. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) stocks have increased substantially and may be approaching ancestral states. Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) have also recovered, but under sporadic recruitment. Contaminant levels have declined and are in equilibrium with inputs, but toxaphene levels are higher than in all other Great Lakes. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control, harvest limits, and stocking fostered recoveries of lake trout,and allowed establishment of small normative salmonine populations. Natural reproduction supports most salmonine populations, therefore further stocking is not required. Normative salmonines will likely remain minor components of the fish community. Forage biomass has shifted from exotic rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) to native species, and high predation may prevent their recovery. Introductions of exotics have increased and threaten the recovering fish community. Agencies have little influence on the abundance of forage fish or the major predator, siscowet lake trout, and must now focus on habitat protection and enhancement in nearshore areas and prevent additional species introductions to further restoration. Persistence of Lake Superior's native deepwater species is in contrast to other Great Lakes where restoration will be difficult in the absence of these ecologically important fishes. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Chippewa Ottawa Resource Author, Sault Ste Marie, ON 49783, Canada. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Lake Super Area Fisheries Program, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, 2661 Scott Tower Dr, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. EM charles_bronte@fws.gov NR 104 TC 127 Z9 130 U1 11 U2 58 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 60 IS 12 BP 1552 EP 1574 DI 10.1139/F03-136 PG 23 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 770VV UT WOS:000188752800012 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Verdin, J AF Senay, GB Verdin, J TI Characterization of yield reduction in Ethiopia using a GIS-based crop water balance model SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on the Application of Remote Sensing in Hydrology CY OCT 02-05, 2001 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE AB In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, subsistence agriculture is characterized by significant fluctuations in yield and production due to variations in moisture availability to staple crops. Widespread drought can lead to crop failures, with associated deterioration in food security. Ground data collection networks are sparse, so methods using geospatial rainfall estimates derived from satellite and gauge observations, where available, have been developed to calculate seasonal crop water balances. Using conventional crop production data for 4 years in Ethiopia (1996-1999), it was found that waterlimited and water-unlimited growing regions can be distinguished. Furthermore, maize growing conditions are also indicative of conditions for sorghum. However, another major staple, teff, was found to behave sufficiently differently from maize to warrant studies of its own. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Senay, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM senay@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 29 IS 6 BP 687 EP 692 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 763MB UT WOS:000188088800003 ER PT J AU Mazdab, FK AF Mazdab, FK TI The diversity and occurrence of potassium-dominant amphiboles SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE potassium-dominant amphiboles; amphibole nomenclature; chemical data; normalization routines; alkali-chloride metasomatism; hypersaline fluids ID INTERNATIONAL-MINERALOGICAL-ASSOCIATION; LUTZOW-HOLM BAY; EAST-ANTARCTICA; CLONCURRY DISTRICT; CL INCORPORATION; RICH AMPHIBOLES; NW QUEENSLAND; COMMISSION; CHLORINE; NAMES AB Currently, the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) recognizes seven amphibole species where potassium is the dominant A-site cation. These include potassic-ferrisadanagaite, potassic-fluororichterite, potassic-magnesiosadanagaite, potassicpargasite, potassicsadanagaite, potassic-chloropargasite and potassicleakeite. However, as a result of an evaluation of compositions of Cl-bearing amphibole samples from iron-oxide-rich ore systems and a comparison with data in the reviewed literature, fourteen additional naturally occurring potassium-dominant amphiboles can be justified from selected published chemical data using recommended protocols for normalization. In keeping with accepted amphibole nomenclature, these new amphibole end-members would be "potassichastingsite", "potassic-chlorohastingsite", "potassic-ferropargasite", "potassic-chloro-ferropargasite", "potassic-aluminosadanagaite", "potassic-chlorosadanagaite", "potassic-chloro-ferro-edenite", "potassicrichterite", "potassic-ferrorichterite", "potassic-fluoro-magnesiokatophorite", "potassic-ferritaramite", "potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite", "potassic-fluoro-magnesio-arfvedsonite" and "potassickornite". In several of the potassium-dominant amphiboles evaluated, chlorine is an important OH-site component, even where it is not the dominant anion, and the optional modifier "chlorian" is appropriate. Indeed, various species of both Cl-rich and K-rich ferropargasite and hastingsite (both sensu lato) are characteristic amphiboles of certain iron-oxide-rich hydrothermal systems associated with alkali-chloride metasomatism. At one locality, another new chlorine-dominant amphibole, although lower in potassium, seems present: potassian "chlorosadanagaite". In addition to mineralization related to hypersaline fluids, the "potassic-" amphiboles are otherwise widespread in diverse igneous, metamorphic, and metasomatic environments. It is hence desirable and justifiable, notably for those cases where results of chemical analyses are accompanied by data on crystallographic and physical properties, to confer species status to these amphiboles. C1 Stanford Univ, USGS, SUMAC, Ion Probe Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Solid State Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Mazdab, FK (reprint author), Stanford Univ, USGS, SUMAC, Ion Probe Lab, Green Bldg,367 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM fmazdab@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 BP 1329 EP 1344 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.41.6.1329 PN 6 PG 16 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 801OC UT WOS:000220104200001 ER PT J AU Villalobos, SA Papoulias, DM Pastva, SD Blankenship, AL Meadows, J Tillitt, DE Giesy, JP AF Villalobos, SA Papoulias, DM Pastva, SD Blankenship, AL Meadows, J Tillitt, DE Giesy, JP TI Toxicity of o,p '-DDE to medaka d-rR strain after a one-time embryonic exposure by in ovo nanoinjection: an early through juvenile life cycle assessment SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE o,p'-DDE; medaka; nanoinjection; maternal transfer model; weak estrogen ID FRESH-WATER FISH; ORYZIAS-LATIPES; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; CHEMICALS; DDT; ACCUMULATION; PESTICIDES; ESTRADIOL; INDUCTION; RESPONSES AB The toxicity of o,p'-DDE (1, 1-dichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl) ethylene) was evaluated in embryos of medaka (Oryzias latipes) following a one time exposure via nanoinjection. Medaka eggs (early gastrula) were injected with 0.5 nl of triolem (vehicle control) or 0.5 nl of 4 graded doses (0.0005-0.5 ng/egg) of o,p'-DDE in triolein. Embryos were allowed to develop, and fry were reared. Embryonic survival was monitored daily during the first 10 d until hatching and thereafter, on a weekly basis until day 59, at which time the fish were monitored for sexual maturity until day 107. In general, o,p'-DDE caused a dose- and time-dependent mortality. No changes in mortality were observed between the last two time points (day 38 and 59, respectively), and hence a 59 day-LD50 of 346 ng o,p'-DDE/egg was derived from the linear dose-response relationship. Prior to late stage death, only isolated cases of cardiovascular lesions and spinal deformities were observed, but were not dose-dependent. The lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL), based on upper 95% CI for regression line = 0.0018 mg/kg, and the LOAEL based on exposure doses = 0.5 mg/kg. Likewise, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) based on linear extrapolation to 100% survival = 0.0000388 mg/kg, while the NOAEL based on exposure doses = 0.05 mg/kg. The nanoinjection medaka model has potential in the study of hormonally active compounds in the environment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. ENTRIX Inc, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Giesy, JP (reprint author), City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biol & Chem, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD DEC PY 2003 VL 53 IS 8 BP 819 EP 826 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00583-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735FU UT WOS:000186102400003 PM 14505702 ER PT J AU Lindqvist, C Motley, TJ Jeffrey, JJ Albert, VA AF Lindqvist, C Motley, TJ Jeffrey, JJ Albert, VA TI Cladogenesis and reticulation in the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae) SO CLADISTICS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE WILLI HENNIG SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Lamiaceae; Hhaplostachys; Phyllostegia; Stenogyne; honeycreeper; drepanidinae; Hawaiian islands; DNA; 5S-NTS; AFLP; cladogenesis; phylogeny; reticulation ID LENGTH POLYMORPHISM AFLP; SPACER SEQUENCE DATA; 5S RIBOSOMAL DNA; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; ADAPTIVE RADIATION; PHYLLOSTEGIA LAMIACEAE; DIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; POPULATIONS; PHYLOGENY AB The Hawaiian endemic mints, which comprise 58 species of dry-fruited Haplostachys and fleshy-fruited Phyllostegia and Stenogyne, represent a major island radiation that likely originated from polyploid hybrid ancestors in the temperate North American Stachys lineage. In contrast with considerable morphological and ecological diversity among taxa, sequence variation in the nrDNA 5S non-transcribed spacer was found to be remarkably low, which when analyzed using standard parsimony resulted in a lack of phylogenetic resolution among accessions of insect-pollinated Phyllostegia and bird-pollinated Stenogyne. However, many within-individual nucleotide polymorphisms were observed, and under the assumption that they could contain phylogenetic information, these ambiguities were recoded as new character states. Substantially more phylogenetic structure was obtained with these data, including the resolution of most Stenogyne species into a monophyletic group with an apparent recent origin on Oahu (less than or equal to 3.0 My) or the Maui Nui island complex (less than or equal to 2.2 My). Subsequent diversification appears to have involved multiple inter-island dispersal events. Intergeneric placements for a few morphotypes, seemingly misplaced within either Phyllostegia or Stenogyne, may indicate reticulation as one polymorphism-generating force. For a finer scale exploration of hybridization, preliminary AFLP fragment data were examined among putative hybrids of Stenogyne microphylla and S. rugosa from Mauna Kea, Hawaii, that had been identified based on morphology. Cladistic analysis (corroborated by multivariate correspondence analysis) showed the morphologically intermediate individuals to group in a strongly supported monophyletic clade with S. microphylla. Therefore, reticulation could be both historic and active in Stenogyne, and perhaps a force of general importance in the evolution of the Hawaiian mints. The relatively greater extent of lineage-sorted polymorphisms in Stenogyne may indicate selective differentiation from other fleshy-fruited taxa, perhaps through the agency of highly specialized bird pollinators that restricted gene flow with other Hawaiian mint morphotypes. (C) 2003 The Willi Hennig Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Nat Hist Museums & Bot Garden, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. New York Bot Garden, Lewis B & Dorothy Cullman Program Mol Systemat St, Bronx, NY 10458 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hakalau Forest Natl Wildlife Refuge, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Lindqvist, C (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Nat Hist Museums & Bot Garden, POB 1172, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. RI Albert, Victor/A-1690-2010 NR 61 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0748-3007 J9 CLADISTICS JI Cladistics-Int. J. Willi Hennig Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 19 IS 6 BP 480 EP 495 DI 10.1016/j.cladistics.2003.09.003 PG 16 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA 752RU UT WOS:000187181600002 ER PT J AU Christidis, GE Eberl, DD AF Christidis, GE Eberl, DD TI Determination of layer-charge characteristics of smectites SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE charge distribution; expandable layers; K-saturation; layer charge; LayerCharge program; profile modeling; smectite; X-ray diffraction ID AMMONIUM-TREATED MONTMORILLONITES; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ILLITE-SMECTITE; CLAY-MINERALS; COMPOSITIONAL VARIATIONS; DIOCTAHEDRAL SMECTITES; MILOS-ISLAND; HETEROGENEITY; SEGREGATION; EXPANSION AB A new method for calculation of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites is proposed. The method is based on comparisons between X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of K-saturated, ethylene glycol-solvated, oriented samples and calculated XRD patterns for three-component, mixed-layer systems. For the calculated patterns it is assumed that the measured patterns can be modeled as random interstratifications of fully expanding 17.1 Angstrom layers, partially expanding 13.5 Angstrom layers and non-expanding 9.98 Angstrom layers. The technique was tested using 29 well characterized smectites. According to their XRD patterns, smectites were classified as group 1 (low-charge smectites) and group 2 (high-charge smectites). The boundary between the two groups is at a layer charge of -0.46 equivalents per half unit-cell. Low-charge smectites are dominated by 17.1 Angstrom layers, whereas high-charge smectites contain only 20% fully expandable layers on average. Smectite properties and industrial applications may be dictated by the proportion of 17.1 Angstrom layers present. Non-expanding layers may control the behavior of smectites during weathering, facilitating the formation of illite layers after subsequent cycles of wetting and drying. The precision of the method is better than 3.5% at a layer charge of -0.50; therefore the method should be useful for basic research and for industrial purposes. C1 Tech Univ Crete, Dept Mineral Resources Engn, Khania 73100, Greece. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Christidis, GE (reprint author), Tech Univ Crete, Dept Mineral Resources Engn, Khania 73100, Greece. EM christid@mred.tue.gr NR 42 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 20 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 EI 1552-8367 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 51 IS 6 BP 644 EP 655 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510607 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 756KN UT WOS:000187464400008 ER PT J AU Musiani, M Mamo, C Boitani, L Callaghan, C Gates, CC Mattei, L Visalberghi, E Breck, S Volpi, G AF Musiani, M Mamo, C Boitani, L Callaghan, C Gates, CC Mattei, L Visalberghi, E Breck, S Volpi, G TI Wolf depredation trends and the use of fladry barriers to protect livestock in western North America SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; LARGE CARNIVORES; WOLVES; CONSERVATION; MINNESOTA; PREDATION; ANIMALS; DOGS; REINTRODUCTION; POPULATIONS AB In Alberta, Canada (1982-2001), and in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, United States (19872001), wolves (Canis lupus) killed various domestic animals, among which the major prey were sheep in the United States (68%, n = 494) and cattle in Canada (95%; n = 1633). Under recovery programs, the wolf population increased in the United States, and depredation events increased proportionately. In both countries, the number of domestic animals killed each year was correlated with the number of wolves killed by government authorities for depredation management. We tested the ability of antiwolf barriers made of flags hanging from ropes to impede wolf access to food and livestock. In 18 experiments, barriers prevented captive wolves (n = 9) from accessing food for up to 28 hours and allowed daily separation of wolves to administer contraceptive pills to a female wolf. Barriers prevented access by wild wolves to 100-m(2) baited sites during two 60-day tests. We also set barriers around three cattle pastures. In Alberta during two 60-day trials on 25-ha pastures, wolves approached barriers on 23 occasions but did not cross them, and no cattle were killed. Wolves killed cattle on neighboring ranches during the trials and before and after the trials on the tested ranches. In Idaho four radio collared wolves crossed barriers and killed cattle in a 400-ha ranch after 61 days of barrier exposure. Our results suggest that antiwolf barriers are effective in deterring captive and wild wolves for >1 and 60 days, respectively, and that wild wolves switch to alternative livestock when excluded from one herd of livestock. Our depredation data indicate that protecting livestock from wolves reduces the necessity for killing wolves. Barriers could play a role among the limited set of preventive measures available and offer a cost-effective mitigation tool for the problem of livestock depredation on a local scale. C1 Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. So Alberta Conservat Cooperat, Cremona, AB T0M 0R0, Canada. Univ Rome, Dept Anim & Human Biol, Rome, Italy. Cent Rockies Wolf Project, Canmore, AB, Canada. Minist Polit Agr & Forestali, Corpo Forestale Stato, Pescara, Italy. CNR, Ist Sci & Tecnol Cogniz, I-00197 Rome, Italy. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Musiani, M (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM mmusiani@ucalgary.ca OI Visalberghi, Elisabetta/0000-0001-7407-5468 NR 63 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 7 U2 74 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1538 EP 1547 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00063.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 748PF UT WOS:000186869700014 ER PT J AU Bissonette, J Storch, I AF Bissonette, J Storch, I TI Understanding fragmentation: Getting closer to 42 SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MESSAGE CLEAR; ECOLOGY; PATTERN; SCALE; ECOSYSTEMS; LANDSCAPES; DYNAMICS; METRICS; FOREST C1 Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Wildlife Res & Management Unit, D-8000 Munich, Germany. RP Bissonette, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM john.bissonette@usu.edu RI Storch, Ilse/G-6328-2012 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1195-5449 J9 CONSERV ECOL JI Conserv. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 2 AR r5 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 779NY UT WOS:000189307800014 ER PT J AU Hawkins, BA Porter, EE AF Hawkins, BA Porter, EE TI Water-energy balance and the geographic pattern of species richness of western Palearctic butterflies SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE actual evapotranspiration; butterflies; diversity gradients; energy hypothesis; habitat heterogeneity; land cover; productivity; spatial autocorrelation ID PLANT DIVERSITY; SCALE PATTERNS; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS; NYMPHALID BUTTERFLIES; HABITAT HETEROGENEITY; CLIMATIC GRADIENTS; GLOBAL PATTERNS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; NORTH-AMERICA; TREE AB 1. Using two sources of data to estimate butterfly species richness, the potential influences of 11 environmental variables on the richness gradient of butterflies in western/central Europe and northern Africa were examined with multiple regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis. A measure of water-energy balance, actual evapotranspiration, explained 79% of the variance in butterfly species richness using data derived from range maps, and 72% of the variance using data derived from grid-based distribution maps. All other variables explained less than 4% of the variance in the regression models and differed depending on the data source. 2. The spatial analysis indicated that actual evapotranspiration successfully removed most of the spatial autocorrelation in both richness data sets at all spatial scales, confirming the ability of the model to account for the spatial pattern in butterfly richness. 3. Plant species richness, a rarely tested variable hypothesised to be an important determinant of herbivore diversity, was weakly associated with butterfly richness, suggesting that it has little or no direct influence on butterfly richness. 4. A historical variable, the length of time that areas have been exposed for recolonisation after the retreat of the ice sheet following the last ice age, was also not associated with richness patterns, indicating that butterfly richness is in equilibrium with contemporary climate. 5. It was not possible to confirm a result reported for Canadian butterflies that land cover diversity is a strong predictor of butterfly richness, possibly because of methodological differences in the studies, differences in the range of climates found in Canada and the western Palearctic, or because of the highly modified landscape characteristic of Europe. 6. Water-energy balance offers a parsimonious explanation for the butterfly richness gradient in this region, operating partially indirectly via effects on plant productivity and partially directly via physiological effects on butterflies, and this conclusion is robust to differences in the types of distribution maps used to estimate richness patterns. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA USA. RP Hawkins, BA (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Hawkins, Bradford/A-3510-2011 NR 68 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 28 IS 6 BP 678 EP 686 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2003.00551.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 753XR UT WOS:000187257300006 ER PT J AU Garvey, JE Rettig, JE Stein, RA Lodge, DM Klosiewski, SP AF Garvey, JE Rettig, JE Stein, RA Lodge, DM Klosiewski, SP TI Scale-dependent associations among fish predation, littoral habitat, and distributions of crayfish species SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE community; competition; crayfish; exotic species; fish predation; habitat; littoral zone; northern Wisconsin lakes; orconectes; scale; species invasion ID ORCONECTES-RUSTICUS GIRARD; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; FOOD-WEB; SELECTIVE PREDATION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PREY COMMUNITIES; EXOTIC CRAYFISH; TROUT LAKE; COMPETITION; MECHANISMS AB To predict how species establish and disperse within novel communities, the spatial scale at which competition, predation, and habitat interact must be understood. We explored how these factors affect the distribution and abundance of the exotic crayfishes Orconectes rusticus and O. propinquus and the native O. virilis at both the site-specific and whole-lake scales in northern Wisconsin lakes. During summer 1990, we quantified crayfish, fish predators, and fish diets in cobble and macrophyte sites in Trout Lake, comparing resulting patterns to those in 21 lakes surveyed during summer 1987. Within and across lakes, fish abundance was unrelated to habitat. Within Trout Lake, O. rusticus and O. propinquus were common in both cobble and macrophyte. Orconectes virilis was restricted to macrophyte, probably due to strong displacement by the invaders in cobble. Across lakes, O. rusticus increased where habitat was more than 16.7% cobble, O. propinquus was generally rare, and O. virilis abundance was unrelated to cobble. Crayfish were generally small in cobble and large in macrophyte, perhaps because of habitat-specific, size-selective fish predation or because large crayfish leave cobble when it no longer provides refuge. Orconectes virilis, the largest of three congeners, may have a size refuge in macrophyte but not in. cobble. Across lakes, O. rusticus was only abundant when fish biomass was low; O. virilis abundance varied positively with fish. Effects of fish predation and habitat on the ability of invaders Orconectes rusticus and O. propinquus to establish and replace O. virilis appear to be scale dependent. At local (site-specific) scales, cobble likely interacts with selective predation for O. virilis to allow the invaders to establish and replace the native. At the lake-wide scale, high cobble facilitates invaders but predation may curb their successful dispersal and establishment at new sites. Models of community assembly and invasions need to incorporate scale dependencies in habitat availability and biotic interactions to effectively assess the invasion potential of novel species. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Fisheries & Illinois Aquaculture Ctr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Denison Univ, Dept Biol, Granville, OH 43023 USA. Ohio State Univ, Aquat Ecol Lab, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fisheries & Habitat Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Garvey, JE (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Fisheries & Illinois Aquaculture Ctr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM jgarvey@siu.edu RI Garvey, Jim/A-4919-2012 OI Garvey, Jim/0000-0001-5393-9351 NR 62 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 24 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 12 BP 3339 EP 3348 DI 10.1890/02-0444 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 762LN UT WOS:000187973500023 ER PT J AU Kern, JW McDonald, TL Amstrup, SC Durner, GM Erickson, WP AF Kern, JW McDonald, TL Amstrup, SC Durner, GM Erickson, WP TI Using the bootstrap and fast Fourier transform to estimate confidence intervals of 2D kernel densities SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; home range; kernel density estimation; nonparametric statistical methods; polar bear; radio telemetry; spatial analysis ID HOME-RANGE AB Kernel density estimators are often used to estimate the utilization distributions (UDs) of animals. Kernel UD estimates have a strong theoretical basis and perform well, but are usually reported without estimates of error or uncertainty. It is intuitively and theoretically appealing to estimate the sampling error in kernel UD estimates using bootstrapping. However, standard equations for kernel density estimates are complicated and computationally expensive. Bootstrapping requires computing hundreds or thousands of probability densities and is impractical when the number of observations, or the area of interest is large. We used the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete convolution theorem to create a bootstrapping algorithm fast enough to run on commonly available desktop or laptop computers. Application of the FFT method to a large (n > 20,000) set of radio telemetry data would provide a 99.6% reduction in computation time (i.e., 1.6 as opposed to 444 hours) for 1000 bootstrap UD estimates. Bootstrap error contours were computed using data from a radio-collared polar bear (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska. C1 Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. Kern Stat Serv Inc, Sauk Rapids, MN 56379 USA. USGS, Alasca Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP McDonald, TL (reprint author), Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, 2003 Cent Ave, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RI McDonald, Trent/F-2885-2014 OI McDonald, Trent/0000-0001-7608-6988 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 10 IS 4 BP 405 EP 418 DI 10.1023/A:1026092103819 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 727FH UT WOS:000185646900001 ER PT J AU Sun, JG Kim, Y Schmitt, CJ AF Sun, JG Kim, Y Schmitt, CJ TI Longitudinal analysis of bioaccumulative contaminants in freshwater fishes SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE longitudinal data analysis; National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program; organochlorine pesticide; temporal trends ID ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES; BIOMONITORING PROGRAM AB The National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) was initiated in 1967 as a component of the National Pesticide Monitoring program. It consists of periodic collection of freshwater fish and other samples and the analysis of the concentrations of persistent environmental contaminants in these samples. For the analysis, the common approach has been to apply the mixed two-way ANOVA model to combined data. A main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot give a detailed temporal trend of the concentrations since the data are grouped. In this paper, we present an alternative approach that performs a longitudinal analysis of the information using random effects models. In the new approach, no grouping is needed and the data are treated as samples from continuous stochastic processes, which seems more appropriate than ANOVA for the problem. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Sun, JG (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Stat, 222 Math Sci Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 10 IS 4 BP 419 EP 428 DI 10.1023/A:1026044220657 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 727FH UT WOS:000185646900002 ER PT J AU Auster, PJ Lindholm, J Valentine, PC AF Auster, PJ Lindholm, J Valentine, PC TI Variation in habitat use by juvenile Acadian redfish, Sebastes fasciatus SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE boulder reefs; cerianthid anemones; video; remotely operated vehicle; habitat; conservation AB A basic paradigm in behavioral ecology is that organisms expand their distribution as preferred sites become saturated with individuals that reduce the availability of resources ( e. g., shelter, prey) on a per capita basis. Previous fish community studies at Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary have shown that juvenile Acadian redfish Sebastes fasciatus (<20 cm total length; TL) were primarily associated with boulder reefs that have deep interstices amongst the boulders; and that redfish expanded their distribution to adjacent gravel habitats when local abundance on reefs was high. Multibeam and sidescan sonar surveys in Stellwagen Basin (primarily a cohesive mud seafloor) have shown that discrete small areas of the basin floor are composed of mud draped gravel and partially buried boulders. Linear video transects using remotely operated vehicles and a video/photographic equipped grab sampler across five of these sites in 1997 showed that exposed boulders do not have crevices along their lower margins and are surrounded by dense patches of cerianthid anemones, Cerianthus borealis. These anemone patches are not present on the surrounding mud seafloor. Video image data showed that late juvenile redfish (11-20 cm TL) occurred on boulder reefs as well as in the dense cerianthid patches but not on unstructured mud habitat ( without cerianthid anemones). Comparisons of boulder reef and cerianthid habitats in 1998 showed that early demersal phase (0-year) redfish (0-10 cm TL) occurred only on reefs but late juveniles occurred both on the reefs and in dense cerianthid habitats. Adult size classes (>20 cm TL) also occurred in dense cerianthid habitats. Two explanations for these distributions can be advanced. The simplest is that redfish use both boulder and cerianthid habitats on an encounter basis, regardless of habitat saturation or predation pressure. Alternatively, boulder reefs serve as recruitment habitats and cerianthid habitats serve as a conduit for redfish moving away from saturated boulder reef sites, essentially serving as elements of a 'redfish pump'. C1 Univ Connecticut, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Auster, PJ (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 BP 381 EP 389 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000005751.30906.d5 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748BA UT WOS:000186840600007 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM Bullen, TD AF Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM Bullen, TD TI Stable lead isotopes reveal a natural source of high lead concentrations to gasoline-contaminated groundwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gasoline; lead isotopes; MTBE; BTEX; USA; South Carolina ID ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD; INDUSTRIAL LEAD; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; POLLUTION; SOILS; RECORD; PB; ENVIRONMENT; TRANSPORT; EVOLUTION AB Concentrations of total lead as high as 1,600 mug/L were detected in gasoline-contaminated and uncontaminated groundwater at three gasoline-release sites in South Carolina. Total lead concentrations were highest in turbid groundwater samples from gasoline-contaminated and uncontaminated wells, whereas lower turbidity groundwater samples (collected using low-flow methods) had lower total lead concentrations. Dissolved lead concentrations in all wells sampled, however, were less than 15 mug total lead/L, the current United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL). Because many total lead concentrations exceeded the MCL, the source of lead to the groundwater system at two of the three sites was investigated using a stable lead isotope ratio approach. Plots of the stable isotope ratios of lead (Pb) in groundwater as Pb-207/Pb-206 versus Pb-208/Pb-206, and Pb-208/Pb-204 versus Pb-206/Pb-204 were similar to ratios characteristic of lead-based minerals in local rocks of the southeastern US, and were not similar to the stable lead isotopes ratios characteristic of distant lead ore deposits such as Broken Hill, Australia, used to produce tetraethyl lead in gasoline products prior to its phase-out and ban in the United States. Moreover, the isotopic composition of dissolved lead was equivalent to the isotopic composition of total lead in turbid samples collected from the same well, suggesting that the majority of the lead detected in the groundwater samples was associated with sediment particulates of indigenous aquifer material, rather than lead associated with spilled leaded gasoline. The results of this investigation indicate that (1) lead detected at some gasoline-release sites may be derived from the local aquifer material, rather than the gasoline release, and consequently may affect site-specific remediation goals; (2) non-low flow groundwater sampling methods, such as a disposable bailer, may result in turbid groundwater samples and high total lead concentrations, and; (3) stable lead isotopes can be used to clarify the source of lead detected above permissible levels in gasoline-contaminated groundwater systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Landmeyer, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 26 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 45 IS 1 BP 12 EP 22 DI 10.1007/s00254-003-0863-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 749WU UT WOS:000186953700002 ER PT J AU Hammarstrom, JM Seal, RR Meier, AL Jackson, JC AF Hammarstrom, JM Seal, RR Meier, AL Jackson, JC TI Weathering of sulfidic shale and copper mine waste: secondary minerals and metal cycling in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE secondary minerals; Great Smoky Mountains National Park; Tennessee and north Carolina; acid drainage ID ALUM CAVE BLUFF; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; DRAINAGE; SULFATE; CONTAMINATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; SPECTROMETRY; SALAMANDER; CHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTS AB Metal cycling via physical and chemical weathering of discrete sources (copper mines) and regional (non-point) sources (sulfide-rich shale) is evaluated by examining the mineralogy and chemistry of weathering products in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA. The elements in copper mine waste, secondary minerals, stream sediments, and waters that are most likely to have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems are aluminum, copper, zinc, and arsenic because these elements locally exceed toxicity guidelines for surface waters or for stream sediments. Acid-mine drainage has not developed in streams draining inactive copper mines. Acid-rock drainage and chemical weathering processes that accompany debris flows or human disturbances of sulfidic rocks are comparable to processes that develop acid-mine drainage elsewhere. Despite the high rainfall in the mountain range, sheltered areas and intermittent dry spells provide local venues for development of secondary weathering products that can impact aquatic ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hammarstrom, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 70 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 45 IS 1 BP 35 EP 57 DI 10.1007/s00254-003-0856-4 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 749WU UT WOS:000186953700004 ER PT J AU Bayless, ER Schulz, MS AF Bayless, ER Schulz, MS TI Mineral precipitation and dissolution at two slag-disposal sites in northwestern Indiana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calcite; dolomite; gypsum; Indiana; slag ID CALCITE PRECIPITATION; KINETICS; MORPHOLOGY; GROWTH; INHIBITION; CARBONATE; CHEMISTRY; SO4(2-) AB Slag is a ubiquitous byproduct of the iron- and steel-refining industries. In northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois, slag has been deposited over more than 52 km(2) of land surface. Despite the widespread use of slag for fill and construction purposes, little is known about its chemical effects on the environment. Two slag-disposal sites were examined in northwestern Indiana where slag was deposited over the native glacial deposits. At a third site, where slag was not present, background conditions were defined. Samples were collected from cores and drill cuttings and described with scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Ground-water samples were collected and used to assess thermodynamic equilibria between authigenic minerals and existing conditions. Differences in the mineralogy at background and slag-affected sites were apparent. Calcite, dolomite, gypsum, iron oxides, and clay minerals were abundant in native sediments immediately beneath the slag. Mineral features indicated that these minerals precipitated rapidly from slag drainage and co-precipitated minor amounts of non-calcium metals and trace elements. Quartz fragments immediately beneath the slag showed extensive pitting that was not apparent in sediments from the background site, indicating chemical weathering by the hyperalkaline slag drainage. The environmental impacts of slag-related mineral precipitation include disruption of natural ground-water flow patterns and bed-sediment armoring in adjacent surface-water systems. Dissolution of native quartz by the hyperalkaline drainage may cause instability in structures situated over slag fill or in roadways comprised of slag aggregates. C1 US Geol Survey, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bayless, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5957 Lakeside Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. EM ebayless@usgs.gov OI Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447 NR 45 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 45 IS 2 BP 252 EP 261 DI 10.1007/s00254-003-0875-1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 764YM UT WOS:000188238800012 ER PT J AU Marvin-DiPasquale, M Agee, JL AF Marvin-DiPasquale, M Agee, JL TI Microbial mercury cycling in sediments of the San Francisco Bay-Delta SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; DESULFOBULBUS-PROPIONICUS 1PR3; COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SACRAMENTO RIVER BASIN; METHYLATION RATES; METHYLMERCURY DEGRADATION; ESTUARINE SEDIMENT; ORGANIC-MATTER; PURE CULTURES; SEEPAGE LAKE AB Microbial mercury (Hg) methylation and methyhmercury (MeHg) degradation processes were examined using radiolabled model Hg compounds in San Francisco Bay-Delta surface sediments during three seasonal periods: late winter, spring, and fall. Strong seasonal and spatial differences were evident for both processes. MeHg production rates were positively correlated with microbial sulfate reduction rates during late winter only. MeHg production potential was also greatest during this period and decreased during spring and fall. This temporal trend was related both to an increase in gross MeHg degradation, driven by increasing temperature, and to a build-up in pore water sulfide and solid phase reduced sulfur driven by increased sulfate reduction during the warmer seasons. MeHg production decreased sharply with depth at two of three sites, both of which exhibited a corresponding increase in reduced sulfur compounds with depth. One site that was comparatively oxidized and alkaline exhibited little propensity for net MeHg production. These results support the hypothesis that net MeHg production is greatest when and where gross MeHg degradation rates are low and dissolved and solid phase reduced sulfur concentrations are low. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Marvin-DiPasquale, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mailstop 480, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mmarvin@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 18 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2003 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1517 EP 1528 DI 10.1007/BF02803660 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 770RT UT WOS:000188745200013 ER PT J AU Ward, DH Morton, A Tibbitts, TL Douglas, DC Carrera-Gonzalez, E AF Ward, DH Morton, A Tibbitts, TL Douglas, DC Carrera-Gonzalez, E TI Long-term change in eelgrass distribution at Bahia San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico, using satellite imagery SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION; ZOSTERA-MARINA; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; COASTAL LAGOONS; BAY; LIGHT; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; REDUCTION AB Seagrasses are critically important components of many marine coastal and estuarine ecosystems, but are declining worldwide. Spatial change in distribution of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., was assessed at Bahia San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico, using a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1987 Satellite Pour I'Observation de la Terre multispectral satellite image and a 2000 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapping image. Eelgrass comprised 49% and 43% of the areal extent of the bay in 1987 and 2000, respectively. Spatial extent of eelgrass was 13% less (-321 ha) in 2000 than in 1987 with most losses occurring in subtidal areas. Over the 13-yr study period, there was a 34% loss of submerged eelgrass (-457 ha) and a 13% (+136 ha) gain of intertidal eelgrass. Within the two types of intertidal eelgrass, the patchy cover class (< 85% cover) expanded (+250 ha) and continuous cover class ( greater than or equal to 85% cover) declined (-114 ha). Most eelgrass losses were likely the result of sediment loading and turbidity caused by a single flooding event in winter of 1992-1993. Recent large-scale agricultural development of adjacent uplands may have exacerbated the effects of the flood. Oyster farming was not associated with any detectable losses in eelgrass; spatial extent, despite the increase in number of oyster racks from 57 to 484 over the study period. C1 US Forest Serv, Biol Sci Off, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Ducks Unlimited Inc, Wetlands & Waterford Res Ctr, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Sci Off, Alaska Sci Ctr, Glacier Bay Field Stn,Juneau Off, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Ducks Unlimited Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. RP Ward, DH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Biol Sci Off, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM david_ward@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 5 U2 16 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2003 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1539 DI 10.1007/BF02803661 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 770RT UT WOS:000188745200014 ER PT J AU Woodside, JM Garrison, RE Moore, JC Kvenvolden, KA AF Woodside, JM Garrison, RE Moore, JC Kvenvolden, KA TI Contributions from the combined 7th International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments and the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Seafloor Hydrocarbon Seeps, Geology Institute, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, 7-11 October 2002 SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 95064 USA. RP Garrison, RE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3-4 BP 137 EP 139 DI 10.1007/s00367-003-0161-y PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 754QR UT WOS:000187342400001 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA Cooper, CK AF Kvenvolden, KA Cooper, CK TI Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments/NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Seafloor Hydrocarbon Seeps CY OCT 07-11, 2002 CL BAKU, AZERBAIJAN SP Azerbaijan Acad Sci, Geol Inst, NATO ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; PETROLEUM; CALIFORNIA; POINT; SLICKS; ISLAND; WORLD; GAS AB Recent global estimates of crude-oil seepage rates suggest that about 47% of crude oil currently entering the marine environment is from natural seeps, whereas 53% results from leaks and spills during the extraction, transportation, refining, storage, and utilization of petroleum. The amount of natural crude-oil seepage is currently estimated to be 600,000 metric tons per year, with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 to 2,000,000 metric tons per year. Thus, natural oil seeps may be the single most important source of oil that enters the ocean, exceeding each of the various sources of crude oil that enters the ocean through its exploitation by humankind. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chevron Petr Technol Co, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. RP Kvenvolden, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 106 Z9 113 U1 3 U2 35 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3-4 BP 140 EP 146 DI 10.1007/s00367-003-0135-0 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 754QR UT WOS:000187342400002 ER PT J AU Harlan, SS Heaman, L LeCheminant, AN Premo, WR AF Harlan, SS Heaman, L LeCheminant, AN Premo, WR TI Gunbarrel mafic magmatic event: A key 780 Ma time marker for Rodinia plate reconstructions SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mafic magmatism; geochronology; dike swarms; rifting; Rodinia ID MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS; SOUTH CHINA; NORTHWESTERN CANADA; EAST ANTARCTICA; IGNEOUS EVENTS; MANTLE PLUME; DYKE SWARM; LAURENTIA; AUSTRALIA; PALEOMAGNETISM AB Precise U-Pb baddeleyite dating of mafic igneous rocks provides evidence for a widespread and synchronous magmatic event that extended for >2400 km along the western margin of the Neo-proterozoic Laurentian craton. U-Pb baddeleyite analyses for eight intrusions from seven localities ranging from the northern Canadian Shield to northwestern Wyoming-southwestern Montana are statistically indistinguishable and yield a composite U-Pb concordia age for this event of 780.3 +/- 1.4 Ma (95% confidence level). This 780 Ma event is herein termed the Gunbarrel magmatic event. The mafic magmatism of the Gunbarrel event represents the largest mafic dike swarm yet identified along the Neoproterozoic margin of Laurentia. The origin of the mafic magmatism is not clear, but may be related to mantle-plume activity or upwelling asthenosphere leading to crustal extension accompanying initial breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia and development of the proto-Pacific Ocean. The mafic magmatism of the Gunbarrel magmatic event at 780 Ma predates the voluminous magmatism of the 723 Ma Franklin igneous event of the northwestern Canadian Shield by similar to60 m.y. The precise dating of the extensive Neoproterozoic Gunbarrel and Franklin magmatic events provides unique time markers that can ultimately be used for robust testing of Neoproterozoic continental reconstructions. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Harlan, SS (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 32 TC 113 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1053 EP 1056 DI 10.1130/G19944.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 751AR UT WOS:000187031100008 ER PT J AU Flemings, PB Liu, XL Winters, WJ AF Flemings, PB Liu, XL Winters, WJ TI Critical pressure and multiphase flow in Blake Ridge gas hydrates SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methane hydrate; methane flux; overpressure; slope stability; gas migration; climate; seep ID METHANE HYDRATE; STABILITY ZONE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; MIGRATION; PROVINCE AB We use core porosity, consolidation experiments, pressure core sampler data, and capillary pressure measurements to predict water pressures that are 70% of the lithostatic stress, and gas pressures that equal the lithostatic stress beneath the methane hydrate layer at Ocean Drilling Program Site 997, Blake Ridge, offshore North Carolina. A 29-m-thick interconnected free-gas column is trapped beneath the low-permeability hydrate layer. We propose that lithostatic gas pressure is dilating fractures and gas is migrating through the methane hydrate layer. Overpressured gas and water within methane hydrate reservoirs limit the amount of free gas trapped and may rapidly export methane to the seafloor. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Flemings, PB (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Flemings, Peter/B-9676-2008 NR 35 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 16 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1057 EP 1060 DI 10.1130/G19863.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 751AR UT WOS:000187031100009 ER PT J AU Fildani, A Cope, TD Graham, SA Wooden, JL AF Fildani, A Cope, TD Graham, SA Wooden, JL TI Initiation of the Magallanes foreland basin: Timing of the southernmost Patagonian Andes orogeny revised by detrital zircon provenance analysis SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Andean orogeny; foreland basin; SHRIMP-RG data; zircon; Chile ID BACK-ARC; CHILE; EVOLUTION; COMPLEXES; AGE AB New sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse geometry U-Pb detrital zircon data establish the timing of onset of foreland basin subsidence in the Magallanes basin and the age of the Patagonian Andes in southernmost Chile. Initiation of the Magallanes foreland basin is signaled by the abrupt occurrence of sandstone of the Punta Barrosa Formation, loosely dated as upper Albian-Cenomanian from biofacies assemblages. Detrital zircon analyses demonstrate that the Punta Barrosa Formation is not older than 92 +/- 1 Ma and that the linked Andean belt started forming in the Turonian. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fildani, A (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Fildani, Andrea/E-5956-2011; OI Cope, Tim/0000-0002-7962-550X NR 20 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1081 EP 1084 DI 10.1130/G20016.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 751AR UT WOS:000187031100015 ER PT J AU Baines, AG Cheadle, MJ Dick, HJB Scheirer, AH John, BE Kusznir, NJ Matsumoto, T AF Baines, AG Cheadle, MJ Dick, HJB Scheirer, AH John, BE Kusznir, NJ Matsumoto, T TI Mechanism for generating the anomalous uplift of oceanic core complexes: Atlantis Bank, southwest Indian Ridge SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oceanic core complex; southwest Indian Ridge; transtension; Atlantis II ID CENTRAL NORTH-ATLANTIC; FRACTURE-ZONE; TRANSVERSE RIDGES; NORMAL FAULTS; HEAT-FLOW; CRUST; MODEL; EXTENSION; SYSTEM; ANGLE AB Atlantis Bank is an anomalously uplifted oceanic core complex adjacent to the Atlantis II transform, on the southwest Indian Ridge, that rises >3 km above normal seafloor of the same age. Models of flexural uplift due to detachment faulting can account for similar to1 km of this uplift. Postdetachment normal faults have been observed during submersible dives and on swath bathymetry. Two transform-parallel, large-offset (hundreds of meters) normal faults are identified on the eastern flank of Atlantis Bank, with numerous smaller faults (tens of meters) on the western flank. Flexural uplift associated with this transform-parallel normal faulting is consistent with gravity data and can account for the remaining anomalous uplift of Atlantis Bank. Extension normal to the Atlantis II transform may have occurred during a 12 m.y. period of transtension initiated by a 10degrees change in spreading direction ca. 19.5 Ma. This extension may have produced the 120-km-long transverse ridge of which Atlantis Bank is a part, and is consistent with stress reorientation about a weak transform fault. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. Nippon Marine Enterprises Ltd, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2380004, Japan. RP Baines, AG (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 17 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1105 EP 1108 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 751AR UT WOS:000187031100021 ER PT J AU Thomas, C Livermore, R Pollitz, F AF Thomas, C Livermore, R Pollitz, F TI Motion of the Scotia Sea plates SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE inversion; plate motion; Scotia Sea ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; CENTRAL ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; CARIBBEAN PLATE; DRAKE PASSAGE; SLIP VECTORS; RIDGE; TECTONICS; BOUNDARY; REGION; ANTARCTICA AB Earthquake data from the Scotia Arc to early 2002 are reviewed in the light of satellite gravity and other data in order to derive a model for the motion of plates in the Scotia Sea region. Events with magnitude greater than or equal to5, which occurred on or near the boundaries of the Scotia and Sandwich plates, and for which Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) solutions are available, are examined. The newer data fill some of the previous sampling gaps along the boundaries of the Scotia and Sandwich plates, and provide tighter constraints on relative motions. Variations in the width of the Brunhes anomaly on evenly spaced marine magnetic profiles over the East Scotia Ridge provide new estimates of Scotia-Sandwich plate spreading rates. Since there are no stable fracture zones in the east Scotia Sea, the mean azimuth of sea floor fabric mapped by sidescan is used to constrain the direction of spreading. 18 newrate estimates and four azimuths from the East Scotia Ridge are combined with 68 selected earthquake slip vectors from the boundaries of the Scotia Sea in a least-squares inversion for the best-fitting set of Euler poles and angular rotation rates describing the 'present-day' motions of the Scotia and Sandwich plates relative to South America and Antarctica. Our preferred model (TLP2003) gives poles that are similar to previous estimates, except for Scotia Plate motion with respect to South America, which is significantly different from earlier estimates; predicted rates of motion also differ slightly. Our results are much more robust than earlier work. We examine the implications of the model for motion and deformation along the various plate boundaries, with particular reference to the North and South Scotia Ridges, where rates are obtained by closure. C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth Sci, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Thomas, C (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth Sci, 4 Brownlow St, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England. NR 43 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 155 IS 3 BP 789 EP 804 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02069.x PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 747HJ UT WOS:000186798900004 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, N Kitagawa, G Roeloffs, EA AF Matsumoto, N Kitagawa, G Roeloffs, EA TI Hydrological response to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan - I. Groundwater level changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure, rainfall and tidal responses SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE crustal deformation; earthquake; groundwater level; state space modelling; time series analysis ID WATER-LEVEL; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; STRAIN AB For the groundwater level observed at the Haibara well, Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan, time series analysis using state-space modelling is applied to extract hydrological anomalies related to earthquakes. This method can decompose observed groundwater level time series into five components: atmospheric pressure, tidal, and precipitation responses, observation noise, and residual water level. The decomposed responses to atmospheric pressure and precipitation are independently determined and are consistent with the expected response to surface loading. In the groundwater level at the Haibara well, 28 coseismic changes can be discerned during the period from 1981 April to 1997 December. There is a threshold in the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the well-hypocentre distance, above which earthquakes cause coseismic changes in the residual water level. All of the coseismic water level changes at the Haibara well are decreases, although 33 per cent of the estimated coseismic volumetric strain steps are contraction, which would be expected to cause water level increases. The coseismic changes in groundwater level are more closely proportional to the estimated ground motion than to coseismic volumetric strain steps, suggesting that ground motion due to earthquakes is the major cause of the coseismic water level drops and that the contribution from static strain is rather small. Possible pre- or inter-earthquake water level changes have occurred at the Haibara well and may have been caused by local aseismic crustal deformation. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Inst Stat Math, Tokyo 1068569, Japan. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Matsumoto, N (reprint author), Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RI Kitagawa, Genshiro/F-9460-2012 OI Kitagawa, Genshiro/0000-0002-1139-301X NR 36 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 155 IS 3 BP 885 EP 898 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02103.x PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 747HJ UT WOS:000186798900011 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, N Roeloffs, EA AF Matsumoto, N Roeloffs, EA TI Hydrological response to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan - II. Possible mechanism inferred from time-varying hydraulic properties SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE coseismic change; groundwater level; earth tide; hydraulic property; earthquake; atmospheric pressure ID WATER-LEVEL; AQUIFER AB 28 coseismic groundwater level decreases have been observed at the Haibara well, Shizuoka prefecture, central Japan, from 1981 to 1997. These groundwater level changes cannot be explained as the poroelastic response to coseismic static strain. We use the atmospheric pressure and tidal responses of the well, rock properties measured on core samples from the same formation and pumping test results to characterize the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the aquifer. The responses of the Haibara well to the M-2 Earth tide constituent and to atmospheric pressure have varied over time. In particular, increasing amplitude and decreasing phase lags were observed after the 1993 pumping test, as well as after earthquakes that caused coseismic water level changes. The tidal response, together with the surface load efficiency derived from the atmospheric pressure response, is used to estimate the mechanical properties of the aquifer. The largest amplitude of the M-2 constituent, 2.2 mm, is small enough to imply that pore fluid in this system is approximately twice as compressible as water, possibly due to the presence of a small amount of exsolved gas. Diffusion of a coseismic pressure drop near the well could account for the observed time histories of the water level changes. The time histories of the water level drops are well matched by the decay of a coseismic pressure drop at least 80 m away from the well. Removal of a small amount of gas from the formation in that location might in turn explain the coseismic pressure drops. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Matsumoto, N (reprint author), Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 155 IS 3 BP 899 EP 913 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02104.x PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 747HJ UT WOS:000186798900012 ER PT J AU Peng, ZG Ben-Zion, Y Michael, AJ Zhu, LP AF Peng, ZG Ben-Zion, Y Michael, AJ Zhu, LP TI Quantitative analysis of seismic fault zone waves in the rupture zone of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: evidence for a shallow trapping structure SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fault zones; inversion; trapped waves; waveform analysis ID GUIDED-WAVES; NOCERA UMBRA; HECTOR MINE; SH; SIMULATION; SEQUENCE AB We analyse quantitatively a waveform data set of 238 earthquakes recorded by a dense seismic array across and along the rupture zone of the 1992 Landers earthquake. A grid-search method with station delay corrections is used to locate events that do not have catalogue locations. The quality of fault zone trapped waves generated by each event is determined from the ratios of seismic energy in time windows corresponding to trapped waves and direct S waves at stations close to and off the fault zone. Approximately 70 per cent of the events with S-P times of less than 2 s, including many clearly off the fault, produce considerable trapped wave energy. This distribution is in marked contrast with previous claims that trapped waves are generated only by sources close to or inside the Landers rupture zone. The time difference between the S arrival and trapped waves group does not grow systematically with increasing hypocentral distance and depth. The dispersion measured from the trapped waves is weak. These results imply that the seismic trapping structure at the Landers rupture zone is shallow and does not extend continuously along-strike by more than a few kilometres. Synthetic waveform modelling indicates that the fault zone waveguide has depth of approximately 2-4 km, a width of approximately 200 m, an S-wave velocity reduction relative to the host rock of approximately 30-40 per cent and an S-wave attenuation coefficient of approximately 20-30. The fault zone waveguide north of the array appears to be shallower and weaker than that south of the array. The waveform modelling also indicates that the seismic trapping structure below the array is centred approximately 100 m east of the surface break. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. RP Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM zpeng@email.usc.edu RI Zhu, Lupei/B-3997-2009; Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Zhu, Lupei/0000-0002-6640-1718; Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 42 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 155 IS 3 BP 1021 EP 1041 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02109.x PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 747HJ UT WOS:000186798900019 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO AF Rosenberry, Donald O. TI The Significance of Ground Water in Small Watershed Studies SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 881 EP 882 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02430.x PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300001 ER PT J AU Walker, JF Hunt, RJ Bullen, TD Krabbenhoft, DP Kendall, C AF Walker, John F. Hunt, Randall J. Bullen, Thomas D. Krabbenhoft, David P. Kendall, Carol TI Variability of Isotope and Major Ion Chemistry in the Allequash Basin, Wisconsin SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB As part of ongoing research conducted at one of the U. S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets sites, work was undertaken to describe the spatial and temporal variability of stream and ground water isotopic composition and cation chemistry in the Trout Lake watershed, to relate the variability to the watershed flow system, and to identify the linkages of geochemical evolution and source of water in the watershed. The results are based on periodic sampling of sites at two scales along Allequash Creek, a small headwater stream in northern Wisconsin. Based on this sampling, there are distinct water isotopic and geochemical differences observed at a smaller hillslope scale and the larger Allequash Creek scale. The variability was larger than expected for this simple watershed, and is likely to be seen in more complex basins. Based on evidence from multiple isotopes and stream chemistry, the flow system arises from three main source waters (terrestrial-, lake-, or wetland-derived recharge) that can be identified along any flowpath using water isotopes together with geochemical characteristics such as iron concentrations. The ground water chemistry demonstrates considerable spatial variability that depends mainly on the flowpath length and water mobility through the aquifer. Calcium concentrations increase with increasing flowpath length, whereas strontium isotope ratios increase with increasing extent of stagnation in either the unsaturated or saturated zones as waters move from source to sink. The flowpath distribution we identify provides important constraints on the calibration of ground water flow models such as that undertaken by Pint et al. (this issue). C1 [Walker, John F.; Hunt, Randall J.; Krabbenhoft, David P.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Bullen, Thomas D.; Kendall, Carol] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Walker, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM jfwalker@usgs.gov; rjhunt@usgs.gov; tdbullen@usgs.gov; dpkrabbe@usgs.gov; ckendall@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 883 EP 894 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02431.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300002 ER PT J AU Pint, CD Hunt, RJ Anderson, MP AF Pint, Christine D. Hunt, Randall J. Anderson, Mary P. TI Flowpath Delineation and Ground Water Age, Allequash Basin, Wisconsin SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB An analysis of ground water flowpaths to a lake and creek in northern Wisconsin shows the flow system in a geologically simple basin dominated by lakes can be surprisingly complex. Differences in source area, i.e., lakes or terrestrial, combined with the presence of intervening lakes, which may or may not capture underflowing ground water as water moves downgradient from recharge areas, contribute to a complex mix of flowpaths. The result is water of different chemistry and vastly different ages may discharge in close proximity. Flowpaths, travel times, and capture zones in the Allequash Basin in northern Wisconsin were delineated using particle tracking based on a calibrated steady-state ground water flow model. The flowpath analysis supports the conclusions of Walker et al. (2003) who made inferences about flowpath characteristics from isotope and major ion chemistry. Simulated particle tracking agreed with Walker et al.'s measurements of water source (lake or terrestrial recharge) in the stream subsurface and also supported their assertion that ground water with a high calcium concentration in the lower basin of Allequash Lake is derived from long flowpaths. Numerical simulations show that ground water discharging in this area originates more than 5 km away in a source area located upgradient of Big Muskellunge Lake, which is upgradient of Allequash Lake. These results graphically illustrate that in settings with multiple sources of water with different age characteristics and converging flowlines (like the Allequash Basin) it may be difficult to obtain accurate estimates of ground water age by chemical analyses of ground water. C1 [Pint, Christine D.; Anderson, Mary P.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53705 USA. [Hunt, Randall J.] US Geol Survey, WRD, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Pint, CD (reprint author), Barr Engn Co, 4700 W 77th St, Minneapolis, MN 55435 USA. EM cpint@barr.com; rjhunt@usgs.gov; andy@geology.wisc.edu FU Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council; National Science Foundation [DEB-9632853]; USGS Northern Temperate Lakes Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) project FX Support was provided by the Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council, the North Highland Lakes Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Project funded by the National Science Foundation (DEB-9632853), and the USGS Northern Temperate Lakes Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) project. We are grateful to Daniel Feinstein, Tom Johnson, and Tom Winter for insightful review comments. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 895 EP 902 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02432.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300003 ER PT J AU Burns, DA Plummer, LN McDonnell, JJ Busenberg, E Casile, GC Kendall, C Hooper, RP Freer, JE Peters, NE Beven, K Schlosser, P AF Burns, Douglas A. Plummer, L. Niel McDonnell, Jeffrey J. Busenberg, Eurybiades Casile, Gerolamo C. Kendall, Carol Hooper, Richard P. Freer, James E. Peters, Norman E. Beven, Keith Schlosser, Peter TI The Geochemical Evolution of Riparian Ground Water in a Forested Piedmont Catchment SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The principal weathering reactions and their rates in riparian ground water were determined at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) near Atlanta, Georgia. Concentrations of major solutes were measured in ground water samples from 19 shallow wells completed in the riparian (saprolite) aquifer and in one borehole completed in granite, and the apparent age of each sample was calculated from chloroflourocarbons and tritium/helium-3 data. Concentrations of SiO(2), Na(+), and Ca(2+) generally increased downvalley and were highest in the borehole near the watershed outlet. Strong positive correlations were found between the concentrations of these solutes and the apparent age of ground water that was modern (zero to one year) in the headwaters, six to seven years midway down the valley, and 26 to 27 years in the borehole, located similar to 500 m downstream from the headwaters. Mass-balance modeling of chemical evolution showed that the downstream changes in ground water chemistry could be largely explained by weathering of plagioclase to kaolinite, with possible contributions from weathering of K-feldspar, biotite, hornblende, and calcite. The in situ rates of weathering reactions were estimated by combining the ground water age dates with geochemical mass-balance modeling results. The weathering rate was highest for plagioclase (similar to 6.4 mu mol/L/year), but could not be easily compared with most other published results for feldspar weathering at PMRW and elsewhere because the mineral-surface area to which ground water was exposed during geochemical evolution could not be estimated. However, a preliminary estimate of the mineral-surface area that would have contacted the ground water to provide the observed solute concentrations suggests that the plagioclase weathering rate calculated in this study is similar to the rate calculated in a previous study at PMRW, and three to four orders of magnitude slower than those published in previous laboratory studies of feldspar weathering. An accurate model of the geochemical evolution of riparian ground water is necessary to accurately model the geochemical evolution of stream water at PMRW. C1 [Burns, Douglas A.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J.; Freer, James E.] SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Burns, Douglas A.] US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. [Plummer, L. Niel; Busenberg, Eurybiades; Casile, Gerolamo C.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [McDonnell, Jeffrey J.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Kendall, Carol] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Hooper, Richard P.; Peters, Norman E.] US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA USA. [Hooper, Richard P.] US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA USA. [Freer, James E.; Beven, Keith] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England. [Schlosser, Peter] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, New York, NY USA. [Schlosser, Peter] Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Engn, New York, NY USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI Freer, Jim/C-7335-2009; Beven, Keith/F-8707-2011; Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012; McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013; OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203; Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 FU National Science Foundation [EAR940253] FX This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (EAR940253) and was conducted in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The authors thank Brent Aulenbach, Ed Drake ( deceased), Hannah Green, and Ho Joong Youn for their assistance with this investigation. Alex Blum and Tom Bullen provided thoughtful reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript, and Scott Bailey, David Stonestrom, and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful reviews of the manuscript version first submitted to the journal. NR 58 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 913 EP 925 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02434.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300005 ER PT J AU Clow, DW Schrott, L Webb, R Campbell, DH Torizzo, A Dornblaser, M AF Clow, D. W. Schrott, L. Webb, R. Campbell, D. H. Torizzo, A. Dornblaser, M. TI Ground Water Occurrence and Contributions to Streamflow in an Alpine Catchment, Colorado Front Range SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Ground water occurrence, movement, and its contribution to streamflow were investigated in Loch Vale, an alpine catchment in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Hydrogeomorphologic mapping, seismic refraction measurements, and porosity and permeability estimates indicate that talus slopes are the primary ground water reservoir, with a maximum storage capacity that is equal to, or greater than, total annual discharge from the basin (5.4 +/- 0.8 x 10(6) m(3)). Although snowmelt and glacial melt provide the majority of annual water flux to the basin, tracer tests and gauging along a stream transect indicate that ground water flowing from talus can account for >= 75% of streamflow during storms and the winter base flow period. The discharge response of talus springs to storms and snowmelt reflects rapid transmittal of water through coarse debris at the talus surface and slower release of water from finer-grained sediments at depth. Ice stored in permafrost (including rock glaciers) is the second largest ground water reservoir in Loch Vale; it represents a significant, but seldom recognized, ground water reservoir in alpine terrain. Mean annual air temperatures are sufficiently cold to support permafrost above 3460 m; however, air temperatures have increased 1.1 degrees to 1.4 degrees C since the early 1990s, consistent with long-term (1976-2000) increases in air temperature measured at other high-elevation sites in the Front Range, European Alps, and Peruvian Andes. If other climatic factors remain constant, the increase in air temperatures at Loch Vale is sufficient to increase the lower elevational limit of permafrost by 150 to 190 m. Although this could cause a short-term increase in streamflow, it may ultimately result in decreased flow in the future. C1 [Clow, D. W.] USGS WRD, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Schrott, L.] Univ Bonn, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. [Webb, R.; Campbell, D. H.; Torizzo, A.] USGS, Denver, CO USA. [Dornblaser, M.] USGS, Boulder, CO USA. RP Clow, DW (reprint author), USGS WRD, MS 415 Fed Ctr,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM dwclow@usgs.gov RI Schrott, Lothar/N-3728-2015; OI Schrott, Lothar/0000-0003-0882-7136; Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 48 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 937 EP 950 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02436.x PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300007 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Neff, BP Rosenberry, DO Winter, TC Parkhurst, R AF Dean, Walter E. Neff, Brian P. Rosenberry, Donald O. Winter, Thomas C. Parkhurst, Renee TI The Significance of Ground Water to the Accumulation of Iron and Manganese in the Sediments of Two Hydrologically Distinct Lakes in North-Central Minnesota: A Geological Perspective SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Williams and Shingobee lakes are at opposite ends of the local ground water flow system in the Shingobee River Headwaters Area (SRHA) in north-central Minnesota. Williams Lake, situated near the highest point in the flow system, has no surface inlet or outlet, and ground water and precipitation are the only sources of water. Shingobee Lake, situated at the lowest point in the flow system, has the Shingobee River as an inlet and outlet. Ground water directly contributes an estimated one-fourth of the water input to Shingobee Lake. The Shingobee River also receives large amounts of ground water discharge along its reach to Shingobee Lake providing a large, indirect source of ground water to the lake. Differences in nutrient concentrations reflect the residence times and nutrient supplies of these two lakes. The average phosphorus content of Shingobee Lake is about twice that of Williams Lake. Consequently, phytoplankton productivity in Shingobee Lake is much higher than in Williams Lake, leading to an oxygen-deficient (<1 ppm dissolved oxygen) hypolimnion within a month after overturn in both the spring and fall. Because of the extreme reducing conditions in the hypolimnion of Shingobee Lake, high concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese are present there during summer stratification. In some years, the manganese concentration in the hypolimnion of Shingobee Lake remains high throughout the year. Precipitation of iron and manganese minerals, presumed to be X-ray amorphous oxyhydroxides, at periods of fall and spring overturn result in concentrations of iron and manganese in surface sediments of Shingobee Lake that are seven times and 27 times higher, respectively, than can be explained by contributions of iron and manganese from detrital aluminosilicates. These findings indicate that the source and amounts of this excess iron and manganese found in the sediments are correlated to the amount of iron- and manganese-rich ground water discharging to Shingobee Lake. Because iron and manganese oxyhydroxides are efficient adsorbers of phosphorus, concentrations of phosphorus are also high in the sediments of Shingobee Lake. Without this sequestration of phosphorus, the productivity of Shingobee Lake would probably be much higher. C1 [Dean, Walter E.; Neff, Brian P.; Rosenberry, Donald O.; Winter, Thomas C.; Parkhurst, Renee] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dean@usgs.gov; bpneff@usgs.gov; rosenber@usgs.gov; tcwinter@usgs.gov; rparkhur@usgs.gov RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 FU USGS FX This study has benefited greatly by discussions over several years with George Aiken, Jim LaBaugh, Mike Reddy, and Rob Striegl. Unpublished data were kindly provided by Jim LaBaugh, Ted McConnaughey, and Paul Schuster. This paper greatly benefited from reviews by Rick Forester, Phil Meyers, and Paul Schuster. This research was supported through the USGS Global Change and Climate History, Earth Surface Processes, and National Research programs. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 951 EP 963 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02437.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300008 ER PT J AU Shanley, JB Hjerdt, KN McDonnell, JJ Kendall, C AF Shanley, James B. Hjerdt, K. Niclas McDonnell, Jeffrey J. Kendall, Carol TI Shallow Water Table Fluctuations in Relation to Soil Penetration Resistance SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Hydrologic modeling of catchments is frequently hampered by lack of information on subsurface stratigraphy and zones of preferred flow. We evaluated the usefulness of soil penetration resistance, easily measured by a dynamic cone penetrometer, together with measurements of ground water level fluctuations, as a cost-effective means to infer subsurface flow patterns. At our field site at Sleepers River, Vermont, penetration resistance was lowest in the surficial 10 to 30 cm, then typically increased to a local maximum at 60 to 80 cm, which we interpreted as the soil/till interface. Below this depth usually lies a zone of decreased resistance in the till, giving way to either a gradual or abrupt increase in resistance toward the bedrock surface at 1 to 4.5 m depth. Penetration resistance had a weak but significant negative correlation with saturated hydraulic conductivity determined by bail tests (r(2) = 0.25, p < 0.05). At many wells, monthly ground water levels tended to cluster at or just above the resistant zone near the soil/till interface. Chemical and isotopic dynamics in nested wells finished above and below the resistant zone suggest that the zone may temporarily isolate the deeper ground water reservoir from meltwater inputs, which were clearly identified by low delta(18)O values. In ground water discharge zones, delta(18)O values tended to converge throughout the profile. In contrast, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) maintained a gradient of increasing concentration toward land surface, even in otherwise well-mixed waters, reflecting its rapid release from organic horizons. Understanding the effect of soil penetration resistance on ground water behavior may be useful in future catchment modeling efforts. C1 [Shanley, James B.] US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. [Hjerdt, K. Niclas] Umea Univ, Umea, Sweden. [McDonnell, Jeffrey J.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Kendall, Carol] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Shanley, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. EM jshanley@usgs.gov; niclas.hjerdt@eg.umu.se; jeffrey.mcdonnell@orst.edu; ckendall@usgs.gov FU USGS Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) research program FX This work was supported by the USGS Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) research program. We thank Brian McGlynn, Ann Chalmers, Kim Kendall, Jon Denner, and Stew Clark for generating data used in this analysis. Steve Sebestyen, George Springston, and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable reviews that improved the manuscript. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 964 EP 972 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02438.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300009 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Freer, J Aulenbach, BT AF Peters, Norman E. Freer, James Aulenbach, Brent T. TI Hydrological Dynamics of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Relations between stormflow characteristics and soil-moisture content, water table elevation in wells along several transects perpendicular to the stream, and precipitation were evaluated for the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, from water years 1986 through 2001 to refine the conceptualization of streamflow generation, including the relations between ground water dynamics and streamflow. For 759 rainstorms during 16 water years, stormflow water yield correlates best with maximum soil-moisture content and with maximum water table elevation; the relations are linear above thresholds for the entire period and vary by season. For moderate to large rainstorms, relations among wetness parameters and stormflow water yield are better (less scatter) and more consistent when the watershed is seasonally wet than when the watershed is dry. During rainstorms, soil-moisture content (minimum or maximum) is highly correlated among soil depths and with water table elevations. The soil-moisture measurements were made at one site at the base of a hillslope, and the values at any depth are likely to vary spatially and with respect to timing, other landscape positions, and soil types. Stormflow water yield is linearly related to soil-moisture content at the deepest location (70 cm) above 37% volumetric moisture content, which occurs similar to 20% of the time. Maximum water table elevation is linearly related to maximum soil-moisture content above a threshold, and the soil-moisture threshold increases with upslope position; the soil-moisture threshold for flow to occur at a trench hillslope site is 41%, which occurs <0.5% of the time. The general relations among streamflow, soil moisture, and water table response are attributed to variable source areas, particularly the ground water contribution from a riparian zone aquifer <= 5 m thick that expands as the watershed becomes wetter. C1 [Peters, Norman E.; Aulenbach, Brent T.] US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. [Freer, James] Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Ste 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. EM nepeters@usgs.gov RI Freer, Jim/C-7335-2009; Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 FU U. S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy and Biogeochemical Budgets Program FX The study is part of the U. S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy and Biogeochemical Budgets Program and was conducted in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The authors are grateful for the support provided by the staff of Panola Mountain State Park and by several students who have pursued advanced degrees from data they collected and/or analyzed from PMRW. We are grateful to T. S. Stamey for conducting the flood-frequency analysis and to P. D. Bates, J. M. Buttle, K. N. Hjerdt, H. J. Tromp-van Meerveld, and Stefan Uhlenbrook for reviewing the manuscript. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 973 EP 988 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02439.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300010 ER PT J AU Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO LaBaugh, JW AF Winter, Thomas C. Rosenberry, Donald O. LaBaugh, James W. TI Where Does the Ground Water in Small Watersheds Come From? SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Surface water and ground water watersheds commonly do not coincide. This condition is particularly relevant to understanding biogeochemical processes in small watersheds, where detailed accounting of water and solute fluxes commonly are done. Ground water watersheds are not as easily defined as surface watersheds because (1) they are not observable from land surface; (2) ground water flow systems of different magnitude can be superimposed on one another; and (3) ground water divides may move in response to dynamic recharge and discharge conditions. Field studies of relatively permeable terrain in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Nebraska indicate that lakes and wetlands in small watersheds located near the lower end of extensive ground water flow systems receive ground water inflow from shallow flow systems that extend far beyond their surface watershed, and they may also receive ground water inflow from deeper regional flow systems that pass at depth beneath local flow systems. Field studies of mountainous terrain that have low-permeability deposits in New Hampshire and Costa Rica also indicate that surface water bodies receive ground water inflow from sources beyond their local surface watersheds. Field studies of lakes and wetlands in North Dakota, Nebraska, and Germany indicate that ground water divides move in response to changing climate conditions, resulting in a variable source of ground water inflow to those surface water bodies. C1 [Winter, Thomas C.; Rosenberry, Donald O.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [LaBaugh, James W.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 52 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 989 EP 1000 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02440.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DM UT WOS:000207174300011 ER PT J AU Noce, TE Holzer, TL AF Noce, TE Holzer, TL TI CPT-hole closure SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB The long-term stability of deep holes 1.75 inches (4.4 cm) in diameter by 98.4 feet (30 m) created by cone penetration testing (CPT) was monitored at a site in California underlain by Holocene and Pleistocene age alluvial fan deposits. Portions of the holes remained open both below and above the 28.6-foot (8.7 m)-deep water table for approximately three years, when the experiment was terminated. Hole closure appears to be a very slow process that may take decades in the stiff soils studied here. Other experience suggests holes in softer soils may also remain open. Thus, despite their small diameter, CPT holes may remain open for years and provide paths for rapid migration of contaminants. The observations confirm the need to grout holes created by CPT soundings as well as other direct-push techniques in areas where protection of shallow ground water is important. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Noce, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 93 EP 96 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00787.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 647TX UT WOS:000181111100010 ER PT J AU Nydick, KR Lafrancois, BM Baron, JS Johnson, BM AF Nydick, KR Lafrancois, BM Baron, JS Johnson, BM TI Lake-specific responses to elevated atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Colorado Front Range; mountain lakes; atmospheric N deposition; nutrient bioassays; phytoplankton nutrient limitation ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; FRONT RANGE; WATER CHEMISTRY; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; TEMPORAL COHERENCE; CALIFORNIA NEVADA; OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE; TATRA MOUNTAINS; CRITICAL LOADS; NATIONAL-PARK AB We explored variability among subalpine lakes sharing very similar climate and atmospheric conditions, but differing in watershed characteristics, hydrology, and food web structure. Special attention was given to nitrogen (N) dynamics because the study area receives some of the highest levels of atmospheric N deposition in the Rocky Mountains. We asked if the effect of regional N deposition would be manifested uniformly among neighboring lakes both in terms of ambient conditions and responses to greater nutrient inputs. Catchment vegetation appeared to be the main determinant of ambient nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, although in-lake differences in recycling produced variable and contrasting NH4 levels. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a temporarily responded to early season NO3 peaks in the lakes with rocky watersheds, but chlorophyll means over the ice-free season were remarkably similar among lakes despite differences in both nutrient supply and zooplankton grazing. In most cases, phosphorus was limiting to phytoplankton growth, although the importance of N deficiencies was greater in lakes with forested watersheds and fringing wetlands. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Nydick, KR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM koren@cc.usu.edu RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 59 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 510 IS 1-3 BP 103 EP 114 DI 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008636.13361.47 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 767MU UT WOS:000188455700010 ER PT J AU Moysey, S Davis, SN Zreda, M Cecil, LD AF Moysey, S Davis, SN Zreda, M Cecil, LD TI The distribution of meteoric Cl-36/Cl in the United States: a comparison of models SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC METEORITES; SOUTHERN MARYLAND; CHLORINE 36; GROUNDWATER; ICE; PRECIPITATION; DEPOSITION; HYDROLOGY; AQUIFER; FALLOUT AB The natural distribution of Cl-36/Cl in groundwater across the continental United States has recently been reported by Davis et al. (2003). In this paper, the large-scale processes and atmospheric sources of Cl-36 and chloride responsible for controlling the observed Cl-36/Cl distribution are discussed. The dominant process that affects Cl-36/Cl in meteoric groundwater at the continental scale is the fallout of stable chloride from the atmosphere, which is mainly derived from oceanic sources. Atmospheric circulation transports marine chloride to the continental interior, where distance from the coast, topography, and wind patterns define the chloride distribution. The only major deviation from this pattern is observed in northern Utah and southern Idaho where it is inferred that a continental source of chloride exists in the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah. In contrast to previous studies, the atmospheric flux of Cl-36 to the land surface was found to be approximately constant over the United States, without a strong correlation between local Cl-36 fallout and annual precipitation. However, the correlation between these variables was significantly improved (R-2=0.15 to R-2=0.55) when data from the southeastern USA, which presumably have lower than average atmospheric Cl-36 concentrations, were excluded. The total mean flux of Cl-36 over the continental United States and total global mean flux of Cl-36 are calculated to be 30.5+/-7.0 and 19.6+/-4.5 atoms m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The Cl-36/Cl distribution calculated by Bentley et al. (1986) underestimates the magnitude and variability observed for the measured Cl-36/Cl distribution across the continental United States. The model proposed by Hainsworth (1994) provides the best overall fit to the observed Cl-36/Cl distribution in this study. A process-oriented model by Phillips (2000) generally overestimates Cl-36/Cl in most parts of the country and has several significant local departures from the empirical data. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Moysey, S (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM moysey@pangea.stanford.edu RI Moysey, Stephen/H-4658-2012 NR 49 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 11 IS 6 BP 615 EP 627 DI 10.1007/s10040-003-0287-z PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 752DQ UT WOS:000187132100002 ER PT J AU Eisler, R AF Eisler, R TI Chrysotherapy: a synoptic review SO INFLAMMATION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE rheumatoid arthritis; gold drug therapy ID GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS PATIENTS; B-CELL ACTIVATION; NF-KAPPA-B; INTRAMUSCULAR GOLD; PARENTERAL GOLD; IN-VITRO; ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES; INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS AB Chrysotherapy - the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with monovalent gold drugs possessing anti-inflammatory and other properties - has been used with some success for more than 70 years; however, the metabolites generated from gold drugs have not been identified positively and the mechanisms of action are not known with certainty. This account selectively reviews recent available literature on the history of gold in medicine, with emphasis on RA; the role of Au+ and Au+ metabolites (Au(CN)(2)(-), Au+3, Au-o) and other mechanisms in chrysotherapy; current treatment regimes for RA using gold drugs; chrysotherapy case histories based on 2166 RA patients; and adverse effects of chrysotherapy, mainly various forms of dermatitis. More research seems needed on the role of gold metabolites in the treatment of RA, the use of more sensitive and uniform indicators of treatment success, improved routes of drug administration for maximum efficacy, and the development of gold drugs with minimal side effects. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Eisler, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM ronald_eisler@usgs.gov NR 106 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 13 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1023-3830 J9 INFLAMM RES JI Inflamm. Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 52 IS 12 BP 487 EP 501 DI 10.1007/s00011-003-1208-2 PG 15 WC Cell Biology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Immunology GA 762PW UT WOS:000187992200001 PM 14991077 ER PT J AU Tracy, CR Averill-Murray, R Boarman, W Delehanty, D Heaton, J McCoy, E Morafka, D Nussear, K AF Tracy, CR Averill-Murray, R Boarman, W Delehanty, D Heaton, J McCoy, E Morafka, D Nussear, K TI Scientific assessment of the Desert Tortoise Recovery Plan SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Arizona Game & Fish, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. USGS, Reston, VA USA. Idaho State Univ, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Univ Redlands, Redlands, CA 92373 USA. Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Calif Acad Sci, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1004 EP 1004 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200803 ER PT J AU Sughrue, KM French, JB Brittingham, MC AF Sughrue, KM French, JB Brittingham, MC TI Morphological and physiological effects of the endocrine-disrupting contaminant linuron on the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1007 EP 1007 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200815 ER PT J AU Nussear, KE Tracy, CR Heaton, JS Medica, PA AF Nussear, KE Tracy, CR Heaton, JS Medica, PA TI An application of neural network modeling of desert tortoise activity to improve species monitoring SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Redlands, Redlands, CA 92373 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1024 EP 1024 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200886 ER PT J AU LeMasurier, WE Futa, K Hole, M Kawachi, Y AF LeMasurier, WE Futa, K Hole, M Kawachi, Y TI Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EXECUTIVE-COMMITTEE RANGE; MANTLE-PLUME ACTIVITY; WEST ANTARCTICA; NEW-ZEALAND; TRACE-ELEMENT; MAGMA GENESIS; INDIAN-OCEAN; MOUNT SIDLEY; ROSS ISLAND; RIFT SYSTEM AB In the Marie Byrd Land volcanic province, peralkaline and metaluminous trachytes, phonolites, and rhyolites occur in 1.8 large shield volcanoes that are closely associated in time and space. They are arrayed radially across an 800 km wide structural dome, with the oldest at the crest and the youngest around the flanks. Several lines of evidence suggest that these rocks evolved via open-system, polybaric fractionation. We have used mass balance modeling of major elements together with trace-element data and mineral chemistry to help explain the evolution of this diverse suite of felsic rocks, which appear to have been generated coevally in isolated magma chambers, and erupted close to each other in patterns related to tectonic uplift and extension within the West Antarctic rift system. Isotopic and trace-element data indicate that this occurred with only minimal crustal contamination. We focus on volcanoes of the Executive Committee Range and Mount Murphy, Where we find good representation of basalts and felsic rocks within a small area. Our results suggest that the felsic rocks were derived from basaltic magmas that differentiated at multiple levels during their passage to the surface: first to ferrogabbroic compositions near the base of the lithosphere, then to intermediate compositions near the base of the crust, and finally to felsic compositions in mid- to upper crustal reservoirs. The high-pressure history has been largely masked by low-pressure processes. The best indications of a high-pressure history are the mineral phases in cumulate nodules and their correlation with modeling results, with REE anomalies, and with the composition of an unusual gabbroic intrusion. Silica saturation characteristics are believed to have originated in magma chambers near the base of the crust, via fractionation of variable proportions of kaersutite and plagioclase. Development of peralkalinity in felsic rocks took place in upper crustal reservoirs by fractionating a high ratio of plagioclase to clinopyroxene under conditions of low pH(2)O. With increasing pH(2)O, the ratio plagioclase/clinopyroxene in the fractionated assemblage decreases and metaluminous liquids resulted. Crustal contamination seems to have had a role in suppressing peralkalinity, and was probably a factor in the origin of high-silica metaluminous rhyolite, but metaluminous rocks are uncommon. The volume and diversity of felsic rocks were probably enhanced by the structure of the lithosphere, the persistence of plume activity, and the immobility of the Antarctic plate. Mechanical boundaries at the base of the lithosphere and crust, and within the crust, appear to have acted as filters, trapping magmas at multiple levels, and prolonging the fractionation process. Final volumes would have been further enhanced by repeated refluxing of the same magma chambers, controlled by plume activity and plate immobility. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol, Denver, CO 80217 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Mail Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geol & Petr Geol, Aberdeen AB9 2UE, Scotland. Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP LeMasurier, WE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol, POB 173364,NC 3621, Denver, CO 80217 USA. NR 90 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 45 IS 12 BP 1055 EP 1099 DI 10.2747/0020-6814.45.12.1055 PG 45 WC Geology SC Geology GA 754XY UT WOS:000187359800001 ER PT J AU Lambs, L Loubiat, M Richardson, W AF Lambs, L Loubiat, M Richardson, W TI The use of stable isotopes to evaluate water mixing and water use by flood plain trees along the Garonne valley SO ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Meeting of the French-Stable-Isotopes-Society CY JUL 07-09, 2002 CL NANTES, FRANCE SP French Stable Isotopes Soc DE oxygen 18; riparian forest; trees; water origin ID AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; RIVER; NITROGEN; FORESTS; STREAM AB Before the confluence of the Tarn, the Garonne valley was the driest area in the entire south-west of France, due to the relatively low rainfall and low summer discharge of the Garonne River and its tributaries. The natural abundance of the stable isotope of oxygen (O-18) and ionic charge of surface and ground water were used to estimate the water source for the Garonne River and phreatic subsurface water. We also measured these constituents in the sap of trees at several flood plain sites to better understand the source of water used by these trees. O-18 signatures and conductivity in the Garonne River indicated that the predominance of water was from high altitude surface runoff from the Pyrenees Mountains. Tributary inputs had little effect on isotopic identity, but had a small effect on the conductivity. The isotopic signature and ionic conductivity of river water (delta(18)O: -9.1parts per thousand to -9.0parts per thousand, conductivity: 217-410 muS/cm) was distinctly different from groundwater (delta(18)O: -7.1parts per thousand to -6.6parts per thousand, conductivity: 600-900 muS/cm). Isotopic signatures from the sap of trees on the flood plain showed that the water source was shallow subsurface water (<30 cm), whereas trees further from the river relied on deeper ground water (>1 m). Trees at both locations maintained sap with ionic charges much greater (2.3-3.7x) than that of source water. The combined use of O-18 signatures and ionic conductivity appears to be a potent tool to determine water sources on geographic scales, and source and use patterns by trees at the local forest scale. These analyses also show promise for better understanding of the effects of anthropogenic land-use and water-use changes on flood plain forest dynamics. C1 CNRS, Federat Res Ecol, Lab Biodivers & Dynam, F-31055 Toulouse, France. US Geol Survey, La Crosse, WI USA. RP Lambs, L (reprint author), CNRS, Federat Res Ecol, Lab Biodivers & Dynam, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse, France. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1025-6016 J9 ISOT ENVIRON HEALT S JI Isot. Environ. Health Stud. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 301 EP 310 DI 10.1080/10256010310001621100 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 746NC UT WOS:000186751600007 PM 14711175 ER PT J AU Gaikowski, MP Wolf, JC Schleis, SM Gingerich, WH AF Gaikowski, MP Wolf, JC Schleis, SM Gingerich, WH TI Safety of oxytetracycline (Terramycin TM-100F) administered in feed to hybrid striped bass, walleyes, and yellow perch SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CYPRINUS-CARPIO L; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; EXPERIMENTAL-ANIMALS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; IN-VITRO; ANTIBIOTICS; RECOMMENDATIONS; EUTHANASIA; INJECTION; FISH AB Oxytetracycline (Terramycin TM-100F, a medicated premix containing oxytetracycline at 220 g/kg) is approved in the United States to control certain systemic bacterial diseases of salmon and catfish when fed at a rate of 55-82.5 mg per kilogram of bodyweight per day for 10 d. Although oxytetracycline may also control certain systemic bacterial infections in coolwater or scaled warmwater fish, no safety data for such species are available. Our objective was to determine the safety of oxytetracycline administered in feed at nominal doses of 0, 82.5, 248, or 413 mg (.) kg(-1) (.) d(-1) to yellow perch Perca flavescens and hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis X white bass M. chrysops) for 10 d and to walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) for 20 d. Yellow perch and hybrid striped bass consumed 50% to 100% of the diet, whereas walleye feed consumption was occasionally less than 50% of the diet. Feed or fecal material was present in the gastrointestinal tract of all necropsied walleyes except for one control fish. The single growth effect was that hybrid striped bass offered a nominal dose of 413 mg (.) kg(-1) (.) d(-1) were significantly smaller than untreated controls. Oxytetracycline-related histopathological findings were limited to walleyes and were of low severity. The histopathological findings included decreased hematopoietic-lymphopoietic (H&L) tissue in the anterior kidneys, diffuse hyperplasia of the gill filament epithelium, and a decreased prevalence of fish with eosinophilic droplets in their renal tubular epithelial cells. Although the incidence of decreased H&L tissue tended to increase in proportion to oxytetracycline dose, this finding was statistically significant only for fish that received a nominal dose of 413 mg (.) kg(-1 .) d(-1). Given the pathogenicity of the types of bacteria that are controlled by oxytetracycline treatment and the long history of its use in major aquaculture species, the relative risk of the minor oxytetracycline-related changes observed in this study may be outweighed by disease control benefits. C1 Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Expt Pathol Labs Inc, Herndon, VA USA. RP Wolf, JC (reprint author), Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM mark_gaikowski@usgs.gov OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2003 VL 15 IS 4 BP 274 EP 286 DI 10.1577/H03-042.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 842MF UT WOS:000223007700003 ER PT J AU Mossotti, VG AF Mossotti, VG TI A simplified algorithm for temperature conversions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Mossotti, VG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1380 EP 1380 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 742VL UT WOS:000186538700006 ER PT J AU Sallenger, AH Krabill, WB Swift, RN Brock, J List, J Hansen, M Holman, RA Manizade, S Sontag, J Meredith, A Morgan, K Yunkel, JK Frederick, EB Stockdon, H AF Sallenger, AH Krabill, WB Swift, RN Brock, J List, J Hansen, M Holman, RA Manizade, S Sontag, J Meredith, A Morgan, K Yunkel, JK Frederick, EB Stockdon, H TI Evaluation of airborne topographic lidar for quantifying beach changes SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE beach processes; coastal change; storms; surveying; remote sensing; lidar ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; LASER ALTIMETRY; ACCURACY AB A scanning airborne topographic lidar was evaluated for its ability to quantify beach topography and changes during the Sandy Duck experiment in 1997 along the North Carolina coast. Elevation estimates, acquired with NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM), were compared to elevations measured with three types of ground-based measurements-1) differential GPS equipped all-terrain vehicle (ATV) that surveyed a 3-km reach of beach from the shoreline to the dune, 2) GPS antenna mounted on a stadia rod used to intensely survey a different 100 m reach of beach, and 3) a second GPS-equipped ATV that surveyed a 70-km-long transect along the coast. Over 40,000 individual intercomparisons between ATM and ground surveys were calculated. RMS vertical differences associated with the ATM when compared to ground measurements ranged from 13 to 19 em. Considering all of the intercomparisons together, RMS similar or equal to15 cm. This RMS error represents a total error for individual elevation estimates including uncertainties associated with random and mean errors. The latter was the largest source of error and was attributed to drift in differential GPS. The 15 cm vertical accuracy of the ATM is adequate to resolve beach-change signals typical of the impact of storms. For example, ATM surveys of Assateague Island (spanning the border of MD and VA) prior to and immediately following a severe northeaster showed vertical beach changes in places greater than 2 m, much greater than expected errors associated with the ATM. A major asset of airborne lidar is the high spatial data density. Measurements of elevation are acquired every few m(2) over regional scales of hundreds of kilometers. Hence, many scales of beach morphology and change can be resolved, from beach cusps tens of meters in wavelength to entire coastal cells comprising tens to hundreds of kilometers of coast. Topographic lidars similar to the ATM are becoming increasingly available from commercial vendors and should, in the future, be widely used in beach surveying. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coatal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NASA, Wallops Fligh Facil, EG&G, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EG&G Washington, Analyt Serv Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Sallenger, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coatal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Stockdon, Hilary/0000-0003-0791-4676 NR 22 TC 118 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 28 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 125 EP 133 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 669WU UT WOS:000182374100011 ER PT J AU Barth, GR Illangasekare, TH Rajaram, H AF Barth, GR Illangasekare, TH Rajaram, H TI The effect of entrapped nonaqueous phase liquids on tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media: laboratory experiments at the intermediate scale SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE nonaqueous phase liquids; high-saturation NAPL entrapment; heterogeneous systems; tracer tests; gamma-ray attenuation system; temporal moments ID NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT; CAPE-COD; SPATIAL MOMENTS; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SAND AQUIFER; 2-PHASE FLOW; DISPERSION; MASSACHUSETTS; VARIABILITY AB This work considers the applicability of conservative tracers for detecting high-saturation nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) entrapment in heterogeneous systems. For this purpose, a series of experiments and simulations was performed using a two-dimensional heterogeneous system (10 x 1.2 m), which represents an intermediate scale between laboratory and field scales. Tracer tests performed prior to injecting the NAPL provide the baseline response of the heterogeneous porous medium. Two NAPL spill experiments were performed and the entrapped-NAPL saturation distribution measured in detail using a gamma-ray attenuation system. Tracer tests following each of the NAPL spills produced breakthrough curves (BTCs) reflecting the impact of entrapped NAPL on conservative transport. To evaluate significance, the impact of NAPL entrapment on the conservative-tracer breakthrough curves was compared to simulated breakthrough curve variability for different realizations of the heterogeneous distribution. Analysis of the results reveals that the NAPL entrapment has a significant impact on the temporal moments of conservative-tracer breakthrough curves. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Barth, GR (reprint author), Waterstone, 1650 38th St,Suite 201E, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1-4 BP 247 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00066-4 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 747MR UT WOS:000186808700014 PM 14607479 ER PT J AU Essaid, HI Cozzarelli, IM Eganhouse, RP Herkelrath, WN Bekins, BA Delin, GN AF Essaid, HI Cozzarelli, IM Eganhouse, RP Herkelrath, WN Bekins, BA Delin, GN TI Inverse modeling of BTEX dissolution and biodegradation at the Bemidji, MN crude-oil spill site SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; dissolution; modeling; hydrocarbons; BTEX; natural attenuation ID PHASE LIQUID DISSOLUTION; NATURAL ATTENUATION PROCESSES; MONOAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; GRAVEL AQUIFER; MASS-TRANSFER; SHALLOW SAND; ANOXIC GROUNDWATER; MULTIPHASE FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; SIMULATION AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) solute transport and biodegradation code BIOMOC was used in conjunction with the USGS universal inverse modeling code UCODE to quantify field-scale hydrocarbon dissolution and biodegradation at the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program crude-oil spill research site located near Bemidji, MN. This inverse modeling effort used the extensive historical data compiled at the Bemidji site from 1986 to 1997 and incorporated a multicomponent transport and biodegradation model. Inverse modeling was successful when coupled transport and degradation processes were incorporated into the model and a single dissolution rate coefficient was used for all BTEX components. Assuming a stationary oil body, we simulated benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) concentrations in the oil and ground water, respectively, as well as dissolved oxygen. Dissolution from the oil phase and aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes were represented. The parameters estimated were the recharge rate, hydraulic conductivity, dissolution rate coefficient, individual first-order BTEX anaerobic degradation rates, and transverse dispersivity. Results were similar for simulations obtained using several alternative conceptual models of the hydrologic system and biodegradation processes. The dissolved BTEX concentration data were not sufficient to discriminate between these conceptual models. The calibrated simulations reproduced the general large-scale evolution of the plume, but did not reproduce the observed small-scale spatial and temporal variability in concentrations. The estimated anaerobic biodegradation rates for toluene and o-xylene were greater than the dissolution rate coefficient. However, the estimated anaerobic biodegradation rates for benzene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene were less than the dissolution rate coefficient. The calibrated model was used to determine the BTEX mass balance in the oil body and groundwater plume. Dissolution from the oil body was greatest for compounds with large effective solubilities (benzene) and with large degradation rates (toluene and o-xylene). Anaerobic degradation removed 77% of the BTEX that dissolved into the water phase and aerobic degradation removed 17%. Although goodness-of-fit measures for the alternative conceptual models were not significantly different, predictions made with the models were quite variable. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Essaid, HI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 NR 52 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1-4 BP 269 EP 299 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00034-2 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 747MR UT WOS:000186808700015 PM 14607480 ER PT J AU Cahoon, DR Hensel, P Rybczyk, J McKee, KL Proffitt, CE Perez, BC AF Cahoon, DR Hensel, P Rybczyk, J McKee, KL Proffitt, CE Perez, BC TI Mass tree mortality leads to mangrove peat collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mangrove forest; rod surface elevation table; sediment elevation; subsidence; vertical accretion ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS; WETLAND SEDIMENT ELEVATION; UNITED-STATES; FORESTS; GROWTH; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; MODEL; TABLE AB 1 We measured sediment elevation and accretion dynamics in mangrove forests on the islands of Guanaja and Roatan, Honduras, impacted by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 to determine if collapse of underlying peat was occurring as a result of mass tree mortality. Little is known about the balance between production and decomposition of soil organic matter in the maintenance of sediment elevation of mangrove forests with biogenic soils. 2 Sediment elevation change measured with the rod surface elevation table from 18 months to 33 months after the storm differed significantly among low, medium and high wind impact sites. Mangrove forests suffering minimal to partial mortality gained elevation at a rate (5 mm year(-1)) greater than vertical accretion (2 mm year(-1)) measured from artificial soil marker horizons, suggesting that root production contributed to sediment elevation. Basin forests that suffered mass tree mortality experienced peat collapse of about 11 mm year(-1) as a result of decomposition of dead root material and sediment compaction. Low soil shear strength and lack of root growth accompanied elevation decreases. 3 Model simulations using the Relative Elevation Model indicate that peat collapse in the high impact basin mangrove forest would be 37 mm year(-1) for the 2 years immediately after the storm, as root material decomposed. In the absence of renewed root growth, the model predicts that peat collapse will continue for at least 8 more years at a rate (7 mm year(-1)) similar to that measured (11 mm year(-1)). 4 Mass tree mortality caused rapid elevation loss. Few trees survived and recovery of the high impact forest will thus depend primarily on seedling recruitment. Because seedling establishment is controlled in large part by sediment elevation in relation to tide height, continued peat collapse could further impair recovery rates. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Johnson Controls Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll environm, Dept Environm Sci, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Cahoon, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 41 TC 123 Z9 135 U1 4 U2 38 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1105 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00841.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 746MY UT WOS:000186751200016 ER PT J AU Donahue, SW Vaughan, MR Demers, LM Donahue, HJ AF Donahue, SW Vaughan, MR Demers, LM Donahue, HJ TI Bone formation is not impaired by hibernation (disuse) in black bears Ursus americanus SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE black bear; Ursus americanus; bone formation; hibernation; metabolism; adaptation; collagen; disuse ID MINERAL DENSITY; BED REST; COLLAGEN; IMMOBILIZATION; MARKERS; OSTEOPOROSIS; OSTEOPENIA; LACTATION; PLASMA; WOMEN AB Disuse by bed rest, limb immobilization or space flight causes rapid bone loss by arresting bone formation and accelerating bone resorption. This net bone loss increases the risk of fracture upon remobilization. Bone loss also occurs in hibernating ground squirrels, golden hamsters, and little brown bats by arresting bone formation and accelerating bone resorption. There is some histological evidence to suggest that black bears Ursus americanus do not lose bone mass during hibernation (i.e. disuse). There is also evidence suggesting that muscle mass and strength are preserved in black bears during hibernation. The question of whether bears can prevent bone loss during hibernation has not been conclusively answered. The goal of the current study was to further assess bone metabolism in hibernating black bears. Using the same serum markers of bone remodeling used to evaluate human patients with osteoporosis, we assayed serum from five black bears, collected every 10 days over a 196-day period, for bone resorption and formation markers. Here we show that bone resorption remains elevated over the entire hibernation period compared to the pre-hibernation period, but osteoblastic bone formation is not impaired by hibernation and is rapidly accelerated during remobilization following hibernation. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Pathol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Med, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Orthopaed & Rehabil, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Donahue, SW (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 15 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 206 IS 23 BP 4233 EP 4239 DI 10.1242/jeb.00671 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 755GA UT WOS:000187394100013 PM 14581593 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD Sundell, K Bjornsson, BT Brown, CL Hiroi, J AF McCormick, SD Sundell, K Bjornsson, BT Brown, CL Hiroi, J TI Influence of salinity on the localization of Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/K+/2Cl(-)cotransporter (NKCC) and CFTR anion channel in chloride cells of the Hawaiian goby (Stenogobius hawaiiensis) SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Na+/K+-ATPase; Na+/K+/2Cl(-) cotransporter; NKCC; CFTR; teleost fish; chloride secretion; salinity; Stenogobius hawaiiensis; goby ID KILLIFISH FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; FRESH-WATER FISHES; ATLANTIC SALMON; RECTAL GLAND; K+-ATPASE; GILL NA; SEAWATER; COTRANSPORTER; EPITHELIUM AB Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/K+/2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the three major transport proteins thought to be involved in chloride secretion in teleost fish. If-this is the case, the levels of these transporters should be high in chloride cells of seawater-acclimated fish. We therefore examined the influence of salinity on immunolocalization of Na+/K+-ATPase, NKCC and CFTR in the gills of the Hawaiian goby (Stenogobius hawaiiensis). Fish were acclimated to freshwater and 20parts per thousand and 30parts per thousand seawater for 10 days. Na+/K+-ATPase and NKCC were localized specificatly to chloride cells and stained throughout most of the cell except for the nucleus and the most apical region, indicating a bisolateral/tubular distribution. All Na+/K+-ATPase-positive chloride cells were also positive for NKCC in all salinities. Salinity caused a slight increase in chloride cell number and size and a slight decrease in staining intensity for Na+/K+-ATPase and NKCC, but the basic pattern of localization was not altered. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was also not affected by salinity. CFTR was localized to the apical surface of chloride cells, and only cells staining positive for Na+/K+-ATPase were CFTR-positive. CFTR-positive cells greatly increased in number (5-fold), area stained (53%) and intensity (29%) after, seawater acclimation. In freshwater, CFTR immunoreactivity was light and occurred over a broad apical surface on chloride cells, whereas in seawater there was intense immunoreactivity around the apical pit (which was. often punctate in appearance) and a light subapical staining. The results indicate that Na+/K+-ATPase, NKCC and CYTR are all present in chloride cells and support current models that all three are responsible for chloride secretion by chloride cells of teleost fish. C1 USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01370 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool Zoophysiol, Fish Endocrinol Lab, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Florida Int Univ, Marine Biol Program, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01370 USA. RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008; Hiroi, Junya/E-5620-2011; Sundell, Kristina/E-5606-2014; Sundell, Kristina/F-8884-2016 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756; Hiroi, Junya/0000-0002-8416-7136; Sundell, Kristina/0000-0002-7643-2083 NR 31 TC 71 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 20 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 206 IS 24 BP 4575 EP 4583 DI 10.1242/jeb.00711 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 755GC UT WOS:000187394300021 PM 14610041 ER PT J AU Dean, TE Vickery, PD AF Dean, TE Vickery, PD TI Bachman's Sparrows use burrows and palmetto clumps as escape refugia from predators SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bachman's Sparrow; burrow; escape; Florida; predator avoidance; refugia; winter home range size ID SAVANNAH SPARROWS; VIGILANCE AB We documented Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis) entering natural burrows on six different occasions on a dry prairie in central Florida. Use of burrows was apparently an attempt to escape potential predators. Although Bachman's Sparrows were usually flushed from grass-dominated microsites, they preferred to fly to palmetto clumps (Serenoa repens) that had burrows rather than palmetto clumps lacking burrows. This behavior has inherent risks because these burrows are often used by a variety of animals, including predators of small passerines. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Vickery, PD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1339 20th St, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 74 IS 1 BP 26 EP 30 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652JP UT WOS:000181376300004 ER PT J AU Wunder, MB Knopf, FL AF Wunder, MB Knopf, FL TI The imperial Valley of California is critical to wintering Mountain Plovers SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California; Charadrius montanus; Imperial Valley; Mountain Plover; shorebird AB We surveyed Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) wintering in the Imperial Valley of California in January 2001, and also recorded the types of crop fields used by plovers in this agricultural landscape. We tallied 4037 plovers in 36 flocks ranging in size from 4 to 596 birds. Plovers were more common on alfalfa and Bermudagrass fields than other field types. Further, most birds were on alfalfa fields that were currently being (or had recently been) grazed, primarily by domestic sheep. Plovers used Bermudagrass fields only after harvest and subsequent burning. Examination of Christmas Bird Count data from 1950-2000 indicated that the Mountain Plover has abandoned its historical wintering areas on the coastal plains of California. Numbers in the Central Valley seem to have undergone recent declines also. We believe that the cultivated landscape of the Imperial Valley provides wintering habitats for about half of the global population of Mountain Plovers. We attribute the current importance of the Imperial Valley for Mountain Plovers to loss of native coastal and Central Valley habitats rather than to a behavioral switching of wintering areas through time. Future changes in specific cropping or management practices in the Imperial Valley will have a major impact on the conservation status of this species. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Nat Heritage Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wunder, MB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Nat Heritage Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM michael.wunder@colostate.edu NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0273-8570 EI 1557-9263 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 74 IS 1 BP 74 EP 80 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652JP UT WOS:000181376300011 ER PT J AU Pitocchelli, J Piatt, JE Carter, HR AF Pitocchelli, J Piatt, JE Carter, HR TI Variation in plumage, molt, and morphology of the Whiskered Auklet (Aethia pygmaea) in Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aethia pygmaea; Aleutians; anklet; molt; morphometrics; seabird; size AB We studied molt and size variation in Whiskered Auklets collected at sea in August from the Aleutian Islands in 1992 and 1993. We evaluated size differences from external and skeletal measurements. Adults were molting extensively in August, indicating that molt began in July. Primaries 1-5 had been completely replaced, while primaries 6-8 were in various stages of replacement, and primaries 9 and 10 were old in most birds. We also found that juveniles were not molting. This pattern is similar to other species of small auklets where breeding and molt in adults overlap, but juveniles do not molt until the following summer. This suggests that Whiskered Auklets are subjected to similar ecological constraints as other auklets. We provide the first skeletal measurements of Whiskered Auklets and some new external measurements. Results of statistical analyses indicate that there is no sexual dimorphism in adults. A small sample of juveniles suggests that they are similar in size to adults. C1 St Anselm Coll, Dept Biol, Manchester, NH 03102 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Pitocchelli, J (reprint author), St Anselm Coll, Dept Biol, 100 St Anselm Dr, Manchester, NH 03102 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 74 IS 1 BP 90 EP 98 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 652JP UT WOS:000181376300013 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, J McCormick, SD Kunkel, JG AF Zydlewski, J McCormick, SD Kunkel, JG TI Late migration and seawater entry is physiologically disadvantageous for American shad juveniles SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alosa sapidissima; American shad; chloride cells; gill Na+; K+-ATPase; migration; osmoregulation ID K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA; CHLORIDE CELL; GILL; SALMON; NA+; SALINITY; FISHES; RIVER; LOCALIZATION AB Juvenile American shad Alosa sapidissima were subjected to isothermal transfers into sea water (salinity 24) 'early' (1 September; 24degrees C) and 'late' (10 November; 10degrees C) in the autumn migratory season. Early acclimation resulted in a modest osmotic perturbation that recovered rapidly. Haematocrit declined by 14% at 24 h, recovering within 48 h. Plasma osmolality increased by 6% at 4 h, recovering within 8 h. Early acclimation caused a two-fold increase in gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity by 24 h and a four-fold increase by 4 days. The number of chloride cells on the primary gill filament increased two-fold by 4 days. Chloride cells on the secondary lamellae rapidly decreased from 22 cells mm(-1) to <2 cells mm(-1) within 4 days. Late acclimation resulted in a severe and protracted osmotic perturbation. Haematocrit levels declined by 23% at 4 days, recovering by 14 days. Plasma osmolality increased by 36% by 48 h, recovering by 4 days. Initial gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity was two-fold greater than in 'early' fish and did not change during acclimation. Initial numbers of chloride cells on the primary filament were two-fold greater than 'early' fish and did not increase during acclimation. Initial number of chloride cells on the secondary lamellae was five-fold greater than 'early' fish (116 v. 22 cells mm(-1)) and declined to negligible numbers over 14 days. Differences between initial measures for 'early' and 'late' fish reflect previously described physiological changes associated with migration. These data indicate that late migrants face a greater physiological challenge during seawater acclimation than early migrants. Physiological performance apparently limits the observed duration of autumnal migration. (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Zydlewski, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, 9317 NE Highway 99,Suite 1, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. OI Kunkel, Joseph/0000-0003-4070-5606 NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1521 EP 1537 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00264.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 760CV UT WOS:000187794400010 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Willis, DW AF Paukert, CP Willis, DW TI Aquatic invertebrate assemblages in shallow prairie lakes: Fish and environmental influences SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY; CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES; LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; PREY SELECTION; FRESH-WATER; ZOOPLANKTON; PREDATION AB We sampled zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in 30 shallow natural lakes to determine the effects of the environment (i.e., habitat and fish abundance) on invertebrates. Zooplankters were identified to genus, and up to 120 individuals per genus were measured. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order, class, or family. Fish communities were also sampled. Relative abundances of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates were low at increased chlorophyll a concentrations, although mean zooplankton length increased with total phosphorus, possibly because of an increased proportion of microzooplankton (rotifers and copepod nauplii) at higher phosphorus levels. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that zooplankton and macroinvertebrate abundance was influenced by submersed vegetation coverage, whereas zooplankton abundance and size structure were also related to productivity (i.e., chlorophyll a and total phosphorus). However, relative abundance of fish species or fish feeding guilds was not strongly correlated with zooplankton or macroinvertebrate abundance or zooplankton size structure. Physical habitat (e.g., vegetation coverage) may exert substantial influences on invertebrate assemblages in these lakes, possibly providing a refuge from fish predation. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 43 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 14 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 523 EP 536 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663993 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 744NW UT WOS:000186639400003 ER PT J AU Vokoun, JC Guerrant, TL Rabeni, CF AF Vokoun, JC Guerrant, TL Rabeni, CF TI Demographics and chronology of a spawning aggregation of blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus) in the Grand River, Missouri, USA SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATOSTOMIDAE; BIOLOGY; GROWTH AB The blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus) was sampled as individuals arrived, spawned, and departed from a spawning riffle in the Grand River of northcentral Missouri, USA. The Grand River basin was not known to support blue sucker reproduction with few individuals ever recorded. The spawning site is unique in character for the lower river. Individuals began arriving in early April when water temperatures reached 10-12 degreesC. Females with freely-flowing roe were sampled in late April after a large rise in river stage and concurrent lowering of the water temperature 4-5 degrees to 16.5 degreesC. The spawning aggregation had a mean age of 15 y and ranged from 9 to 22 y based on scales that probably underestimated true ages. Males outnumbered females 5.5:1. Mean length was 659 mm for males and 721 mm for females. Females were longer at age than males and no significant age-length relationship was evident. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Vokoun, JC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, 302 Anheuser Busch nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 567 EP 575 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663997 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 744NW UT WOS:000186639400007 ER PT J AU Edwards, MR Combs, DL Cook, SB Allen, M AF Edwards, MR Combs, DL Cook, SB Allen, M TI Comparison of single-pass electrofishing to depletion sampling for surveying fish assemblages in small warmwater streams SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RECAPTURE AB Species diversity and richness, relative abundance, and community structure were compared between simultaneous single-pass electrofishing and depletion sampling. Additionally, the number of fish displaced from sample reaches when not using block nets was estimated at. each sample site. A total of 40 depletion samples was obtained during the spring and summer of 1999 and 2000 in small first- and second-order warmwater streams of central Tennessee; first passes were used as single-pass samples. Shannon-Wiener diversity values obtained with the single-pass approach were strongly correlated to those obtained with depletion sampling(r(2) = 0.95). The same number of species was captured using both approaches in 15 of 40 streams; depletion sampling richness values exceeded single-pass values by more than two species in only one stream. Using bootstrap analyses, relative abundance values from single-pass samples differed from those of depletion samples in 21 of 40 streams. However, community structure comparisons using similarity indices (SIMI) indicated that the single-pass approach effectively sampled fish abundance. SIMI values were above 0.90 in 32 of 40 streams and above 0.75 in the other eight. Fish were displaced from sample reaches when not using block nets in 32 of 40 streams, but displaced fish species represented less than 10% of the total number of species in 29 of these streams. Fish movement from sampled reaches did not negatively affect estimates of diversity, richness, or relative abundance; the single-pass approach effectively 4:1 sampled fish communities in these streams. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Biol, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Math, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Edwards, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, King Salmon Fisheries Resources Off, POB 277, King Salmon, AK 99613 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 11 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 625 EP 634 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9664004 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 744NW UT WOS:000186639400014 ER PT J AU Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG White, AB Strem, ET Andrews, ED Antweiler, RC AF Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG White, AB Strem, ET Andrews, ED Antweiler, RC TI The impact of a prominent rain shadow on flooding in California's Santa Cruz Mountains: A CALJET case study and sensitivity to the ENSO cycle SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDFALLING COLD-FRONT; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; EL-NINO; WARM SECTOR; PRECIPITATION; MESOSCALE; WINDS; OROGRAPHY; WATER AB Data from the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) are used to explore the causes of variations in flood severity in adjacent coastal watersheds within the Santa Cruz Mountains on 2-3 February 1998. While Pescadero Creek (rural) experienced its flood of record, the adjacent San Lorenzo Creek (heavily populated), attained only its fourth-highest flow. This difference resulted from conditions present while the warm sector of the storm, with its associated low-level jet, high moisture content, and weak static stability, was overhead. Rainfall in the warm sector was dominated by orographic forcing. While the wind speed strongly modulated rain rates on windward slopes, the wind direction positioned the edge of a rain shadow cast by the Santa Lucia Mountains partially over the San Lorenzo basin, thus protecting the city of Santa Cruz from a more severe flood. Roughly 26%+/-9% of the streamflow at flood peak on Pescadero Creek resulted from the warm-sector rainfall. Without this rainfall, the peak flow on Pescadero Creek would likely not have attained record status. These results are complemented by a climatological analysis based on similar to50-yr-duration streamflow records for these and two other nearby windward watersheds situated; 20 to 40 km farther to the east, and a comparison of this climatological analysis with composites of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis fields. The westernmost watersheds were found to have their greatest floods during El Nino winters, while the easternmost watersheds peaked during non-El Nino episodes. These results are consistent with the case study, that showed that the composite 925-mb, meridionally oriented wind direction during El Ninos favors a rain shadow over the eastern watersheds. During non-El Nino periods, the composite, zonally oriented wind direction indicates that the sheltering effect of the rain shadow on the eastern watersheds is reduced, while weaker winds, less water vapor, and stronger stratification reduce the peak runoff in the western watersheds relative to El Nino periods. These case study and climatological results illustrate the importance of conditions in the moisture-rich warm sector of landfalling Pacific winter storms. Although many other variables can influence flooding, this study shows that variations of +/-10degrees in wind direction can modulate the location of orographically enhanced floods. While terrain can increase predictability (e.g., rainfall typically increases with altitude), the predictability is reduced when conditions are near a threshold separating different regimes (e.g., in or out of a rain shadow). C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. NOAA, ETL, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 55 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 4 IS 6 BP 1243 EP 1264 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1243:TIOAPR>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 757EB UT WOS:000187534900018 ER PT J AU Tietjen, TE Wetzel, RG AF Tietjen, TE Wetzel, RG TI Seasonal and spatial distribution of bacterial biomass and the percentage of viable cells in a reservoir of Alabama SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID METABOLICALLY ACTIVE BACTERIA; HYPERTROPHIC AFRICAN RESERVOIR; FRESH-WATER; SOUTHWESTERN RESERVOIR; SECONDARY PRODUCTION; OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE; EUPHOTIC ZONE; GROWTH-RATE; BACTERIOPLANKTON; DYNAMICS AB Spatial community dynamics of bacterioplankton were evaluated along the length of the former stream channel of Elledge Lake, a small reservoir in western Alabama. The reservoir was strongly stratified from April to October with up to a 10degreesC temperature difference across the 1 m deep metalimnion. Bacterial biomass was highest during late summer, with a general pattern of increasing abundance from the inflowing river (similar to10 mug C l(-1)) to the dam (similar to20-30 mug C l(-1)). Bacterial numbers also increased following a >10-fold increase in turbidity associated with a major precipitation event, although only similar to10% of these cells were viable. The percentage of viable cells generally increased through the stratified period with 50-70% viable cells in late summer. Overall, an average of 38% of bacterial cells were viable, with a range from <20 to 70%. Although these values were similar to those found by others, additional patterns were identified that have not been previously observed: a marked decline in viable cells was found following turbid storm inflows and increases in the percentage of viable cells occurred during spring warming and following autumnal mixing events. Although a modest increase in abundance occurred along the gradient from inflow down-reservoir to the dam, bacterial abundance did not increase near the dam in a pattern coincident with the commonly observed increased algal biomass in the lacustrine portion of reservoir ecosystems. The increases observed in bacterial viability moving from the inflowing rivers towards the dam and later in stratified periods stress the importance of differences in environmental conditions in time and space in regulating bacterial biomass and development, as well as of shifts that would be anticipated accompanying altered hydrological regimes under climatic change. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US Geol Survey, Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Wetzel, RG (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 12 BP 1521 EP 1534 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbg113 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 753LH UT WOS:000187232500007 ER PT J AU Pearson, RR Livezey, KB AF Pearson, RR Livezey, KB TI Distribution, numbers, and site characteristics of spotted owls and barred owls in the Cascade Mountains of Washington SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE northern Barred Owl; Strix varia varia; northern Spotted Owl; Strix occidentalis caurina; occupancy; site characteristics; Washington; Cascade Mountains ID STRIX-VARIA; HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS; BOREAL FOREST; RANGE; CALIFORNIA; SASKATCHEWAN; OCCIDENTALIS; SELECTION; OREGON AB We analyzed distribution, numbers, and site characteristics of northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) and northern Barred Owls (Strix varia varia) in Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington from July 1978-November 2001. Spotted Owl site-centers averaged significantly higher in elevation and in areas with steeper slopes than Barred Owl site-centers. Relative percentage of Barred Owl detections increased 8.6% annually during the study period. Plots of 0.8-km radius (201 ha) centered on Spotted and Barred owl sites differed significantly from random plots (N = 500); plots of both species contained more forest greater than or equal to180 yr old and fewer ha of forest 50-79 yr old, and Spotted Owl plots contained more forest 130-179 yr old. Spotted Owl site-centers were in significantly older forest than Barred Owl and random site-centers. Occupied Spotted Owl sites with timber harvest since 1978 contained significantly more forest 80 yr old than unoccupied sites with harvest. Occupancy of Spotted Owl sites in 2001 relative to number of Barred Owl sites, and slope and elevation of Spotted Owl sites, could be traced directly or indirectly to the presence of Barred Owls. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. RP Livezey, KB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, 510 Desmond Dr, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. NR 45 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 10 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 4 BP 265 EP 276 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 759GH UT WOS:000187729600001 ER PT J AU Boal, CW Snyder, HA Bibles, BD Estabrook, TS AF Boal, CW Snyder, HA Bibles, BD Estabrook, TS TI Temporal and spatial stability of Red-tailed Hawk territories in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Buteo jamaicensis; Red-tailed Hawk; Puerto Rico; spatial stability; temporal stability; territorial characteristics ID HURRICANE HUGO AB We mapped Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) territories in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) of Puerto Rico in 1998. We combined our 1998 data with that collected during previous studies of Red-tailed Hawks in the LEE to examine population numbers and spatial stability of territorial boundaries over a 26-yr period. We also investigated potential relationships between Red-tailed Hawk territory sizes and topographic and climatic factors. Mean size of 16 defended territories during 1998 was 124.3 +/- 12.0 ha, which was not significantly different from our calculations of mean territory sizes derived from data collected in 1974 and 1984. Aspect and slope influenced territory size with the smallest territories having high slope and easterly aspects. Territory size was small compared to that reported for other parts of the species' range. In addition, there was remarkably little temporal change in the spatial distribution, area, and boundaries of Red-tailed Hawk territories among the study periods. Further, there was substantial boundary overlap (21-27%) between defended territories among the different study periods. The temporal stability of the spatial distribution of Red-tailed Hawk territories in the study area leads us to believe the area might be at or near saturation. C1 Texas Tech Univ, USGS BRD Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Utah State Univ Uintah Basin, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Boal, CW (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, USGS BRD Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 4 BP 277 EP 285 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 759GH UT WOS:000187729600002 ER PT J AU Page, WR Harris, AG Poole, FG Repetski, JE AF Page, WR Harris, AG Poole, FG Repetski, JE TI Reinterpretation of the stratigraphy and structure of the Rancho Las Norias area, central Sonora, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF SOUTH AMERICAN EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE stratigraphy; Rancho Las Norias area; fossil AB New geologic mapping and fossil data in the vicinity of Rancho Las Norias, 30 km east of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, show that rocks previously mapped as Precambrian instead are Paleozoic. Previous geologic maps of the Rancho Las Norias area show northeast-directed, southwest-dipping reverse or thrust faults deforming both Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. The revised stratigraphy requires reinterpretation of some of these faults as high-angle normal or oblique-slip faults and the elimination of other faults. We agree with earlier geologic map interpretations that compressional structures have affected the Paleozoic rocks in the area, but our mapping suggests that the direction of compression is from southeast to northwest. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 926A, Reston, VA USA. RP Page, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-9811 J9 J S AM EARTH SCI JI J. South Am. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 16 IS 6 BP 523 EP 540 DI 10.1016/j.jsames.2003.07.002 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 753HC UT WOS:000187225100007 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Bales, JD Coles, JF Giddings, EMP Zappia, H AF McMahon, G Bales, JD Coles, JF Giddings, EMP Zappia, H TI Use of stage data to characterize hydrologic conditions in an urbanizing environment SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE hydrologic variability; watershed management; surface water hydrology; urban water management; stream ecology ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; RIVER HEALTH; VARIABILITY; STREAMS; PREDICTABILITY; INDICATORS; WATER; BIOTA AB This paper presents the results of a study on the use of continuous stage data to describe the relation between urban development and three aspects of hydrologic condition that are thought to influence stream ecosystems - overall stage variability, stream flashiness, and the duration of extreme-stage conditions. This relation is examined using data from more than 70 watersheds in three contrasting environmental settings - the humid Northeast (the metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, area); the very humid Southeast (the metropolitan Birmingham, Alabama, area); and the semiarid West (the metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah, area). Results from the Birmingham and Boston studies provide evidence linking increased urbanization with stream flashiness. Fragmentation of developed land cover patches appears to ameliorate the effects of urbanization on overall variability and flashiness. There was less success in relating urbanization and streamflow conditions in the Salt Lake City study. A related investigation of six North Carolina sites with long term discharge and stage data indicated that hydrologic condition metrics developed using continuous stage data are comparable to flow based metrics, particularly for stream flashiness measures. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27608 USA. US EPA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. US Geol Survey, Montgomery, AL 36116 USA. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27608 USA. EM gmcmahon@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1546 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04437.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 765BL UT WOS:000188247200017 ER PT J AU Ator, SW Olsen, AR Pitchford, AM Denver, JM AF Ator, SW Olsen, AR Pitchford, AM Denver, JM TI Application of a Multipurpose Unequal Probability Stream Survey in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain (vol 39, pg 873, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Geol Survey, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 19901, Japan. RP Ator, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. EM swator@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1566 EP 1566 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 765BL UT WOS:000188247200022 ER PT J AU Scott, DT Gooseff, MN Bencala, KE Runkel, RL AF Scott, DT Gooseff, MN Bencala, KE Runkel, RL TI Automated calibration of a stream solute transport model: implications for interpretation of biogeochemical parameters SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE solute transport; inverse modeling; transient storage; hyporheic zone; parameter estimation; tracer; OTIS; UCODE ID TRANSIENT STORAGE; MOUNTAIN STREAM; HYPORHEIC ZONE; HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS; HEADWATER STREAMS; WATER EXCHANGE; RIFFLE STREAM; MASS-TRANSFER; TRACER; SIMULATION AB The hydrologic processes of advection, dispersion, and transient storage-are the primary physical mechanisms affecting solute transport in streams. The estimation of parameters for a conservative solute transport model is an essential step to characterize transient storage and other physical features that cannot be directly measured, and often is a preliminary step in the study of reactive solutes. Our study used inverse modeling to estimate parameters of the transient storage model OTIS (One dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage). Observations from a tracer injection experiment performed on Uvas Creek, California, USA, are used to illustrate the application of automated solute transport model calibration to conservative and nonconservative stream solute transport. A computer code for universal inverse modeling (UCODE) is used for the calibrations. Results of this procedure are compared with a previous study that used a trial-and-error parameter estimation approach. The results demonstrated 1) importance of the proper estimation of discharge and lateral inflow within the stream system; 2) that although the fit of the observations is not much better when transient storage is invoked, a more randomly distributed set of residuals resulted (suggesting non-systematic error), indicating that transient storage is occurring; 3) that inclusion of transient storage for a reactive solute (Sr2+) provided a better fit to the observations, highlighting the importance of robust model parameterization; and 4) that applying an automated calibration inverse modeling estimation approach resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the model results and the limitation of input data. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Scott, DT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA USA. RI Gooseff, Michael/B-9273-2008; Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; Gooseff, Michael/N-6087-2015 OI Gooseff, Michael/0000-0003-4322-8315 NR 44 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 10 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 492 EP 510 DI 10.2307/1468348 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748AT UT WOS:000186839900002 ER PT J AU Carlisle, DM Clements, WH AF Carlisle, DM Clements, WH TI Growth and secondary production of aquatic insects along a gradient of Zn contamination in Rocky Mountain streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE secondary production; stream insects; growth; metals; Rocky Mountains ID HEAVY-METALS; LIFE-HISTORY; COMMUNITY RESPONSES; BLACKWATER RIVER; TROPHIC BASIS; COLORADO; RATES; FOOD; MACROINVERTEBRATES; CADDISFLIES AB Secondary production estimates from several Rocky Mountain streams were used to test hypotheses about the effects of chronic metal contamination on insect populations and ecosystem processes. Quantitative samples of chemistry, habitat, and benthic insects were collected monthly during the ice-free period (May-November) from five 2(nd)- to 3(rd) -order streams that varied primarily in Zn contamination. Secondary production was estimated for the 19 dominant taxa using increment-summation, size-frequency, and P/B methods. Uncertainty was estimated by bootstrapping estimates of mean abundance, biomass, and cohort production intervals. Secondary production of metal-sensitive Heptageniidae (Rhithrogena robusta, Cinygmula spp., and Epeorus longimanus) was lower in lightly to moderately contaminated streams than in reference streams. Experiments were done to determine whether herbivore growth was influenced by food quality in contaminated streams. Growth estimates from field and microcosm experiments revealed that low mayfly production in contaminated streams was caused mostly by reduced population abundances. Production of predatory stoneflies was also lower in contaminated streams than reference streams. Estimates of the trophic basis of production revealed that, although the relative contribution to community production from various food sources was similar among streams, total production attributable to algae and animal prey declined in contaminated streams. Much of the reduction in herbivory in contaminated streams was the result of lower production of heptageniids, especially R. robusta. Assemblage and taxon-specific estimates of secondary production were sensitive to variation in metal contamination and indicated that relatively low metal concentrations may have ecosystem-wide consequences for energy flow. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Carlisle, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA USA. RI Clements, William/N-2686-2016 NR 64 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 18 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 582 EP 597 DI 10.2307/1468355 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748AT UT WOS:000186839900009 ER PT J AU Maret, TR Cain, DJ MacCoy, DE Short, TM AF Maret, TR Cain, DJ MacCoy, DE Short, TM TI Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to metal exposure and bioaccumulation associated with hard-rock mining in northwestern streams, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE mining; metal exposure; macroinvertebrates; bioaccumulation; structural response ID COEUR-DALENE RIVER; TRACE-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY; HEAVY-METALS; MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; MOUNTAIN STREAMS; AQUATIC INSECTS; ARKANSAS RIVER; IDAHO; BASIN; COLORADO AB Bendthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, environmental variables, and associated mine density were evaluated during the summer of 2000 at 18 reference and test sites in the Coeur d'Alene and St. Regis River basins, northwestern USA as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in water and (or) streambed sediment at test sites in basins where production mine density was greater than or equal to0.2 mines/km(2) (in a 500-m stream buffer) were significantly higher than concentrations at reference sites. Zn and Pb were identified as the primary contaminants in water and streambed sediment, respectively. These metal concentrations often exceeded acute Ambient Water Quality Criteria for aquatic life and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Probable Effect Level for streambed sediment. Regression analysis identified significant correlations between production mine density in each basin and Zn concentrations in water and Pb in streambed sediment (r(2) = 0.69 and 0.65, p < 0.01). Metal concentrations in caddisfly tissue, used to verify site-specific exposures of benthos, also were highest at sites downstream from intensive mining. Benthic invertebrate taxa richness and densities were lower at sites downstream than upstream of areas of intensive hard-rock mining and associated metal enrichment. Benthic invertebrate metrics that were most effective in discriminating changes in assemblage structure between reference and mining sites were total number of taxa, number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, (EPT) taxa, and densities of total individuals, EPT individuals, and metal-sensitive Ephemeroptera individuals. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Maret, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. OI Cain, Daniel/0000-0002-3443-0493 NR 64 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 20 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 598 EP 620 DI 10.2307/1468356 PG 23 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748AT UT WOS:000186839900010 ER PT J AU Stribling, JB Moulton, SR Lester, GT AF Stribling, JB Moulton, SR Lester, GT TI Determining the quality of taxonomic data SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND; USA; IDENTIFICATIONS; VARIABILITY; COMMUNITIES; WASHINGTON; PROTOCOL; LEVEL C1 Tetra Tech Inc, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA USA. EcoAnalysts Inc, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Stribling, JB (reprint author), Tetra Tech Inc, 10045 Red Run Blvd,Suite 110, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 621 EP 631 DI 10.2307/1468357 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748AT UT WOS:000186839900011 ER PT J AU Henne, JP Watanabe, WO AF Henne, JP Watanabe, WO TI Effects of light intensity and salinity on growth, survival, and whole-body osmolality of larval southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID YOLK-SAC LARVAE; NORTH-CAROLINA; HIPPOGLOSSUS-HIPPOGLOSSUS; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY; VISUAL THRESHOLDS; SUMMER FLOUNDER; GADUS-MORHUA; EGGS; FISH AB The southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma is a high-valued flatfish found in estuarine and shelf waters of the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Wide temperature and salinity tolerances exhibited by juveniles and adults make it a versatile new candidate for commercial culture, and studies are underway in the southeastern U.S. to develop hatchery methods for this species. The objectives of this study were to establish illumination and salinity conditions that optimize growth and survival of larval southern flounder reared through the yolk-sac and first feeding stages to 15-d post-hatching (15 dph). Early embryos were stocked into black 15-L tanks under light intensities of 5, 50, 100, and 1,000 Ix and at salinities of 24 and 34 ppt in a 4 x 2 factorial design. Significant (P < 0.05) effects of both light intensity and salinity on growth and survival were obtained, with no interaction between these effects. On 11 dph and 15 dph, growth was generally maximized at the intermediate light intensities (50 and 100 lx) and minimized at the extremes (5 and 1,000 lx). By 15 dph, growth was higher at 34 ppt than at 24 ppt. Survival to 15 dph showed trends similar to those of growth. Survival was higher at 100 lx (avg. = 46%, range = 41-54%) than at 5 lx (avg. = 11%, range = 6-17%) and higher at 34 ppt (avg. = 43%, range = 31-55%) than at 24 ppt (avg. = 17%, range = 8-38%). Whole-body osmolality (mOsmol/kg) was significantly lower in larvae reared at 24 ppt (avg. = 304, range = 285-325) through 11 dph than in larvae reared at 34 ppt (avg. = 343, range = 296-405). Larvae reared under the extreme light intensity treatments (5 and 1,000 lx) at 34 ppt appeared to exhibit osmoregulatory stress, particularly on 11 dph, when a marked increase in whole-body osmolality was observed. The mid-intensity treatments (50 and 100 lx) at 34 ppt optimized growth and survival of larval southern flounder in this study; and elicited the most stable osmotic response. These conditions appear to be consistent with those that southern flounder larvae encounter in nature during this early developmental period. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Henne, JP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bears Bluff Natl Fish Hatchery, POB 69, Wadmalaw Isl, SC 29487 USA. NR 49 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 34 IS 4 BP 450 EP 465 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00084.x PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 755DR UT WOS:000187388900004 ER PT J AU Kinzelman, JL Whitman, RL Byappanahalli, M Jackson, E Bagley, RC AF Kinzelman, JL Whitman, RL Byappanahalli, M Jackson, E Bagley, RC TI Evaluation of beach grooming techniques on Escherichia coli density in Foreshore Sand at North Beach, Racine, WI SO LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE beach grooming; foreshore sand; non-point pollution; water quality; E. coli ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; INDICATOR BACTERIA; FECAL INDICATORS; WATER-QUALITY; SURVIVAL; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS; ENVIRONMENT; SEDIMENTS; RUNOFF AB Elevated levels of Escherichia coli(E. coli) in bathing waters at North Beach, a popular recreational site in Racine, Wisconsin, have been a persistent problem often resulting in the issuance of poor water quality advisories. Moreover, waterfowl (mostly Larus delawarensis and L. argentatus) in nearshore and offshore areas are common and may serve as non-point sources for bacterial contamination of recreational waters. Current beach management practice involves daily mechanical grooming of the nearshore sand for aesthetics and removal of hazardous debris. However, this practice has not been evaluated in terms of its effects on E, coli loading to beach sand and potential introduction to contiguous swimming water. In this study, we tested E. coli responses to three treatments: mechanical groomer, daily and twice weekly hand raking, and a control (no raking/grooming). A randomized block design consisted of replicated treatments and one control (10 each), for a total of 40 blocks sampled daily for 10 days. Foreshore sand samples were collected by hand coring to an average depth of 10 cm. Median E. coli recovered were 73 (mechanically groomed), 27 (hand-raked daily),32(hand-raked twice weekly), and 22 (control) colony-forming units (CFU) per gram dry weight sand. E. colicounts in sand that was groomed were significantly higher than hand takings and control (p <0.0001), and there was no significant difference between control and raking treatments (p <0.01). This study demonstrates the beach management implications related to grooming efficacy and the importance of understanding non-point sources of bacterial contamination. C1 City Racine Hlth Dept Lab, Racine, WI 53403 USA. USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Porter, IN 46304 USA. Univ Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, England. RP Kinzelman, JL (reprint author), 730 Washington Ave, Racine, WI 53403 USA. EM jkinzelman@cityofracine.org NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU NORTH AMER LAKE MANAGEMENT SOC PI MADISON PA PO BOX 5443, MADISON, WI 53705-5443 USA SN 1040-2381 J9 LAKE RESERV MANAGE JI Lake Reserv. Manag. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 349 EP 354 PG 6 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 763FE UT WOS:000188063600005 ER PT J AU Niemann, J AF Niemann, J TI What's so bad about "Trophy Houses"? SO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LA English DT Letter C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuges, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Niemann, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuges, Albuquerque, NM USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS PI WASHINGTON PA 636 EYE ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3736 USA SN 0023-8031 J9 LANDSCAPE ARCHIT JI Landsc. Archit. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 12 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Architecture SC Architecture GA 748JM UT WOS:000186858800005 ER PT J AU Mooney, WD Vidale, JE AF Mooney, WD Vidale, JE TI Thermal and chemical variations in subcrustal cratonic lithosphere: evidence from crustal isostasy SO LITHOS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop - Tale of Two Cratons CY SEP 05-09, 2001 CL MERRICKVILLE, CANADA SP DeBeers Canada Explorat, Natl Sci Fdn, Continental Dynam Program, Lithoprobe, Kennecott Explorat, Geolog Survey Canada, Diamondex Resources, Ashton Mining Canada DE isostasy; crustal structure; cratons; xenoliths ID DYNAMIC SURFACE-TOPOGRAPHY; PLATE DRIVING FORCES; CONTINENTAL TECTOSPHERE; ICELAND PLUME; AFRICAN SUPERSWELL; UPPER MANTLE; MODEL; DENSITY; ORIGIN; EARTH AB The Earth's topography at short wavelengths results from active tectonic processes, whereas at long wavelengths it is largely determined by isostatic adjustment for the density and thickness of the crust. Using a global crustal model, we estimate the long-wavelength topography that is not due to crustal isostasy. Our most important finding is that cratons are generally depressed by 300 to 1500 m in comparison with predictions from pure crustal isostasy. We conclude that either: (1) cratonic roots may be 50 to 300 degreesC colder than previously suggested by thermal models, or (2) cratonic roots may be, on average, less depleted than suggested by studies of shallow mantle xenoliths. Alternatively, (3) some combination of these conditions may exist. The thermal explanation is consistent with recent geothermal studies that indicate low cratonic temperatures, as well as seismic studies that show very low seismic attenuation at long periods (150 s) beneath cratons. The petrologic explanation is consistent with recent studies of deep (>140 km) mantle xenoliths from the Kaapvaal and Slave cratons that show 1-2% higher densities compared with shallow (< 140 km), highly depleted xenoliths. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Earth Quake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Mooney, WD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Quake Hazards Team, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mooney@usgs.gov RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 55 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0024-4937 J9 LITHOS JI Lithos PD DEC PY 2003 VL 71 IS 2-4 BP 185 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.lithos.2003.07.004 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 762FZ UT WOS:000187962300005 ER PT J AU Knowlton, AL Pierson, BJ Talbot, SL Highsmith, RC AF Knowlton, AL Pierson, BJ Talbot, SL Highsmith, RC TI Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the intertidal sponge Halichondria panicea SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Halichondria panicea; intertidal; microsatellite; repetitive DNA; sponge AB GA- and CA-enriched genomic libraries were constructed for the intertidal sponge Hali-chondria panicea. Unique repeat motifs identified varied from the expected simple dinucleotide repeats to more complex repeat units. All sequences tended to be highly repetitive but did not necessarily contain the targeted motifs. Seven microsatellite loci were evaluated on sponges from the clone source population. All seven were polymorphic with 5.43 +/- 0.92 mean number of alleles. Six of the seven loci that could be resolved had mean heterozygosities of 0.14-0.68. The loci identified here will be useful for population studies. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USGS, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Knowlton, AL (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD DEC PY 2003 VL 3 IS 4 BP 560 EP 562 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00511.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 755KJ UT WOS:000187401800024 ER PT J AU Dare, MR Hubert, WA AF Dare, MR Hubert, WA TI Use of similar habitat by cutthroat trout and brown trout in a regulated river during winter SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; RAINBOW-TROUT; MICHIGAN STREAM; TRUTTA; BROOK; MOVEMENTS; IDAHO; FALL; TEMPERATURE AB Few differences in habitat use were observed between cutthroat trout and brown trout during winter in the Shoshone River, a regulated river in northwestern Wyoming. Radio-tagged fish of 20-30 cm total length were found in pool habitat five to six times more frequently than would be expected if they were using pools in proportion to pool availability. Nevertheless, run habitat was most frequently used by both species. The microhabitat characteristics at locations of each species were similar when in both pools and runs, however, habitat use was variable suggesting that a variety of microhabitats were suitable over-wintering habitat. Brown trout were more frequently associated with boulder cover than were cutthroat trout. Cutthroat trout used large pools that provided refuge from high water velocities more frequently that brown trout. Cutthroat trout and brown trout were found at similar distances from the bank except in late February when cutthroat trout were farther from the bank. Both species moved frequently during the winter, but cutthroat trout showed a greater propensity than brown trout to move long distances. This study suggests that during a mild winter in a stable environment, these species were able to overwinter successfully in a variety of habitats. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Dare, MR (reprint author), Biomark Inc, 149 S Adkins Way,Suite 104, Meridian, ID 83642 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 1 BP 36 EP 45 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656KJ UT WOS:000181606700006 ER PT J AU Henny, CJ Beal, KF Bury, RB Goggans, R AF Henny, CJ Beal, KF Bury, RB Goggans, R TI Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, trace elements and metals in western pond turtle eggs from Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHELYDRA-SERPENTINA-SERPENTINA; ST-LAWRENCE-RIVER; WILD BIRDS; CONTAMINATION; CANADA; RESIDUES; EXPOSURE; MONITORS; ONTARIO; BASIN AB With increased concern over the status of reptile populations globally, contaminant studies should be part of species evaluations. We analyzed eggs of western pond turtles from Fern Ridge Reservoir in western Oregon for 20 organochlorine (OC) pesticides or metabolites, 42 congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 16 trace elements or metals. These eggs represent the first of this species analyzed. The OC pesticides and PCB residue concentrations in the western pond turtle eggs were generally low and similar to those found in eggs of snapping turtles from a remote site in Ontario, Canada. Western pond turtle eggs also contained mercury and chromium, which are metals of special concern. Although few reptilian eggs have been analyzed for metals, the 44.9 mug/g dry weight chromium in a western pond turtle egg in this study may be the highest reported in a reptilian egg. We found no significant difference in contaminant concentrations in eggs from nests in Oregon, where all turtle eggs failed to hatch compared to those where some eggs hatched. During this initial project, however, we were unable to assess fully the role of OCs, PCBs and other contaminants in the western pond turtle decline. Factors other than contaminants may be involved. In another study, snapping turtle eggs near the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin were much more contaminated with evidence reported of effects on sex differentiation and reproductive endocrine function. Egg hatchability, the only reproductive parameter monitored, may not be the most sensitive endpoint. Other endpoints, including endocrine function, deformity rates, growth rates, and sex determination need study. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Lowell, OR 97452 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Henny, CJ (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 12 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 1 BP 46 EP 53 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656KJ UT WOS:000181606700007 ER PT J AU Ricca, MA Anthony, RG Jackson, DH Wolfe, SA AF Ricca, MA Anthony, RG Jackson, DH Wolfe, SA TI Spatial use and habitat associations of Columbian white-tailed deer fawns in southwestern Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MULE DEER; HOME-RANGE; SELECTION; MITIGATION; MOVEMENTS AB Fawns represent a critical life history stage in the dynamics of deer populations, yet little recent information is available on the ecology of neonatal Columbian white-tailed deer (CWTD), a geographically isolated and federally endangered sub-species. We described home ranges, areas of concentrated use, and habitat associations of CWTD fawns in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 1997 and 1998. Spatial use patterns and habitat use within areas of concentrated use were described for 11 radiomarked fawns. Pooled habitat use was described for 24 radio-marked fawns. Areas of concentrated use averaged 2.4 ha, which was 13.3% of mean 95% home range size (18.0 ha). Frequent use of oak-madrone woodland and riparian cover types characterized fawn habitat use patterns. Cover types containing conifers were rarely used and usually not available within home ranges. Although we found no detectable patterns of habitat selection or avoidance among fawns, areas of concentrated use were composed mostly of oak-madrone woodland (35%) and riparian (26%) cover types. Moreover, 74% of concentrated use area was within 200 m of streams. Our results provide useful information on habitat characteristics used frequently by CWTD fawns. C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ricca, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave,Kerr Hall 278, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 77 IS 1 BP 72 EP 80 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 656KJ UT WOS:000181606700010 ER PT J AU Grimm, NB Gergel, SE McDowell, WH Boyer, EW Dent, CL Groffman, P Hart, SC Harvey, J Johnston, C Mayorga, E McClain, ME Pinay, G AF Grimm, NB Gergel, SE McDowell, WH Boyer, EW Dent, CL Groffman, P Hart, SC Harvey, J Johnston, C Mayorga, E McClain, ME Pinay, G TI Merging aquatic and terrestrial perspectives of nutrient biogeochemistry SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE nutrient cycling; nutrient limitation; nutrient retention; ecosystem comparison; linkages ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; DESERT STREAM ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS; FRESH-WATER; NORTHEASTERN USA; ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION; PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION; PRIMARY SUCCESSION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS AB Although biogeochemistry is an integrative discipline, terrestrial and aquatic subdisciplines have developed somewhat independently of each other. Physical and biological differences between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems explain this history. In both aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemistry, key questions and concepts arise from a focus on nutrient limitation, ecosystem nutrient retention, and controls of nutrient transformations. Current understanding is captured in conceptual models for different ecosystem types, which share some features and diverge in other ways. Distinctiveness of subdisciplines has been appropriate in some respects and has fostered important advances in theory. On the other hand, lack of integration between aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemistry limits our ability to deal with biogeochemical phenomena across large landscapes in which connections between terrestrial and aquatic elements are important. Separation of the two approaches also has not served attempts to scale up or to estimate fluxes from large areas based on plot measurements. Understanding connectivity between the two system types and scaling up biogeochemical information will rely on coupled hydrologic and ecological models, and may be critical for addressing environmental problems associated with locally, regionally, and globally altered biogeochemical cycles. C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Sch Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. S Dakota State Univ, S Dakota Ctr Biocomplex Studies, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. RP Grimm, NB (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI McClain, Michael/A-2475-2009; McDowell, William/E-9767-2010; Grimm, Nancy/D-2840-2009; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013; Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013; OI McClain, Michael/0000-0003-2956-9818; McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047; Grimm, Nancy/0000-0001-9374-660X; Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873; Johnston, Carol/0000-0002-9663-5048; Mayorga, Emilio/0000-0003-2574-4623 NR 195 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 62 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 2003 VL 137 IS 4 BP 485 EP 501 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1382-5 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743TT UT WOS:000186590200001 PM 14505024 ER PT J AU Letcher, BH AF Letcher, BH TI Life history dependent morphometric variation in stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE geometric morphometrics; mature parr; shape; smolts ID SALAR L; BODY-SIZE; MALE PARR; SEXUAL-MATURATION; SMOLT RECRUITMENT; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; BIMODALITY; SUCCESS AB The time course of morphometric variation among life histories for stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (age-0+ to age-2+) was analyzed. Possible life histories were combinations of parr maturity status in the autumn (mature or immature) and age at outmigration (smolt at age-2+ or later age). Actual life histories expressed with enough fish for analysis in the 1997 cohort were immature/age-2+ smolt, mature/age-2+smolt, and mature/age-2+ non-smolt. Tagged fish were assigned to one of the three life histories and digital pictures from the field were analyzed using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Results indicated that successful grouping of fish according to life history varied with fish age, but that fish could be grouped before the actual expression of the life histories. By March (age-1+), fish were successfully grouped using a descriptive discriminant function and successful assignment ranged from 84 to 97% for the remainder of stream residence. A jackknife of the discriminant function revealed an average life history prediction success of 67% from age-1+ summer to smolting. Low sample numbers for one of the life histories may have limited prediction success. A MANOVA on the shape descriptors (relative warps) also indicated significant differences in shape among life histories from age-1+ summer through to smolting. Across all samples, shape varied significantly with size. Within samples, shape did not vary significantly with size for samples from December (age-0+) to May (age-1+). During the age-1+ summer however, shape varied significantly with size, but the relationship between shape and size was not different among life histories. In the autumn (age-1+) and winter (age-2+), life history differences explained a significant portion of the change in shape with size. Life history dependent morphometric variation may be useful to indicate the timing of early expressions of life history variation and as a tool to explore temporal and spatial variation in life history expression. C1 US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Leetown Sci Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Letcher, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Leetown Sci Ctr, POB 796,1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 2003 VL 137 IS 4 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1387-0 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743TT UT WOS:000186590200006 PM 12961087 ER PT J AU Boone, MD Semlitsch, RD AF Boone, MD Semlitsch, RD TI Interactions of bullfrog tadpole predators and an insecticide: predation release and facilitation SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE predator-prey interaction; carbaryl; anuran; amphibian populations; indirect effects ID ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; RANA-CATESBEIANA; UV-B; LARVAL; CARBARYL; FROG; COMPETITION; TOXICITY; SIZE; VERTEBRATES AB The effect of a contaminant on a community may not be easily predicted, given that complex changes in food resources and predator-prey dynamics may result. The objectives of our study were to determine the interactive effects of the insecticide carbaryl and predators on body size, development, survival, and activity of tadpoles of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). We conducted the study in cattle tank mesocosm ponds exposed to 0, 3.5, or 7.0 mg/l carbaryl, and no predators or two red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), or crayfish (Orconectes sp.). Carbaryl negatively affected predator survival by eliminating crayfish from all ponds, and by eliminating bluegill sunfish from ponds exposed to the highest concentration of carbaryl; carbaryl exposure did not effect survival of red-spotted newts. Because crayfish were eliminated by carbaryl, bullfrogs were released from predation and survival was near that of predator controls at low concentrations of carbaryl exposure. High concentrations of carbaryl reduced tadpole survival regardless of whether predators survived carbaryl exposure or not. Presence of crayfish and newts reduced tadpole survival, while bluegill sunfish appeared to facilitate bullfrog tadpole survival. Presence of carbaryl stimulated bullfrog tadpole mass and development. Our study demonstrates that the presence of a contaminant stress can alter community regulation by releasing prey from predators that are vulnerable to contaminants in some exposure scenarios. C1 USGS Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Boone, MD (reprint author), USGS Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. OI Semlitsch, Raymond/0000-0002-7999-5762 NR 47 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 19 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 2003 VL 137 IS 4 BP 610 EP 616 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1394-1 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743TT UT WOS:000186590200016 PM 14505025 ER PT J AU Boal, CW Estabrook, TS Duerr, AE AF Boal, CW Estabrook, TS Duerr, AE TI Productivity and breeding habitat of loggerhead shrikes in a southwestern urban environment SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY; ABUNDANCE; ARIZONA; TUCSON AB Declines in loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) populations have been associated in part with habitat loss and degradation, including that resulting from urbanization. We monitored the productivity and examined nesting habitat of loggerhead shrikes nesting in an urban environment in Tucson, Arizona. We located 22 breeding pairs in 1997 and 26 breeding pairs in 1998, with a 72% breeding area reoccupancy between years. Mean fledgling numbers were 2.28/nesting attempt and 3.11/successful nest. Although some pairs initially failed and renested, 91% and 73% of shrike pairs successfully fledged young in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Mayfield estimates of nesting success were 78% in 1997 and 65% in 1998. Nest sites were characterized by more trees >3 in in height, taller nest trees than those randomly available, and a greater proportion of bare ground surface than at random sites. Shrike breeding territories had lower proportions of residential and commercial development and greater proportions of open areas with low-growing vegetation than randomly available. Some shrikes nested in school playgrounds, residential front yards, and parking lots, if adjacent open space was available. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Boal, CW (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, USGS BRD, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM clint.boal@ttu.edu NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 4 BP 557 EP 562 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0557:PABHOL>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766QV UT WOS:000188387800008 ER PT J AU Marsh, PC Bagley, BE Knowles, GW Schiffmiller, G Sowka, PA AF Marsh, PC Bagley, BE Knowles, GW Schiffmiller, G Sowka, PA TI New and rediscovered populations of loach minnow, Tiaroga cobitis (Cyprinidae), in Arizona SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB We report collections of threatened loach minnow, Tiaroga cobitis, from 2 Gila River basin (Arizona) streams, one representing a rediscovery and the other a new record. The species had been taken in 1950 from Eagle Creek, but it was not seen again until 1994-1997 and, despite repeated attempts, has not been detected since. It likely persists in adjacent, unsampled areas. A new distribution record is reported for loach minnow captured in 1996 from North Fork of East Fork Black River. This last population has been resampled repeatedly and seems Stable. Genetic analysis confirms the uniqueness of these and most other known populations, and we recommend protection and conservation of loach minnow in these 2 streams. C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. Surface Water Qual Bur, New Mexico Environm Dept, Santa Fe, NM 87502 USA. RP Marsh, PC (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM fish.dr@asu.edu NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 4 BP 666 EP 669 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0666:NARPOL>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766QV UT WOS:000188387800019 ER PT J AU Olsen, RE Cox, RR AF Olsen, RE Cox, RR TI Body size and condition of male Mallard during mid-winter in North Dakota, USA SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; Arkansas; body condition; body size; male; Mallard; mid-winter; North Dakota; Ontario ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION; WINTERING CANVASBACKS; NUTRIENT RESERVES; CONDITION INDEXES; CONDITION BIAS; SURVIVAL; VULNERABILITY; WEIGHT AB Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) may winter in northern areas if they have access to adequate food and open water. We compared individual body size (indexed by first principal component scores from three morphometric measurements) and body condition (body mass adjusted for body size) of male Mallard wintering in North Dakota, USA during 1996-99 with a baseline reference group of Mallard from Ontario, Canada measured during late summer. Size and condition of Mallard wintering in North Dakota was also compared, using a sample from a traditional wintering area in Arkansas, USA. Male Mallard body size and condition in North Dakota relative to weather severity during mid-winter was assessed. Body size of adult males in North Dakota was significantly greater than that of birds from Ontario, but Similar to those from Arkansas. Adult males remaining in North Dakota during the coldest winter were not larger than those remaining in North Dakota during milder winters. Immature males in North Dakota were significantly smaller than those from Arkansas, and the former were not larger during the coldest winter. Body condition of adult males in North Dakota was greater than that of those from Ontario and Arkansas and mean body mass of adult males in North Dakota during winter was greater than that of those wintering elsewhere. Further, adult males in North Dakota were in the best condition during the coldest winter. Mean body condition of immature males in North Dakota was similar to that of those from Arkansas. Body mass of immatures in North Dakota was similar to that of immatures wintering elsewhere. These findings indicate that maintenance of high fat reserves. not large body size, is the primary factor allowing adult males to winter in the extremely cold conditions of North Dakota. The small size of immature males in North Dakota, combined with the lack of evidence of their Superior condition as compared to those wintering elsewhere, suggests that immatures wintering in North Dakota are mainly late-hatched individuals that may not have been able to store sufficient fat reserves to migrate before freeze-up. C1 Ducks Unltd Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Olsen, RE (reprint author), Ducks Unltd Inc, 331 Metty Dr,Suite 4, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA. EM robert_cox@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2003 VL 26 IS 4 BP 449 EP 456 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0449:BSACOM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 765JC UT WOS:000188262500010 ER PT J AU Katz, GL Shafroth, PB AF Katz, GL Shafroth, PB TI Biology, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) in western North America SO WETLANDS LA English DT Review DE biological invasions; Elaeagnus angustifolia; riparian vegetation ID UPPER MISSOURI RIVER; RIO-GRANDE; COLORADO RIVER; UNITED-STATES; NEW-MEXICO; SEED SIZE; COTTONWOOD RECRUITMENT; RIPARIAN COTTONWOODS; POPULUS-DELTOIDES; ALNUS-GLUTINOSA AB Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russiah olive) is an alien tree that is increasingly common in riparian habitats of western North America. This paper reviews the pertinent scientific literature in order to determine the status of E. anigustifolia as a riparian invader and, to suggest ecological reasons for its success. Elaeagnus angustifolia meets the biogeographic, spread, and impact critetia for invasivie species. Ecological characteristics likely enabling its invasiveness include adaptation to the physical environmental conditions that characterize semi-arid riparian habitats, lack of intense pressure from herbivores, and tolerance of the competitive effects of established vegetation. We believe that the success of this species is at least partly due to its ability to take advantage of the reduced levels of physical disturbance that characterize, riparian habitats downstream from dams. Control of E. angustifolia is likely to be most promising where natural river flow regimes remain relatively intact. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Katz, GL (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geog & Planning, ASU Box 32066, Boone, NC 28608 USA. EM katzgl@appstate.edu NR 160 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 11 U2 58 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 763 EP 777 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0763:BEAMOE]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766BU UT WOS:000188326200008 ER PT J AU Bolduc, F Afton, AD AF Bolduc, F Afton, AD TI Effects of structural marsh management and salinity on invertebrate prey of waterbirds in marsh ponds during winter on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; gulf of mexico; hydrology; invertebrates; marsh management; sediments; shorebirds; waterfowl; wading birds ID DABBLING DUCKS; FRESH-WATER; FEEDING ECOLOGY; MEIOFAUNA; CALIFORNIA; WETLANDS; COMMUNITIES; SHOREBIRDS; MORPHOLOGY; PREDATION AB Aquatic invertebrates are important food resources for wintering waterbirds, and prey selection generally is limited by prey size. Aquatic invertebrate communities are influenced by sediments and hydrologic characteristics of wetlands, which were affected by structural marsh management (levees, water-control structures and impoundments; SMM) and salinity on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain of North America. Based on previous research, we tested general predictions that SMM reduces biomass of infaunal invertebrates and increases that of epifaunal invertebrates and those that tolerate low levels of dissolved oxygen (O-2) and salinity. We also tested the general prediction that invertebrate biomass in freshwater, oligohaline, and mesohaline marshes are similar, except for taxa adapted to specific ranges of salinity. Finally, we investigated relationships among invertebrate biomass and sizes, sediment and hydrologic variables, and marsh types. Accordingly, we measured biomass of common invertebrate by three size classes (63 to 199 mum, 200 to 999 mum, and greater than or equal to1000 mum), sediment variables (carbon content, C:N ratio, hardness, particle size, and O-2 penetration), and hydrologic variables (salinity, water depth, temperature, O-2, and turbidity) in ponds of impounded freshwater (IF), oligohaline (IO), mesohaline (IM), and unimpounded mesohaline (UM) marshes during winters 1997-1998 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, near Grand Chenier, Louisiana, USA. As predicted, an a priori multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) contrast indicated that biomass of an infaunal class of invertebrates (Nematoda, 63 to 199 mum) was greater in UM marsh ponds than in those of IM marshes, and biomass of an epifaunal class of invertebrates (Ostracoda, 200 to 999 mum) was greater in IM marsh ponds than in those of UM marshes. The observed reduction in Nematoda due to SMM also was consistent with the prediction that SMM reduces invertebrates that do not tolerate low salinity. Furthermore, as predicted, an a priori MANOVA contrast indicated that biomass of a single invertebrate class adapted to low salinity (Oligochaeta, 200 to 999 mum) was greater in ponds of IF marshes than in those of 10 and IM marshes. A canonical correspondence analysis indicated that variation in salinity and O-2 penetration best explained differences among sites that maximized biomass of the common invertebrate classes. Salinity was positively correlated with the silt-clay fraction, O-2, and O-2 penetration, and negatively correlated with water depth, sediment hardness, carbon, and C:N. Nematoda, Foraminifera, and Copepoda generally were associated with UM marsh ponds and high salinity, whereas other invertebrate classes were distributed among impounded marsh ponds and associated with lower salinity. Our results suggest that SMM and salinity have relatively small effects on invertebrate prey of wintering waterbirds in marsh ponds because they affect biomass of Nematoda and Oligochaeta, and few waterbirds consume these invertebrates. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, USGS, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Bolduc, F (reprint author), Tecsult Inc, 4700 Wifrid Hamel, Quebec City, PQ G1P 2J9, Canada. EM f.bolduc@tecsult.com NR 60 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 21 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 897 EP 910 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0897:EOSMMA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766BU UT WOS:000188326200019 ER PT J AU Burke, MK King, SL Gartner, D Eisenbies, MH AF Burke, MK King, SL Gartner, D Eisenbies, MH TI Vegetation, soil, and flooding relationships in a blackwater floodplain forest SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE bottomland hardwoods; classification; ordination; wetland; hydroperiod ID COASTAL-PLAIN; PATTERNS; MISSOURI; VIRGINIA AB Hydroperiod is considered the primary determinant of plant species distribution in temperate floodplain forests, but most studies have focused on alluvial (sediment-laden) river systems. Few studies have evaluated plant community relationships in blackwater river systems of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America. In this study, we characterized the soils, hydroperiod, and vegetation communities and evaluated relationships between the physical and chemical environment and plant community structure on the floodplain of the Coosawhatchie River, a blackwater river in South Carolina, USA. The soils were similar to previous descriptions of blackwater floodplain soils but had greater soil N and P availability, substantially greater clay content, and lower soil silt content than was previously reported for other blackwater river floodplains. Results of a cluster analysis showed there were five forest communities on the site, and both short-term (4 years) and long-term (50 years) flooding records documented a flooding gradient: water tupelo community > swamp tupelo > laurel oak = overcup oak > mixed oak. The long-term hydrologic record showed that the floodplain has flooded less frequently from 1994 to present than in previous decades. Detrended correspondence analysis of environmental and relative basal area values showed that 27% of the variation in overstory community structure could be explained by the first two axes; however, fitting the species distributions to the DCA axes using Gaussian regression explained 67% of the variation. Axes were correlated with elevation (flooding intensity) and soil characteristics related to rooting volume and cation nutrient availability. Our study suggests that flooding is the major factor affecting community structure, but soil characteristics also may be factors in community structure in blackwater systems. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Charleston, SC 29464 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA. Virginia Polytech Univ, Coll Forestry, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Burke, MK (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 2730 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29464 USA. EM mburke@fs.fed.us NR 49 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 17 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 988 EP 1002 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0988:VSAFRI]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766BU UT WOS:000188326200027 ER PT J AU Merrill, SB Mech, LD AF Merrill, SB Mech, LD TI The usefulness of GPS telemetry to study wolf circadian and social activity SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE activity; Canis lupus; circadian; Global Positioning System; GPS; movements; telemetry; wolf ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; CANIS-LUPUS; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; GRAY WOLVES; POPULATION; MINNESOTA; MOVEMENTS AB This study describes circadian and social movement patterns of 9 wolves and illustrates capabilities and limitations of Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry for analysis of animal activity patterns. Wolves were studied at the Camp Ripley National Guard Training Site in Little Falls, Minnesota, and were captured via helicopter net-gunning. All study wolves showed nocturnal movement patterns regardless of time of year. One wolf's movement pattern switched to diurnal when he conducted an extraterritorial foray from his natal territory. All data sets with GPS intervals less than or equal to1 hour (n=4) showed crepuscular movement peaks. We identified patterns of den visitation and attendance, estimated minimum distances traveled and minimum rates of movement, and observed that GPS location intervals may affect perceived rates of wolf travel. Global Positioning System telemetry was useful in determining when pack members were traveling together or apart and how long a breeding female wolf spent near her pups (e.g., 10-month-old pups were left unattended by their mother for as long as 17 days). C1 Univ So Maine, Edmond S Muskie Sch Publ Serv, New England Environm Finance Ctr, Portland, ME 04104 USA. Camp Ripley Headquarters, Environm Off, Little Falls, MN 56345 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND USA. RP Merrill, SB (reprint author), Univ So Maine, Edmond S Muskie Sch Publ Serv, New England Environm Finance Ctr, 49 Exeter St 205, Portland, ME 04104 USA. EM smerrill@usm.maine.edu NR 49 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 947 EP 960 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100004 ER PT J AU Zuercher, GL Gipson, PS Stewart, GC AF Zuercher, GL Gipson, PS Stewart, GC TI Identification of carnivore feces by local peoples and molecular analyses SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE canids; carnivores; cytochrome-b; feces; felids; molecular analyses; scat; traditional ecological knowledge ID EASTERN PARAGUAY; HUNTER-GATHERERS; CYTOCHROME-B; BROWN BEAR; FECAL DNA; SEQUENCES; AMPLIFICATION; POPULATION; FELIDAE; ACHE AB Two emerging research techniques offer alternatives to historically invasive and expensive carnivore studies: molecular analysis and use of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of indigenous and local peoples. We used a molecular analysis of the cytochrome-b gene from fecal DNA to validate identification of mammalian carnivore feces collected by indigenous people and local people on the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayu (RNBM) in eastern Paraguay. At least 16 mammalian carnivore species, several of which are endangered, are known to occur within RNBM. We found a 100% agreement between identification determined through the molecular analysis and identifications provided by indigenous and local peoples. Our results suggest that indigenous and local knowledge may help advance scientific knowledge about natural resources. By validating TEK through molecular techniques, we show that both indigenous and local people can contribute credibly to studies of the natural resources on which they depend. C1 Univ Dubuque, Dept Nat & Appl Sci, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med & Pathobiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Zuercher, GL (reprint author), Univ Dubuque, Dept Nat & Appl Sci, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. EM GZuerche@dbq.edu NR 25 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 961 EP 970 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100005 ER PT J AU Samson, FB Knopf, FL McCarthy, CW Noon, BR Ostlie, WR Rinehart, SM Larson, S Plumb, GE Schenbeck, GL Svingen, DN Byer, TW AF Samson, FB Knopf, FL McCarthy, CW Noon, BR Ostlie, WR Rinehart, SM Larson, S Plumb, GE Schenbeck, GL Svingen, DN Byer, TW TI Planning for population viability on Northern Great Plains national grasslands SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biological diversity; conservation planning; ecological processes; grasslands; management; population viability; prairie ID COARSE-FILTER APPROACH; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; MANAGEMENT; PRAIRIE; CONSERVATION; AMERICA; PLANT AB Broad-scale information in concert with conservation of individual species must be used to develop conservation priorities and a more integrated ecosystem protection strategy. In 1999 the United States Forest Service initiated an approach for the 1.2 X 10(6) ha of national grasslands in the Northern Great Plains to fulfill the requirement to maintain viable populations of all native and desirable introduced vertebrate and plant species. The challenge was threefold: 1) develop basic building blocks in the conservation planning approach, 2) apply the approach to national grasslands, and 3) overcome differences that may exist in agency-specific legal and policy requirements. Key assessment components in the approach included a bioregional assessment, coarse-filter analysis, and fine-filter analysis aimed at species considered at-risk. A science team of agency, conservation organization, and university personnel was established to develop the guidelines and standards and other formal procedures for implementation of conservation strategies. Conservation strategies included coarse-filter recommendations to restore the tallgrass, mixed, and shortgrass prairies to conditions that approximate historical ecological processes and landscape patterns, and fine-filter recommendations to address viability needs of individual and multiple species of native animals and plants. Results include a cost-effective approach to conservation planning and recommendations for addressing population viability and biodiversity concerns on national grasslands in the Northern Great Plains. C1 US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Forest Serv, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Interior, SD 57750 USA. US Forest Serv, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. US Forest Serv, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA. US Forest Serv, Douglas, WY 82633 USA. RP Samson, FB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 200 E Broadway, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM FSamson@fs.fed.us NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 986 EP 999 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100008 ER PT J AU Oakley, KL Thomas, LP Fancy, SG AF Oakley, KL Thomas, LP Fancy, SG TI Guidelines for long-term monitoring protocols SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE format; guidelines; monitoring; national park; natural resources; policy; protocol; sampling ID QUALITY ASSURANCE AB Monitoring protocols are detailed study plans that explain how data are to be collected, managed, analyzed, and reported, and are a key component of quality assurance for natural resource monitoring programs. Protocols are necessary to ensure that changes detected by monitoring actually are occurring in nature and not simply a result of measurements taken by different people or in slightly different ways. We developed and present here guidelines for the recommended content and format of monitoring protocols. The National Park Service and United States Geological Survey have adopted these guidelines to assist scientists developing protocols for more than 270 national park units. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Fancy, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM steven_fancy@nps.gov NR 9 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1000 EP 1003 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100009 ER PT J AU Larson, MA Ryan, MR Murphy, RK AF Larson, MA Ryan, MR Murphy, RK TI Assessing recovery feasibility for piping plovers using optimization and simulation SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Charadrius melodus; demographic simulation; Great Plains; linear programming; management costs; modeling; optimization; piping plover; population viability; predator exclusion ID OPTIMAL TRANSLOCATION STRATEGIES; POPULATION VIABILITY; PREDATOR EXCLOSURES; SPECIES MANAGEMENT; GREAT-PLAINS; CONSERVATION; NESTS; COST; CENSUS; MODEL AB Optimization and simulation modeling can be used to account for demographic and economic factors simultaneously in a comprehensive analysis of endangered-species population recovery. This is a powerful approach that is broadly applicable but under-utilized in conservation biology. We applied the approach to a population recovery analysis of threatened and endangered piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) in the Great Plains of North America. Predator exclusion increases the reproductive success of piping plovers, but the most cost-efficient strategy of applying predator exclusion and the number of protected breeding pairs necessary to prevent further population declines were unknown. We developed a linear programming model to define strategies that would either maximize fledging rates or minimize financial costs by allocating plover pairs to 1 of 6 types of protection. We evaluated the optimal strategies using a stochastic population simulation model. The minimum cost to achieve a 20% chance of stabilizing simulated populations was approximately $1-11 million over 50 years. Increasing reproductive success to 1.24 fledglings/pair at minimal cost in any given area required fencing 85% of pairs at managed sites but cost 23% less than the current approach. Maximum fledging rates resulted in >20% of simulated populations reaching recovery goals in 30-50 years at cumulative costs of <$16 million. Protecting plover pairs within 50 km of natural resource agency field offices was sufficient to increase simulated populations to established recovery goals. A range-wide management plan needs to be developed and implemented to foster the involvement and cooperation among managers that will be necessary for recovery efforts to be successful. We also discuss how our approach can be applied to a variety of wildlife management issues. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. RP Larson, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM mlarson@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1105 EP 1116 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100023 ER PT J AU Caswell, JH Afton, AD Caswell, FD AF Caswell, JH Afton, AD Caswell, FD TI Vulnerability of nontarget goose species to hunting with electronic snow goose calls SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Anser albifrons; Branta canadensis; Canada geese; Chen caerulescens; decoys; electronic call; flock response; hunting; Manitoba; Saskatchewan; snow geese; white-fronted geese ID NUTRIENT RESERVES; CANADA GEESE AB Since 1999, use of electronic calls has been legal for hunting lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens; hereafter snow geese) during special seasons or times of day when other waterfowl species could not be hunted in prairie Canada. Prior to expanding the use of electronic calls for hunting snow geese during fall hunting seasons, effects of these calls on nontarget goose species must be examined. Accordingly, we examined the vulnerability of Canada (Branta canadensis) and white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) (dark geese) to electronic snow goose calls and 3 goose decoy sets (dark, mixed, and white) during the 1999 fall hunting seasons in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Canada geese were 2.3 times more likely to fly within gun range (P<0.001) and the mean number killed/hour/hunter was 2.5 times greater (P=0.043) during control periods when hunters were silent or used traditional calling methods (i.e., hand-held and voice calls) than when hunters used electronic snow goose calls. Flock response and kill rate for Canada geese declined as proportions of white decoys increased in decoy sets (P<0.001). White-fronted geese were 1.8 times more likely to fly within gun range (P=0.050) and the mean number killed/hour/hunter was 5.0 times greater (P=0.022) during control periods than during periods when electronic snow goose calls were used. Flock response for white-fronted geese also declined as the proportion of white decoys increased in decoy sets (P<0.001). The legalization of electronic snow goose calls during fall hunting seasons in prairie Canada should not result in increased harvest of nontarget dark geese. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Winnipeg, MB R3C 4W2, Canada. RP Caswell, JH (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM Jason.Caswell@EC.GC.CA NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1117 EP 1125 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100024 ER PT J AU Inman, RL Scribner, KT Prince, HH Warrillow, JA Luukkonen, DR Padding, PI AF Inman, RL Scribner, KT Prince, HH Warrillow, JA Luukkonen, DR Padding, PI TI A novel method for Canada goose harvest derivation using genetic analysis of tail feathers SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Branta canadensis; Canada goose; genetic stock identification; harvest derivation; Michigan; Parts Survey; population management; sex determination; waterfowl ID GEESE; SEX; RATIOS AB We utilized tail fan (feather) samples collected through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) Waterfowl Parts Survey and maximum likelihood methods (genetic stock identification) to estimate proportional contributions of subspecies of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) to Michigan's 1998-1999 season harvest. We characterized baseline breeding populations of Richardson's (B. c. hutchinsii) (n=1), interior (B. c. interior) (n=4), and giant (B. c. maxima) (n=8) Canada geese (total n=964 individuals) and a large sample of geese harvested throughout Michigan (n=471 individuals) using 5 microsatellite loci. Maximum likelihood estimates (+/-SE) based on genetics data revealed that statewide harvest was comprised of 3.8+/-1.2% Richardson's, 26.3+/-5.8% interior, and 69.2+/-6.2% giant Canada geese. As Canada geese are sexually monomorphic and cannot be unambiguously sexed by inspecting USFWS Parts Survey tail fan samples, we used the sex-linked chromo-helicase-DNA-binding (CHID) locus to estimate the sex ratio of Canada geese in the statewide harvest as 0.937 females per I male. Our study demonstrates the utility of joint use of standardized parts collections and genetic-based analyses for harvest derivations in states and provinces across North America and elsewhere, where genetically differentiated subspecies and populations co-occur during migration and harvest. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Rose Lake Wildlife Res Ctr, Michigan Dept Nat Resources, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migrat Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Inman, RL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM inmanrai@msu.edu NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1126 EP 1131 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100025 ER PT J AU Ruth, TK Smith, DW Haroldson, MA Buotte, PC Schwartz, CC Quigley, HB Cherry, S Murphy, KM Tyers, D Frey, K AF Ruth, TK Smith, DW Haroldson, MA Buotte, PC Schwartz, CC Quigley, HB Cherry, S Murphy, KM Tyers, D Frey, K TI Large-carnivore response to recreational big-game hunting along the Yellowstone National Park and Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness boundary SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; carnivores; Cervus elaphus; cougar; elk; grizzly bear; hunting; Puma concolor; Ursus arctos; wolves; Yellowstone National Park ID GRIZZLY BEARS; WOLF; POPULATIONS; SELECTION; PANTHERS; MONTANA; COUGARS; FLORIDA; WOLVES; ELK AB The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem contains the rare combination of an intact guild of native large carnivores, their prey, and differing land management policies (National Park versus National Forest; no hunting versus hunting). Concurrent field studies on large carnivores allowed us to investigate activities of humans and carnivores on Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) northern boundary. Prior to and during the backcountry big-game hunting season, we monitored movements of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), wolves (Canis lupus), and cougars (Puma concolor) on the northern boundary of YNP. Daily aerial telemetry locations (September 1999), augmented with weekly telemetry locations (August and October 1999), were obtained for 3 grizzly bears, 7 wolves in 2 groups of I pack, and 3 cougars in 1 family group. Grizzly bears were more likely located inside the YNP boundary during the pre-hunt period and north of the boundary once hunting began. The cougar family tended to be found outside YNP during the pre-hunt period and moved inside YNP when hunting began. Wolves did not significantly change their movement patterns during the pre-hunt and hunting periods. Qualitative information on elk (Cervus elaphus) indicated they moved into YNP once hunting started, suggesting that cougars followed living prey or responded to hunting activity, grizzly bears focused on dead prey (e.g., gut piles, crippled elk), and wolves may have taken advantage of both. Measures of association (Jacob's Index) were positive within carnivore species but inconclusive among species. Further collaborative research and the use of new technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry collars will advance our ability to understand these species, the carnivore community and its interactions, and human influences on carnivores. C1 Wildlife Inst Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Mammoth, WY 82910 USA. Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Interagcy Grizzly Bear Team, Forestry Sci Lab, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Math Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, Gardiner, MT 59030 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Pks, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Quigley, HB (reprint author), Wildlife Inst Wildlife Conservat Soc, 2023 Stadium Dr,Suite 1A, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. EM truth@wcs.org NR 49 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1150 EP 1161 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100028 ER PT J AU Peterson, MN Lopez, RR Frank, PA Peterson, MJ Silvy, NJ AF Peterson, MN Lopez, RR Frank, PA Peterson, MJ Silvy, NJ TI Evaluating capture methods for urban white-tailed deer SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal welfare; capture myopathy; deer capture; ethics; Florida; Key deer; Odocoileus virginianus clavium; urban deer; white-tailed deer ID NETTING DEER; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT; NET-GUN; MORTALITY; ACCEPTANCE; MYOPATHY; TRAP AB wildlife management involving public participation is becoming commonplace. Given that successful management of natural resources increasingly depends on securing public cooperation, wildlife capture methods deemed unethical by the public should be avoided if possible. When evaluating the ethical use of wildlife capture techniques, the public sees animals as individuals while the wildlife profession focuses on populations and communities. Problems may arise when these differing perceptions of wildlife dictate different capture techniques. The capture of urban white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on private lands both typifies and magnifies the dissonance between wildlife managers and the public rooted in their different constructs of nature. We analyzed capture techniques from 1) a literature review of white-tailed deer capture and 2) our own experiences working with the endangered Key deer (O. v. clavium) to determine the most suitable methods for minimizing problems associated with the differing social perspectives of wildlife. Many historical studies used drugs to immobilize, tranquilize, or sedate deer after physical capture and were characterized by high (>5%) mortality. Some studies also focused on demonstrating statistical differences in mortality between capture methods rather than decreasing mortality. Drop nets, drive nets, hand capture, net guns, dart guns, and box traps all were used by some researchers with mortality approaching 0. Modified drop nets and drive nets are appropriate methods for urban deer capture because they are passive, silent, fast, yield low mortality and injury rates, and are not associated by the public with weapons. Urban wildlife capture techniques with these attributes demonstrate respect for the public's individualistic view of wildlife and can be combined with education to generate support for research and management in urban areas. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Big Pine Key, FL 33043 USA. RP Peterson, MN (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM peter529@msu.edu RI Peterson, Markus/C-3303-2008 OI Peterson, Markus/0000-0001-6145-0134 NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1176 EP 1187 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100030 ER PT J AU Peterson, MN Lopez, RR Silvy, NJ Owen, CB Frank, PA Braden, AW AF Peterson, MN Lopez, RR Silvy, NJ Owen, CB Frank, PA Braden, AW TI Evaluation of deer-exclusion grates in urban areas SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE corridors; deer guard; Florida; highway mortality; Key deer; Odocoileus virginianus clavium; urban deer ID UNITED-STATES; MULE DEER; HIGHWAY; WILDLIFE; UNDERPASSES; MORTALITY AB The extensive and growing road network in the United States has substantial ecological, economic, and social impacts. Under- and overpasses in combination with fencing can reduce ecological impacts of the expanding road network. In urban areas, however, wildlife can trap themselves inside fenced roadways by entering via access roads. Wildlife-exclusion guards can ameliorate this problem but must be safe for pedestrians and cyclists. For the endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium), nearly 50% of mortality is attributed to deer-vehicle collisions. An underpass, fencing, and exclusion-grate system was chosen by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) to address this problem. Traditional exclusion guards were deemed unsafe for pedestrians and cyclists, so we evaluated 3 types of bridge grating for deer-exclusion efficiency. All grates were 6.1 m x 6.1 m; only the openings differed: 1) 10.1 x 12.7-cm rectangular opening, diagonal cross member, 2) 7.6 x 10.1-cm rectangular opening, no diagonal cross member, 3) 10.1 x: 7.6-cm rectangular opening, no diagonal cross member. Grate 1 was 99.5% efficient for Key deer exclusion, while grates 2 and 3 were 75% efficient. Grate 1 also may be the safest for pedestrians and cyclists since it has the smallest opening size. It should be an effective tool for reducing economic and social costs associated with deer-vehicle collisions on urban highways. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Environm Management Off, Florida Dept Transportat, Miami, FL 33172 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, FL 33043 USA. RP Peterson, MN (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM peter529@msu.edu NR 19 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1198 EP 1204 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100032 ER PT J AU Meiman, S Anthony, R Glenn, E Bayless, T Ellingson, A Hansen, MC Smith, C AF Meiman, S Anthony, R Glenn, E Bayless, T Ellingson, A Hansen, MC Smith, C TI Effects of commercial thinning on homerange and habitat-use patterns of a male northern spotted owl: a case study SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE commercial thinning; core use area; habitat use; home range; northern spotted owl; Strix occidentalis caurina ID NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; OREGON C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon Dept Forestry, Tillamook, OR 97141 USA. RP Smith, C (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1254 EP 1262 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 765TG UT WOS:000188299100041 ER PT J AU Anthony, RG Faris, JT AF Anthony, RG Faris, JT TI Observations of a live Glaucous-winged Gull Chick in an active Bald Eagle nest SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB We report an apparent nonlethal predation attempt on and subsequent adoption of a Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens) chick by a pair of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a live Glaucous-winged Gull chick in a Bald Eagle nest. We describe our observations of this occurrence and offer explanations on how it may have occurred. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Oregon Coop, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USFWS Aleutian Isl Maritime Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Anthony, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Oregon Coop, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM robert.anthony@orst.edu NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 115 IS 4 BP 481 EP 483 DI 10.1676/03-046 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 817AJ UT WOS:000221150100021 ER PT J AU Birk, RJ Stanley, T Snyder, GI Hennig, TA Fladeland, MM Policelli, F AF Birk, RJ Stanley, T Snyder, GI Hennig, TA Fladeland, MM Policelli, F TI Government programs for research and operational uses of commercial remote sensing data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Earth science; commercial remote sensing; multispectral; imagery; digital elevation model; mapping; monitoring; IKONOS; QuickBird; OrbView-3; LIDAR; radar; hyperspectral ID IKONOS AB sThe private sector is delivering products and services derived from an expanding array of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing systems. The successful commercial launches of the IKONOS, QuickBird, and OrbView-3 satellites in 1999, 2001, and 2003, respectively, combined with commercial airborne sensors such as the Positive Systems ADAR 5500 (multi spectral), the Intermap STAR-3i (interferometric synthetic aperture radar), and TerraPoint, LLC, LIDAR System have ushered in an era of expanded capability and capacity for the field of remote sensing of our Earth. Remote sensing data from commercial sensors offer the public and private geospatial information communities important new sources of timely and accurate spatial information that can augment data provided by public-sector remote sensing systems. Several Federal agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), have established data purchase programs and related activities to access, evaluate, and assimilate new commercial remote sensing products to serve research and operational requirements. Plans for future commercial systems and data products indicate an expanding set of data types using hyperspectral, radar, LIDAR, and microwave technologies. The availability of new data sources has established the basis for Federal programs to provide for systematic characterization of the products, consistent with the characterization of data products enabled by traditional sources that include Landsat, SPOT, and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), An overview of commercial remote sensing initiatives within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and of their Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation (JACIE) team, illustrates these points, highlights lessons learned from these activities, and outlines recommendations for the future. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NASA, Earth Sci Applicat Directorate, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Natl Imagery & Mapping Agcy, Bethesda, MD USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Birk, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Off Earth Sci, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 30 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.07.007 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 751QM UT WOS:000187078500002 ER PT J AU Zanoni, V Stanley, T Ryan, R Pagnutti, M Baldridge, B Roylance, S Snyder, G Lee, G AF Zanoni, V Stanley, T Ryan, R Pagnutti, M Baldridge, B Roylance, S Snyder, G Lee, G TI The Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation team: overview and IKONOS joint characterization approach SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation team; IKONOS; remote sensing AB The Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation (JACIE) team was formed to leverage government agencies' capabilities for the characterization of commercial remote sensing data. The team is composed of staff from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Each JACIE agency has a vested interest in the purchase and use of commercial imagery to support its research and applications. It is critical that this imagery be assessed for its accuracy and utility. Through JACIE, NASA, NIMA, and USGS jointly characterized image products from Space Imaging's IKONOS satellite. The JACIE team acquired IKONOS imagery of several study sites to perform the assessments. Each JACIE agency performed an aspect of the characterization according to its area of expertise. NASA and its university partners performed a system characterization focusing on radiometric calibration, geopositional accuracy, and spatial resolution assessment; NIMA performed image interpretability and feature extraction evaluations; and the USGS assessed the geopositional accuracy of several IKONOS products. The results of the JACIE team's IKONOS effort, which were discussed with Space Imaging and then presented at an industry - government workshop, ensured and improved overall product quality and benefited both the commercial industry and the government. Additional JACIE activities include the characterization of other commercial products such as those from the DigitalGlobe QuickBird and the Orbital Imaging (Orbimage) OrbView-3 satellites. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NASA, Earth Sci Applicat Directorate MA20, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Lockheed Martin Space Operat Stennis Program, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc, NIMA Commercial Imagery Program, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Zanoni, V (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sci Applicat Directorate MA20, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 30 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.07.005 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 751QM UT WOS:000187078500003 ER PT J AU Helder, D Coan, M Patrick, K Gaska, P AF Helder, D Coan, M Patrick, K Gaska, P TI IKONOS geometric characterization SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE IKONOS; Brookings; space imaging AB The IKONOS spacecraft acquired images on July 3, 17, and 25, and August 13, 2001 of Brookings SD, a small city in east central South Dakota, and on May 22, June 30, and July 30, 2000, of the rural area around the EROS Data Center. South Dakota State University (SDSU) evaluated the Brookings scenes and the USGS EROS Data Center (EDC) evaluated the other scenes. The images evaluated by SDSU utilized various natural objects and man-made features as identifiable targets randomly distribution throughout the scenes, while the images evaluated by EDC utilized pre-marked artificial points (panel points) to provide the best possible targets distributed in a grid pattern. Space Imaging provided products at different processing levels to each institution. For each scene, the pixel (line, sample) locations of the various targets were compared to field observed, survey-grade Global Positioning System locations. Patterns of error distribution for each product were plotted, and a variety of statistical statements of accuracy are made. The IKONOS sensor also acquired 12 pairs of stereo images of globally distributed scenes between April 2000 and April 2001. For each scene, analysts at the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) compared derived photogrammetric coordinates to their corresponding NIMA field-surveyed ground control point (GCPs). NIMA analysts determined horizontal and vertical accuracies by averaging the differences between the derived photogrammetric points and the field-surveyed GCPs for all 12 stereo pairs. Patterns of error distribution for each scene are presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USGS, EROS, Ctr Data, Sioux Falls, SD 57105 USA. NIMA, Arnold, MO 63010 USA. RP Helder, D (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, POB 2220, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 30 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.002 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 751QM UT WOS:000187078500007 ER PT J AU Andrefouet, S Kramer, P Torres-Pulliza, D Joyce, KE Hochberg, EJ Garza-Perez, R Mumby, PJ Riegl, B Yamano, H White, WH Zubia, M Brock, JC Phinn, SR Naseer, A Hatcher, BG Muller-Karger, FE AF Andrefouet, S Kramer, P Torres-Pulliza, D Joyce, KE Hochberg, EJ Garza-Perez, R Mumby, PJ Riegl, B Yamano, H White, WH Zubia, M Brock, JC Phinn, SR Naseer, A Hatcher, BG Muller-Karger, FE TI Multi-site evaluation of IKONOS data for classification of tropical coral reef environments SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE landsat; bathymetric correction; glint; accuracy; habitat mapping; seagrass ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; COASTAL RESOURCES; SEAGRASS BEDS; SPOT HRV; COMMUNITIES; IMAGERY; MANAGEMENT AB Ten IKONOS images of different coral reef sites distributed around the world were processed to assess the potential of 4-m resolution multispectral data for coral reef habitat mapping. Complexity of reef environments, established by field observation, ranged from 3 to 15 classes of benthic habitats containing various combinations of sediments, carbonate pavement, seagrass, algae, and corals in different geomorphologic zones (forereef, lagoon, patch reef, reef flats). Processing included corrections for sea surface roughness and bathymetry, unsupervised or supervised classification, and accuracy assessment based on ground-truth data. IKONOS classification results were compared with classified Landsat 7 imagery for simple to moderate complexity of reef habitats (5-11 classes). For both sensors, overall accuracies of the classifications show a general linear trend of decreasing accuracy with increasing habitat complexity. The IKONOS sensor performed better, with a 15-20% improvement in accuracy compared to Landsat. For IKONOS, overall accuracy was 77% for 4-5 classes, 71% for 7-8 classes, 65% in 9-11 classes, and 53% for more than 13 classes. The Landsat classification accuracy was systematically lower, with an average of 56% for 5-10 classes. Within this general trend, inter-site comparisons and specificities demonstrate the benefits of different approaches. Pre-segmentation of the different geomorphologic zones and depth correction provided different advantages in different environments. Our results help guide scientists and managers in applying IKONOS-class data for coral reef mapping applications. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Inst Marine Remote Sensing, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Studies, St Petersburg, FL USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Geog Sci & Planning, Biophys Remote Sensing Grp, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. IPN, CINVESTAV, Dept Marine Resources, Coral Reef Ecosyst Ecol Lab,Unidad Merida, Merida, Venezuela. Univ Exeter, Marine Spatial Ecol Lab, Exeter, Devon, England. Nova SE Univ, Natl Coral Reef Inst, Oceanog Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Social & Environm Syst Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Marine Sci & Coastal Management, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Polynesie Francaise, Lab Terre Oceans, Tahiti, Fr Polynesia. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP Andrefouet, S (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Inst Marine Remote Sensing, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RI Mumby, Peter/F-9914-2010; Riegl, Bernhard/F-8807-2011; Joyce, Karen/A-6794-2013; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; OI Joyce, Karen/0000-0003-1269-7362; Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Riegl, Bernhard/0000-0002-6003-9324; Phinn, Stuart/0000-0002-2605-6104 NR 56 TC 157 Z9 165 U1 7 U2 54 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 30 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 128 EP 143 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.005 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 751QM UT WOS:000187078500011 ER PT J AU Bell, JF Squyres, SW Herkenhoff, KE Maki, JN Arneson, HM Brown, D Collins, SA Dingizian, A Elliot, ST Hagerott, EC Hayes, AG Johnson, MJ Johnson, JR Joseph, J Kinch, K Lemmon, MT Morris, RV Scherr, L Schwochert, M Shepard, MK Smith, GH Sohl-Dickstein, JN Sullivan, RJ Sullivan, WT Wadsworth, M AF Bell, JF Squyres, SW Herkenhoff, KE Maki, JN Arneson, HM Brown, D Collins, SA Dingizian, A Elliot, ST Hagerott, EC Hayes, AG Johnson, MJ Johnson, JR Joseph, J Kinch, K Lemmon, MT Morris, RV Scherr, L Schwochert, M Shepard, MK Smith, GH Sohl-Dickstein, JN Sullivan, RJ Sullivan, WT Wadsworth, M TI Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; multispectral imaging; space missions; Mars; Exploration Rover ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; IRON-OXIDES; VIKING LANDERS; IMAGER; DUST; SOILS; SURFACE; ROCKS AB The Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation is part of the Athena science payload launched to Mars in 2003 on NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rover ( MER) missions. The scientific goals of the Pancam investigation are to assess the high-resolution morphology, topography, and geologic context of each MER landing site, to obtain color images to constrain the mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials, and to determine dust and aerosol opacity and physical properties from direct imaging of the Sun and sky. Pancam also provides mission support measurements for the rovers, including Sun-finding for rover navigation, hazard identification and digital terrain modeling to help guide long-term rover traverse decisions, high-resolution imaging to help guide the selection of in situ sampling targets, and acquisition of education and public outreach products. The Pancam optical, mechanical, and electronics design were optimized to achieve these science and mission support goals. Pancam is a multispectral, stereoscopic, panoramic imaging system consisting of two digital cameras mounted on a mast 1.5 m above the Martian surface. The mast allows Pancam to image the full 360degrees in azimuth and +/- 90degrees in elevation. Each Pancam camera utilizes a 1024 x 1024 active imaging area frame transfer CCD detector array. The Pancam optics have an effective focal length of 43 mm and a focal ratio of f/20, yielding an instantaneous field of view of 0.27 mrad/pixel and a field of view of 16degrees x 16degrees. Each rover's two Pancam "eyes'' are separated by 30 cm and have a 1degrees toe-in to provide adequate stereo parallax. Each eye also includes a small eight position filter wheel to allow surface mineralogic studies, multispectral sky imaging, and direct Sun imaging in the 400 - 1100 nm wavelength region. Pancam was designed and calibrated to operate within specifications on Mars at temperatures from - 55degrees to + 5degreesC. An onboard calibration target and fiducial marks provide the capability to validate the radiometric and geometric calibration on Mars. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. GHS Opt, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Bloomsburg Univ Penn, Dept Geog & Geosci, Bloomsburg, PA 17817 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Aarhus, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, 402 Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jfb8@cornell.edu; squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu; kherkenhoff@usgs.gov; justin.n.maki@jpl.nasa.gov; hma6@cornell.edu; dbrown@mail1.jpl.nasa.gov; stewart.a.collins@jpl.nasa.gov; arsham.dingizian@jpl.nasa.gov; stythe.t.elliot@jpl.nasa.gov; edward.c.hagerott@jpl.nasa.gov; agh4@cornell.edu; mjj8@cornell.edu; jrjohnson@usgs.gov; jj21@cornell.edu; kjartan@ifa.au.dk; lemmon@physics.tamu.edu; richard.v.morris1@jsc.nasa.gov; lawrence.m.scherr@jpl.nasa.gov; mark.a.schwochert@jpl.nasa.gov; mshepard@bloomu.edu; raybender@att.net; jns9@cornell.edu; sullivan@cuspif.tn.cornell.edu; woody@astro.washington.edu; mark.v.wadsworth@jpl.nasa.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Kinch, Kjartan/C-5742-2015 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Kinch, Kjartan/0000-0002-4629-8880 NR 71 TC 133 Z9 135 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8063 DI 10.1029/2003JE002070 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 749RG UT WOS:000186942200001 ER PT J AU Gray, WG Bencala, KE AF Gray, WG Bencala, KE TI Untitled SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gray, WG (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 29 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 11 AR 1325 DI 10.1029/2003WR002829 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 749TD UT WOS:000186944200001 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, S Johnston, MJS AF Hurwitz, S Johnston, MJS TI Groundwater level changes in a deep well in response to a magma intrusion event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DISTANT EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; SYSTEMS; FLOW AB [ 1] On May 21, 2001, an abrupt inflation of Kilauea Volcano's summit induced a rapid and large increase in compressional strain, with a maximum of 2 mustrain recorded by a borehole dilatometer. Water level ( pressure) simultaneously dropped by 6 cm. This mode of water level change ( drop) is in contrast to that expected for compressional strain from poroelastic theory, and therefore it is proposed that the stress applied by the intrusion has caused opening of fractures or interflows that drained water out of the well. Upon relaxation of the stress recorded by the dilatometer, water levels have recovered at a similar rate. The proposed model has implications for the analysis of ground surface deformation and for mechanisms that trigger phreatomagmatic eruptions. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hurwitz, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM shaulh@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 28 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 22 AR 2173 DI 10.1029/2003GL018676 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 749QM UT WOS:000186939900005 ER PT J AU Aronson, RB Bruno, JF Precht, WF Glynn, PW Harvell, CD Kaufman, L Rogers, CS Shinn, EA Valentine, JF AF Aronson, RB Bruno, JF Precht, WF Glynn, PW Harvell, CD Kaufman, L Rogers, CS Shinn, EA Valentine, JF TI Causes of coral reef degradation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. PBS&J, Ecol Sci Program, Miami, FL 33172 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. US Geol Survey, St John, VI 00830 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Aronson, RB (reprint author), Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. NR 6 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 28 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5650 BP 1502 EP 1502 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 747JV UT WOS:000186802200015 PM 14645826 ER PT J AU Javed, S Higuchi, H Nagendran, M Takekawa, JY AF Javed, S Higuchi, H Nagendran, M Takekawa, JY TI Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID MIGRATION; TRACKING AB Greater spatial coverage, accuracy and non-invasiveness of satellite technology make it one of the best tools to track long-distance migrants, which is otherwise difficult using conventional radio telemetry. In this article, we review the evolution of satellite telemetry and its application. We provide examples of three recent studies in India that have demonstrated and created a widespread appreciation of the use and benefits of satellite telemetry among biologists and managers. We also discuss the future prospects of this technology vis-a-vis benefits and challenges in the Indian subcontinent. C1 Aligarh Muslim Univ, Dept Wildlife Sci, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India. Univ Tokyo, Sch Agr & Life Sci, Lab Biodivers Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Environm Sci, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Javed, S (reprint author), Aligarh Muslim Univ, Dept Wildlife Sci, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD NOV 25 PY 2003 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1439 EP 1443 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 750TF UT WOS:000187013600017 ER PT J AU Stieglitz, M Shaman, J McNamara, J Engel, V Shanley, J Kling, GW AF Stieglitz, M Shaman, J McNamara, J Engel, V Shanley, J Kling, GW TI An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE carbon and nitrogen transport; hydrologic connectivity; TOPMODEL ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; CATCHMENT-BASED APPROACH; HEADWATER ARCTIC BASIN; LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES; FORESTED CATCHMENTS; COMPLEX TERRAIN; SNOW HYDROLOGY; ACTIVE-LAYER; RIVER-BASIN; MODEL AB [1] Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic "connectivity'' potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid-slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid-slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid-slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid-slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Boise State Univ, Dept Geosci, Boise, ID 83729 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Stieglitz, M (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI McNamara, James/F-1993-2011; Kling, George/C-7867-2015 OI Kling, George/0000-0002-6349-8227 NR 81 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 4 U2 48 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD NOV 22 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 AR 1105 DI 10.1029/2003GB002041 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749BH UT WOS:000186898400002 ER PT J AU Masterlark, T AF Masterlark, T TI Finite element model predictions of static deformation from dislocation sources in a subduction zone: Sensitivities to homogeneous, isotropic, Poisson-solid, and half-space assumptions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE finite element models; pororelastic theory; static deformation; stress coupling; material properties; tectonic hazards ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1999 HECTOR-MINE; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY BENEATH; COLIMA-JALISCO EARTHQUAKE; LANDERS-EARTHQUAKE; POSTSEISMIC DEFORMATION; SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SLIP DISTRIBUTION AB [1] Dislocation models can simulate static deformation caused by slip along a fault. These models usually take the form of a dislocation embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic, Poisson-solid half-space (HIPSHS). However, the widely accepted HIPSHS assumptions poorly approximate subduction zone systems of converging oceanic and continental crust. This study uses three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) that allow for any combination ( including none) of the HIPSHS assumptions to compute synthetic Green's functions for displacement. Using the 1995 M-w = 8.0 Jalisco-Colima, Mexico, subduction zone earthquake and associated measurements from a nearby GPS array as an example, FEM-generated synthetic Green's functions are combined with standard linear inverse methods to estimate dislocation distributions along the subduction interface. Loading a forward HIPSHS model with dislocation distributions, estimated from FEMs that sequentially relax the HIPSHS assumptions, yields the sensitivity of predicted displacements to each of the HIPSHS assumptions. For the subduction zone models tested and the specific field situation considered, sensitivities to the individual Poisson-solid, isotropy, and homogeneity assumptions can be substantially greater than GPS measurement uncertainties. Forward modeling quantifies stress coupling between the M-w = 8.0 earthquake and a nearby M-w = 6.3 earthquake that occurred 63 days later. Coulomb stress changes predicted from static HIPSHS models cannot account for the 63-day lag time between events. Alternatively, an FEM that includes a poroelastic oceanic crust, which allows for postseismic pore fluid pressure recovery, can account for the lag time. The pore fluid pressure recovery rate puts an upper limit of 10(-17) m(2) on the bulk permeability of the oceanic crust. C1 US Geol Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Masterlark, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM masterlark@usgs.gov NR 76 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 22 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B11 AR 2540 DI 10.1029/2002JB002296 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 749CA UT WOS:000186900000002 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Carr, MH Skinner, JA Gilmore, MS Hare, TM AF Tanaka, KL Carr, MH Skinner, JA Gilmore, MS Hare, TM TI Geology of the MER 2003 "Elysium'' candidate landing site in southeastern Utopia Planitia, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars northern plains; Mars Exploration Rovers; Mars landing sites; Utopia Planitia; Mars; highland-lowland boundary; Mars geology ID NORTHERN LOWLANDS; ICE INTERACTIONS; SURFACE; PLAINS; WATER; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; MORPHOLOGY; MERIDIANI; DEPOSITS AB [1] The NASA Mars Exploration Rover ( MER) Project has been considering a landing-site ellipse designated EP78B2 in southeastern Utopia Planitia, southwest of Elysium Mons. The site appears to be relatively safe for a MER landing site because of its predicted low wind velocities in mesoscale atmospheric circulation models and its low surface roughness at various scales as indicated by topographic and imaging data sets. Previously, the site's surface rocks have been interpreted to be marine sediments or lava flows. In addition, we suggest that Late Noachian to Early Hesperian collapse and mass wasting of Noachian highland rocks contributed to the deposition of detritus in the area of the ellipse. Furthermore, we document partial Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian resurfacing of the ellipse by flows and vents that may be of mud or silicate volcanic origin. A rover investigation of the Utopia landing site using the MER Athena instrument package might address some fundamental aspects of Martian geologic evolution, such as climate change, hydrologic evolution, and magmatic and tectonic history. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Gilmore, Martha/G-5856-2011; Skinner, James/M-7966-2014 NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8079 DI 10.1029/2003JE002054 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 749BW UT WOS:000186899600001 ER PT J AU Satake, K Wang, KL Atwater, BF AF Satake, K Wang, KL Atwater, BF TI Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Cascadia; Japan; subduction zone; earthquake; tsunami ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; SOUTHERN COASTAL WASHINGTON; TIDAL MARSH STRATIGRAPHY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; FORE-ARC; COSEISMIC SUBSIDENCE; INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION; DISLOCATION MODEL; UNITED-STATES AB The 1700 Cascadia earthquake attained moment magnitude 9 according to new estimates based on effects of its tsunami in Japan, computed coseismic seafloor deformation for hypothetical ruptures in Cascadia, and tsunami modeling in the Pacific Ocean. Reports of damage and flooding show that the 1700 Cascadia tsunami reached 1-5 m heights at seven shoreline sites in Japan. Three sets of estimated heights express uncertainty about location and depth of reported flooding, landward decline in tsunami heights from shorelines, and post-1700 land-level changes. We compare each set with tsunami heights computed from six Cascadia sources. Each source is vertical seafloor displacement calculated with a three-dimensional elastic dislocation model. For three sources the rupture extends the 1100 km length of the subduction zone and differs in width and shallow dip; for the other sources, ruptures of ordinary width extend 360-670 km. To compute tsunami waveforms, we use a linear long-wave approximation with a finite difference method, and we employ modern bathymetry with nearshore grid spacing as small as 0.4 km. The various combinations of Japanese tsunami heights and Cascadia sources give seismic moment of 1-9 x 10(22) N m, equivalent to moment magnitude 8.7-9.2. This range excludes several unquantified uncertainties. The most likely earthquake, of moment magnitude 9.0, has 19 m of coseismic slip on an offshore, full-slip zone 1100 km long with linearly decreasing slip on a downdip partial-slip zone. The shorter rupture models require up to 40 m offshore slip and predict land-level changes inconsistent with coastal paleoseismological evidence. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol GSJ AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Satake, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol GSJ AIST, Act Fault Res Ctr, Site C7 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM kenji.satake@aist.go.jp; wang@pgc.nrcan.gc.ca; atwater@u.washington.edu RI Satake, Kenji/E-2312-2011 OI Satake, Kenji/0000-0002-3368-3085 NR 54 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B11 AR 2535 DI 10.1029/2003JB002521 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 749BZ UT WOS:000186899900003 ER PT J AU Vincent, P Larsen, S Galloway, D Laczniak, RJ Walter, WR Foxall, W Zucca, JJ AF Vincent, P Larsen, S Galloway, D Laczniak, RJ Walter, WR Foxall, W Zucca, JJ TI New signatures of underground nuclear tests revealed by satellite radar interferometry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] New observations of surface displacement caused by past underground nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) are presented using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). The InSAR data reveal both coseismic and postseismic subsidence signals that extend one kilometer or more across regardless of whether or not a surface crater was formed from each test. While surface craters and other coseismic surface effects (ground cracks, etc.) may be detectable using high resolution optical or other remote sensing techniques, these broader, more subtle subsidence signals ( one to several centimeters distributed over an area 1-2 kilometers across) are not detectable using other methods [Barker et al., 1998]. A time series of interferograms reveal that the postseismic signals develop and persist for months to years after the tests and that different rates and styles of deformation occur depending on the geologic and hydrologic setting and conditions of the local test area. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geophys & Global Secur Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. RP Vincent, P (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geophys & Global Secur Div, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Walter, William/C-2351-2013; OI Walter, William/0000-0002-0331-0616; Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 22 AR 2141 DI 10.1029/2003GL018179 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 749BC UT WOS:000186897900003 ER PT J AU Binkley, D Singer, F Kaye, M Rochelle, R AF Binkley, D Singer, F Kaye, M Rochelle, R TI Influence of elk grazing on soil properties in Rocky Mountain National Park SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE elk; leaching; grazing; ungulate grazing; nitrogen mineralization ID RANGE; ASPEN AB We used three 35-year exclosures to examine the effects of high elk populations on a variety of soil properties in three vegetation types: upland sagebrush, aspen, and meadow. Grazing and hoof action by elk significantly increased bulk density (from 0.87 kg/l ungrazed to 0.94 kg/l grazed), with greater effects on soils with fewer rocks. Grazing substantially reduced extractable calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus in the sagebrush type, but not in the aspen or meadow types. The only grazing effect on pH came in aspen types, where grazing prevented aspen establishment, and kept soil pH about 0.7 units higher than under aspen inside the exclosures. Grazing had no overall effect on total soil C and N across all exclosures and vegetation types. The availability of soil nitrogen, indexed by in-field resin bags and net mineralization in soil cores, showed little overall effect of grazing. Limited data on soil leaching indicated a possibility of strong increases in nitrate leaching with grazing for an aspen vegetation type at one exclosure. Although we found little effect of grazing on soil N supply, we note that N fertilization doubled the production of grasses and shrubs; if grazing eventually led to changes in soil N supply, species composition and growth would likely change. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Binkley, D (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 18 PY 2003 VL 185 IS 3 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0378-1227(03)00162-2 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 742UK UT WOS:000186536300003 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Bloom, NS Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE AF Kim, CS Bloom, NS Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE TI Mercury speciation by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and sequential chemical extractions: A comparison of speciation methods SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; CONTAMINATED SOILS; MINE TAILINGS; QUANTITATIVE SPECIATION; INORGANIC MERCURY; SEDIMENTS; EXAFS; LEAD; SULFIDE; XANES AB Determining the chemical speciation of mercury in contaminated mining and industrial environments is essential for predicting its solubility, transport behavior, and potential bioavailability as well as for designing effective remediation strategies. In this study, two techniques for determining Hg speciation-X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and sequential chemical extractions (SCE)-are independently applied to a set of samples with Hg concentrations ranging from 132 to 7539 mg/kg to determine if the two techniques provide comparable Hg speciation results. Generally, the proportions of insoluble HgS (cinnabar, metacinnabar) and HgSe identified by XAFS correlate well with the proportion of Hg removed in the aqua regia extraction demonstrated to remove HgS and HgSe. Statistically significant(> 10%) differences are observed however in samples containing more soluble Hg-containing phases (HgCl2, HgO, Hg3S2O4). Such differences may be related to matrix, particle size, or crystallinity effects, which could affect the apparent solubility of Hg phases present. In more highly concentrated samples, microscopy techniques can help characterize the Hg-bearing species in complex multiphase natural samples. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Surface Aqueous Geochem Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, SLAC, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Bldg 70R0108B,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 42 TC 87 Z9 92 U1 12 U2 61 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 22 BP 5102 EP 5108 DI 10.1021/es0341485 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743YN UT WOS:000186601300004 PM 14655695 ER PT J AU Eaton, LS Morgan, BA Kochel, RC Howard, AD AF Eaton, LS Morgan, BA Kochel, RC Howard, AD TI Quaternary deposits and landscape evolution of the central Blue Ridge of Virginia SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landscape evolution; Blue Ridge Mountains; terraces; debris flows; stratified slope deposits ID DRAINAGE-BASIN; NORTH-CAROLINA; MOUNTAINS; FLOOD; STORM AB A catastrophic storm that struck the central Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains in June 1995 delivered over 775 mm (30.5 in) of rain in 16 h. The deluge triggered more than 1000 slope failures; and stream channels and debris fans were deeply incised, exposing the stratigraphy of earlier mass movement and fluvial deposits. The synthesis of data obtained from detailed pollen studies and 39 radiometrically dated surficial deposits in the Rapidan basin gives new insights into Quaternary climatic change and landscape evolution of the central Blue Ridge Mountains. The oldest depositional landforms in the study area are fluvial terraces. Their deposits have weathering characteristics similar to both early Pleistocene and late Tertiary terrace surfaces located near the Fall Zone of Virginia. Terraces of similar ages are also present in nearby basins and suggest regional incision of streams in the area since early Pleistocene-late Tertiary time. The oldest debris-flow deposits in the study area are much older than Wisconsinan glaciation as indicated by 2.5YR colors, thick argillic horizons, and fially disintegrated granitic cobbles. Radiocarbon dating indicates that debris flow activity since 25,000 YBP has recurred, on average, at least every 2500 years. The presence of stratified slope deposits, emplaced from 27,410 through 15,800 YBP, indicates hillslope stripping and reduced vegetation cover on upland slopes during the Wisconsinan glacial maximum. Regolith generated from mechanical weathering during the Pleistocene collected in low-order stream channels and was episodically delivered to the valley floor by debris flows. Debris fans prograded onto flood plains during the late Pleistocene but have been incised by Holocene stream entrenchment. The fan incision allows Holocene debris flows to largely bypass many of the higher elevation debris fan surfaces and deposit onto the topographically lower surfaces. These episodic, high-magnitude storm events are responsible for transporting approximately half of the sediment from high gradient, low-order drainage basins to debris fans and flood plains. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 James Madison Univ, Dept Geol & Environem Sci, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Bucknell Univ, Dept Geol, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Eaton, LS (reprint author), James Madison Univ, Dept Geol & Environem Sci, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. EM eatonls@jmu.edu; bmorgan@usgs.gov; kochel@bucknell.edu OI Howard, Alan/0000-0002-5423-1600 NR 47 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00075-8 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 762JH UT WOS:000187968100009 ER PT J AU Leland, HV AF Leland, HV TI The influence of water depth and flow regime on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in a shallow, lowland river SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes CY MAY 25-30, 2002 CL BALATONFURED, HUNGARY SP Veszprem Univ, Acad Sci & Dept Limnol, Balaton Linmol Inst Hungarian DE phytoplankton; river; primary production; community structure; turbulence; channel morphometry; nutrient supply ID DYNAMICS; PRODUCTIVITY; ALGAE; LOADS AB The taxonomic composition and biomass of phytoplankton in the San Joaquin River, California, were examined in relation to water depth, flow regime, and water chemistry. Without substantial tributary inflow, maintenance demands exceeded algal production during summer and autumn in this eutrophic, 'lowland type' river due to light-limiting conditions for algal growth. Streamflow from tributaries that drain the Sierra Nevada contributed to a substantial net gain in algal production during the spring and summer by increasing water transparency and the extent of turbulence. Abundances of the major taxa (centric diatoms, pennate diatoms and chlorophytes) indicated differing responses to the longitudinal variation in water depth and flow regime, with the areal extent of pools and other geomorphic features that influence time-for-development being a major contributing factor to the selection of species. Tychoplanktonic species were most abundant upstream and in tributaries that drain the San Joaquin Valley. Seasonally-varying factors such as water temperature that influence algal growth rates also contributed significantly to the selection of species. Nutrient limitation appears not to be a primary constraint on species selection in the phytoplankton of this river. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Leland, HV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St,Suite E127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM hvleland@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 506 IS 1-3 BP 247 EP 255 DI 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008596.00382.56 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 767MT UT WOS:000188455600033 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Horz, F AF Johnson, JR Horz, F TI Visible/near-infrared spectra of experimentally shocked plagioclase feldspars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE feldspars; spectroscopy; visible/near-infrared; pressure; shock; maskelynite ID METAMORPHISM; SPECTROSCOPY; ANORTHOSITE; REFLECTANCE; CONSTRAINTS; ROCKS; GLASS AB [1] High shock pressures cause structural changes in plagioclase feldspars such as mechanical fracturing and disaggregation of the crystal lattice at submicron scales, the formation of diaplectic glass (maskelynite), and genuine melting. Past studies of visible/ near-infrared spectra of shocked feldspars demonstrated few spectral variations with pressure except for a decrease in the depth of the absorption feature near 1250 - 1300 nm and an overall decrease in reflectance. New visible/ near - infrared spectra ( 400 - 2500 nm) of experimentally shocked (17 - 56 GPa) albite- and anorthite-rich rock powders demonstrate similar trends, including the loss of minor hydrated mineral bands near 1410, 1930, 2250, and 2350 nm. However, the most interesting new observations are increases in reflectance at intermediate pressures, followed by subsequent decreases in reflectance at higher pressures. The amount of internal scattering and overall sample reflectance is controlled by the relative proportions of micro-fractures, submicron grains, diaplectic glass, and melts formed during shock metamorphism. We interpret the observed reflectance increases at intermediate pressures to result from progressively larger proportions of submicron feldspar grains and diaplectic glass. The ensuing decreases in reflectance occur after diaplectic glass formation is complete and the proportion of genuine melt inclusions increases. The pressure regimes over which these reflectance variations occur differ between albite and anorthite, consistent with thermal infrared spectra of these samples and previous studies of shocked feldspars. These types of spectral variations associated with different peak shock pressures should be considered during interpretation and modeling of visible/ near-infrared remotely sensed spectra of planetary and asteroidal surfaces. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jrjohnson@usgs.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 39 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E11 AR 5120 DI 10.1029/2003JE002127 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 744XA UT WOS:000186657100004 ER PT J AU Martinovic, B Lean, D Bishop, CA Birmingham, E Secord, A Jock, K AF Martinovic, B Lean, D Bishop, CA Birmingham, E Secord, A Jock, K TI Health of tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons in the St. Lawrence River basin. Part II. Basal and stress plasma corticosterone concentrations SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID SPRAYED APPLE ORCHARDS; GREAT-LAKES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MERCURY; CANADA; CONTAMINANTS; RESPONSES; WETLANDS; SAMPLES; ONTARIO AB Sixteen-day-old tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were collected in 1999 and 2000 from nine sites within the vicinity of the St. Lawrence River in Canada and the United States to determine if organochlorine contaminant concentrations correlated with corticosterone levels. Basal plasma corticosterone levels were determined in chicks reared in nest boxes, and stress plasma corticosterone levels were determined in chicks after exposure to a 10-min standardized stress test. Mean basal plasma corticosterone concentrations ranged from 4 to 37 ng/ml in 1999, and from 5 to 20 ng/ml in 2000. Mean poststress plasma corticosterone levels ranged from 26 to 67 ng/ml in 1999, and from 26 to 109 ng/ml in 2000. In 1999 and 2000, basal corticosterone was negatively correlated with polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF). Total PCDFs ranged from 4.8 to 120.5 ng/kg wet weight in chicks in 1999 and 2000 among sites. These results indicate that current levels of organochlorine contaminants in the St. Lawrence River and surrounding tributaries may be interfering with the glucocorticoid endocrine axis of tree swallows. C1 Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol, Vancouver, BC, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cortland, NY USA. St Regis Mohawk Hlth Serv, St Regis Mohawk Tribe, Hogansburg, NY USA. RP Martinovic, B (reprint author), Hlth Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agcy, 2720 Riverside Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 66 IS 21 BP 2015 EP 2029 DI 10.1080/15287390390227633 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 739CK UT WOS:000186324500002 PM 14555399 ER PT J AU Preston, LA Creager, KC Crosson, RS Brocher, TM Trehu, AM AF Preston, LA Creager, KC Crosson, RS Brocher, TM Trehu, AM TI Intraslab earthquakes: Dehydration of the Cascadia slab SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION ZONE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; SILENT SLIP; WASHINGTON; SERPENTINITE; PRESSURE; MARGIN; TREMOR; ARC AB We simultaneously invert travel times of refracted and wide-angle reflected waves for three-dimensional compressional-wave velocity structure, earthquake locations, and reflector geometry in northwest Washington state. The reflector, interpreted to be the crust-mantle boundary (Moho) of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, separates intraslab earthquakes into two groups, permitting a new understanding of the origins of intraslab earthquakes in Cascadia. Earthquakes up-dip of the Moho's 45-kilometer depth contour occur below the reflector, in the subducted oceanic mantle, consistent with serpentinite dehydration; earthquakes located down-dip occur primarily within the subducted crust, consistent with the basalt-to-eclogite transformation. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Preston, LA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM preston@ess.washington.edu NR 24 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5648 BP 1197 EP 1200 DI 10.1126/science.1090751 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 742XW UT WOS:000186544300050 PM 14615535 ER PT J AU Puleo, JA Holland, KT Plant, NG Slinn, DN Hanes, DM AF Puleo, JA Holland, KT Plant, NG Slinn, DN Hanes, DM TI Fluid acceleration effects on suspended sediment transport in the swash zone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE uprush; swash zone bore; turbulence; pressure gradient ID SANDBAR MIGRATION; NATURAL BEACH; RUN-UP; SUSPENSION; BORE; TURBULENCE; CLIMB; MODEL; SURF AB [1] Suspended sediment concentrations and fluid velocities measured in the swash zone of a high- energy steep beach were used to investigate the importance of fluid accelerations to suspended sediment transport. Swash flow acceleration was nearly constant at about one- half downslope gravitational acceleration with two important exceptions. We observed strong, short- lived periods of accelerating uprush at the beginning of the swash cycle and decelerating backwash at the end of the swash cycle ( magnitudes of both approximately twice that of the expected downslope gravitational acceleration). Interestingly, spikes in suspended load followed the anomalies in acceleration in a way that was not apparent from the nearly symmetric ( in magnitude) ensemble averaged velocity time series. Suspended load values were largest during accelerating uprush associated with the shoreward propagating turbulent bore or swash front. During backwash, suspended loads were generally not as large. Correspondingly, suspended sediment transport rates obtained from the sediment concentration and velocity measurements showed best comparisons with a modified sediment transport model that includes a physical mechanism for enhancing transport rates due to flow acceleration. The modified sediment transport model reduced the overall root- mean square prediction error by up to 35% and shifted the predicted peak in uprush sediment transport rate earlier in the swash cycle, resulting in a better fit to the observations. These findings suggest that the inclusion of the acceleration term may account for physical mechanisms that include bore turbulence and horizontal pressure gradients typically associated with the accelerating portion of uprush. C1 USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Univ Florida, Civil & Coastal Engn Dept, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. RP Puleo, JA (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Code 74403, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM jpuleo@nrlssc.navy.mil; tholland@nrlssc.navy.mil; nplant@nrlssc.navy.mil; slinn@coastal.ufl.edu; dhanes@usgs.gov RI Holland, K. Todd/A-7673-2011; OI Holland, K. Todd/0000-0002-4601-6097; Plant, Nathaniel/0000-0002-5703-5672 NR 38 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C11 AR 3350 DI 10.1029/2003JC001943 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 744WK UT WOS:000186655700003 ER PT J AU Herkenhoff, KE Squyres, SW Bell, JF Maki, JN Arneson, HM Bertelsen, P Brown, DI Collins, SA Dingizian, A Elliott, ST Goetz, W Hagerott, EC Hayes, AG Johnson, MJ Kirk, RL McLennan, S Morris, RV Scherr, LM Schwochert, MA Shiraishi, LR Smith, GH Soderblom, LA Sohl-Dickstein, JN Wadsworth, MV AF Herkenhoff, KE Squyres, SW Bell, JF Maki, JN Arneson, HM Bertelsen, P Brown, DI Collins, SA Dingizian, A Elliott, ST Goetz, W Hagerott, EC Hayes, AG Johnson, MJ Kirk, RL McLennan, S Morris, RV Scherr, LM Schwochert, MA Shiraishi, LR Smith, GH Soderblom, LA Sohl-Dickstein, JN Wadsworth, MV TI Athena Microscopic Imager investigation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars Exploration Rover; Microscopic Imager; Athena; NASA; camera ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; MARS PATHFINDER; SURFACE; CAMERA; INFORMATION; THRESHOLD; QUALITY; DESIGN; DUNES; ROVER AB [1] The Athena science payload on the Mars Exploration Rovers ( MER) includes the Microscopic Imager ( MI). The MI is a fixed- focus camera mounted on the end of an extendable instrument arm, the Instrument Deployment Device ( IDD). The MI was designed to acquire images at a spatial resolution of 30 microns/ pixel over a broad spectral range ( 400 - 700 nm). The MI uses the same electronics design as the other MER cameras but has optics that yield a field of view of 31 x 31 mm across a 1024 x 1024 pixel CCD image. The MI acquires images using only solar or skylight illumination of the target surface. A contact sensor is used to place the MI slightly closer to the target surface than its best focus distance ( about 66 mm), allowing concave surfaces to be imaged in good focus. Coarse focusing ( similar to 2 mm precision) is achieved by moving the IDD away from a rock target after the contact sensor has been activated. The MI optics are protected from the Martian environment by a retractable dust cover. The dust cover includes a Kapton window that is tinted orange to restrict the spectral bandpass to 500 - 700 nm, allowing color information to be obtained by taking images with the dust cover open and closed. MI data will be used to place other MER instrument data in context and to aid in petrologic and geologic interpretations of rocks and soils on Mars. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst Astron Phys & Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. GHS Opt, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM kherkenhoff@usgs.gov RI Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014 OI Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630 NR 39 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8065 DI 10.1029/2003JE002076 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 744XD UT WOS:000186657400001 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Cazenave, A Gennero, MC AF Milly, PCD Cazenave, A Gennero, MC TI Contribution of climate-driven change in continental water storage to recent sea-level rise SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ENERGY BALANCES; MASS-BALANCE; LAND WATER; PROJECT; BUDGET; WORLD; OCEAN AB Using a global model of continental water balance, forced by interannual variations in precipitation and near-surface atmospheric temperature for the period 1981-1998, we estimate the sea-level changes associated with climate-driven changes in storage of water as snowpack, soil water, and ground water; storage in ice sheets and large lakes is not considered. The 1981-1998 trend is estimated to be 0.12 mm/yr, and substantial interannual fluctuations are inferred; for 1993-1998, the trend is 0.25 mm/yr. At the decadal time scale, the terrestrial contribution to eustatic (i.e., induced by mass exchange) sea-level rise is significantly smaller than the estimated steric (i.e., induced by density changes) trend for the same period, but is not negligibly small. In the model the sea-level rise is driven mainly by a downtrend in continental precipitation during the study period, which we believe was generated by natural variability in the climate system. C1 NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08534 USA. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08534 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 11 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 23 BP 13158 EP 13161 DI 10.1073/pnas.2134014100 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 743LR UT WOS:000186573700010 PM 14576277 ER PT J AU Hay, LE Clark, MP AF Hay, LE Clark, MP TI Use of statistically and dynamically downscaled atmospheric model output for hydrologic simulations in three mountainous basins in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE statistical downscaling; dynamical downscaling; NCEP/NCAR reanalysis; hydrologic modelling ID CLIMATE MODEL; PRECIPITATION; PARAMETERIZATIONS; REANALYSIS AB This paper examines the hydrologic model performance in three snowmelt-dominated basins in the western United States to dynamically- and statistically downscaled output from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis (NCEP). Runoff produced using a distributed hydrologic model is compared using daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature timeseries derived from the following sources: (1) NCEP output (horizontal grid spacing of approximately 210 km); (2) dynamically downscaled (DDS) NCEP output using a Regional Climate Model (RegCM2, horizontal grid spacing of approximately 52 km); (3) statistically downscaled (SDS) NCEP output; (4) spatially averaged measured data used to calibrate the hydrologic model (Best-Sta) and (5) spatially averaged measured data derived from stations located within the area of the RegCM2 model output used for each basin, but excluding Best-Sta set (All-Sta). In all three basins the SDS-based simulations of daily runoff were as good as runoff produced using the Best-Sta timeseries. The NCEP, DDS, and All-Sta timeseries were able to capture the gross aspects of the seasonal cycles of precipitation and temperature. However, in all three basins, the NCEP-, DDS-, and All-Sta-based simulations of runoff showed little skill on a daily basis. When the precipitation and temperature biases were corrected in the NCEP, DDS, and All-Sta timeseries, the accuracy of the daily runoff simulations improved dramatically, but, with the exception of the bias-corrected All-Sta data set, these simulations were never as accurate as the SDS-based simulations. This need for a bias correction may be somewhat troubling, but in the case of the lame station-timeseries (All-Sta), the bias correction did indeed 'correct' for the change in scale. It is unknown if bias corrections to model output will be valid in a future climate. Future work is warranted to identify the causes for (and removal of) systematic biases in DDS simulations, and improve DDS simulations of daily variability in local climate. Until then, SIDS based simulations of runoff appear to be the safer downscaling choice. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci Technol & Policy Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015 OI Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625 NR 25 TC 100 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 10 PY 2003 VL 282 IS 1-4 BP 56 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00252-X PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 740BV UT WOS:000186381700006 ER PT J AU Kruger, H Geissler, P Horanyi, M Graps, AL Kempf, S Srama, R Moragas-Klostermeyer, G Moissl, R Johnson, TV Grun, E AF Kruger, H Geissler, P Horanyi, M Graps, AL Kempf, S Srama, R Moragas-Klostermeyer, G Moissl, R Johnson, TV Grun, E TI Jovian dust streams: A monitor of Io's volcanic plume activity SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID JUPITERS MAGNETOSPHERE; GALILEO; DETECTOR; GRAINS AB Streams of high speed dust particles originate from Jupiter's moon Io. After release from Io, the particles collect electric charges in the Io plasma torus, gain energy from the co-rotating electric field of Jupiter's magnetosphere, and leave the Jovian system into interplanetary space with escape speeds over 200 km s(-1). The Galileo spacecraft has continuously monitored the dust streams during 34 revolutions about Jupiter between 1996 and 2002. The observed dust fluxes exhibit large orbit-to-orbit variability due to systematic and stochastic changes. After removal of the systematic variations, the total dust emission rate of Io has been calculated. It varies between 10(-3) and 10 kg s(-1), and is typically in the range of 0.1 to 1 kg s(-1). We compare the dust emission rate with other markers of volcanic activity on Io like large-area surface changes caused by volcanic deposits and sightings of volcanic plumes. C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. INAF, IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Kruger, H (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Postfach 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 7 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 21 AR 2101 DI 10.1029/2003GL017827 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 742FV UT WOS:000186507400003 ER PT J AU Walvoord, MA Phillips, FM Stonestrom, DA Evans, RD Hartsough, PC Newman, BD Striegl, RG AF Walvoord, MA Phillips, FM Stonestrom, DA Evans, RD Hartsough, PC Newman, BD Striegl, RG TI A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; GLOBAL PATTERNS; NITROGEN-CYCLE; UNITED-STATES; WATER; IMPACTS AB A large reservoir of bioavailable nitrogen (up to -10(4) kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, as nitrate) has been previously overlooked in studies of global nitrogen distribution. The reservoir has been accumulating in subsoil zones of arid regions throughout the Holocene. Consideration of the subsoil reservoir raises estimates of vadose-zone nitrogen inventories by 14 to 71% for warm deserts and arid shrublands worldwide and by 3 to 16% globally. Subsoil nitrate accumulation indicates long-term leaching from desert soils, impelling further evaluation of nutrient dynamics in xeric ecosystems. Evidence that subsoil accumulations are readily mobilized raises concern about groundwater contamination after land-use or climate change. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Nevada, Grad Program Hydrol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Walvoord, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Hartsough, Peter/B-6104-2008; Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385 NR 34 TC 173 Z9 184 U1 5 U2 68 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 7 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5647 BP 1021 EP 1024 DI 10.1126/science.1086435 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 740HE UT WOS:000186396300040 PM 14605364 ER PT J AU Marshall, CH Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT AF Marshall, CH Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT TI Wetlands: Crop freezes and land-use change in Florida SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Marshall, CH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009 NR 9 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 37 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 6 PY 2003 VL 426 IS 6962 BP 29 EP 30 DI 10.1038/426029a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 739WY UT WOS:000186370800028 PM 14603304 ER PT J AU Perfit, MR Cann, JR Fornari, DJ Engels, J Smith, DK Ridley, WI Edwards, MH AF Perfit, MR Cann, JR Fornari, DJ Engels, J Smith, DK Ridley, WI Edwards, MH TI Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; KILAUEA VOLCANO; SHEET FLOWS; PILLARS; FLOOR; CALIBRATION; MORPHOLOGY; INFLATION AB Lava erupts into cold sea water on the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges ( at depths of 2,500 m and greater), and the resulting flows make up the upper part of the global oceanic crust(1). Interactions between heated sea water and molten basaltic lava could exert significant control on the dynamics of lava flows and on their chemistry. But it has been thought that heating sea water at pressures of several hundred bars cannot produce significant amounts of vapour(2-5) and that a thick crust of chilled glass on the exterior of lava flows minimizes the interaction of lava with sea water. Here we present evidence to the contrary, and show that bubbles of vaporized sea water often rise through the base of lava flows and collect beneath the chilled upper crust. These bubbles of steam at magmatic temperatures may interact both chemically and physically with flowing lava, which could influence our understanding of deep-sea volcanic processes and oceanic crustal construction more generally(6). We infer that vapour formation plays an important role in creating the collapse features that characterize much of the upper oceanic crust and may accordingly contribute to the measured low seismic velocities in this layer. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Perfit, MR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 31 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 17 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 6 PY 2003 VL 426 IS 6962 BP 62 EP 65 DI 10.1038/nature02032 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 739WY UT WOS:000186370800040 PM 14603316 ER PT J AU Newsom, HE Barber, CA Hare, TM Schelble, RT Sutherland, VA Feldman, WC AF Newsom, HE Barber, CA Hare, TM Schelble, RT Sutherland, VA Feldman, WC TI Paleolakes and impact basins in southern Arabia Terra, including Meridiani Planum: Implications for the formation of hematite deposits on Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; hematite; flubial channels; lacustrine basins; impact basins; Mars Exploration Rovers ID NEAR-SURFACE; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; SINUS-MERIDIANI; WESTERN ARABIA; WATER; ICE; CRATERS; MARGARITIFER; HYDROGEN; ODYSSEY AB [1] The hematite deposit in Meridiani Planum was selected for a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landing site because water could be involved in the formation of hematite, and water is a key ingredient in the search for life. Our discovery of a chain of paleolake basins and channels along the southern margin of the hematite deposits in Meridiani Planum with the presence of the strongest hematite signature adjacent to a paleolake basin, supports the possible role of water in the formation of the hematite and the deposition of other layered materials in the region. The hematite may have formed by direct precipitation from lake water, as coatings precipitated from groundwater, or by oxidation of preexisting iron oxide minerals. The paleolake basins were fed by an extensive channel system, originating from an area larger than Texas and located south of the Schiaparelli impact basin. On the basis of stratigraphic relationships, the formation of channels in the region occurred over much of Mars' history, from before the layered materials in Meridiani Planum were deposited until recently. The location of the paleolake basins and channels is connected with the impact cratering history of the region. The earliest structure identified in this study is an ancient circular multiringed basin (800-1600 km diameter) that underlies the entire Meridiani Planum region. The MER landing site is located on the buried northern rim of a later 150 km diameter crater. This crater is partially filled with layered deposits that contained a paleolake in its southern portion. C1 Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Newsom, HE (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 40 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E12 AR 8075 DI 10.1029/2002JE001993 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 742HB UT WOS:000186510400001 ER PT J AU Vannucchi, P Ranero, CR Galeotti, S Straub, SM Scholl, DW McDougall-Ried, K AF Vannucchi, P Ranero, CR Galeotti, S Straub, SM Scholl, DW McDougall-Ried, K TI Fast rates of subduction erosion along the Costa Rica Pacific margin: Implications for nonsteady rates of crustal recycling at subduction zones SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE convergent margins; tectonic erosion; Middle America Trench; Cocos Ridge ID MIDDLE AMERICA TRENCH; CONVERGENT MARGIN; TECTONIC EROSION; FORE-ARC; COCOS PLATE; ACCRETIONARY WEDGES; SEAMOUNT SUBDUCTION; SEDIMENT SUBDUCTION; QUATERNARY UPLIFT; NICOYA PENINSULA AB [1] At least since the middle Miocene (similar to16 Ma), subduction erosion has been the dominant process controlling the tectonic evolution of the Pacific margin of Costa Rica. Ocean Drilling Program Site 1042 recovered 16.5 Ma nearshore sediment at similar to3.9 km depth, similar to7 km landward of the trench axis. The overlying Miocene to Quaternary sediment contains benthic foraminifera documenting margin subsidence from upper bathyal (similar to200 m) to abyssal (similar to2000 m) depth. The rate of subsidence was low during the early to middle Miocene but increased sharply in the late Miocene-early Pliocene (5-6.5 Ma) and at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary (2.4 Ma). Foraminifera data, bedding dip, and the geometry of slope sediment indicate that tilting of the forearc occurred coincident with the onset of rapid late Miocene subsidence. Seismic images show that normal faulting is widespread across the continental slope; however, extension by faulting only accounts for a minor amount of the post-6.5 Ma subsidence. Basal tectonic erosion is invoked to explain the subsidence. The short-term rate of removal of rock from the forearc is about 107-123 km(3) Myr(-1) km(-1). Mass removal is a nonsteady state process affecting the chemical balance of the arc: the ocean sediment input, with the short-term erosion rate, is a factor of 10 smaller than the eroded mass input. The low Be-10 concentration in the volcanic arc of Costa Rica could be explained by dilution with eroded material. The late Miocene onset of rapid subsidence is coeval with the arrival of the Cocos Ridge at the subduction zone. The underthrusting of thick and thermally younger ocean crust decreased the subduction angle of the slab along a large segment of the margin and changed the dynamic equilibrium of the margin taper. This process may have induced the increase in the rate of subduction erosion and thus the recycling of crustal material to the mantle. C1 Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Modena, Italy. Forschungszentrum Marine Geowissensch, Kiel, Germany. Univ Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Univ Urbino, Ist Geol, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Vannucchi, P (reprint author), Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Via Pira 4, I-50121 Florence, Italy. EM paolav@geo.unifi.it; cranero@geomar.de; s.galeotti@uniurb.it; smstraub@ldeo.columbia.edu; dscholl@usgs.gov; kris@usgs.gov RI Ranero, Cesar/B-9165-2009 NR 58 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B11 AR 2511 DI 10.1029/2002JB002207 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 742HE UT WOS:000186510700001 ER PT J AU Ball, JW McCleskey, RB AF Ball, JW McCleskey, RB TI A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE hexavalent chromium; redox species determinations; cation exchange; analytical methods ID ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY/; WASTE-WATER; PRECONCENTRATION; SAMPLES AB A new method for field speciation of Cr(VI) has been developed to meet present stringent regulatory standards and to overcome the limitations of existing methods. The method consists of passing a water sample through strong acid cation-exchange resin at the field site, where Cr(III) is retained while Cr(VI) passes into the effluent and is preserved for later determination. The method is simple, rapid, portable, and accurate, and makes use of readily available, inexpensive materials. Cr(VI) concentrations are determined later in the laboratory using any elemental analysis instrument sufficiently sensitive to measure the Cr(VI) concentrations of interest. The new method allows measurement of Cr(VI) concentrations as low as 0.05 mug l(-1), storage of samples for at least several weeks prior to analysis, and use of readily available analytical instrumentation. Cr(VI) can be separated from Cr(III) between pH 2 and 11 at Cr(III)/ Cr(VI) concentration ratios as high as 1000. The new method has demonstrated excellent comparability with two commonly used methods, the Hach Company direct colorimetric method and USEPA method 218.6. The new method is superior to the Hach direct colorimetric method owing to its relative sensitivity and simplicity. The new method is superior to USEPA method 218.6 in the presence of Fe(II) concentrations up to 1 mg l(-1) and Fe(III) concentrations up to 10 mg l(-1). Time stability of preserved samples is a significant advantage over the 24-h time constraint specified for USEPA method 218.6. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ball, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI McCleskey, Richard/0000-0002-2521-8052 NR 15 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD NOV 4 PY 2003 VL 61 IS 3 BP 305 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00282-0 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 738WF UT WOS:000186310300007 PM 18969190 ER PT J AU Fuller, TK DeStefano, S AF Fuller, TK DeStefano, S TI Relative importance of early-successional forests and shrubland habitats to mammals in the northeastern United States SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Shrublands and Early-Successional Forests CY MAY 04-05, 2002 CL UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, DURHAM, NEW HAMPSHIRE HO UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE DE early-successional forests; shrubland; habitat; mammals; northeastern United States AB The majority of the 60 native terrestrial mammal species that reside in the northeastern United States (US) utilize resources from several habitats on a seasonal basis. However, as many as 20 species demonstrate some preference for early-successional forests, shrublands, or old-field habitats. A few of these (e.g. lagomorphs) can be considered obligate users of these habitats, and the specialist carnivores (e.g. felids) that prey on them may consequently also prefer such habitats. Other mammal species that prefer these habitats certainly depend on them to lesser and varying degrees; thus, the consequences of reducing or eliminating early-successional forests, shrublands, or old-field habitats across the landscape will likely have varying demographic consequences, and thus importance, to those species. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, USGS, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Fuller, TK (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 3 PY 2003 VL 185 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00247-0 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 740EZ UT WOS:000186391100006 ER PT J AU Dettmers, R AF Dettmers, R TI Status and conservation of shrubland birds in the northeastern US SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Shrublands and Early-Successional Forests CY MAY 04-05, 2002 CL UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, DURHAM, NEW HAMPSHIRE HO UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE DE shrubland birds; succession; northeastern US; avian conservation; Partners in Flight; regional priorities ID EARLY SUCCESSIONAL COMMUNITIES; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; HABITAT; FOREST; FRAGMENTATION; DISTURBANCE; LANDBIRDS; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; MAINE AB The suite of birds associated with naturally occurring shrublands and early successional forests in the northeastern US accounts for about 15% of the total species diversity of the breeding avifauna of the region. Most of the species in this habitat suite are common to abundant in occurrence with moderate to high relative abundance in the region. The shrubland suite of birds contributes a relatively large number of individuals but a relatively small proportion ( 15%) of the total bird species to the avian diversity of the region. The primary risks to long-term persistence of this suite of birds in the northeastern US include long-term population declines associated with long-term declines in amounts of early successional forest and naturally occurring shrubland habitats in the region (currently <15% of the land area). Many shrubland birds also have relatively high proportions of their total breeding populations occurring in the region, indicating the importance of the northeastern US to maintaining source populations of these species. Partners in Flight (PIF), a cooperative bird conservation organization seeking to maintain populations of North American landbirds has developed bird conservation plans for 12 geographic planning units, called physiographic areas, in the northeastern US. In 10 of these 12 physiographic areas, the shrubland suite of birds is considered either a high or moderate priority for conservation action. Most shrubland birds can be considered species of conservation responsibility rather than species of immediate concern. Species of conservation responsibility require long-term conservation planning and population monitoring to ensure that adequate habitat will be maintained and long-term threats eliminated. Fifteen shrubland bird species (45% of the habitat suite) were identified as species of conservation responsibility in the region. In comparison, 40% of the grassland suite and 34% of the forest suite of birds were identified through the PIF plans as species of conservation responsibility in the region. Therefore, the PIF plans indicate that the suite of shrubland birds should receive a high degree of conservation attention within the northeastern US. Using the concept of historic range of variation, managing 10-15% of the landscape for early successional habitat might provide adequate habitat for maintaining minimal populations of shrubland birds in the region, but a greater percentage will be needed if population increases are desired for birds associated with early successional habitats. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Dettmers, R (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 3 PY 2003 VL 185 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00248-2 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 740EZ UT WOS:000186391100007 ER PT J AU Parris, TM Burruss, RC O'Sullivan, PB AF Parris, TM Burruss, RC O'Sullivan, PB TI Deformation and the timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern brooks range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FLUID INCLUSIONS; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; UPLIFT; PRESSURES; EVOLUTION; VOLUME AB Along the southeast border of the 1002 Assessment Area in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, an explicit link between gas generation and deformation in the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt is provided through petrographic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope analyses of fracture cements integrated with zircon fission-track data. Predominantly quartz-cemented fractures, collected from thrusted Triassic and Jurassic rocks, contain crack-seal textures, healed microcracks, and curved crystals and fluid inclusion populations, which suggest that cement growth occurred before, during, and after deformation. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (175-250degreesC) and temperature trends in fracture samples suggest that cements grew at 7-10 km depth during the transition from burial to uplift and during early uplift. CH4-rich (dry gas) inclusions in the Shublik Formation and Kingak Shale are consistent with inclusion entrapment at high thermal maturity for these source rocks. Pressure modeling of these CH4-rich inclusions suggests that pore fluids were overpressured during fracture cementation. Zircon fission-track data in the area record postdeposition denudation associated with early Brooks Range deformation at 64 +/- 3 Ma. With a closure temperature of 225-240degreesC, the zircon fission-track data overlap homogenization temperatures of coeval aqueous inclusions and inclusions containing dry gas in Kingak and Shublik fracture cements. This critical time-temperature relationship suggests that fracture cementation occurred during early Brooks Range deformation. Dry gas inclusions suggest that Shublik and Kingak source rocks had exceeded peak oil and gas generation temperatures at the time structural traps formed during early Brooks Range deformation. The timing of hydrocarbon generation with respect to deformation therefore represents an important exploration risk for gas exploration in this part of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt. The persistence of gas high at thermal maturity levels suggests, however, that significant volumes of gas may have been generated. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Parris, TM (reprint author), Petro Fluid Solut, LLC, 608 N Sheridan Ave, Loveland, CO 80537 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1823 EP 1846 DI 10.1306/07100301111 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 741AC UT WOS:000186434800008 ER PT J AU Matmon, A Bierman, PR Larsen, J Southworth, S Pavich, M Finkel, R Caffee, M AF Matmon, A Bierman, PR Larsen, J Southworth, S Pavich, M Finkel, R Caffee, M TI Erosion of an ancient mountain range, the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SITU-PRODUCED BE-10; DENUDATION RATES; COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; NEW-ENGLAND; APPALACHIAN BASIN; DRAINAGE BASINS; SOIL PRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL EROSION; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AB Analysis of Be-10 and Al-26 in bedrock (n=10), colluviu, (n=5 including grain size splits), and alluvial sediments (n=59 including grain size splits), coupled with field observations and GIS analysis, suggest that erosion rates in the Great Smoky Mountains are controlled by subsurface bedrock erosion and diffusive slope processes. The results indicate rapid alluvial transport, minimal alluvial storage, and suggest that most of the cosmogenic nuclide inventory in sediments is accumulated while they are eroding from bedrock and traveling down hill slopes. Spatially homogeneous erosion rates of 25 - 30 mm Ky(-1) are calculated throughout the Great Smoky Mountains using measured concentrations of cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 in quartz separated from alluvial sediment. Be-10 and Al-26 concentrations in sediments collected from headwater tributaries that have no upstream samples (n=18) are consistent with an average erosion rate of 28 +/- 8 nun Ky(-1), similar to that of the outlet rivers (n=16, 24 6 mm Ky-1), which carry most of the sediment out of the mountain range. Grain-size-specific analysis of 6 alluvial sediment samples shows higher nuclide concentrations in smaller grain sizes than in larger ones. The difference in concentrations arises from the large elevation distribution of the source of the smaller grains compared with the narrow and relatively low source elevation of the large grains. Large sandstone clasts disaggregate into sand-size grains rapidly during weathering and downslope transport; thus, only clasts from the lower parts of slopes reach the streams. Al-26/Be-10 ratios do not suggest significant burial periods for our samples. However, alluvial samples have lower Al-26/Be-10 ratios than bedrock and colluvial samples, a trend consistent with a longer integrated cosmic ray exposure history that includes periods of burial during down-slope transport. The results confirm some of the basic ideas embedded in Davis' geographic cycle model, such as the reduction of relief through slope processes, and of Hack's dynamic equilibrium model such as the similarity of erosion rates across different lithologies. Comparing cosmogenic nuclide data with other measured and calculated erosion rates for the Appalachians, we conclude that rates of erosion, integrated over varying time periods from decades to a hundred million years are similar, the result of equilibrium between erosion and isostatic uplift in the southern Appalachian Mountains. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Matmon, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Dosseto, Anthony/A-2543-2008; Caffee, Marc/K-7025-2015 OI Caffee, Marc/0000-0002-6846-8967 NR 110 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 303 IS 9 BP 817 EP 855 DI 10.2475/ajs.303.9.817 PG 39 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 744BU UT WOS:000186608700002 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Seal, RR AF Chou, IM Seal, RR TI Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for morenosite-retgersite equilibria at 0.1 MPa SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article AB Metal-sulfate salts in mine drainage environments commonly occur as solid solutions containing Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Al, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, and other elements. Thermodynamic data for some of the endmember salts containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg have been collected and evaluated previously, and the present study extends to the system containing Ni. Morenosite (NiSO4.7H(2)O)-retgersite (NiSO4.6H(2)O) equilibria were determined along five humidity buffer curves at 0.1 MPa and between 5 and 22 degreesC. Reversals along these humidity-buffer curves yield In K = 17.58-6303.35/T, where K is the equilibrium constant, and T is temperature in K. The derived standard Gibbs free energy of reaction is 8.84 kJ/mol, which agrees very well with the values of 8.90, 8.83, and 8.85 kJ/mol based on the vapor pressure measurements of Schumb (1923), Bonnell and Burridge (1935), and Stout et al. (1966), respectively. This value also agrees reasonably well with the values of 8.65 and 9.56 kJ/mol calculated from the data compiled by Wagman et al. (1982) and DeKock (1982), respectively. The temperature-humidity relationships defined by this study for dehydration equilibria between morenosite and retgersite explain the more common occurrence of retgersite relative to morenosite in nature. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 88 IS 11-12 BP 1943 EP 1948 PN 2 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 747VB UT WOS:000186824600012 ER PT J AU Meeker, GP Bern, AM Brownfield, IK Lowers, HA Sutley, SJ Hoefen, TM Vance, JS AF Meeker, GP Bern, AM Brownfield, IK Lowers, HA Sutley, SJ Hoefen, TM Vance, JS TI The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the Rainy Creek complex, near Libby, Montana SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; ASBESTOS; NOMENCLATURE; ROCKS AB Thirty samples of amphibole-rich rock from the largest mined vermiculite deposit in the world in the Rainy Creek alkaline-ultramafic complex near Libby, Montana, were collected and analyzed. The amphibole-rich rock is the suspected cause of an abnormally high number of asbestos-related diseases reported in the residents of Libby, and in former mine and mill workers. The amphibole-rich samples were analyzed to determine composition and morphology of both fibrous and non-fibrous amphiboles. Sampling was carried out across the accessible portions of the deposit to obtain as complete a representation of the distribution of amphibole types as possible. The range of amphibole compositions, determined from electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, indicates the presence of winchite, richterite, tremolite, and magnesioriebeckite. The amphiboles from Vermiculite Mountain show nearly complete solid solution between these end-member compositions. Magnesio-arfvedsonite and edenite may also be present in low abundance. An evaluation of the textural characteristics of the amphiboles shows the material to include a complete range of morphologies from prismatic crystals to asbestiform fibers. The morphology of the majority of the material is intermediate between these two varieties. All of the amphiboles, with the possible exception of magnesioriebeckite, can occur in fibrous or asbestiform habit. The Vermiculite Mountain amphiboles, even when originally present as massive material, can produce abundant, extremely fine fibers by gentle abrasion or crushing. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Microbeam Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80204 USA. RP Meeker, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Microbeam Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM gmeeker@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 135 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 11 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 88 IS 11-12 BP 1955 EP 1969 PN 2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 747VB UT WOS:000186824600014 ER PT J AU Trexler, JC DeAngelis, DL AF Trexler, JC DeAngelis, DL TI Resource allocation in offspring provisioning: An evaluation of the conditions favoring the evolution of matrotrophy SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE lecithotrophy; life history; matrotrophy; Poecilia latipinna; trade-off; viviparity ID LIFE-HISTORY; POECILIA-LATIPINNA; PLACENTATION; VIVIPARITY; SPECIALIZATIONS; REPRODUCTION; PLASTICITY; SELECTION; MORTALITY; REPTILES AB We used analytic and simulation models to determine the ecological conditions favoring evolution of a matrotrophic fish from a lecithotrophic ancestor given a complex set of trade-offs. Matrotrophy is the nourishment of viviparous embryos by resources provided between fertilization and parturition, while lecithotrophy describes embryo nourishment provided before fertilization. In fishes and reptiles, embryo nourishment encompasses a continuum from solely lecithotrophic to primarily matrotrophic. Matrotrophy has evolved independently from lecithotrophic ancestors many times in many groups. We assumed matrotrophy increased the number of offspring a viviparous female could gestate and evaluated conditions of food availability favoring lecithotrophy or matrotrophy. The matrotrophic strategy was superior when food resources exceeded demand during gestation but at a risk of overproduction and reproductive failure if food intake was limited. Matrotrophic females were leaner during gestation than lecithotrophic females, yielding shorter life spans. Our models suggest that matrotrophic embryo nourishment evolved in environments with high food availability, consistently exceeding energy requirements for maintaining relatively large broods. Embryo abortion with some resorption of invested energy is a necessary preadaptation to the evolution of matrotrophy. Future work should explore trade-offs of age-specific mortality and reproductive output for females maintaining different levels of fat storage during gestation. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Trexler, JC (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [1445-CA09-0112]; NIGMS NIH HHS [S06 GM08205-11] NR 28 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 162 IS 5 BP 574 EP 585 DI 10.1086/378822 PG 12 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 745YM UT WOS:000186719000004 PM 14618536 ER PT J AU Harmel, RD King, KW Slade, RM AF Harmel, RD King, KW Slade, RM TI Automated storm water sampling on small watersheds SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE storm water sampling; automated sampling; nonpoint source pollution; water quality ID STRATEGIES; ACCURACY AB Few guidelines are currently available to assist in designing appropriate automated storm water sampling strategies for small watersheds. Therefore, guidance is needed to develop strategies that achieve an appropriate balance between accurate characterization of storm water quality and loads and limitations of budget, equipment, and personnel. In this article, we explore the important sampling strategy components (minimum flow threshold, sampling interval, and discrete versus composite sampling) and project-specific considerations (sampling goal, sampling and analysis resources, and watershed characteristics) based on personal experiences and pertinent field and analytical studies. These components and considerations are important in achieving the balance between sampling goals and limitations because they determine how and when samples are taken and the potential sampling error Several general recommendations are made, including: setting low minimum flow thresholds, using flow-interval or variable time-interval sampling, and using composite sampling to limit the number of samples collected. Guidelines are presented to aid in selection of an appropriate sampling strategy based on user's project-specific considerations. Our experiences suggest these recommendations should allow implementation of a successful sampling strategy for most small watershed sampling projects with common sampling goals. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH USA. US Geol Survey, Austin, TX USA. RP Harmel, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Harmel, Daren/L-5162-2013 NR 18 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 19 IS 6 BP 667 EP 674 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 757PF UT WOS:000187570100006 ER PT J AU Hammarstrom, JM Sibrell, PL Belkin, HE AF Hammarstrom, JM Sibrell, PL Belkin, HE TI Characterization of limestone reacted with acid-mine drainage in a pulsed limestone bed treatment system at the Friendship Hill National Historical Site, Pennsylvania, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CALCITE; WATERS; IRON; SCHWERTMANNITE; GYPSUM AB Armoring of limestone is a common cause of failure in limestone-based acid-mine drainage (AMD) treatment systems. Limestone is the least expensive material available for acid neutralization, but is not typically recommended for highly acidic, Fe-rich waters due to armoring with Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings. A new AMD treatment technology that uses CO2 in a pulsed limestone bed reactor minimizes armor formation and enhances limestone reaction with AMD. Limestone was characterized before and after treatment with constant flow and with the new pulsed limestone bed process using AMD from an inactive coal mine in Pennsylvania (pH = 2.9, Fe = 150 mg/l, acidity 1000 mg/l CaCO3). In constant flow experiments, limestone is completely armored with reddish-colored ochre within 48 h of contact in a fluidized bed reactor. Effluent pH initially increased from the inflow pH of 2.9 to over 7, but then decreased to <4 during the 48 h of contact. Limestone grains developed a rind of gypsum encapsulated by a 10- to 30-mum thick, Fe-Al hydroxysulfate coating. Armoring slowed the reaction and prevented the limestone from generating any additional alkalinity in the system. With the pulsed flow limestone bed process, armor formation is largely suppressed and most limestone grains completely dissolve resulting in an effluent pH of >6 during operation. Limestone removed from a pulsed bed pilot plant is a mixture of unarmored, rounded and etched limestone grains and partially armored limestone and refractory mineral grains (dolomite, pyrite). The similar to30% of the residual grains in the pulsed flow reactor that are armored have thicker (50- to 100-mum), more aluminous coatings and lack the gypsum rind that develops in the constant flow experiment. Aluminium-rich zones developed in the interior parts of armor rims in both the constant flow and pulsed limestone bed experiments in response to pH changes at the solid/solution interface. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Hammarstrom, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Sibrell, Philip/0000-0001-5666-1228; Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 32 TC 68 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 11 BP 1705 EP 1721 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00105-7 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 715FY UT WOS:000184961500004 ER PT J AU La Peyre, MK Rowe, S AF La Peyre, MK Rowe, S TI Effects of salinity changes on growth of Ruppia maritima L. SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE submerged aquatic vegetation; Louisiana; greenhouse study; salinity change; variation ID SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES; WESTERN-EUROPE; COMMUNITIES; ECOLOGY; MARSH; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; TEXAS AB The ability of Ruppia maritima L. to tolerate moderate salinity changes was determined in a greenhouse study. While R. maritima has been shown to survive in salinities from 0 to 70 ppt, it has been suggested that changes in salinity alone may be detrimental. We tested the hypothesis that along the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, R. maritima may be limited not by salinity averages, but by salinity changes which occur. In a 9-week experiment, in summer 2001, relative growth rate of R. maritima was compared between salinity treatments which included constant salinity (10 g l(-1)), one salinity change (+/-10 g l(-1)), and two salinity changes (+/-10 g l(-1)). Relative growth rate was highest under constant salinity, and significantly lower than the control (constant salinity) when salinity was reduced by 10 g l(-1) over 48 h at week 3, and increased by 10 g l(-1) at week 6 suggesting that short-term freshening events may negatively impact R. maritima growth. Relative growth rate was also significantly lower when salinity was raised twice, once at week 3, and again at week 6 to reach 30 g l(-1). Pulsed salinity changes may limit R. maritima growth and distribution in this region. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, USGS Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP La Peyre, MK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, USGS Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 77 IS 3 BP 235 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00109-8 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 735EX UT WOS:000186100400005 ER PT J AU Edwards, ME Hamilton, TD Elias, SA Bigelow, NH Krumhardt, AP AF Edwards, ME Hamilton, TD Elias, SA Bigelow, NH Krumhardt, AP TI Interglacial extension of the boreal forest limit in the Noatak Valley, northwest Alaska: Evidence from an exhumed river-cut bluff and debris apron SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC TREE LINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; VEGETATION-RESPONSE; HISTORY; TUNDRA; QUEBEC; CANADA; BASIN; RECONSTRUCTION; ENVIRONMENTS AB Numerous exposures of Pleistocene sediments occur in the Noatak basin, which extends for 130 km along the Noatak River in northwestern Alaska. Nk-37, an extensive bluff exposure near the west end of the basin, contains a record of at least three glacial advances separated by interglacial and interstadial deposits. An ancient river-cut bluff and associated debris apron is exposed in profile through the central part of Nk-37. The debris apron contains a rich biotic record and represents part of an interglaciation that is probably assignable to marine-isotope stage 5. Pollen spectra from the lower part of the debris apron closely resemble modern samples taken from the Noatak floodplain in spruce gallery forest, and macrofossils of spruce are also present at this level. Fossil bark beetles and carpenter ants occur higher in the debris apron. Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) estimates from the fossil beetles suggest temperatures similar to or warmer than today. Together, these fossils indicate the presence of an interglacial spruce forest in the western part of the Noatak Basin, which lies about 80 km upstream of the modem limit of spruce forest. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Alaska, Alaska Quaternary Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Edwards, ME (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Sch Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. EM M.E.Edwards@soton.ac.uk NR 45 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 35 IS 4 BP 460 EP 468 DI 10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0460:IEOTBF]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 780KT UT WOS:000189380400008 ER PT J AU Nanus, L Campbell, DH Ingersoll, GP Clow, DW Mast, MA AF Nanus, L Campbell, DH Ingersoll, GP Clow, DW Mast, MA TI Atmospheric deposition maps for the Rocky Mountains SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; GIS; kriging; precipitation chemistry; Rocky Mountains ID WET-DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; CHEMISTRY; COLORADO; SNOWPACK; MODEL AB Variability in atmospheric deposition across the Rocky Mountains is influenced by elevation, slope, aspect, and precipitation amount and by regional and local sources of air pollution. To improve estimates of deposition in mountainous regions, maps of average annual atmospheric deposition loadings of nitrate, sulfate, and acidity were developed for the Rocky Mountains by using spatial statistics. A parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model (PRISM) was incorporated to account for variations in precipitation amount over mountainous regions. Chemical data were obtained from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network and from annual snowpack surveys conducted by the US Geological Survey and National Park Service, in cooperation with other Federal, State and local agencies. Surface concentration maps were created by ordinary kriging in a geographic information system, using a local trend and mathematical model to estimate the spatial variance. Atmospheric-deposition maps were constructed at l-km resolution by multiplying surface concentrations from the kriged grid and estimates of precipitation amount from the PRISM model. Maps indicate an increasing spatial trend in concentration and deposition of the modeled constituents, particularly nitrate and sulfate, from north to south throughout the Rocky Mountains and identify hot-spots of atmospheric deposition that result from combined local and regional sources of air pollution. Highest nitrate (2.5-3.0 kg/ha N) and sulfate (10.0-12.0 kg/ha SO4) deposition is found in northern Colorado. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nanus, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 37 IS 35 BP 4881 EP 4892 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.024 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 735DW UT WOS:000186098000004 ER PT J AU Pankow, JF Luo, WT Bender, DA Isabelle, LM Hollingsworth, JS Chen, C Asher, WE Zogorski, JS AF Pankow, JF Luo, WT Bender, DA Isabelle, LM Hollingsworth, JS Chen, C Asher, WE Zogorski, JS TI Concentrations and co-occurrence correlations of 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of 13 semi-rural to urban locations in the United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds (VOCs); benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, BTX (BTEX); aromatic hydrocarbons; alkyl benzenes; alkylated aromatics; MTBE; ETBE; TAME; chlorinated hydrocarbons; solvents; chlorofluorocarbons; CFC (CFCs); urban air; air quality; adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD) ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; OUTDOOR; STREAMS; INDOOR; KOREA; MTBE AB The ambient air concentrations of 88 volatile organic compounds were determined in samples taken at 13 semi-rural to urban locations in Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Louisiana, and California. The sampling periods ranged from 7 to 29 months, yielding a large data set with a total of 23,191 individual air concentration values, some of which were designated "ND" (not detected). For each compound at each sampling site, the air concentrations (c(a), ppbV) are reported in terms of means, medians, and means of the detected values. The analytical method utilized adsorption/thermal desorption with air-sampling cartridges. The analytes included numerous halogenated alkanes. halogenated alkenes, ethers, alcohols, nitriles, esters, ketones, aromatics, a disulfide, and a furan. At some sites, the air concentrations of the gasoline-related aromatic compounds and the gasoline additive methyl tertbutyl ether were seasonally dependent, with concentrations that maximized in the winter. For each site studied here, the concentrations of some compounds were highly correlated one with another (e.g., the BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene. and the xylenes). Other aromatic compounds were also all generally correlated with one another, while the concentrations of other compound pairs were not correlated (e.g., benzene was not correlated with CFC-12). The concentrations found for the BTEX group were generally lower than the values that have been previously reported for urbanized and industrialized areas of other nations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, OGI Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, Portland, OR 97291 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Pankow, JF (reprint author), Engn Oregon Grad Inst Sci Technol, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, POB 91000, Portland, OR 97291 USA. NR 30 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 37 IS 36 BP 5023 EP 5046 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.006 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 738WJ UT WOS:000186310600003 ER PT J AU Smith, GC Covich, AR Brasher, AMD AF Smith, GC Covich, AR Brasher, AMD TI An ecological perspective on the biodiversity of tropical island streams SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tropical island; stream ecology; island biogeography; watershed; aquatic resources ID FRESH-WATER SHRIMPS; SPECIES RICHNESS; FISH; MICRONESIA; HAWAII AB Ecological processes of insular tropical stream drainages are not well understood. Furthermore, it is not yet clear how the concepts and paradigms derived from studies of continental stream ecosystems in the temperate zone can be effectively applied to understanding and managing tropical island watersheds. The articles in this special section describe important aspects of how tropical stream ecosystems are structured and how these systems function and change over time in response to natural processes and human activities. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Fish & Wildlife Off, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Smith, GC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Fish & Wildlife Off, 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 26 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11 BP 1048 EP 1051 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1048:AEPOTB]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 741XH UT WOS:000186485300008 ER PT J AU Brasher, AMD AF Brasher, AMD TI Impacts of human disturbances on biotic communities in Hawaiian streams SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian streams; islands; urbanization; water diversion; habitat alteration ID WEST-INDIES; SICYDIUM-PUNCTATUM; DIADROMOUS GOBIES; LENTIPES-CONCOLOR; COSTA-RICA; FISH; GOBY; RIVER; LIFE; RECRUITMENT AB Streams throughout the tropics have been altered by water diversion, channel modification, introduced species, and water quality degradation. The Hawaiian Islands, with watersheds ranging from the relatively pristine to the highly degraded, offer an opportunity to examine the impacts of human disturbance on native stream communities. For example, urbanization is often accompanied by stream-channel modification and reduced canopy cover, resulting in higher water temperatures and greater fluctuations in daily temperature. Even in relatively pristine watersheds, stream diversions can result in decreased flow velocity and water depth, reducing habitat availability. Dewatering of stream reaches can also inhibit downstream dispersal of larvae and upstream migration of juveniles and adults of native species. Many normative aquatic species are better adapted than native species to degraded habitats; once established in these habitats, they can cause further reduction in native populations through competition, predation, and the introduction of parasites or diseases. Understanding the relationship between habitat alteration and aquatic community structure is critical for developing sound management strategies. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Brasher, AMD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 2329 W Orton Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. NR 66 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11 BP 1052 EP 1060 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1052:IOHDOB]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 741XH UT WOS:000186485300009 ER PT J AU Lacroix, DL Lanctot, RB Reed, JA McDonald, TL AF Lacroix, DL Lanctot, RB Reed, JA McDonald, TL TI Effect of underwater seismic surveys on molting male Long-tailed Ducks in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article AB Large numbers of Long-tailed Ducks (Clangula hyemalis) (10 000 - 30 000) undergo a postnuptial wing molt along barrier islands of the Beaufort Sea, Alaska. To investigate the potential effects of underwater seismic activities on this species, we monitored the number and diving behavior of molting Long-tailed Ducks before, during, and after seismic activities in a seismic area and two control areas nearby between July and September 2001. Aerial surveys documented a decline in duck numbers in both seismic and control areas during the period of seismic activity. We used automated data-collection computers to monitor the presence and diving behavior of radio-equipped Long-tailed Ducks residing within 2.5 km of a series of computer setups located along the barrier islands and on the mainland. A statistical analysis based on a modified before-after control-impact approach found no difference in indices of site fidelity or diving intensity between the seismic area and two control areas. Thus, we found no effect of seismic activity on movements and diving behavior of molting Long-tailed Ducks. These results should be evaluated carefully, however, as logistical and ecological factors limited our ability to detect more subtle disturbance effects. We recommend additional studies on other bird species to fully understand the effects of underwater seismic testing. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Sci Off, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 201, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Richard_lanctot@fws.gov RI McDonald, Trent/F-2885-2014 OI McDonald, Trent/0000-0001-7608-6988 NR 31 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1862 EP 1875 DI 10.1139/Z03-185 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 770KQ UT WOS:000188730300011 ER PT J AU Ulrich, EM Helsel, DR Foreman, WT AF Ulrich, EM Helsel, DR Foreman, WT TI Complications with using ratios for environmental data: comparing enantiomeric ratios (ERs) and enantiomer fractions (EFs) SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE ratio functions; skewed distributions; parametric statistics; boundary conditions; enantiomer fraction; partition coefficients ID ALPHA-HCH; CHLORDANE; AIR; EXCHANGE; PESTICIDES; SOIL; SEA; HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANES; HYDROCARBONS; METABOLITES AB Complications arise when ratios are used to present environmental data because ratios are an unbounded, multiplicative scale that can lead to asymmetrical (skewed) data distributions. Enantiomeric ratios (ERs), historically used in discussions of chiral signatures, often are published as mean ER +/- single-value standard deviation. Application of statistical summaries, such as the widely used sample mean and standard deviation, to skewed ratio data is misleading and often inappropriate. Comparison of statistically summarized ER and enantiomer fraction (EF) data (which are based on a bounded, additive scale) for a range of hypothetical values reveals substantial discrepancies when conversion between ER and EF formats is used. These discrepancies are largest when the ratio data are greater than one and have large variability, because the data are more skewed. In many cases, the use of fractions instead of ratios can help to minimize misrepresentation of environmental data, including chiral data. The use of nonparametric statistical summaries, e.g., median and percentiles, provides a more robust indicator of the typical value and spread for both ER and EF data. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Foreman, WT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, POB 25046,MS 407, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 5 BP 531 EP 538 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00538-1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 723AL UT WOS:000185410200011 PM 12948537 ER PT J AU Huntington, TG Hodgkins, GA Dudley, RW AF Huntington, TG Hodgkins, GA Dudley, RW TI Historical trend in river ice thickness and coherence in hydroclimatological trends in Maine SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; LAKE-ICE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; AIR TEMPERATURES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NEW-ENGLAND; COVER; VARIABILITY; MODEL; DATES AB We analyzed long-term records of ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine and air temperature in Maine to determine whether there were temporal trends that were associated with climate warming. The trend in ice thickness was compared and correlated with regional time series of winter air temperature, heating degree days (HDD), date of river ice-out, seasonal center-of-volume date (SCVD) (date on which half of the stream runoff volume during the period 1 Jan. to 31 May has occurred), water temperature, and lake ice-out date. All of these variables except lake ice-out date showed significant temporal trends during the 20th century. Average ice thickness around 28 February decreased by about 23 cm from 1912 to 2001. Over the period 1900 to 1999, winter air temperature increased by 1.7degreesC and HDD decreased by about 7.5%. Final ice-out date on the Piscataquis River occurred earlier (advanced), by 0.21 days yr(-1) over the period 1931 to 2002, and the SCVD advanced by 0.11 days yr(-1) over the period 1903 to 2001. Ice thickness was significantly correlated(P-value <0.01) with winter air temperature, HDD, river ice-out, and SCVD. These systematic temporal trends in multiple hydrologic indicator variables indicate a coherent response to climate forcing. C1 US Geol Survey, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. RP Huntington, TG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 196 Whitten Rd, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. OI Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 50 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD NOV PY 2003 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 217 EP 236 DI 10.1023/A:1026360615401 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 738DU UT WOS:000186272100011 ER PT J AU Webb, RE Leslie, DM Lochmiller, RL Masters, RE AF Webb, RE Leslie, DM Lochmiller, RL Masters, RE TI Immune function and hematology of male cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in response to food supplementation and methionine SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dietary protein; dietary quality; hematology; hispid cotton rat; immunocompetence; methionine; Oklahoma; supplementation.; Sigmodon hispidus ID CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; WHITE-TAILED DEER; NUTRITIONAL-REQUIREMENTS; MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; COLINUS-VIRGINIANUS; DIETARY-PROTEIN; PRAIRIE VOLE; VALUES AB We examined effects of supplementation of food quantity and quality (=enhanced methionine) on hematologic and immunologic parameters of wild, but enclosed, adult male cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in north-central Oklahoma. Sheet metal enclosures were stocked with a high density of wild-caught cotton rats (160 animals/ha) and randomly assigned a treatment of no supplementation, mixed-ration supplementation or methionine-enhanced supplementation. Aside from small increases in counts of red blood cells and hematocrit levels, most indices of erythrocytic characteristics were not affected by supplementation with the mixed-ration or enhanced methionine. In contrast, platelet counts were highest in mixed-ration and methionine treatments and counts of total white blood cells were highest with methionine supplementation, albeit relative proportions of different leukocytes did not differ among treatments. Immunologically, neither delayed-type hypersensitivity response nor hemolytic-complement activity differed among treatments. Supplementation of food quantity and quality did not broadly affect hematologic parameters and immune function of male cotton rats, but enhanced platelet and leukocyte counts may confer advantages to overall health. Clarification of the role of such effects on population limitation or regulation requires additional research. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Webb, RE (reprint author), USA, Field Artillery Ctr, ATZR TRL, Bldg 2583,Currie Rd, Ft Sill, OK 73503 USA. NR 97 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 136 IS 3 BP 577 EP 589 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00209-5 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 748MT UT WOS:000186866200009 PM 14613786 ER PT J AU Knick, ST Dobkin, DS Rotenberry, JT Schroeder, MA Vander Haegen, WM van Riper, C AF Knick, ST Dobkin, DS Rotenberry, JT Schroeder, MA Vander Haegen, WM van Riper, C TI Teetering on the edge or too late? Conservation and research issues for avifauna of sagebrush habitats SO CONDOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Effects of Multiscale Landscape Changes on Poputations of Birds in Arid Lands of the Internountain West CY AUG, 2001 CL BOISE, ID SP USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr DE Artemisia; conservation; landscape change; land use; priority research issues; sagebrush ecosystems; shrubland loss ID WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN; BREEDING PASSERINE BIRDS; NORTHWESTERN GREAT-BASIN; SAGE-GROUSE; LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS; SHRUBSTEPPE HABITATS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; EASTERN WASHINGTON AB Degradation, fragmentation, and loss of native sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) landscapes have imperiled these habitats and their associated avifauna. Historically, this vast piece of the Western landscape has been undervalued: even though more than 70% of all remaining sagebrush habitat in the United States is publicly owned, <3% of it is protected as federal reserves or national parks. We review the threats facing birds in sagebrush habitats to emphasize the urgency for conservation and research actions, and synthesize existing information that forms the foundation for recommended research directions. Management and conservation of birds in sagebrush habitats will require more research into four major topics: (1) identification of primary land-use practices and their influence on sagebrush habitats and birds, (2) better understanding of bird responses to habitat components and disturbance processes of sagebrush ecosystems, (3) improved hierarchical designs for surveying and monitoring programs, and (4) linking bird movements and population changes during migration and wintering periods to dynamics on the sagebrush breeding grounds. This research is essential because we already have seen that sagebrush habitats can be altered by land use, spread of invasive plants, and disrupted disturbance regimes beyond a threshold at which natural recovery is unlikely. Research on these issues should be instituted on lands managed by state or federal agencies because most lands still dominated by sagebrush are owned publicly. In addition to the challenge of understanding shrubsteppe bird-habitat dynamics, conservation of sagebrush landscapes depends on our ability to recognize and communicate their intrinsic value and on our resolve to conserve them. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. High Desert Ecol Res Inst, Bend, OR 97702 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Conservat Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Bridgeport, WA 98813 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. No Arizona Univ, USGS, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Knick, ST (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM steve_knick@usgs.gov NR 181 TC 169 Z9 175 U1 6 U2 46 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 611 EP 634 DI 10.1650/7329 PG 24 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400001 ER PT J AU Wunder, MB Knopf, FL Pague, CA AF Wunder, MB Knopf, FL Pague, CA TI The high-elevation population of Mountain Plovers in Colorado SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Charadrius montanus; Colorado; distance sampling; Mountain Plover; population estimation; South Park AB We surveyed a discrete population of Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) in South Park, Park County, Colorado, to determine the size and relative contribution of this geographically isolated area to the global population of plovers. First, we mapped potential plover habitat within South Park based on landform and vegetation descriptors. Second, we identified occupied habitat using observations from a systematic inventory of potential habitat from 1995-1999 and from a study of breeding biology from 2000-2002. Third, we estimated breeding densities within a framework designed specifically for distance sampling. We mapped 82 750 ha of potential habitat. We recorded 2516 plover locations from which we estimated 29 176 ha of occupied habitat. We estimated densities for 14 960 ha of potential habitat. Average plover density from 2000-2002 was 7.9 +/- 0.9 (SE) breeding adults km(-2), a high value compared with other sites. We calculated a population of 1187 +/- 140 (SE) plovers in the distance sampling area. Assuming density in our sampling area was similar for all documented occupied habitat, we estimated the population of plovers in South Park at 2310 adults. We conclude that South Park represents a contemporarily large concentration of breeding Mountain Plovers. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Nat Heritage Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Wunder, MB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 654 EP 662 DI 10.1650/7316 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400003 ER PT J AU Parker, TH Stansberry, BM Becker, CD Gipson, PS AF Parker, TH Stansberry, BM Becker, CD Gipson, PS TI Do melanin- or carotenoid-pigmented plumage ornaments signal condition and predict pairing success in the Kentucky Warbler? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Oporornis formosus; pairing success; reflectance spectra ID SEXUAL DICHROMATISM; PARUS-CAERULEUS; COLORATION; SELECTION; FINCHES; TRAITS; BIRDS AB Yellow and red feathers pigmented by carotenoids can signal a bird's condition and are important to both female choice and male-male competition. Melanin-based ornaments are thought to be less effective than carotenoid ornaments as indicators of condition, though their signal function is still relatively unstudied. We examined both carotenoid and melanin-pigmented feather ornaments in a single species, the Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus). Both males and females of this species have melanin-pigmented ornamentation (black crown, black face) and carotenoid-pigmented ornamentation (lemon-yellow undersides). Melanin-pigmented plumage patches were larger in males than females, and males had brighter breast plumage, with a larger ultraviolet component, than females. Among males in the wild, individuals in better condition had more extensive black caps and faces, but not brighter-yellow breasts. Males with larger black caps were more likely to attract mates. This work demonstrates that, in a species with both melanin-and carotenoid-pigmented plumage, melanin-pigmented ornaments can signal condition, and that a melanin-based signal can explain variance in mating success. C1 Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Hort Forestry & Recreat Resources, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Parker, TH (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England. RI Parker, Timothy/B-6895-2009 OI Parker, Timothy/0000-0003-2995-5284 NR 23 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 17 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 663 EP 671 DI 10.1650/7335 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400004 ER PT J AU Washburn, BE Millspaugh, JJ Schulz, JH Jones, SB Mong, T AF Washburn, BE Millspaugh, JJ Schulz, JH Jones, SB Mong, T TI Using fecal glucocorticoids for stress assessment in mourning doves SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Columbiformes; corticosterone; feces; noninvasive; physiology; radioimmunoassay; stress ID ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELII; WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; ADRENOCORTICAL-RESPONSE; SEASONAL-CHANGES; TAILED DEER; CORTICOSTERONE; MODULATION; METABOLISM; EXCRETION AB Fecal glucocorticoid assays provide a potentially useful, noninvasive means to study physiological responses of wildlife to various stressors. The objective of our study was to validate a method for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) feces. We validated the assay using standard procedures (e.g., parallelism, recovery of exogenous corticosterone) to demonstrate that the assay accurately and precisely measured glucocorticoid metabolites in Mourning Dove fecal extracts. We conducted adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) challenge experiments to validate the assay's ability to determine biologically important changes in fecal glucocorticoids. Fecal glucocorticoid levels increased significantly approximately 2-3 hr after administration of ACTH at 50 IU per kg body mass to wild Mourning Doves held in captivity. In contrast, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites did not increase in control birds, birds that received saline injections, or a lower dose of ACTH (1 IU per kg body mass). Variation in overall fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels may have been influenced by season and the length of time birds were held in captivity. Noninvasive fecal glucocorticoid metabolite analyses, in combination with demographic information, may have considerable utility for monitoring the effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on Mourning Dove populations. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Washburn, BE (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 46 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 696 EP 706 DI 10.1650/7216 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400007 ER PT J AU Perry, EF Andersen, DE AF Perry, EF Andersen, DE TI Advantages of clustered nesting for least flycatchers in north-central Minnesota SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE alarm calls; clustered nesting; Empidonax mimmus; habitat preference; Least Flycatcher; predator deterrence ID DECLINING MAPLE FORESTS; AMERICAN REDSTARTS; BREEDING SUCCESS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; BIRDS; HABITAT; COLONIALITY; PREDATION; FOOD; DISADVANTAGES AB Least Flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) often aggregate their territories, even though advantages of clustering are not apparent. In north-central Minnesota we investigated four potential reasons for clustered nesting in Least Flycatchers: (1) predator deterrence, (2) preferred habitat features, (3) greater food availability, and (4) competitive exclusion. In 1995 and 1996 we compared arthropod abundance, forest structure, and plant species composition inside and outside nine Least Flycatcher clusters. We also compared the response of forest birds to the presentation of a predator (Broad-winged Hawk [Buteo platypterus]), and used point counts to detect any exclusion of potential predators or competitors from the clusters. The predator deterrence hypothesis received the strongest support. In response to hawk presentations inside the clusters, 2.8 times more birds (all species combined) gave 5.8 times more alarm calls than outside, with differences due entirely to the presence of Least Flycatchers. In addition, birds responded to the hawk more quickly inside clusters. Minor differences in habitat seemed insufficient to produce such tight clustering. Neither all arthropods combined nor any of the five orders most frequently caught in sticky traps indicated greater food availability inside the clusters. Black-throated Green Warblers (Dendroica virens) were detected 2.2 to 5.4 times less frequently inside the clusters than outside, but they probably do not compete to a large degree with Least Flycatchers. The dramatic response of Least Flycatchers to the hawk presentations provides the first evidence that antipredator behavior may contribute to the clustering of their territories. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Perry, EF (reprint author), 1520 N 9th Ave E, Duluth, MN 55805 USA. NR 73 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 756 EP 770 DI 10.1650/7162 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400012 ER PT J AU Scribner, KT Malecki, RA Batt, BDJ Inman, RL Libants, S Prince, HH AF Scribner, KT Malecki, RA Batt, BDJ Inman, RL Libants, S Prince, HH TI Identification of source population for Greenland Canada Geese: Genetic assessment of a recent colonization SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE assignment tests; Branta canadensis; Canada Goose; microsatellites; mtDNA; range expansion ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BRANTA-CANADENSIS; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; WEST GREENLAND; FOUNDER EVENTS; CONTROL REGION; DIFFERENTIATION; ANATIDAE; MARKERS; BIRD AB We used microsatellite markers, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and satellite telemetry to infer the North American geographic origin and racial composition of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) from newly colonized habitats in Greenland. Using likelihood-based assignment tests we determined that multilocus genotypes of Greenland Canada Geese were consistent with the hypothesis of origin from birds of the Atlantic Population breeding around southern Ungava Bay, Quebec, Canada. The Atlantic Population, based on previous studies of seasonal movements and demography, appeared to be reproductively isolated from the North Atlantic Population. We found that these two populations were genetically differentiated based on microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequencies. Findings of high levels of genetic discordance among North American breeding populations are consistent with migratory movements, despite high levels of distributional overlap of birds from the North Atlantic and Atlantic Populations during migration and on wintering areas. Findings based on genetic markers were concordant with satellite telemetry conducted during spring migration, which showed that birds destined for Greenland migrate through the southern Ungava Bay breeding colony. Genetic differences among these populations are useful for addressing other issues of ecological or management concern. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Cornell Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ducks Unltd Inc, Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. RP Scribner, KT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 47 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 771 EP 782 DI 10.1650/7331 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400013 ER PT J AU Kruse, KL Lovvorn, JR Takekawa, JY Mackay, J AF Kruse, KL Lovvorn, JR Takekawa, JY Mackay, J TI Winter distribution and survival of a high-desert breeding population of Canvasbacks SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Canvasback; Central Valley; Great Basin; Ruby Lake; San Francisco Bay; survival analysis; winter distribution ID FRANCISCO BAY ESTUARY; AMERICAN AVOCETS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; BODY-MASS; MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; FOOD-HABITS; SALTON-SEA; LOUISIANA; CLIMATE; WATER AB The southernmost major breeding area of Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) is located at the Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada, in the high desert of the western Great Basin. We determined winter distributions, recovery rates, and survival for Canvasbacks banded in Nevada from March to November, 1968-2000. Winter recovery distributions did not differ by sex or age, but differed between direct recoveries (same year as banding) and indirect recoveries (after year of banding), indicating variable site use between years. Of direct band returns (October-March), 92% were from the Pacific Flyway and 56% were from California alone. In California, recovery distributions shifted from southern California and the San Francisco Bay estuary in the 1970s to the Central Valley in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 1990s, there were no recoveries in San Francisco Bay, historically the major wintering area for Canvasbacks in the Pacific Flyway. Adult and juvenile survival decreased by 24% between the 1980s and 1990s. Ruby Lake Canvasbacks exhibited weaker fidelity to wintering sites than Canvasbacks wintering on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Moreover, no major concentrations occurred during fall migration, unlike patterns in eastern North America. Shifts in distribution and survival may correspond to effects of El Nino weather on habitat conditions in Nevada and San Francisco Bay, and to major improvements in water delivery and wetland restoration in the Central Valley. Canvasbacks that use widely distributed and variable habitats may be good indicators of the effects of changing climate and water-use practices on waterbirds throughout this and region. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ruby Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, Ruby Valley, NV 89833 USA. RP Lovvorn, JR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 52 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 791 EP 804 DI 10.1650/7172 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400015 ER PT J AU Boal, CW Andersen, DE Kennedy, PL AF Boal, CW Andersen, DE Kennedy, PL TI Home range and residency status of Northern Goshawks breeding in Minnesota SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Accipiter gentilis; home range; Minnesota; Northern Goshawk; winter residency ID MOVEMENTS; ACCURACY AB We used radio-telemetry to estimate breeding season home-range size of 17 male and I I female Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and combined home ranges of 10 pairs of breeding goshawks in Minnesota. Home-range sizes for male and female goshawks were 2593 and 2494 ha, respectively, using the minimum convex polygon, and 3927 and 5344 ha, respectively, using the 95% fixed kernel. Home ranges of male and female members of 10 goshawk pairs were smaller than combined home-range size of those pairs (mean difference = 3527 ha; 95% CI = 891 to 6164 ha). Throughout the nonbreeding season, the maximum distance from the nest recorded for all but one goshawk was 12.4 km. Goshawks breeding in Minnesota have home ranges similar to or larger than those reported in most other areas. Home-range overlap between members of breeding pairs was typically less than or equal to50%, and both members of breeding pairs were associated with breeding home ranges year round. Goshawk management plans based on estimated home-range size of individual hawks may substantially underestimate the area actually used by a nesting pair. C1 Texas Tech Univ, USGS, BRD, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Oregon State Univ, Union Expt Stn, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Union, OR 97883 USA. RP Boal, CW (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, USGS, BRD, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI Kennedy, Patricia/I-4902-2015 OI Kennedy, Patricia/0000-0002-2090-1821 NR 28 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 10 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2003 VL 105 IS 4 BP 811 EP 816 DI 10.1650/7138 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 741TX UT WOS:000186477400017 ER PT J AU Barron, JA AF Barron, JA TI Planktonic marine diatom record of the past 18 m.y.: Appearances and extinctions in the Pacific and Southern Oceans SO DIATOM RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID THALASSIOSIRA-TRIFULTA GROUP; LATE NEOGENE SEDIMENTS; TO-HIGH LATITUDES; ATLANTIC SECTOR; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; NORTH PACIFIC; LEG 90; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; MIOCENE AB Recently published diatom biochronologies provide accurate (to 0.1 m.y.) determination of the ages of appearances and disappearances of planktonic diatoms during the past 18 m.y. in the equatorial Pacific, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean. Comparisons of these records reveal the age of evolutionary appearance and extinction of species and their region of origin. Extinct planktonic diatom species have a mean longevity of 3.4 +/- 2.8 m.y. (SD, n = 53) in the equatorial Pacific, 2.5 +/- 2.1 m.y. (n = 52) in the North Pacific, and 2.9 +/- 2.3 m.y. (n = 38) in the Southern Ocean. The relatively large standard deviations are likely due to the inclusion of taxa that probably could be subdivided into two or more species. In the equatorial Pacific, evolutionary turnover of diatom species was relatively high between 18.0 and 6.0 Ma compared with the period after 6.0 Ma, presumably reflecting changing oceanic circulation and evolving water masses. In the North Pacific, evolutionary turnover peaked between 10.0 and 4.5 Ma, with increasing high-latitude cooling and enhanced provincialism. In the Southern Ocean, evolutionary turnover of endemic diatoms was greatest between 5.0 and 1.6 Ma, which provides evidence for the strong provincial character of Pliocene diatom assemblages. Taken as a whole, oceanic diatom assemblages became increasingly provincial in character during the late Miocene and Pliocene, as pole-to-equator thermal gradients increased and oceanic frontal systems were strengthened. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Barron, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jbarron@usgs.gov NR 69 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIOPRESS LIMITED PI BRISTOL PA THE ORCHARD, CLANAGE RD, BRISTOL BS3 2JX, ENGLAND SN 0269-249X J9 DIATOM RES JI Diatom Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 203 EP 224 PG 22 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 751TC UT WOS:000187082200001 ER PT J AU Lyford, ME Jackson, ST Betancourt, JL Gray, ST AF Lyford, ME Jackson, ST Betancourt, JL Gray, ST TI Influence of landscape structure and climate variability on a late Holocene plant migration SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE climate variability; Juniperus osteosperma; landscape structure; long-distance dispersal; Utah juniper; woodrat middens ID LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL; GREAT-LAKES REGION; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE; POSTGLACIAL VEGETATION; EOLIAN DEPOSITION; GOLD EXPLORATION; AGE CALIBRATION AB We analyzed and radiocarbon-dated 205 fossil woodrat middens from 14 sites in central and northern Wyoming and adjacent Utah and Montana to document spatiotemporal patterns of Holocene invasion by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Holocene migration into central and northern Wyoming and southern Montana from the south proceeded by a series of long-distance dispersal events, which were. paced by climate variability and structured by the geographic distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats on the landscape. The migration of Utah juniper into the region involved multiple long-distance dispersal events, ranging from 30 to 135 kin. One of the earliest established populations, on East Pryor Mountain in south central Montana, is currently the northernmost population of the species. Establishment by long-distance dispersal of that population and another in the Bighorn Basin occurred during a period of relatively dry climate between 7500 and 5400 years ago. Further expansion of these initial colonizing populations and backfilling to occupy suitable sites to the south was delayed during a wet period from 5400 to 2800 years ago. Development of dry conditions 2800 years ago led to a rapid expansion in which Utah juniper colonized sites throughout its current range. Landscape structure and climate variability play important roles in governing the pattern and pace of natural invasions and deserve close attention in studying and modeling plant invasions, whether exotic or natural. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 107 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 4 BP 567 EP 583 DI 10.1890/03-4011 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754FA UT WOS:000187291000004 ER PT J AU Velasco, F Herrero, JM Yusta, I Alonso, JA Seebold, I Leach, D AF Velasco, F Herrero, JM Yusta, I Alonso, JA Seebold, I Leach, D TI Geology and geochemistry of the Reocin zinc-lead deposit, Basque-Cantabrian basin, northern Spain SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID THERMOCHEMICAL SULFATE REDUCTION; ACTIVE FAULT BLOCKS; PB-ZN DEPOSITS; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; VIBURNUM-TREND; ORE-DEPOSITS; ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; GENETIC-IMPLICATIONS; CARBON ISOTOPES; ORGANIC-MATTER AB The Reocin Zn-Pb deposit, 30 km southwest of Santander, Spain, occurs within Lower Cretaceous dolomitized Urgonian limestones on the southern flank of the Santillana syncline. The Reocin deposit is one of the largest known strata-bound, carbonate-hosted, zinc-lead deposits in Europe. The total metal endowment of the deposit, including past production and remaining reserves, is 62 Mt of ore grading 8.7 percent Zn and 1.0 percent Pb. The epigenetic mineralization consists of sphalerite and galena, with lesser marcasite and trace pyrite with dolomite as gangue. Microprobe analyses of different generations of dolomite revealed nonstoicbiometric compositions with various amounts of iron (up to 14 mol % of FeCO3). Replacement of host dolomite, open-space filling of fractures, and cementation of breccias derived from dissolution collapse are the principal types of ore occurrence. Detailed cross-section mapping indicates a stratigraphic and structural control on the deposit. A stratiform morphology is present in the western part of the orebody (Capa Sur), whereas mineralization in the eastern part is highly discordant but strata bound (Barrendera). Stratigrapbic studies demonstrate that synsedimentary tectonic activity, related to the rifting of the North Atlantic (Bay of Biscay), was responsible for variation in sedimentation, presence of unconformities (including paleokarsts), local platform emergence and dolomitization along the N60 fault trend. In the Reocin area, two stages of dolomitization are recognized. The first stage is a pervasive dolomitization of the limestone country rocks that was controlled by faulting and locally affected the upper part of the Aptian and the complete Albian sequence. The second dolomitization event occurred after erosion and was controlled by karstic cavities. This later dolomitization was accompanied by ore deposition and, locally, filling of dolomite sands and clastic sediments in karstic cavities. The circulation of hydrothermal fluids responsible for sulfide deposition and the infilling of karst cavities were broadly contemporaneous, indicating a post-Albian age. Vitrinite reflectance data are consistent with previously measured fluid inclusion temperatures and indicate temperatures of ore deposition that were less than 100degreesC. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data from samples of regional limestone, host-rock dolostone and ore-stage dolomite suggest an early hydrothermal alteration of limestone to dolostone. This initial dolomitization was followed by a second period of dolomite formation produced by the mixing of basinal metal-rich fluids with local modified seawater. Both dolomitization events occurred under similar conditions from fluids exhibiting characteristics of basinal brines. The delta(34)S values of sulfides are between -1.8 and +8.5 per mil, which is consistent with thermochemical sulfate reduction involving organic matter as the main source of reduced sulfur. Galena lead isotope compositions are among the most radiogenic values reported for Zn-Pb occurrences in Europe, and they are distinct from values reported for galena from other Basque-Cantabrian deposits. This suggests that a significant part of the lead was scavenged from the local underlying Asturian sediments. The stratigraphic and structural setting, timing of epigenetic mineralization, mineralogy, and isotopic geochemistry of sulfide and gangue minerals of the Reocin deposit are consistent with the features of most of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits. C1 Univ Basque Country, Dept Mineral & Petrol, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. Asturiana Zinc, Div Explorac Minera, Torrelavega 39300, Cantabria, Spain. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Velasco, F (reprint author), Univ Basque Country, Dept Mineral & Petrol, Apdo 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. EM nppverof@lg.ehu.es NR 98 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 98 IS 7 BP 1371 EP 1396 DI 10.2113/98.7.1371 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 750PA UT WOS:000187003900007 ER PT J AU Holzer, TL Bennett, MJ AF Holzer, TL Bennett, MJ TI Unsaturation beneath a water table SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water table; groundwater; P-wave velocity; unsaturation ID PROPAGATION; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Holzer, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 379 EP 385 DI 10.2113/9.4.379 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 758LF UT WOS:000187635300008 ER PT J AU Halvorson, WL Castellanos, AE Murrieta-Saldivar, J AF Halvorson, WL Castellanos, AE Murrieta-Saldivar, J TI Sustainable land use requires attention to ecological signals SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sustainable agricultures; salinization; irrigation; groundwater; water management; restoration; Sonora; Mexico AB This case study details the difficulties of landscape management, highlighting the challenges inherent in managing natural resources when multiple agencies are involved, when the land users have no incentive for conservation, and when government agencies have too few resources for effective management. Pumping of groundwater from the aquifer of La Costa de Hermosillo in the state of Sonora, Mexico, began in 1945 and developed so quickly that by the late 1950s salinity intrusion from the Gulf of California was occurring in the wells. In the 1970s, the irrigatable land in La Costa peaked at 132,516 ha and the extracted volume of water from the aquifer peaked at around 1. 14 billion cubic meters annually. By the 1980s, 105 wells of the total of 498 were contaminated with seawater and, therefore, identified for closure. At present La Costa de Hermosillo still represents 15% of the total harvested land, 16% of the total annual production, and 23% of the gross agricultural production of the state of Sonora. However, there are approximately 80,000 ha of abandoned fields due to salt water intension, lack of water and/or lack of credit available to individual farmers. This unstable situation resulted from the interplay of water management policies and practices, and farm-land policies and practices. While government agencies have been able to enforce better water use for agricultural production, there remains a significant area that requires restoration from its degraded state. For this piece of the ecosystem management puzzle, government agencies have thus far been unable to affect a solution. C1 Univ Arizona, Sonora Desert Field Stn, USGS SW Biol Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Sonora, Dept Invest Cient & Tecnol, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Sonoran Inst, Tucson, AZ 85715 USA. RP Halvorson, WL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sonora Desert Field Stn, USGS SW Biol Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 551 EP 558 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-2889-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759XB UT WOS:000187777400003 PM 15015694 ER PT J AU Griffith, JA Stehman, SV Loveland, TR AF Griffith, JA Stehman, SV Loveland, TR TI Landscape trends in Mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States ecoregions SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape monitoring; ecoregions; trends; indicators; fragmentation; Mid-Atlantic United States; southeastern United States ID LAND-COVER DATA; REGIONAL-SCALE; PATTERN; FRAGMENTATION; METRICS; FOREST; DEFORESTATION; BIODIVERSITY; CONSEQUENCES; AGRICULTURE AB Landscape pattern and composition metrics are potential indicators for broad-scale monitoring of change and for relating change to human and ecological processes. We used a probability sample of 20-km x 20-km sampling blocks to characterize landscape composition and pattern in five US ecoregions: the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Northern Piedmont, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains. Land use/land cover (LULC) data for five dates between 1972 and 2000 were obtained for each sample block. Analyses focused on quantifying trends in selected landscape pattern metrics by ecoregion and comparing trends in land cover proportions and pattern metrics among ecoregions. Repeated measures analysis of the landscape pattern documented a statistically significant trend in all five ecoregions towards a more fine-grained landscape from the early 1970s through 2000. The ecologically important forest cover class also became more fine-grained with time (i.e., more numerous and smaller forest patches). Trends in LULC, forest edge, and forest percent like adjacencies differed among ecoregions. These results suggest that ecoregions provide a geographically coherent way to regionalize the story of national land use and land cover change in the United States. This study provides new information on LULC change in the southeast United States. Previous studies of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s showed a decrease in landscape fragmentation and an increase in percent forest, while this study showed an increase in forest fragmentation and a loss of forest cover. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Geog, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Griffith, JA (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Geog, Box 5051, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RI Griffith, Jerry/C-1119-2009 NR 64 TC 48 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 572 EP 588 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-0078-2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759XB UT WOS:000187777400005 PM 15015696 ER PT J AU Martin, AJ Jambor, JL Pedersen, TF Crusius, J AF Martin, AJ Jambor, JL Pedersen, TF Crusius, J TI Post-depositional behavior of Cu in a metal-mining polishing pond (East Lake, Canada) SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANOXIC MARINE-SEDIMENTS; MINE TAILINGS; TRACE-METALS; SULFIDE FORMATION; HEAVY-METALS; WATER; DIFFUSION; ONTARIO; GEOCHEMISTRY; DIAGENESIS AB The post-depositional behavior of Cu in a gold-mining polishing pond (East Lake, Canada) was assessed after mine closure by examination of porewater chemistry and mineralogy. The near-surface (upper 1.5 cm) sediments are enriched in Cu, with values ranging from 0.4 to 2 wt%. Mineralogical examination revealed that the bulk of the Cu inventory is present as authigenic copper sulfides. Optical microscopy, energy-dispersion spectra, an X-ray data indicate that the main Cu sulfide is covellite (Cu). The formation of authigenic Cu-S phases is supported by the porewater data, which demonstrate that the sediments are serving as a sink for dissolved Cu below sub-bottom depths of 1-2 cm. The zone of Cu removal is consistent with the occurrence of detectable sulfide and the consumption of sulfate. The sediments can be viewed as a passive bioreactor that permanently removes Cu as insoluble copper sulfides. This process is not unlike that which occurs in other forms of bioremediation, such as wetlands and permeable reactive barriers. Above the zone of Cu removal, dissolved Cu maxima in the interfacial porewaters range from 150 to 450 mug L-1 and reflect the dissolution of a Cu-bearing phase in the surface sediments. The reactive phase is thought to be a component of treatment sludges delivered to the lake as part of cyanide treatment. Flux calculations indicate that the efflux of dissolved Cu from the sediments to the water column (14-51 mug cm(-2) yr(-1)) can account for the elevated levels of dissolved Cu in lake waters (similar to50 mug L-1). Implications for lake recovery are discussed. C1 Lorax Environem Serv, Vancouver, BC V6B 5L1, Canada. Leslie Res & Consulting, Tsawwassen, BC V4M 3L9, Canada. Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6W 3P6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Martin, AJ (reprint author), Lorax Environem Serv, 1108 Mainland St, Vancouver, BC V6B 5L1, Canada. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 4925 EP 4933 DI 10.1021/es0342421 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739HN UT WOS:000186339200037 PM 14620820 ER PT J AU Johnson, RL Thoms, RB Zogorski, JS AF Johnson, RL Thoms, RB Zogorski, JS TI Effects of daily precipitation and evapotranspiration patterns on flow and VOC transport to groundwater along a watershed flow path SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; GENERATING SURFACE RUNOFF; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; OVERLAND-FLOW; EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION; SUBSURFACE FLOW; SOIL; CHEMICALS; MTBE AB MTBE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widely observed in shallow groundwater in the United States, especially in urban areas. Previous studies suggest that the atmosphere and/or nonpoint surficial sources could be responsible for some of those VOCs, especially in areas where there is net recharge to groundwater. However, in semiarid locations where annual potential evapotranspiration can exceed annual precipitation, VOC detections in groundwater can be frequent. VOC transport to, groundwater under net discharge conditions has not previously been examined. A numerical model is used here to demonstrate that daily precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) patterns can have a significant effect on recharge to groundwater, water table elevations, and VOC transport. Ten-year precipitation/ET scenarios from six sites in the United States are examined using both actual daily observed values and "average" pulsed precipitation. MTBE and tetra chloroethylene transport, including gas-phase diffusion, are considered. The effects of the precipitation/ET scenarios on net recharge and groundwater flow are significant and complicated, especially under low-precipitation conditions when pulsed precipitation can significantly underestimate transport to groundwater. In addition to precipitation and evapotranspiration effects, location of VOC entry into the subsurface within the watershed is important for transport in groundwater. This is caused by groundwater hydraulics at the watershed scale as well as variations in ET within the watershed. The model results indicate that it is important to consider both daily precipitation/ET patterns and location within the watershed in order to interpret VOC occurrence in groundwater, especially in low-precipitation settings. C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, OGI, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Johnson, RL (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, OGI, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, 20000 NW Walker Rd, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 4944 EP 4954 DI 10.1021/es026252o PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739HN UT WOS:000186339200039 PM 14620822 ER PT J AU Newton, TJ AF Newton, TJ TI The effects of ammonia on freshwater unionid mussels SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID TOXICITY C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Newton, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 14 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 13 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2543 EP 2544 DI 10.1897/03-84 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500003 PM 14587890 ER PT J AU Newton, TJ Allran, JW O'Donnell, JA Bartsch, MR Richardson, WB AF Newton, TJ Allran, JW O'Donnell, JA Bartsch, MR Richardson, WB TI Effects of ammonia on juvenile unionid mussels (Lampsilis cardium) in laboratory sediment toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE unionids; ammonia; toxicity; juveniles; freshwater mussels ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; UPPER MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; ANODONTA-IMBECILIS; CERIODAPHNIA-DUBIA; PORE-WATER; EFFLUENTS; VIRGINIA; BIVALVIA; METALS; CLINCH AB Ammonia is a relatively toxic compound generated in water and sediments by heterotrophic bacteria and accumulates in sediments and pore water. Recent data suggest that unionid mussels are sensitive to un-ionized ammonia (NH3) relative to other organisms. Existing sediment exposure systems are not suitable for ammonia toxicity studies with juvenile unionids; thus, we modified a system to expose juveniles to ammonia that was continuously infused into sediments. This system maintained consistent concentrations of ammonia in pore water up to 10 d. Juvenile Lampsilis cardium mussels were exposed to NH3 in pore water in replicate 96-h and 10-d sediment toxicity tests. The 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were 127 and 165 mug NH3-N/L, and the 10-d LC50s were 93 and 140 mug NH3-N/L. The median effective concentrations (EC50s) (based on the proportion affected, including dead and inactive mussels) were 73 and 119 mug NH3-N/L in the 96-h tests and 71 and 99 mug NH3-N/L in the 10-d tests. Growth rate was substantially reduced at concentrations between 31 and 76 mug NH3-N/L. The lethality results (when expressed as total ammonia) are about one-half the acute national water quality criteria for total ammonia, suggesting that existing criteria may not protect juvenile unionids. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Newton, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564; Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 34 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2554 EP 2560 DI 10.1897/02-342 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500005 PM 14587892 ER PT J AU Bartsch, MR Newton, TJ Allran, JW O'Donnell, JA Richardson, WB AF Bartsch, MR Newton, TJ Allran, JW O'Donnell, JA Richardson, WB TI Effects of pore-water ammonia on in situ survival and growth of juvenile mussels (Lampsilis cardium) in the St. Croix Riverway, Wisconsin, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE unionids; ammonia; in situ; pore water; juveniles ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; MARGARITIFERA-MARGARITIFERA L; ELLIPTIO-COMPLANATA; SEDIMENT; EFFLUENTS; UNIONIDAE; CHEMISTRY; NITROGEN; BIVALVIA AB We conducted a series of in situ tests to evaluate the effects of pore-water ammonia on juvenile Lampsilis cardium in the St. Croix River (WI, USA). Threats to this river and its associated unionid fauna have accelerated in recent years because of its proximity to Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. In 2000, caged juveniles were exposed to sediments and overlying water at 12 sites for 10 d. Survival and growth of juveniles was significantly different between sediment (mean, 47%) and water column (mean, 86%) exposures; however, these effects were unrelated to pore-water ammonia. During 2001, juveniles were exposed to sediments for 4, 10, and 28 d. Pore-water ammonia concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 62.0 mug NH3-N/L in sediments and from 0.5 to 140.8 mug NH3-N/L within exposure chambers. Survival (mean, 45, 28, and 41% at 4, 10, and 28 d, respectively) and growth (range, 3-45 mum/d) of juveniles were highly variable and generally unrelated to ammonia concentrations. Although laboratory studies have shown unionids to be quite sensitive to ammonia, further research is needed to identify the route(s) of ammonia exposure in unionids and to understand the factors that contribute to the spatial variability of ammonia in rivers. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Bartsch, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564; Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 36 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2561 EP 2568 DI 10.1897/02-340 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500006 PM 14587893 ER PT J AU Augspurger, T Keller, AE Black, MC Cope, WG Dwyer, FJ AF Augspurger, T Keller, AE Black, MC Cope, WG Dwyer, FJ TI Water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from ammonia exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonia; Unionidae; freshwater mussels; water quality criteria ID ACUTE TOXICITY; ANODONTA-IMBECILIS; BIVALVIA; RIVER AB Ammonia toxicity data for freshwater mussels (Unionidae). a significantly imperiled taxa. were used to derive estimates of concentrations that would not likely be harmful in acute and chronic exposures and to assess the protectiveness of Current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) water quality criteria to this family of organisms. Thirty acute (24-96-h) median lethal concentrations (LC50s), covering 10 species in eight unionid genera, were used to calculate genus mean acute values (GMAVs) ranging from 2.56 to 8.97 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8. Freshwater mussels are at the sensitive end of the range when added to the GMAVs from the database used to derive the U.S. EPA criteria maximum concentration (CMC). We derived two estimates of acute exposure water quality guidance for the protection of freshwater mussels (CMCFM) by a recalculation of the CMC after adding freshwater Mussel GMAVs to the U.S. EPA data set. The CMC(FM)s of 1.75 and 2.50 mg/ L total ammonia as N at pH 8 average 60% less than the U.S. EPA CMC of 5.62 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8 for application when salmonids are present. These values average about 75% less than the CMC for application when salmonids are absent. No chronic ammonia exposure data existed for unionids. Thus, we applied a range of estimated acute:chronic ratios to the acute toxicity data set, expanded with the freshwater mussel GMAVs, to estimate continuous ammonia concentrations that may be protective of freshwater mussels. These estimates ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8, about 20 to 75% less than the U.S. EPA criteria continuous concentration (CCC) Of 1.24 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8 and 25 degreesC. The current numeric criteria for ammonia may not be protective of mussels, more than half of whose nearly 300 species are in decline in North America. While the CMCFM and CCCFM are not equivalent to revised U.S. EPA criteria. they are offered as interim guidance for the protection of freshwater mussels. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. US EPA, Water Management Div, Jacksonville, FL 32207 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Augspurger, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 33726, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. EM tom_augspurger@fws.gov RI Black, Marsha /B-6449-2013 NR 27 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 7 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2569 EP 2575 DI 10.1897/02-339 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500007 PM 14587894 ER PT J AU Boone, MD Bridges, CM AF Boone, MD Bridges, CM TI Effects of carbaryl on green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles: Timing of exposure versus multiple exposures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbaryl; pesticide; anuran; amphibian decline; Rana clamitans ID AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; GENETIC-VARIATION; HYLA-VERSICOLOR; INSECTICIDE; PESTICIDE; GROWTH; SURVIVAL; COMMUNITIES; POPULATION AB The majority of studies on pesticide impacts have evaluated the effects of single exposures. However, multiple exposures to a pesticide may be more prevalent. The objective Of our study was to determine how multiple exposures versus single exposure at different times during development affected survival to metamorphosis, tadpole Survival, tadpole mass. and tadpole developmental stage of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles reared at low and high density in outdoor cattle tank ponds. Tadpoles were exposed to carbaryl zero, one, two, or three times at 14-d intervals. We applied single doses of carbaryl at one of three times, specifically during early, mid, or late development. Overall, we found that multiple exposures had a greater impact than single exposures during development. More individuals reached metamorphosis in ponds exposed to multiple doses of carbaryl compared with controls, indicating that the presence of carbaryl stimulated metamorphosis. The presence of carbaryl in the aquatic environment also resulted in more developed tadpoles compared with controls. Tadpoles in control ponds did not reach metamorphosis and were less developed than individuals exposed to carbaryl; this effect indicates that, under ideal conditions. green frogs Could overwinter in ponds so that greater size could be attained before metamorphosis in the following spring or Summer. Our study demonstrated the importance of including realistic application procedures when evaluating the effects of a pesticide and that Multiple exposures to a short-lived pesticide are more likely to affect an amphibian population. C1 Columbia Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Boone, MD (reprint author), Columbia Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 43 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2695 EP 2702 DI 10.1897/02-401 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500023 PM 14587910 ER PT J AU Griggs, EM Kump, LR Bohlke, JK AF Griggs, EM Kump, LR Bohlke, JK TI The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen isotopes; wastewater; nutrients; phosphate; nitrate; groundwater; Florida Keys; denitrification ID NATURAL DENITRIFICATION; MASS-BALANCE; GROUNDWATER; NITROGEN; AQUIFER; CONTAMINATION; ECOSYSTEMS; REDUCTION; TRANSPORT; DISCHARGE AB Shallow injection is the predominant mode of wastewater disposal for most tourist-oriented facilities and some residential communities in the US Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Concern has been expressed that wastewater nutrients may be escaping from the saline groundwater system into canals and surrounding coastal waters and perhaps to the reef tract 10 km offshore, promoting unwanted algal growth and degradation of water quality. We performed a field study of the fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of a Florida Keys residential community (Key Colony Beach, FL) that uses this disposal method, analyzing samples from 21 monitoring wells and two canal sites. The results indicate that wastewater injection at 18-27 m depth into saline groundwater creates a large buoyant plume that flows quickly (within days) upward to a confining layer 6 m below the surface, and then in a fast flow path toward a canal 200 in to the east within a period of weeks to months. Low-salinity groundwaters along the fast flow path have nitrate concentrations that are not significantly reduced from that of the injected wastewaters (ranging from 400 to 600 mumol kg(-1)). Portions of the low-salinity plume off the main axis of flow have relatively long residence times (>2 months) and have had their nitrate concentrations strongly reduced by a combination of mixing and denitrification. These waters have dissolved N(2) concentrations up to 1.6 times air-saturation values with delta(15)N[N(2)] = 0.5-5parts per thousand, delta(15)N[NO(3)(-)] = 16-26parts per thousand, and calculated isotope fractionation factors of about -12+/-4parts per thousand, consistent with denitrification as the predominant nitrate reduction reaction. Estimated rates of denitrification of wastewater in the aquifer are of the order of 4 mumol kg(-1) N day(-1) or 0.008 day(-1). The data indicate that denitrification reduces the nitrate load of the injected wastewater substantially, but not completely, before it discharges to nearby canals. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA USA. RP Kump, LR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, 535 Deike Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM lkump@psu.edu RI Kump, Lee/H-8287-2012 NR 51 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 58 IS 3 BP 517 EP 539 DI 10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8 PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 748HV UT WOS:000186857200010 ER PT J AU Byappanahalli, MN Shively, DA Nevers, MB Sadowsky, MJ Whitman, RL AF Byappanahalli, MN Shively, DA Nevers, MB Sadowsky, MJ Whitman, RL TI Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta) SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cladophora; environmental condition; Escherichia coli; enterococci; Great Lakes ID DEFINED SUBSTRATE TECHNOLOGY; SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; FECAL-COLIFORMS; ORGANIC-CARBON; MARINE-ALGAE; WATER; PHYTOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; ENUMERATION; EXCRETION AB The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cludophora stored at 4degreesC; residual E coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g(-1) in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Biotechnol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RI Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016; OI Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781; Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734; Shively, Dawn/0000-0002-6119-924X NR 41 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 46 IS 2 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 737UY UT WOS:000186251200009 PM 19719574 ER PT J AU Walters, DM Leigh, DS Freeman, MC Freeman, BJ Pringle, CM AF Walters, DM Leigh, DS Freeman, MC Freeman, BJ Pringle, CM TI Geomorphology and fish assemblages in a Piedmont river basin, USA SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE assemblage structure; environmental gradients; Etowah River; Process Domains Concept; stream fishes ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAM FISHES; PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS; HABITAT GRADIENTS; CONTINUUM CONCEPT; PATCH DYNAMICS; NATURAL RIVERS; COMMUNITIES; PATTERNS AB 1. We investigated linkages between fishes and fluvial geomorphology in 31 wadeable streams in the Etowah River basin in northern Georgia, U.S.A. Streams were stratified into three catchment sizes of approximately 15, 50 and 100 km(2), and fishes and geomorphology were sampled at the reach scale (i.e. 20-40 times stream width). 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) identified 85% of the among-site variation in fish assemblage structure and identified strong patterns in species composition across sites. Assemblages shifted from domination by centrarchids, and other pool species that spawn in fine sediments and have generalised food preferences, to darter-cyprinid-redhorse sucker complexes that inhabit riffles and runs, feed primarily on invertebrates, and spawn on coarser stream beds. 3. Richness and density were correlated with basin area, a measure of stream size, but species composition was best predicted (i.e. |r| between 0.60-0.82) by reach-level geomorphic variables (stream slope, bed texture, bed mobility and tractive force) that were unrelated to stream size. Stream slope was the dominant factor controlling stream habitat. Low slope streams had smaller bed particles, more fines in riffles, lower tractive force and greater bed mobility compared with high slope streams. 4. Our results contrast with the 'River Continuum Concept' which argues that stream assemblages vary predictably along stream size gradients. Our findings support the 'Process Domains Concept', which argues that local-scale geomorphic processes determine the stream habitat and disturbance regimes that influence stream communities. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Museum Nat Hist, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Walters, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Branch, 26 Martin Luther King,MS-642, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012; Walters, David/I-4914-2012 NR 75 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 5 U2 44 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1950 EP 1970 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01137.x PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 735MN UT WOS:000186119300003 ER PT J AU Noe, GB Scinto, LJ Taylor, J Childers, DL Jones, RD AF Noe, GB Scinto, LJ Taylor, J Childers, DL Jones, RD TI Phosphorus cycling and partitioning in an oligotrophic Everglades wetland ecosystem: a radioisotope tracing study SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Everglades; nutrient cycling; oligotrophic; phosphorus; wetland ID FLORIDA EVERGLADES; PERIPHYTON RESPONSES; SUBTROPICAL LAKE; NITROGEN; ENRICHMENT; WATER; PHOSPHATE; NUTRIENTS; SOILS; COPRECIPITATION AB 1. Our goal was to quantify short-term phosphorus (P) partitioning and identify the ecosystem components important to P cycling in wetland ecosystems. To do this, we added P radiotracer to oligotrophic, P-limited Everglades marshes. (PO4)-P-32 was added to the water column in six 1-m(2) enclosed mesocosms located in long-hydroperiod marshes of Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park. Ecosystem components were then repeatedly sampled over 18 days. 2. Water column particulates (>0.45 mum) incorporated radiotracer within the first minute after dosing and stored 95-99% of total water column P-32 activity throughout the study. Soluble (<0.45 mum) P-32 in the water column, in contrast, was always <5% of the P-32 in surface water. Periphyton, both floating and attached to emergent macrophytes, had the highest specific activity of P-32 (Bq g(-131)P) among the different ecosystem components. Fish and aquatic macroinvertebrates also had high affinity for P, whereas emergent macrophytes, soil and flocculent detrital organic matter (floc) had the lowest specific activities of radiotracer. 3. Within the calcareous, floating periphyton mats, 81% of the initial P-32 uptake was associated with Ca, but most of this P-32 entered and remained within the organic pool (Ca-associated = 14% of total) after 1 day. In the floc layer, P-32 rapidly entered the microbial pool and the labile fraction was negligible for most of the study. 4. Budgeting of the radiotracer indicated that P-32 moved from particulates in the water column to periphyton and floc and then to the floc and soil over the course of the 18 day incubations. Floc (35% of total) and soil (27%) dominated P-32 storage after 18 days, with floating periphyton (12%) and surface water (10%) holding smaller proportions of total ecosystem P-32. 5. To summarise, oligotrophic Everglades marshes exhibited rapid uptake and retention of labile P-32. Components dominated by microbes appear to control short-term P cycling in this oligotrophic ecosystem. C1 Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Noe, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Noe, Gregory/A-1365-2010; OI Noe, Gregory/0000-0002-6661-2646 NR 68 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1993 EP 2008 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01143.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 735MN UT WOS:000186119300006 ER PT J AU Marion, GM Catling, DC Kargel, JS AF Marion, GM Catling, DC Kargel, JS TI Modeling aqueous ferrous iron chemistry at low temperatures with application to Mars SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; MINERAL SOLUBILITIES; NA-K-MG-CA-H-CL-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O SYSTEM; CHEMICAL-EQUILIBRIA; MARTIAN METEORITES; PLANETARY SCIENCE; NATURAL-WATERS; SNC METEORITES; LAKE NYOS; CLIMATE AB Major uncertainties exist with respect to the aqueous geochemical evolution of the Martian surface. Considering the prevailing cryogenic climates and the abundance of salts and iron minerals on Mars, any attempt at comprehensive modeling of Martian aqueous chemistry should include iron chemistry and be valid at low temperatures and high solution concentrations. The objectives of this paper were to (1) estimate ferrous iron Pitzer-equation parameters and iron mineral solubility products at low temperatures (from < 0 degreesC to 25 degreesC), (2) incorporate these parameters and solubility products into the FREZCHEM model, and (3) use the model to simulate the surficial aqueous geochemical evolution of Mars. Ferrous iron Pitzer-equation parameters were derived in this work or taken from the literature. Six new iron minerals [FeCl2.4H(2)O, FeCl2.6H(2)O, FeSO4.H2O, FeSO4.7H(2)O, FeCO3, and Fe(OH)(3)] were added to the FREZCHEM model bringing the total solid phases to 56. Agreement between model predictions and experimental data are fair to excellent for the ferrous systems: Fe-Cl, Fe-SO4, Fe-HCO3, H-Fe-Cl, and H-Fe-SO4. We quantified a conceptual model for the aqueous geochemical evolution of the Martian surface. The five stages of the conceptual model are: (1) carbonic acid weathering of primary ferromagnesian minerals to form an initial magnesium-iron-bicarbonate-rich solution; (2) evaporation and precipitation of carbonates, including siderite (FeCO3), with evolution of the brine to a concentrated NaCl solution; (3) ferrous/ferric iron oxidation; (4) either evaporation or freezing of the brine to dryness; and (5) surface acidification. What began as a dilute Mg-Fe-HCO3 dominated leachate representing ferromagnesian weathering evolved into an Earth-like seawater composition dominated by NaCl, and finally into a hypersaline Mg-Na-SO4-Cl brine. Weathering appears to have taken place initially under conditions that allowed solution of ferrous iron [low O-2(g)], but later caused oxidation of iron [high O-2(g)]. Surface acidification and/or sediment burial can account for the minor amounts of Martian surface carbonates. This model rests on a large number of assumptions and is therefore speculative. Nevertheless, the model is consistent with current understanding concerning surficial salts and minerals based on Martian meteorites, Mars lander data, and remotely-sensed spectral analyses. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. C1 Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Marion, GM (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. OI Catling, David/0000-0001-5646-120X NR 75 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV PY 2003 VL 67 IS 22 BP 4251 EP 4266 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00372-7 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 741DV UT WOS:000186444200003 ER PT J AU Riggs, NR Ash, SR Barth, AP Gehrels, GE Wooden, JL AF Riggs, NR Ash, SR Barth, AP Gehrels, GE Wooden, JL TI Isotopic age of the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, Arizona: An example of dating a continental sandstone SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE isotopic dating; Chinle Formation; Triassic; single-crystal TIMS; SHRIMP ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; DETRITAL ZIRCON PROVENANCE; COLORADO PLATEAU; TRIASSIC PLUTONISM; CALIFORNIA; NEVADA; REGION; ARC; PB; TECTONICS AB Zircons from the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, in Petrified Forest National Park, yield ages that range from Late Triassic to Late Archean. Grains were analyzed by multigrain TIMS (thermal-ionization mass spectrometry), single-crystal TIMS, and SHRIMP (sensitive, high-resolution ion-microprobe). Multiple-grain analysis yielded a discordia trajectory with a lower intercept of 207 +/- 2 Ma, which because of the nature of multiple-grain sampling of a detrital bed, is not considered conclusive. Analysis of 29 detritai-zircon grains by TIMS yielded U-Pb ages of 2706 +/- 6 Ma to 206 +/- 6 Ma. Eleven of these ages lie between 211 and 216 +/- 6.8 Ma. Our statistical analysis of these grains indicates that the mean of the ages, 213 +/- 1.7 Ma, reflects more analytical error than geologic variability in sources of the grains. Grains with ages of ca. 1400 Ma were derived from the widespread plutons of that age exposed throughout the southwestern Cordillera and central United States. Twelve grains analyzed by SHRIMP provide Pb-206*/U-238 ages from 214 +/- 2 Ma to 200 +/- 4 Ma. We use these data to infer that cores of inherited material were present in many zircons and that single-crystal analysis provides an accurate estimation of the age of the bed. We further propose that, even if some degree of reworking has occurred, the very strong concentration of ages at ca. 213 Ma provides a maximum age for the Black Forest Bed of 213 +/- 1.7 Ma. The actual age of the bed may be closer to 209 Ma. Dating continental successions is very difficult when distinct ash beds are not clearly identified, as is the case in the Chinle Formation. Detrital zircons in the Black Forest Bed, however, are dominated by an acicular morphology with preserved delicate terminations. The shape of these crystals and their inferred environment of deposition in slow-water settings suggest that the crystals were not far removed from their site of deposition in space and likely not far in time. Plinian ash clouds derived from explosive eruptions along the early Mesozoic Cordilleran margin provided the crystals to the Chinle basin, where local conditions insured their preservation. In the case of the Black Forest Bed, the products of one major eruption may dominate the volcanic contribution to the unit. Volcanic detritus in the Chinle Formation was derived from multiple, distinct sources. Coarse pebble- to cobble-size material may have originated in eastern California and/or western Arizona, where Triassic plutons are exposed. Fine-grained detritus, in contrast, was carried in ash clouds that derived from caldera eruptions in east-central California or western Nevada. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Geol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Stanford Univ, US Geol Survey, SUMAC, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Riggs, NR (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 64 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 115 IS 11 BP 1315 EP 1323 DI 10.1130/B25254.1 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 740QW UT WOS:000186413900001 ER PT J AU Storlazzi, CD Logan, JB Field, ME AF Storlazzi, CD Logan, JB Field, ME TI Quantitative morphology of a fringing reef tract from high-resolution laser bathymetry: Southern Molokai, Hawaii SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE fringing reef; reef morphology; spur-and-groove structure; lidar; bathymetry; waves ID CORAL-REEF; GRAND-CAYMAN; SEA; ECOLOGY; SHELF; SPUR AB High-resolution Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey (SHOALS) laser-determined bathymetric data were used to define the morphology of spur-and-groove structures on the fringing reef off the south coast of Molokai, Hawaii. These data provide a basis for mapping and analyzing morphology of the reef with a level of precision and spatial coverage never before attained. An extensive fringing coral reef stretches along the central two-thirds of Molokai's south shore (similar to40 km); along the east and west ends there is only a thin veneer of living coral with no developed reef complex. In total, similar to4800 measurements of spur-and-groove height and the distance between adjacent spur crests (wavelength) were obtained along four isobaths. Between the 5m and 15m isobaths, the mean spur height increased from 0.7 m to 1.6 m, whereas the mean wavelength increased from 71 m to 104 m. Reef flat width was found to exponentially decrease with increasing wave energy. Overall, mean spur-and-groove height and wavelength were shown to be inversely proportional to wave energy. In high-energy environments, spur-and-groove morphology remains relatively constant across all water depths. In low-energy environments, however, spur-and-groove structures display much greater variation; they are relatively small and narrow in shallow depths and develop into much larger and broader features in deeper water. Therefore, it appears that waves exert a primary control on both the small- and large-scale morphology of the reef off south Molokai. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Storlazzi, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 32 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 11 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 115 IS 11 BP 1344 EP 1355 DI 10.1130/B25200.1 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 740QW UT WOS:000186413900003 ER PT J AU Nelson, AR Johnson, SY Kelsey, HM Wells, RE Sherrod, BL Pezzopane, SK Bradley, LA Koehler, RD Bucknam, RC AF Nelson, AR Johnson, SY Kelsey, HM Wells, RE Sherrod, BL Pezzopane, SK Bradley, LA Koehler, RD Bucknam, RC TI Late Holocene earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone, Bainbridge Island, Washington SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE paleoseismology; earthquake recurrence; reverse faulting; Puget Lowland; fault trenching; earthquake hazards ID SOUTHERN PUGET-SOUND; FORE-ARC; WESTERN WASHINGTON; TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE; AGE; DEFORMATION; CASCADIA; SEISMICITY; MAGNITUDE; TECTONICS AB Five trenches across a Holocene fault scarp yield the first radiocarbon-measured earthquake recurrence intervals for a crustal fault in western Washington. The scarp, the first to be revealed by laser imagery, marks the Toe Jam Hill fault, a north-dipping backthrust to the Seattle fault. Folded and faulted strata, liquefaction features, and forest soil A horizons buried by hanging-wall-collapse colluvium record three, or possibly four, earthquakes between 2500 and 1000 yr ago. The most recent earthquake is probably the 1050-1020 cal. (calibrated) yr B.P. (A.D. 900930) earthquake that raised marine terraces and triggered a tsunami in Puget Sound. Vertical deformation estimated from strati-graphic and surface offsets at trench sites suggests late Holocene earthquake magnitudes near M7, corresponding to surface ruptures >36 km long. Deformation features recording poorly understood latest Pleistocene earthquakes suggest that they were smaller than late Holocene earthquakes. Postglacial earthquake recurrence intervals based on 97 radiocarbon ages, most on detrital charcoal, range from similar to12,000 yr to as little as a century or less; corresponding fault-slip rates are 0.2 mm/ yr for the past 16,000 yr and 2 mm/yr for the past 2500 yr. Because the Toe Jam Hill fault is a backthrust to the Seattle fault, it may not have ruptured during every earthquake on the Seattle fault. But the earthquake history of the Toe Jam Hill fault is at least a partial proxy for the history of the rest of the Seattle fault zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Reg Geol Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. William Lettis & Associates Inc, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA. RP Nelson, AR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, MS 966,POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM anelson@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 115 IS 11 BP 1388 EP 1403 DI 10.1130/B25262.1 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 740QW UT WOS:000186413900007 ER PT J AU Caine, JS Tomusiak, SRA AF Caine, JS Tomusiak, SRA TI Brittle structures and their role in controlling porosity and permeability in a complex Precambrian crystalline-rock aquifer system in the Colorado Rocky Mountain Front Range SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aquifers; Colorado; faults; fractures; groundwater; Precambrian AB Expansion of the Denver metropolitan area has resulted in substantial residential development in the foothills of the Rocky Mountain Front Range. This type of suburban growth, characteristic of much of the semiarid intermountain west, often relies on groundwater from individual domestic wells and is exemplified in the Turkey Creek watershed. The watershed is underlain by complexly deformed and fractured crystalline bedrock in which groundwater resources are poorly understood, and concerns regarding groundwater mining and degradation have arisen. As part of a pilot project to establish quantitative bounds on the groundwater resource, an outcrop-based geologic characterization and numerical modeling study of the brittle structures and their controls on the flow system was initiated. Existing data suggest that groundwater storage, flow, and contaminant transport are primarily controlled by a hetero-geneous array of fracture networks. Inspections of well-permit data and field observations led to a conceptual model in which three dominant lithologic groups underlying sparse surface deposits form the aquifer system-metamorphic rocks, a complex array of granitic intrusive rocks, and major brittle fault zones. Pervasive but variable jointing of each lithologic group forms the "background" permeability structure and is an important component of the bulk storage capacity. This "background" is cut by brittle fault zones of varying structural styles and by pegmatite dikes, both with much higher fracture intensities relative to "background" that likely make them spatially complex conduits. Probabilistic, discrete-fracture-network and finite-element modeling was used to estimate porosity and permeability at the outcrop scale using fracture network data collected in the field. The models were conditioned to limited aquifer test and borehole geophysical data and give insight into the relative hydraulic properties between locations and geologic controls on storage and flow. Results from this study reveal a complex aquifer system in which the upper limits on estimated hydraulic properties suggest limited storage capacity and permeability as compared with many sedimentary-rock and surficial-deposit aquifers. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Caine, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Caine, Jonathan/0000-0002-7269-6989 NR 34 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 19 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 115 IS 11 BP 1410 EP 1424 DI 10.1130/B25088.1 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 740QW UT WOS:000186413900009 ER PT J AU Herbel, MJ Blum, JS Oremland, RS Borglin, SE AF Herbel, MJ Blum, JS Oremland, RS Borglin, SE TI Reduction of elemental selenium to selenide: Experiments with anoxic sediments and bacteria that respire Se-oxyanions SO GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE bacteria; reduction; sediments; selenides; selenium ID KESTERSON RESERVOIR; ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA; STRAIN SES-3; SPECIATION; SELENATE; CALIFORNIA; SOILS; FRACTIONATION; GROWTH AB A selenite-respiring bacterium, Bacillus selenitireducens , produced significant levels of Se(-II) (as aqueous HSe - ) when supplied with Se(0). B. selenitireducens was also able to reduce selenite [Se(IV)] through Se(0) to Se(-II). Reduction of Se(0) by B. selenitireducens was more rapid in cells grown on colloidal sulfur [S(0)] or Se(IV) as their electron acceptor than for cell lines grown on fumarate. In contrast, three cultures of selenate-respiring bacteria, Sulfurospirillum barnesii , B. arsenicoselenatis , and Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii either were unable to reduce Se(0) to Se(-II) or had only a very limited capacity to achieve this reduction. Biological reduction of Se(0) to Se(-II) was observed during incubation of estuarine sediment slurries, while no such activity was noted in formalin-killed controls. The majority of the Se(-II) produced was found in the sediments as a solid precipitate of FeSe, rather than in solution as HSe - . These results demonstrate that certain anaerobic bacteria have the capacity to reduce Se(0) to Se(-II), providing a possible biological explanation for the occurrence of the selenide species in some sedimentary rocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Herbel, MJ (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM mherbel@stanford.edu RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012; Borglin, Sharon/I-1013-2016 NR 32 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 26 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0451 J9 GEOMICROBIOL J JI Geomicrobiol. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 6 BP 587 EP 602 DI 10.1080/713851163 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 754ZX UT WOS:000187364300005 ER PT J AU Foulger, GR Du, Z Julian, BR AF Foulger, GR Du, Z Julian, BR TI Icelandic-type crust SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Review DE crust; Iceland; mantle; plume; receiver functions; seismology ID ATLANTIC PLATE BOUNDARY; GRENSDALUR VOLCANIC COMPLEX; SEISMIC VELOCITY STRUCTURE; DOUBLE-COUPLE EARTHQUAKES; HENGILL TRIPLE JUNCTION; UPPER-MANTLE STRUCTURE; REYKJANES-RIDGE CREST; ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU; BENEATH ICELAND; RECEIVER FUNCTIONS AB Numerous seismic studies, in particular using receiver functions and explosion seismology, have provided a detailed picture of the structure and thickness of the crust beneath the Iceland transverse ridge. We review the results and propose a structural model that is consistent with all the observations. The upper crust is typically 7 +/- 1 km thick, heterogeneous and has high velocity gradients. The lower crust is typically 15-30 +/- 5 km thick and begins where the velocity gradient decreases radically. This generally occurs at the V-p similar to 6.5 km s(-1) level. A low-velocity zone similar to10 000 km(2) in area and up to similar to15 km thick occupies the lower crust beneath central Iceland, and may represent a submerged, trapped oceanic microplate. The crust-mantle boundary is a transition zone similar to5 +/- 3 km thick throughout which V-p increases progressively from similar to7.2 to similar to8.0 km s(-1). It may be gradational or a zone of alternating high- and low-velocity layers. There is no seismic evidence for melt or exceptionally high temperatures in or near this zone. Isostasy indicates that the density contrast between the lower crust and the mantle is only 90 kg m 3 compared with 300 kg m 3 for normal oceanic crust, indicating compositional anomalies that are as yet not understood. The seismological crust is 30 km thick beneath the Greenland-Iceland and Iceland-Faeroe ridges, and eastern Iceland, similar to20 km beneath western Iceland, and 40 km thick beneath central Iceland. This pattern is not what is predicted for an eastward-migrating plume. Low attenuation and normal V-p/V-s ratios in the lower crust beneath central and southwestern Iceland, and normal uppermost mantle velocities in general, suggest that the crust and uppermost mantle are subsolidus and cooler than at equivalent depths beneath the East Pacific Rise. Seismic data from Iceland have historically been interpreted both in terms of thin-hot and thick-cold crust models, both of which have been cited as supporting the plume hypothesis. This suggests that the plume model for Iceland is an a priori assumption rather than a hypothesis subject to testing. The long-extinct Ontong-Java Plateau, northwest India and Parana, Brazil large igneous provinces, beneath which mantle plumes are not expected, are all underlain by mantle low-velocity bodies similar to that beneath Iceland. A plume interpretation for the mantle anomaly beneath Iceland is thus not required. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Univ Cambridge, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Foulger, GR (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. NR 124 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 155 IS 2 BP 567 EP 590 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02056.x PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 736MA UT WOS:000186173500021 ER PT J AU Kane, JS Potts, PJ Wiedenbeck, M Carignan, J Wilson, S AF Kane, JS Potts, PJ Wiedenbeck, M Carignan, J Wilson, S TI International Association of Geoanalysts' protocol for the certification of geological and environmental reference materials SO GEOSTANDARDS NEWSLETTER-THE JOURNAL OF GEOSTANDARDS AND GEOANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE protocol; certification; reference materials; International Association of Geoanalysts; ISO Guide 35 ID LABORATORIES; UNCERTAINTY; VALUES AB This protocol has been developed by the International-Association of Geoanalysts to demonstrate procedures for the certification of geological and environmental reference materials to comply to the fullest extent possible with recommendations of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO Guide 35). A practical approach is described on the assumption that certifications will be normally be based on collaborative analysis programmes in which participating laboratories are preselected on the basis of performance in a proficiency testing programme or on the basis of other criteria of merit. C1 Robert J Kane Assoc Inc, Brightwood, VA 22715 USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. CNRS, CRPG, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kane, JS (reprint author), Robert J Kane Assoc Inc, Brightwood, VA 22715 USA. EM RKanelnc@aol.com NR 45 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 3 PU GEOSTANDARDS PI VANDOEUVRE NANCY PA 15 RUE NOTRE-DAME-DES-PAUVRES BP 20, 54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY, FRANCE SN 0150-5505 J9 GEOSTANDARD NEWSLETT JI Geostand. Newsl. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 3 BP 227 EP 244 DI 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2003.tb00724.x PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 802BD UT WOS:000220138100003 ER PT J AU Thompson, RJ AF Thompson, RJ TI Civilian agencies implement the Bush space policy SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Thompson, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 11 BP 5 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 779XE UT WOS:000189326700006 ER PT J AU Theissen, KM Dunbar, RB Cooper, AK Mucciarone, DA Hoffmann, D AF Theissen, KM Dunbar, RB Cooper, AK Mucciarone, DA Hoffmann, D TI The Pleistocene evolution of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Prydz bay region: stable isotopic evidence from ODP site 1167 SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE Ocean Drilling Program; Prydz Bay; trough mouth fan; stable isotopes; foraminifers; quaternary; Paleoclimate ID OUTER LAPTEV SEA; NEOGLOBOQUADRINA-PACHYDERMA; WEDDELL SEA; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; FRAM STRAIT; PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; ATLANTIC SECTOR; ORGANIC-MATTER AB Ocean Drilling Program Leg 188, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica is part of a larger initiative to explore the Cenozoic history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet through direct drilling and sampling of the continental margins. In this paper, we present stable isotopic results from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1167 located on the Prydz Channel Trough Mouth Fan (TMF), the first Antarctic TMF to be drilled. The foraminifer-based delta(18)O record is interpreted along with sedimentary and downhole logging evidence to reconstruct the Quaternary glacial history of Prydz Bay and the adjacent Lambert Glacier Amery Ice Shelf System (LGAISS). We report an electron spin resonance age date of 36.9 + 3.3 ka at 0.45 in below sea floor and correlate suspected glacial-interglacial cycles with the global isotopic stratigraphy to improve the chronology for Site 1167. The 6180 record based on planktonic (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s.)) and limited benthic results (Globocassidulina crassa), indicates a trend of ice sheet expansion that was interrupted by a period of reduced ice volume and possibly warmer conditions during the early-mid-Pleistocene (0.9-1.38 Ma). An increase in delta(18)O values after - 900 ka appears to coincide with the mid-Pleistocene climate transition and the expansion of the northern hemisphere ice sheet. The 6180 record in the upper 50 m of the stratigraphic section indicates as few as three glacial-interglacial cycles, tentatively assigned as marine isotopic stages (MIS) 16-21, are preserved since the Brunhes/Matuyama paleomagnetic reversal (780 ka). This suggests that there is a large unconformity near the top of the section and/or that there may have been few extreme advances of the ice sheet since the mid-Pleistocene climate transition resulting in lowered sedimentation rates on the Prydz Channel TMF. The stable isotopic record from Site 1167 is one of the few available from the area south of the Antarctic Polar Front that has been linked with the global isotopic stratigraphy. Our results suggest the potential for the recovery of useful stable isotopic records in other TMFs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Heidelberger Akad Wissensch, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Theissen, KM (reprint author), Univ St Thomas, Dept Geol, 2115 Summit Ave, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. EM kmtheissen@stthomas.edu OI Hoffmann, Dirk/0000-0002-9245-2041 NR 69 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD NOV PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3-4 BP 227 EP 256 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00118-8 PG 30 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 732RD UT WOS:000185958600003 ER PT J AU Hawkins, BA Porter, EE AF Hawkins, BA Porter, EE TI Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE birds; climate change; diversity gradient; global warming; Ice Age; mammals; recolonization; spatial autocorrelation; species richness ID TREE SPECIES RICHNESS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS; SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION; GLOBAL PATTERNS; MOIST FORESTS; ENERGY; SCALE; HETEROGENEITY; LATITUDE AB Aim To investigate the relative contributions of current vs. historical factors in explaining broad-scale diversity gradients using a combination of contemporary factors and a quantitative estimate of the temporal accessibility of areas for recolonization created by glacial retreat following the most recent Ice Age. Location The part of the Nearctic region of North America that was covered by ice sheets during the glacial maximum 20 000 BP. Methods We used range maps to estimate the species richness of mammals and terrestrial birds in 48 400 km(2) cells. Current conditions in each cell were quantified using seven climatic and topographical variables. Historical conditions were estimated using the number of years before present when an area became exposed as the ice sheets retreated during the post-Pleistocene climate warming. We attempted to tease apart contemporary and historical effects using multiple regression, partial regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results A measure of current energy inputs, potential evapotranspiration, explained 76-82% of the variance in species richness, but time since deglaciation explained an additional 8-13% of the variance, primarily due to effects operating at large spatial scales. Because of spatial covariation between the historical climates influencing the melting of the ice sheet and current climates, it was not possible to partition their effects fully, but of the independent effects that could be identified, current climate explained two to seven times more variance in richness patterns than age. Main Conclusions Factors acting in the present appear to have the strongest influence on the diversity gradient, but an historical signal persisting at least 13 000 years is still detectable. This has implications for modelling changes in diversity patterns in response to future global warming. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92009 USA. RP Hawkins, BA (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Hawkins, Bradford/A-3510-2011 NR 33 TC 103 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 12 IS 6 BP 475 EP 481 DI 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00060.x PG 7 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 732TG UT WOS:000185961200004 ER PT J AU Langevin, CD AF Langevin, CD TI Stochastic ground water flow simulation with a fracture zone continuum model (vol 41, pg 587, 20030 SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Miami, FL 33178 USA. Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Chem Engn, GR-15780 Athens, Greece. NGWA, Westerville, OH 43081 USA. RP Langevin, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 9100 NW 36th St,Ste 107, Miami, FL 33178 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 728 EP 728 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 740QG UT WOS:000186412600006 ER PT J AU Langevin, CD AF Langevin, CD TI Simulation of submarine ground water discharge to a marine estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SEA; EXAMPLE AB Variable density ground water flow models are rarely used to estimate submarine ground water discharge because of limitations in computer speed, data availability, and availability of a simulation tool that can minimize numerical dispersion. This paper presents an application of the SEAWAT code, which is a combined version of MODFLOW and MT3D, to estimate rates of submarine ground water discharge to a coastal marine estuary. Discharge rates were estimated for Biscayne Bay, Florida, for the period from January 1989 to September 1998 using a three-dimensional, variable density ground water flow and transport model. Hydrologic stresses in the 10-layer model include recharge, evapotranspiration, ground water withdrawals from municipal wellfields, interactions with surface water (canals in urban areas and wetlands in the Everglades), boundary fluxes, and submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay. The model was calibrated by matching ground water levels in monitoring wells, baseflow to canals, and the position of the 1995 salt water intrusion line. Results suggest that fresh submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay may have exceeded surface water discharge during the 1989, 1990, and 1991 dry seasons, but the average discharge for the entire simulation period was only similar to10% of the surface water discharge to the bay. Results from the model also suggest that tidal canals intercept fresh ground water that might otherwise have discharged directly to Biscayne Bay. This application demonstrates that regional scale variable density models are potentially useful tools for estimating rates of submarine ground water discharge. C1 US Geol Survey, Miami, FL 33178 USA. RP Langevin, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 9100 NW 36th St,Ste 107, Miami, FL 33178 USA. NR 38 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 16 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 6 BP 758 EP 771 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 740QG UT WOS:000186412600010 PM 14649859 ER PT J AU Formisano, V D'Aversa, E Bellucci, G Baines, KH Bibring, JP Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Capaccioni, E Cerroni, P Clark, RN Coradini, A Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL McCord, TB Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Chamberlain, MC Hansen, G Hibbits, K Showalter, M Filacchione, G AF Formisano, V D'Aversa, E Bellucci, G Baines, KH Bibring, JP Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Capaccioni, E Cerroni, P Clark, RN Coradini, A Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL McCord, TB Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Chamberlain, MC Hansen, G Hibbits, K Showalter, M Filacchione, G TI Cassini-VIMS at Jupiter: solar occultation measurements using Io SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE occultations; Jupiter; infrared observations ID LIGHT CURVES; ATMOSPHERE; COEFFICIENTS; SPECTRA; METHANE; MODEL; PLUTO AB We report unusual and somewhat unexpected observations of the jovian satellite Io, showing strong methane absorption bands. These observations were made by the Cassini VIMS experiment during the Jupiter flyby of December/January 2000/2001. The explanation is straightforward: Entering or exiting from Jupiter's shadow during an eclipse, Io is illuminated by solar light which has transited the atmosphere of Jupiter. This light, therefore becomes imprinted with the spectral signature of Jupiter's upper atmosphere, which includes strong atmospheric methane absorption bands. Intercepting solar light refracted by the jovian atmosphere, Io essentially becomes a "mirror" for solar occultation events of Jupiter. The thickness of the layer where refracted solar light is observed is so large (more than 3000 km at Io's orbit), that we can foresee a nearly continuous multi-year period of similar events at Saturn, utilizing the large and bright ring system. During Cassini's 4-year nominal mission, this probing technique should reveal information of Saturn's atmosphere over a large range of southern latitudes and times. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Rome, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Paris, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-75252 Paris, France. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Rome, Italy. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Observ Paris, Meudon, France. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, Capodimonte, Italy. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nantes, Lab Planetol & Geodinam, Nantes, France. RP Formisano, V (reprint author), CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Rome, Italy. OI Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Filacchione, Gianrico/0000-0001-9567-0055; D'Aversa, Emiliano/0000-0002-5842-5867 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2003 VL 166 IS 1 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00178-7 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 743TL UT WOS:000186589600006 ER PT J AU Chander, G Markham, B AF Chander, G Markham, B TI Revised Landsat-5 TM radiometric calibration procedures and postcalibration dynamic ranges SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE bias; gain; irradiance; Landsat; Lmax; Lmin; lookup table (LUT); National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS); radiance; radiometric calibration; reflectance; temperature; Thematic Mapper (TM) AB Effective May 5, 2003, Landsat-5 (L5) Thematic Mapper (TM) data processed and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center (EDC) will be radiometrically calibrated using a new procedure and revised calibration parameters. This change will improve absolute calibration accuracy, consistency over time, and consistency with Landsat-7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data. Users will need to use new parameters to convert the calibrated data products to radiance. The new procedure for the reflective bands (1-5,7) is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration curve for the instrument derived from the instrument's internal calibrator, cross-calibration with the ETM+, and vicarious measurements. The thermal band will continue to be calibrated using the internal calibrator. Further updates to improve the relative detector-to-detector calibration and thermal band calibration are being investigated, as is the calibration of the Landsat-4 (L4) TM. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, USGS, EDC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LPSO, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chander, G (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, USGS, EDC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 9 TC 408 Z9 488 U1 6 U2 37 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2003 VL 41 IS 11 BP 2674 EP 2677 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.818464 PN 2 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 743LA UT WOS:000186572200002 ER PT J AU Barker, CE Collett, TS AF Barker, CE Collett, TS TI A multidisciplinary study of coalbed methane in the Ferron coals, Utah SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Bldg 20,6th Ave & Kipling St,POB 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM barker@usgs.gov; tcollett@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00072-7 PG 1 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700001 ER PT J AU Henry, ME Finn, TA AF Henry, ME Finn, TA TI Evaluation of undiscovered natural gas in the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Coal/Wasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System, Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, Utah SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coalbed gas; Ferron Sandstone; Wasatch Plateau ID SANDSTONE AB The Total Petroleum System approach was used to estimate undiscovered gas potential of the Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, central Utah. The Ferron Coal/Wasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System was geologically defined and subdivided into seven assessment units, six of which were formally evaluated. Geologic data considered in defining the assessment unit boundaries included thermal maturity, coal presence and thickness, overburden. thickness, and faulting intensity. Historical production data were also used to estimate volumes of gas from undrilled areas. The one conventional assessment unit includes almost the entire area of the petroleum system and is characterized by known accumulations that occur in structural or combination traps in sandstone reservoirs. The estimated undiscovered conventional producible gas that may be added to reserves of this unit ranges from a low (1795) of 14.8 billion cubic feet (BCFG) [419 million cubic meters (Mm(3))] of gas to a high (175) of 82 BCFG [2321 Mm(3)] and a mean value of 39.9 BCFG [1130 Mm(3)]. Continuous gas accumulations are those in which the entire assessment unit is considered to be gas-charged. Within these assessment units, there may be wells drilled that are not economic successes but all are expected to contain gas. Coalbed gas is in this continuous category. Mean estimates of undiscovered gas for the five continuous assessment units are: (1) Northern Coal Fairway/Drunkards Wash-752.3 BCFG [21,323 Mm(3)]; (2) Central Coal Fairway/Buzzard Bench-536.7 BCFG [15,194 Mm(3)]; (3) Southern Coal Fairway-152.6 BCFG [4320 Mm(3)]; (4) Deep (6000 feet plus) Coal and Sandstone-59.1 BCFG [1673 Mm(3)]; (5) Southern Coal Outcrop-10.6 BCFG [300 Mm(3)]; and Joes Valley and Musinia Grabens-not assessed. The mean estimate of undiscovered gas for the entire TPS is 1551.2 BCFG [43,914 Mm(3)]. There is a 95% chance that at least 855.7 BCFG [24,225 Mm(3)] and a 5% chance that at least 2504 BCFG [70,888 M(m)3] of undiscovered producible gas remain in the TPS. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Henry, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM henry@usgs.gov NR 61 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00073-9 PG 35 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700002 ER PT J AU Cook, T AF Cook, T TI Calculation of estimated ultimate recovery for wells in continuous-type oil and gas accumulations of the Uinta-Piceance Province SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wells; EUR; coal-bed AB The calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) from oil and gas production data of individual wells and the development of EUR distributions from all producing wells in an assessment unit are important steps in the quantitative assessment of continuous-type hydrocarbon resources. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a method of calculating EURs for wells in continuous-type accumulations, including coal-bed gas accumulations. The EUR distribution of producing wells is used as a guide for the estimation of an EUR distribution for potential wells in areas of undiscovered resources. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cook, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM tcook@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00074-0 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700003 ER PT J AU Crovelli, RA AF Crovelli, RA TI Probabilistic assessment methodology for continuous-type petroleum accumulations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE probabilistic assessment methodology; continuous-type; petroleum accumulations AB The analytic resource assessment method, called ACCESS (Analytic Cell-based Continuous Energy Spreadsheet System), was developed to calculate estimates of petroleum resources for the geologic assessment model, called FORSPAN, in continuous-type petroleum accumulations. The ACCESS method is based upon mathematical equations derived from probability theory in the form of a computer spreadsheet system. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Crovelli, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM crovelli@usgs.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00075-2 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700004 ER PT J AU Anna, LO AF Anna, LO TI Groundwater flow associated with coalbed gas production, Ferron Sandstone, east-central Utah SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ferron; coal; gas; methane; model; groundwater AB The flow and distribution of water associated with coalbed gas production in the Ferron Sandstone was characterized utilizing a discrete fracture network model and a porous media model. A discrete fracture network model calculated fluid flux through volumes of various scales to determine scale effects, directional bulk permeability, and connectivity. The mean directional permeabilities varied by less than a factor of 6, with the northwest-southeast direction (face cleat direction) as the most conductive. Northwest southeast directed hydrofracture simulations increased permeability in all directions except the northeast-southwest, although the permeability increase was not more than a factor of 3. Cluster analysis showed that the simulated cleat network was very well connected at all simulated scales. For thick coals, the entire cleat network formed one compartment, whereas thin coals formed several compartments. Convex hulls of the compartments confirmed that the directional bulk permeability was nearly isotropic. Volumetric calculations of the Ferron coal indicated that all the water produced to date can be accounted for from the coal cleat porosity system and does not depend on contributions of water from contiguous units. Flow paths, determined from porous media modeling from recharge to discharge, indicate that the three coalbed gas (CBG) fields assessed in this study could have different groundwater chemical compositions as confirmed by geochemical data. Simulated water production from 185 wells from 1993 to 1998 showed that in 1998 the maximum head drawdown from the Drunkards Wash field was more than 365 m, and the cone of depression extended to within a short distance of the Ferron outcrop. Maximum drawdown in the Helper field was 120 in, and the maximum drawdown in the Buzzards Bench field was just over 60 m. The cone of depression for the Helper field was half the size of the Drunkards Wash field, and the cone of depression for the Buzzards Bench field was limited to just outside the field unit. Water budget calculations from the simulation indicate that none of the stream flows are affected by coalbed gas associated water production. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Anna, LO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25036,MS 421, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM lanna@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00077-6 PG 27 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700006 ER PT J AU Condon, SM AF Condon, SM TI Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE joints; coal cleats; sevier; laramide tectonics ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; APPARENT POLAR WANDER; COLORADO PLATEAU; NEW-MEXICO; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; LARAMIDE OROGENY; NORTH-AMERICA; ROTATION; BEARING AB The fracture network at the outcrop of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale was studied to gain an understanding of the tectonic history of the region and to contribute data to studies of gas and water transmissivity related to the occurrence and production of coal-bed methane. About 1900 fracture readings were made at 40 coal outcrops and 62 sandstone outcrops in the area from Willow Springs Wash in the south to Farnham dome in the north of the study area in east-central Utah. Two sets of regional, vertical to nearly vertical, systematic face cleats were identified in Fenton coals. A northwest-striking set trends at a mean azimuth of 321degrees, and a northeast-striking set has a mean azimuth of 55degrees. Cleats were observed in all coal outcrops examined and are closely spaced and commonly coated with thin films of iron oxide. Two sets of regional, systematic joint sets in sandstone were also identified and have mean azimuths of 321degrees and 34degrees. The joints of each set are planar, long, and extend vertically to nearly vertically through multiple beds; the northeast-striking set is more prevalent than the northwest-striking set. In some places, joints of the northeast-striking set occur in closely spaced clusters, or joint zones, flanked by unjointed rock. Both sets are mineralized with iron oxide and calcite, and the northwest-striking set is commonly tightly cemented, which allowed the northeast-striking set to propagate across it. All cleats and joints of these sets are interpreted as opening-mode (mode 1) fractures. Abutting relations indicate that the northwest-striking cleats and joints formed first and were later overprinted by the northeast-striking cleats and joints. Burial curves constructed for the Ferron indicate rapid initial burial after deposition. The Ferron reached a depth of 3000 ft (1000 m) within 5.2 million years (m.y.), and this is considered a minimum depth and time for development of cleats and joints. The Sevier orogeny produced southeast-directed compressional stress at this time and is thought to be the likely mechanism for the northwest-striking systematic cleats and joints. The onset of the Laramide orogeny occurred at about 75 Ma, within 13.7 m.y. of burial, and is thought to be the probable mechanism for development of the northeast-striking systematic cleats and joints. Uplift of the Ferron in the late Tertiary contributed to development of butt cleats and secondary cross-joints and probably enhanced previously formed fracture sets. Using a study of the younger Blackhawk Formation as an analogy, the fracture pattern of the Ferron in the subsurface is probably similar to that at the surface, at least as far west as the Paradise fault and Joe's Valley graben. Farther to the west, on the Wasatch Plateau, the orientations of Ferron fractures may diverge from those measured at the outcrop. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Condon, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM scondon@usgs.gov NR 74 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 111 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6 PG 29 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700008 ER PT J AU Rice, CA AF Rice, CA TI Production waters associated with the Ferron coalbed methane fields, central Utah: chemical and isotopic composition and volumes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coalbed methane; Ferron Sandstone member; produced water ID MANCOS SHALE; STABLE ISOTOPES; SANDSTONE; BASIN AB This study investigated the composition of water co-produced with coalbed methane (CBM) from the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale in east-central Utah to better understand coalbed methane reservoirs. The Ferron coalbed methane play currently has more than 600 wells producing an average of 240 bbl/day/well water. Water samples collected from 28 wellheads in three fields (Buzzards Bench, Drunkards Wash, and Helper State) of the northeast-southwest trending play were analyzed for chemical and stable isotopic composition. Water produced from coalbed methane wells is a Na-Cl-HCO3 type. Water from the Drunkards Wash field has the lowest total dissolved solids (TDS) (6300 mg/l) increasing in value to the southeast and northeast. In the Helper State field, about 6 miles northeast, water has the highest total dissolved solids (43,000 mg/l), and major ion abundance indicates the possible influence of evaporite dissolution or mixing with a saline brine. In the southern Buzzards Bench field, water has variable total dissolved solids that are not correlated with depth or spatial distance. Significant differences in the relative compositions are present between the three fields implying varying origins of solutes and/or different water-rock interactions along multiple flow paths. Stable isotopic values of water from the Ferron range from +0.9parts per thousand to -11.4parts per thousand delta(18)O and -32parts per thousand to -90parts per thousand delta(2)H and plot below the global meteoric water line (GMWL) on a line near, but above values of present-day meteoric water. isotopic values of Ferron water are consistent with modification of meteoric water along a flow path by mixing with an evolved seawater brine and/or interaction with carbonate minerals. Analysis of isotopic values versus chloride (conservative element) and total dissolved solids concentrations indicates that recharge water in the Buzzards Bench area is distinct from recharge water in Drunkards Wash and is about 3degreesC warmer. These variations in isotopes along with compositional variations imply that the Ferron reservoir is heterogeneous and compartmentalized, and that multiple flow paths may exist. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Rice, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM crice@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00086-7 PG 29 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700009 ER PT J AU Taylor, DJ AF Taylor, DJ TI Imaging the Ferron Member of the Mancos Shale formation using reprocessed high-resolution 2-D seismic reflection data: Emery County, Utah SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE seismic; high resolution; delta; seismic stratigraphy; Ferron AB Late in 1982 and early in 1983, Arco Exploration contracted with Rocky Mountain Geophysical to acquired four high-resolution 2-D multichannel seismic reflection lines in Emery County, Utah. The primary goal in acquiring this data was an attempt to image the Ferron Member of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale. Design of the high-resolution 2-D seismic reflection data acquisition used both a short geophone group interval and a short sample interval. An explosive energy source was used which provided an input pulse with broad frequency content and higher frequencies than typical non-explosive Vibroseis(R) sources. Reflections produced by using this high-frequency energy source when sampled at a short interval are usually able to resolve shallow horizons that are relatively thin compared to those that can be resolved using more typical oil and gas exploration seismic reflection methods. The U.S. Geological Survey-Energy Resources Program, Geophysical Processing Group used the processing sequence originally applied by Arco in 1984 as a guide and experimented with processing steps applied in a different order using slightly different parameters in an effort to improve imaging the Ferron Member horizon. As with the Arco processed data there are sections along all four seismic lines where the data quality cannot be improved upon, and in fact the data quality is so poor that the Ferron horizon cannot be imaged at all. Interpretation of the seismic and core hole data indicates that the Ferron Member in the study area represent a deltaic sequence including delta front, lower delta plain, and upper delta plain environments. Correlating the depositional environments for the Ferron Member as indicated in the core holes with the thickness of Ferron Member suggests the presence of a delta lobe running from the northwest to the southeast through the study area. The presence of a deltaic channel system within the delta lobe complex might prove to be an interesting conventional exploration target along with the coal-bed methane production already proven in the area. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Cent Energy Resources Team, Geophys Proc Grp, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Taylor, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cent Energy Resources Team, Geophys Proc Grp, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM taylor@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.001 PG 31 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 762KK UT WOS:000187970700010 ER PT J AU Ricotta, C Reed, BC Tieszen, LT AF Ricotta, C Reed, BC Tieszen, LT TI The role of C-3 and C-4 grasses to interannual variability in remotely sensed ecosystem performance over the US Great Plains SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; AVHRR DATA; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SATELLITE DATA; DATA SET; CLIMATE; PATTERNS; NDVI AB Time integrated normalized difference vegetation index (SigmaNDVI) derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) multi-temporal imagery over a 10-year period (1989-1998) was used as a surrogate for primary production to investigate the impact of interannual climate variability on grassland performance for central and northern US Great Plains. First, the contribution of C-3 and C-4 species abundance to the major grassland ecosystems of the US Great Plains is described. Next, the relation between mean SigmaNDVI and the SigmaNDVI coefficient of variation (CV SigmaNDVI) used as a proxy for interannual climate variability is analysed. Results suggest that the differences in the long-term climatic control over ecosystem performance approximately coincide with changes between C-3- and C-4-dominant grassland classes. Variation in remotely sensed net primary production over time is higher for the southern and western plains grasslands (primarily C-4 grasslands), whereas the C-3-dominated classes in the northern and eastern portion of the US Great Plains, generally show lower CV SigmaNDVI values. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Plant Biol, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Raytheon ITSS, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Ricotta, C (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Plant Biol, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy. OI RICOTTA, Carlo/0000-0003-0818-3959 NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 22 BP 4421 EP 4431 DI 10.1080/0143116031000070454 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 742DF UT WOS:000186500100013 ER PT J AU Blums, P Nichols, JD Hines, JE Lindberg, MS Mednis, A AF Blums, P Nichols, JD Hines, JE Lindberg, MS Mednis, A TI Estimating natal dispersal movement rates of female European ducks with multistate modelling SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dispersal distances; local survival; multistate modelling; natal dispersal; site fidelity ID BREEDING DISPERSAL; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; SITE FIDELITY; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; BLACK BRANT; PHILOPATRY; BIRDS; SURVIVAL; MAMMALS; SELECTION AB 1. We used up to 34 years of capture-recapture data from about 22 100 new releases of day-old female ducklings and multistate modelling to test predictions about the influence of environmental, habitat and management factors on natal dispersal probability of three species of ducks within the Engure Marsh, Latvia. 2. The mean natal dispersal distances were very similar (c. 0.6-0.7 km) for all three species and were on average 2.7 times greater than breeding dispersal distances recorded within the same study system. 3. We were unable to confirm the kinship hypothesis and found no evidence that young first-nesting females nested closer to their relatives (either mother or sister) than to the natal nest. 4. Young female northern shovelers, like adults, moved from small islands to the large island when water level was high and vice versa when water level was low before the construction of elevated small islands. Movement probabilities between the two strata were much higher for young shovelers than adults, suggesting that young birds had not yet developed strong fidelity to the natal site. Movements of young female tufted ducks, unlike those of shovelers, were not dependent on water level fluctuations and reflected substantial flexibility in choice of first nesting sites. 5. Data for young birds supported our earlier conclusion that common pochard nesting habitats in black-headed gull colonies were saturated during the entire study period. Young females, like the two adult age groups, moved into and out of colonies with similar probability. Fidelity probability of female pochards to each stratum increased with age, being the lowest (0.62) for young (DK) females, intermediate (0.78) for yearlings (SY) and the highest (0.84) for adult (ASY) females. 6. Young female tufted ducks, like adults, showed higher probabilities of moving from islands to emergent marshes when water levels were higher both before and after habitat management. The relationship between the spring water levels and movement was much weaker for young females than for adults. 7. Young female diving ducks exhibited much stronger (compared to adults) asymmetric movement with respect to proximity to water, with higher movement probabilities to near-water locations than away from these locations. 8. Local survival of day-old ducklings during the first year of life was time-specific and very low (means for different strata/states 0.01-0.08) because of high rates of emigration and prefledging mortality. C1 Univ Latvia, Inst Biol, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Blums, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri Columbia, Sch Nat Resources, Gaylord Mem Lab, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. NR 44 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1027 EP 1042 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00774.x PG 16 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 740ZJ UT WOS:000186432900012 ER PT J AU Shi, Z Zhou, HJ Eittreim, SL Winterwerp, JC AF Shi, Z Zhou, HJ Eittreim, SL Winterwerp, JC TI Settling velocities of fine suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary, China SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE fine suspended particles; rouse equation; settling velocity; Changjiang Estuary ID IN-SITU; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SEDIMENT DYNAMICS; GRAINED SEDIMENT; SIZE; DENSITY; FLOCS; INSTRUMENT; PLUME AB Point-sampled suspended sediment concentration profiles (grain size largely < 32 mum) were measured in August 1978, April 1990, and May 1990 in the Changjiang Estuary. They were selectively fit with the Rouse equation in order to calculate the median settling velocities W-s,W-50 of fine suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary, East China Sea. Calculated settling velocities ranged from 0.4 to 4.1 mm s(-1). Furthermore, w(s) values increased with the mean concentration (C) over bar of sediment in suspension. The best-fit equation for the field settling velocity of fine particles in the Changjiang Estuary can be expressed by the power law: w(s) = 2.37 (C) over bar (0.84) (r(2) < 0.3). (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture & Ocean Engn, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. Chongqing Jiao Tong Inst, Dept Waterway & Harbor Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn & Geosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. RP Shi, Z (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture & Ocean Engn, 1954 Hua Shan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. NR 43 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1367-9120 J9 J ASIAN EARTH SCI JI J. Asian Earth Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00067-1 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 742KM UT WOS:000186516000003 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ AF Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ TI Species-area relationships in Mediterranean-climate plant communities SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE diversity; chaparral; coniferous forests; desert scrub; dominance-diversity; exponential model; fynbos; geometric model; heathland; MacArthur's broken stick model; maquis; power model; sage scrub; savannas; shrublands ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; ABUNDANCE PATTERNS; DIVERSITY; FIRE; VEGETATION; CALIFORNIA; AUSTRALIA; ECOSYSTEMS; DOMINANCE; DYNAMICS AB Aim To determine the best-fit model of species-area relationships for Mediterranean-type plant communities and evaluate how community structure affects these species-area models. Location Data were collected from California shrublands and woodlands and compared with literature reports for other Mediterranean-climate regions. Methods The number of species was recorded from 1, 100 and 1000 m(2) nested plots. Best fit to the power model or exponential model was determined by comparing adjusted r(2) values from the least squares regression, pattern of residuals, homoscedasticity across scales, and semi-log slopes at 1-100 m(2) and 100-1000 m(2). Dominance-diversity curves were tested for fit to the lognormal model, MacArthur's broken stick model, and the geometric and harmonic series. Results Early successional Western Australia and California shrublands represented the extremes and provide an interesting contrast as the exponential model was the best fit for the former, and the power model for the latter, despite similar total species richness. We hypothesize that structural differences in these communities account for the different species-area curves and are tied to patterns of dominance, equitability and life form distribution. Dominance-diversity relationships for Western Australian heathlands exhibited a close fit to MacArthur's broken stick model, indicating more equitable distribution of species. In contrast, Californian shrublands, both postfire and mature stands, were best fit by the geometric model indicating strong dominance and many minor subordinate species. These regions differ in life form distribution, with annuals being a major component of diversity in early successional Californian shrublands although they are largely lacking in mature stands. Both young and old Australian heathlands are dominated by perennials, and annuals are largely absent. Inherent in all of these ecosystems is cyclical disequilibrium caused by periodic fires. The potential for community reassembly is greater in Californian shrublands where only a quarter of the flora resprout, whereas three quarters resprout in Australian heathlands. Other Californian vegetation types sampled include coniferous forests, oak savannas and desert scrub, and demonstrate that different community structures may lead to a similar species-area relationship. Dominance-diversity relationships for coniferous forests closely follow a geometric model whereas associated oak savannas show a close fit to the lognormal model. However, for both communities, species-area curves fit a power model. The primary driver appears to be the presence of annuals. Desert scrub communities illustrate dramatic changes in both species diversity and dominance-diversity relationships in high and low rainfall years, because of the disappearance of annuals in drought years. Main conclusions Species-area curves for immature shrublands in California and the majority of Mediterranean plant communities fit a power function model. Exceptions that fit the exponential model are not because of sampling error or scaling effects, rather structural differences in these communities provide plausible explanations. The exponential species-area model may arise in more than one way. In the highly diverse Australian heathlands it results from a rapid increase in species richness at small scales. In mature California shrublands it results from very depauperate richness at the community scale. In both instances the exponential model is tied to a preponderance of perennials and paucity of annuals. For communities fit by a power model, coefficients z and log c exhibit a number of significant correlations with other diversity parameters, suggesting that they have some predictive value in ecological communities. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 78 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1629 EP 1657 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00950.x PG 29 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 736KG UT WOS:000186169500001 ER PT J AU Roehl, E Conrads, P Cook, JB AF Roehl, E Conrads, P Cook, JB TI Discussion of "using complex permittivity and artificial neural networks for contaminant prediction" by John B. Lindsay, Julie Q Shang, and R. Kerry Rowe SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Adv Data Min Inc, Greenville, SC 29615 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. Charleston Commissioners Publ Works, Charleston, SC 29402 USA. RP Roehl, E (reprint author), Adv Data Min Inc, 3620 Pelham Rd,PMB 351, Greenville, SC 29615 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2003 VL 129 IS 11 BP 1069 EP 1071 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:8(740) PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 733NE UT WOS:000186006500014 ER PT J AU Williams, EH Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Bunkley-Williams, L Bonde, RK Self-Sullivan, C Preen, A Cockcroft, VG AF Williams, EH Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Bunkley-Williams, L Bonde, RK Self-Sullivan, C Preen, A Cockcroft, VG TI Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE commensalism; coprophagy; Dugong dugon; Echeneis; Trichechus manatus ID WEST-INDIAN MANATEE AB Association of the sharksucker Echeneis naucrates and whitefin sharksucker E. neucratoides with the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus and the dugong Dugong dugon is presented and discussed. Alimentary tract-content analysis and field observations suggest that coprophagy (feeding on host faecal material) may be the primary food source for echeneids associated with sirenian hosts. (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Metropolitana, Caribbean Marine Mammal Lab, Dept Sci & Technol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, Caribbean Aquat Anim Hlth Project, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. US Geol Survey, Sirenia Project, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Ctr Dolphin Studies, ZA-6600 Plettenberg Bay, South Africa. RP Mignucci-Giannoni, AA (reprint author), Univ Metropolitana, Caribbean Marine Mammal Lab, Dept Sci & Technol, POB 361715, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. EM mignucci@caribe.net RI Self-Sullivan, Caryn/H-2605-2012; OI Self-Sullivan, Caryn/0000-0003-0785-3682; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 NR 23 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1176 EP 1183 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 746CE UT WOS:000186728300008 ER PT J AU Normark, WR Reid, JA AF Normark, WR Reid, JA TI Extensive deposits on the Pacific plate from Late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEEP-SEA CHANNEL; SOUTHERN WASHINGTON; CATACLYSMIC FLOODS; ESCANABA-TROUGH; MISSOULA; JOKULHLAUPS; CALIFORNIA; WISCONSIN; SCABLAND; OREGON AB One of the major unresolved issues of the Late Pleistocene catastrophic-flood events in the northwestern United States (e.g., from glacial Lake Missoula) has been what happened when the flood discharge reached the ocean. This study compiles available 3.5-kHz high-resolution and airgun seismic reflection data, long-range sidescan sonar images, and sediment core data to define the distribution of flood sediment in deepwater areas of the Pacific Ocean. Upon reaching the ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River near the present-day upper continental slope, sediment from the catastrophic floods continued flowing downslope as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents. The turbidity currents resulting from the Lake Missoula and other latest Pleistocene floods followed the Cascadia Channel into and through the Blanco Fracture Zone and then flowed west to the Tufts Abyssal Plain. A small part of the flood sediment, which was stripped off the main flow at a bend in the Cascadia Channel at its exit point from the Blanco Fracture Zone, continued flowing more than 400 km to the south and reached the Escanaba Trough, a rift valley of the southern Gorda Ridge. Understanding the development of the pathway for the Late Pleistocene flood sediment reaching Escanaba Trough provides insight for understanding the extent of catastrophic flood deposits on the Pacific plate. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Normark, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 111 IS 6 BP 617 EP 637 DI 10.1086/378334 PG 21 WC Geology SC Geology GA 758FR UT WOS:000187623600001 ER PT J AU Kellogg, KS Snee, LW Unruh, DM AF Kellogg, KS Snee, LW Unruh, DM TI The Mesoproterozoic Beaverhead impact structure and its tectonic setting, Montana-Idaho: Ar-40/Ar-39 and U-Pb isotopic constraints SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA; SHATTER CONES; AGES; PROVINCE; ZONE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; UNCERTAINTIES; ANTARCTICA; LAURENTIA; ADJACENT AB New Ar-40/Ar-39 and uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon data from the Beaverhead impact structure, first identified by extensive shatter coning of Proterozoic quartzite and gneiss from the Beaverhead Mountains near the Montana-Idaho border, indicate that the structure formed at or after 900 Ma. The Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra from fine-grained muscovite and biotite from a breccia zone in high-grade gneiss show significant argon loss but yield dates for highest-temperature steps that cluster between 899 and 908 Ma. The dated minerals probably formed by recrystallization of impact glass, so on both geologic and isotopic grounds, the dates probably represent the minimum age of impact. U-Pb data for zircons from the same breccia are strongly discordant and yield an upper intercept apparent age of 2464+/-56 Ma and a lower intercept apparent age of 779+/-69 Ma. Another brecciated gneiss about 7 km to the northeast that does not contain secondary mica does contain zircons that yield a concordant apparent age of 2455+/-9 Ma. Nearby gneiss that neither is brecciated nor contains shatter cones yields an apparent age of 2451+/-46 Ma. The Ar-40/Ar-39 results constrain the age of the shatter-coned quartzite and indicate that it is >900 Ma and possibly correlative with the Gunsight Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Lemhi Group. The upper intercept U-Pb age of similar to2450 Ma from all three dated samples also shows that the Paleoproterozoic basement rocks of the area are among the youngest in the mostly Archean Wyoming province of North America. The impact site lies near the margin of the province, along the northeast-trending Great Falls tectonic zone, and the relatively young crustal age may reflect Early Proterozoic marginal accretion. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kellogg, KS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 111 IS 6 BP 639 EP 652 DI 10.1086/378339 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 758FR UT WOS:000187623600002 ER PT J AU Wilson, CJN Hildreth, W AF Wilson, CJN Hildreth, W TI Assembling an ignimbrite: Mechanical and thermal building blocks in the Bishop Tuff, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASH-FLOW TUFFS; PYROCLASTIC FLOWS; COMPACTION; MODEL; PART AB The building blocks that control ignimbrite physical characteristics are here defined as mechanical (flow units and flow packages) and thermal (cooling units). Ignimbrite construction from these mechanical and thermal building blocks is illustrated by a longitudinal profile of the Bishop Tuff in the Owens River Gorge, California. In the Bishop ignimbrite, flow unit boundaries can be defined only locally, but known or inferred multiple flow units combine to form eruptive packages showing imbricate, offlapping relationships such that each package is thickest successively farther from the source. In these packages, the presence or absence of flow unit boundaries does not necessarily reflect directly the presence or absence, respectively, of time breaks; thus massive ignimbrite need not be the product of continuous accumulation (progressive aggradation). The intrinsic thermal properties of each package (or parts thereof) have combined with local thicknesses of accumulated material to control the welding state, measured here by bulk densities. Four zones of maximum density/welding occur, three of which display imbricate, offlapping relationships away from the source, in concert with changes in package thicknesses. The ignimbrite is thus a single compound cooling unit in existing terminology, but minima in the density/welding profiles are not at chronostratigraphically significant horizons. Thus thermal descriptors, such as simple and compound cooling units, may not have time-stratigraphic significance, and use of ignimbrite density/welding profiles to infer emplacement temperatures and timings is problematic. Development of the Bishop welding zones is, however, explicable by the thicknesses, emplacement temperatures, and imbricate distribution of the different ignimbrite packages. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wilson, CJN (reprint author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, POB 30368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand. RI Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011 OI Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743 NR 42 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 111 IS 6 BP 653 EP 670 DI 10.1086/378335 PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA 758FR UT WOS:000187623600003 ER PT J AU Lu, N LeCain, GD AF Lu, N LeCain, GD TI Percolation induced heat transfer in deep unsaturated zones SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE temperature; percolation; unsaturated soils; field investigations; numerical models; heat transfer ID TEMPERATURE-DEPTH PROFILES; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; TIME-SERIES; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; FLUID FLOW; RATES; PERMEABILITY; INFILTRATION; CREEK AB Subsurface temperature data from a borehole located in a desert wash were measured and used to delineate the conductive and advective heat transfer regimes, and to estimate the percolation quantity associated with the 1997-1998 El Nino precipitation. In an and environment, conductive heat transfer dominates the variation of shallow subsurface temperature most of the time, except during sporadic precipitation periods. The subsurface time-varying temperature due to conductive heat transfer is highly correlated with the surface atmospheric temperature variation, whereas temperature variation due to advective heat transfer is strongly correlated with precipitation events. The advective heat transfer associated with precipitation and infiltration is the focus of this paper. Disruptions of the subsurface conductive temperature regime, associated with the 1997-1998 El Nino precipitation, were detected and used to quantify the percolation quantity. Modeling synthesis using a one-dimensional coupled heat and unsaturated flow model indicated that a percolation per unit area of 0.7 to 1.3 m height of water in two weeks during February 1998 was responsible for the observed temperature deviations down to a depth of 35.2 m. The reported study demonstrated quantitatively, for the first time, that the near surface temperature variation due to advective heat transfer can be significant at a depth greater than 10 in in unsaturated soils and can be used to infer the percolation amount in thick unsaturated soils. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Lu, N (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 129 IS 11 BP 1040 EP 1053 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(1040) PG 14 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 733LY UT WOS:000186003000009 ER PT J AU Eng, K Coulter, RL Brutsaert, W AF Eng, K Coulter, RL Brutsaert, W TI Vertical velocity variance in the mixed layer from radar wind profilers SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE wind velocity; radar; variance analysis; measurement; wind; turbulent boundary layers; turbulence ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SURFACE HEAT-FLUX AB Vertical velocity variance data were derived from remotely sensed mixed layer turbulence measurements at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility in Butler County, Kansas. These measurements and associated data were provided by a collection of instruments that included two 915 MHz wind profilers, two radio acoustic sounding systems, and two eddy correlation devices. The data from these devices were available through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE) database operated by Argonne National Laboratory. A signal processing procedure outlined by Angevine et al. was adapted and further built upon to derive vertical velocity variance,$(w'(2)) over bar from 915 MHz wind profiler measurements in the mixed layer. The proposed procedure consisted of the application of a height-dependent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) filter, removal of outliers plus and minus two standard deviations about the mean on the spectral width squared, and removal of the effects of beam broadening and vertical shearing of horizontal winds. The scatter associated with $(w'(2)) over bar was mainly affected by the choice of SNR filter cutoff values. Several different sets of cutoff values were considered, and the optimal one was selected which reduced the overall scatter on $(w'(2)) over bar 2 and yet retained a sufficient number of data points to average. A similarity relationship of $(w'(2)) over bar versus height was established for the mixed layer on the basis of the available data. A strong link between the SNR and growth/decay phases of turbulence was identified. Thus, the mid to late afternoon hours, when strong surface heating occurred, were observed to produce the highest quality signals. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Reston, VA USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Eng, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 430, Reston, VA USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 8 IS 6 BP 301 EP 307 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:6(301) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 733JD UT WOS:000185995900001 ER PT J AU Ginger, SM Hellgren, EC Kasparian, MA Levesque, LP Engle, DM Leslie, DM AF Ginger, SM Hellgren, EC Kasparian, MA Levesque, LP Engle, DM Leslie, DM TI Niche shift by Virginia opossum following reduction of a putative competitor, the raccoon SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE competition; Didelphis virginiana; habitat fragmentation; mesopredator; niche; Oklahoma; ordination; Procyon lotor ID JOAQUIN KIT FOXES; MESOPREDATOR RELEASE; COOCCURRING POPULATIONS; DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; INTRAGUILD PREDATION; NORTHEASTERN KANSAS; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; AVAILABILITY DATA; NEST PREDATION; PROCYON-LOTOR AB Increases in mesopredator populations due to habitat fragmentation may have cascading effects on prey (e.g., songbirds) and may increase competitive interactions within the guild. We compared micro- and macrohabitat selection of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) between areas with and without removal of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), a putative competitor, in a fragmented habitat in north-central Oklahoma. Live trapping conducted in 1998-2001 resulted in 482 total captures of opossums. Vegetation was sampled in summer (April-August) around trapsites associated with 235 of those captures. Ordination analyses indicated that opossums shifted microhabitat use toward eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) forest when density of raccoons was reduced. Geographic Information Systems analyses at the habitat-patch scale revealed no differences in habitat selection after raccoon reduction. Niche breadths were high for both species, but niche overlap varied by time and treatment. Overlap of habitat patches between raccoons captured preremoval and opossums captured postremoval was high, suggesting a shift in habitat selection. The niche shift by opossums and change in niche overlap between raccoons and opossums supported our competition hypothesis. We acknowledge our lack of replication, but note that our work represents the 1st report of experimental manipulation coupled with work at multiple scales to examine competitive relationships between these key mesopredators. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Hellgren, EC (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, 404 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. OI Hellgren, Eric/0000-0002-3870-472X NR 75 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 21 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1279 EP 1291 DI 10.1644/103 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 749JP UT WOS:000186916800012 ER PT J AU Harney, JN Fletcher, CH AF Harney, JN Fletcher, CH TI A budget of carbonate framework and sediment production, Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STATES VIRGIN-ISLANDS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; CORAL-REEFS; FRINGING-REEF; ST-CROIX; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; DISCOVERY BAY; WEST-COAST; COMMUNITIES AB Sediments of the bay and coastal plain of Kailua (Oahu, Hawaii) are > 90% biogenic carbonate produced by destruction of primary reef framework (coral and encrusting coralline algae) and by direct sedimentation through the biological activity of calcifying organisms (the green alga Halimeda, the branching coralline alga Porolithion gardineri, molluscs, and benthic foraminifera). Field measurements of benthic community structure, gross carbonate production, bioerosion, and direct sedimentation in 17 physiographic zones in Kailua Bay are used to calculate modern calcareous sediment production rates in the 12 km(2) fringing reef system. Total gross carbonate productivity by corals and encrusting coralline algae (based on mapped percent cover and known growth rates) occurs at an average rate of 1.22 ( +/- 0.36) kg m(-2) y(-1) over hard substrates of the reef platform, corresponding to 0.8 (+/- 0.2) mm y(-1) (using a bulk density of 1.48 g cm(-3), the average of coral and coralline algae). Coralline algae contributes similar to 42% of the total gross productivity. Bioerosion of coral and coralline algae facies at and near the reef surface (estimated from slabbed reef samples) occurs at average rates of 0.10-1.15 kg m(-2) y(-1) and releases 1,911 (+/- 436) m(3) of unconsolidated carbonate sediment annually. Mechanical erosion (coral breakage) likely contributes an additional similar to 315 m(3) y(-1). Carbonate sediment is also produced directly by the green alga Halimeda, branching coralline algae, molluscs, and benthic foraminifera at a combined rate of 1,822 (+/- 200) m(3) y(-1) (using densities specific to sediment origin). The total rate of production of unconsolidated carbonate sediment in Kailua Bay is the sum of these sources, amounting to 4,048 (+/- 635) m(3) y(-1). Normalizing gross sediment production (in kg y(-1)) by reef habitat area (in m(2)) generates average rates of productivity (in kg m(-2) y(-1)) that are directly comparable to each other and to the literature; such rates can also be employed and tested in other reef settings. In Kailua Bay, the total production of calcareous sediment corresponds to an average (normalized) rate of 0.53 (+/- 0.19) kg m(-2) y(-1), with 0.33 (+/- 0.13) kg m(-2) y(-1) contributed through erosion of the coralgal framework and 0.20 (+/- 0.06) kg m(-2) y(-1) contributed by direct sediment production on the reef surface. Applying these modern sediment-production rates over the 5,000 years that Kailua Bay has been completely inundated by postglacial sea-level rise, an estimated 20.2 (+/- 3.2) x 10(6) m(3) of unconsolidated carbonate sediment has been produced in the system. The volume of sediment stored in the various reef channels and holes in Kailua Bay is 3.7 (+/- 0.3) x 10(6) m(3), or similar to 19% of that produced since 5,000 y BP. The volume of sand in the modern beach is 1.0 (+/- 0.1) x 10(6) m(3), or similar to 5% of Holocene sediment production. The volume of carbonate sediment stored in the coastal plain is estimated, using core-log data and associated radiocarbon ages, to be 10.0 (+/- 1.8) x 10(6) m(3), or similar to 51% of Holocene sediment production. The remaining 25 % likely represents sediment loss due to the natural processes of dissolution, attrition, and transport offshore. These export terms are not well understood and emphasize the need for sediment dynamics to be incorporated into reef and sediment budgets. Although sediment production in this reef system is prodigious, the rate of "new" sediment supplied to the beach-face is less than 2% of what moves on and off the beach seasonally. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Harney, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 71 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 29 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 6 BP 856 EP 868 DI 10.1306/051503730856 PG 13 WC Geology SC Geology GA 739ZA UT WOS:000186375400002 ER PT J AU Colman, SM Karabanov, EB Nelson, CH AF Colman, SM Karabanov, EB Nelson, CH TI Quaternary sedimentation and subsidence history of Lake Baikal, Siberia, based on seismic stratigraphy and coring SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSE; AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM; DEEP-WATER RENEWAL; BIOGENIC SILICA; EAST-AFRICAN; ACCOMMODATION ZONE; SELENGA DELTA; BASIN; MULTICHANNEL; TANGANYIKA AB The long, continuous, high-latitude, stratigraphic record of Lake Baikal was deposited in three broad sedimentary environments, defined by high-resolution seismic-reflection and coring methods: (1) turbidite depositional systems, by far the most widespread, characterizing most of the margins and floors of the main basins of the lake, (2) large deltas of major drainages, and (3) tectonically or topographically isolated ridges and banks. Holocene sedimentation rates based on radiocarbon ages vary by more than an order of magnitude among these environments, from less than about 0.03 mm./yr on ridges and banks to more than about 0.3 mm/yr on basin floors. Extrapolating these rates, with a correction for compaction, yields tentative estimates of about 25 and 11 Ma for the inception of rifting in the Central and North basins, respectively, and less than 6 Ma for the 200-m sediment depth on Academician Ridge. The Selenga Delta has the distinctive form of a classic prograding Gilbert-type delta, but its history appears to represent a complex combination of tectonism and sedimentation. The central part of the delta is underlain by prograding, shallow-water sequences, now several hundred meters below the lake surface. These deposits and much of the delta slope are mantled by fine-grained, deep-water, hemipelagic deposits whose base is estimated to be about 650,000 years old. Modern coarse-grained sediment bypasses the delta slope through fault-controlled canyons that feed large, subaqueous fans at the ends of the South and Central basins. These relations, along with abundant other evidence of recent faulting and the great depths of the Central and South basins, suggest that these two rift basins have experienced a period of unusually rapid subsidence over the last 650,000 years, during at least part of which sedimentation has failed to keep pace. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geosci, Columbia, SC 29209 USA. Univ Granada, Fac Ciencias, CSIC, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra, Granada 18002, Spain. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 51 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 6128 EAST 38TH ST, STE 308, TULSA, OK 74135-5814 USA SN 1527-1404 J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 6 BP 941 EP 956 DI 10.1306/041703730941 PG 16 WC Geology SC Geology GA 739ZA UT WOS:000186375400008 ER PT J AU Moeller, RB Puschner, B Walker, RL Rocke, T Galey, FD Cullor, JS Ardans, AA AF Moeller, RB Puschner, B Walker, RL Rocke, T Galey, FD Cullor, JS Ardans, AA TI Determination of the median toxic dose of type C botulinum toxin in lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ENSILED POULTRY LITTER; CATTLE; TETANUS AB Because of the difficulty in identifying botulinum toxin in cattle, it is hypothesized that cattle are sensitive to levels of toxin below the detection limits of current diagnostic techniques (the mouse protection bioassay and the immunostick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for type C botulinum toxin). Using an up-down method for toxicologic testing, the median toxic dose (MTD50) for cattle was determined. Four lactating Holstein cows were dosed at 0.125 or 0.25 ng/kg with Clostridium botulinum type C toxin and failed to develop clinical signs of botulism during the 7-day observation period. Three cows given 0.50 ng/kg of toxin developed clinical signs of botulism. From these results, the MTD50 was calculated at 0.388 ng/kg (3.88 mouse lethal doses/kg) using the trim-logit method. These results suggest that cattle are 12.88 times more sensitive to type C botulinum toxin than a mouse on a per kilogram weight basis. The mouse protection bioassay and the immunostick ELISA for type C botulinum toxin failed to identify the presence of the toxin in the serum, blood, and milk samples taken from all 7 animals. C1 Univ Calif, Tulare Lab, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab Syst, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Tulare Univ Calif, Vet Med Teaching & Res Ctr, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. US Geol Survey Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wyoming, Coll Agr, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Moeller, RB (reprint author), Univ Calif, Tulare Lab, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab Syst, 18830 Rd 112, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563; Puschner, Birgit/0000-0001-6765-5085 NR 12 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 523 EP 526 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 744TV UT WOS:000186649700003 PM 14667014 ER PT J AU Chauvaud, L Thompson, JK Cloern, JE Thouzeau, G AF Chauvaud, L Thompson, JK Cloern, JE Thouzeau, G TI Clams as CO2 generators: The Potamocorbula amurensis example in San Francisco Bay SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; REMARKABLE INVASION; SURFACE WATERS; HUDSON RIVER; CORAL-REEFS; COMMUNITY AB Respiration and calcium carbonate production by the invasive Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, were calculated to assess their importance as CO2 sources in northern San Francisco Bay. Production, calculated using monthly population density and size structure measured at three sites over 7 yr and a shell length/CaCO3 conversion factor, averaged 221 (+/-184) g CaCO3 m(-2) yr(-1). Net calcium carbonate production by this exotic bivalve releases CO2 at a mean rate of 18 (+/-17) g C m(-2) yr(-1). Respiration by P. amurensis, estimated from secondary production, releases additional CO2 at a mean rate of 37 (+/-34) g C m(-2) yr(-1). Therefore, total net CO2 production by P. amurensis averages 55 (+/-51) g C m(-2) yr(-1) in an estuarine domain where net primary production consumes only 20 g inorganic C m(-2) yr(-1). CO2 production by P. amurensis in northern San Francisco Bay is an underestimate of the total CO2 supply from the calcified zoobenthic communities of San Francisco Bay, and results from other studies have suggested that this rate is not unusual for temperate estuaries. Global extrapolation yields a gross CO2 production rate in the world's estuaries of 1 X 10(14) g C yr(-1), which suggests that calcified benthic organisms in estuaries generate CO2 equal in magnitude to the CO2 emissions from the world's lakes or from planetary volcanism (the net source is determined by the highly variable rate of CO2 consumption by carbonate dissolution). This biogenic CO2 source is increasing because of the continuing global translocation of mollusks and their successful colonization of new habitats. C1 UBO, IUEM, CNRS, UMR 6539, F-29280 Plouzane, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Chauvaud, L (reprint author), UBO, IUEM, CNRS, UMR 6539, Technopole Brest Iroise,Pl Copern, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 55 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 6 BP 2086 EP 2092 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 746XK UT WOS:000186772800002 ER PT J AU Nichols, JM Virgin, LN Todd, MD Nichols, JD AF Nichols, JM Virgin, LN Todd, MD Nichols, JD TI On the use of attractor dimension as a feature in structural health monitoring SO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article ID VIBRATION FAULT-DIAGNOSIS; ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS; DAMAGE DETECTION; STRANGE ATTRACTORS; SELECTION; SYSTEMS AB Recent works in the vibration-based structural health monitoring community have emphasised the use of correlation dimension as a discriminating statistic in seperating a damaged from undamaged response. This paper explores the utility of attractor dimension as a 'feature' and offers some comparisons between different metrics reflecting dimension. This focus is on evaluating the performance of two different measures of dimension as damage indicators in a structural health monitoring context. Results indicate that the correlation dimension is probably a poor choice of statistic for the purpose of signal discrimination. Other measures of dimension may be used for the same purposes with a higher degree of statistical reliability. The question of competing methodologies is placed in a hypothesis testing framework and answered with experimental data taken from a cantilivered beam. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Nichols, JM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 50 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0888-3270 J9 MECH SYST SIGNAL PR JI Mech. Syst. Signal Proc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1305 EP 1320 DI 10.1006/mssp.2002.1521 PG 16 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 713HT UT WOS:000184852000010 ER PT J AU Garcia-Pichel, F Johnson, SL Youngkin, D Belnap, J AF Garcia-Pichel, F Johnson, SL Youngkin, D Belnap, J TI Small-scale vertical distribution of bacterial biomass and diversity in biological soil crusts from arid lands in the Colorado Plateau SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; DESERT SOILS; MICROENVIRONMENTS; CYANOBACTERIA; COMMUNITY; CAROTENOIDS; ECOSYSTEM; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCE; MEMBERS AB We characterized, at millimeter resolution, bacterial biomass, diversity, and vertical stratification of biological soil crusts in arid lands from the Colorado Plateau. Microscopic counts, extractable DNA, and plate counts of viable aerobic copiotrophs (VAC) revealed that the top centimeter of crusted soils contained atypically large bacterial populations, tenfold larger than those in uncrusted, deeper soils. The plate counts were not always consistent with more direct estimates of microbial biomass. Bacterial populations peaked at the immediate subsurface (1-2 mm) in light-appearing, young crusts, and at the surface (0-1 mm) in well-developed, dark crusts, which corresponds to the location of cyanobacterial populations. Bacterial abundance decreased with depth below these horizons. Spatially resolved DGGE fingerprints of Bacterial 16S rRNA genes demonstrated the presence of highly diverse natural communities, but we could detect neither trends with depth in bacterial richness or diversity, nor a difference in diversity indices between crust types. Fingerprints, however, revealed the presence of marked stratification in the structure of the microbial communities, probably a result of vertical gradients in physicochemical parameters. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated that most of the naturally occurring bacteria are novel types, with low sequence similarity (83-93%) to those available in public databases. DGGE analyses of the VAC populations indicated communities of lower diversity, with most types having sequences more than 94% similar to those in public databases. Our study indicates that soil crusts represent small-scale mantles of fertility in arid ecosystems, harboring vertically structured, little-known bacterial populations that are not well represented by standard cultivation methods. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Garcia-Pichel, F (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. OI Johnson, Shannon/0000-0002-3972-9208 NR 41 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 31 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 312 EP 321 DI 10.1007/s00248-003-1004-0 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 746YL UT WOS:000186776500003 PM 14502414 ER PT J AU Halupka, KC Willson, MF Bryant, MD Everest, FH Gharrett, AJ AF Halupka, KC Willson, MF Bryant, MD Everest, FH Gharrett, AJ TI Conservation of population diversity of Pacific salmon in southeast Alaska SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review ID EVOLUTIONARILY-SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PINK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; LIFE-HISTORY; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; CHUM SALMON; COHO SALMON AB We analyzed intraspecific variation in selected biological characteristics of five species of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in southeast Alaska and adjacent areas of Canada with a particular interest in describing the variation among populations and suggesting conservation priorities to preserve existing variation. We identified traits that showed high levels of among-population variation, evaluated the interspecific consistency of variation patterns, and noted the relationship of these traits to potential adaptive variation. In addition, we graphically identified populations with distinctive phenotypic and demographic characteristics as outliers from the distribution of mean values of traits taken from populations throughout the region. We also reviewed allozyme surveys to identify populations that differed in terms of the geographic clustering patterns of allele frequencies. Approximately 9,000 salmon populations occur in the study area, and sufficient data were available from 2,062 (23%) of them to analyze at least one characteristic. We identified 47 populations represented by adequate data sets that have distinctive characteristics. An additional 35 populations, represented by limited samples or unusual nominal traits, may be regionally distinctive. Of the 47 adequately sampled, distinctive populations, 22 met our criteria for conservation consideration: (1) high potential for adaptive variation (including distinctive run timing), (2) a distinctive trait combined with high spawner abundance or allozyme frequencies that diverge from geographic clustering patterns, and (3) more than one distinctive characteristic or freshwater habitat shared with other distinctive populations, Freshwater habitats for 6 of those 22 populations are located in watersheds that do not have restrictive land use designations and warrant the highest conservation priority. C1 USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Univ Alaska SE, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bryant, MD (reprint author), USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mdbryant@fs.fed.us NR 139 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1057 EP 1086 DI 10.1577/M02-152 PG 30 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200001 ER PT J AU Mohler, JW AF Mohler, JW TI Producing fluorescent marks on Atlantic salmon fin rays and scales with calcein via osmotic induction SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TETRACYCLINE; TROUT; FISH; FRY AB Calcified tissues of Atlantic salmon in both larval and postscale developmental life stages became labeled with the fluorochrome dye known as calcein in 7 min by sequential immersion in salt and calcein solutions. I introduce the term "osmotic induction" to describe this process. At 47 d posttreatment, fish that had been exposed to osmotic induction of calcein as nonfeeding larvae exhibited mortality and growth equivalent to that of nonexposed fish (P < 0.05). Atlantic salmon parr (at 5 months posthatch) exposed to osmotic induction of calcein exhibited no mortality during a 120-d posttreatment period. In addition to inducing a calcein mark on fin rays of all larvae and part, the procedure also produced a distinct calcein mark on scales of parr. A second exposure of part to osmotic induction 90 d after the first produced a conspicuous 2-band pattern on scales which corresponded to the two separate marking events. Calcein marks are invisible to the unaided eye but were observed without sacrificing the experimental fish by employing a calcein detection device (patent applied for) and fluorescence microscopy. Osmotic induction of calcein marks is a potentially useful technique for batch-marking fish because it greatly reduces the amount of contact time between the fish and marking solution and produces an easily identified mark; this may enable salmon fishery managers and researchers to perform a variety of nonlethal fisheries evaluations not practical or possible using previous marking and tagging techniques. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. RP Mohler, JW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, 308 Washington Ave,POB 75, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1108 EP 1113 DI 10.1577/M02-143 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200004 ER PT J AU Gard, M Ballard, E AF Gard, M Ballard, E TI Applications of new technologies to instream flow studies in large rivers SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID IMAGERY AB An acoustic Doppler current profiler, underwater video system, hand-held laser range finder and global positioning receiver were used to collect data for instream flow studies on the Sacramento and lower American rivers in California. The use of the equipment decreased the time required to collect spawning criteria data for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in deep water in a given area by a factor of 3.4 and doubled the number of transects that could be modeled with the same budget. With the application of quality control criteria, discharges could be measured with an average accuracy of 2.7% versus gauge data with an accuracy of 5%. The total time required to collect data for two-dimensional habitat sites varied with the length and complexity of the sites, and was equivalent to the total time required for physical habitat simulation (PHAB-SIM) data collection for shorter sites, and less for longer sites. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. RP Gard, M (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2800 Cottage Way,Room W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1114 EP 1125 DI 10.1577/M02-131 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200005 ER PT J AU Close, DA Fitzpatrick, MS Lorion, CM Li, HW Schreck, CB AF Close, DA Fitzpatrick, MS Lorion, CM Li, HW Schreck, CB TI Effects of intraperitoneally implanted radio transmitters on the swimming performance and physiology of Pacific lamprey SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LAMPETRA-FLUVIATILIS; DUMMY TRANSMITTERS; RIVER; QUALITY; STRESS; PERIOD; SALMON AB Information on movement patterns and behaviors of Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata at Columbia River hydroelectric projects is needed to determine effects of the dams on survival. Radiotelemetry provides a good method for gaining knowledge about Pacific lamprey behavior at the dams; however, one of the assumptions of a radiotelemetry experiment is that tagged individuals are representative of untagged individuals. Therefore, we undertook an assessment of the swimming performance and physiological effects of surgical implantation of radio transmitters into the peritoneal cavities of Pacific lamprey. We measured concentrations of plasma glucose, ventilation rate, and swimming performance at short-term and long-term intervals following the surgical implantation of radio transmitters in Pacific lamprey. We found no short-term difference in glucose levels between tagged (3.4-g tags) and control lampreys, suggesting tagging is no more stressful than handling. Plasma levels of glucose in Pacific lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters were greater at 3 and 24 h postsurgery compared with controls; however, these differences disappeared at 96 h. Ventilation rates of tagged (7.4 g) and control lampreys did not differ at 1, 24, and 168 h after surgeries. Swimming performance of Pacific lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters was impaired immediately after surgery; however, swimming was not compromised at 1 and 7 d after surgery. In the long term (i.e., 4 months postimplantation), plasma glucose levels in lampreys implanted with 3.4-g transmitters did not differ from control or sham lampreys, whereas those implanted with 10.0 g transmitters had higher plasma glucose than intact controls. Adult lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters remained statistically indistinct from controls at 30, 60, 90, and 180 d after surgery. Of the control and 7.4-g tagged lampreys, 22% matured and developed secondary sexual characteristics with loose eggs or flowing milt by the end of March. We found 100% survival rate with our tagged fish in all experiments. These results indicate that radio tags weighing 7.4 g or less that are surgically implanted in adult Pacific lamprey can meet the core assumption of radiotelemetry, provided precautions are taken to ensure adequate time for recovery from surgery. C1 Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Close, DA (reprint author), Umatilla Indian Reservat, Tribal Fisheries Program, Dept Nat Resources, POB 638, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. EM closeday@msu.edu NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1184 EP 1192 DI 10.1577/MO2-057 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200011 ER PT J AU Desorcie, TJ Bowen, CA AF Desorcie, TJ Bowen, CA TI Evidence of offshore lake trout reproduction in Lake Huron SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SUPERIOR AB Six Fathom Bank-Yankee Reef, an offshore reef complex, was an historically important spawning area believed to represent some of the best habitat for the rehabilitation of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Huron. Since 1986, lake trout have been stocked on these offshore reefs to reestablish self-sustaining populations. We sampled with beam trawls to determine the abundance of naturally reproduced age-0 lake trout on these offshore reefs during May-July in 1994-1998 and 2000-2002. In total, 123 naturally reproduced lake trout fry were caught at Six Fathom Bank, and 2 naturally reproduced lake trout fry were caught at nearby Yankee Reef. Our findings suggest that this region of Lake Huron contains suitable habitat for lake trout spawning and offers hope that lake trout rehabilitation can be achieved in the main basin of Lake Huron. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Desorcie, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1253 EP 1256 DI 10.1577/M02-129 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200018 ER PT J AU Petersen, JH Barfoot, CA AF Petersen, JH Barfoot, CA TI Evacuation of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from northern pikeminnow consuming tagged juvenile Chinook salmon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; GADUS-MORHUA L; GASTRIC EVACUATION; PREDATION RISK; COLUMBIA RIVER; SNAKE RIVER; DIGESTION; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; RATES AB Prey fish implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags can be used in predation studies if the timing of tag evacuation from the predators is understood. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how PIT tags in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were consumed by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis were evacuated in relation to various parameters. The rate of evacuation was directly related to temperature, while predator size and the number of prey consumed had less effect on the timing of tag evacuation. A power model was fitted to predict the proportion of tags expected to be evacuated at different intervals after ingestion. These results could be used in planning field or laboratory predation experiments with PIT-tagged prey fish. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Petersen, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1265 EP 1270 DI 10.1577/M02-079 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200020 ER PT J AU Alftine, KJ Malanson, GP Fagre, DB AF Alftine, KJ Malanson, GP Fagre, DB TI Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GLACIER-NATIONAL-PARK; FOREST-TUNDRA ECOTONE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; GROWTH-RESPONSES; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; NIWOT RIDGE; FRONT RANGE; SEED RAIN; USA; COLORADO AB The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has significant climatological and ecological effects in northwestern North America. its possible effects and their modification by feedbacks are examined in the forest-tundra ecotone in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Tree ring samples were collected to estimate establishment dates in 10 quadrats. Age-diameter regressions were used to estimate the ages of uncored trees. The temporal pattern of establishment and survival was compared to the pattern of the PDO. A wave of establishment began in the mid-1940s, rose to a peak rate in the mid-1970s, and dropped precipitously beginning ca. 1980 to near zero for the 1990s. The period of establishment primarily coincided with the negative phase of the PDO, but the establishment and survival pattern is not correlated with the PDO index. The pattern indicates a period during which establishment was possible and was augmented by positive feedback from surviving trees. Snow may be the most important factor in the feedback, but studies indicate that its effects vary locally. Spatially differentiated analyses of decadal or longer periodicity may elucidate responses to climatic variation. C1 Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. USGS, Ctr Sci, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Geog, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Alftine, KJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. NR 83 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 6 BP 520 EP 535 DI 10.2747/0272-3646.24.6.520 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 844DJ UT WOS:000223137200004 ER PT J AU Holmgren, CA Penalba, MC Rylander, KA Betancourt, JL AF Holmgren, CA Penalba, MC Rylander, KA Betancourt, JL TI A 16,000 (14)C yr BP packrat midden series from the USA-Mexico Borderlands SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Pleistocene; Holocene; pluvial lakes; vegetation history; packrat middens; pinyon-juniper woodland; desert grassland; pollen ID NORTHERN CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; LATE QUATERNARY LACUSTRINE; PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE; SOUTHERN ARIZONA; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; STABLE CARBON; MOUNTAINS; INDICATORS; SEQUENCE; AMERICA AB A new packrat midden chronology from Playas Valley, southwestern New Mexico, is the first installment of an ongoing effort to reconstruct paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the U.S.A.-Mexico Borderlands. Playas Valley and neighboring basins supported pluvial lakes during full and/or late glacial times. Plant macrofossil and pollen assemblages from nine middens in the Playas Valley allow comparisons of two time intervals: 16,000-10,000 and 4000-0 (14)C yr B.P. Vegetation along pluvial lake margins consisted of open pinyon-juniper communities dominated by Pinus edulis, Juniperus scopulorum, Juniperus cf. coahuilensis, and a rich understory of C(4) annuals and grasses. This summer-flowering understory is also characteristic of modem desert grassland in the Borderlands and indicates at least moderate summer precipitation. P. edulis and J. scopulorum disappeared or were rare in the midden record by 10,670 (14)C yr B.P. The late Holocene is marked by the arrival of Chihuahuan desert scrub elements and few departures as the vegetation gradually became modem in character. Larrea tridentata appears as late as 2190 (14)C yr B.P. based on macrofossils, but may have been present as early as 4095 (14)C yr B.P. based on pollen. Fouquieria splendens, one of the dominant desert species present at the site today, makes its first appearance only in the last millennium. The midden pollen assemblages are difficult to interpret; they lack modern analogs in surface pollen assemblages from stock tanks at different elevations in the Borderlands. (C) 2003 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Sonora 83000, Mexico. RP Holmgren, CA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM holmgren@geo.arizona.edu NR 40 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 60 IS 3 BP 319 EP 329 DI 10.1016/j.yqres.2003.08.001 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 752RK UT WOS:000187180800008 ER PT J AU Benson, L Lund, S Negrini, R Linsley, B Zic, M AF Benson, L Lund, S Negrini, R Linsley, B Zic, M TI Response of North American Great Basin Lakes to Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE; MILLENNIAL-SCALE CHANGES; LAST GLACIAL PERIOD; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; GREENLAND ICE CORE; PAST 250,000 YEARS; MONO LAKE; SIERRA-NEVADA; PALEOCLIMATE RECORD; TROPICAL ATLANTIC AB We correlate oscillations in the hydrologic and/or cryologic balances of four Great Basin surface-water systems with Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events 2-12. This correlation is relatively strong at the location of the magnetic signature used to link the lake records, but becomes less well constrained with distance/time from the signature. Comparison of proxy glacial and hydrologic records from Owens and Pyramid lakes indicates that Sierran glacial advances occurred during times of relative dryness. If our hypothesized correlation between the lake-based records and the GISP2 delta(18)O record is correct, it suggests that North Atlantic D-O stades were associated with relatively cold and dry conditions and that interstades were associated with relatively warm and wet conditions throughout the Great Basin between 50,500 and 27,000 GISP2 yr B.P. The Great Basin lacustrine climate records reinforce the hypothesis that D-O events affected the climate throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere during marine isotope stages 2 and 3. However, the absolute phasing between lake-size and ice-core 6180 records remains difficult to determine. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Calif State Univ, Dept Phys & Geol, Bakersfield, CA 93311 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 64 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 21-22 BP 2239 EP 2251 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00210-5 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 754ER UT WOS:000187290200001 ER PT J AU Gaikowski, MP Wolf, JC Endris, RG Gingerich, WH AF Gaikowski, MP Wolf, JC Endris, RG Gingerich, WH TI Safety of aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type A medicated article), administered in feed to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aquaflor; florfenicol; channel catfish; enteric septicemia; medicated feed ID CYPRINUS-CARPIO L; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; EXPERIMENTAL-ANIMALS; ATLANTIC SALMON; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; IN-VITRO; CHLORAMPHENICOL; OXYTETRACYCLINE; FISH; THIAMPHENICOL AB Aquaflor, a feed premix containing the broad spectrum antibacterial agent florfenicol (50% w/w), is being developed for use to control enteric septicemia (ESC) in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus caused by the gram-negative enterobacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. The recommended dose of Aquaflor to control ESC is 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day for 10 days. The study objective was to determine the safety of Aquaflor administered in feed to channel catfish at doses of 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg BW/day for 20 consecutive days. Parameters evaluated included daily mortality, behavioral (appetite, distribution, flight/fright response), and water chemistry observations, initial and terminal weight measurements, and gross and microscopic pathology. Medicated feed consumption was 67-86% of target with group mean doses of 8.5 mg/kg BW/day, 24.6 mg/kg BW/day, and 34.9 mg/kg BW/day. There were no mortalities or clinically observable changes noted at any of the dose levels tested. Aquaflor-related changes were limited to the food consumption and histopathology data. Although Aquaflor-related decreased feed consumption was noted in the 30 and 50 mg/kg BW/day groups, there were no differences in fish growth among the treatment groups. Aquaflor-related histopathology findings were limited to a histomorphologically evident dose-dependent decrease in hematopoietic/lymphopoietic tissue in the anterior kidneys, posterior kidneys, and spleens of channel catfish. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Expt Pathol Labs Inc, Herndon, VA 20172 USA. Schering Plough Anim Hlth Corp, Union, NJ 07083 USA. RP Gaikowski, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 37 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 31 IS 6 BP 689 EP 697 DI 10.1080/01926230390241828 PG 9 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 737AF UT WOS:000186205900013 PM 14585738 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Thurman, EM AF Ferrer, I Thurman, EM TI Liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC/TOF/MS) for the analysis of emerging contaminants SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACCURATE MASS; SURFACE-WATER; WASTE-WATER; IDENTIFICATION; EXTRACTION; PRODUCTS; PHARMACEUTICALS; CONFIRMATION; METABOLITE AB In this review, we focus on the importance of unequivocally detecting emerging contaminants, as well as establishing their presence in the environment by accurate mass spectrometric measurement techniques. The environmental issue of emerging contaminants is tied to the analysis of wastewater samples using the new analytical methods of the last decade, especially liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF/MS) techniques. Because of the high complexity of some environmental samples (i.e. wastewater and sludge samples), high-resolving power techniques are needed to provide additional structural information. Thus, this paper focuses on LC/TOF/MS to analyze unknowns in the aquatic environment. Emerging contaminants are defined as compounds that are not currently covered by existing regulations of water quality, that have not been previously studied, and that are thought to be a possible threat to environmental health and safety. In particular, these compounds include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, surfactants, and pesticide degradates. Unique types of structural information for these compounds are derived from TOF/MS and quadrupole (Q)-TORMS instruments for the analysis of emerging contaminants in water and sediments. This review explains the unique features of these instruments and gives examples of their applications. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Ferrer, I (reprint author), Univ Almeria, Dept Analyt Chem, E-04120 Almeria, Spain. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 29 TC 98 Z9 105 U1 4 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 10 BP 750 EP 756 DI 10.1016/S0165-9936(03)01013-6 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 760PZ UT WOS:000187844000020 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Holuszko, JD Desorcie, TJ AF Madenjian, CP Holuszko, JD Desorcie, TJ TI Growth and condition of alewives in Lake Michigan, 1984-2001 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS; ONTARIO; FOOD; ENERGETICS; DYNAMICS; FISHES; PREDATION; BIOMASS; TRENDS AB Diets of salmonines in Lake Michigan have been dominated by alewives Alosa pseudoharengus since the 1960s, and information on alewife population dynamics is critical to the management of salmonine fisheries. We monitored alewife size at age and condition (K) at several different locations in Lake Michigan during fall 1984-2001. Alewives were aged by enumerating annuli on otoliths. The results indicated that alewife length at age did not trend upward or downward between 1984 and the late 1990s but decreased from the late 1990s to 2001. Alewife weight at age was relatively constant between 1984 and the mid-1990s but decreased from the mid-1990s to 2001. Mean condition for a given alewife age was, on average, 13.7% higher during 1984-1994 than during 1995-2001. This decline in alewife condition was not a density-dependent response by the alewife population because alewife abundance trended neither upward nor downward during 1984-2001. The decline in alewife condition was possibly due to the lakewide decrease in the abundance of Diporeia spp. during the 1990s. Apparently, the availability of the large-bodied invertebrates Diporeia and Mysis spp. was an important regulator of adult alewife growth because alewives attained a substantially larger size in Lake Michigan, where these invertebrates were relatively important constituents of the adult alewife diet, than in Lake Ontario, where these invertebrates were not readily eaten by adult alewives. For age-2 or older females, mean length was 2-9 mm greater than for males. Alewife size at age and condition were slightly higher on the eastern side of Lake Michigan than on the western side. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 43 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1104 EP 1116 DI 10.1577/T02-133 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 744FW UT WOS:000186618100006 ER PT J AU Miranda, LE Dolan, CR AF Miranda, LE Dolan, CR TI Test of a power transfer model for standardized electrofishing SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FISH; ENERGY AB Standardization of electrofishing in waters with differing conductivities is critical when monitoring temporal and spatial differences in fish assemblages. We tested a model that can help improve the consistency of electrofishing by allowing control over the amount of power that is transferred to the fish. The primary objective was to verify, under controlled laboratory conditions, whether the model adequately described fish immobilization responses elicited with various electrical settings over a range of water conductivities. We found that the model accurately described empirical observations over conductivities ranging from 12 to 1,030 muS/cm for DC and various pulsed-DC settings. Because the model requires knowledge of a fish's effective conductivity, an attribute that is likely to vary according to species, size, temperature, and other variables, a second objective was to gather available estimates of the effective conductivity of fish to examine the magnitude of variation and to assess whether in practical applications a standard effective conductivity value for fish may be assumed. We found that applying a standard fish effective conductivity of 115 muS/cm introduced relatively little error into the estimation of the peak power density required to immobilize fish with electrofishing. However, this standard was derived from few estimates of fish effective conductivity and a limited number of species; more estimates are needed to validate our working standard. C1 US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Miranda, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 9691, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1179 EP 1185 DI 10.1577/T02-093 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 744FW UT WOS:000186618100012 ER PT J AU Schrank, SJ Guy, CS Fairchild, JF AF Schrank, SJ Guy, CS Fairchild, JF TI Competitive interactions between age-0 bighead carp and paddlefish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SILVER CARP; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; ARISTICHTHYS-NOBILIS; POLYODON-SPATHULA; CATFISH PONDS; WATER-QUALITY; FISH; GROWTH; RIVER; FOOD AB The effects of bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis on native planktivores in the USA is unknown. The objectives of this study were to experimentally test for competitive interactions between age-0 bighead carp and age-0 paddlefish Polyodon spathula. Differences among water chemistry variables, invertebrate densities, and relative growth of fish were assessed in mesocosms. Water chemistry variables were similar among treatments throughout the experiment and only exhibited a temporal effect. Zooplankton density declined in mesocosms after fish were introduced. In general, zooplankton densities did not differ among treatments but did differ from the control. The relative growth of paddlefish was negative in the paddlefish and paddlefish-bighead carp treatments. The relative growth of bighead carp was negative in the bighead carp treatment but positive in the paddlefish-bighead carp treatment. Age-0 paddlefish exhibited the greatest decrease in relative growth in mesocosms with bighead carp. Bighead carp exhibited the greatest increase in relative growth in mesocosms with paddlefish. These data suggest that bighead carp have the potential to negatively affect the growth of paddlefish when food resources are limited. C1 Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Guy, CS (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, 301 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 50 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1222 EP 1228 DI 10.1577/T02-071 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 744FW UT WOS:000186618100017 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Piston, CE Garcia, AP AF Connor, WP Piston, CE Garcia, AP TI Temperature during incubation as one factor affecting the distribution of Snake River Fall Chinook salmon spawning areas SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; LIFE-HISTORY; SURVIVAL; COLUMBIA; EMBRYOS; ALEVINS; TIME AB Spawning areas of ocean-type fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Pacific Northwest are largely restricted to relatively warm coastal rivers. Fall Chinook salmon spawners in the Snake River basin clearly favor the main-stem Snake River and the relatively warm lower reaches of its tributaries. In this note, we describe how mean temperature during incubation affects fry emergence date and influences the distribution of fall Chinook salmon spawning areas in the Snake River basin. Using laboratory results and field data, we estimated fry emergence dates for three brood years of fish in seven areas that are consistently used by spawners and in five areas that are rarely used by spawners. Mean incubation temperature was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in consistently used areas (5.6 +/- 0.1degreesC) than in rarely used areas (4.5 +/- 0.1degreesC). The mean estimated emergence date for the consistently used areas was 12 May (+/- 20 d), compared with 26 June (+/- 20 d) for rarely used areas. A logistic discriminant rule fitted from the mean incubation temperatures of the 12 areas discriminated between consistently and rarely used areas with 97%. accuracy. We conclude that temperature is one factor that influences the distribution of fall Chinook salmon spawning areas in the Snake River basin. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fishery Resource Off, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fishery Resource Off, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1236 EP 1243 DI 10.1577/T02-159 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 744FW UT WOS:000186618100019 ER PT J AU Dowman, VCE Ferre, TPA Hoffmann, JP Rucker, DF Callegary, JB AF Dowman, Charles E., V Ferre, Ty P. A. Hoffmann, John P. Rucker, Dale F. Callegary, James B. TI Quantifying Ephemeral Streambed Infiltration from Downhole Temperature Measurements Collected Before and After Streamflow SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; FLOW; HEAT; RECHARGE; SOLUTE; RATES; WATER AB Aconstant flux infiltration experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of using downhole temperature measurements to estimate infiltration flux. Temperatures measured using a downhole thermistor within a 15.4-m-deep borehole compare well with temperatures measured with buried thermocouples in an adjacent borehole to 5 m depth. Numerical forward model simulations were conducted using VS2DI. A numerical sensitivity analysis showed that the temperature profile was most sensitive to the average temperature of the infiltrating water, the infiltration flux, and the specific heat capacity of dry soil. The high sensitivity of these variables allows for a simple sequential optimization to be used to estimate the average temperature of the infiltrating water, the water flux, and the specific heat capacity of dry soil from numerical inversion of temperature measurements. Downhole temperature measurements could be a useful complement to shallow streambed temperature methods, allowing for better quantification of the contribution of streambed infiltration to basin-scale recharge. C1 [Dowman, Charles E., V; Ferre, Ty P. A.; Rucker, Dale F.; Callegary, James B.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Dowman, Charles E., V; Hoffmann, John P.] USGS, Water Resources Discipline, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Ferre, TPA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, 1133 E N Campus Dr,Bldg 11, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM ty@hwr.arizona.edu OI Callegary, James/0000-0003-3604-0517; Rucker, Dale/0000-0002-8930-2747 FU U.S. Geological Survey Arizona District Special Initiative [2001, 2002] FX This research was funded by the 2001 and 2002 U.S. Geological Survey Arizona District Special Initiative Program. The authors would like to acknowledge Alissa Coes for her insightful review and constructive comments. Dr. Marshall Reiter, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, provided invaluable assistance in the design and construction of the temperature logging instrumentation and made a generous loan of equipment used in this study. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 595 EP 601 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11VB UT WOS:000207558000016 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT Baehr, AL Kauffman, LJ AF Nolan, Bernard T. Baehr, Arthur L. Kauffman, Leon J. TI Spatial Variability of Groundwater Recharge and its Effect on Shallow Groundwater Quality in Southern New Jersey SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Point estimates of groundwater recharge at 48 sediment-coring locations vary substantially (-18.5-1840 cm yr(-1)) in a 930-km(2) area of southern New Jersey. Darcian estimates of steady, long-term recharge made at depth in the unsaturated zone were estimated using pedo-transfer functions of soil texture and interpolated (mapped) with nonparametric methods to assess aquifer vulnerability in the area. The probability of exceeding the median recharge (29.1 cm yr(-1)) is low in the southwestern and northeastern portions of the study area and high in the eastern and southeastern portions. Estimated recharge is inversely related to measured percentage clay and positively related to the percentage of well-drained soils near wells. Spatial patterns of recharge estimates, exceedance probabilities, and clay content indicate that sediment texture controls recharge in the study area. Relations with land elevation and a topographic wetness index were statistically insignificant. Nitrate concentration and atrazine (6-chloro-N(2)-ethyl-N(4)-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) percentage detection in samples of shallow groundwater (typically <10 m) are higher for low recharge sites (<29.1 cm yr(-1)) than for high recharge sites (<29.1 cm yr(-1)) in agricultural and urban areas. Differences between high and low recharge sites in these areas are highly significant for NO(3) concentration, but not for atrazine concentration. C1 [Nolan, Bernard T.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Baehr, Arthur L.; Kauffman, Leon J.] US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ USA. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 413 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM btnolan@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 677 EP 691 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11VB UT WOS:000207558000026 ER PT J AU Scott, DT Runkel, RL McKnight, DM Voelker, BM Kimball, BA Carraway, ER AF Scott, DT Runkel, RL McKnight, DM Voelker, BM Kimball, BA Carraway, ER TI Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater stream: Influence of organic acids SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE iron; photoreduction; photolysis; organic acid; reactive transport; mountain stream ID REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MOUNTAIN STREAM; TRANSIENT STORAGE; MINE DRAINAGE; SURFACE WATERS; METAL-RICH; PHOTOREDUCTION; OXIDATION; PH; SIMULATION AB An in-stream injection of two dissolved organic acids (phthalic and aspartic acids) was performed in an acidic mountain stream to assess the effects of organic acids on Fe photoreduction and H2O2 cycling. Results indicate that the fate of Fe is dependent on a net balance of oxidative and reductive processes, which can vary over a distance of several meters due to changes in incident light and other factors. Solution phase photoreduction rates were high in sunlit reaches and were enhanced by the organic acid addition but were also limited by the amount of ferric iron present in the water column. Fe oxide photoreduction from the streambed and colloids within the water column resulted in an increase in the diurnal load of total filterable Fe within the experimental reach, which also responded to increases in light and organic acids. Our results also suggest that Fe(II) oxidation increased in response to the organic acids, with the result of offsetting the increase in Fe(II) from photoreductive processes. Fe(II) was rapidly oxidized to Fe(III) after sunset and during the day within a well-shaded reach, presumably through microbial oxidation. H2O2, a product of dissolved organic matter photolysis, increased downstream to maximum concentrations of 0.25 m M midday. Kinetic calculations show that the buildup of H2O2 is controlled by reaction with Fe(II), but this has only a small effect on Fe(II) because of the small formation rates of H2O2 compared to those of Fe(II). The results demonstrate the importance of incorporating the effects of light and dissolved organic carbon into Fe reactive transport models to further our understanding of the fate of Fe in streams and lakes. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. MIT, Ralph M Parsons Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. RP Scott, DT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Voelker, Bettina/C-1815-2013 NR 42 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 11 AR 1308 DI 10.1029/2002WR001768 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 740JF UT WOS:000186398700002 ER PT J AU Turnipseed, AA Anderson, DE Blanken, PD Baugh, WM Monson, RK AF Turnipseed, AA Anderson, DE Blanken, PD Baugh, WM Monson, RK TI Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain Part 1. Canopy and local effects SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE eddy covariance; energy budget closure; forest ecosystem; complex topography; drainage flows ID EDDY-COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; BOREAL FOREST CANOPIES; TALL VEGETATION; LONG-TERM; MICROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; SONIC ANEMOMETER; DECIDUOUS FOREST; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-VAPOR AB We have studied the effects of local topography and canopy structure on turbulent flux measurements at a site located in mountainous terrain within a subalpine, coniferous forest. Our primary aim was to determine whether the complex terrain of the site affects the accuracy of eddy flux measurements from a practical perspective. We observed displacement heights, roughness lengths, spectral peaks, turbulent length scales, and profiles of turbulent intensities that were comparable in magnitude and pattern to those reported for forest canopies in simpler terrain. We conclude that in many of these statistical measures, the local canopy exerts considerably more influence than does topographical complexity. Lack of vertical flux divergence and modeling suggests that the flux footprints for the site are within the standards acceptable for the application of flux statistics. We investigated three different methods of coordinate rotation: double rotation (DR), triple rotation (TR), and planar-fit rotation (PF). Significant variability in rotation angles at low wind speeds was encountered with the commonly used DR and TR methods, as opposed to the PF method, causing some overestimation of the fluxes. However, these differences in fluxes were small when applied to large datasets involving sensible heat and CO2 fluxes. We observed evidence of frequent drainage flows near the ground during stable, stratified conditions at night. Concurrent with the appearance of these flows, we observed a positive bias in the mean vertical wind speed, presumably due to subtle topographic variations inducing a flow convergence below the measurement sensors. In the presence of such drainage flows, advection of scalars and non-zero bias in the mean vertical wind speed can complicate closure of the mass conservation budget at the site. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Turnipseed, AA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI BLANKEN, PETER/0000-0002-7405-2220 NR 56 TC 105 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD OCT 30 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00136-9 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 729MU UT WOS:000185778100001 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P AF Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P TI Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; Neospora caninum; Sarcocystis neurona; Sarcocystis canis; antibodies; agglutination tests; sea otters; walruses; seals; sea lion; manatee ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS-NEREIS; LION ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; PHOCA-VITULINA RICHARDSI; PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS; AGGLUTINATION-TEST; MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTION; STENELLA-COERULEOALBA; OTTER; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; DIAGNOSIS AB Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and S. canis are related protozoans that can cause mortality in many species of domestic and wild animals. Recently, T gondii and S. neurona were recognized to cause encephalitis in marine mammals. As yet, there is no report of natural exposure of N. caninum in marine mammals. In the present study, antibodies to T gondii and N. caninum were assayed in sera of several species of marine mammals. For T gondii, sera were diluted 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500 and assayed in the T gondii modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies (MATgreater than or equal to1:25) to T gondii were found in 89 of 115 (77%) dead, and 18 of 30 (60%) apparently healthy sea otters (Enhydra lutris), 51 of 311 (16%) Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), 19 of 45 (42%) sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 5 of 32 (16%) ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 4 of 8 (50%) bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), 1 of 9 (11.1%) spotted seals (Phoca largha), 138 of 141 (98%) Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and 3 of 53 (6%) walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). For N. caninum, sera were diluted 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, and 1:320 and examined with the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) using mouse-derived tachyzoites. NAT antibodies were found in 3 of 53 (6%) walruses, 28 of 145 (19%) sea otters, 11 of 311 (3.5%) harbor seals, 1 of 27 (3.7%) sea lions, 4 of 32 (12.5%) ringed seals, 1 of 8 (12.5%) bearded seals, and 43 of 47 (91%) bottlenose dolphins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. caninum antibodies in any marine mammal, and the first report of T gondii antibodies in walruses and in ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals. Current information on T gondii-like and Sarcocystis-like infections in marine mammals is reviewed. New cases of clinical S. canis and T gondii infections are also reported in sea lions, and T gondii infection in an Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. USN, Marine Mammal Program, Biosci Div, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Dept Commerce, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Vet Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, BARC E,Bldg 1001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 57 TC 148 Z9 167 U1 6 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 EI 1873-2550 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 30 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 4 BP 275 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00263-2 PG 22 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 741LE UT WOS:000186458900002 PM 14580799 ER PT J AU Wells, RE Blakely, RJ Sugiyama, Y Scholl, DW Dinterman, PA AF Wells, RE Blakely, RJ Sugiyama, Y Scholl, DW Dinterman, PA TI Basin-centered asperities in great subduction zone earthquakes: A link between slip, subsidence, and subduction erosion? art. no. 2507 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review DE earthquake; subduction; forearc basin; coseismic slip; asperities; gravity; bathymetry; subsidence; subduction erosion ID WILLIAM-SOUND EARTHQUAKE; 1944 TONANKAI EARTHQUAKE; TOKACHI-OKI EARTHQUAKE; ANDREANOF-ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE; CENTRAL CHILE EARTHQUAKE; TROUGH SEISMOGENIC ZONE; TSUNAMI WAVE-FORMS; COSEISMIC SLIP; RUPTURE PROCESS; NANKAI TROUGH AB [1] Published areas of high coseismic slip, or asperities, for 29 of the largest Circum-Pacific megathrust earthquakes are compared to forearc structure revealed by satellite free-air gravity, bathymetry, and seismic profiling. On average, 71% of an earthquake's seismic moment and 79% of its asperity area occur beneath the prominent gravity low outlining the deep-sea terrace; 57% of an earthquake's asperity area, on average, occurs beneath the forearc basins that lie within the deep-sea terrace. In SW Japan, slip in the 1923, 1944, 1946, and 1968 earthquakes was largely centered beneath five forearc basins whose landward edge overlies the 350 degreesC isotherm on the plate boundary, the inferred downdip limit of the locked zone. Basin-centered coseismic slip also occurred along the Aleutian, Mexico, Peru, and Chile subduction zones but was ambiguous for the great 1964 Alaska earthquake. Beneath intrabasin structural highs, seismic slip tends to be lower, possibly due to higher temperatures and fluid pressures. Kilometers of late Cenozoic subsidence and crustal thinning above some of the source zones are indicated by seismic profiling and drilling and are thought to be caused by basal subduction erosion. The deep-sea terraces and basins may evolve not just by growth of the outer arc high but also by interseismic subsidence not recovered during earthquakes. Basin-centered asperities could indicate a link between subsidence, subduction erosion, and seismogenesis. Whatever the cause, forearc basins may be useful indicators of long-term seismic moment release. The source zone for Cascadia's 1700 A. D. earthquake contains five large, basin-centered gravity lows that may indicate potential asperities at depth. The gravity gradient marking the inferred downdip limit to large coseismic slip lies offshore, except in northwestern Washington, where the low extends landward beneath the coast. Transverse gravity highs between the basins suggest that the margin is seismically segmented and could produce a variety of large earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RP Wells, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 973,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM rwells@usgs.gov; blakely@usgs.gov; sugiyama-y@aist.go.jp; dscholl@usgs.gov NR 133 TC 139 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B10 AR 2507 DI 10.1029/2002JB002072 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 740HU UT WOS:000186397600001 ER PT J AU Benson, L Cordell, L Vincent, K Taylor, H Stein, J Farmer, GL Futa, K AF Benson, L Cordell, L Vincent, K Taylor, H Stein, J Farmer, GL Futa, K TI Ancient maize from Chacoan great houses: Where was it grown? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CANYON; SR-87/SR-86; CHEMISTRY; MEXICO AB In this article, we compare chemical (Sr-87/Sr-86 and elemental) analyses of archaeological maize from dated contexts within Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, to potential agricultural sites on the periphery of the San Juan Basin. The oldest maize analyzed from Pueblo Bonito probably was grown in an area located 80 km to the west at the base of the Chuska Mountains. The. youngest maize came from the San Juan or Animas river floodplains 90 km to the north. This article demonstrates that maize, a dietary staple of southwestern Native Americans, was transported over considerable distances in pre-Columbian times, a finding fundamental to understanding the organization of pre-Columbian southwestern societies. In addition, this article provides support for the hypothesis that major construction events in Chaco Canyon were made possible because maize was brought in to support extra-local labor forces. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado Museum, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Chaco Protect Sites Program, Navajo Nation Hist Preservat Dept, Window Rock, AZ 86515 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 37 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 8 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 22 BP 13111 EP 13115 DI 10.1073/pnas.2135068100 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 738RF UT WOS:000186301100108 PM 14563925 ER PT J AU Pollitz, F Vergnolle, M Calais, E AF Pollitz, F Vergnolle, M Calais, E TI Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE stress transfer; viscoelastic; earthquake cluster; Mongolia; postseismic ID HECTOR-MINE-EARTHQUAKE; LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; POSTSEISMIC DEFORMATION; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; BAIKAL RIFT; LOMA-PRIETA; SAN-JACINTO; LOWER CRUST AB [1] A cluster of exceptionally large earthquakes in the interior of Asia occurred from 1905 to 1967: the 1905 M7.9 Tsetserleg and M8.4 Bolnai earthquakes, the 1931 M8.0 Fu Yun earthquake, the 1957 M8.1 Gobi-Altai earthquake, and the 1967 M7.1 Mogod earthquake ( sequence). Each of the larger ( M greater than or equal to 8) earthquakes involved strike-slip faulting averaging more than 5 m and rupture lengths of several hundred kilometers. Available geologic data indicate that recurrence intervals on the major source faults are several thousands of years and distances of about 400 km separate the respective rupture areas. We propose that the occurrences of these and many smaller earthquakes are related and controlled to a large extent by stress changes generated by the compounded static deformation of the preceding earthquakes and subsequent viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath Mongolia. We employ a spherically layered viscoelastic model constrained by the 1994 - 2002 GPS velocity field in western Mongolia [Vergnolle et al., 2003]. Using the succession of twentieth century earthquakes as sources of deformation, we then analyze the time-dependent change in Coulomb failure stress (Deltasigma(f)). At remote interaction distances, static Deltasigma(f) values are small. However, modeled postseismic stress changes typically accumulate to several tenths of a bar over time intervals of decades. Almost all significant twentieth century regional earthquakes ( M greater than or equal to 6) with well-constrained fault geometry lie in positive Deltasigma(f) lobes of magnitude about + 0.5 bar. Our results suggest that significant stress transfer is possible among continental faults separated by hundreds of kilometers and on timescales of decades. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Nice, CNRS, UMR 6526, F-06560 Valbonne, France. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Pollitz, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov; vergno@geoazur.unice.fr; ecalais@purdue.edu RI Vergnolle, Mathilde/A-5326-2010; Calais, Eric/K-8219-2012 OI Calais, Eric/0000-0002-5935-8117 NR 66 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B10 AR 2503 DI 10.1029/2002JB002375 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 736YK UT WOS:000186200700004 ER PT J AU Vergnolle, M Pollitz, F Calais, E AF Vergnolle, M Pollitz, F Calais, E TI Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE postseismic; viscoelastic; GPS; crust-lithosphere rheology; Mongolia ID SAN-FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE; HECTOR-MINE-EARTHQUAKE; BAIKAL RIFT; GOBI-ALTAI; ASTHENOSPHERIC VISCOSITY; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDERS-EARTHQUAKE; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; VELOCITY STRUCTURE AB [1] We use GPS measurements and models of postseismic deformation caused by seven M6.8 to 8.4 earthquakes that occurred in the past 100 years in Mongolia to assess the viscosity of the lower crust and upper mantle. We find an upper mantle viscosity between 1 x 10(18) and 4 x 10(18) Pa s. The presence of such a weak mantle is consistent with results from independent seismological and petrological studies that show an abnormally hot upper mantle beneath Mongolia. The viscosity of the lower crust is less well constrained, but a weak lower crust (3 x 10(16) to 2 x 10(17) Pa s) is preferred by the data. Using our best fit upper mantle and lower crust viscosities, we find that the postseismic effects of viscoelastic relaxation on present-day horizontal GPS velocities are small (<2 mm yr(-1)) but still persist 100 years after the 1905, M8.4, Bolnay earthquake. This study shows that the GPS velocity field in the Baikal-Mongolia area can be modeled as the sum of (1) a rigid translation and rotation of the whole network, ( 2) a 3 - 5 mm yr(-1) simple shear velocity gradient between the Siberian platform to the north and northern China to the south, and ( 3) the contribution of postseismic deformation, mostly caused by the 1905 Bolnay-Tsetserleg sequence and by the smaller, but more recent, 1957 Bogd earthquake. C1 Univ Nice, CNRS, UMR 6526, F-06560 Valbonne, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Vergnolle, M (reprint author), Univ Nice, CNRS, UMR 6526, 210 Rue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France. EM vergno@geoazur.unice.fr; fpollitz@usgs.gov; ecalais@purdue.edu RI Vergnolle, Mathilde/A-5326-2010; Calais, Eric/K-8219-2012 OI Calais, Eric/0000-0002-5935-8117 NR 81 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B10 AR 2502 DI 10.1029/2002JB002374 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 736YK UT WOS:000186200700003 ER PT J AU Yasutake, WT Elliott, DG AF Yasutake, WT Elliott, DG TI Epizootiology and histopathology of Parvicapsula sp in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE kidney; myxosporea; Oncorhynchus kisutch; Parvicapsula; pseudobranch; salmonid ID MYXOZOA; PSEUDOBRANCH; NORWAY; MARINE; SALAR AB The epizootiology and histopathology of the myxosporean Parvicapsula sp. was studied during monthly health surveys of 4 groups of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch at a commercial farm in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, from 1984 to 1986. No Parvicapsula sp. was detected in histological samples taken from juvenile fish in fresh water, but the parasite was detected in fish from all groups 2 to 8 mo after transfer to seawater net pens. Groups placed in seawater net pens in November and December had a higher prevalence of infection, and a longer period of continuous detected infection, than those introduced into net pens in May. For the groups transferred to seawater in November and December, the highest infection prevalence (45 to 90%) was detected during the following March and April. Among 13 tissues examined histologically, only the pseudobranch and kidney were positive for Parvicapsula sp., with 26 (62%) of 42 positive fish showing infections only in the pseudobranch, 5 (12%) showing infections only in the kidney, and 11 (26%) showing infections in both organs. Both the pseudobranch and kidney were apparent primary infection sites, but pseudobranch infections appeared to persist longer in a population. Pseudobranch infections were frequently heavy and associated with extensive inflammation and necrosis of filament and lamellar tissues. The kidney had been the only infection site reported for Parvicapsula sp. in previous studies of coho salmon. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Discipline, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Elliott, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Discipline, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD OCT 24 PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.3354/dao056215 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 759UN UT WOS:000187755400005 PM 14667033 ER PT J AU Hoefen, TM Clark, RN Bandfield, JL Smith, MD Pearl, JC Christensen, PR AF Hoefen, TM Clark, RN Bandfield, JL Smith, MD Pearl, JC Christensen, PR TI Discovery of olivine in the Nili Fossae region of Mars SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY; MISSION; AVIRIS AB We have detected a 30,000-square-kilometer area rich in olivine in the Nili Fossae region of Mars. Nili Fossae has been interpreted as a complex of grabens and fractures related to the formation of the Isidis impact basin. We propose that post-impact faulting of this area has exposed subsurface layers rich in olivine. Linear mixture analysis of Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra shows surface exposures of 30% olivine, where the composition of the olivine ranges from Fo(30) to Fo(70). C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Hoefen, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012 NR 25 TC 161 Z9 161 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 24 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5645 BP 627 EP 630 DI 10.1126/science.1089647 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 735MV UT WOS:000186119900054 PM 14576430 ER PT J AU Day-Lewis, FD Lane, JW Harris, JM Gorelick, SM AF Day-Lewis, FD Lane, JW Harris, JM Gorelick, SM TI Time-lapse imaging of saline-tracer transport in fractured rock using difference-attenuation radar tomography SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radar tomography; fractured rock; ground-penetrating radar; geophysics; hydrogeophysics ID GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; ELECTRICAL-RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED DNAPL RELEASE; INVERSE PROBLEM; GEOSTATISTICAL APPROACH; GEOPHYSICAL TOMOGRAPHY; RESOLUTION LIMITS; CRYSTALLINE ROCK; PLUME EVOLUTION; BOREHOLE RADAR AB [1] Accurate characterization of fractured-rock aquifer heterogeneity remains one of the most challenging and important problems in groundwater hydrology. We demonstrate a promising strategy to identify preferential flow paths in fractured rock using a combination of geophysical monitoring and conventional hydrogeologic tests. Cross-well difference-attenuation ground-penetrating radar was used to monitor saline-tracer migration in an experiment at the U.S. Geological Survey Fractured Rock Hydrology Research Site in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Radar data sets were collected every 10 min in three adjoining planes for 5 hours during each of 12 tracer tests. An innovative inversion method accounts for data acquisition times and temporal changes in attenuation during data collection. The inverse algorithm minimizes a combination of two functions. The first is the sum of weighted squared data residuals. Second is a measure of solution complexity based on an a priori space-time covariance function, subject to constraints that limit radar-attenuation changes to regions of the tomograms traversed by high difference-attenuation ray paths. The time series of tomograms indicate relative tracer concentrations and tracer arrival times in the image planes; from these we infer the presence and location of a preferential flow path within a previously identified zone of transmissive fractures. These results provide new insights into solute channeling and the nature of aquifer heterogeneity at the site. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Bucknell Univ, Dept Geol, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Branch Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Day-Lewis, FD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Branch Geophys, 11 Sherman Pl,U-5015, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 64 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT 18 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 10 AR 1290 DI 10.1029/2002WR001722 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 735BK UT WOS:000186092400001 ER PT J AU Black, LP Kamo, SL Allen, CM Aleinikoff, JN Davis, DW Korsch, RJ Foudoulis, C AF Black, LP Kamo, SL Allen, CM Aleinikoff, JN Davis, DW Korsch, RJ Foudoulis, C TI TEMORA 1: a new zircon standard for Phanerozoic U-Pb geochronology SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE zircon; TEMORA 1; U-Pb; geochronology; ion probe; shrimp method; dating standard ID ICP-MS; AGES AB The role of the standard is critical to the derivation of reliable U-Pb zircon ages by micro-beam analysis. For maximum reliability, it is critically important that the utilised standard be homogeneous at all scales of analysis. It is equally important that the standard has been precisely and accurately dated by an independent technique. This study reports the emergence of a new zircon standard that meets those criteria, as demonstrated by Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe (SHRIMP), isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass-spectrometry (IDTIMS) and excimer laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-massspectrometry (ELA-ICP-MS) documentation. The TEMORA 1 zircon standard derives from the Middledale Gabbroic Diorite, a high-level mafic stock within the Palaeozoic Lachlan Orogen of eastern Australia. Its Pb-206/U-238 IDTIMS age has been determined to be 416.75 +/- 0.24 Ma (95% confidence limits), based on measurement errors alone. Spike-calibration uncertainty limits the accuracy to 416.8 +/- 1.1 Ma for U-Pb intercomparisons between different laboratories that do not use a common spike. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Geosci Australia, Minerals & Geohazards Div, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Royal Ontario Museum, Jack Satterly Geochronol Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Black, LP (reprint author), Geosci Australia, Minerals & Geohazards Div, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. NR 17 TC 1192 Z9 1451 U1 9 U2 80 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-2 BP 155 EP 170 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00165-7 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 707LG UT WOS:000184511700011 ER PT J AU Garces, M Harris, A Hetzer, C Johnson, J Rowland, S Marchetti, E Okubo, P AF Garces, M Harris, A Hetzer, C Johnson, J Rowland, S Marchetti, E Okubo, P TI Infrasonic tremor observed at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ERUPTION; JAPAN AB [1] Infrasonic array data collected at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, during November 12-21, 2002 indicate that the active vents and lava tube system near the P'u '(O) over bar'(o) over bar vent complex emit almost continuous infrasound in the 0.3-10 Hz frequency band. The spectral content of these infrasonic signals matches well that of synchronous seismic tremor. In sites protected from wind noise, significant signal to noise ratios were recorded as far as similar to13 km from the crater of Pu'u '(O) over bar'(o) over bar. The infrasonic recordings suggest that one or more tremor sources may be close to the surface. In addition, these results demonstrate that adequate site and instrument selections for infrasonic arrays are essential in order to obtain consistent and reliable infrasonic detections. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, HIGP, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-50121 Florence, Italy. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Volcanoes Natl Pk, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Garces, M (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, HIGP, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Marchetti, Emanuele/P-8916-2014 NR 16 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 20 AR 2023 DI 10.1029/2003GL018038 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 734YY UT WOS:000186086600004 ER PT J AU Mortera-Gutierrez, CA Scholl, DW Carlson, RL AF Mortera-Gutierrez, CA Scholl, DW Carlson, RL TI Fault trends on the seaward slope of the Aleutian Trench: Implications for a laterally changing stress field tied to a westward increase in oblique convergence SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Trench; oblique convergence; stresses; faults ID MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS; ARC-PARALLEL EXTENSION; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; SIDE-SCAN SONAR; TIME-SCALE; OUTER RISE; PACIFIC; SUBDUCTION; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES AB [1] Normal faults along the seaward trench slope (STS) commonly strike parallel to the trench in response to bending of the oceanic plate into the subduction zone. This is not the circumstance for the Aleutian Trench, where the direction of convergence gradually changes westward, from normal to transform motion. GLORIA side-scan sonar images document that the Aleutian STS is dominated by faults striking oblique to the trench, west of 179degreesE and east of 172degreesW. These images also show a pattern of east-west trending seafloor faults that are aligned parallel to the spreading fabric defined by magnetic anomalies. The stress-strain field along the STS is divided into two domains west and east, respectively, of 179degreesE. Over the western domain, STS faults and nodal planes of earthquakes are oriented oblique (9degrees-46degrees) to the trench axis and (69degrees-90degrees) to the magnetic fabric. West of 179degreesE, STS fault strikes change by 36degrees from the E-W trend of STS where the trench-parallel slip gets larger than its orthogonal component of convergence. This rotation indicates that horizontal stresses along the western domain of the STS are deflected by the increasing obliquity in convergence. An analytical model supports the idea that strikes of STS faults result from a superposition of stresses associated with the dextral shear couple of the oblique convergence and stresses caused by plate bending. For the eastern domain, most nodal planes of earthquakes strike parallel to the outer rise, indicating bending as the prevailing mechanism causing normal faulting. East of 172degreesW, STS faults strike parallel to the magnetic fabric but oblique (10degrees-26degrees) to the axis of the trench. On the basis of a Coulomb failure criterion the trench-oblique strikes probably result from reactivation of crustal faults generated by spreading. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Coyoacan 04510, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Coyoacan 04510, DF, Mexico. EM carlosm@ollin.igeofcu.unam.mx; dscholl@usgs.gov; carlson@geo.tamu.edu NR 64 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B10 AR 2477 DI 10.1029/2001JB001433 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735AL UT WOS:000186090100001 ER PT J AU Dugan, B Flernings, PB Olgaard, DL Gooch, MJ AF Dugan, B Flernings, PB Olgaard, DL Gooch, MJ TI Consolidation, effective stress, and fluid pressure of sediments from ODP Site 1073, US mid-Atlantic continental slope SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE consolidation experiments; fluid pressure; effective stress; fluid flow; ODP Leg 174A ID OFFSHORE NEW-JERSEY; SAMPLING DISTURBANCE; PLEISTOCENE; CLAYS; FLOW AB Fluid pressure interpreted from uniaxial consolidation tests equals 80% of the overburden (total) stress in Pleistocene mudstones at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1073 of the US mid-Atlantic continental slope, offshore New Jersey. The fluid overpressure decreases effective vertical stress and preserves void ratio (e) greater than 0.8 in Pleistocene sediments. Overpressure in Oligocene-Miocene sediments is lower even though e is high. Cementation preserves high void ratio of Oligocene-Miocene sediments and therefore the void ratio does not record overpressure and low effective vertical stress. Sedimentation-flow models simulate overpressure and high void ratio in the Pleistocene sediments when fluid flow is coupled with sediment loading at ODP Site 1073. Lateral fluid migration is interpreted to be focused in the Oligocene-Miocene sediments, which are 2.5 times more permeable than the overlying Pliocene-Pleistocene mudstones. The lateral flow provides fluids to ODP Site 1073 to maintain high void ratio, high overpressure, and low effective vertical stress. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ExxonMobil Upstream Res Co, Houston, TX 77252 USA. RP Dugan, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Dugan, Brandon/A-2651-2011; Flemings, Peter/B-9676-2008 OI Dugan, Brandon/0000-0002-2555-6430; NR 31 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 215 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00425-4 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735EH UT WOS:000186099100002 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, FF TI Transient rheology of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mojave Desert, California SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE postseismic relaxation; viscoelasticity; mantle; rheology; global positioning system ID 1999 HECTOR MINE; STRIKE-SLIP-FAULT; POSTSEISMIC DEFORMATION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; LOWER CRUST; MODEL; RELAXATION; FLOW AB Geodetic data indicate that the M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake was followed by a brief period (a few weeks) of rapid deformation preceding a prolonged phase of slower deformation. We find that the signal contained in continuous and campaign global positioning system data for 2.5 years after the earthquake may be explained with a transient rheology. Quantitative modeling of these data with allowance for transient (linear biviscous) rheology in the lower crust and upper mantle demonstrates that transient rheology in the upper mantle is dominant, its material properties being typified by two characteristic relaxation times similar to0.07 and similar to2 years. The inferred mantle rheology is a Jeffreys solid in which the transient and steady-state shear moduli are equal. Consideration of a simpler viscoelastic model with a linear univiscous rheology (2 fewer parameters than a biviscous model) shows that it consistently underpredicts the amplitude of the first similar to3 months signal, and allowance for a biviscous rheology is significant at the 99.0% confidence level. Another alternative model - deep postseismic afterslip beneath the coseismic rupture predicts a vertical velocity pattern opposite to the observed pattern at all time periods considered. Despite its plausibility, the advocated biviscous rheology model is non-unique and should be regarded as a viable alternative to the non-linear mantle rheology model for governing postseismic flow beneath the Mojave Desert. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 111 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 215 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00432-1 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735EH UT WOS:000186099100007 ER PT J AU Fuller, CC Bargar, JR Davis, JA AF Fuller, CC Bargar, JR Davis, JA TI Molecular-scale characterization of uranium sorption by bone apatite materials for a permeable reactive barrier demonstration SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ZERO-VALENT IRON; LEAD IMMOBILIZATION; COMPLEXES; HYDROXYAPATITE; GROUNDWATER; REMEDIATION; U(VI); PRODUCTS AB Uranium binding to bone charcoal and bone meal apatite materials was investigated using U L-III-edge EXAFS spectroscopy and synchrotron source XRD measurements of laboratory batch preparations in the absence and presence of dissolved carbonate. Pelletized bone char apatite recovered from a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at Fry Canyon, UT, was also studied. EXAFS analyses indicate that U(VI) sorption in the absence of dissolved carbonate occurred by surface complexation of U(VI) for sorbed concentrations less than or equal to 5500 mug U(VI)/g for all materials with the exception of crushed bone char pellets. Either a split or a disordered equatorial oxygen shell was observed, consistent with complexation of uranyl by the apatite surface. A second shell of atoms at a distance of 2.9 Angstrom was required to fit the spectra of samples prepared in the presence of dissolved carbonate (4.8 mM total) and is interpreted as formation of ternary carbonate complexes with sorbed MO. A U-P distance at 3.5-3.6 Angstrom was found for most samples under conditions where uranyl phosphate phases did not form, which is consistent with monodentate coordination of uranyl by phosphate groups in the apatite surface. At sorbed concentrations greater than or equal to 5500 mug U(VI)/g in the absence of dissolved carbonate, formation of the uranyl phosphate solid phase, chernikovite, was observed. The presence of dissolved carbonate (4.8 mM total) suppressed the formation of chernikovite, which was not detected even with sorbed U(VI) up to 12 300 mug U(VI)/g in batch samples of bone meal, bone charcoal, and reagent-grade hydroxyapatite. EXAFS spectra of bone char samples recovered from the Fry Canyon PRB were comparable to laboratory samples in the presence of dissolved carbonate where U(VI) sorption occurred by surface complexation. Our findings demonstrate that uranium uptake by bone apatite will probably occur by surface complexation instead of precipitation of uranyl phosphate phases under the groundwater conditions found at many U-contaminated sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Fuller, CC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 34 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 20 BP 4642 EP 4649 DI 10.1021/es0343959 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735UM UT WOS:000186133000017 PM 14594373 ER PT J AU Balistrieri, LS Box, SE Tonkin, JW AF Balistrieri, LS Box, SE Tonkin, JW TI Modeling precipitation and sorption of elements during mixing of river water and porewater in the Coeur d'Alene River basin SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; PRECIOUS-METAL VEINS; MINING DISTRICT; ORGANIC-MATTER; IRON-OXIDE; IDAHO; REMOVAL; LEAD; USA; ZN AB Reddish brown flocs form along the edge of the Coeur d'Alene River when porewater drains into river water during the annual lowering of water level in the basin. The precipitates are efficient scavengers of dissolved elements and have characteristics that may make metals associated with them bioavailable. This work characterizes the geochemistry of the porewater and models the formation and composition of the flocs. Porewater is slightly acidic, has suboxic to anoxic characteristics, tends to have higher alkalinity, and contains elevated concentrations of many constituents relative to river water. Laboratory mixing experiments involving porewater and river water were done to produce the precipitates. Thermodynamic predictions using PHREEQC indicate that predicted amounts of ferrihydrite and gibbsite agree with removal of Fe and Al. Predictions of element removal by adsorption onto ferrihydrite are consistent with observed removal using a combination of surface complexation constants for the generalized two-layer model (As and Se), alternative surface constants derived from experiments at high sorbate-to-sorbent ratios (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and adjusted surface constants to fit experimental data (Cr, Mo, and Sb). This new set of surface complexation constants needs further testing in other contaminated systems. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Spokane, WA 99201 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Balistrieri, LS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 60 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 20 BP 4694 EP 4701 DI 10.1021/es0303283 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735UM UT WOS:000186133000024 PM 14594380 ER PT J AU Weishaar, JL Aiken, GR Bergamaschi, BA Fram, MS Fujii, R Mopper, K AF Weishaar, JL Aiken, GR Bergamaschi, BA Fram, MS Fujii, R Mopper, K TI Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM HYDROXIDE TMAH; PERCENT AROMATIC CARBON; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; FULVIC-ACIDS; LIGNIN; MATTER; THERMOCHEMOLYSIS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) is defined as the UV absorbance of a water sample at a given wavelength normalized for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Our data indicate that SUVA, determined at 254 nm, is strongly correlated with percent aromaticity as determined by C-13 NMR for 13 organic matter isolates obtained from a variety of aquatic environments. SUVA, therefore, is shown to be a useful parameter for estimating the dissolved aromatic carbon content in aquatic systems. Experiments involving the reactivity of DOC with chlorine and tetramethylammoniurn hydroxide (TMAH), however, show a wide range of reactivity for samples with similar SUVA values. These results indicate that, while SUVA measurements are good predictors of general chemical characteristics of DOC, they do not provide information about reactivity of DOC derived from different types of source materials. Sample pH, nitrate, and iron were found to influence SUVA measurements. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Aiken, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI Fram, Miranda/0000-0002-6337-059X; Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581 NR 38 TC 1201 Z9 1270 U1 41 U2 576 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 20 BP 4702 EP 4708 DI 10.1021/es030360x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735UM UT WOS:000186133000025 PM 14594381 ER PT J AU Sorey, ML McConnell, VS Roeloffs, E AF Sorey, ML McConnell, VS Roeloffs, E TI Summary of recent research in Long Valley caldera, California SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Valley caldera; hydrothermal system; volcanoes; earthquakes; geodesy AB Since 1978, volcanic unrest in the form of earthquakes and ground deformation has persisted in the Long Valley caldera and adjacent parts of the Sierra Nevada. The papers in this special volume focus on periods of accelerated seismicity and deformation in 1980, 1983, 1989-1990, and 1997-1998 to delineate relations between geologic, tectonic, and hydrologic processes. The results distinguish between earthquake sequences that result from relaxation of existing stress accumulation through brittle failure and those in which brittle failure is driven by active intrusion. They also indicate that in addition to a relatively shallow (7-10-km) source beneath the resurgent dome, there exists a deeper (similar to15-km) source beneath the south moat. Analysis of microgravimety and deformation data indicates that the composition of the shallower source may involve a combination of silicic magma and hydrothermal fluid. Pressure and temperature fluctuations in wells have accompanied periods of crustal unrest, and additional pressure and temperature changes accompanying ongoing geothermal power production have resulted in land subsidence. The completion in 1998 of a 3000-m-deep drill hole on the resurgent dome has provided useful information on present and past periods of circulation of water at temperatures of 100-200degreesC within the crystalline basement rocks that underlie the post-caldera volcanics. The well is now being converted to a permanent geophysical monitoring station. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 U Geol Survey, Portoloa Valley, CA 94028 USA. Oregon Dept Geol & Mineral Resources, Portland, OR USA. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00168-9 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800001 ER PT J AU Hill, DP Langbein, JO Prejean, S AF Hill, DP Langbein, JO Prejean, S TI Relations between seismicity and deformation during unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, from 1995 through 1999 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE long valley caldera; earthquakes; volcanoes; geodesy ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; LANDERS AB Unrest in Long Valley Caldera and the adjacent Sierra Nevada from 1995 through 2000 was dominated by three major episodes: (1) the March-April 1996 earthquake swarm in the east lobe of the south moat; (2) the July 1997-January 1998 caldera-wide unrest; and (3) a sequence of three M > 5 earthquakes (9 June 1998, 13 July 1998, and 15 May 1999 UT) located in the Sierra Nevada block immediately south of the caldera. These three unrest episodes each had distinct characteristics with distinct implications for associated hazards. Seismicity developed as earthquake swarms for the 1996 and 1997-98 episodes, both of which were within the caldera. In contrast, the series of three M > 5 earthquakes south of the caldera, in 1998-99 each developed as a mainshock-aftershock sequence. Marginal deformation within the caldera associated with the 1996 swarm and the 1998-99 M > 5 earthquakes is consistent with the cumulative seismic moments for the respective sequences. Deformation associated with the 1997-98 episode, however, was roughly five times larger than can be accounted for by the cumulative seismic moment of the associated earthquake swarm. We conclude that the 1997-98 episode was associated with mass transport (local intrusion of magma or magmatic brine) and that the associated earthquake swarm activity, which had a relatively high b-value of 1.2, was largely driven by the intrusive process. In contrast, the 1996 earthquake swarm and the 1998-99 M > 5 mainshock-aftershock sequences, both with 'normal' b-values of similar to0.9, represent brittle relaxation to previously accumulated stresses associated with little or no mass transport. These relations emphasize the importance of simultaneous, real-time monitoring of both seismicity and deformation as a basis for judging whether an evolving unrest episode has the potential for culminating in a volcanic eruption. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hill, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 24 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00169-0 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800002 ER PT J AU Battaglia, M Segall, P Murray, J Cervell, P Langbein, J AF Battaglia, M Segall, P Murray, J Cervell, P Langbein, J TI The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California: 1. Modeling the geometry of the source using GPS, leveling and two-color EDM data SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Valley caldera; deformation; ellipsoid source; point source; modeling ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SURFACE DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; VOLCANIC SOURCES; MAGMATIC UNREST; UNITED-STATES; MONO CRATERS; INFLATION; ERUPTION; GRAVITY AB We surveyed 44 existing leveling monuments in Long Valley caldera in July 1999, using dual frequency global positioning system (GPS) receivers. We have been able to tie GPS and leveling to a common reference frame in the Long Valley area and computed the vertical deformation by differencing GPS-based and leveled orthometric heights. The resurgent dome uplifted 74+/-7 cm from 1975 to 1999. To define the inflation source, we invert two-color EDM and uplift data from the 1985-1999 unrest period using spherical or ellipsoidal sources. We find that the ellipsoidal source satisfies both the vertical and horizontal deformation data, whereas the spherical point source cannot. According to our analysis of the 1985-1999 data, the main source of deformation is a prolate ellipsoid located beneath the resurgent dome at a depth of 5.9 km (95% bounds of 4.9-7.5 km). This body is vertically elongated, has an aspect ratio of 0.475 (95% bounds are 0.25-0.65) and a volume change of 0.086 km(3) (95% bounds are 0.06-0.13 km(3)). Failure to account for the ellipsoidal nature of the source biases the estimated source depth by 2.1 km (35%), and the source volume by 0.038 km(3) (44%). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Battaglia, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, 215 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Battaglia, Maurizio/0000-0003-4726-5287 NR 52 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00170-7 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800003 ER PT J AU Battaglia, M Segall, P Roberts, C AF Battaglia, M Segall, P Roberts, C TI The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California. 2. Constraining the nature of the source using geodetic and micro-gravity data SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Valley caldera; gravity; magma intrusion; ellipsoidal source; modeling ID CAMPI-FLEGREI CALDERA; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; GROUND DEFORMATION; GRAVITY CHANGES; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SURFACE DEFORMATION; MODELING GRAVITY; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; MELT INCLUSIONS; MAGMA INTRUSION AB We model the source of inflation of Long Valley caldera by combining geodetic and micro-gravity data. Uplift from GPS and leveling, two-color EDM measurements, and residual gravity change determinations are used to estimate the intrusion geometry, assuming a vertical prolate ellipsoidal source. The U.S. Geological Survey occupied the Long Valley gravity network six times from 1980 to 1985. We reoccupied this network twice, in the summer of 1998 (33 stations), and the summer of 1999 (37 stations). Before gravity data can be used to estimate the density of the intrusion, they must be corrected for the effect of vertical deformation (the free-air effect) and changes in the water table. We use geostatistical techniques to interpolate uplift and water table changes at the gravity stations. The inflation source (a vertical prolate ellipsoid) is located 5.9 km beneath the resurgent dome with an aspect ratio equal to 0.475, a volume change from 1982 to 1999 of 0.136 km(3) and a density of around 1700 kg/m(3). A bootstrap method was employed to estimate 95% confidence bounds for the parameters of the inflation model. We obtained a range of 0.105-0.187 km(3) for the volume change, and 1180-2330 kg/m(3) for the density. Our results do not support hydrothermal fluid intrusion as the primary cause of unrest, and confirm the intrusion of silicic magma beneath Long Valley caldera. Failure to account for the ellipsoidal nature of the source biases the estimated source depth by 2.9 km (a 33% increase), the volume change by 0.019 km(3) (a 14% increase) and the density by about 1200 kg/m(3) (a 40% increase). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Battaglia, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, 215 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Battaglia, Maurizio/0000-0003-4726-5287 NR 77 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 219 EP 245 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00171-9 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800004 ER PT J AU Langbein, JO AF Langbein, JO TI Deformation of the Long Valley Caldera, California: inferences from measurements from 1988 to 2001 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Valley caldera; ground deformation; inflation modeling; EDM ID ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SURFACE DEFORMATION; 2-COLOR GEODIMETER; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; VOLCANIC SOURCES; FAULT SLIP; INFLATION; STRAIN; GPS AB Two periods of volcanic unrest occurred between 1989 and 1998 in the Long Valley Caldera, eastern California. Numerous earthquakes were recorded, and these periods of unrest were documented with high-precision geodetic measurements. The first round of unrest started rapidly in late 1989 and slowly decreased in rate through the early 1990s. For this interval there are both leveling and two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements. The second round of unrest started slowly in mid-1997, climaxed in late 1997, and rapidly returned to quiescence by mid-1998. Deformation was recorded by both the two-color EDM and continuous GPS. Both episodes require inflation at 6-7 km beneath the resurgent dome, and both episodes had roughly 0.1 in extension across the resurgent dome. In addition, the data presented here suggest that there is a deeper, 10-20 km, inflation source beneath the south moat of the caldera. For both episodes, the better-resolved inflation beneath the resurgent dome is a near-vertical, prolate spheroid rather than an isotropic source, which suggests that magma came up through vertical cracks. However, the modeling suggests that the location changed with the depth from 6.0 to 6.7 km for the later episode. In contrast to the earlier episode, the 1997-1998 episode has additional deformation in the south moat, where the simplest model is that of a right-lateral slip on a steeply dipping plane that is defined by the location of earthquakes in the south moat. Models of the time-dependent behavior suggest that slip on this fault occurred from late November through December 1997, corresponding to the time of greatest moment release by the earthquake swarm in the south moat. Confounding the interpretation of these data is an active geothermal field near the center of the EDM network and adjacent to the south moat and resurgent dome. Additional modeling of leveling and EDM data within the geothermal field during a period of low rate of inflation of the dome suggests some methods of adjustments to the EDM data during the inflation episodes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Langbein, JO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00172-0 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800005 ER PT J AU Roeloffs, E Sneed, M Galloway, DL Sorey, ML Farrar, CD Howle, JF Hughes, J AF Roeloffs, E Sneed, M Galloway, DL Sorey, ML Farrar, CD Howle, JF Hughes, J TI Water-level changes induced by local and distant earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanoes; Long Valley caldera; earthquakes; hydrothermal systems ID TRIGGERED SEISMICITY; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; M(W)=7.3 LANDERS; IZU PENINSULA; WELLS; JAPAN; DEFORMATION; INTRUSION; PRESSURE; STRAIN AB Distant as well as local earthquakes have induced groundwater-level changes persisting for days to weeks at Long Valley caldera, California. Four wells open to formations as deep as 300 in have responded to 16 earthquakes, and responses to two earthquakes in the 3-km-deep Long Valley Exploratory Well (LVEW) show that these changes are not limited to weathered or unconsolidated near-surface rocks. All five wells exhibit water-level variations in response to earth tides, indicating they can be used as low-resolution strainmeters. Earthquakes induce gradual water-level changes that increase in amplitude for as long as 30 days, then return more slowly to pre-earthquake levels. The gradual water-level changes are always drops at wells LKT, LVEW, and CH-10B, and always rises at well CW-3. At a dilatometer just outside the caldera, earth quake-induced strain responses consist of either a step followed by a contractional strain-rate increase, or a transient contractional signal that reaches a maximum in about seven days and then returns toward the pre-earthquake value. The sizes of the gradual water-level changes generally increase with earthquake magnitude and decrease with hypocentral distance. Local earthquakes in Long Valley produce coseismic water-level steps; otherwise the responses to local earthquakes and distant earthquakes are indistinguishable. In particular, water-level and strain changes in Long Valley following the 1992 M7.3 Landers earthquake, 450 km distant, closely resemble those initiated by a M4.9 local earthquake on November 22, 1997, during a seismic swarm with features indicative of fluid involvement. At the LKT well, many of the response time histories are identical for 20 days after each earthquake, and can be matched by a theoretical solution giving the pore pressure as a function of time due to diffusion of a nearby, instantaneous, pressure drop. Such pressure drops could be produced by accelerated inflation of the resurgent dome by amounts too small to be detected by the two-color electronic distance-measuring network. Opening-mode displacement in the south moat, inferred to have followed a M4.9 earthquake on November 22, 1997, could also create extensional strain on the dome and lead to water-level changes similar to those following dome inflation. Contractional strain that could account for earthquake-induced water-level rises at the CW-3 well is inconsistent with geodetic observations. We instead attribute these water-level rises to diffusion of elevated fluid pressure localized in the south moat thermal aquifer. For hydraulic diffusivities appropriate to the upper few hundred meters at Long Valley, an influx of material at temperatures of 300degreesC can thermally generate pressure of 6 m of water or more, an order of magnitude larger than needed to account for the CW-3 water-level rises. If magma or hot aqueous fluid rises to within I km of the surface in the eastern part of the south moat, then hydraulic diffusivities are high enough to allow fluid pressure to propagate to CW-3 on the time scale observed. The data indicate that seismic waves from large distant earthquakes can stimulate upward movement of fluid in the hydrothermal system at Long Valley. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Portola Valley, CA 94028 USA. US Geol Survey, Carnelian Bay, CA 96140 USA. RP Roeloffs, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 41 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00173-2 PG 35 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800006 ER PT J AU Farrar, CD Sorey, ML Roeloffs, E Galloway, DL Howle, JF Jacobson, R AF Farrar, CD Sorey, ML Roeloffs, E Galloway, DL Howle, JF Jacobson, R TI Inferences on the hydrothermal system beneath the resurgent dome in Long Valley caldera, east-central California, USA, from recent pumping tests and geochemical sampling SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Valley caldera; hydrothermal systems; hydrology; hydraulic properties; geochemistry; thermal history ID MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN AB Quaternary volcanic unrest has provided heat for episodic hydrothermal circulation in the Long Valley caldera, including the present-day hydrothermal system, which has been active over the past 40 kyr. The most recent period of crustal unrest in this region of east-central California began around 1980 and has included periods of intense seismicity and ground deformation. Uplift totaling more than 0.7 m has been centered on the caldera's resurgent dome, and is best modeled by a near-vertical ellipsoidal source centered at depths of 6-7 km. Modeling of both deformation and microgravity data now suggests that (1) there are two inflation sources beneath the caldera, a shallower source 7-10 km beneath the resurgent dome and a deeper source similar to 15 km beneath the caldera's south moat and (2) the shallower source may contain components of magmatic brine and gas. The Long Valley Exploration Well (LVEW), completed in 1998 on the resurgent dome, penetrates to a depth of 3 km directly above this shallower source, but bottoms in a zone of 100degreesC fluid with zero vertical thermal gradient. Although these results preclude extrapolations of temperatures at depths below 3 km, other information obtained from flow tests and fluid sampling at this well indicates the presence of magmatic volatiles and fault-related permeability within the metamorphic basement rocks underlying the volcanic fill. In this paper, we present recently acquired data from LVEW and compare them with information from other drill holes and thermal springs in Long Valley to delineate the likely flow paths and fluid system properties under the resurgent dome. Additional information from mineralogical assemblages in core obtained from fracture zones in LVEW documents a previous period of more vigorous and energetic fluid circulation beneath the resurgent dome. Although this system apparently died off as a result of mineral deposition and cooling (and/or deepening) of magmatic heat sources, flow testing and tidal analyses of LVEW water level data show that relatively high permeability and strain sensitivity still exist in the steeply dipping principal fracture zone penetrated at a depth of 2.6 km. The hydraulic properties of this zone would allow a pressure change induced at distances of several kilometers below the well to be observable within a matter of days. This indicates that continuous fluid pressure monitoring in the well could provide direct evidence of future intrusions of magma or high-temperature fluids at depths of 5-7 km. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Carnelian Bay, CA 96140 USA. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Farrar, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5229 N Lake Blvd, Carnelian Bay, CA 96140 USA. OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 305 EP 328 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00174-4 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800007 ER PT J AU Pribnow, DFC Schutze, C Hurter, SJ Flechsig, C Sass, JH AF Pribnow, DFC Schutze, C Hurter, SJ Flechsig, C Sass, JH TI Fluid flow in the resurgent dome of Long Valley Caldera: implications from thermal data and deep electrical sounding SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE deep electric sounding; hydrothermal flow; Long Valley Caldera ID SOUTHERN SIERRA-NEVADA; SELF-POTENTIAL METHOD; HEAT-FLOW; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MONO-COUNTY; GEOTHERMAL-EXPLORATION; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; ROCKS; ATTENUATION; EARTHQUAKES AB Temperatures of 100degreesC are measured at 3 km depth in a well located on the resurgent dome in the center of Long Valley Caldera, California, despite an assumed > 800degreesC magma chamber at 6-8 km depth. Local downflow of cold meteoric water as a process for cooling the resurgent dome is ruled out by a Peclet-number analysis of temperature logs. These analyses reveal zones with fluid circulation at the upper and lower boundaries of the Bishop Tuff, and an upflow zone in the metasedimentary rocks. Vertical Darcy velocities range from 10 to 70 cm a(-1). A 21-km-long geoelectrical profile across the caldera provides resistivity values to the order of 10(0) to > 10(3) Omegam down to a depth of 6 km, as well as variations of self-potential. Interpretation of the electrical data with respect to hydrothermal fluid movement confirms that there is no downflow beneath the resurgent dome. To explain the unexpectedly low temperatures in the resurgent dome, we challenge the common view that the caldera as a whole is a regime of high temperatures and the resurgent dome is a local cold anomaly. Instead, we suggest that the caldera was cooled to normal thermal conditions by vigorous hydrothermal activity in the past, and that a present-day hot water flow system is responsible for local hot anomalies, such as Hot Creek and the area of the Casa Diablo geothermal power plant. The source of hot water has been associated with recent shallow intrusions into the West Moat. The focus of planning for future power plants should be to locate this present-day flow system instead of relying on heat from the old magma chamber. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Geowissensch, Gemeinschaftsaufgaben, Hannover, Germany. Univ Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Pribnow, DFC (reprint author), Shell Int Explorat & Prod BV, Rijswijk, Netherlands. EM daniel.pribnow@shell.com RI Schuetze, Claudia/F-4566-2015 NR 62 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 329 EP 345 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00175-6 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800008 ER PT J AU Howle, JF Langbein, JO Farrar, CD Wilkinson, SK AF Howle, JF Langbein, JO Farrar, CD Wilkinson, SK TI Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, eastern California, 1993-2000 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Valley caldera; geothermal; deformation; subsidence; leveling; fluid pressure ID 2-COLOR GEODIMETER AB Regional first-order leveling lines, which extend from Lee Vining, CA, to Tom's Place, CA, have been surveyed periodically since 1957 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and Caltrans. Two of the regional survey lines, or leveling networks, intersect at the Casa Diablo geothermal well field. These leveling networks, referenced to a distant bench mark (C916) near Lee Vining, provide time-series vertical control data of land-surface deformation that began around 1980. These data are also useful for delineating localized subsidence at Casa Diablo related to reservoir pressure and temperature changes owing to geothermal development that began in 1985. A comparison of differences in bench-mark elevations for five time periods between 1983 and 1997 shows the development and expansion of a subsidence bowl at Casa Diablo. The subsidence coincides spatially with the geothermal well field and temporally with the increased production rates and the deepening of injection wells in 1991, which resulted in an increase in the rate of pressure decline. The subsidence, superimposed on a broad area of uplift, totaled about 310 mm by 1997. The USGS established orthogonal tilt arrays in 1983 to better monitor deformation across the caldera. One tilt array (DBR) was established near what would later become the Casa Diablo geothermal well field. This array responded to magmatic intrusions prior to geothermal development, tilting away from the well field. With the start of geothermal fluid extraction in 1985, tilt at the DBR array reversed direction and began tilting into the well field. In 1991, geothermal power production was increased by a factor of four, and reservoir pressures began a period of steep decline. These changes caused a temporary three-fold increase in the tilt rate. The tilt rate became stable in 1993 and was about 40% lower than that measured in 1991-1992, but still greater than the rates measured during 1985-1990. Data from the local leveling networks spanning the well field and the bounding graben were analyzed for several 2-year periods (1993-1995, 1995-1997, and 1997-1999). Annual rates of change across the normal faults bounding the graben have steadily decreased for each 2-year period between 1993 and 1999, reflecting the slowing decline in geothermal reservoir pressure. Horizontal control data from a two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) defined the lateral extent of subsidence at Casa Diablo. The EDM and leveling data elucidate the localized effect of the shallow source of subsidence and the broader effect of the deeper magmatic inflation source. Data from bench marks common to both the vertical and the horizontal control networks were used to assess the effect of subsidence on the EDM base station (CASA). Modeling of geodetic data collected during periods of little or no magmatic inflation indicated that the CASA two-color EDM station is being drawn toward the well field at a rate of 3-5 mm/yr. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Carnelian Bay, CA 96140 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RP Howle, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Carnelian Bay, CA 96140 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 127 IS 3-4 BP 365 EP 390 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 730GW UT WOS:000185821800010 ER PT J AU Crowley, JK Hubbard, BE Mars, JC AF Crowley, JK Hubbard, BE Mars, JC TI Analysis of potential debris flow source areas on Mount Shasta, California, by using airborne and satellite remote sensing data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal alteration; debris flow; volcanic hazards; remote sensing; Mount Shasta; Mount Adams; Mount Rainier ID NEVADO-DEL-RUIZ; CASCADE RANGE; ALTERED ROCKS; RAINIER; COLLAPSE; VOLCANO; WASHINGTON; COLORADO AB Remote sensing data from NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the first spaceborne imaging spectrometer, Hyperion, show hydrothermally altered rocks mainly composed of natroalunite, kaolinite, cristobalite, and gypsum on both the Mount Shasta and Shastina cones. Field observations indicate that much of the visible altered rock consists of talus material derived from fractured rock zones within and adjacent to dacitic domes and nearby lava flows. Digital elevation data were utilized to distinguish steeply sloping altered bedrock from more gently sloping talus materials. Volume modeling based on the imagery and digital elevation data indicate that Mount Shasta drainage systems contain moderate volumes of altered rock, a result that is consistent with Mount Shasta's Holocene record of mostly small to moderate debris flows. Similar modeling for selected areas at Mount Rainier and Mount Adams, Washington, indicates larger altered rock volumes consistent with the occurrence of much larger Holocene debris flows at those volcanoes. The availability of digital elevation and spectral data from spaceborne sensors, such as Hyperion and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER), greatly expands opportunities for studying potential debris flow source characteristics at stratovolcanoes around the world. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Crowley, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 954,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 2-3 BP 345 EP 358 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.08.003 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 741FE UT WOS:000186447400017 ER PT J AU Springer, AM Estes, JA van Vliet, GB Williams, TM Doak, DF Danner, EM Forney, KA Pfister, B AF Springer, AM Estes, JA van Vliet, GB Williams, TM Doak, DF Danner, EM Forney, KA Pfister, B TI Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; BALEEN WHALES MIGRATE; KILLER WHALES; ORCINUS-ORCA; ESCHRICHTIUS-ROBUSTUS; BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; MARINE MAMMALS; SPERM WHALES; HARBOR SEALS; GRAY WHALE AB Populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters have sequentially collapsed over large areas of the northern North Pacific Ocean and southern Bering Sea during the last several decades. A bottom-up nutritional limitation mechanism induced by physical oceanographic change or competition with fisheries was long thought to be largely responsible for these declines. The current weight of evidence is more consistent with top-down forcing. Increased predation by killer whales probably drove the sea otter collapse and may have been responsible for the earlier pinniped declines as well. We propose that decimation of the great whales by post-World War II industrial whaling caused the great whales' foremost natural predators, killer whales, to begin feeding more intensively on the smaller marine mammals, thus "fishing-down" this element of the marine food web. The timing of these events, information on the abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of both predators and prey, and feasibility analyses based on demographic and energetic modeling are all consistent with this hypothesis. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Springer, AM (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ams@ims.uaf.edu NR 63 TC 287 Z9 295 U1 18 U2 147 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 14 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 21 BP 12223 EP 12228 DI 10.1073/pnas.1635156100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 733WU UT WOS:000186024300054 PM 14526101 ER PT J AU Anderson, SP Walder, JS Anderson, RS Kraal, ER Cunico, M Fountain, AG Trabant, DC AF Anderson, SP Walder, JS Anderson, RS Kraal, ER Cunico, M Fountain, AG Trabant, DC TI Integrated hydrologic and hydrochemical observations of Hidden Creek Lake jokulhlaups, Kennicott Glacier, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article DE outburst flood; glacier hydrology; water chemistry; glaciers; ice; ice-dammed lakes ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; OUTBURST FLOODS; DRAINAGE; MELTWATERS; MAGNITUDE; MOUNTAINS; SYSTEM; USA AB Hidden Creek Lake (HCL), an ice-marginal lake impounded by Kennicott Glacier, Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, fills annually to 20 to 30 106 m3 and then drains subglacially within 2 to 3 days. During the 1999 and 2000 jokulhlaups, we carried out a series of planned observations around the lake and in the Kennicott River, which drains the glacier. Approximately 20% of the lake volume was contained within a subglacial water "wedge'' beneath the ice dam. The entire volume of the lake drains through the wedge; hydraulic head loss through this constriction may be responsible for the fairly symmetrical shape of the HCL outflow hydrographs, deduced from lake level records, basin hypsometry, and collapse of the ice dam. The flood hydrographs in the Kennicott River are similar in shape to the outflow hydrographs, and within error, lake volume matched the river flood volume in both years. Up to 12 x 106 m3 of water was temporarily stored within the glacier during the 2000 jokulhlaup. During the 2000 jokulhlaup the background flow in the Kennicott River shifted to a dilute chemical composition. As the HCL jokulhlaup progressed, Donoho Falls Lake filled with water whose chemistry was closer to that of the background flow in Kennicott River than to HCL water. Comparison of these chemical signals with typical summer variations in Kennicott River chemistry suggests that the jokulhlaup created high subglacial water pressure that impeded normal drainage of solute-rich water from a distributed drainage system into a conduit system at the glacier bed and even caused flow direction locally to reverse. C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Ctr Study Imaging & Dynam Earth, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Anderson, SP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Suzanne.Anderson@colorado.edu; jswalder@usgs.gov; Robert.S.Anderson@colorado.edu; andrew@pdx.edu; dtrabant@usgs.gov RI Anderson, Suzanne/F-4039-2014 OI Anderson, Suzanne/0000-0002-6796-6649 NR 49 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 108 IS F1 AR F16003 DI 10.1029/2002JF000004 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 863LR UT WOS:000224563800002 ER PT J AU Keszthelyi, L Harris, AJL Dehn, J AF Keszthelyi, L Harris, AJL Dehn, J TI Observations of the effect of wind on the cooling of active lava flows SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] We present the first direct observations of the cooling of active lava flows by the wind. We confirm that atmospheric convective cooling processes (i.e., the wind) dominate heat loss over the lifetime of a typical pahoehoe lava flow. In fact, the heat extracted by convection is greater than predicted, especially at wind speeds less than 5 m/s and surface temperatures less than 400degreesC. We currently estimate that the atmospheric heat transfer coefficient is about 45-50 W m(-2) K-1 for a 10 m/s wind and a surface temperature similar to500degreesC. Further field experiments and theoretical studies should expand these results to a broader range of surface temperatures and wind speeds. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Keszthelyi, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 19 AR 1989 DI 10.1029/2003GL017994 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732DM UT WOS:000185925600001 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JO Bigelow, NH Prentice, IC Harrison, SP Bartlein, PJ Christensen, TR Cramer, W Matveyeva, NV McGuire, AD Murray, DF Razzhivin, VY Smith, B Walker, DA Anderson, PM Andreev, AA Brubaker, LB Edwards, ME Lozhkin, AV AF Kaplan, JO Bigelow, NH Prentice, IC Harrison, SP Bartlein, PJ Christensen, TR Cramer, W Matveyeva, NV McGuire, AD Murray, DF Razzhivin, VY Smith, B Walker, DA Anderson, PM Andreev, AA Brubaker, LB Edwards, ME Lozhkin, AV TI Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 2. Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review DE tundra; biome; vegetation modeling; biogeography; ice age; mammoths ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; 6000 YEARS BP; PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; SEA-ICE; NORTHERN EURASIA; POLLEN DATA; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT AB [1] Large variations in the composition, structure, and function of Arctic ecosystems are determined by climatic gradients, especially of growing-season warmth, soil moisture, and snow cover. A unified circumpolar classification recognizing five types of tundra was developed. The geographic distributions of vegetation types north of 55degreesN, including the position of the forest limit and the distributions of the tundra types, could be predicted from climatology using a small set of plant functional types embedded in the biogeochemistry-biogeography model BIOME4. Several palaeoclimate simulations for the last glacial maximum (LGM) and mid-Holocene were used to explore the possibility of simulating past vegetation patterns, which are independently known based on pollen data. The broad outlines of observed changes in vegetation were captured. LGM simulations showed the major reduction of forest, the great extension of graminoid and forb tundra, and the restriction of low- and high-shrub tundra (although not all models produced sufficiently dry conditions to mimic the full observed change). Mid-Holocene simulations reproduced the contrast between northward forest extension in western and central Siberia and stability of the forest limit in Beringia. Projection of the effect of a continued exponential increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, based on a transient ocean-atmosphere simulation including sulfate aerosol effects, suggests a potential for larger changes in Arctic ecosystems during the 21st century than have occurred between mid-Holocene and present. Simulated physiological effects of the CO2 increase (to >700 ppm) at high latitudes were slight compared with the effects of the change in climate. C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Lund Univ, Dept Ecol, Climate Impacts Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Univ Alaska, Alaska Quaternary Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. VL Komarov Bot Inst, Dept Vegetat Far N, St Petersburg 197376, Russia. Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Forschungsstelle Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Norges Teknisk Naturvitenskapelige Univ, Dept Geog, Trondheim, Norway. Russian Acad Sci, NE Interdisciplinary Sci Res Inst, Magadan 68500, Russia. RP Kaplan, JO (reprint author), Canadian Ctr Climate Modeling & Anal, POB 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. EM jed.kaplan@ec.gc.ca; ffnhb@uaf.edu; cprentic@bgc-jena.mpg.de; sharris@bgc-jena.mpg.de; bartlein@oregon.uoregon.edu; torben.christensen@nateko.lu.se; Wolfgang.Cramer@pik-potsdam.de; NadyaM@nveget.bin.ras.spb.ru; ffadm@uaf.edu; ffdfm@uaf.edu; volodyar@north.bin.ras.spb.ru; benjamin.smith@nateko.lu.se; ffdaw@uaf.edu; pata@u.washington.edu; aandreev@awi-potsdam.de; lbru@u.washington.edu; mary.edwards@sv.ntnu.no; lozhkin@neisri.magadan.ru RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011; Cramer, Wolfgang/B-8221-2008; Kaplan, Jed/P-1796-2015; Andreev, Andrei/J-2701-2015; Smith, Benjamin/I-1212-2016 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685; Cramer, Wolfgang/0000-0002-9205-5812; Kaplan, Jed/0000-0001-9919-7613; Smith, Benjamin/0000-0002-6987-5337 NR 143 TC 212 Z9 221 U1 5 U2 83 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 8171 DI 10.1029/2002JD002559 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 732ER UT WOS:000185928300002 ER PT J AU Saiers, JE Harvey, JW Mylon, SE AF Saiers, JE Harvey, JW Mylon, SE TI Surface-water transport of suspended matter through wetland vegetation of the Florida everglades SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EMERGENT VEGETATION; DIFFUSION AB The mobility of waterborne particulate matter plays an important role in the water quality, landscape evolution, and ecology of freshwater wetlands. In this work, we measured the surface-water transport of inorganic particles in a tracer experiment at a wetland in the Florida Everglades. Comparison of the results of this experiment to calculations of a three-dimensional transport model shows that dispersive mixing was small and that rate-limited mass-transfer reactions with emergent vegetation and periphyton substantially reduced water-column concentrations of particles. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. USGS, Reston, VA USA. RP Saiers, JE (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RI Mylon, Steven/B-5483-2010; Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 7 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 7 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 19 AR 1987 DI 10.1029/2003GL018132 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732DL UT WOS:000185925500003 ER PT J AU Chapman, MG Gudmundsson, MT Russell, AJ Hare, TM AF Chapman, MG Gudmundsson, MT Russell, AJ Hare, TM TI Possible Juventae Chasma subice volcanic eruptions and Maja Valles ice outburst floods on Mars: Implications of Mars Global Surveyor crater densities, geomorphology, and topography SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE jokulhlaup; tuya; tindar; chasma; volcanism; thermokarst ID LAYERED DEPOSITS; CHRYSE-PLANITIA; THARSIS REGION; DEBRIS FLOWS; MARINERIS; CHANNELS; ICELAND; SURFACE; WATER; MODEL AB [1] This article discusses image, topographic, and spectral data from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mission that provide new information concerning the surface age, geomorphology, and topography of the Juventae Chasma/Maja Valles system. Our study utilizes data from two instruments on board MGS: images from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and topography from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Within Maja Valles we can now observe depositional bars with megaripples that unequivocally show catastrophic floods occurred in the channel. Viking impact crater densities indicated the chasma and channel floor areas were all one age (late Hesperian to Amazonian); however, MOC data indicate a marked difference in densities of small craters between Juventae Chasma, Maja Valles, and the channel debouchment area in Chryse Planitia basin. Although other processes may contribute to crater variability, young resurfacing events in the chasma and episodes of recent erosion at Maja Valles channel head may possibly account for the disparate crater densities along the chasma/channel system. Relatively young volcanic eruptions may have contributed to resurfacing; as in Juventae Chasma, a small possible volcanic cone of young dark material is observed. MOC data also indicate previously unknown interior layered deposit mounds in the chasma that indicate at least two periods of mound formation. Finally, MOLA topography shows that the entire floor of the chasma lies at the same elevation as the channel debouchment area in Chryse basin, resulting in a 3-km-high barrier to water flow out of the chasma. Blocked ponded water would rapidly freeze in the current (and likely past) climate of Mars. For catastrophic flow to occur in Maja Valles, some process is required to melt ice and induce floods out of the chasma. We suggest subice volcanic eruption and calculate estimates of water discharges and volumes that these eruptions might have produced. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, Raunvisindastofnun Haskolans, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland. Univ Keele, Sch Earth Sci & Geog, Earth Surface Proc Res Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England. RP Chapman, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 70 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E10 AR 5113 DI 10.1029/2002JE002009 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 731NW UT WOS:000185892900002 ER PT J AU Kowalski, KP Wilcox, DA AF Kowalski, KP Wilcox, DA TI Differences in sedge fen vegetation upstream and downstream from a managed impoundment SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RIVER-MARGIN VEGETATION; AQUATIC VEGETATION; SPECIES-RICHNESS; WATER LEVELS; DIVERSITY; WETLANDS; DISTURBANCE; DYNAMICS; MARSH; LAKES AB The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed the restoration of wetlands impacted by a series of drainage ditches and pools located in an extensive undeveloped peatland in the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan. This study examined the nature and extent of degradation to the Marsh Creek wetlands caused by alteration of natural hydrology by a water-storage pool (C-3 Pool) that intersects the Marsh Creek channel. We tested the hypothesis that a reduction in moderate-intensity disturbance associated with natural water-level fluctuations below the C-3 dike contributed to lower species richness, reduced floristic quality and a larger tree and shrub component than vegetation upstream from the pool. Wetland plant communities were sampled quantitatively and analyzed for species richness, floristic quality and physiognomy. Aerial photographs, GIS databases and GPS data contributed to the characterization and analysis of the Marsh Creek wetlands. Results showed that there was lower species richness in vegetated areas downstream from the pool, but not the anticipated growth in shrubs. Wetland vegetation upstream and downstream from the pool had similar floristic quality, except for a greater number of weedy taxa above the pool. Seepage through the pool dike and localized ground-water discharge created conditions very similar to those observed around beaver dams in Marsh Creek. In essence, the dike containing the C-3 Pool affected hydrology and wetland plant communities in a manner similar to an enormous beaver dam, except that it did not allow seasonal flooding episodes to occur. Management actions to release water from the pool into the original Marsh Creek channel at certain times and in certain amounts that mimic the natural flow regime would be expected to promote greater plant species richness and minimize the negative impacts of the dike. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kowalski, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM kurt_kowalski@usgs.gov OI Kowalski, Kurt/0000-0002-8424-4701 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP 199 EP 220 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0199:DISFVU]2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 729KN UT WOS:000185772500001 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP Bomar, CR Harrington, CA AF Bennett, JP Bomar, CR Harrington, CA TI Lichens promote flowering of Opuntia fragilis in west-central Wisconsin SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID ROCK OUTCROPS; PRODUCTIVITY; VEGETATION; MANITOBA; NUTRIENT AB Clumps of the cactus Opuntia fragilis growing in association with mats of the lichens Cladina mitis, Cladina rangiferina and a spikemoss, Selaginella rupestris, were discovered in an agricultural field in Pepin County, Wisconsin, that had been abandoned for over 50 y. The association appeared to be beneficial to the cactus, which flowered almost exclusively in the presence of lichens. Of 294 cactus clumps examined in 2001, 127 grew in the presence of lichen mats and, of these, 24 flowered, producing 91 flowers, while none of the cacti growing in the absence of lichens flowered. In 2002, 19 Out of 265 cactus clumps flowered, all but one in the presence of lichens. All sizes of cacti in tire presence of lichens flowered and the probability of flowering increased with cactus size. In addition, the cacti that flowered had cladodes that were on average 19% heavier than those of cacti that did not flower. The presence of lichens lowered summer soil temperatures 2-4 C compared to soil temperatures in the absence of lichens. Cooler soil temperatures conserve soil moisture better, which may enhance flowering in these cacti. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 504 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0221:LPFOOF]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 729KN UT WOS:000185772500002 ER PT J AU McIntyre, NE Thompson, TR AF McIntyre, NE Thompson, TR TI A comparison of conservation reserve program habitat plantings with respect to arthropod prey for grassland birds SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID TEXAS HIGH-PLAINS; NORTH-AMERICAN GRASSLAND; POPULATION TRENDS; CRP FIELDS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; AVIAN ABUNDANCE; NESTLING DIET; VEGETATION; COLEOPTERA; LANDSCAPE AB The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was designed to reduce soil erosion and curb agricultural overproduction by converting highly erodible agricultural land to various forms of perennial habitat. It has had an incidental benefit of providing habitat for wildlife and has been beneficial in reversing population declines of several grassland bird species. However, the mechanisms behind these reversals remain unknown. One such mechanism may be differences in food availability on CRP vs. non-CRP land or between different types of CRP. The influence of CRP habitat type on the abundance of arthropod prey used by grassland birds has not been previously explored. We compared the abundance and diversity of arthropods among four CRP habitat types in Texas [replicated plots of exotic lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum), mixed native grasses with buffalograss (Buchlo dactyloides) and mixed native grasses without buffalograss] and native shortgrass prairie. Attention was focused on adult and juvenile spiders (Order Araneae), beetles (Coleoptera), orthopterans (Orthroptera: grasshoppers and crickets) and lepidopterans (Lepidoptera: butterflies and moths), as these taxa are the primary prey items of grassland birds during the breeding season. Arthropod diversity and abundance were higher on indigenous prairie compared to CRP, reflecting differences in vegetative diversity and structure, but there were no differences in arthropod richness or abundance among CRP types. These results indicate that, although CRP is not equivalent to native prairie in terms of vegetation or arthropod diversity, CRP lands do support arthropod prey for grassland birds. More direct assays of the survivorship and fitness of birds on CRP compared to native shortgrass prairie are clearly warranted. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP McIntyre, NE (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM nancy.mcintyre@ttu.edu NR 64 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP 291 EP 301 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0291:ACOCRP]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 729KN UT WOS:000185772500009 ER PT J AU Owen, SF Menzel, MA Ford, WM Chapman, BR Miller, KV Edwards, JW Wood, PB AF Owen, SF Menzel, MA Ford, WM Chapman, BR Miller, KV Edwards, JW Wood, PB TI Home-range size and habitat used by the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BATS CORYNORHINUS-RAFINESQUII; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST; SELECTION; VIRGINIA; INDIANA; ECOLOGY; SODALIS; STANDS AB We examined home range size and habitat use of nine female northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) within air intensively managed forest in the central Appalachians of West Virginia. Using the 95% adaptive kernel method, we calculated a mean home range of 65 ha. Northern myotis used recent diameter-limit harvests and road corridors more than expected based on availability of these habitats. Intact forest stands and more open deferment harvested stands were used less than expected based on the availability of these habitats, although intact forest stands still constituted the overall majority of habitat used. Partial timber harvests that leave a relatively closed canopy appear to promote or improve northern myotis foraging habitat in heavily forested landscapes. However, the long-term ecological impacts on bats and other biota from this silviculturally unacceptable practice are unclear. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NE Forest Expt Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30605 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. USGS, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Owen, SF (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 46 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 36 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP 352 EP 359 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0352:HSAHUB]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 729KN UT WOS:000185772500016 ER PT J AU Kile, DE Eberl, DD AF Kile, DE Eberl, DD TI On the origin of size-dependent and size-independent crystal growth: Influence of advection and diffusion SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY NUCLEI; AGITATED VESSEL; POTASH ALUM; MECHANISMS; DISTRIBUTIONS; KINETICS; CRYSTALLIZATION; MINERALS; DISSOLUTION; NUCLEATION AB Crystal growth experiments were conducted using potassium alum and calcite crystals in aqueous solution under both non-stirred and stirred conditions to elucidate the mechanism for size-dependent (proportionate) and size-independent (constant) crystal growth. Growth by these two laws can be distinguished from each other because the relative size difference among crystals is maintained during proportionate growth, leading to a constant crystal size variance (beta(2)) for a crystal size distribution (CSD) as the mean size increases. The absolute size difference among crystals is maintained during constant growth, resulting in a decrease in size variance. Results of these experiments show that for centimeter-sized alum crystals, proportionate growth occurs in stirred systems, whereas constant growth occurs in non-stirred systems. Accordingly, the mechanism for proportionate growth is hypothesized to be related to the supply of reactants to the crystal surface by advection, whereas constant growth is related to supply by diffusion. Paradoxically, micrometer-sized calcite crystals showed proportionate growth both in stirred and in non-stirred systems. Such growth presumably results from the effects of convection and Brownian motion, which promote an advective environment and hence proportionate growth for minute crystals in non-stirred systems, thereby indicating the importance of solution velocity relative to crystal size. Calcite crystals grown in gels, where fluid motion was minimized, showed evidence for constant, diffusion-controlled growth. Additional investigations of CSDs of naturally occurring crystals indicate that proportionate growth is by far the most common growth law, thereby suggesting that advection, rather than diffusion, is the dominant process for supplying reactants to crystal surfaces. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kile, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 44 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 11 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1514 EP 1521 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 731PK UT WOS:000185895500015 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Horz, F Staid, MI AF Johnson, JR Horz, F Staid, MI TI Thermal infrared spectroscopy and modeling of experimentally shocked plagioclase feldspars SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID EMISSION SPECTROMETER; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; MU-M; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; DIAPLECTIC GLASS; ANORTHITE; IMPACT; MARS; AMORPHIZATION; TERRESTRIAL AB Thermal infrared emission and reflectance spectra (250-1400 cm(-1); similar to7-40 mum) of experimentally shocked albite- and anorthite-rich rocks (17-56 GPa) demonstrate that plagioclase feldspars exhibit characteristic degradations in spectral features with increasing pressure. New measurements of albite (Ab(98)) presented here display major spectral absorptions between 1000-1250 cm(-1) (8-10 mmu) (due to Si-O antisymmetric stretch motions of the silica tetrahedra) and weaker absorptions between 350-700 cm(-1) (14-29 mum) (due to Si-O-Si octahedral bending vibrations). Many of these features persist to higher pressures compared to similar features in measurements of shocked anorthite, consistent with previous thermal infrared absorption studies of shocked feldspars. A transparency feature at 855 cm(-1) (11.7 mum) observed in powdered albite spectra also degrades with increasing pressure, similar to the 830 cm(-1) (12.0 mum) transparency feature in spectra of powders of shocked anorthite. Linear deconvolution models demonstrate that combinations of common mineral and glass spectra can replicate the spectra of shocked anorthite relatively well until shock pressures of 20-25 GPa, above which model errors increase substantially, coincident with the onset of diaplectic glass formation. Albite deconvolutions exhibit higher errors overall but do not change significantly with pressure, likely because certain clay minerals selected by the model exhibit absorption features similar to those in highly shocked albite. The implication for deconvolution of thermal infrared spectra of planetary surfaces (or laboratory spectra of samples) is that the use of highly shocked anorthite spectra in end-member libraries could be helpful in identifying highly shocked calcic plagioclase feldspars. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 60 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1575 EP 1582 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 731PK UT WOS:000185895500021 ER PT J AU Wente, WH Phillips, JB AF Wente, WH Phillips, JB TI Fixed green and brown color morphs and a novel color-changing morph of the Pacific tree frog Hyla regilla SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE color polymorphism; color change; spectral reflectance; principal component analysis; spectral segment classification ID BUTTERFLY PAPILIO-POLYXENES; BOREAL CHORUS FROGS; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; PSEUDACRIS-TRISERIATA; VARIED BACKGROUNDS; PUPAL COLOR; POLYMORPHISM; POLYPHENISM; DIMORPHISM; PREDATION AB Pacific tree frogs Hyla regilla are typically either green or brown in dorsal coloration. The frequency of green and brown individuals is known to fluctuate seasonally. Previous investigators have generally assumed that the green and brown body colors represent a "fixed" polymorphism and that seasonal changes in the proportion of the two body colors are a consequence of differential survival of the two color morphs. Here we report that, in addition to the "fixed" (i.e., non-color-changing) green and brown morphs of H. regilla, there are some individuals that can change hue between green and brown. The distribution of color-change ability in our study population is bimodal, suggesting that "color changers" are a distinct morph rather than one extreme of a continuous distribution of color-change ability. Our findings suggest that background brightness, not hue, triggers color change in the newly discovered morph and that this change requires days to weeks to occur. Such slow color change is not well suited for making short-term changes in color as a frog moves between differently colored substrates. Rather, seasonal changes in habitat characteristics and/or microhabitat use are likely to maintain color-change ability. Color polymorphism and color-change ability appear to represent alternative responses to divergent selection for crypsis in a heterogeneous, seasonally variable environment. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Wente, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 55 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 7 U2 27 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 162 IS 4 BP 461 EP 473 DI 10.1086/378253 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 736LM UT WOS:000186172300007 PM 14582008 ER PT J AU Ebeling, JM Sibrell, PL Ogden, SR Summerfelt, ST AF Ebeling, JM Sibrell, PL Ogden, SR Summerfelt, ST TI Evaluation of chemical coagulation-flocculation aids for the removal of suspended solids and phosphorus from intensive recirculating aquaculture effluent discharge SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; waste treatment; coagulation/flocculation; alum; ferric chloride ID SYSTEM AB An evaluation of two commonly used coagulation-flocculation aids (alum and ferric chloride) was conducted for the supernatant overflow from settling cones used to treat the effluent from microscreen filters in an intensive recirculating aquaculture system. In addition to determining the effectiveness of these aids in removing both suspended solids and phosphorus, a systematic testing of the variables normally encountered in the coagulation-flocculation process was performed. Tests were carried out to evaluate the dosages and conditions (mixing and flocculation stirring speeds, durations, and settling times) required to achieve optimum waste capture. The orthophosphate removal efficiency for alum and ferric chloride were 89 and 93%, respectively, at a dosage of 90 mg/l. Optimum turbidity removal was achieved with a 60 mg/l dosage for both alum and ferric chloride. Both alum and ferric chloride demonstrated excellent removal of suspended solids from initial TSS values of approximately 100-10 mg/l at a dosage of 90 mg/l. Flocculation and mixing speed played only a minor role in the removal efficiencies for both orthophosphates and suspended solids. Both coagulation-flocculation aids also exhibited excellent settling characteristics, with the majority of the floc quickly settling out in the first 5 min. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Conservat Fund Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Ebeling, JM (reprint author), Conservat Fund Freshwater Inst, POB 1889, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. OI Sibrell, Philip/0000-0001-5666-1228 NR 18 TC 74 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0144-8609(03)00029-3 PG 20 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 722VU UT WOS:000185399400002 ER PT J AU Veit, AC Jones, IL AF Veit, AC Jones, IL TI Function of tail streamers of Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) as inferred from patterns of variation SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SWALLOW HIRUNDO-RUSTICA; FEMALE CHOICE SELECTS; MALE SEXUAL ORNAMENTS; MATE CHOICE; LONG TAILS; EVOLUTION; PREFERENCE; BIRDS; SIZE; QUALITY AB We investigated the function of Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) tail streamers by quantifying patterns of variation in streamers and other measurable traits on the basis of measurements of 659 individuals, including 422 of known age and 459 of known sex, measured in the field from 2000 to 2002. Our data were consistent with the idea that Red-tailed Tropicbirds' tail streamer ornaments function for mate attraction, but it suggested that variability in streamer expression is arbitrary and unlikely to provide a meaningful signal of individual quality during mate choice. The two elongated red tail streamers are composed of bilaterally symmetrical filamentous central rectrices with a black rachis and narrow red vane averaging 399 +/- 1.8 mm (SE) in length when fully grown. Prior to breeding, individuals of opposite sex conspicuously display elongated red tail streamers during complex aerial courtship. Streamers exhibited measurement asymmetries (the difference between new and old fully grown tail streamers) of up to 144 rum because of wear at the tip of the older streamer, which accounts for most of the difference in the lengths of two fully grown streamers in individual birds. As in other putative sexually selected traits, tail streamers were more variable than non-ornamental traits across individuals. Males were slightly larger than females in length of fully grown streamers (ratio 1.04), culmen length (ratio 1.02), and tarsal length (ratio 1.01). There was no correlation between fully grown streamer length and body size (score on first principal component) (r = 0.004), wing length (males, r = 0.05; females, r = 0.10), or mass (males, r = 0.10; females, r = 0.04), which is consistent with the hypothesis that streamers have an ornamental rather than aerodynamic function. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of streamer lengths (growing vs. fully grown, r = 0.50) of male and female pair members, indicating that at least the timing of ornament development was coordinated within pairs. However, tail streamers did not appear to be good indicators of an individual's "quality;" on the basis of 372 adults of known age (3-22 years), streamer length did not increase with age (r 0.30) and was not correlated with an index of body condition (r = 0.03). The streamer length of pair members was not correlated with chick asymptotic body mass or chick fate, nor was female streamer length with egg size. Received 16 July 2002, accepted 24 July 2003. C1 Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Biol, St Johns, NF A1B 3X9, Canada. RP Veit, AC (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 48 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2003 VL 120 IS 4 BP 1033 EP 1043 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1033:FOTSOR]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739HE UT WOS:000186338400010 ER PT J AU Hines, JE Kendall, WL Nichols, JD AF Hines, JE Kendall, WL Nichols, JD TI On the use of the robust design with transient capture-recapture models SO AUK LA English DT Article ID MARKED ANIMALS; TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; SURVIVAL; POPULATION; CONNECTICUT; PROBABILITY AB Capture-mark-recapture studies provide a useful mechanism for estimating the components of the population dynamics of birds, especially survival. In such studies, it is important that the population being captured matches the population of interest. In many studies, transients are captured along with the population of interest (e.g. resident breeders). Ignoring that phenomenon produces negatively biased survival estimates, because transients do not return. Although transients cannot be distinguished from residents in the hand, previous methods have adjusted for transience by relying on those captured in more than one year to provide direct estimates of survival rate for residents. Here, we extend that approach by supplementing that cohort of known residents with those previously unmarked birds captured twice or more, at least d days apart, within a season. We provide an ad hoc approach to that extension in detail and outline two more formal approaches. That extension increases the precision of survival estimates. Received I January 2003, accepted 23 July 2003. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2003 VL 120 IS 4 BP 1151 EP 1158 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1151:OTUOTR]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739HE UT WOS:000186338400021 ER PT J AU Diefenbach, DR Brauning, DW Mattice, JA AF Diefenbach, DR Brauning, DW Mattice, JA TI Variability in grassland bird counts related to observer differences and species detection rates SO AUK LA English DT Article ID DETECTION PROBABILITY; TRANSECT COUNTS; POINT COUNTS; ABUNDANCE; DENSITIES AB Differences among observers in ability to detect and identify birds has been long recognized as a potential source of error when surveying terrestrial birds. However, few published studies address that issue in their methods or study design. We used distance sampling with line transects to investigate differences in detection probabilities among observers and among three species of grassland songbirds: Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), Grasshopper Sparrow (A. savannarum), and Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). Our review of 75 papers published in 1985-2001 found that the most commonly used methods were fixed-width transects (31%, 23 papers) and fixed-radius point counts (20%, 15 papers). The median half-width of fixed-width strip transects used by researchers was 50 m, but our results indicated detection probabilities were <1.0 at distances >25 m for most observers and species. Beyond 50 m from the transect line, we found that as many as 60% of birds were missed by observers and that the proportion missed differed among observers and species. Detection probabilities among observers ranged from 0.43 to 1.00 for Henslow's Sparrow, from 0.44 to 0.66 for Grasshopper Sparrow, and from 0.60 to 0.72 for Grasshopper Sparrow for birds detected within 58-100 m of the transect line. Using our estimates of detection probabilities for Henslow's Sparrows among six observers in a computer simulation of a monitoring program, we found that bird counts from fixed-width transects required an additional 2-3 years of monitoring to detect a given decline in abundance compared to density estimates that used a method to correct for missed birds. We recommend that researchers employ survey methods that correct for detection probabilities <1.0. Received 12 September 2002, accepted 23 July 2003. C1 Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn Game Commiss, Harrisburg, PA 17110 USA. RP Diefenbach, DR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 113 Merkle Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM drd11@psu.edu NR 25 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 6 U2 56 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2003 VL 120 IS 4 BP 1168 EP 1179 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1168:VIGBCR]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739HE UT WOS:000186338400023 ER PT J AU Hollmen, TE Franson, JC Flint, PL Grand, JB Lanctot, RB Docherty, DE Wilson, HM AF Hollmen, TE Franson, JC Flint, PL Grand, JB Lanctot, RB Docherty, DE Wilson, HM TI An adenovirus linked to mortality and disease in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) in Alaska SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE adenovirus; Clangula hyemalis; long-tailed duck ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; AVIAN CHOLERA; MOLT AB An adenovirus was isolated from intestinal samples of two long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) collected during a die-off in the Beaufort Sea off the north coast of Alaska in 2000. The virus was not neutralized by reference antiserum against known group I, II, or III avian adenoviruses and may represent a new serotype. The prevalence of the virus was determined in live-trapped long-tailed ducks at the mortality site and at a reference site 100 km away where no mortality was observed. Prevalence of adenovirus antibodies in serum samples at the mortality site was 86% compared to 10% at the reference site. Furthermore, 50% of cloacal swabs collected at the mortality site and only 7% of swabs from the reference site were positive for adenoviruses. In 2001, no mortality was observed at either of the study areas, and virus prevalence in both serum and cloacal samples was low, providing further evidence that the adenovirus was linked to the mortality event in 2000. The virus was used to infect long-tailed ducks under experimental conditions and resulted in lesions previously described for avian adenovirus infections and similar to those observed in long-tailed duck carcasses from the Beaufort Sea. The status of long-tailed ducks has recently become a concern in Alaska due to precipitous declines in breeding populations there since the mid-1970s. Our findings suggest that the newly isolated adenovirus is a disease agent and source of mortality in long-tailed ducks and thus could be a contributing factor in population declines. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Seward, AK 99664 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Hollmen, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238; Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1434 EP 1440 DI 10.1637/7029 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 751KF UT WOS:000187065200021 PM 14708993 ER PT J AU Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC AF Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC TI Influences of roads and development on bird communities in protected Chihuahuan Desert landscapes SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE bird communities; Chihuahuan Desert; human development; protected areas; roads ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; POPULATION TRENDS; SPECIES RICHNESS; NESTING SUCCESS; BREEDING BIRDS; DENSITY; ABUNDANCE; USA AB Our objective was to improve knowledge about effects of broad-scale road and development variables on bird communities in protected desert landscapes. Bird species richness and the relative abundance or probability of occurrence of many species were significantly associated with total length of roads within each of two spatial extents (1- and 2-km radii), distance to the nearest road, distance to the nearest development, or the two-way interactions of these variables. Regression models reflected non-linear relations, interaction effects, spatial-extent effects, and interannual variation. Road and development effects warrant special attention in protected areas because such places may be important sources of indigenous bird communities in a region. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Gutzwiller, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 58 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 113 IS 2 BP 225 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00361-0 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 695FF UT WOS:000183819900007 ER PT J AU Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC AF Gutzwiller, KJ Barrow, WC TI Bird communities, roads and development: prospects and constraints of applying empirical models SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE bird communities; Chihuahuan Desert; regression model applications; human development; roads ID USA AB Our objectives were to explain the prospects and constraints of applying empirical models that relate bird community metrics to broad-scale characteristics of roads and development. We explored the practical value of regression models that were derived for a large protected area in the Chihuahuan Desert. These models related bird species richness, relative abundance, or probability of occurrence to total length of roads within each of two spatial extents (1- and 2-km radii), distance to the nearest road, distance to the nearest development, or the two-way interactions of these variables. Empirical models can be used to inform conservation decisions, to parameterise simulation models for conservation planning, to identify threshold levels of road and development variables, and to determine the focus of management experiments for confirmatory hypothesis testing and improvement of model realism. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Gutzwiller, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Biol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 113 IS 2 BP 239 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00362-2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 695FF UT WOS:000183819900008 ER PT J AU Spinks, PQ Pauly, GB Crayon, JJ Shaffer, HB AF Spinks, PQ Pauly, GB Crayon, JJ Shaffer, HB TI Survival of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata) in an urban California environment SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE western pond turtle; Clemmys marmorata; Emys marmorata; introduced species; urban waterway; red-eared slider; Trachemys scripta elegans; competition; headstart ID LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS; CHRYSEMYS-PICTA; CLEMMYS-MARMORATA; EMYDID TURTLES; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; RIVER; DEMOGRAPHICS; GROWTH AB The western pond turtle Emys (formerly Clemmys) marmorata is declining throughout its range, primarily due to loss of habitat via urbanization and conversion to agriculture. Urban waterways present several important challenges to freshwater turtle populations, but they also present an opportunity to maintain declining species in a ubiquitous habitat that has high public visibility. The arboretum waterway on the University of California, Davis campus is an example of an extensively altered urban habitat that supports a relatively large E. marmorata population. Over the last 6 years, we monitored the turtle population inhabiting the arboretum waterway to determine the demographic health of the population, and the challenges and opportunities that urban environments pose for pond turtles. Since 1993, the naturally existing arboretum pond turtle population has declined by approximately 40% and has shown little natural recruitment. During this time, we also introduced 31 headstarted turtles into the arboretum. Headstarting is the process of raising juveniles in captivity until they have outgrown their period of greatest vulnerability to predators, and then releasing them into the wild. Our headstarting results demonstrate that this contentious strategy is a viable option for adding young turtles to the population, although it does not address the causes of decline. Over the course of our study, we encountered nine species of non-native turtles in the waterway, and these appear to be a serious threat to the native species. As more habitat becomes urbanized, it is increasingly important to understand how freshwater turtles, such as E. marmorata, adapt to urban waterways and the impact of non-native turtles on native turtle species. Our strong feeling is that urban waterways can provide habitat for viable populations of freshwater turtles and showcase them to the public, but both the aquatic and terrestrial habitat must be managed according to the biological requirements of individual species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Turtle Bay Museum & Arboretum, Redding, CA 96009 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Western Ecol Res Ctr, USGS, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Spinks, PQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, 2320 Storer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 54 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 7 U2 53 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 113 IS 2 BP 257 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00392-0 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 695FF UT WOS:000183819900010 ER PT J AU Nelson, R Valenti, MA Short, A Keller, C AF Nelson, R Valenti, MA Short, A Keller, C TI A multiple resource inventory of Delaware using airborne laser data SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE airborne laser; multiresource inventory; forest biomass ID FOREST STAND CHARACTERISTICS; TROPICAL FOREST; CARBON SINK; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SCANNER DATA; BIOMASS; DEFORESTATION; VOLUME; LIDAR AB Estimates of forest wood volume and biomass, and estimates of the surface area of asphalt, concrete, roof, and open water, were generated from a single set of airborne laser-profiling data acquired during the summer of 2000. Estimates of aboveground dry biomass for different types of land cover in each county or state were converted directly to estimates of standing carbon. A portable, inexpensive laser that measures forest canopy height and canopy cover was also used to identify and map mature forest stands that might support the Delmarva fox squirrel (Sciurus niger cinereus), an endangered species. Merchantable volume estimates were within 24 percent of US Forest Service estimates at the county level and within 15 percent statewide. Total aboveground dry biomass estimates were within 19 percent of US Forest Service estimates at the county level and within 16 percent statewide. Various types of impervious surfaces (roofs, concrete, asphalt) and open water were tallied along the fight lines to estimate a real coverage statewide, by land cover and county. Laser estimates of impervious surface area were within 28 percent of satellite-based estimates at the county level and within 3 percent at the state level. Laser estimates of open water were within 7 percent of photointerpreted geographic information system (GIS) estimates at the county level and within 3 percent of the GIS at the state level. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Delaware Forest Serv, Dover, DE 19901 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Nelson, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Nelson, Ross/H-8266-2014 NR 48 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2003 VL 53 IS 10 BP 981 EP 992 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0981:AMRIOD]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 730EK UT WOS:000185816100011 ER PT J AU Almendros, J Chouet, B AF Almendros, J Chouet, B TI Performance of the radial semblance method for the location of very long period volcanic signals SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BENEATH KILAUEA VOLCANO; BAND WAVE-FORMS; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; NEAR-FIELD; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; SEISMIC SIGNALS; SPATIAL EXTENT; MERAPI-VOLCANO; ARRAY ANALYSES; ASO VOLCANO AB We investigate the performance of a source location method that combines multichannel semblance and particle motions and is being increasingly used to obtain estimates of the source locations of very long period (VLP) seismic signals recorded on volcanoes. The method makes use of the radial particle motions and large wavelengths that characterize the VLP events. To assess the capabilities of this radial semblance method, and to better understand its limitations, we quantify the effects of window length, noise contents of the signal, inaccurate velocity models, receiver coverage, and orientation errors in the horizontal components of the receivers. Our results show that the semblance method performs best when (1) the noise level is low enough to allow a good characterization of the waveforms, (2) the sources are located at distances between one half of the average receiver spacing and about two times the network aperture, and (3) the orientations of the horizontal components of the seismometers are known with relative accuracy. When these requirements are met, the radial semblance method constitutes an adequate tool to obtain preliminary locations of VLP volcanic signals recorded by broadband networks. Moreover, we provide a formula to determine the radial semblance level that should be used to define error regions associated to the estimated source locations. C1 Univ Granada, Inst Andaluz Geofis, Granada, Spain. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Almendros, J (reprint author), Univ Granada, Inst Andaluz Geofis, Granada, Spain. RI Almendros, Javier/M-2468-2014 OI Almendros, Javier/0000-0001-5936-6160 NR 43 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1890 EP 1903 DI 10.1785/0120020143 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000002 ER PT J AU Crone, AJ De Martini, PM Machette, MN Okumura, K Prescott, JR AF Crone, AJ De Martini, PM Machette, MN Okumura, K Prescott, JR TI Paleoseismicity of two historically quiescent faults in Australia: Implications for fault behavior in stable continental regions SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PRE-PLEISTOCENE LANDSCAPES; INTRAPLATE STRESS-FIELD; EXCEPTIONALLY LOW RATES; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; LIKELY EXISTENCE; BEDROCK EROSION; AL-26 EVIDENCE; CENTRAL INDIA; DOSE-RATES AB Paleoseismic studies of two historically aseismic Quaternary faults in Australia confirm that cratonic faults in stable continental regions (SCR) typically have a long-term behavior characterized by episodes of activity separated by quiescent intervals of at least 10,000 and commonly 100,000 years or more. Studies of the approximately 30-km-long Roopena fault in South Australia and the approximately 30-km-long Hyden fault in Western Australia document multiple Quaternary surface-faulting events that are unevenly spaced in time. The episodic clustering of events on cratonic SCR faults may be related to temporal fluctuations of fault-zone fluid pore pressures in a volume of strained crust. The long-term slip rate on cratonic SCR faults is extremely low, so the geomorphic expression of many cratonic SCR faults is subtle, and scarps may be difficult to detect because they are poorly preserved. Both the Roopena and Hyden faults are in areas of limited or no significant seismicity; these and other faults that we have studied indicate that many potentially hazardous SCR faults cannot be recognized solely on the basis of instrumental data or historical earthquakes. Although cratonic SCR faults may appear to be nonhazardous because they have been historically aseismic, those that are favorably oriented for movement in the current stress field can and have produced unexpected damaging earthquakes. Paleoseismic studies of modem and prehistoric SCR faulting events provide the basis for understanding of the long-term behavior of these faults and ultimately contribute to better seismic-hazard assessments. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy. Hiroshima Univ, Dept Geog, Higashihiroshima 739, Japan. Univ Adelaide, Dept Phys & Math Phys, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. RP US Geol Survey, MS 966,POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 69 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1913 EP 1934 DI 10.1785/0120000094 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000004 ER PT J AU Fisher, MA Normark, WR Bohannon, RG Sliter, RW Calvert, AJ AF Fisher, MA Normark, WR Bohannon, RG Sliter, RW Calvert, AJ TI Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOS-ANGELES BASIN; PALOS-VERDES FAULT; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; FACIES ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTION; CORE COMPLEX; BORDERLAND; EARTHQUAKE; TECTONICS; EVOLUTION AB We interpret seismic-reflection data, which were collected in Santa Monica Bay using a 70-in(3) generator-injector air gun, to show the geologic structure of the continental shelf and slope and of the deep-water, Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins. The goal of this research is to investigate the earthquake hazard posed to urban areas by offshore faults. These data reveal that northwest of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, the Palos Verdes Fault neither offsets the seafloor nor cuts through an undeformed sediment apron that postdates the last sea level rise. Other evidence indicates that this fault extends northwest beneath the shelf in the deep subsurface. However, other major faults in the study area, such as the Dume and San Pedro Basin Faults, were active recently, as indicated by an arched seafloor and offset shallow sediment. Rocks under the lower continental slope are deformed to differing degrees on opposite sides of Santa Monica Canyon. Northwest of this canyon, the continental slope is underlain by a little-deformed sediment apron; the main structures that deform this apron are two lower-slope anticlines that extend toward Point Dume and are cored by faults showing reverse or thrust separation. Southeast of Santa Monica Canyon, lower-slope rocks are deformed by a complex arrangement of strike-slip, normal, and reverse faults. The San Pedro Escarpment rises abruptly along the southeast side of Santa Monica Canyon. Reverse faults and folds underpinning this escarpment steepen progressively southeastward. Locally they form flower structures and cut downward into basement rocks. These faults merge downward with the San Pedro Basin fault zone, which is nearly vertical and strike slip. The escarpment and its attendant structures diverge from this strike-slip fault zone and extend for 60 km along the margin, separating the continental shelf from the deep-water basins. The deep-water Santa Monica Basin has large extent but is filled with only a thin (less than 1.5-km) section of what are probably post-Miocene rocks and sediment. Extrapolating ages obtained from Ocean Drilling Program site 1015 indicates that this sedimentary cover is Quaternary, possibly no older than 600 ka. Folds and faults along the base of the San Pedro Escarpment began to form during 8-13 ka ago. Refraction-velocity data show that high-velocity rocks, probably the Catalina Schist or Miocene volcanic rocks, underlie the sedimentary section. The San Pedro Basin developed along a strike-slip fault, widens to the southeast, and is deformed by faults having apparent reverse separation and by folds near Redondo Canyon and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Fisher, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 60 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1955 EP 1983 DI 10.1785/0120020019 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000006 ER PT J AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM TI Analog-to-digital conversion as a source of drifts in displacements derived from digital recordings of ground acceleration SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CROSS-AXIS SENSITIVITY; BASE-LINE CORRECTION; STRONG-MOTION DATA; 1999 HECTOR MINE; CHI-CHI; EARTHQUAKE; ACCELEROGRAPHS; CALIFORNIA; TAIWAN AB Displacements obtained from double integration of digitally recorded Ground accelerations often show drifts much larger than those expected for the true ground displacements. These drifts might be due to many things, including dynamic elastic ground tilt, inelastic ground deformation, hysteresis in the instruments, and cross feed due to misalignment of nominally orthogonal sensors. This article shows that even if those effects were not present, the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) process can produce apparent "pulses" and offsets in the acceleration baseline if the ground motion is slowly varying compared with the quantization level of the digitization. Such slowly varying signals can be produced by constant offsets that do not coincide with a quantization level and by near- and intermediate-field terms in the wave field radiated from earthquakes. Double integration of these apparent pulses and offsets leads to drifts in the displacements similar to those found in processing real recordings. These effects decrease in importance as the resolution of the ADC process increases. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2017 EP 2024 DI 10.1785/0120020239 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000010 ER PT J AU Boatwright, J Bundock, H Luetgert, J Seekins, L Gee, L Lombard, P AF Boatwright, J Bundock, H Luetgert, J Seekins, L Gee, L Lombard, P TI The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and magnitude inferred from northern California ShakeMap data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PEAK HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION; GROUND MOTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; UNITED-STATES; ATTENUATION; EARTHQUAKE; INTENSITY; VELOCITY AB We analyze peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) data from 95 moderate (3.5 less than or equal to M < 5.5) and 9 large (5.5 less than or equal to M less than or equal to 7.1) earthquakes in northern California. The 95 moderate earthquakes occurred from August 1998 through December 2002, and their peak motions were compiled and mapped by ShakeMap. The nine large earthquakes include the M 6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake in 1984, the M 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and the M 7.1 Petrolia earthquake in 1992. For r > 100 km, the peak motions attenuate more rapidly than a simple power law (that is, r(-y)) can fit. Instead, we use an attenuation function that combines a fixed power law (r(-0.7)) with a fitted exponential dependence on distance, which is estimated as exp(-0.0063r) and exp(-0.0073r) for PGV and PGA, respectively, for moderate earthquakes. We regress log(PGV) and log(PGA) as functions of distance and magnitude. We assume that the scaling of log(PGV) and log(PGA) with magnitude can differ for moderate and large earthquakes, but must be continuous. Because the frequencies that carry PGV and PGA can vary with earthquake size for large earthquakes, the regression for large earthquakes incorporates a magnitude dependence in the exponential attenuation function. We fix the scaling break between moderate and large earthquakes at M 5.5; log(PGV) and log(PGA) scale as 1.06M and 1.00M, respectively, for moderate earthquakes and 0.58M and 0.31M for large earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Boatwright, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2043 EP 2055 DI 10.1785/0120020201 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000012 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM AF Brocher, TM TI Detonation charge size versus coda magnitude relations in California and Nevada SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WEST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; SEISMIC-REFRACTION; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; SAN-ANDREAS; FAULT-ZONE; EXPLOSIONS; VELOCITY; VALLEY AB Magnitude-charge size relations have important uses in forensic seismology and are used in Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty monitoring. I derive empirical magnitude versus detonation-charge-size relationships for 322 detonations located by permanent seismic networks in California and Nevada. These detonations, used in 41 different seismic refraction or network calibration experiments, ranged in yield (charge size) between 25 and 10(6) kg; coda magnitudes reported for them ranged from 0.5 to 3.9. Almost all represent simultaneous (single-fired) detonations of one or more boreholes. Repeated detonations at the same shotpoint suggest that the reported coda magnitudes are repeatable, on average, to within 0.1 magnitude unit. An empirical linear regression for these 322 detonations yields M = 0.31 + 0.50 log(10)(weight [kg]). The detonations compiled here demonstrate that the Khalturin et al. (1998) relationship, developed mainly for data from large chemical explosions but which fits data from nuclear blasts, can be used to estimate the minimum charge size for coda magnitudes between 0.5 and 3.9. Drilling, loading, and shooting logs indicate that the explosive specification, loading method, and effectiveness of tamp are the primary factors determining the efficiency of a detonation. These records indicate that locating a detonation within the water table is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for an efficient shot. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2089 EP 2105 DI 10.1785/0120020185 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000016 ER PT J AU Meltzner, AJ Wald, DJ AF Meltzner, AJ Wald, DJ TI Aftershocks and triggered events of the Great 1906 California earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; HECTOR MINE; 7.3 LANDERS; SEISMICITY; MAGNITUDE; SLIP; FORESHOCKS; MOUNTAIN; TURKEY AB The San Andreas fault is the longest fault in California and one of the longest strike-slip faults in the world, yet little is known about the aftershocks following the most recent great event on the San Andreas, the M-w 7.8 San Francisco earthquake on 18 April 1906. We conducted a study to locate and to estimate magnitudes for the largest aftershocks and triggered events of this earthquake. We examined existing catalogs and historical documents for the period April 1906 to December 1907, compiling data on the first 20 months of the aftershock sequence. We grouped felt reports temporally and assigned modified Mercalli intensities for the larger events based on the descriptions judged to be the most reliable. For onshore and near-shore events, a grid-search algorithm (derived from empirical analysis of modern earthquakes) was used to find the epicentral location and magnitude most consistent with the assigned intensities. For one event identified as far offshore, the event's intensity distribution was compared with those of modern events, in order to constrain the event's location and magnitude. The largest aftershock within the study period, an M similar to 6.7 event, occurred similar to 100 km west of Eureka on 23 April 1906. Although not within our study period, another M similar to6.7 aftershock occurred near Cape Mendocino on 28 October 1909. Other significant aftershocks included an M similar to5.6 event near San Juan Bautista on 17 May 1906 and an M similar to6.3 event near Shelter Cove on 11 August 1907. An M similar to4.9 aftershock occurred on the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault (southeast of the mainshock rupture) on 6 July 1906. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake also triggered events in southern California (including separate events in or near the Imperial Valley, the Pomona Valley, and Santa Monica Bay), in western Nevada, in southern central Oregon, and in western Arizona, all within 2 days of the mainshock. Of these triggered events, the largest were an M similar to6.1 earthquake near Brawley and an M similar to5.0 event under or near Santa Monica Bay, 11.3 and 31.3 hr after the San Francisco mainshock, respectively. The western Arizona event is inferred to have been triggered dynamically. In general, the largest aftershocks occurred at the ends of the 1906 rupture or away from the rupture entirely; very few significant aftershocks occurred along the mainshock rupture itself. The total number of large aftershocks was less than predicted by a generic model based on typical California mainshock-aftershock statistics, and the 1906 sequence appears to have decayed more slowly than average California sequences. Similarities can be drawn between the 1906 aftershock sequence and that of the 1857 (M-w 7.9) San Andreas fault earthquake. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM meltzner@gps.caltech.edu; wald@usgs.gov RI Meltzner, Aron/A-5585-2009; OI Meltzner, Aron/0000-0002-2955-0896; Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 70 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2160 EP 2186 DI 10.1785/0120020033 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000021 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Sliter, R Geist, EL Jachens, RC Jaffe, BE Foxgrover, A Hart, PE McCarthy, J AF Parsons, T Sliter, R Geist, EL Jachens, RC Jaffe, BE Foxgrover, A Hart, PE McCarthy, J TI Structure and mechanics of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek fault step-over, San Francisco Bay, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; PULL-APART BASINS; 3D SIMULATIONS; EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; RUPTURE; STRESS; MODELS; SEISMICITY; MAGNITUDE AB A dilatational step-over between the right-lateral Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults lies beneath San Pablo Bay in the San Francisco Bay area. A key seismic hazard issue is whether an earthquake on one of the faults could rupture through the step-over, enhancing its maximum possible magnitude. If ruptures are terminated at the step-over, then another important issue is how strain transfers through the step. We developed a combined seismic reflection and refraction cross section across south San Pablo Bay and found that the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults converge to within 4 kin of one another near the surface, about 2 km closer than previously thought. Interpretation of potential field data from San Pablo Bay indicated a low likelihood of strike-slip transfer faults connecting the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults. Numerical simulations suggest that it is possible for a rupture to jump across a 4-km fault gap, although special stressing conditions are probably required (e.g., Harris and Day, 1993, 1999). Slip on the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults is building an extensional pull-apart basin that could contain hazardous normal faults. We investigated strain in the pull-apart using a finite-element model and calculated a similar to0.02-MPa/yr differential stressing rate in the step-over on a least-principal-stress orientation nearly parallel to the strike-slip faults where they overlap. A 1- to 10-MPa stress-drop extensional earthquake is expected on normal faults oriented perpendicular to the strike-slip faults every 50-500 years. The last such earthquake might have been the 1898 M 6.0-6.5 shock in San Pablo Bay that apparently produced a small tsunami. Historical hydrographic surveys gathered before and after 1898 indicate abnormal subsidence of the bay floor within the step-over, possibly related to the earthquake. We used a hydrodynamic model to show that a dip-slip mechanism in north San Pablo Bay is the most likely 1898 rupture scenario to have caused the tsunami. While we find no strike-slip transfer fault between the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults, a normal-fault link could enable through-going segmented rupture of both strike-slip faults and may pose an independent hazard of M similar to6 earthquakes like the 1898 event. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012; OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920; Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 50 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2187 EP 2200 DI 10.1785/0120020228 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000022 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Seeber, L Armbruster, JG AF Hough, SE Seeber, L Armbruster, JG TI Intraplate triggered earthquakes: Observations and interpretation SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STABLE CONTINENTAL REGIONS; SEISMIC MOMENT ASSESSMENT; RECTIFIED DIFFUSION; MADRID EARTHQUAKES; HECTOR MINE; CALIFORNIA; LANDERS; QUEBEC; AFTERSHOCKS; INTENSITIES AB We present evidence that at least two of the three 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, mainshocks and the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake triggered earthquakes at regional distances. In addition to previously published evidence for triggered earthquakes in the northern Kentucky/southern Ohio region in 18 12, we present evidence suggesting that triggered events might have occurred in the Wabash Valley, to the south of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, and near Charleston, South Carolina. We also discuss evidence that earthquakes might have been triggered in northern Kentucky within seconds of the passage of surface waves from the 23 January 1812 New Madrid mainshock. After the 1886 Charleston earthquake, accounts suggest that triggered events occurred near Moodus, Connecticut, and in southern Indiana. Notwithstanding the uncertainty associated with analysis of historical accounts, there is evidence that at least three out of the four known M-w 7 earthquakes in the central and eastern United States seem to have triggered earthquakes at distances beyond the typically assumed aftershock zone of 1-2 mainshock fault lengths. We explore the possibility that remotely triggered earthquakes might be common in low-strain-rate regions. We suggest that in a low-strain-rate environment, permanent, nonelastic deformation might play a more important role in stress accumulation than it does in interplate crust. Using a simple model incorporating elastic and anelastic strain release, we show that, for realistic parameter values, faults in intraplate crust remain close to their failure stress for a longer part of the earthquake cycle than do faults in high-strain-rate regions. Our results further suggest that remotely triggered earthquakes occur preferentially in regions of recent and/or future seismic activity, which suggests that faults are at a critical stress state in only some areas. Remotely triggered earthquakes may thus serve as beacons that identify regions of long-lived stress concentration. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 46 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2212 EP 2221 DI 10.1785/0120020055 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 735CZ UT WOS:000186096000024 ER PT J AU McDonald, JE AF McDonald, JE TI Methods for capturing free-ranging Black Bears, Ursus americanus, in difficult locations SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE black Bear; Ursus americanus; capture; immobilization; stalking; Massacheusetts AB Long-term research or monitoring studies involving radiomarked Black Bears (Ursus americanus) conducted in areas with high human and road densities may require that radiocollars be replaced or bears recaptured for other purposes. The use of trained bear hounds is particularly suited to recapturing specific bears. However, in certain situations, hounds may not be used safely or bears may seek refuge in difficult locations. Effectiveness of two methods to capture bears via remote darting and chemical immobilization are described: (1) stalking and rushing females with cubs; and (2) allowing treed bears to descend. Both methods rely on assumptions about Black Bear behavior. Nine captures of eight individual bears are discussed; one bear drowned after being immobilized. and all others survived >5 months after capture. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fed Assistance, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP McDonald, JE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fed Assistance, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 117 IS 4 BP 621 EP 625 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 856YD UT WOS:000224081100013 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, DK Swindle, KA Anthony, RG AF Rosenberg, DK Swindle, KA Anthony, RG TI Influence of prey abundance on northern spotted owl reproductive success in western Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; POPULATION-SIZE; STRIX-ALUCO; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; CAPTURE PROBABILITIES; TEMPORAL VARIATION; HABITAT-USE; HOME-RANGE; LANDSCAPE; FOOD AB The hypothesis that high temporal variability of northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) reproductive success is a response to prey abundance remains largely untested. We evaluated this relationship in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. Despite similar biomass of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) (169 +/- 13.9 g/ha) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) (160 +/- 18.8 g/ha), flying squirrels dominated the breeding season diet based on both biomass (49%) and numbers (40%). Abundance of flying squirrels and western red-backed voles (Clethrionomys californicus) was more variable spatially (greater than or equal to38% of process variation) than temporally (15%-24%), whereas abundance of deer mice was more similar across stands (12% spatial variation) than among years (68% temporal variation). Spotted owl reproductive success was statistically associated only with the abundance of deer mice (number of young per territory: r(2) = 0.68). However, deer mice comprised only 1.6 +/- 0.5% of the biomass consumed. The low temporal variability of the dominant prey species provided evidence that simple prey relationship models were not likely to explain the highly synchronous and temporally dynamic patterns of spotted owl reproductive performance. Reproductive success was likely a result of the interaction of both weather and prey and the life history strategy of this long-lived owl. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forestry Range & Wildlife Sci, UMC 5230, Logan, UT 84332 USA. RP Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM dan.rosenberg@usu.edu NR 60 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1715 EP 1725 DI 10.1139/Z03-167 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 755PW UT WOS:000187418900010 ER PT J AU Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA del Rio, CM Rule, DC AF Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA del Rio, CM Rule, DC TI Interacting effects of water temperature and swimming activity on body composition and mortality of fasted juvenile rainbow trout SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NITROGENOUS WASTE EXCRETION; SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS; RESPIRATORY GAS-EXCHANGE; SOCKEYE SALMON; OVERWINTER SURVIVAL; SPAWNING MIGRATION; ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA; RATION SIZE; FUEL USAGE; GROWTH AB We assessed changes in proximate body composition, wet mass, and the occurrence of mortality among sedentary and actively swimming (15 cm/s) juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (120-142 mm total length) that were held at 4.0 7.5, or 15.0 degreesC and fasted for 140 days. Warmer water temperatures and swimming activity accentuated declines in lipid mass, but they did not similarly affect lean mass and wet mass. Swimming fish conserved lean mass independent of water temperature. Because lean mass exceeded lipid mass, wet mass was not affected substantially by decreases in lipid mass. Consequently, wet mass did not accurately reflect the effects that water temperature and swimming activity had on mortality of fasted rainbow trout. Rather, lipid mass was more accurate in predicting death from starvation. Juvenile rainbow trout survived long periods without food, and fish that died of starvation appeared to have similar body composition. It appears that the ability of fish to endure periods without food depends on the degree to which lipid mass and lean mass can be utilized as energy sources. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Simpkins, DG (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1641 EP 1649 DI 10.1139/Z03-157 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 755PW UT WOS:000187418900001 ER PT J AU Nebel, S McCaffery, BJ AF Nebel, S McCaffery, BJ TI Vocalization activity of breeding shorebirds: documentation of its seasonal decline and applications for breeding bird surveys SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID LEAST SANDPIPER; DENSITY AB We documented vocalization activity of breeding shorebirds at two sites in northern and western Alaska, on the Colville River Delta and on the Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta. At both sites, number of calling individuals decreased throughout the season. Variation in vocalization activity was significantly higher at the Colville River Delta towards the end of the season, while weather variables affected vocalization activity only on the Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta. Our results highlight the importance of timing, weather, and site-specific attributes on number of birds detected. We discuss our findings in the context of different methods to monitor breeding shorebirds. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. RP Nebel, S (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RI Nebel, Silke/D-4993-2009 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1702 EP 1708 DI 10.1139/Z03-171 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 755PW UT WOS:000187418900008 ER PT J AU Soule, ME Estes, JA Berger, J Del Rio, CM AF Soule, ME Estes, JA Berger, J Del Rio, CM TI Ecological effectiveness: Conservation goals for interactive species SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; WHITE-TAILED DEER; NATURAL REGULATION; SEA OTTERS; KELP FOREST; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PRAIRIE DOGS; ISLE ROYALE; ECOSYSTEMS; POPULATION AB The rarity or absence of highly interactive species leaves a functional void that can trigger linked changes leading to degraded or simplified ecosystems. A preliminary analysis indicates a relatively high frequency of such interactive species among endangered mammals. Rapid environmental change is likely to increase the interactivity of some species and reduce that of others over relatively short intervals. The current implementation of environmental policies and laws, such as the U. S. Endangered Species Act, generally ignores interspecific effects; recovery goals are autecological, short term, and numerically and spatially minimalistic. Moreover, by failing to account for interspecific interactions, recovery objectives are becoming indefensible in light of increasing knowledge from community ecology. Using the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) and wolf (Canis lupus) as examples, we argue that conservation plans should call for recovery or repatriation of such interactive species at ecologically effective densities in as many places as are currently realistic. It will be prudent and beneficial to estimate ecologically effective densities where there is disagreement among experts and interested parties about the desirability of restoring an interactive species to a particular region and to a particular density. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Moose, WY 83012 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Soule, ME (reprint author), POB 2010, Hotchkiss, CO 81419 USA. NR 103 TC 191 Z9 197 U1 19 U2 162 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1238 EP 1250 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01599.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 724DZ UT WOS:000185473000010 ER PT J AU Wiles, GJ Bart, J Beck, RE Aguon, CF AF Wiles, GJ Bart, J Beck, RE Aguon, CF TI Impacts of the brown tree snake: Patterns of decline and species persistence in Guam's avifauna SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE birds; Boiga irregularis; brown tree snake; declines; extinction; extirpation; Guam; introduced species; islands; populations; predation ID BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; ISLANDS; HISTORY; BIRDS; CONSERVATION; CONSEQUENCES; EXTINCTION; FOREST; PLOT AB Predation by brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) devastated the avifauna of Guam in the Mariana Islands during the last half of the twentieth century, causing the extirpation or serious reduction of most of the island's 25 resident bird species. Past studies have provided qualitative descriptions of the decline of native forest birds but have not considered all species or presented quantitative analyses. We analyzed two sets of survey data gathered in northern Guam between 1976 and 1998 and reviewed unpublished sources to provide a comprehensive account of the impact of brown tree snakes on the island's birds. Our results indicate that 22 species, including 17 of 18 native species, were severely affected by snakes. Twelve species were likely extirpated as breeding residents on the main island, 8 others experienced declines of greater than or equal to90% throughout the island or at least in the north, and 2 were kept at reduced population levels during all or much of the study. Declines of greater than or equal to90% occurred rapidly, averaging just 8.9 years along three roadside survey routes combined and 1.6 years at a 100-ha forested study site. Declines in northern Guam were also relatively synchronous and occurred from about 1976 to 1986 for most species. The most important factor predisposing a species to coexistence with brown tree snakes was its ability to nest and roost at locations where snakes were uncommon. Large clutch size and large body size were also related to longer persistence times, although large body size appeared to delay, but not prevent, extirpation. Our results draw attention to the enormous detrimental impact that brown tree snakes are likely to have upon invading new areas. Increased containment efforts on Guam are needed to prevent further colonizations, but a variety of additional management efforts would also benefit the island's remaining bird populations. C1 Div Aquat & Wildlife Resources, Mangilao, GU USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Wiles, GJ (reprint author), 1692 Sunflower Lane,Apartment 19202, Tumwater, WA 98512 USA. NR 52 TC 90 Z9 106 U1 11 U2 90 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1350 EP 1360 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01526.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 724DZ UT WOS:000185473000020 ER PT J AU Yates, KK Halley, RB AF Yates, KK Halley, RB TI Measuring coral reef community metabolism using new benthic chamber technology SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE reef metabolism; benthic chamber; calcification; productivity ID CALCIFICATION RATE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PRODUCTIVITY; RESPIRATION; FLORIDA; STATE; ALGAE; BAY; PH AB Accurate measurement of coral reef community metabolism is a necessity for process monitoring and in situ experimentation on coral reef health. Traditional methodologies used for these measurements are effective but limited by location and scale constraints. We present field trial results for a new benthic chamber system called the Submersible Habitat for Analyzing Reef Quality (SHARQ). This large, portable incubation system enables in situ measurement and experimentation on community-scale metabolism. Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification were measured using the SHARQ for a variety of coral reef substrate types on the reef flat of South Molokai, Hawaii, and in Biscayne National Park, Florida. Values for daily gross production, 24-h respiration, and net calcification ranged from 0.26 to 6.45 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1), 1.96 to 8.10 g O-2 m(-2) 24 h(-1), and 0.02 to 2.0 g CaCO3 m(-2) day(-1), respectively, for all substrate types. Field trials indicate that the SHARQ incubation chamber is an effective tool for in situ isolation of a water mass over a variety of benthic substrate types for process monitoring, experimentation, and other applications. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Yates, KK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 247 EP 255 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0314-5 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 727YK UT WOS:000185688300007 ER PT J AU Aeby, GS Kenyon, JC Maragos, JE Potts, DC AF Aeby, GS Kenyon, JC Maragos, JE Potts, DC TI First record of mass coral bleaching in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF C1 Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Aquat Resources, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosyst Invest Program, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Remote Isl Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Aeby, GS (reprint author), Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Aquat Resources, 1151 Punchbowl St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 256 EP 256 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0309-2 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 727YK UT WOS:000185688300008 ER PT J AU Phillips, RL AF Phillips, RL TI Depositional environments and processes in Upper Cretaceous nonmarine and marine sediments, Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska SO CRETACEOUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cretaceous; Northern Alaska; depositional environments; dinosaur occurrences; Prince Creek Formation; Schrader Bluff Formation ID HUMMOCKY CROSS-STRATIFICATION; VARIABLE BEDDING SEQUENCES; INTENSE WINTER STORMS; COLVILLE RIVER REGION; ISLE-OF-WIGHT; TROPICAL HURRICANES; FAUNAL EVOLUTION; LOWER-EOCENE; FLOODPLAIN; PALEOGEOGRAPHY AB A 178-m-thick stratigraphic section exposed along the lower Colville River in northern Alaska, near Ocean Point, represents the uppermost part of a 1500 in Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic section. Strata exposed at Ocean Point are assigned to the Prince Creek and Schrader Bluff formations. Three major depositional environments are identified consisting, in ascending order, of floodplain, interdistributary-bay. and shallow-marine shelf. Nonmarine strata, comprising the lower 140 in of this section, consist of fluvial distributaries, overbank sediments, tephra beds, organic-rich beds. and vertebrate remains. Tephras yield isotopic ages between 68 and 72.9 Ma, generally consistent with paleontologic ages of late Campanian-Maastrichtian determined from dinosaur remains, pollen, foraminifers, and ostracodes. Meandering low-energy rivers on a low-gradient, low-relief floodplain carried a suspended - sediment load. The rivers formed multistoried channel deposits (channels to 10 m deep) as well as solitary channel deposits (channels 2-5 in deep). Extensive overbank deposits resulting from episodic flooding formed fining-upward strata on the floodplain. The fining-upward strata are interbedded with tephra and beds of organic-rich sediment. Vertical-accretion deposits containing abundant roots indicate a sheet flood origin for many beds. Vertebrate and nonmarine invertebrate fossils along with plant debris were locally concentrated in the floodplain sediment. Deciduous conifers as well as abundant wetland plants, such as ferns, horsetails, and mosses, covered the coastal plain. Dinosaur skeletal remains have been found concentrated in floodplain sediments in organic-rich bone beds and as isolated bones in fluvial channel deposits in at least nine separate horizons within a 100-m-thick interval. Arenaceous foraminifers in some organic-rich beds and shallow fluvial distributaries indicate a lower coastal plain environment with marginal marine (bay) influence. Marginal marine strata representing interdistributary bay deposits overlie the nonmarine beds and comprise about 15 m of section. Extensive vegetated sand flats, shoals, and shallow channels overlain by shallow bay deposits (less than 7 in deep), containing storm-generated strata characterize the marginal marine beds. Abundant bioturbation and roots characterize the stratigraphic lowest bay deposits; bioturbated sediment, pelecypods, barnacles, and benthic microfossils are found in the overlying bay storm deposits. The sediments abruptly change upward from hummocky cross-stratified bay deposits to a muddy marsh deposit containing shallow organic-rich channels to prograding nonmarine to marginal marine beds. Transgressive. abundantly fossiliferous shallow-marine strata more than 13 in thick comprise the uppermost exposures at Ocean Point. The marine beds overlie nonmarine and bay strata and represent an environment dominated episodically by storms. The age of the marginal marine and marine beds is late Maastrichtian based on pollen. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 100 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6671 J9 CRETACEOUS RES JI Cretac. Res. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 24 IS 5 BP 499 EP 523 DI 10.1016/S0195-6671(03)00068-5 PG 25 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 735FM UT WOS:000186101800003 ER PT J AU Baskaran, M Swarzenski, PW Porcelli, D AF Baskaran, M Swarzenski, PW Porcelli, D TI Role of colloidal material in the removal of Th-234 in the Canada basin of the Arctic Ocean SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE marine colloids; thorium scavenging; Arctic Ocean; ultrafiltration; POC export; DOM; residence times ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; GULF-OF-MEXICO; CARBON FLUXES; PARTICLE CONCENTRATION; NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES; SCAVENGING RATES; THORIUM ISOTOPES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; BEAUFORT SEA; EXPORT FLUX AB The phase partitioning of Th-234 between dissolved (< 10-kiloDalton, kD), colloidal (10 kD-0.4 mu m), and particulate (>= 0.5 mu m) matter across a horizontal transect, from a coastal station to the deep Canada Basin, and a vertical profile in the deep Canada Basin of the western Arctic Ocean was investigated. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved, colloidal and particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen and nutrients (silicate, phosphate and nitrate) were also measured to assess transport and scavenging processes. Total Th-234 (colloidal + particulate + dissolved) indicated deficiencies relative to secular equilibrium with its parent, U-238 in the upper 100 m, which suggests active scavenging of Th-234 onto particle surfaces. In contrast, at depths > 200 m, general equilibrium existed between total Th-234 and U-238. The inventory of SPM and the specific activity of particulate Th-234 in the Canada Basin was about an order of magnitude higher than the profile reported for the Alpha Ridge ice camp station. This higher concentration of SPM in the southwestern Canada Basin is likely derived from ice-rafted sedimentary particles. Inventories of nutrients, and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper 100 m of the Canada Basin are comparable to the other estimates for the central Arctic Ocean. Comparison of the mass concentrations of colloidal and filter-retained particulate matter as well as the activity of Th-234 in these phases indicates that only a very small component of the colloidal material is actively involved in Th scavenging. Lower values of the conditional partition coefficient between the colloidal and dissolved phase indicate that the Arctic colloids are less reactive than colloidal material from other regions. The conditional partition coefficient between the filter-retained and dissolved phases (K-f) is generally higher than that for other regions, which is attributed to the higher complexation capacity of glacio-marine sedimentary particles in these waters. The Th-234-derived export of POC for the shelf and deep Canada Basin ranges between 5.6 and 6.5 mmol m(-2) d(-1), and is in agreement with other estimates reported for the central Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Sea. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Geol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. RP Wayne State Univ, Dept Geol, 0224 Old Main Bldg, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. EM baskaran@chem.wayne.edu OI Baskaran, Mark/0000-0002-2218-4328 NR 59 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 EI 1879-0119 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 50 IS 10-11 BP 1353 EP 1373 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00140-7 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 767PC UT WOS:000188458800011 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Lubin, D Fotheringham, CJ AF Keeley, JE Lubin, D Fotheringham, CJ TI Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE aliens; biological invasions; blue oak savanna; chaparral; colonization; coniferous forest; elevational patterns; fire severity; forest understory; plant diversity; Sierra Nevada (USA); species-area curves; species richness ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; NORTHERN ARIZONA; ANNUAL GRASSLAND; INVASIBILITY; CALIFORNIA; FORESTS; DISTURBANCE AB Patterns of native and alien plant diversity in response to disturbance were examined along an elevational gradient in blue oak savanna, chaparral, and coniferous forests. Total species richness, alien species richness, and alien cover declined with elevation, at scales from 1 to 1000 m(2). We found no support for the hypothesis that community diversity inhibits alien invasion. At the 1-m(2) point scale, where we would expect competitive interactions between the largely herbaceous flora to be most intense, alien species richness as well as alien cover increased with increasing native species richness in all communities. This suggests that aliens are limited not by the number of native competitors, but by resources that affect establishment of both natives and aliens. Blue-oak savannas were heavily dominated by alien species and consistently had more alien than native species at the 1-m(2) scale. All of these aliens are annuals, and it is widely thought that they have displaced native bunchgrasses. If true, this means that aliens have greatly increased species richness. Alternatively, there is a rich regional flora of native annual forbs that could have dominated these grasslands prior to displacement by alien grasses. On our sites, livestock grazing increased the number of alien species and alien cover only slightly over that of sites free of livestock grazing for more than a century, indicating some level of permanency to this invasion. In chaparral,,both diversity and aliens increased markedly several years after fire. Invasive species are rare in undisturbed shrublands, and alien propagules fail to survive the natural crown fires in these ecosystems. Thus, aliens necessarily must colonize after fire and, as a consequence, time since fire is an important determinant of invasive presence. Blue oak savannas are an important propagule source for alien species because they maintain permanent populations of all alien species encountered in postfire chaparral, and because the vegetation mosaic in this region places them in proximity to chaparral. The speed at which alien propagules reach a burned site and the speed at which the shrublands return to their former closed-canopy condition determine alien invasion. Frequent burning of this vegetation alters the balance in favor of alien invasion. In the higher-elevation coniferous forests, species diversity was a function of fire severity and time since fire. High-intensity fires create gaps that decrease canopy coverage and increase light levels and nutrients for an ephemeral successional flora. Few species have persistent seed banks, so the time since fire is an important determinant of colonization success. There was a highly significant interaction between fire severity and time since fire for understory cover, species richness, and alien richness and cover. Understory was sparse in the first year after fire, particularly in low-severity burns, and increased substantially several years after fire, particularly on high-severity burns. Both fire severity and time since fire affected alien species richness and dominance. Coniferous forests had about one-third as many alien species as the foothill oak savannas, and fewer than half of the species were shared between these communities. Unburned coniferous forests were largely free of alien species, whereas some burned sites had a significant alien presence, which presents a challenge for fire restoration of these forests. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 108 TC 136 Z9 148 U1 24 U2 135 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 13 IS 5 BP 1355 EP 1374 DI 10.1890/02-5002 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743XT UT WOS:000186599400015 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ AF Hamilton, SJ TI Review of residue-based selenium toxicity thresholds for freshwater fish SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Editorial Material DE selenium; diet; fish; threshold; tissue-based criteria ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; BLUEGILLS LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; COLORADO RIVER BASIN; DIETARY SELENIUM; QUALITY CRITERIA; CHINOOK SALMON; AQUATIC LIFE; TIME BOMB AB A variety of guidelines have been proposed in recent years for linking selenium concentrations in the whole body of fish or in diet with adverse effects in fish. Diverging viewpoints seem to be forming separating groups supporting either the low-selenium guidelines proposed by the government and academic researchers or the high-selenium guidelines proposed by other researchers. Recently, an article was published that reviewed selected studies and recommended guidelines for selenium concentrations in the whole body of fish and in diet that were higher than those proposed by other researchers (approximate to 4 mug/g in whole body and 3-4 mug/g in diet). That article also recommended separating guidelines for coldwater fish (6 mug/g in whole body and 11 mug/g in diet) and warmwater fish (9 mug/g in whole body and 10 mug/g in diet). The approaches, information, and guidelines presented in the article are reviewed and problems in their interpretation and conclusions are discussed. The majority of the selenium literature supports a whole-body threshold of 4 mug/g in fish and 3 mug/g in diet. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Field Res Stn, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 92 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 56 IS 2 BP 201 EP 210 AR PII S0147-6513(02)00091-X DI 10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00091-X PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 718VV UT WOS:000185167900001 PM 12927550 ER PT J AU Milston, RH Fitzpatrick, MS Vella, AT Clements, S Gundersen, D Feist, G Crippen, TL Leong, J Schreck, CB AF Milston, RH Fitzpatrick, MS Vella, AT Clements, S Gundersen, D Feist, G Crippen, TL Leong, J Schreck, CB TI Short-term exposure of chinook salmon (Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha) to o,p '-DDE or DMSO during early life-history stages causes long-term humoral immunosuppression SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; DDE; DMSO; endocrine-disrupting chemical; immunosuppression; organochlorine; xenobiotic ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; DIMETHYL-SULFOXIDE; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; BREAST-CANCER; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; STRESS-RESPONSE AB We evaluated the effect of short-term exposures to a xenobiotic chemical during early life-history stages on the long-term immune competence of chinook salmon (Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha). Immersion of chinook salmon eggs in a nominal concentration of o,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p'-DDE; 10 ppm) for 1 hr at fertilization followed by immersion in the same dose for 2 hr at hatch resulted in a significant reduction in the ability of splenic leukocytes from fish 1 year after treatment to undergo blastogenesis upon in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. We also observed that the vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), caused a significant reduction in the ability of the splenic leukocytes to express surface immunoglobin M (SIgM) at this time. The concentration of o,p'-DDE in a pooled sample of whole fry from this treatment was 0.53 mug/g lipid 1 month after first feeding but was undetectable in all other treatments. Mortality rate, time to hatch, fish length, and weight were unaffected by treatment with o,p'-DDE. Similarly, sex ratios, gonadal development, and concentrations of plasma estradiol and 11 -ketotestosterone were not affected by the treatment. In addition, we found no evidence that plasma lysozyme concentrations or the mitogenic responses of splenic leukocytes to concanavalin A or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid were influenced by the treatment. In this experiment, a brief period of exposure to o,p'-DDE or DMSO, during early development was able to induce long-term effects on humoral immune competence of chinook salmon. Such immunosuppression may increase susceptibility to disease, which may in turn be critical to regulating the population. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Pacific Univ, Forest Grove, OR USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Milston, RH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM milstonr@bcc.orst.edu NR 82 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1601 EP 1607 DI 10.1289/ehp.6171 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800025 PM 14551037 ER PT J AU Neilson, MA Painter, DS Warren, G Hites, RA Basu, I Weseloh, DVC Whittle, DM Christie, G Barbiero, R Tuchman, M Johansson, OE Nalepa, TF Edsall, TA Fleischer, G Bronte, C Smith, SB Baumann, PC AF Neilson, MA Painter, DS Warren, G Hites, RA Basu, I Weseloh, DVC Whittle, DM Christie, G Barbiero, R Tuchman, M Johansson, OE Nalepa, TF Edsall, TA Fleischer, G Bronte, C Smith, SB Baumann, PC TI Ecological monitoring for assessing the state of the nearshore and openwaters of the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE coordination; ecosystem; Great Lakes; indicators; monitoring ID FOOD-WEB; ERIE; CONTAMINANTS; DREISSENA; DYNAMICS; WATERS; CONGENERS; MICHIGAN AB The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement stipulates that the Governments of Canada and the United States are responsible for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem. Due to varying mandates and areas of expertise, monitoring to assess progress towards this objective is conducted by a multitude of Canadian and U. S. federal and provincial/state agencies, in cooperation with academia and regional authorities. This paper highlights selected long-term monitoring programs and discusses a number of documented ecological changes that indicate the present state of the open and nearshore waters of the Great Lakes. C1 Environm Canada, Environm Conservat Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. Great Lakes Fishery Commiss, Saline, MI USA. Dyncorp, I & ET, Alexandria, VA USA. Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Burlington, ON, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbus, OH USA. RP Neilson, MA (reprint author), Environm Canada, Environm Conservat Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 103 EP 117 DI 10.1023/A:1025500619900 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 717QL UT WOS:000185100800005 PM 14570412 ER PT J AU Bales, JD AF Bales, JD TI Effects of Hurricane Floyd inland flooding, September-October 1999, on tributaries to Pamlico Sound, North Carolina SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article AB Hurricane Floyd in September 1999 caused disastrous flooding from South Carolina to Massachusetts in the United States, with particularly severe and prolonged flooding in eastern North Carolina resulting in record flood-flow loadings of freshwater and contaminants to Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. The inland flooding, water quality, and loadings to Pamlico Sound were determined as part of a multi-agency response to the floods and in an effort to understand the effects of the floods on the greater Pamlico Sound Basin. All major river basins draining to Pamlico Sound experienced floods at the 500-yr recurrence level. The volume of flood waters entering Pamlico Sound during September-October 1999 was estimated to be equivalent to about 95% of the volume of Pamlico Sound, meaning that flood waters could have essentially displaced most of the water present in Pamlico Sound. Nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Pamlico River estuary and Neuse River estuary, the two principal estuaries draining to Pamlico Sound, in a 36-d period during the flooding were between 50-90% of the long term average annual loads. Pesticide concentrations in flood waters were surprisingly high, given the amount of dilution produced by the floodwaters. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Bales, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 45 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 2 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD OCT PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1319 EP 1328 DI 10.1007/BF02803634 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 756JY UT WOS:000187463000010 ER PT J AU Shinn, EA Reich, CD Hickey, TD AF Shinn, EA Reich, CD Hickey, TD TI Reply to comments by Corbett and Cable on our paper, "Seepage meters and Bernoulli's revenge" SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID PERMEABLE SEDIMENTS C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Shinn, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD OCT PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1388 EP 1389 DI 10.1007/BF02803640 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 756JY UT WOS:000187463000016 ER PT J AU Welsh, SA Kahnle, AW Versak, BA Latour, RJ AF Welsh, SA Kahnle, AW Versak, BA Latour, RJ TI Use of tag data to compare growth rates of Atlantic coast striped bass stocks SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth; striped bass; tag data ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS; HUDSON RIVER; MODELS; FISHERY AB Migratory stocks of Atlantic coast striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), range primarily from North Carolina (NC) northward to Canadian waters. Between 1986 and 2000, 267 045 wild striped bass were tagged and released from NC to Massachusetts as part of the Cooperative Striped Bass Tagging Program. Direct measurements of growth of individual fish can be obtained from tag data and are useful for understanding the dynamics of fish populations. Growth rates from regressions of length-increment vs. time-at-liberty were estimated for striped bass tagged and released in three southern states [NC, Virginia (VA) and Maryland (MD)] and three northern states (New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island). Striped bass tagged in waters of northern states grew faster (significantly steeper regression slopes) than those tagged in southern areas. Migratory patterns, stock mixing, and unmeasured biotic and abiotic influences on growth precluded conclusions that observed growth patterns are stock-specific. These results, however, indicate latitudinal differences in growth rates, and should be considered in future research and management of Atlantic coast striped bass. C1 USFWS, Maryland Fisheries Resources Off, Annapolis, MD USA. NYDEC, Hudson River Fisheries Unit, New Paltz, NY USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Annapolis, MD USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Welsh, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 5 BP 289 EP 294 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00362.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 740ZY UT WOS:000186434400002 ER PT J AU Millard, MJ Welsh, SA Fletcher, JW Mohler, J Kahnle, A Hattala, K AF Millard, MJ Welsh, SA Fletcher, JW Mohler, J Kahnle, A Hattala, K TI Mortality associated with catch and release of striped bass in the Hudson River SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE catch and release fishing; hooking mortality; striped bass management ID BODY-SIZE; TROUT AB Catch-and-release fishing has increased in many fisheries, but its contribution to fishing mortality is rarely estimated. This study estimated catch and release mortality rates of striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), for the spring recreational fishery in the Hudson River. Treatment fish (caught with live bait on spinning gear) and control fish (captured by electric fishing) were placed in in situ holding pens for 5 days. Mortality rates were estimated using conditional instantaneous mortality rates and additive finite mortality rates. Influences of variables (playing and handling time, hook location, degree of bleeding and fish length) on hooking mortality rates were examined by logistic regression. Conditional instantaneous mortality rates and additive finite mortality rates were 31 and 28%, respectively. Hook location significantly affected the survival of striped bass. Angling catch, effort, and release rates must be integrated with associated hooking mortality rates before this component of overall population mortality can be incorporated into management decisions. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. USFWS, Maryland Fisheries Resources Off, Annapolis, MD USA. NYDEC, Hudson River Fisheries Unit, New Paltz, NY USA. RP Millard, MJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Tylersville Rd,POB 75, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 5 BP 295 EP 300 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00363.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 740ZY UT WOS:000186434400003 ER PT J AU Hartman, KJ Margraf, FJ AF Hartman, KJ Margraf, FJ TI US Atlantic coast striped bass: issues with a recovered population SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE management; mycobacteria; population; striped bass ID CHESAPEAKE-BAY AB Striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), is an anadromous species naturally occurring along the US Atlantic coast, which historically supported valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. In response to a near order-of-magnitude decline in landings, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission enacted a management plan in 1981 protecting fish until they could spawn at least once. By 1989, recruitment increased in natal rivers and regulations were relaxed, permitting limited fisheries by 1990. By 1995, the stock was declared fully recovered. Since the recovery, concern has increased over the health of the stocks. In the 1990s, fish in poor physical condition with dermal lesions became common in Chesapeake Bay. Pathogens of most concern in cultures from fish include the genus Mycobacterium. Coincident with declines in fish health were changes in diets, declines of preferred prey, and reduced growth and condition. Theories were suggested linking declines in condition to reductions in forage base or pathogens. Diets have changed since the 1950s and while many Chesapeake fish are infected with mycobacteria, it is still not known how or if these factors are linked. The highest priorities for research were considered to be: linking numerous local and regional studies to provide a coast-wide perspective; continuation of investigations linking population health to the prey-base; determination of the cause-effect of mycobacteria infections; and formulation of management options. C1 W Virginia Univ, Coll Agr Forestry & Consumer Sci, Div Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Hartman, KJ (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Coll Agr Forestry & Consumer Sci, Div Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries Program, 322 Percival Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 5 BP 309 EP 312 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00361.x PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 740ZY UT WOS:000186434400005 ER PT J AU Griffin, JC Margraf, FJ AF Griffin, JC Margraf, FJ TI The diet of Chesapeake Bay striped bass in the late 1950s SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; food habits; historical data; striped bass management ID ESTUARY AB The diet of Chesapeake Bay striped bass, (Morone saxatilis) Walbaum, based on unpublished stomach content data from 916 fish collected between 1955 and 1959 was described. The diet in the late 1950s, quantified using an index of relative importance (IRI), was dominated by Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe. Atlantic menhaden (66%) and bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli Valenciennes, (19%) had the highest IRI value overall. Small striped bass (<600 mm total length) ate predominantly bay anchovy (IRI=67%). Large striped bass (greater than or equal to600 mm total length) ate predominantly Atlantic menhaden (IRI=93%). Since 1990 small striped bass rely more on invertebrate prey and larger fish now rely more on small pelagic prey, such as bay anchovy and 0-age clupeids. Analysis of historical data using current techniques provided a valuable tool for comparison to help in understanding the current striped bass predator-prey relationship in Chesapeake Bay. C1 USGS, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Princess Anne, MD USA. RP Margraf, FJ (reprint author), USGS, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 757020, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 5 BP 323 EP 328 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00367.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 740ZY UT WOS:000186434400007 ER PT J AU Walter, JF Overton, AS Ferry, KH Mather, ME AF Walter, JF Overton, AS Ferry, KH Mather, ME TI Atlantic coast feeding habits of striped bass: a synthesis supporting a coast-wide understanding of trophic biology SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet composition; feeding habits; Morone saxatilis; striped bass ID HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; MORONE-SAXATILIS; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; FOOD-HABITS; STOMACH CONTENTS; GROWTH; MODELS; DIETS; PREY AB The recent increase in the Atlantic coast population of striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), prompted managers to re-evaluate their predatory impact. Published and unpublished diet data for striped bass on the Atlantic Coast of North America were examined for geographical, ontogenetic and seasonal patterns in the diet and to assess diet for this species. Diets of young-of-the-year (YOY) striped bass were similar across the Upper Atlantic (UPATL), Chesapeake and Delaware Bays (CBDEL) and North Carolina (NCARO) areas of the Atlantic coast where either fish or mysid shrimp dominate the diet. For age one and older striped bass, cluster analysis partitioned diets based on predominance of either Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe), characteristic of striped bass from the CBDEL and NCARO regions, or non-menhaden fishes or invertebrates, characteristic of fish from the UPATL, in the diet. The predominance of invertebrates in the diets of striped bass in the UPATL region can be attributed to the absence of several important species groups in Northern waters, particularly sciaenid fishes, and to the sporadic occurrences of Atlantic menhaden to UPATL waters. In all regions, across most seasons and in most size classes of striped bass, the clupeiod fishes; menhaden, anchovies (Anchoa spp.) and river herrings (Alosa spp,) and Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L., dominated the diets of striped bass above the first year of life. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ Maryland, MD Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Massachusetts Div Marine Fisheries, Gloucester, MA USA. Univ Massachusetts, USGS, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Walter, JF (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 43 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 5 BP 349 EP 360 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00373.x PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 740ZY UT WOS:000186434400010 ER PT J AU Cavaletto, JF Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Schloesser, DW AF Cavaletto, JF Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Schloesser, DW TI Temporal variation of energy reserves in mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic food sources; glycogen; Great Lakes macroinvertebrates; Hexagenia spp.; lipid ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; GREAT-LAKES; EPHEMEROPTERA; EPHEMERIDAE; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; RECOVERY; LIMBATA; INSECTS; GROWTH AB 1. We analysed changes in energy reserves ( lipid and glycogen) and length - weight relationships of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in 1997 - 99 to compare an established population in Lake St Clair with a recovering population in western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. In addition, we measured changes in water temperature and potential food in both water columns and sediments. 2. Although overall mean values of lipid and glycogen levels of Hexagenia nymphs from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie were not significantly different, there were differences in seasonal patterns between the two lakes. In Lake St Clair, levels were highest in early spring, declined throughout the year, and reached their lowest levels in fall during all 3 years of study. In contrast, levels in western Lake Erie were lower in spring, increased to a maximum in summer, then declined in fall. Seasonal patterns in length - weight relationships were similar to those for lipid and glycogen. 3. Total lipid as a percentage of dry weight did not increase with developmental stage of nymphs until just prior to metamorphosis and emergence from water. However, the major reserve lipid, triacylglycerols, increased systematically with development stage. In the final stage of development, triacylglycerols declined, probably as a result of energy consumption and its conversion to other biochemical components for metamorphosis and reproduction. 4. Indicators of potential food ( algal fluorescence in the water column and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/phaeophytin ratio in sediments) suggest that Hexagenia in Lake St Clair have a food source that is benthic based, especially in early spring, whereas in western Lake Erie nymphs have a food source that is water column based and settles to the lake bottom during late spring and summer. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Cavaletto, JF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 10 BP 1726 EP 1738 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01119.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 721ZG UT WOS:000185347900002 ER PT J AU Cade, BS Noon, BR AF Cade, BS Noon, BR TI A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID HABITAT SUITABILITY; MODELS; INFERENCE AB Quantile regression is a way to estimate the conditional quantiles of a response variable distribution in the linear model that provides a more complete view of possible causal relationships between variables in ecological processes. Typically, all the factors that affect ecological processes are not measured and included in the statistical models used to investigate relationships between variables associated with those processes. As a consequence, there may be a weak or no predictive relationship between the mean of the response variable (y) distribution and the measured predictive factors (X). Yet there may be stronger, useful predictive relationships with other parts of the response variable distribution. This primer relates quantile regression estimates to prediction intervals in parametric error distribution regression models (eg least squares), and discusses the ordering characteristics, interval nature, sampling variation, weighting, and interpretation of the estimates for homogeneous and heterogeneous regression models. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Cade, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. EM brian_cade@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 710 Z9 725 U1 12 U2 171 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 1 IS 8 BP 412 EP 420 DI 10.2307/3868138 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825XG UT WOS:000221791500016 ER PT J AU Turner, JW Nemeth, R Rogers, C AF Turner, JW Nemeth, R Rogers, C TI Measurement of fecal glucocorticoids in parrotfishes to assess stress SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fecal glucocorticoids; parrotfishes; stress ID CORAL-REEF FISH; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; PLASMA-CORTISOL; COHO SALMON; SEDIMENTATION; DEGRADATION; CONFINEMENT; METABOLISM AB Coral reefs are in decline worldwide from a combination of natural and human forces. The environmental compromises faced by coral reef habitats and their associated fishes are potentially stressful, and in this study we examined the potential for assessing stress levels in coral reef fish. We determined the feasibility of using fecal casts from parrotfishes for remote assessment of stress-related hormones (cortisol and corticosterone), and the response of these hormones to the stress of restraint and hypoxia. Measurement of these hormones in fecal extracts by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was validated using mass spectrometry, chemical derivitization, and radioactive tracer methods. In aquarium-adapted parrotfish, baseline levels of cortisol and corticosterone averaged 3.4 +/- 1.1 and 14.8 +/- 2.8 ng/g feces, respectively, across 32 days. During 13 days of periodic stress these hormones, respectively, average 10.8-fold and 3.2-fold greater than baseline, with a return to near baseline during a 23-day follow-up. Testosterone was also measured as a reference hormone which is not part of the stress-response axis. Levels of this hormone were similar across the study. These fecal hormones were also measured in a field study of parrotfish in 10 fringing coral reef areas around the Caribbean Island of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Extracts of remotely collected fecal casts of three parrotfish species revealed no difference in respective average hormone levels among these species. Also, there was no difference in respective hormone levels between aquarium and field environments. However, levels of both cortisol and corticosterone, but not testosterone, were elevated in two of the 10 reef sites surveyed. This study demonstrates that parrotfish fecals can be collected in aquarium and field conditions and that steroid hormones in these fecals can be extracted and reliably measured. The study also demonstrates that cortisol and corticosterone in parrotfish fecals can be used as an indicator of the stress-response which is unlikely to be masked by intrinsic variability in the sample source, environment or methodology. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Med Coll Ohio, Dept Physiol & Mol Med, Toledo, OH 43614 USA. Univ Virgin Isl Charlotte Amalie, Ctr Marine & Environm Studies, St Thomas, VI 00802 USA. US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Turner, JW (reprint author), Med Coll Ohio, Dept Physiol & Mol Med, Toledo, OH 43614 USA. NR 46 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 133 IS 3 BP 341 EP 352 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00196-5 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 721WG UT WOS:000185341000009 PM 12957478 ER PT J AU Wolfe, AP Van Gorp, AC Baron, JS AF Wolfe, Alexander P. Van Gorp, Alison C. Baron, Jill S. TI Recent ecological and biogeochemical changes in alpine lakes of Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado, USA): a response to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition SO GEOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Dated sediment cores from five alpine lakes (>3200 m asl) in Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado Front Range, USA) record near-synchronous stratigraphic changes that are believed to reflect ecological and biogeochemical responses to enhanced nitrogen deposition from anthropogenic sources. Changes in sediment proxies include progressive increases in the frequencies of mesotrophic planktonic diatom taxa and diatom concentrations, coupled with depletions of sediment delta(15)N and C : N values. These trends are especially pronounced since approximately 1950. The most conspicuous diatoms to expand in recent decades are Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis. Down-core species changes are corroborated by a year-long sediment trap experiment from one of the lakes, which reveals high frequencies of these two taxa during autumn and winter months, the interval of peak annual limnetic [NO(3)(-)]. Although all lakes record recent changes, the amplitude of stratigraphic shifts is greater in lakes east of the Continental Divide relative to those on the western slope, implying that most nitrogen enrichment originates from urban, industrial and agricultural sources east of the Rocky Mountains. Deviations from natural trajectories of lake ontogeny are illustrated by canonical correspondence analysis, which constrains the diatom record as a response to changes in nitrogen biogeochemistry. These results indicate that modest rates of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition are fully capable of inducing directional biological and biogeochemical shifts in relatively pristine ecosystems. C1 [Wolfe, Alexander P.] Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. [Wolfe, Alexander P.; Van Gorp, Alison C.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Baron, Jill S.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Baron, Jill S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wolfe, AP (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. EM awolfe@ualberta.ca RI Wolfe, Alexander/G-6867-2011; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 FU Parks Service (Department of the Interior) FX We thank the staff of Rocky Mountain National Park and the US National Parks Service (Department of the Interior) for supporting our research, which was completed with assistance from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. This project would not have been possible without the contributions of Jack Cornett, who generated the 210Pb chronologies, as well as Tom Pedersen and Bente Nielsen, who conducted the stable isotopic measurements. Peter Sauer and Michael Kaplan assisted in the field, and Mark Pagani and Sujay Kaushal provided invaluable insights on the interpretation of isotopic results. Brian Menounos and Mel Reasoner provided sediment trap material from Sky Pond, and Brenda Moraska compiled fish stocking records. NR 85 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 37 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1472-4677 J9 GEOBIOLOGY JI Geobiology PD OCT PY 2003 VL 1 IS 2 BP 153 EP 168 DI 10.1046/j.1472-4669.2003.00012.x PG 16 WC Biology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA V06CH UT WOS:000207171200006 ER PT J AU Trexler, JH Cashman, PH Cole, JC Snyder, WS Tosdal, RM Davydov, VI AF Trexler, JH Cashman, PH Cole, JC Snyder, WS Tosdal, RM Davydov, VI TI Widespread effects of middle Mississippian deformation in the Great Basin of western North America SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Paleozoic; tectonics; stratigraphy; Antler; foreland; lithostratigraphy ID ROBERTS MOUNTAINS ALLOCHTHON; ANTLER FORELAND BASIN; NEVADA TEST-SITE; UNITED-STATES; OROGENY; STRATIGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; UTAH AB Stratigraphic analyses in central and eastern Nevada reveal the importance of a deformation event in middle Mississippian time that caused widespread deformation, uplift, and erosion. It occurred between middle Osagean and late Meramecian time and resulted in deposition of both synorogenic and postorogenic sediments. The deformation resulted in east-west shortening, expressed as east-vergent folding and east-directed thrusting; it involved sedimentary rocks of the Antler foredeep as well as strata associated with the Roberts Mountains allochthon. A latest Meramecian to early Chesterian unconformity, with correlative conformable lithofacies changes, postdates this deformation and occurs throughout Nevada. A tectonic highland-created in the middle Mississippian and lasting into the Pennsylvanian and centered in the area west and southwest of Carlin, Nevadashed sediments eastward across the Antler foreland, burying the unconformity. Post-orogenic strata are late Meramecian to early Chesterian at the base and are widespread throughout the Great Basin. The tectonism therefore occurred 20 to 30 m.y. after inception of the Late Devonian Antler orogeny, significantly extending the time span of this orogeny or representing a generally unrecognized orogenic event in the Paleozoic evolution of western North America. We propose a revised stratigraphic nomenclature for Mississippian strata in Nevada, based on detailed age control and the recognition of unconformities. This approach resolves the ambiguity of some stratigraphic names and emphasizes genetic relationships within the upper Paleozoic section. We take advantage of better stratigraphic understanding to propose two new stratigraphic units for southern and eastern Nevada: the middle Mississippian Gap Wash and Late Mississippian Captain Jack Formations. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Boise State Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Mineral Deposit Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Trexler, JH (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 115 IS 10 BP 1278 EP 1288 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727ZA UT WOS:000185689700008 ER PT J AU Stevens, CH Stone, P Greene, DC AF Stevens, CH Stone, P Greene, DC TI Correlation of permian and triassic deformations in the western Great Basin and eastern Sierra Nevada: Evidence from the northern Inyo mountains near tinemaha reservoir, east-central California: Reply SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE permian and triassic deformations; Inyo mountains; western Great Basin; eastern Sierra Nevada; California ID ROOF PENDANTS; ROCKS C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Denison Univ, Dept Geol & Geog, Granville, OH 43023 USA. RP Stevens, CH (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 115 IS 10 BP 1309 EP 1311 DI 10.1130/B25385D.1 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727ZA UT WOS:000185689700011 ER PT J AU Lipman, PW Eakins, BW Yokose, H AF Lipman, PW Eakins, BW Yokose, H TI Ups and downs on spreading flanks of ocean-island volcanoes: Evidence from Mauna Loa and Kilauea SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volcanic processes; volcano spreading; landslides; Mauna Loa; Hawaii ID MOBILE SOUTH FLANK; SUBMARINE GROWTH; HAWAII; ACCRETION AB Submarine-flank deposits of Hawaiian volcanoes are widely recognized to have formed largely by gravitationally driven volcano spreading and associated landsliding. Observations from submersibles show that prominent benches at middepths on flanks of Mauna Loa and Kilauea consist of vollcaniclastic debris derived by landsliding from nearby shallow submarine and subaerial flanks of the same edifice. Massive slide breccias from the mature subaerial tholleiitic shield of Mauna Loa underlie the frontal scarp of its South Kona bench. In contrast, coarse volcaniclastic sediments derived largely from submarine-erupted preshield alkalic and transitional basalts of ancestral Kilauea underlie its Hillina bench. Both midslope benches record the same general processes of slope failure, followed by modest compression during continued volcano spreading, even though they record development during different stages of edifice growth. The dive results suggest that vollcaniclastic rocks at the north end of the Kona bench, interpreted by others as distal sediments from older volcanoes that were offscraped, uplifted, and accreted to the island by far-traveled thrusts, alternatively are a largely coherent stratigraphic assemblage deposited in a basin behind the South Kona bench. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Kumamoto Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Kumamoto, Japan. RP Lipman, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2003 VL 31 IS 10 SU 1 BP 841 EP 844 DI 10.1130/G19745.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 728AC UT WOS:000185692200003 ER PT J AU Torres, ME Bohrmann, G Dube, TE Poole, FG AF Torres, ME Bohrmann, G Dube, TE Poole, FG TI Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE BARITE; SULFIDE DEPOSITS; SUBDUCTION ZONE; BEDDED BARITE; SULFATE; PRECIPITATION; SEDIMENT; BASIN; SEA; MINERALIZATION AB Stratiform (bedded) Palleozoic barite occurs as large conformable beds within organic and chert-rich sediments; the beds lack major sulfide minerals and are the largest and most economically significant barite deposits in the geologic record. Existing models for the origin of bedded barite fail to explain all their characteristics: the deposits display properties consistent with an exhalative origin involving fluid ascent to the sealloor, but they lack appreciable polymetallic sulfide minerals and the corresponding strontium isotopic composition to support a hydrothermal vent source. A new mechanism of barite formation, along structurally controlled sites of cold fluid seepage in continental margins, involves barite remobilization in organic-rich, highly reducing sediments, transport of barium-rich fluids, and barite precipitation at cold methane seeps. The lithologic and depositional framework of Paleozoic and cold seep barite, as well as morphological, textural, and chemical characteristics of the deposits, and associations with chemosymbiotic fauna, all support a cold seep origin for stratiform Paleozoic barite. This understanding is highly relevant to paleoceanographic and paleotectonic studies, as well as to economic geology. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Bremen, D-2835 Bremen, Germany. Sci Applicat Int Corp, SAIC, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Torres, ME (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Bohrmann, Gerhard/D-4474-2017 OI Bohrmann, Gerhard/0000-0001-9976-4948 NR 36 TC 71 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 17 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2003 VL 31 IS 10 SU 1 BP 897 EP 900 DI 10.1130/G19652.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 728AC UT WOS:000185692200017 ER PT J AU Bawden, TM Einaudi, MT Bostick, BC Meibom, A Wooden, J Norby, JW Orobona, MJT Chamberlain, CP AF Bawden, TM Einaudi, MT Bostick, BC Meibom, A Wooden, J Norby, JW Orobona, MJT Chamberlain, CP TI Extreme S-34 depletions in ZnS at the Mike gold deposit, Carlin Trend, Nevada: Evidence for bacteriogenic supergene sphalerite SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteriogenic; Carlin type; sphalerite; stable isotopes; supergene processes ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; SULFUR-ISOTOPE; ORE; FRACTIONATION; BIOFILMS; SULFIDES; OXYGEN; CARBON AB We identified submicrometer-sized framboidal sphalerite (ZnS) below the base of supergene oxidation in a Carlin-type gold deposit of Eocene age in Nevada, United States, where the framboidal sphalerite forms a blanket-like body containing >400,000 metric tons of zinc. Framboidal sphalerite <0.1 mum in diameter, formed in the early Miocene, ranges from <0.1 to 0.35 mol% FeS; the delta(34)S values range from -25% to w-70%, the lowest values measured in a marine or terrestrial environment. These S isotope data demonstrate the involvement of sulfate-reducing bacteria and provide the first documentation that sphalerite can form significant supergene sulfide-enrichment blankets. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, US Geol Survey, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Newmont Min Corp, Carlin, NV 89822 USA. RP Bawden, TM (reprint author), Global Mineral Resources, POB 193135, San Francisco, CA 94119 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2003 VL 31 IS 10 SU 1 BP 913 EP 916 DI 10.1130/G19831.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 728AC UT WOS:000185692200021 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, FF TI Post-seismic relaxation theory on a laterally heterogeneous viscoelastic model SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE normal modes; postseismic relaxation; viscoelasticity ID SPHERICAL EARTH; DEFORMATION; MANTLE; SCATTERING; SPECTRA; STRESS; SHEAR AB Investigation was carried out into the problem of relaxation of a laterally heterogeneous viscoelastic Earth following an impulsive moment release event. The formal solution utilizes a semi-analytic solution for post-seismic deformation on a laterally homogeneous Earth constructed from viscoelastic normal modes, followed by application of mode coupling theory to derive the response on the aspherical Earth. The solution is constructed in the Laplace transform domain using the correspondence principle and is valid for any linear constitutive relationship between stress and strain. The specific implementation described in this paper is a semi-analytic discretization method which assumes isotropic elastic structure and a Maxwell constitutive relation. It accounts for viscoelastic- gravitational coupling under lateral variations in elastic parameters and viscosity. For a given viscoelastic structure and minimum wavelength scale, the computational effort involved with the numerical algorithm is proportional to the volume of the laterally heterogeneous region. Examples are presented of the calculation of post-seismic relaxation with a shallow, laterally heterogeneous volume following synthetic impulsive seismic events, and they illustrate the potentially large effect of regional 3-D heterogeneities on regional deformation patterns. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 155 IS 1 BP 57 EP 78 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01980.x PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 721ZH UT WOS:000185348000007 ER PT J AU Fitzenz, DD Miller, SA AF Fitzenz, DD Miller, SA TI Fault compaction and overpressured faults: results from a 3-D model of a ductile fault zone SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE earthquake mechanics; fault models; permeability; seismicity; viscoelasticity ID STRIKE-SLIP-FAULT; SYNTHETIC SEISMICITY MODELS; NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT; HIGH PORE PRESSURE; 1992 M7.5 LANDERS; INTERACTING FAULTS; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; FLUID PRESSURE; VALVE BEHAVIOR AB A model of a ductile fault zone is incorporated into a forward 3-D earthquake model to better constrain fault-zone hydraulics. The conceptual framework of the model fault zone was chosen such that two distinct parts are recognized. The fault core, characterized by a relatively low permeability, is composed of a coseismic fault surface embedded in a visco-elastic volume that can creep and compact. The fault core is surrounded by, and mostly sealed from, a high permeability damaged zone. The model fault properties correspond explicitly to those of the coseismic fault core. Porosity and pore pressure evolve to account for the viscous compaction of the fault core, while stresses evolve in response to the applied tectonic loading and to shear creep of the fault itself. A small diffusive leakage is allowed in and out of the fault zone. Coseismically, porosity is created to account for frictional dilatancy. We show in the case of a 3-D fault model with no in-plane flow and constant fluid compressibility, pore pressures do not drop to hydrostatic levels after a seismic rupture, leading to an overpressured weak fault. Since pore pressure plays a key role in the fault behaviour, we investigate coseismic hydraulic property changes. In the full 3-D model, pore pressures vary instantaneously by the poroelastic effect during the propagation of the rupture. Once the stress state stabilizes, pore pressures are incrementally redistributed in the failed patch. We show that the significant effect of pressure-dependent fluid compressibility in the no in-plane flow case becomes a secondary effect when the other spatial dimensions are considered because in-plane flow with a near-lithostatically pressured neighbourhood equilibrates at a pressure much higher than hydrostatic levels, forming persistent high-pressure fluid compartments. If the observed faults are not all overpressured and weak, other mechanisms, not included in this model, must be at work in nature, which need to be investigated. Significant leakage perpendicular to the fault strike (in the case of a young fault), or cracks hydraulically linking the fault core to the damaged zone (for a mature fault) are probable mechanisms for keeping the faults strong and might play a significant role in modulating fault pore pressures. Therefore, fault-normal hydraulic properties of fault zones should be a future focus of field and numerical experiments. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Geol, Zurich, Switzerland. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Geophys, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Fitzenz, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 155 IS 1 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02008.x PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 721ZH UT WOS:000185348000010 ER PT J AU Plescia, JB AF Plescia, JB TI Tharsis Tholus: an unusual martian volcano SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars; volcanism; geologic processes; surfaces; planets ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; LASER ALTIMETER; SOUTH FLANK; MARS; HAWAII; REGION; PATERA; PERSPECTIVE; CONSTRUCTS; MORPHOLOGY AB Tharsis Tholus is unusual martian shield volcano in that the edifice is cut by a series of large normal faults that appear to penetrate the entire volcano. Northeast-trending narrow graben also cut the flank. The large normal faults may be caused by loading of a ductile subsurface layer allowing failure of the edifice; the narrow graben are typical tensional faults. The flank is heavily mantled by aeolian material. Despite the bulbous appearance, the overall morphology of Tharsis Tholus suggests it is a basaltic shield. Crater counts indicate an age of early Hesperian placing Tharsis Tholus in the middle of the period of activity that built the other small Tharsis volcanoes. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Astrogeol US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Plescia, JB (reprint author), Astrogeol US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Plescia, Jeffrey/B-7738-2016 NR 67 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2003 VL 165 IS 2 BP 223 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00199-4 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 729BZ UT WOS:000185752300001 ER PT J AU Cui, TJ Aydiner, AA Chew, WC Wright, DL Smith, DV AF Cui, TJ Aydiner, AA Chew, WC Wright, DL Smith, DV TI Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE buried objects; singular value decomposition (SVD); three-dimensional imaging; three-dimensional inversion; Tikhonov regularization; very lossy earth; very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data ID GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; BORN ITERATIVE METHOD; PLANAR AIR-SOIL; DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY; DIELECTRIC CYLINDERS; INDUCTION SENSORS; HALF-SPACE; SCATTERING; PROPAGATION; INTERFACE AB The very early time electromagnetic system (VETEM) is an efficient tool for the detection of buried objects in very lossy earth, which allows a deeper penetration depth compared to the ground-penetrating radar. In this paper, the inversion of VETEM data is investigated using three-dimensional (3-D) inverse scattering techniques, where multiple frequencies are applied in the frequency range from 0-5 MHz. For small and moderately sized problems, the Born approximation and/or the Born iterative method have been used with the aid of the singular value decomposition and/or the conjugate gradient method in solving the linearized integral equations. For large-scale problems, a localized 3-D inversion method based on the Born approximation has been proposed for the inversion of VETEM data over a large measurement domain. Ways to process and to calibrate the experimental VETEM data are discussed to capture the real physics of buried objects. Reconstruction examples using synthesized VETEM data and real-world VETEM data are given to test the validity and efficiency of the proposed approach. C1 Southeast Univ, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. Southeast Univ, State Key Lab Millimeter Waves, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. Univ Illinois, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Electromagnet Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cui, TJ (reprint author), Southeast Univ, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. RI Chew, Weng Cho/C-1792-2009 NR 38 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2003 VL 41 IS 10 BP 2197 EP 2210 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974 PN 1 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 733MG UT WOS:000186003900007 ER PT J AU Verheyen, K Guntenspergen, GR Biesbrouck, B Hermy, M AF Verheyen, K Guntenspergen, GR Biesbrouck, B Hermy, M TI An integrated analysis of the effects of past land use on forest herb colonization at the landscape scale SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Adoxa; Arum; dispersal limitation; forest herbs; Geum; historical ecology; Lamium; landscape ecology; Primula; Ranunculus; secondary forest succession; structural equation modelling ID FIELD-LAYER VEGETATION; CENTRAL NEW-YORK; DISPERSAL LIMITATION; CENTRAL LINCOLNSHIRE; SPECIES-RICHNESS; VASCULAR PLANTS; LIFE-HISTORY; WOODLAND; ANCIENT; HABITAT AB 1 A framework that summarizes the direct and indirect effects of past land use on forest herb recolonization is proposed, and used to analyse the colonization patterns of forest understorey herbaceous species in a 360-ha mixed forest, grassland and arable landscape in the Dijle river valley ( central Belgium). 2 Fine-scale distribution maps were constructed for 14 species. The species were mapped in 15 946 forest plots and outside forests ( along parcel margins) in 5188 plots. Forest stands varied in age between 1 and more than 224 years. Detailed land-use history data were combined with the species distribution maps to identify species-specific colonization sources and to calculate colonization distances. 3 The six most frequent species were selected for more detailed statistical analysis. 4 Logistic regression models indicated that species frequency in forest parcels was a function of secondary forest age, distance from the nearest colonization source and their interaction. Similar age and distance effects were found within hedgerows. 5 In 199 forest stands, data about soils, canopy structure and the cover of competitive species were collected. The relative importance of habitat quality and spatio-temporal isolation for the colonization of the forest herb species was quantified using structural equation modelling (SEM), within the framework proposed for the effects of past land use. 6 The results of the SEM indicate that, except for the better colonizing species, the measured habitat quality variables are of minor importance in explaining colonization patterns, compared with the combination of secondary forest age and distance from colonization sources. 7 Our results suggest the existence of a two-stage colonization process in which diaspore availability determines the initial pattern, which is affected by environmental sorting at later stages. C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Forest Nat & Landscape Res, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Verheyen, K (reprint author), Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Forest Nat & Landscape Res, 5 Decosterstr 102, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI Hermy, Martin/A-3769-2009 OI Hermy, Martin/0000-0002-5403-0139 NR 52 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 49 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 91 IS 5 BP 731 EP 742 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00807.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 723RW UT WOS:000185446200003 ER PT J AU Stefansson, SO Bjornsson, BT Sundell, K Nyhammer, G McCormick, SD AF Stefansson, SO Bjornsson, BT Sundell, K Nyhammer, G McCormick, SD TI Physiological characteristics of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts during estuarine and coastal migration SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energetics; growth hormone; Na+, K+-ATPase; post-smolt; Salmo salar ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GROWTH-HORMONE LEVELS; SALAR L. SMOLTS; RAINBOW-TROUT; DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS; DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; PLASMA-LEVELS; PARR; TRANSFORMATION AB Changes were measured in some of the major physiological variables associated with seawater adaptability, growth and energetics in wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts and post-smolts migrating from the river and through the estuary, fjord and coastal areas in the River Orkla and the Trondheimsfjord, Norway during late May to early June. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity increased to levels of 12-16 mumol ADP mg protein(-1) h(-1) in post-smolts caught in higher salinity zones, probably representing long-term levels of Atlantic salmon post-smolts in oceanic conditions. Muscle moisture was regulated within narrow limits (77.7-78.7%) in fish from all zones during both years, suggesting that post-smolts adapt to marine conditions without any long-term disturbance of hydro-mineral balance. Lipid and glycogen content showed a general trend towards depletion from the river, through the fjord and into the ocean. There was, however, no significant change in protein content. The present results confirm that smolts are naturally 'energy deficient' during downstream migration, and suggest that post-smolts also mobilize energy reserves during their early marine phase, while protein is allocated for somatic growth. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels increased transiently during passage through the estuary and fjord, with lower levels observed in post-smolts caught off-shore, i.e. in fish which were feeding on marine prey and had adapted to the marine environment. These physiological changes may confer substantial selective advantages during the critical early marine phase of anadromous salmonids, and hence are adaptive for long-term survival in sea water. (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Bergen, Bergen High Technol Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Marine Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool, Fish Endocrinol Lab, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Bjornsson, BT (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Bergen High Technol Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Marine Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008; Sundell, Kristina/E-5606-2014; Sundell, Kristina/F-8884-2016 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756; Sundell, Kristina/0000-0002-7643-2083 NR 43 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 63 IS 4 BP 942 EP 955 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00201.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 734GQ UT WOS:000186047000010 ER PT J AU Geist, DR Brown, RS Cullinan, VI Mesa, MG Vanderkooi, SP McKinstry, CA AF Geist, DR Brown, RS Cullinan, VI Mesa, MG Vanderkooi, SP McKinstry, CA TI Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Columbia River; electromyogram; hydroelectric dams; metabolic rate; spring chinook salmon; swim speed ID SOCKEYE-SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; DIFFICULT PASSAGE; COLUMBIA-RIVER; AMERICAN SHAD; ENERGY USE; FISH; SPEEDS; TEMPERATURE AB Oxygen consumption rates of adult spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha increased with swim speed and, depending on temperature and fish mass, ranged from 609 mg O-2 h(-1) at 30 cm s(-1) (c. 0.5 BL s(-1)) to 3347 mg O-2 h(-1) at 170 cm s(-1) (c. 2.3 BL s(-1)). Corrected for fish mass, these values ranged from 122 to 670 mg O-2 kg(-1) h(-1), and were similar to other Oncorhynchus species. At all temperatures (8, 12.5 and 17degrees C), maximum oxygen consumption values levelled off and slightly declined with increasing swim speed > 170 cm s(-1), and a third-order polynomial regression model fitted the data best. The upper critical swim speed (U-crit) of fish tested at two laboratories averaged 155 cm s(-1) (2.1 BL s(-1)), but U-crit of fish tested at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were significantly higher (mean 165 cm s(-1)) than those from fish tested at the Columbia River Research Laboratory (mean 140 cm s(-1)). Swim trials using fish that had electromyogram (EMG) transmitters implanted in them suggested that at a swim speed of c. 135 cm s(-1), red muscle EMG pulse rates slowed and white muscle EMG pulse rates increased. Although there was significant variation between individual fish, this swim speed was c. 80% of the U(cri)t for the fish used in the EMG trials (mean U-crit 168.2 cm s(-1)). Bioenergetic modelling of the upstream migration of adult chinook salmon should consider incorporating an anaerobic fraction of the energy budget when swim speeds are greater than or equal to80% of the U-crit. (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Ecol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Marine Ecol Proc Grp, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Geist, DR (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Ecol Grp, Mail Stop K6-85,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 63 IS 4 BP 970 EP 989 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00217.x PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 734GQ UT WOS:000186047000012 ER PT J AU Bravo-Espinosa, M Osterkamp, WR Lopes, VL AF Bravo-Espinosa, M Osterkamp, WR Lopes, VL TI Bedload transport in alluvial channels SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE alluvial channels; bed load; sediment transport ID LOAD SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; GRAVEL-BED RIVERS; COLORADO; STREAM; RATES AB Hydraulic, sediment, land-use, and rock-erosivity data of 22 alluvial streams were used to evaluate conditions of bedload transport and the performance of selected bedload-transport equations. Transport categories of transport-limited (TL), partially transport-limited (PTL), and supply-limited (SL) were identified by a semiquantitative approach that considers hydraulic constraints on sediment movement and the processes that control sediment availability at the basin scale. Equations by Parker et al. in 1982, Schoklitsch in 1962, and Meyer-Peter and Muller in 1948 adequately predicted sediment transport in channels with TL condition, whereas the equations of Bagnold in 1980, and Schoklitsch, in 1962, performed well for PTL and SL conditions. Overall, the equation of Schoklitsch predicted well the measured bedload data for eight of 22 streams, and the Bagnold equation predicted the measured data in seven streams. C1 Natl Res Ctr Sustainable Prod, Natl Inst Forestry Agr & Anim Res, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Water Res Div, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Bravo-Espinosa, M (reprint author), Natl Res Ctr Sustainable Prod, Natl Inst Forestry Agr & Anim Res, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. NR 46 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 10 BP 783 EP 795 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:10(783) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 722ZM UT WOS:000185408000005 ER PT J AU Vandergast, AG Roderick, GK AF Vandergast, AG Roderick, GK TI Mermithid parasitism of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders in a fragmented landscape SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; Mermithidae; Tetragnathidae; molecular identification; infection prevalence ID SPINY LEG CLADE; GENUS TETRAGNATHA; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SPECIES RICHNESS; FOREST FRAGMENTS; NEMATODA; COLEOPTERA; STABILITY AB Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders inhabiting small forest fragments on the Big Island of Hawaii are parasitized by mermithid nematodes. This is the first report of mermithid nematodes infecting spiders in Hawaii, and an initial attempt to characterize this host-parasite interaction. Because immature mermithids were not morphologically identifiable, a molecular identification was performed. A phylogenetic analysis based on 18S small ribosomal subunit nuclear gene sequences suggested that Hawaiian spider mermithids are more closely related to a mainland presumptive Aranimemis species that infects spiders, than to an insect-infecting mermithid collected on Oahu, HI, or to Mermis nigrescens, also a parasite of insects. Measured infection prevalence was low (ranging from 0 to 4%) but differed significantly among forest fragments. Infection prevalence was associated significantly with fragment area, but not with spider density nor spider species richness. Results suggest that mermithid populations are sensitive to habitat fragmentation, but that changes in infection prevalence do not appear to affect spider community structure. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Vandergast, AG (reprint author), USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, 5745 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite M, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RI Vandergast, Amy/H-3618-2012; OI Vandergast, Amy/0000-0002-7835-6571 NR 52 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 128 EP 136 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2003.08.004 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 745XR UT WOS:000186717000009 PM 14615222 ER PT J AU Vondracek, B Zimmerman, JKH Westra, JV AF Vondracek, B Zimmerman, JKH Westra, JV TI Setting an effective TMDL: Sediment loading and effects of suspended sediment on fish SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE agricultural watersheds; duration of exposure; fish assemblage; suspended sediment; TMDL ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; LAND-USE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAMS; COMMUNITIES; MINNESOTA; MANAGEMENT; CATCHMENT; HABITAT; TROUT AB The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50-year simulation, Wells Creek, a third-order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164 events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth-order warm water stream, had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonids would have experienced sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events. Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at 25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/l. We estimated that 46 mg/l would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr) in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/l may be too high to ensure that stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be applied. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agr Econ & Agribusiness, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Vondracek, B (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 200 Hodson Hall,1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1005 EP 1015 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03688.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 737NN UT WOS:000186238800001 ER PT J AU Robertson, DM AF Robertson, DM TI Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE sampling design; strategies; frequency; water quality; load; streams ID LOADS AB Various temporal sampling strategies are used to monitor water quality in small streams. To determine how various strategies influence the estimated water quality, frequently collected water quality data from eight small streams (14 to 110 km(2)) in Wisconsin were systematically subsampled to simulate typically used strategies. These subsets of data were then used to estimate mean, median, and maximum concentrations, and with continuous daily flows used to estimate annual loads (using the regression method) and volumetrically weighted mean concentrations. For each strategy, accuracy and precision in each summary statistic were evaluated by comparison with concentrations and loads of total phosphorus and suspended sediment estimated from all available data. The most effective sampling strategy depends on the statistic of interest and study duration. For mean and median concentrations, the most frequent fixed period sampling economically feasible is best. For maximum concentrations, any strategy with samples at or prior to peak flow is best. The best sampling strategy to estimate loads depends on the study duration. For one-year studies, fixed period monthly sampling supplemented with storm chasing was best, even though loads were overestimated by 25 to 50 percent. For two to three-year load studies and estimating volumetrically weighted mean concentrations, fixed period semimonthly sampling was best. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Robertson, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1281 EP 1308 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03709.x PG 28 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 737NN UT WOS:000186238800022 ER PT J AU Bender, LC Li, H Thompson, BC Morrow, PC Valdez, R AF Bender, LC Li, H Thompson, BC Morrow, PC Valdez, R TI Infectious disease survey of gemsbok in New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bluetongue; bovine respiratory syncytial virus; desert bighorn sheep; gemsbok; malignant catarrhal fever; mule deer; New Mexico; parainfluenza-3; pasteurellosis ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER; WHITE-TAILED DEER; COMPLEMENT-FIXATION; BIGHORN SHEEP; VIRUS; BLUETONGUE; DIAGNOSIS; RUMINANTS AB Exotic wildlife can introduce new diseases or act as reservoirs of endemic diseases. On White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico (USA), significant declines in populations of native ungulates generally correspond to increases in range and population density of the exotic gemsbok (Oryx gazella gazella), introduced beginning in 1969. We surveyed gemsbok in 2001 for exposure to a variety of diseases potentially important for native ungulates. High seroprevalence was found for malignant catarrhal fever virus (49 [98%] of 50 sera; 43 [96%] of 45 plasma samples), bluetongue virus (48 [96%] of 50), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (33 [66%] of 50), and parainfluenza-3 virus (10 [20%] of 50). Low numbers of Nematodirus spp. eggs in a few individuals were the only parasites detected in gemsbok. Exposure to the above diseases in gemsbok is of interest to managers because of potential implications for recovery of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) and desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) in the White Sands area because each has been implicated in mortality in these species either in the White Sands area or elsewhere in the western/southwestern United States. C1 US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USA, Environm Stewardship Div, CSTE DTC ES, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Bender, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 30003 MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 772 EP 778 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 760BX UT WOS:000187791800003 PM 14733271 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Wilson, MA Joly, DO Lehr, MA AF Samuel, MD Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Wilson, MA Joly, DO Lehr, MA TI Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wetland ecosystems during 1996 to 1999 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian cholera; DNA fingerprinting; Pasteurella multocida; serotyping; wetlands ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; AVIAN CHOLERA; CALIFORNIA; WATERFOWL; MORTALITY AB We cultured 126 Pasteurella multocida isolates, 92 from water and 34 from sediment samples collected from wetlands in the Pacific and Central flyways of the United States between 1996 and 1999. Most (121) of the isolates were P. multocida serotype 1, but serotypes 3, 3/4, 10, and 11 were also found. Many (82) of the isolates were further characterized by DNA fingerprinting procedures and tested in Pekin ducks for virulence. Almost all the serotype I isolates we tested caused mortality in Pekin ducks. Serotype I isolates varied in virulence, but the most consistent pattern was higher mortality in male ducks than in females. We found no evidence that isolates found in sediment vs. water, between Pacific and Central flyways, or during El Nino years had consistently different virulence. We also found a number of non-serotype I isolates that were avirulent in Pekin ducks. isolates had DNA fingerprint profiles similar to those found in birds that died during avian cholera outbreaks. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 204, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Biol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 798 EP 807 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 760BX UT WOS:000187791800006 PM 14733274 ER PT J AU Hanni, KD Mazet, JAK Gulland, FMD Estes, J Staedler, M Murray, MJ Miller, M Jessup, DA AF Hanni, KD Mazet, JAK Gulland, FMD Estes, J Staedler, M Murray, MJ Miller, M Jessup, DA TI Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Brucella; calicivirus; Coccidiodes immitis; hematology; Leptospira; morbillivirus; sea otter; serology; serum chemistry; Toxoplasma gondii ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS-NEREIS; COASTAL CALIFORNIA; VESICULAR DISEASE; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; MARINE MAMMALS; HARBOR SEALS; LEPTOSPIROSIS; LIONS; INFECTION; POPULATIONS AB The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population in California (USA) and the Alaskan sea otter (E. lutris kenyoni) population in the Aleutian Islands (USA) chain have recently declined. In order to evaluate disease as a contributing factor to the declines, health assessments of these two sea otter populations were conducted by evaluating hematologic and/or serum biochemical values and exposure to six marine and terrestrial pathogens using blood collected during ongoing studies from 1995 through 2000. Samples from 72 free-ranging Alaskan, 78 free-ranging southern, and (for pathogen exposure only) 41 debilitated southern sea otters in rehabilitation facilities were evaluated and compared to investigate regional differences. Serum chemistry and hematology values did not indicate a specific disease process as a cause for the declines. Statistically significant differences were found between free-ranging adult southern and Alaskan population mean serum levels of creatinine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, phosphorous, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and sodium. These were likely due to varying parasite loads, contaminant exposures, and physiologic or nutrition statuses. No free-ranging sea otters had signs of disease at capture, and prevalences of exposure to calicivirus, Brucella spp., and Leptospira spp. were low. The high prevalence (35%) of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging southern sea otters, lack of antibodies to this parasite in Alaskan sea otters, and the pathogen's propensity to cause mortality in southern sea otters suggests that this parasite may be important to sea otter population dynamics in California but not in Alaska. The evidence for exposure to pathogens of public health importance (e.g., Leptospira spp., T gondii) in the southern sea otter population, and the naivete of both populations to other pathogens (e.g., morbillivirus and Coccidiodes immitis) may have important implications for their management and recovery. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Marin Headlands GGNRA, Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, USGS, BRD, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Marine Wildlife Vet Care & Res Ctr, DFG, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Hanni, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012 NR 52 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 31 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 837 EP 850 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 760BX UT WOS:000187791800011 PM 14733279 ER PT J AU Li, H Gailbreath, K Bender, LC West, K Keller, J Crawford, TB AF Li, H Gailbreath, K Bender, LC West, K Keller, J Crawford, TB TI Evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE base sequence; gemsbok; herpesvirus; malignant catarrhal fever; muskox; Nubian ibex; oryx; phylogeny; rhadinovirus ID DEER ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; HERPESVIRUS; ANTIBODY; WILDEBEEST; PREVALENCE; WILD AB Six members of the malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus group of ruminant rhadinoviruses have been identified to date. Four of these viruses are clearly associated with clinical disease: alcelaphine herpesvirus I (AlHV-1) carried by wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.); ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), ubiquitous in domestic sheep; caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2), endemic in domestic goats; and the virus of unknown origin found causing classic MCF in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; MCFV-WTD). Using serology and polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers targeting a portion of the herpesviral DNA polymerase gene, evidence of three previously unrecognized rhadinoviruses in the MCF virus group was found in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (South African oryx, Oryx gazella), respectively. Based on sequence alignment, the viral sequence in the muskox is most closely related to MCFV-WTD (81.5% sequence identity) and that in the Nubian ibex is closest to CpHV-2 (89.3% identity). The viral sequence in the gemsbok is most closely related to AlHV-1 (85.1% identity). No evidence of disease association with these viruses has been found. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Prairie Diagnost Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. RP Li, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 875 EP 880 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 760BX UT WOS:000187791800015 PM 14733283 ER PT J AU Grove, RA Bildfell, R Henny, CJ Buhler, DR AF Grove, RA Bildfell, R Henny, CJ Buhler, DR TI Bilateral uric acid nephrolithiasis and ureteral hypertrophy in a free-ranging river otter (Lontra canadensis) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Lontra canadensis; river otter; ureter hypertrophy; uric acid nephrolithiasis; urolithiasis ID SMALL-CLAWED OTTERS; CALCULI; URINARY AB We report the first case of uric acid nephrolithiasis in a free-ranging river otter (Lontra canadensis). A 7 yr old in ale river otter collected from the Skagit River of western Washington (USA) had bilateral nephrolithiasis and severely enlarged ureters (one of 305 examined [0.33%]). The uroliths were 97% uric acid and 3% protein. Microscopic changes in the kidney were confined to expansion of renal calyces, minor loss of medullary tissue, and multifocal atrophy of the cortical tubules. No inflammation was observed in either kidney or the ureters. The ureters were enlarged due to marked hypertrophy of smooth muscle plus dilation of the lumen. Fusion of the major calyces into a single ureteral lumen was several cm distal to that of two adult male otters used as histopathologic control specimens. This case report is part of a large contaminant study of river otters collected from Oregon and Washington. It is important to understand diseases and lesions of the otter as part of our overall evaluation of this population. C1 USGS, Forest & Range Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, OSU Vet Diagnost Lab, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Grove, RA (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Range Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 914 EP 917 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 760BX UT WOS:000187791800022 PM 14733290 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MS Powell, RA AF Mitchell, MS Powell, RA TI Response of black bears to forest management in the southern Appalachian mountains SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black bear; forest management; GIS; habitat change; habitat suitability index; home range; management indicator species; North Carolina; Pisgah National Forest; timber harvest; Ursus americanus ID HOME-RANGE; HABITAT USE; MOVEMENTS; WILDLIFE; IDAHO AB We evaluated responses of black bears (Ursus americanns) to changes in habitat in the Pisgah National Forest in North Carolina, USA. Changes in habitat were due to forest management, which affected bear habitat in complex ways. Harvested stands provided plentiful food resources that decreased with regeneration of the canopy. However, their value was offset by a lack of resources associated with mature overstory. Following canopy closure, early-successional food resources in harvested stands tended to decrease, although some soft mast remained more abundant than in unharvested stands. We used a tested Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) to evaluate effects of harvest management on bear habitat. Values of HSI for harvested stands tended to differ little among young stands and older stands regenerating in pine (Pines spp.) or hardwood, and all had lower HSI values than unharvested stands. Although effects of roads are modeled negatively in the HSI, proximity of harvested stands to logging roads did not bias comparisons to harvested stands. We used time-series analysis to characterize year-to-year changes on HSI maps for our study area from 1981 through 1994, and designated the results as an index of habitat change. We used this index to evaluate use of changed areas by black bears, estimated from 127 home ranges. Adult females used changed areas inversely proportional to the index of change, whereas adult and juvenile males showed no preferences. With respect to year-to-year variation at the peripheries of their home ranges, adult males and adult females selected habitat patches where suitability had increased and rejected patches where suitability had declined. Home ranges of adult males contained proportionally fewer areas of habitat decline than those of females or,juvenile males. Adult females used areas where habitat suitability decreased, proportional to the decrease, but did not prefer them to areas of stable or improved suitability. Adult males appeared to avoid areas of decreased suitability altogether. Forest management positively affected some aspects of bear habitat but had an overall negative effect on habitat suitability in the southern Appalachians. Forest management will not improve bear habitat overall in areas where resources are abundant. Where soft mast is limiting, however, trade-offs between overall habitat suitability and unproved productivity of soft mast may be warranted. C1 Auburn Univ, USGS, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Mitchell, MS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, USGS, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RI Mitchell, Michael/H-1117-2011 NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 37 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 692 EP 705 DI 10.2307/3802676 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 737EJ UT WOS:000186216800004 ER PT J AU Hatten, JR Paradzick, CE AF Hatten, JR Paradzick, CE TI A multiscaled model of southwestern willow flycatcher breeding habitat SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Arizona; Empidonax traillii extimus; GIS; habitat selection; landscape; neighborhood analysis; predictive modeling; riparian vegetation; southwestern willow flycatcher ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS; BIRDS; DISTRIBUTIONS; POPULATIONS; DISPERSION; MANAGEMENT; MECHANISMS; PREDATION; FORESTS AB The southwestern willow flycatcher (SWFL; Empidonax traillii extimus) is an endangered songbird whose habitat has declined dramatically over the last century. Understanding habitat selection patterns and the ability to identify potential breeding areas for the SWFL is crucial to the management and conservation of this species. We developed a multiscaled model of SWFL breeding habitat with a Geographic Information System (GIS), survey data, GIS variables, and multiple logistic regressions. We obtained presence and absence survey data from a riverine ecosystem and a reservoir delta in south-central Arizona, USA, in 1999. We extracted the GIS variables from satellite imagery and digital elevation models to characterize vegetation and floodplain within the project area. We used multiple logistic regressions within a cell-based (30 x 30 m) modeling environment to (1) determine associations between GIS variables and breeding-site occurrence at different spatial scales (0.09-72 ha), and (2) construct a predictive model. Our best model explained 54% of the variability in breeding-site occurrence with the following variables: vegetation density at the site (0.09 ha), proportion of dense vegetation and variability in vegetation density within a 4.5-ha neighborhood, and amount of floodplain or flat terrain within a 41-ha neighborhood. The density of breeding sites was highest in areas that. the model predicted to be most suitable within the project area and at an external test site 200 km away. Conservation efforts must focus on protecting not only occupied patches, but also surrounding riparian forests and floodplain to ensure long-term viability, of SWFL. We will use the multiscaled model to map SWFL breeding habitat in Arizona, prioritize future survey effort, and examine changes in habitat abundance and quality over time. C1 Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Wildlife Management Div, Nongame Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. RP Hatten, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5501 A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 63 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 22 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 774 EP 788 DI 10.2307/3802685 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 737EJ UT WOS:000186216800013 ER PT J AU Mulcahy, DM Tuomi, PA Garner, GW Jay, CV AF Mulcahy, DM Tuomi, PA Garner, GW Jay, CV TI Immobilization of free-ranging male Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) with carfentanil citrate and naltrexone hydrochloride SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ANESTHESIA C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Vet Associates, PC, Anchorage, AK 99504 USA. RP Mulcahy, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 846 EP 850 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01135.x PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500016 ER PT J AU Blome, CD Sanfilippo, A AF Blome, CD Sanfilippo, A TI Special issue - INTERRAD IX - International Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists - Preface SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Blome, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 49 IS 3 BP 185 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00052-5 PG 2 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 745CF UT WOS:000186670300001 ER PT J AU Rolandi, G Bellucci, F Heizler, MT Belkin, HE De Vivo, B AF Rolandi, G Bellucci, F Heizler, MT Belkin, HE De Vivo, B TI Tectonic controls on the genesis of ignimbrites from the Campanian Volcanic Zone, southern Italy SO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEAPOLITAN-YELLOW-TUFF; PHLEGRAEAN MAGMATIC SYSTEM; CAMPI-FLEGREI; PHLEGREAN FIELDS; TYRRHENIAN SEA; EVOLUTION; PLAIN; CONSTRAINTS; ERUPTION; CALDERA AB The Campanian Plain is an 80 x 30 km region of southern Italy, bordered by the Apennine Chain, that has experienced subsidence during the Quaternary. This region, volcanologically active in the last 600 ka, has been identified as the Campanian Volcanic Zone (CVZ). The products of three periods of trachytic ignimbrite volcanism (289-246 ka, 157 ka and 106 ka) have been identified in the Apennine area in the last 300 ka. These deposits probably represent distal ash flow units of ignimbrite eruptions which occurred throughout the CVZ. The resulting deposits are interstratified with marine sediments indicating that periods of repeated volcano-tectonic emergence and subsidence may have occurred in the past. The eruption, defined as the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI), with the largest volume (310 km(3)), occurred in the CVZ 39 ka ago. The products of the CI eruption consist of two units (unit-1 and unit-2) formed from a single compositionally zoned magma body. Slightly different in composition, three trachytic melts constitute the two units. Unit-1 type A is an acid trachyte, type B is a trachyte and type C of unit-2 is a mafic trachyte. The CI, vented from pre-existing neotectonic faults, formed during the Apennine uplift. Initially the venting of volatile-rich type A magma deposited the products to the N-NE of the CVZ. During the eruption, the Acerra graben already affected by a NE-SW fault system, was transected by E-W faults, forming a cross-graben that extended to the gulf of Naples. E-W faults were then further dislocated by NE-SW transcurrent movements. This additional collapse significantly influenced the deposition of the B-type magma of unit-1, and the C-type magma of unit-2 toward the E-SE and S, in the Bay of Naples. The pumice fall deposit underlying the CI deposits, until now thought to be associated with the CI eruption, is not a strict transition from plinian to CI-forming activity. It is derived instead from an independent source probably located near the Naples area. This initial volcanic activity is assumed to be a precursor to the CI trachytic eruptions, which vented along regional faults. C1 Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80138 Naples, Italy. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, New Mexico Bur Geol & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Rolandi, G (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Naples, Italy. OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 67 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0930-0708 J9 MINER PETROL JI Mineral. Petrol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 31 DI 10.1007/s00710-003-0014-4 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 742YV UT WOS:000186546500002 ER PT J AU Jones, AG Ardren, WR AF Jones, AG Ardren, WR TI Methods of parentage analysis in natural populations SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE exclusion; fractional allocation; likelihood; microsatellites; parentage analysis; paternity ID GENETIC-MARKERS; CHAMAELIRIUM-LUTEUM; MULTIPLE PATERNITY; COMPUTER-PROGRAM; REPRODUCTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS; GENEALOGY RECONSTRUCTION; DROSOPHILA-PSEUDOOBSCURA; MATING SYSTEMS; GRAY LILIACEAE; WILD RADISH AB The recent proliferation of hypervariable molecular markers has ushered in a surge of techniques for the analysis of parentage in natural and experimental populations. Consequently, the potential for meaningful studies of paternity and maternity is at an all-time high. However, the details and implementation of the multifarious techniques often differ in subtle ways that can influence the results of parentage analyses. Now is a good time to reflect on the available techniques and to consider their strengths and weaknesses. Here, we review the leading techniques in parentage analysis, with a particular emphasis on those that have been implemented in readily useable software packages. Our survey leads to some important insights with respect to the utility of the different approaches. This review should serve as a useful guide to anyone who wishes to embark on the study of parentage. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Jones, AG (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, 310 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Zhu, Peng/B-8531-2011; OI Jones, Adam/0000-0003-0228-7124 NR 56 TC 385 Z9 410 U1 11 U2 117 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 12 IS 10 BP 2511 EP 2523 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01928.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 720GE UT WOS:000185252400001 PM 12969458 ER PT J AU Whitehead, A Anderson, SL Kuivila, KM Roach, JL May, B AF Whitehead, A Anderson, SL Kuivila, KM Roach, JL May, B TI Genetic variation among interconnected populations of Catostomus occidentalis: implications for distinguishing impacts of contaminants from biogeographical structuring SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLP; biogeography; ecotoxicology; microsatellites; pesticides ID SAN-JOAQUIN RIVER; GULLS LARUS-ARGENTATUS; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; ALLELE FREQUENCY; GERMLINE MUTATIONS; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; AFLP MARKERS; GREAT-LAKES; DIVERSITY; ECOTOXICOLOGY AB Exposure to contaminants can affect survivorship, recruitment, reproductive success, mutation rates and migration, and may play a significant role in the partitioning of genetic variation among exposed and nonexposed populations. However, the application of molecular population genetic data to evaluate such influences has been uncommon and often flawed. We tested whether patterns of genetic variation among native fish populations (Sacramento sucker, Catostomus occidentalis) in the Central Valley of California were consistent with long-term pesticide exposure history, or primarily with expectations based on biogeography. Field sampling was designed to rigorously test for both geographical and contamination influences. Fine-scale structure of these interconnected populations was detected with both amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and microsatellite markers, and patterns of variation elucidated by the two marker systems were highly concordant. Analyses indicated that biogeographical hypotheses described the data set better than hypotheses relating to common historical pesticide exposure. Downstream populations had higher genetic diversity than upstream populations, regardless of exposure history, and genetic distances showed that populations from the same river system tended to cluster together. Relatedness among populations reflected primarily directions of gene flow, rather than convergence among contaminant-exposed populations. Watershed geography accounted for significant partitioning of genetic variation among populations, whereas contaminant exposure history did not. Genetic patterns indicating contaminant-induced selection, increased mutation rates or recent bottlenecks were weak or absent. We stress the importance of testing contaminant-induced genetic change hypotheses within a biogeographical context. Strategic application of molecular markers for analysis of fine-scale structure, and for evaluating contaminant impacts on gene pools, is discussed. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 94923 USA. RP Anderson, SL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, POB 247,2099 Westside Rd, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. RI Whitehead, Andrew/G-2122-2012 NR 93 TC 68 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 12 IS 10 BP 2817 EP 2833 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01933.x PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 720GE UT WOS:000185252400027 PM 12969484 ER PT J AU Yarden, O Ebbole, DJ Freeman, S Rodriguez, RJ Dickman, MB AF Yarden, O Ebbole, DJ Freeman, S Rodriguez, RJ Dickman, MB TI Fungal biology and agriculture: Revisiting the field SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Review ID MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; RICE BLAST; COCHLIOBOLUS-CARBONUM; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; RESISTANCE GENES; PLANT PATHOGEN; EXPRESSION; GENOMICS AB Plant pathology has made significant progress over the years, a process that involved overcoming a variety of conceptual and technological hurdles. Descriptive mycology and the advent of chemical plant-disease management have been followed by biochemical and physiological studies of fungi and their hosts. The later establishment of biochemical genetics along with the introduction of DNA-mediated transformation have set the stage for dissection of gene function and advances in our understanding of fungal cell biology and plant-fungus interactions. Currently, with the advent of high-throughput technologies, we have the capacity to acquire vast data sets that have direct relevance to the numerous subdisciplines within fungal biology and pathology. These data provide unique opportunities for basic research and for engineering solutions to important agricultural problems. However, we also are faced with the challenge of data organization and mining to analyze the relationships between fungal and plant genomes and to elucidate the physiological function of pertinent DNA sequences. We present our perspective of fungal biology and agriculture, including administrative and political challenges to plant protection research. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. US Geol Survey, WFRC, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Yarden, O (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RI Yarden, Oded/J-5988-2012 NR 45 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 16 IS 10 BP 859 EP 866 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.10.859 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 722MG UT WOS:000185378700002 PM 14558687 ER PT J AU Hunter, RD Fisher, RN Crooks, KR AF Hunter, RD Fisher, RN Crooks, KR TI Landscape-level connectivity in coastal Southern California, USA, as assessed through carnivore habitat suitability SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE connectivity; habitat fragmentation; mammalian carnivores; southern California ID UNITED-STATES; CONSERVATION; FRAGMENTATION; PATTERNS; DISPERSAL; ABUNDANCE; COUGARS; AREAS AB Although the fragmentation of the natural landscape of coastal southern California, USA, is accelerating, large-scale assessments of regional connectivity are lacking. Because of their large area requirements and long dispersal movements, mammalian carnivores can be effective focal species to use when evaluating landscape-level connectivity. Our goat was to make an initial assessment of the extent of landscape-level connectivity in coastal southern California using mountain lions (Fells concolor [Linnaeus]) and bobcats (Fells rufus [Shreber]) as focal species. We first characterized habitat preferences for mountain lions and bobcats from previously derived habitat relationship models for these species; the resulting maps provided a coarse view of habitat preferences for use at regional scales. We then constructed GIS models to evaluate the disturbance impact of roadways and development, major determinants of carnivore distribution and abundance in the south coast region. Finally, we combined the habitat relationship models with the disturbance impact models to characterize habitat connectivity for mountain lions and bobcats in the ecoregion. Habitat connectivity in the ecoregion appeared higher for bobcats than for mountain lions due in part to higher habitat suitability for bobcats in coastal lowland areas. Our models suggest that much of the key carnivore habitat in the coastal southern California is at risk; over 80% of high suitability habitat and over 90% of medium suitability habitat for carnivores is found in the least protected land management classes. Overall, these models allow for (1) identification of core habitat blocks for carnivores and key landscape connections between core areas, (2) evaluation of the level of protection of these areas, and (3) a regional framework within which to develop and coordinate local management and conservation plans. C1 Talon Associates, Santa Rosa, CA 95405 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Discipline, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hunter, RD (reprint author), Talon Associates, 1349 Sonoma Ave, Santa Rosa, CA 95405 USA. EM rich@talonassociates.net NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 22 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 302 EP 314 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 901OC UT WOS:000227290800002 ER PT J AU Vokoun, JC Rabeni, CF AF Vokoun, JC Rabeni, CF TI Recovery of prairie fish assemblages at the transition from channelized to nonchannelized: Implications for conservation of natural channels SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE prairie fish assemblages; species richness; stream channelization; stream restoration ID COMMUNITIES; STREAM AB Fish assemblages were systematically sampled along the transition from channelized to unchannelized reaches in seven streams in northern Missouri, USA. Streams ranged in size from 4th to 8th order and were located in the Central Dissected Till Plains including the Grand, Chariton, Salt, and Fabius watersheds. Maximum species richness was reached 3-5 km downstream from the end of channelization. A limited core group of 10 species was present at most of the sites (channelized and unchannelized locations), and a diverse group of 45 species was present at relatively few sites (rarely channelized locations). The core group consisted largely of tolerant, omnivorous species and contained no top carnivores. The 45-species diverse group included a greater proportion of intolerant, benthic invertivorous, lithophilous, and carnivorous species. The effect of channelization extended well into unchannelized reaches and should be considered by conservation planners. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Vokoun, JC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Res Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM jcve18@mizzou.edu NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 349 EP 355 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 901OC UT WOS:000227290800007 ER PT J AU Ben-Avraham, Z Hough, S AF Ben-Avraham, Z Hough, S TI Promised land SO NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Article C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Minerva Dead Sea Res Ctr, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Cape Town, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Ben-Avraham, Z (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Minerva Dead Sea Res Ctr, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY PI NEW YORK PA ATTN: LIBRARY SERIALS UNIT CENTRAL PK WEST AT 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024-5192 USA SN 0028-0712 J9 NAT HIST JI Nat. Hist. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 IS 9 BP 44 EP 49 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 724CK UT WOS:000185469300013 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Schleis, SM Gaikowski, M Johnson, A AF Rach, JJ Schleis, SM Gaikowski, M Johnson, A TI Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris on walleye and channel catfish fingerlings SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL GILL DISEASE; SALMO-SALAR L; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; WATER TEMPERATURE; RAINBOW-TROUT; FISH; INFECTIONS; TOXICITY AB The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris infections on walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings was evaluated in two on-site trials. Microscopic examination of skin scrapes before treatment confirmed the presence of bacteria indicative of columnaris disease. In separate trials, walleyes (12 g) and channel catfish (2.3 g) were exposed to a total of three every-other-day hydrogen peroxide treatments of 0, 50, 75, or 100 mg/L for 60 min. Each treatment regimen was tested in triplicate, and each replicate contained 13 walleyes or 26 channel catfish. Hydrogen peroxide exposures of 50 mg/L for 60 min significantly increased walleye survival relative to that at other treatment concentrations, including the controls. Exposures of 50, 75, or 100 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide for 60 min significantly increased channel catfish survival in comparison with that of controls. These trials indicated that hydrogen peroxide treatments effectively reduce mortality in walleyes and channel catfish infected with external columnaris. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 65 IS 4 BP 300 EP 305 DI 10.1577/C03-005 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 738JL UT WOS:000186283400004 ER PT J AU Tipping, JM Gannam, AL Hillson, TD Poole, JB AF Tipping, JM Gannam, AL Hillson, TD Poole, JB TI Use of size for early detection of juvenile hatchery steelhead destined to be precocious males SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; EARLY SEXUAL-MATURATION; MALE CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; ATLANTIC SALMON; GROWTH; PARR; TROUT; AGE AB At two Washington State hatcheries in August 1999-2002, juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were size-graded and the largest fish (4.8-9.2% of the population) were coded-wire-tagged and mixed with small fish to determine whether the large fish were those that became precocious males. The results showed that the large fish in August at Merwin Hatchery tended to become precocious, although the mean lengths of the precocious and nonprecocious fish were similar at their time of release in April. At Abernathy Fish Technology Center (FTC), the large fish in August did not disproportionately become precocious, and the nonprecocious fish were significantly larger than the precocious fish at release. We suggest that precocious fish at Abernathy FTC may have committed to precocity before August whereas fish at Merwin Hatchery committed to precocity in August. Because only 0.82% of the large fish became precocious, removing the 5-10% largest fish in August at the Merwin Hatchery would be marginally successful in reducing the number of precocious males. C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Tipping, JM (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 65 IS 4 BP 318 EP 323 DI 10.1577/C02-040 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 738JL UT WOS:000186283400007 ER PT J AU Gaikowski, MP Rach, JJ Drobish, M Hamilton, J Harder, T Lee, LA Moen, C Moore, A AF Gaikowski, MP Rach, JJ Drobish, M Hamilton, J Harder, T Lee, LA Moen, C Moore, A TI Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis on walleye, white sucker, and paddlefish eggs SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT EGGS; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; PARASITICA; FORMALIN AB The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling saprolegniasis on eggs of walleye Stizostedion vitreum, white sucker Catostomus commersoni, and paddlefish Polyodon spathula was evaluated at four private, state, and federal production hatcheries participating in an Investigational New Animal Drug efficacy study (experiment 1; walleyes) and in a laboratory-based miniature egg jar incubation system (experiment 2; walleyes, white suckers, and paddlefish). Naturally occurring fungal infestations (saprolegniasis) were observed on eggs in both experiments. Confirmatory diagnosis of infested eggs from one hatchery in experiment 1 identified the pathogen as Saprolegnia parasitica. During experiment 1, eggs were treated daily for 15 min with either 0, 500, or 750 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide, and one trial compared a 500-mg/L hydrogen peroxide treatment with a formalin treatment at 1,667 mg/L. Saprolegniasis infestation was observed in control egg jars, whereas treatment with either formalin or hydrogen peroxide virtually eliminated the infestation. Hydrogen peroxide treatments of 500 mg/L either increased egg hatch or were as effective as physical removal of infested eggs in controlling mortality. Although treatment with formalin at 1,667 mg/L significantly increased the percent eye-up of walleye eggs compared with that of those treated with hydrogen peroxide at 500 mg/L, the difference was only 1.9-2.6%. In experiment 2, noneyed eggs were treated for 15 min every other day with 0, 283, 565, or 1,130 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide until the viable eggs hatched. Saprolegniasis infestation engulfed most control eggs, whereas infestation of treated eggs was either reduced or not visible. Hydrogen peroxide significantly increased egg hatch for all three species tested in experiment 2. Although hydrogen peroxide treatments as low as 283 mg/L significantly increased walleye and white sucker hatch, treatments between 500 and 1,000 mg/L are more likely to be effective in production egg incubation systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gavins Point Natl Fish Hatchery, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Blind Pony Lake Conservat Area, Sweet Springs, MO 65351 USA. Max McGraw Wildlife Fdn, Dundee, IL 60118 USA. S Dakota Game Fish & Parks, Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, Waubay, SD 57273 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Rathbun Res Facil, Moravia, IA 52571 USA. RP Gaikowski, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 65 IS 4 BP 349 EP 355 DI 10.1577/C02-054 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 738JL UT WOS:000186283400012 ER PT J AU Yoccoz, NG Nichols, JD Boulinier, T AF Yoccoz, NG Nichols, JD Boulinier, T TI Monitoring of biological diversity - a response to Danielsen et al. SO ORYX LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7625, Ecol Lab, F-75252 Paris, France. RP Yoccoz, NG (reprint author), Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. RI Yoccoz, Nigel/A-1493-2008; Yoccoz, Nigel/C-8561-2014; OI Yoccoz, Nigel/0000-0003-2192-1039; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 4 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0030-6053 J9 ORYX JI Oryx PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 4 BP 410 EP 410 DI 10.1017/S0030605303000747 PG 1 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 750EA UT WOS:000186977300015 ER PT J AU Ogrosky, CE AF Ogrosky, CE TI National napping examined: An introduction SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Cooperat Topog Mapping Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ogrosky, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cooperat Topog Mapping Program, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 1081 EP 1085 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RI UT WOS:000221194200001 ER PT J AU Groat, CG AF Groat, CG TI The national map - A continuing, critical need for the nation SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Groat, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 1087 EP 1090 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RI UT WOS:000221194200002 ER PT J AU Kelmelis, JA DeMulder, ML Ogrosky, CE Van Driel, NJ Ryan, BJ AF Kelmelis, JA DeMulder, ML Ogrosky, CE Van Driel, NJ Ryan, BJ TI The national map - From geography to mapping and back again SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB When the means of production for national base mapping were capital intensive, required large production facilities, and had ill-defined markets, Federal Government mapping agencies were the primary providers of the spatial data needed for economic development, environmental management, and national defense. With desktop geographic information systems now ubiquitous, source data available as a commodity from private industry, and the realization that many complex problems faced by society need far more and different kinds of spatial data for their solutions, national mapping organizations must realign their business strategies to meet growing demand and anticipate the needs of a rapidly changing. no geographic information environment. The National Map of the United States builds on a sound historic foundation of describing and monitoring the land surface and adds a focused effort to produce improved understanding, modeling, and prediction of land-surface change. These added dimensions bring to bear a broader spectrum of geographic science to address extant and emerging issues. Within the overarching construct of The National Map, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is making a transition from data collector to guarantor of national data completeness; from producing paper maps to supporting an online, seamless, integrated database; and from simply describing the Nation's landscape to linking these descriptions with increased scientific understanding. Implementing the full spectrum of geographic science addresses a myriad of public policy issues, including land and natural resource management, recreation, urban growth, human health, and emergency planning, response, and recovery. Neither these issues nor the science and technologies needed to deal with them are static. A robust research agenda is needed to understand these changes and realize The National Map vision, Initial successes have been achieved. These accomplishments demonstrate the utility of The National Map to the Nation and give confidence in evolving its future applications. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Ogrosky, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 516,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM cogrosky@usgs.gov NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 1109 EP 1118 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RI UT WOS:000221194200005 ER PT J AU Gelfenbaum, G Jaffe, B AF Gelfenbaum, G Jaffe, B TI Erosion and sedimentation from the 17 July, 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Tsunami deposit; Papua New Guinea; coastal sedimentation; erosion; flow direction indicators ID SOUTHWEST HOKKAIDO; DEPOSITS; EARTHQUAKES; JAPAN AB This paper describes erosion and sedimentation associated with the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami. Observed within two months of the tsunami, distinct deposits of a layer averaging 8-cm thick of gray sand rested on a brown muddy soil. In most cases the sand is normally graded, with more coarse sand near the base and fine sand at the top. In some cases the deposit contains rip-up clasts of muddy soil and in some locations it has a mud cap. Detailed measurements of coastal topography, tsunami flow height and direction indicators, and deposit thickness were made in the field, and samples of the deposit were collected for grain-size analysis in the laboratory. Four shore-normal transects were examined in detail to assess the shore-normal and along shore distribution of the tsunami deposit. Near the shoreline, the tsunami eroded approximately 10-25 cm of sand from the beach and berm. The sandy layer deposited by the tsunami began 50-150 m inland from the shoreline and extended across the coastal plain to within about 40 m of the limit of inundation; a total distance of up to 750 m from the beach. As much as 2/3 of the sand in the deposit originated from offshore. Across most of the coastal plain the deposit thickness and mean grain size varied little. In the along-shore direction the deposit thickness varied with the tsunami wave height; both largest near the entrance to Sissano Lagoon. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Gelfenbaum, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 NR 26 TC 177 Z9 178 U1 1 U2 18 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 160 IS 10-11 BP 1969 EP 1999 DI 10.1007/s00024-003-2416-y PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 726KB UT WOS:000185597300010 ER PT J AU Vogel, RM Stedinger, JR Hooper, RP AF Vogel, RM Stedinger, JR Hooper, RP TI Discharge indices for water quality loads SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE effective discharge; transport; sediment; constituents; rating curve; half-load ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; RIVER BASIN; FREQUENCY; MAGNITUDE; STREAMS AB [1] Effective discharge has been used to describe the streamflow level that is responsible for transporting the most sediment over the long term. Careful inspection reveals that this concept may not have been well defined, and different interpretations have led to conflicting representations. Because total load is ultimately the quantity of interest, we define a new index, the half-load discharge, which is that discharge above and below which half the total long-term load is transported. The value of the half-load discharge is derived for a reasonable model of flows and constituent concentration. The effective discharge has generally been thought to be a relatively common or frequent flood. The half-load discharge is generally a much greater and less frequent flow than commonly used estimators of the effective discharge. Relations provided here for the frequency and magnitude of the half-load discharge provide evidence that it is relatively rare floods that transport most of the sediment over the long term. These ideas apply to other constituents as well. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA USA. RP Vogel, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 113 Anderson Hall, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RI Vogel, Richard/A-8513-2008 OI Vogel, Richard/0000-0001-9759-0024 NR 22 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 10 AR 1273 DI 10.1029/2002WR001872 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 731PG UT WOS:000185893900002 ER PT J AU Breck, SW Wilson, KR Andersen, DC AF Breck, SW Wilson, KR Andersen, DC TI Beaver herbivory of willow under two flow regimes: A comparative study on the green and Yampa Rivers SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Castor canadensis; foraging behavior; herbivory; regulated flows; Salix exigua ID RIPARIAN VEGETATION; SMALL MAMMALS; COMMUNITIES; SELECTION; DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; ECOLOGY; FOOD; USA AB The effect of flow regulation on plant-herbivore ecology has received very little attention, despite the fact that flow regulation can alter both plant and animal abundance and environmental factors that mediate interactions between them. To determine how regulated flows have impacted beaver (Castor canadensis) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua) ecology, we first quantified the abundance and mapped the spatial distribution of sandbar willow on alluvial sections of the flow-regulated Green River and free-flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. We then established 16 and 15 plots (1 m x 2.7 m) in patches of willow on the Green and Yampa Rivers, respectively, to determine whether rates of beaver herbivory of willow differed between rivers (Green versus Yampa River), seasons (fall-winter versus spring-summer), and years (spring 1998-spring 1999 versus spring 1999-spring 2000). Areal extent of willow was similar on each river, but Green River willow patches were smaller and more numerous. Beavers cut more stems during fall and winter than spring and summer and cut over 6 times more stems (percentage basis) on the Green River than on the Yampa River. We attribute the between-river difference in herbivory to higher availability of willow, greater beaver density, and lower availability of young Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii; an alternative food source) on the Green River. Flow regulation increased willow availability to beaver by promoting the formation of island patches that are continuously adjacent to water and feature a perimeter with a relatively high proportion of willow interfacing with water. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Breck, SW (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Andersen, Douglas/A-4563-2013 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2003 VL 63 IS 4 BP 463 EP 471 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754FW UT WOS:000187292900006 ER PT J AU Rivieccio, M Thompson, BC Gould, WR Boykin, KG AF Rivieccio, M Thompson, BC Gould, WR Boykin, KG TI Habitat features and predictive habitat modeling for the Colorado chipmunk in southern New Mexico SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Colorado chipmunk; GIS; habitat modeling; New Mexico; Tamias quadrivittatus ID TAMIAS; DISTRIBUTIONS; CONSERVATION AB Two subspecies of Colorado chipmunk (state threatened and federal species of concern) occur in southern New Mexico: Tamias quadrivittatus australis in the Organ Mountains and T. q. oscuraensis in the Oscura Mountains. We developed a GIS model of potentially suitable habitat based on vegetation and elevation features, evaluated site classifications of the GIS model, and determined vegetation and terrain features associated with chipmunk occurrence. We compared GIS model classifications with actual vegetation and elevation features measured at 37 sites. At 60 sites we measured 18 habitat variables regarding slope, aspect, tree species, shrub species, and ground cover. We used logistic regression to analyze habitat variables associated with chipmunk presence/absence. All (100%) 37 sample sites (28 predicted suitable, 9 predicted unsuitable) were classified correctly by the GIS model regarding elevation and vegetation. For 28 sites predicted suitable by the GIS model, 18 sites (64%) appeared visually suitable based on habitat variables selected from logistic regression analyses, of which 10 sites (36%) were specifically predicted as suitable habitat via logistic regression. We detected chipmunks at 70% of sites deemed suitable via the logistic regression models. Shrub cover, tree density, plant proximity, presence of logs, and presence of rock outcrop were retained in the logistic model for the Oscura Mountains; litter, shrub cover, and grass cover were retained in the logistic model for the Organ Mountains. Evaluation of predictive models illustrates the need for multi-stage analyses to best judge performance. Microhabitat analyses indicate prospective needs for different management strategies between the subspecies. Sensitivities of each population of the Colorado chipmunk to natural and prescribed fire suggest that partial burnings of areas inhabited by Colorado chipmunks in southern New Mexico may be beneficial. These partial burnings may later help avoid a fire that could substantially reduce habitat of chipmunks over a mountain range. C1 New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USGS, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Rivieccio, M (reprint author), 1005 Foothill Dr, Fillmore, CA 93015 USA. RI Boykin, Kenneth/D-2863-2009 OI Boykin, Kenneth/0000-0001-6381-0463 NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2003 VL 63 IS 4 BP 479 EP 488 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754FW UT WOS:000187292900008 ER PT J AU Gipson, PS Livingston, TR Zuercher, GL Howard, ME AF Gipson, PS Livingston, TR Zuercher, GL Howard, ME TI Responses of opossums and raccoons to bobcat and coyote feces SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE attractant; bobcat; coyote; feces; Fort Riley Military Reservation; mesopredator release hypothesis C1 Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Gipson, PS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2003 VL 63 IS 4 BP 538 EP 540 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754FW UT WOS:000187292900017 ER PT J AU Birekland, PW Shroba, RR Burns, SF Price, AB Tonkin, PJ AF Birekland, PW Shroba, RR Burns, SF Price, AB Tonkin, PJ TI Integrating soils and geomorphology in mountains - an example from the Front Range of Colorado SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Binghamton International Geomorphology Symposium CY OCT 20-21, 2001 CL UNIV N CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA SP James & Marilyn Lovell Ctr, SW Texas State Univ, Dept Geog, Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Coll Arts & Sci, Univ Iowa, Dept Geog, Mt GeoDynam Res Grp, Int Year Mt HO UNIV N CAROLINA DE geomorphology; soils; mountains; Front Range of Colorado ID PINEDALE; USA; MORAINE; RIDGE; RATES; PARK AB Soil distribution in high mountains reflects the impact of several soil-forming factors. Soil geomorphologists use key pedological properties to estimate ages of Quaternary deposits of various depositional environments, estimate long-term stability and instability of landscapes, and make inferences on past climatic change. Once the influence of the soil-forming factors is known, soils can be used to help interpret some aspects of landscape evolution that otherwise might go undetected. The Front Range of Colorado rises from the plains of the Colorado Piedmont at about 1700 in past a widespread, dissected Tertiary erosion surface between 2300 and 2800 m up to an alpine Continental Divide at 3600 to over 4000 m. Pleistocene valley glaciers reached the western edge of the erosion surface. Parent rocks are broadly uniform (granitic and gneissic). Climate varies from 46 cm mean annual precipitation (MAP) and 11 degreesC mean annual temperature (MAT) in the plains to 102 cm and -4 degreesC, respectively, near the range crest. Vegetation follows climate with grassland in the plains, forest in the mountains, and tundra above 3450 m. Soils reflect the bioclimatic transect from plains to divide: A/Bw or Bt/Bk or K (grassland) to A/E/Bw or Bt/C (forest) to A/Bw/C (tundra). Corresponding soil pH values decrease from 8 to less than 5 with increasing elevation. The pedogenic clay minerals dominant in each major vegetation zone are: smectite (grassland), vermiculite (forest), and 1.0-1.8 nm mixed-layer clays (tundra). Within the lower forested zone, the topographic factor (aspect) results in more leached, colder soils, with relatively thin 0 horizons, well-expressed E horizons and Bt horizons (Alfisols) on N-facing slopes, whereas soils with thicker A horizons, less developed or no E horizons, and Bw or Bt horizons (Mollisols) are more common on S-facing slopes. The topographic factor in the tundra results in soil patterns as a consequence of wind-redistributed snow and the amount of time it lingers on the landscape. An important parent material factor is airborne dust, which results in fine-grained surface horizons and, if infiltrated, contributes to clay accumulation in some Bt horizons. The time factor is evaluated by soil chronosequence studies of Quaternary deposits in tundra, upper forest, and plains grassland. Few soils in the study area are >10,000 years old in the tundra, >100,000 years old in the forest, and >2 million years old in the grassland. Stages of granite weathering vary with distance from the Continental Divide and the best developed is grus near the sedimentary/granitic rock contact just west of the mountain front. Grus takes a minimum of 100,000 years to form. Some of the relations indicated by the soil map patterns are: (1) parts of the erosion surface have been stable for 100,000 years or more; (2) development of grus near the mountain front could be due in part to pre-Pennsylvanian weathering;, (3) a few soil properties reflect Quaternary paleoclimate; and (4) a correlation between soil development in the canyons and stream incision rates. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. RP Birekland, PW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 60 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP 30 PY 2003 VL 55 IS 1-4 BP 329 EP 344 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00148-X PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 734JV UT WOS:000186052900021 ER PT J AU Wright, TJ Lu, Z Wicks, C AF Wright, TJ Lu, Z Wicks, C TI Source model for the M-w 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain Earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SATELLITE RADAR; DENALI FAULT; SURFACE AB [1] The 23 October 2002 Nenana Mountain Earthquake (M-w similar to 6.7) occurred on the Denali Fault (Alaska), to the west of the M-w similar to 7.9 Denali Earthquake that ruptured the same fault 11 days later. We used 6 interferograms, constructed using radar images from the Canadian Radarsat-1 and European ERS-2 satellites, to determine the coseismic surface deformation and a source model. Data were acquired on ascending and descending satellite passes, with incidence angles between 23 and 45 degrees, and time intervals of 72 days or less. Modeling the event as dislocations in an elastic half space suggests that there was nearly 0.9 m of right-lateral strike-slip motion at depth, on a near-vertical fault, and that the maximum slip in the top 4 km of crust was less than 0.2 m. The Nenana Mountain Earthquake increased the Coulomb stress at the future hypocenter of the 3 November 2002, Denali Earthquake by 30-60 kPa. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, COMET, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57196 USA. US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wright, TJ (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, COMET, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. RI Wright, Tim/A-5892-2011; NCEO, COMET+`/A-3443-2013 OI Wright, Tim/0000-0001-8338-5935; NR 13 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 30 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1974 DI 10.1029/2003GL018014 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 731MA UT WOS:000185887900004 ER PT J AU Swain, CD Chin, DA AF Swain, CD Chin, DA TI An analytical formulation of two-dimensional groundwater dispersion induced by surficial recharge variability SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE groundwater; dispersion; recharge; stochastic ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; SUBSURFACE FLOWS; INFILTRATION; AQUIFERS; FIELD; FLUCTUATIONS; TRANSPORT; VELOCITY; EQUATION AB [1] A predominant cause of dispersion in groundwater is advective mixing due to variability in seepage rates. Hydraulic conductivity variations have been extensively researched as a cause of this seepage variability. In this paper the effect of variations in surface recharge to a shallow surficial aquifer is investigated as an important additional effect. An analytical formulation has been developed that relates aquifer parameters and the statistics of recharge variability to increases in the dispersivity. This is accomplished by solving Fourier transforms of the small perturbation forms of the groundwater flow equations. Two field studies are presented in this paper to determine the statistics of recharge variability for input to the analytical formulation. A time series of water levels at a continuous groundwater recorder is used to investigate the temporal statistics of hydraulic head caused by recharge, and a series of infiltrometer measurements are used to define the spatial variability in the recharge parameters. With these field statistics representing head fluctuations due to recharge, the analytical formulation can be used to compute the dispersivity without an explicit representation of the recharge boundary. Results from a series of numerical experiments are used to define the limits of this analytical formulation and to provide some comparison. A sophisticated model has been developed using a particle-tracking algorithm (modified to account for temporal variations) to estimate groundwater dispersion. Dispersivity increases of 9 percent are indicated by the analytical formulation for the aquifer at the field site. A comparison with numerical model results indicates that the analytical results are reasonable for shallow surficial aquifers in which two-dimensional flow can be assumed. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Water & Restorat Studies, Miami, FL 33178 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Swain, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Water & Restorat Studies, 9100 NW 36th St,Suite 107, Miami, FL 33178 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 27 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 9 AR 1271 DI 10.1029/2002WR001821 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 727HW UT WOS:000185653400004 ER PT J AU Rojstaczer, S Galloway, DL Ingebritsen, SE Rubin, DM AF Rojstaczer, S Galloway, DL Ingebritsen, SE Rubin, DM TI Variability in geyser eruptive timing and its causes: Yellowstone National Park SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EARTH TIDAL FORCES; BAROMETRIC PRESSURE; TECTONIC STRESSES; CALIFORNIA; FLUCTUATIONS; EARTHQUAKES; DEFORMATION; PERIODICITY; CRUST AB [1] Field data from Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone, indicate that geyser frequency is less sensitive to elastic deformation than might be surmised from a review of the literature. Earth-tide influences are not identifiable in any of the geysers we monitored. Though atmospheric-pressure influences are observed, only long-period variations on the order of 5 mBars or greater seem to influence geyser frequency. Long-distance interconnections between geysers are common and add to the difficulty of identifying strain influences. Additional variations in geyser periodicity may be governed by the internal dynamics of the geysers rather than external influences. C1 Duke Univ, Ctr Hydrolog Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Rojstaczer, S (reprint author), Duke Univ, Ctr Hydrolog Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 25 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1953 DI 10.1029/2003GL017853 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727FV UT WOS:000185648700007 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Chan, WW Mooney, WD AF Wang, CY Chan, WW Mooney, WD TI Three-dimensional velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in southwestern China and its tectonic implications SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE seismic tomography; regional earthquakes; 3-D velocity structure; Moho discontinuity; network method; plate collision ID YUNNAN PROVINCE; RED RIVER; P-WAVE; TOMOGRAPHY; REFRACTION; BELT AB [1] Using P and S arrival times from 4625 local and regional earthquakes recorded at 174 seismic stations and associated geophysical investigations, this paper presents a three-dimensional crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of southwestern China (21degrees-34degreesN, 97degrees-105degreesE). Southwestern China lies in the transition zone between the uplifted Tibetan plateau to the west and the Yangtze continental platform to the east. In the upper crust a positive velocity anomaly exists in the Sichuan Basin, whereas a large-scale negative velocity anomaly exists in the western Sichuan Plateau, consistent with the upper crustal structure under the southern Tibetan plateau. The boundary between these two anomaly zones is the Longmen Shan Fault. The negative velocity anomalies at 50-km depth in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to be associated with temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The Red River Fault is the boundary between the positive and negative velocity anomalies at 50-km depth. The overall features of the crustal and the upper mantle structures in southwestern China are a low average velocity, large crustal thickness variations, the existence of a high-conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and a high heat flow value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the Indian and the Asian plates. C1 China Seismol Bur, Inst Geophys, Beijing, Peoples R China. Multimax Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), China Seismol Bur, Inst Geophys, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM winston@multimax.com NR 35 TC 96 Z9 120 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B9 AR 2442 DI 10.1029/2002JB001973 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 727HH UT WOS:000185652200001 ER PT J AU Moench, AF AF Moench, AF TI Estimation of hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics from aquifer-test data SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE vadose bone; unconfined aquifers; soil-moisture characteristics; mathematical models; effective parameters ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; UNCONFINED AQUIFER; CAPE-COD; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; DELAYED DRAINAGE; UNSATURATED ZONE; SATURATED FLOW; WATER-TABLE; WELL; MASSACHUSETTS AB Analysis of a 72-h, constant-rate aquifer test conducted in a coarse-grained and highly permeable, glacial outwash deposit on Cape Cod, Massachusetts revealed that drawdowns measured in 20 piezometers located at various depths below the water table and distances from the pumped well were significantly influenced by effects of drainage from the vadose zone. The influence was greatest in piezometers located close to the water table and diminished with increasing depth. The influence of the vadose zone was evident from a gap, in the intermediate-time zone, between measured drawdowns and drawdowns computed under the assumption that drainage from the vadose zone occurred instantaneously in response to a decline in the elevation of the water table. By means of an analytical model that was designed to account for time-varying drainage, simulated drawdowns could be closely fitted to measured drawdowns regardless of the piezometer locations. Because of the exceptional quality and quantity of the data and the relatively small aquifer heterogeneity, it was possible by inverse modeling to estimate all relevant, aquifer parameters and a set of three empirical constants used in the upper-boundary condition to account for the dynamic drainage process., The empirical constants were used to define a one-dimensional (ID) drainage versus time curve that is assumed to be representative of the bulk material overlying the water table. The curve was inverted with a parameter estimation algorithm and a ID numerical model. for variably saturated flow to obtain soil-moisture retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relationships defined by the Brooks and Corey equations. Direct analysis of the aquifer-test data using a parameter estimation algorithm and a two-dimensional, axisymmetric numerical model for variably saturated flow yielded similar soil-moisture characteristics. Results suggest that hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics are different from core-scale predictions and even relatively small amounts of fine-grained material and heterogeneity can dominate the large-scale soil-moisture characteristics and aquifer response. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Moench, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 25 PY 2003 VL 281 IS 1-2 BP 82 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00202-6 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 732NH UT WOS:000185952100007 ER PT J AU Kreutz, KJ Wake, CP Aizen, VB Cecil, LD Synal, HA AF Kreutz, KJ Wake, CP Aizen, VB Cecil, LD Synal, HA TI Seasonal deuterium excess in a Tien Shan ice core: Influence of moisture transport and recycling in Central Asia SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; MOUNTAINS AB Stable water isotope (delta(18)O, deltaD) data from a high elevation (5100 masl) ice core recovered from the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, display a seasonal cycle in deuterium excess (d = deltaD - 8* delta(18)O) related to changes in the regional hydrologic cycle during 1994 - 2000. While there is a strong correlation (r(2) = 0.98) between delta(18)O and dD in the ice core samples, the regression slope (6.9) and mean d value (23.0) are significantly different than the global meteoric water line values. The resulting time-series ice core d profile contains distinct winter maxima and summer minima, with a yearly d amplitude of similar to 15 - 20parts per thousand. Local-scale processes that may affect d values preserved in the ice core are not consistent with the observed seasonal variability. Data from Central Asian monitoring sites in the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) have similar seasonal d changes. We suggest that regional-scale hydrological conditions, including seasonal changes in moisture source, transport, and recycling in the Caspian/ Aral Sea region, are responsible for the observed spatial and temporal d variability. C1 Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Earth Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Geog, Moscow, ID USA. US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. ETH, Inst Particle Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Kreutz, KJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RI Wake, Cameron/G-8114-2014 NR 16 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 6 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 17 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1922 DI 10.1029/2003GL017896 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 754HQ UT WOS:000187310400005 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH TI Near-field postseismic deformation associated with the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE postseismic relaxation; Landers earthquake; Hector Mine earthquake ID STRAIN ACCUMULATION; MANTLE; FAULT; ZONE AB [1] After the Landers earthquake (M-w = 7.3, 1992.489) a linear array of 10 monuments extending about 30 km N50degreesE on either side of the earthquake rupture plus a nearby off-trend reference monument were surveyed frequently by GPS until 2003.2. The array also spans the rupture of the subsequent Hector Mine earthquake (M-w = 7.1, 1999.792). The pre-Landers velocities of monuments in the array relative to interior North America were estimated from earlier trilateration and very long baseline interferometry measurements. Except at the reference monument, the post-Landers velocities of the individual monuments in the array relaxed to their preseismic values within 4 years. Following the Hector Mine earthquake the velocities of the monuments relaxed to steady rates within 1 year. Those steady rates for the east components are about equal to the pre-Landers rates as is the steady rate for the north component of the one monument east of the Hector Mine rupture. However, the steady rates for the north components of the 10 monuments west of the rupture are systematically similar to 10 mm yr(-1) larger than the preLanders rates. The relaxation to a steady rate is approximately exponential with decay times of 0.50 +/- 0.10 year following the Landers earthquake and 0.32 +/- 0.18 year following the Hector Mine earthquake. The postearthquake motions of the Landers array following the Landers earthquake are not well approximated by the viscoelastic-coupling model of Pollitz et al. [2000]. A similar viscoelastic- coupling model [ Pollitz et al., 2001] is more successful in representing the deformation after the Hector Mine earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jasavage@usgs.gov; jsvarc@usgs.gov; wprescott@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B9 AR 2432 DI 10.1029/2002JB002330 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 754JE UT WOS:000187311900004 ER PT J AU Nimick, DA Gammons, CH Cleasby, TE Madison, JP Skaar, D Brick, CM AF Nimick, DA Gammons, CH Cleasby, TE Madison, JP Skaar, D Brick, CM TI Diel cycles in dissolved metal concentrations in streams: Occurrence and possible causes SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arsenic; cadmium; manganese; zinc; sorption; Montana ID BACTERIAL SURFACES; MOUNTAIN STREAM; NICKEL SORPTION; TRACE-METALS; RIVER BASIN; ADSORPTION; TEMPERATURE; CALCITE; CADMIUM; MONTANA AB [1] Substantial diel (24-hour) cycles in dissolved (0.1-mum filtration) metal concentrations were observed during low flow for 18 sampling episodes at 14 sites on 12 neutral and alkaline streams draining historical mining areas in Montana and Idaho. At some sites, concentrations of Cd, Mn, Ni, and Zn increased as much as 119, 306, 167, and 500%, respectively, from afternoon minimum values to maximum values shortly after sunrise. Arsenic concentrations exhibited the inverse temporal pattern with increases of up to 54%. Variations in Cu concentrations were small and inconsistent. Diel metal cycles are widespread and persistent, occur over a wide range of metal concentrations, and likely are caused primarily by instream geochemical processes. Adsorption is the only process that can explain the inverse temporal patterns of As and the divalent metals. Diel metal cycles have important implications for many types of water-quality studies and for understanding trace-metal mobility. C1 US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59601 USA. Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Dept Geol Engn, Butte, MT 59701 USA. Montana Bur Mines & Geol, Butte, MT 59701 USA. Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Helena, MT 59620 USA. Univ Montana, Dept Geol, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. RP Nimick, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59601 USA. NR 61 TC 106 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 17 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 9 AR 1247 DI 10.1029/2002WR001571 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 754JL UT WOS:000187312600003 ER PT J AU England, JF Salas, JD Jarrett, RD AF England, JF Salas, JD Jarrett, RD TI Comparisons of two moments-based estimators that utilize historical and paleoflood data for the log Pearson type III distribution SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE floods; frequency analysis; paleohydrology; historical floods ID FLOOD-FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS; INFORMATION; QUANTILE; HYDROLOGY; PROBABILITY; INDICATORS; ALGORITHM; MODELS AB [1] The expected moments algorithm (EMA) [ Cohn et al., 1997] and the Bulletin 17B [ Interagency Committee on Water Data, 1982] historical weighting procedure (B17H) for the log Pearson type III distribution are compared by Monte Carlo computer simulation for cases in which historical and/or paleoflood data are available. The relative performance of the estimators was explored for three cases: fixed-threshold exceedances, a fixed number of large floods, and floods generated from a different parent distribution. EMA can effectively incorporate four types of historical and paleoflood data: floods where the discharge is explicitly known, unknown discharges below a single threshold, floods with unknown discharge that exceed some level, and floods with discharges described in a range. The B17H estimator can utilize only the first two types of historical information. Including historical/paleoflood data in the simulation experiments significantly improved the quantile estimates in terms of mean square error and bias relative to using gage data alone. EMA performed significantly better than B17H in nearly all cases considered. B17H performed as well as EMA for estimating X(100) in some limited fixed-threshold exceedance cases. EMA performed comparatively much better in other fixed-threshold situations, for the single large flood case, and in cases when estimating extreme floods equal to or greater than X(500). B17H did not fully utilize historical information when the historical period exceeded 200 years. Robustness studies using GEV-simulated data confirmed that EMA performed better than B17H. Overall, EMA is preferred to B17H when historical and paleoflood data are available for flood frequency analysis. C1 US Bur Reclamat, Denver Fed Ctr, Flood Hydrol Grp, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Res Program, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP England, JF (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Denver Fed Ctr, Flood Hydrol Grp, D-8530,Bldg 67,POB 25007, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jengland@do.usbr.gov; jsalas@engr.colostate.edu; rjarrett@usgs.gov RI England, John/C-9987-2014 OI England, John/0000-0001-5563-6274 NR 66 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 9 AR 1243 DI 10.1029/2002WR001791 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 724GN UT WOS:000185480000001 ER PT J AU Corsi, SR Zitomer, DH Field, JA Cancilla, DA AF Corsi, SR Zitomer, DH Field, JA Cancilla, DA TI Nonylphenol ethoxylates and other additives in aircraft deicers, antiicers, and waters receiving airport runoff SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MITCHELL-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT; ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RUNWAY DEICERS; DEICING FLUIDS; RAINBOW-TROUT; STORM WATER AB Samples of nine different formulations of aircraft deicer and antiicer fluids (ADAF) were screened for the presence of selected surfactants. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) were identified in three ADAF formulations, octylphenol ethoxylates were identified in two formulations, and six formulations contained alcohol ethoxylates. A preliminary field study was conducted at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, WI, to quantify NPnEO (n = 1-15) and one of its byproducts, nonylphenol (NP), in airport runoff. Samples were collected from two airport outfalls, from the receiving stream, and from an upstream reference site during intensive ADAF application events. NPnEO was measured at concentrations up to 1190 mug/L in airport outfall samples, up to 77 ug/L in samples from the receiving stream and less than 5.0 mug/L from the upstream reference. Concentrations of glycol and other ADAF-related constituents, including NPnEO, were reduced by similar to1 order of magnitude between the outfall sites and the receiving stream site; however, concentrations of NP in the receiving stream remained similar to those from the outfalls (<0.04 mug/L at the upstream reference, 0.98 and 7.67 mug/L at outfalls, and 3.89 mug/L in the receiving stream). The field data suggest that NP is generated through degradation of NPnEO from airport runoff. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm Studies Sect, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Marquette Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm Studies, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Corsi, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm Studies Sect, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 47 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 7 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 18 BP 4031 EP 4037 DI 10.1021/es034005i PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 721QH UT WOS:000185326700003 PM 14524432 ER PT J AU Arai, Y Lanzirotti, A Sutton, S Davis, JA Sparks, DL AF Arai, Y Lanzirotti, A Sutton, S Davis, JA Sparks, DL TI Arsenic speciation and reactivity in poultry litter SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; BROILER LITTER; HEAVY-METALS; FLY-ASH; SOIL; WASTE; PHOSPHATE; TRANSFORMATIONS; MECHANISMS; ADSORPTION AB Recent U.S. government action to lower the maximum concentration levels (MCL) of total arsenic (As) (10 ppb) in drinking water has raised serious concerns about the agricultural use of As-containing biosolids such as poultry litter (PL). In this study, solid-state chemical speciation, desorbability, and total levels of As in PL and long-term amended soils were investigated using novel synchrotron-based probing techniques (microfocused (mu) synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) and mu-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies) coupled with chemical digestion and batch experiments. The total As levels in the PL were as high as approximate to50 mg kg(-1), and As(II/III and V) was always concentrated in abundant needle-shaped microscopic particles (approximate to20 mum x 850 mum) associated with Ca, Cu, and Fe and to a lesser extent with S, Cl, and Zn. Post-edge XANES features of litter particles are dissimilar to those of the organo-As(V) compound in poultry feed (i.e., roxarsone), suggesting possible degradation/transformation of roxarsone in the litter and/or in poultry digestive tracts. The extent of As desorption from the litter increased with increasing time and pH from 4.5 to 7, but at most 15% of the total As was released after 5 d at pH 7, indicating the presence of insoluble phases and/or strongly retained soluble compounds. No significant As accumulation (<15 mg kg(-1)) was found in long-term PL-amended agricultural surface soils. This suggests that As in the PL may have undergone surface and subsurface transport processes. Our research results raise concerns about long-term PL amendment effects on As contamination in surrounding soil-water environments. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resource Div, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Arai, Y (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. NR 56 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 6 U2 49 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 18 BP 4083 EP 4090 DI 10.1021/es0340580 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 721QH UT WOS:000185326700010 PM 14524439 ER PT J AU Hine, AC Brooks, GR Davis, RA Duncan, DS Locker, SD Twichell, DC Gelfenbaum, G AF Hine, AC Brooks, GR Davis, RA Duncan, DS Locker, SD Twichell, DC Gelfenbaum, G TI The west-central Florida inner shelf and coastal system: a geologic conceptual overview and introduction to the special issue SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geologic framework; continental shelf; barrier islands; carbonate ramp; sediment-starved; antecedent topography; coast-inner shelf linkages ID CARBONATE RAMP SLOPE; NORTHWEST FLORIDA; CIRCULATION; STRATIGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; MODEL; KEYS; FOUNDATION; PLATFORMS; FRAMEWORK AB This paper provides an overview for this special publication on the geologic framework of the inner shelf and coastal zone of west-central Florida. This is a significant geologic setting in that it lies at the center of an ancient carbonate platform facing an enormous ramp that has exerted large-scale control on coastal geomorphology, the availability of sediments, and the level of wave energy. In order to understand the Holocene geologic history of this depositional system, a regional study defined by natural boundaries (north end of a barrier island to the apex of a headland) was undertaken by a group of government and university coastal geologists using a wide variety of laboratory and field techniques. It is the purpose of this introductory paper to define the character of this coastal/inner shelf system, provide a historical geologic perspective and background of environmental information, define the overall database, present the collective objectives of this regional study, and very briefly present the main aspects of each contribution. Specific conclusions are presented at the end of each paper composing this volume. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Eckerd Coll, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hine, AC (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 71 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00161-0 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100001 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, D Davis, RA Shinnu, EA AF Spurgeon, D Davis, RA Shinnu, EA TI Formation of 'Beach Rock' at Siesta Key, Florida and its influence on barrier island development SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beachrock; vadose zone; syntaxial overgrowths; isopachous cement; barrier island ID HOLOCENE BEACHROCK; CARBONATE; CEMENTATION; PROGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTS; DIAGENESIS; HISTORY; MARINE AB Seaward-dipping strata of carbonate-cemented shell debris located along the coast of Siesta Key on the Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula have long been interpreted to be beachrock equivalent in age to the Pleistocene Anastasia Formation (Stage 5e) of the east coast of Florida. Detailed examination of thin sections along with radiometric dating and isotopic analyses demonstrates clearly that this is a Holocene deposit that is not beachrock but was lithified in a meteoric environment. Whole rock dates, dates from shells only, and from cement only demonstrate that these beach deposits were in place by at least 1800 yr BP and might have been there as long ago as 4300 yr BP. This means that some type of barrier island was in place at that time. Previous investigations have depicted Siesta Key as having a maximum age of 3000 yr with these deposits being located about 2 km landward of the beach deposits. This suggests that the beach deposits might have been the site of the original position of Siesta Key. These data also indicate that sea level must have been near its present position at the time that these foreshore beach deposits were deposited; sometime between 1800 and 4300 yr ago. This scenario indicates that sea level along this coastal reach probably reached its present level at least about 2000 yr ago. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Coastal Res Lab, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Davis, RA (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Coastal Res Lab, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00162-2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100002 ER PT J AU Harrison, SE Locker, SD Hine, AC Edwards, JH Naar, DF Twichell, DC Mallinson, DJ AF Harrison, SE Locker, SD Hine, AC Edwards, JH Naar, DF Twichell, DC Mallinson, DJ TI Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sand ridges; bedforms; side-scan mosaics; inner shelf; mixed carbonate/siliciclastic; west-central Florida shelf ID SOUTHERN NORTH-SEA; SHOREFACE-CONNECTED RIDGES; SIDE-SCAN SONAR; JERSEY SHELF; SABLE-ISLAND; BANKS; EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; STRATIGRAPHY; CIRCULATION AB High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS C-14 dates (< 1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N-S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW-SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. E Carolina Univ, Dept Geol, Greenville, NC 27834 USA. RP Hine, AC (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 61 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 171 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00182-8 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100010 ER PT J AU Edwards, JH Harrison, SE Locker, SD Hine, AC Twichell, DC AF Edwards, JH Harrison, SE Locker, SD Hine, AC Twichell, DC TI Stratigraphic framework of sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate inner shelf; west-central Florida SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sand ridges; mixed carbonate/siliciclastic; sediment starved; inner shelf ID ARCHAIAS-ANGULATUS; LOW-ENERGY; ORIGIN; DEPOSITION; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; MODEL; COAST AB Seismic reflection profiles and vibracores have revealed that an inner shelf, sand-ridge field has developed over the past few thousand years situated on an elevated, broad bedrock terrace. This terrace extends seaward of a major headland associated with the modern barrier-island coastline of west-central Florida. The overall geologic setting is a low-energy, sediment-starved, mixed siliciclastic/carbonate inner continental shelf supporting a thin sedimentary veneer. This veneer is arranged in a series of subparallel, shore-oblique, and to a minor extent, shore-parallel sand ridges. Seven major facies are present beneath the ridges, including a basal Neogene limestone gravel facies and a blue-green clay facies indicative of dominantly authigenic sedimentation. A major sequence boundary separates these older units from Holocene age, organic-rich mud facies (marsh), which grades upward into a muddy sand facies (lagoon or shallow open shelf/seagrass meadows). Cores reveal that the muddy shelf facies is either in sharp contact or grades upward into a shelly sand facies (ravinement or sudden termination of seagrass meadows). The shelly sand facies grades upward to a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate facies, which forms the sand ridges themselves. This mixed siliciclastic/carbonate facies differs from the sediment on the beach and shoreface, suggesting insignificant sediment exchange between the offshore ridges and the modern coastline. Additionally, the lack of early Holocene, pre-ridge facies in the troughs between the ridges suggests that the ridges themselves do not migrate laterally extensively. Radiocarbon dating has indicated that these sand ridges can form relatively quickly (similar to 1.3 ka) on relatively low-energy inner shelves once open-marine conditions are available, and that frequent, high-energy, storm-dominated conditions are not necessarily required. We suggest that the two inner shelf depositional models presented (open-shelf vs. migrating barrier-island) may have co-existed spatially and/or temporally to explain the distribution of facies and vertical facies contacts. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Harrison, SE (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 56 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 195 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00183-X PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100011 ER PT J AU Donahue, BT Hine, AC Tebbens, S Locker, SD Twichell, DC AF Donahue, BT Hine, AC Tebbens, S Locker, SD Twichell, DC TI Late Holocene estuarine-inner shelf interactions; is there evidence of an estuarine retreat path for Tampa Bay, Florida? SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE shelf valley; ebb-tidal delta; shelf evolution; estuarine retreat path ID CARBONATE-SILICICLASTIC TRANSITION; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SOUTHWEST FLORIDA; STRATIGRAPHY; SHOREFACE; EVOLUTION; PRESERVATION; NEOGENE; RECORD; USA AB The purpose of this study was to determine if and how a large, modern estuarine system, situated in the middle of an ancient carbonate platform, has affected its adjacent inner shelf both in the past during the last, post-glacial sea-level rise and during the present. An additional purpose was to determine if and how this inner shelf seaward of a major estuary differed from the inner shelves located just to the north and south but seaward of barrier-island shorelines. Through side-scan sonar mosaicking, bathymetric studies, and ground-truthing using surface grab samples as well as diver observations, two large submarine sand plains were mapped - one being the modern ebb-tidal delta and the other interpreted to be a relict ebb-tidal delta formed earlier in the Holocene. The most seaward portion of the inner shelf studied consists of a field of lobate, bathymetrically elevated, fine-sand accumulations, which were interpreted to be sediment-starved 3D dunes surrounded by small 2D dunes composed of coarse molluscan shell gravel. Additionally, exposed limestone hardbottoms supporting living benthic communities were found as well. This modern shelf sedimentary environment is situated on a large, buried shelf valley, which extends eastward beneath the modern Tampa Bay estuary. These observations plus the absence of an incised shelf valley having surficial bathymetric expression, and the absence of sand bodies normally associated with back-tracking estuarine systems indicate that there was no cross-shelf estuarine retreat path formed during the last rise in sea level. Instead, the modern Tampa Bay formed within a mid-platform, low-relief depression, which was flooded by rising marine waters late in the Holocene. With continued sea-level rise in the late Holocene, this early embayment was translated eastward or landward to its present position, whereby a larger ebb-tidal delta prograded out onto the inner shelf. Extensive linear sand ridges, common to the inner shelves to the north and south, did not form in this shelf province because it was a low-energy, open embayment lacking the wave climate and nearshore zone necessary to create such sand bodies. The distribution of bedforms on the inner shelf and the absence of seaward-oriented 2D dunes on the modern ebb-tidal delta indicate that the modern estuarine system has had little effect on its adjacent inner shelf. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hine, AC (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 219 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00184-1 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100012 ER PT J AU Twichell, D Brooks, G Gelfenbaum, G Paskevich, V Donahue, B AF Twichell, D Brooks, G Gelfenbaum, G Paskevich, V Donahue, B TI Sand ridges off Sarasota, Florida: A complex facies boundary on a low-energy inner shelf environment SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sand ridge; inner shelf; sedimentology; Holocene; West Florida shelf ID SHOREFACE-CONNECTED RIDGES; NEW-JERSEY; EVOLUTION; FIELD; CIRCULATION; MORPHOLOGY; AMERICAN; ORIGIN; BANKS; FLOW AB The innermost shelf off Sarasota, Florida was mapped using sidescan-sonar imagery, seismic-reflection profiles, surface sediment samples, and short cores to define the transition between an onshore siliciclastic sand province and an offshore carbonate province and to identify the processes controlling the distribution of these distinctive facies. The transition between these facies is abrupt and closely tied to the morphology of the inner shelf. A series of low-relief nearly shore-normal ridges characterize the inner shelf. Stratigraphically, the ridges are separated from the underlying Pleistocene and Tertiary carbonate strata by the Holocene ravinement surface. While surficial sediment is fine to very-fine siliciclastic sand on the southeastern sides of the ridges and shell hash covers their northwestern sides, the cores of these Holocene deposits are a mixture of both of these facies. Along the southeastern edges of the ridges the facies boundary coincides with the discontinuity that separates the ridge deposits from the underlying strata. The transition from siliciclastic to carbonate sediment on the northwestern sides of the ridges is equally abrupt, but it falls along the crests of the ridges rather than at their edges. Here the facies transition lies within the Holocene deposit, and appears to be the result of sediment reworking by modern processes. This facies distribution primarily appears to result from south-flowing currents generated during winter storms that winnow the fine siliciclastic sediment from the troughs and steeper northwestern sides of the ridges. A coarse shell lag is left armoring the steeper northwestern sides of the ridges, and the fine sediment is deposited on the gentler southeastern sides of the ridges. This pronounced partitioning of the surficial sediment appears to be the result of the siliciclastic sand being winnowed and transported by these currents while the carbonate shell hash falls below the threshold of sediment movement and is left as a lag. The resulting facies boundaries on this low-energy, sediment-starved inner continental shelf are of two origins which both are tied to the remarkably subtle ridge morphology. Along the southeastern sides of the ridges the facies boundary coincides with a stratigraphic discontinuity that separates Holocene from the older deposits while the transition along the northwestern sides of the ridges is within the Holocene deposit and is the result of sediment redistribution by modern processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Eckerd Coll, St Petersburg, FL 33733 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ S Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Twichell, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 50 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 243 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00185-3 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100013 ER PT J AU Gelfenbaum, G Brooks, GR AF Gelfenbaum, G Brooks, GR TI The morphology and migration of transverse bars off the west-central Florida coast SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transverse bars; sand bar morphology; nearshore processes; sediment sorting ID SAND AB A series of migrating shore-normal sandbars with wavelengths of 75-120 m and heights up to 2 in have been identified off the northern tip of Anna Maria Island, a barrier island on the west-central Florida coast. Similar features have been described elsewhere since the 1930s and termed 'transverse bars'. The transverse bars identified off Anna Maria Island are found for about 3 km along the coast and extend 4 kin offshore, well outside the normal surf-zone width. No cusps or any other associated beach expression is evident despite the fact that the bars come to within about 75 in of the beach. Sediments on the crests of the bars are a well-sorted fine quartz sand, whereas sediments in the troughs are a poorly sorted coarse carbonate shell hash. Historical aerial photographs and repeated high-resolution bathymetric surveys provide a means of quantifying the migration of the transverse bars. Analyses of orthorectified aerial photographs from the early 1940s through the mid 1990s clearly show movement or migration taking place in the bar field. In the 40-yr period from 1951 to 1991, the southern edge of the bar field moved 200-350 in to the south, with an average long-term migration rate of 8 m/yr. Repeated bathymetric surveys over an 8-month period give an average short-term migration rate of 21 m/yr to the south. Wave and current measurements suggest that southerly winds associated with the passage of cold fronts drive near-bed currents to the south that are strong enough to initiate sediment transport and cause the southerly migration of the transverse bars. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Eckerd Coll, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Gelfenbaum, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 273 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00187-7 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 723QY UT WOS:000185444100015 ER PT J AU Afkar, E Lisak, J Saltikov, C Basu, P Oremland, RS Stolz, JF AF Afkar, E Lisak, J Saltikov, C Basu, P Oremland, RS Stolz, JF TI The respiratory arsenate reductase from Bacillus selenitireducens strain MLS10 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE arsenate reductase; arsenate respiration; molybdoenzyme ID CHRYSIOGENES-ARSENATIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MONO LAKE; SP-NOV; BACTERIUM; ARSENITE; SULFATE; ENZYMES; WATER AB The respiratory arsenate reductase from the Gram-positive, haloalkaliphile, Bacillus selenitireducens strain MLS10 was purified and characterized. It is a membrane bound heterodimer (150 kDa) composed of two subunits ArrA (110 kDa) and ArrB (34 kDa), with an apparent K-m for arsenate of 34 muM and V-max of 2.5 mumol min(-1) mg(-1). Optimal activity occurred at pH 9.5 and 150 g l(-1) of NaCl. Metal analysis (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) of the holoenzyme and sequence analysis of the catalytic subunit (ArrA; the gene for which was cloned and sequenced) indicate it is a member of the DMSO reductase family of molybdoproteins. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Duquesne Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. RP Stolz, JF (reprint author), Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. RI Afkar, Eman/I-2066-2016 OI Afkar, Eman/0000-0002-7442-4880 NR 30 TC 74 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD SEP 12 PY 2003 VL 226 IS 1 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00609-8 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 724PQ UT WOS:000185496300016 PM 13129615 ER PT J AU Hildreth, W Lanphere, MA Fierstein, J AF Hildreth, W Lanphere, MA Fierstein, J TI Geochronology and eruptive history of the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska Peninsula SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE arc magmatism; volcanoes; eruption rates; geochronology; Alaska; Katmai ID NATIONAL-PARK; ISOTOPE RATIOS; MOUNT KATMAI; WASHINGTON; NOVARUPTA; COMPLEX; SYSTEM; SMOKES; VALLEY; ANDES AB In the Katmai district of the Alaska Peninsula, K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages have been determined for a dozen andesite-dacite stratocones on the arc front and for 11 rear-arc volcanoes, 10 of which are monogenetic. Tied to mapping and stratigraphic studies. our dating emphasized proximal basal lavas that rest on basement rocks, in order to estimate ages of inception of each polygenetic cone. Oldest among arc-front cones is Alagogshak Volcano (690-43 ka), Succeeded in the Holocene by the active Mount Martin cone. Mount Mageik consists of four overlapping subedifices, basal lavas of which give ages of 93, 71, and 59 ka, and Holocene. The three small prehistoric cones of Trident Volcano yield ages of 143, 101-58, and 44 ka. Falling Mountain and Mount Cerberus, dacite domes near the 1912 Novarupta vent, are related compositionally to the Trident group and give ages of 70 ka and 114 ka. Mount Katmai, which underwent caldera collapse in 1912, consists of two subedifices that overlapped in space and time, and is the only arc-front center here to include basalt and rhyolite; one cone began by 90 ka, the other by 47 ka. Snowy Mountain also consists of two contiguous cones, which started around 200 and 171 ka, respectively, the younger remaining active into the Holocene. Devils Desk, the only mafic cone on the arc front, was short-lived at about 245 ka. In the rear-arc, (1) Mount Griggs produced mafic-to-silicic andesite in several episodes between 292 ka and the Holocene; (2) the Savonoski River cluster includes a Pliocene dacite dome and five small mafic cones (390-88 ka); (3) Gertrude Creek cone (49.8%, SiO2) yields an age of 500 ka; and (4) the Saddlehorn Creek cluster includes five Pliocene basalt-to-andesite remnants. Eruptive volumes were reconstructed, permitting estimates of average eruption rates for edifice lifetimes. Since the mid Pleistocene, total volume erupted along the arc front here is 210 +/- 47 km(3) and in the rear-arc 39 +/- 6 km(3), of which Mount Griggs alone accounts for 35 +/- 5 km(3). Most productive has been Mount Katmai at 70 +/- 18 km(3), yielding a rate of similar to1 km(3)/kyr, followed by Mount Mageik (0.33 km(3)/kyr) and Mount Griggs (0.3 km(3)/kyr since 50 ka). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hildreth, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, MS-910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD SEP 10 PY 2003 VL 214 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00321-2 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 721PU UT WOS:000185325400007 ER PT J AU Hope, AS Boynton, WL Stow, DA Douglas, DC AF Hope, AS Boynton, WL Stow, DA Douglas, DC TI Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed, Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; NOAA AVHRR; ECOSYSTEMS; SPACECRAFT; SATELLITE AB Interannual above-ground production patterns are characterized for three tundra ecosystems in the Kuparuk River watershed of Alaska using NOAA-AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. NDVI values integrated over each growing season (SINDVI) were used to represent seasonal production patterns between 1989 and 1996. Spatial differences in ecosystem production were expected to follow north-south climatic and soil gradients, while interannual differences in production were expected to vary with variations in seasonal precipitation and temperature. It was hypothesized that the increased vegetation growth in high latitudes between 1981 and 1991 previously reported would continue through the period of investigation for the study watershed. Zonal differences in vegetation production were confirmed but interannual variations did not covary with seasonal precipitation or temperature totals. A sharp reduction in the SINDVI in 1992 followed by a consistent increase up to 1996 led to a further hypothesis that the interannual variations in SINDVI were associated with variations in stratospheric optical depth. Using published stratospheric optical depth values derived from the SAGE and SAGE-II satellites, it is demonstrated that variations in these depths are likely the primary cause of SINDVI interannual variability. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. RP Hope, AS (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. NR 28 TC 44 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 17 BP 3413 EP 3425 DI 10.1080/0143116021000021170 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 701TA UT WOS:000184184000005 ER PT J AU Swayze, GA Clark, RN Goetz, AFH Chrien, TG Gorelick, NS AF Swayze, GA Clark, RN Goetz, AFH Chrien, TG Gorelick, NS TI Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal-to-noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE imaging spectroscopy; spectral band pass; spectral sampling; signal-to-noise ratio; Tetracorder; mineral map ID IMAGING SPECTROMETER; AVIRIS DATA; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ALTERED ROCKS; MINERALS; CUPRITE; NEVADA AB [1] Estimates of spectrometer band pass, sampling interval, and signal-to-noise ratio required for identification of pure minerals and plants were derived using reflectance spectra convolved to AVIRIS, HYDICE, MIVIS, VIMS, and other imaging spectrometers. For each spectral simulation, various levels of random noise were added to the reflectance spectra after convolution, and then each was analyzed with the Tetracorder spectral identification algorithm [ Clark et al., 2003]. The outcome of each identification attempt was tabulated to provide an estimate of the signal-to-noise ratio at which a given percentage of the noisy spectra were identified correctly. Results show that spectral identification is most sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio at narrow sampling interval values but is more sensitive to the sampling interval itself at broad sampling interval values because of spectral aliasing, a condition when absorption features of different materials can resemble one another. The band pass is less critical to spectral identification than the sampling interval or signal-to-noise ratio because broadening the band pass does not induce spectral aliasing. These conclusions are empirically corroborated by analysis of mineral maps of AVIRIS data collected at Cuprite, Nevada, between 1990 and 1995, a period during which the sensor signal-to-noise ratio increased up to sixfold. There are values of spectrometer sampling and band pass beyond which spectral identification of materials will require an abrupt increase in sensor signal-to-noise ratio due to the effects of spectral aliasing. Factors that control this threshold are the uniqueness of a material's diagnostic absorptions in terms of shape and wavelength isolation, and the spectral diversity of the materials found in nature and in the spectral library used for comparison. Array spectrometers provide the best data for identification when they critically sample spectra. The sampling interval should not be broadened to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in a photon-noise-limited system when high levels of accuracy are desired. It is possible, using this simulation method, to select optimum combinations of band-pass, sampling interval, and signal-to-noise ratio values for a particular application that maximize identification accuracy and minimize the volume of imaging data. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Study Earth Space, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Raytheon Co, Elect Syst, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Mars Global Surveyor TES Space Flight Facil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Swayze, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM gswayze@speclab.cr.usgs.gov NR 59 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 10 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E9 AR 5105 DI 10.1029/2002JE001975 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 775AW UT WOS:000189019400001 ER PT J AU Ji, C Helmberger, DV Wald, DJ Ma, KF AF Ji, C Helmberger, DV Wald, DJ Ma, KF TI Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Chi-Chi earthquake; kinematic rupture; combined inversion ID MOMENT-TENSOR SOLUTIONS; HECTOR MINE; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; 3D SIMULATIONS; FAULT RUPTURE; INVERSION; CALIFORNIA; MODEL; DEFORMATION; VELOCITY AB [1] We investigate the rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake using extensive near-source observations, including three-component velocity waveforms at 36 strong motion stations and 119 GPS measurements. A three-plane fault geometry derived from our previous inversion using only static data [Ji et al., 2001] is applied. The slip amplitude, rake angle, rupture initiation time, and risetime function are inverted simultaneously with a recently developed finite fault inverse method that combines a wavelet transform approach with a simulated annealing algorithm [Ji et al., 2002b]. The inversion results are validated by the forward prediction of an independent data set, the teleseismic P and SH ground velocities, with notable agreement. The results show that the total seismic moment release of this earthquake is 2.7 X 10(20) N m and that most of the slip occurred in a triangular-shaped asperity involving two fault segments, which is consistent with our previous static inversion. The rupture front propagates with an average rupture velocity of similar to2.0 km s(-1), and the average slip duration (risetime) is 7.2 s. Several interesting observations related to the temporal evolution of the Chi-Chi earthquake are also investigated, including (1) the strong effect of the sinuous fault plane of the Chelungpu fault on spatial and temporal variations in slip history, (2) the intersection of fault 1 and fault 2 not being a strong impediment to the rupture propagation, and (3) the observation that the peak slip velocity near the surface is, in general, higher than on the deeper portion of the fault plane, as predicted by dynamic modeling. C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Inst Geophys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. US Geol Survey, Pasadena Off, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Ji, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM jichen@gps.caltech.edu; helm@gps.caltech.edu; wald@usgs.gov; kuofongm@yahoo.com.tw RI Ma, Kuo-Fong/H-1445-2012 NR 42 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B9 AR 2412 DI 10.1029/2002JB001764 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 722FK UT WOS:000185364600001 ER PT J AU Ruble, TE Lewan, MD Philp, RP AF Ruble, TE Lewan, MD Philp, RP TI New insights on the Green River petroleum system in the Uinta basin from hydrous-pyrolysis experiments: Reply SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID OIL-SHALE PYROLYSIS; EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION; KINETIC-PARAMETERS; THERMAL ALTERATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; GENERATION; KEROGEN; CRACKING; WATER; HYDROCARBONS C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Lewan, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 87 IS 9 BP 1535 EP 1541 DI 10.1306/0423030137r PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 723YC UT WOS:000185458300010 ER PT J AU Clark, RN Swayze, G Hoefen, T Livo, E Sutley, S Meeker, G Plumlee, G Brownfield, I Lamothe, PJ Gent, C Morath, L Taggart, J Theodorakos, P Adams, M Green, R Pavri, B Sarture, C Vance, S Boardman, J AF Clark, RN Swayze, G Hoefen, T Livo, E Sutley, S Meeker, G Plumlee, G Brownfield, I Lamothe, PJ Gent, C Morath, L Taggart, J Theodorakos, P Adams, M Green, R Pavri, B Sarture, C Vance, S Boardman, J TI Environmental mapping with imaging spectroscopy of the World Trade Center area after the September 11, 2001 attack. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM rclark@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 110-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402312 ER PT J AU Duval, JS Carson, JM Holman, PB Darnly, AG AF Duval, JS Carson, JM Holman, PB Darnly, AG TI Natural radioactivity for parts of the United States and Canada. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Earth Sci Sector, Ottawa, ON, Canada. EM jduval@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 53-NUCL BP U81 EP U81 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062500424 ER PT J AU Gundersen, LCS AF Gundersen, LCS TI Climatic and geologic controls on the distribution and variability of radionuclides in rocks, soil, water, and air. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lgundersen@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 50-NUCL BP U81 EP U81 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062500421 ER PT J AU Meeker, G Plumlee, G Sutley, S Lamothe, P Ziegler, T Swayze, G Hoefen, T Clark, R Brownfield, I Gent, C Lowers, H AF Meeker, G Plumlee, G Sutley, S Lamothe, P Ziegler, T Swayze, G Hoefen, T Clark, R Brownfield, I Gent, C Lowers, H TI Microanalysis and chemical characterization of ousts generated by the World Trade Center collapse. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Microbeam Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM gmeeker@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 133-ENVR BP U489 EP U489 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402335 ER PT J AU Rosenbauer, RJ Koksalan, T AF Rosenbauer, RJ Koksalan, T TI Experimental CO2-saturated brine-rock interactions at elevated temperature and pressure: Implications for CO2 sequestration in deep-saline aquifers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM brosenbauer@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 129-GEOC BP U603 EP U603 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402872 ER PT J AU Simon, NS AF Simon, NS TI Sources and bioavailability of oxytetracycline in bottom sediment from the Pocomoke River, MD. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM nssimon@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 288-ENVR BP U515 EP U515 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402489 ER PT J AU Runkel, RL McKnight, DM Rajaram, H AF Runkel, RL McKnight, DM Rajaram, H TI Modeling hyporheic zone processes - Preface SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; TRANSIENT STORAGE; STREAM METABOLISM; HEADWATER STREAMS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MOUNTAIN STREAM; SURFACE-WATER; RETENTION; CALIFORNIA; COUNTY C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Runkel, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 35 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 26 IS 9 BP 901 EP 905 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00079-4 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 720AA UT WOS:000185236900001 ER PT J AU Harvey, JW Conklin, MH Koelsch, RS AF Harvey, JW Conklin, MH Koelsch, RS TI Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid alluvial stream SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE hyporheic zone; stream solute transport; hydrologic tracer; hydrologic retention; surface water and groundwater interactions ID SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; TRANSIENT STORAGE; HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS; HEADWATER STREAMS; HYPORHEIC ZONE; SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; VEGETATION; PARAMETERS AB Hydrologic retention of solutes in hyporheic zones or other slowly moving waters of natural channels is thought to be a significant control on biogeochemical cycling and ecology of streams. To learn more about factors affecting hydrologic retention, we repeated stream-tracer injections for 5 years in a semi-arid alluvial stream (Pinal Creek, Ariz.) during a period when streamflow was decreasing, channel width increasing, and coverage of aquatic macrophytes expanding. Average stream velocity at Pinal Creek decreased from 0.8 to 0.2 m/s, average stream depth decreased from 0.09 to 0.04 m, and average channel width expanded from 3 to 13 in. Modeling of tracer experiments indicated that the hydrologic retention factor (R-h), a measure of the average time that solute spends in storage per unit length of downstream transport, increased from 0.02 to 8 s/m. At the same time the ratio of cross-sectional area of storage zones to main channel cross-sectional area (A(s)/A) increased from 0.2 to 0.8 m(2)/m(2) and average water residence time in storage zones (t(s)) increased from 5 to 24 min. Compared with published data from four other streams in the US, Pinal Creek experienced the greatest change in hydrologic retention for a given change in streamflow. The other streams differed from Pinal Creek in that they experienced a change in streamflow between tracer experiments without substantial geomorphic or vegetative adjustments. As a result, a regression of hydrologic retention on streamflow developed for the other streams underpredicted the measured increases in hydrologic retention at Pinal Creek. The increase in hydrologic retention at Pinal Creek was more accurately predicted when measurements of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor were used (either alone or in addition to streamflow) as a predictor variable. We conclude that relatively simple measurements of channel friction are useful for predicting the response of hydrologic retention in streams to major adjustments in channel morphology as well as changes in streamflow. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Harvey, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 32 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 26 IS 9 BP 939 EP 950 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00085-X PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 720AA UT WOS:000185236900004 ER PT J AU Sheibley, RW Jackman, AP Duff, JH Triska, FJ AF Sheibley, RW Jackman, AP Duff, JH Triska, FJ TI Numerical modeling of coupled nitrification-denitrification in sediment perfusion cores from the hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River, MN SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE perfusion cores; nitrification-denitrification coupling; hyporheic zone; Shingobee River; first-order kinetics; Arrhenius equation ID DESERT STREAM ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS; NITRATE REDUCTION; MOUNTAIN STREAM; HYDROLOGIC EXCHANGE; KINETIC CONSTANTS; WATER EXCHANGE; SOIL COLUMNS; TRANSPORT; OXYGEN AB Nitrification and denitrification kinetics in sediment perfusion cores were numerically modeled and compared to experiments on cores from the Shingobee River MN, USA. The experimental design incorporated mixing groundwater discharge with stream water penetration into the cores, which provided a well-defined, one-dimensional simulation of in situ hydrologic conditions. Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) concentration gradients suggested the upper region of the cores supported coupled nitrification dentrification, where groundwater-derived NH4+ was first oxidised to NO3- then subsequently reduced via denitrification to N-2. Nitrification and denitrification were modeled using a Crank-Nicolson finite difference approximation to a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Both processes were modeled using first-order reaction kinetics because substrate concentrations (NH4+ and NO3) were much smaller than published Michaelis constants. Rate coefficients for nitrification and denitrification ranged from 0.2 to 15.8 h(-1) and 0.02 to 8.0 h(-1), respectively. The rate constants followed an Arrhenius relationship between 7.5 and 22 degreesC. Activation energies for nitrification and denitrification were 162 and 97.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Seasonal NH4+ concentration patterns in the Shingobee River were accurately simulated from the relationship between perfusion core temperature and NH4+ flux to the overlying water. The simulations suggest that NH4+ in groundwater discharge is controlled by sediment nitrification that, consistent with its activation energy, is strongly temperature dependent. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Sheibley, RW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Box 871501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. OI Sheibley, Richard/0000-0003-1627-8536 NR 52 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 26 IS 9 BP 977 EP 987 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00088-5 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 720AA UT WOS:000185236900007 ER PT J AU Guo, QF AF Guo, QF TI Disturbance, life history, and optimal management for biodiversity SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE IMAGES; DIVERSITY; FIRE; DYNAMICS; HABITAT; DENSITY; TERM AB Both frequency and intensity of disturbances in many ecosystems have been greatly enhanced by increasing human activities. As a consequence, the short-lived plant species including many exotics might have been dramatically increased in terms of both richness and abundance on our planet, while many long-lived species might have been lost. Such conclusions can be drawn from broadly observed successional cycles in both theoretical and empirical studies. This article discusses 2 major issues that have been largely overlooked in current ecosystem management policies and conservation efforts: i) life history constraints; and ii) future global warming trends. It also addresses the importance of these 2 factors in balancing disturbance frequency and intensity for optimal biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem management. C1 US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58410 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58410 USA. RI Guo, Qinfeng/A-8034-2009 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 428 EP 430 DI 10.1639/0044-7447(2003)032[0428:DLHAOM]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 737BE UT WOS:000186207900011 PM 14627374 ER PT J AU Scott, JM AF Scott, JM TI Hotspots and coldspots SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID USA. Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 91 IS 5 BP 384 EP 385 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 708RY UT WOS:000184584000003 ER PT J AU Whitman, RL Nevers, MB AF Whitman, RL Nevers, MB TI Foreshore sand as a source of Escherichia coli in nearshore water of a Lake Michigan beach SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDICATOR BACTERIA POPULATIONS; SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; POLLUTION INDICATORS; RECREATIONAL WATERS; BOTTOM SEDIMENTS; SURF ZONE; SURVIVAL; QUALITY; SOIL; ENTEROCOCCI AB Swimming advisories due to excessive Escherichia coli concentrations are common at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago, Ill. An intensive study was undertaken to characterize the source and fate of E. coli in beach water and sand at the beach. From April through September 2000, water and sand samples were collected daily or twice daily at two depths on three consecutive days per week (water samples, n = 1,747; sand samples, n = 858); hydrometeorological conditions and bird and bather distributions were also recorded. E. coli concentrations in sand and water were significantly correlated, with the highest concentration being found in foreshore sand, followed by those in submerged sediment and water of increasing depth. Gull contributions to E. coli densities in sand and water were most apparent on the day following gull activity in a given area. E. coli recolonized newly placed foreshore sand within 2 weeks. Analysis of variance, correlation, cluster analyses, concentration gradients, temporal-spatial distribution, demographic patterns, and DNA fingerprinting suggest that E. coli may be able to sustain population density in temperate beach sand during summer months without external inputs. This research presents evidence that foreshore beach sand (i) plays a major role in bacterial lake water quality, (ii) is an important non-point source of E. coli to lake water rather than a net sink, (iii) may be environmentally, and perhaps hygienically, problematic, and (iv) is possibly capable of supporting an autochthonous, high density of indicator bacteria for sustained periods, independent of lake, human, or animal input. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734 NR 55 TC 177 Z9 181 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 69 IS 9 BP 5555 EP 5562 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5555-5562.2003 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 723MW UT WOS:000185437000062 PM 12957945 ER PT J AU Grasby, SE Allen, CC Longazo, TG Lisle, JT Griffin, DW Beauchamp, B AF Grasby, SE Allen, CC Longazo, TG Lisle, JT Griffin, DW Beauchamp, B TI Supraglacial sulfur springs and associated biological activity in the Canadian high arctic - Signs of life beneath the ice SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY NOV 01-10, 2001 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Geol Soc Amer DE sulfur springs; subglacial; bacteria; arctic ID BACTERIUM DESULFOVIBRIO-OXYCLINAE; ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE; SP STRAIN MB; SULFATE REDUCTION; WATER; METABOLISM; GLACIER; ISOTOPE; BIODEGRADATION; IDENTIFICATION AB Unique springs, discharging from the surface of an arctic glacier, release H2S and deposit native sulfur, gypsum, and calcite. The presence of sulfur in three oxidation states indicates a complex series of redox reactions. Physical and chemical conditions of the spring water and surrounding environment, as well as mineralogical and isotopic signatures, suggest biologically mediated reactions. Cell counts and DNA analyses confirm bacteria are present in the spring system, and a limited number of sequenced isolates suggests that complex communities of bacteria live within the glacial system. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Nat Resources Canada, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Hernandez Engn, Houston, TX USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Res, St Petersburg, FL USA. RP Grasby, SE (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, Nat Resources Canada, 3303 33Rd St Nw, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada. OI Grasby, Stephen/0000-0002-3910-4443 NR 52 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 12 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1531-1074 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD FAL PY 2003 VL 3 IS 3 BP 583 EP 596 DI 10.1089/153110703322610672 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 752HT UT WOS:000187155600011 PM 14678667 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Seal, RR AF Chou, IM Seal, RR TI Determination of epsomite-hexahydrite equilibria by the humidity-buffer technique at 0.1 MPa with implications for phase equilibria in the system MgSO4-H2O SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY NOV 01-10, 2001 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Geol Soc Amer DE hydrated magnesium sulfates; humidity; experimental; epsomite; hexahydrite; Europa ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; MONAHANS 1998; NORTH-DAKOTA; MINERALOGY; SALTS; EVAPORITES; CHONDRITE; CHEMISTRY; HALITE; EUROPA AB Epsomite (MgSO4-7H(2)O) and hexahydrite (MgSO4-6H(2)O) are common minerals found in marine evaporite deposits, in saline lakes as precipitates, in weathering zones of coal and metallic deposits, in some soils and their efflorescences, and possibly on the surface of Europa as evaporite deposits. Thermodynamic properties of these two minerals reported in the literature are in poor agreement. In this study, epsomite-hexahydrite equilibria were determined along four humidity-buffer curves at 0.1 MPa and between 25 and 45degreesC. Results obtained for the reaction epsomite = hexahydrite + H2O, as demonstrated by very tight reversals along each humidity buffer, can be represented by ln K (+/-0.012) = 20.001 - 7182.07/T, where K is the equilibrium constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. The derived standard Gibbs free energy of reaction is 10.13 +/- 0.07 kJ/mol, which is essentially the same value as that calculated from vapor pressure measurements reported in the literature. However, this value is at least 0.8 kJ/mol lower than those calculated from the data derived mostly from calorimetric measurements. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 44 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1531-1074 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD FAL PY 2003 VL 3 IS 3 BP 619 EP 630 DI 10.1089/153110703322610708 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 752HT UT WOS:000187155600014 PM 14678670 ER PT J AU Bridges, CM Boone, MD AF Bridges, CM Boone, MD TI The interactive effects of UV-B and insecticide exposure on tadpole survival, growth and development SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE insecticide; metamorphosis; multiple stressors; tadpoles; UV-B radiation ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; AMPHIBIAN DECLINES; RANA-TEMPORARIA; LEOPARD FROG; AMBIENT; METAMORPHOSIS; COMMUNITIES; BEHAVIOR; EMBRYOS; SIZE AB Because declines within amphibian populations can seldom be attributed to a single cause, it is important to focus on multiple stressors, both natural and anthropogenic. Variables such as UV-B radiation and chemical contamination can interact with one another in ways that might not be predicted from single-factor studies. We exposed southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) tadpoles to the insecticide carbaryl and varying intensities of UV-B radiation in artificial ponds and examined their effects on survival, size at metamorphosis. and the duration of the larval period. Tadpole survival to metamorphosis was positively influenced by UV-B intensity. Tadpoles in ponds exposed to carbaryl contained over three times more algae and yielded larger metamorphs than control ponds. Although previous laboratory studies have indicated carbaryl becomes more toxic in the presence of UV-B, we did not find such an effect. perhaps because of the protection afforded by dissolved organic carbon within the ponds. Our research emphasizes the importance of conducting field studies to more accurately predict what occurs under a natural setting. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Bridges, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 50 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 113 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00348-8 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00348-8 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691EC UT WOS:000183591000005 ER PT J AU Bassett, SD Edwards, TC AF Bassett, SD Edwards, TC TI Effect of different sampling schemes on the spatial placement of conservation reserves in Utah, USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE reserve designation; Gap Analysis; Utah; spatial placement of reserves; reserve optimization ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES; SELECTION ALGORITHMS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; UNITED-STATES; DESIGN; DISTRIBUTIONS; PATTERNS; AREAS; BIODIVERSITY AB We evaluated the effect of three different sampling schemes used to organize spatially explicit biological information had on the spatial placement of conservation reserves in Utah, USA. The three sampling schemes consisted of a hexagon representation developed by the EPA/EMAP program (statistical basis), watershed boundaries (ecological), and the current county boundaries of Utah (socio-political). Four decision criteria were used to estimate effects, including amount of area, length of edge, lowest number of contiguous reserves, and greatest number of terrestrial vertebrate species covered. A fifth evaluation criterion was the effect each sampling scheme had on the ability of the modeled conservation reserves to cover the six major ecoregions found in Utah. Of the three sampling schemes, county boundaries covered the greatest number of species, but also created the longest length of edge and greatest number of reserves. Watersheds maximized species coverage using the least amount of area. Hexagons and watersheds provide the least amount of edge and fewest number of reserves. Although there were differences in area, edge and number of reserves among the sampling schemes, all three schemes covered all the major ecoregions in Utah and their inclusive biodiversity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bassett, SD (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Earth & Ecosyst Sci, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 65 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 113 IS 1 BP 141 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00358-0 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691EC UT WOS:000183591000014 ER PT J AU Gomez, MC Jenkins, JA Giraldo, A Harris, RF King, A Dresser, BL Pope, CE AF Gomez, MC Jenkins, JA Giraldo, A Harris, RF King, A Dresser, BL Pope, CE TI Nuclear transfer of synchronized African wild cat somatic cells into enucleated domestic cat oocytes SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE assisted reproductive technology; early development; gamete biology ID FETAL FIBROBLAST CELLS; IN-VITRO; EMBRYONIC CONTROL; CLONING; GENOME; CYCLE; CRYOPRESERVATION; MITOCHONDRIA; TRANSITION; CULTURE AB The African wild cat is one of the smallest wild cats and its future is threatened by hybridization with domestic cats. Nuclear transfer, a valuable tool for retaining genetic variability, offers the possibility of species continuation rather than extinction. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of somatic cell nuclei of the African wild cat (AWC) to dedifferentiate within domestic cat (DSH) cytoplasts and to support early development after nuclear transplantation. In experiment 1, distributions of AWC and DSH fibroblasts in each cell-cycle phase were assessed by flow cytometry using cells cultured to confluency and disaggregated with pronase, trypsin, or mechanical separation. Trypsin (89.0%) and pronase (93.0%) yielded higher proportions of AWC nuclei in the G(0)/G(1) phase than mechanical separation (82.0%). In contrast, mechanical separation yielded higher percentages of DSH nuclei in the G(0)/G(1) phase (86.6%) than pronase (79.7%) or trypsin (74.2%) treatments. In both species, pronase induced less DNA damage than trypsin. In experiment 2, the effects of serum starvation, culture to confluency, and exposure to roscovitine on the distribution of AWC and DSH fibroblasts in various phases of the cell cycle were determined. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that the dynamics of the cell cycle varied as culture conditions were modified. Specifically, a higher percentage of AWC and DSH nuclei were in the G(0)/G(1) phase after cells were serum starved (83% vs. 96%) than were present in cycling cells (50% vs. 64%), after contact inhibition (61% vs. 88%), or after roscovitine (56% vs. 84%) treatment, respectively. In experiment 3, we evaluated the effects of cell synchronization and oocyte maturation (in vivo vs. in vitro) on the reconstruction and development of AWC-DSH- and DSH-DSH-cloned embryos. The method of cell synchronization did not affect the fusion and cleavage rate because only a slightly higher percentage of fused couplets cleaved when donor nuclei were synchronized by serum starvation (83.0%) than after roscovitine (80.0%) or contact-inhibition (80.0%). The fusion efficiency of in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes used as recipient cytoplasts of AWC donor nuclei (86.6% vs. 85.2%) was similar to the rates obtained with DSH donor nuclei, 83.7% vs. 73.0%, respectively. The only significant effect of source of donor nucleus (AWC vs. DSH) was on the rate of blastocyst formation in vitro. A higher percentage of the embryos derived from AWC nuclei developed to the blastocyst stage than did embryos produced from DSH nuclei, 24.2% vs. 3.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). In experiment 4, the effect of calcium in the fusion medium on induction of oocyte activation and development of AWC-DSH-cloned embryos was determined. The presence of calcium in the fusion medium induced a high incidence of cleavage of DSH oocytes (54.3%), while oocyte cleavage frequency was much lower in the absence of calcium (16.6%). The presence or absence of calcium in the fusion medium did not affect the fusion, cleavage, and blastocyst development of AWC-DSH-cloned embryos. in experiment 5, AWC-DSH-cloned embryos were transferred to the uteri of 11 synchronized domestic cat recipients on Day 6 or 7 after oocyte aspiration. Recipients were assessed by ultrasonography on Day 21 postovulation, but no pregnancies were observed. In the present study, after NT, AWC donor nuclei were able to dedifferentiate in DSH cytoplasts and support high rates of blastocyst development in vitro. Incomplete reprogramming of the differentiated nucleus may be a major constraint to the in vivo developmental potential of the embryos. C1 Audubon Ctr Res Endangered Species, New Orleans, LA 70131 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Biol Sci, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Gomez, MC (reprint author), Audubon Ctr Res Endangered Species, 14001 River Rd, New Orleans, LA 70131 USA. EM mgomez@auduboninstitute.org NR 55 TC 81 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 11 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1691 MONROE ST,SUITE # 3, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 EI 1529-7268 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1032 EP 1041 DI 10.1095/biolreprod.102.014449 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 715TV UT WOS:000184989100034 PM 12773426 ER PT J AU Reynolds, MH Camp, RJ Nielson, BMB Jacobi, JD AF Reynolds, MH Camp, RJ Nielson, BMB Jacobi, JD TI Evidence of change in a low-elevation forest bird community of Hawaii since 1979 SO BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID VESTIARIA-COCCINEA; HONEYCREEPERS; PATHOGENICITY; CONSERVATION; EXTINCTION; ISLANDS; MALARIA AB We evaluated the abundance and distribution of low-elevation forest birds on windward Hawai'i Island during August 1993-February 1994, and present evidence of changes in the species composition of the forest bird community since 1979. Endemic Hawaiian birds occurred in native-dominated forests as low as 120 m elevation. Non-native species were detected at all survey locations. We observed non-native Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola, previously unrecorded in Puna. Variable circular plot surveys of Kahauale'a Natural Area Reserve indicated the disappearance of two native species ('I'iwi Vestiaria coccinea and 'O'u Psittitostra psittacea), and two non-native additions (Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea and Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelana) to the study area since the Hawai'i Forest Bird Survey conducted in 1979. We present evidence that native 'Elepaio Chasiempsis sandwichensis has experienced a decrease in population density and an elevational range contraction since 1979. Surveys indicate Puna's forest bird community has had increasing aliens and declining native species since 1979. The persistence of some native bird species within the range of avian disease vectors such as Culex quinquefasciatus in forests below 1,000 m elevation presents an important enigma that requires additional study. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. US Forest Serv, Kaibab Natl Forest, Williams, AZ 86046 USA. RP Reynolds, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 12 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0959-2709 EI 1474-0001 J9 BIRD CONSERV INT JI Bird Conserv. Int. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 3 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1017/S0959270903003149 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 735DQ UT WOS:000186097500001 ER PT J AU Turetsky, MR AF Turetsky, MR TI The role of bryophytes in carbon and nitrogen cycling SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Review ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; NITRATE REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; SUB-ANTARCTIC ISLAND; MONTANE RAIN-FOREST; FRENCH WEST-INDIES; SPHAGNUM-FUSCUM; INORGANIC CARBON; BOREAL FOREST; FEATHER-MOSS C1 Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. RP Turetsky, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Turetsky, Merritt/B-1255-2013 NR 198 TC 189 Z9 203 U1 13 U2 103 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD FAL PY 2003 VL 106 IS 3 BP 395 EP 409 DI 10.1639/05 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 719FF UT WOS:000185192400005 ER PT J AU Anderson, FE Snyder, RL Miller, RL Drexler, J AF Anderson, FE Snyder, RL Miller, RL Drexler, J TI A micrometeorological investigation of a restored California wetland ecosystem SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE RENEWAL ANALYSIS; HEAT-FLUX-DENSITY C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Anderson, FE (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 84 IS 9 BP 1170 EP 1172 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-9-1170 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 726VB UT WOS:000185620900006 ER PT J AU Ballachey, BE Bodkin, JL Howlin, S Doroff, AM Rebar, AH AF Ballachey, BE Bodkin, JL Howlin, S Doroff, AM Rebar, AH TI Correlates to survival of juvenile sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1992-1993 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; RIVER OTTERS; BODY CONDITION; LENGTH-MASS; MUSSEL BEDS; SPILL; MORTALITY; PERSISTENCE; BEHAVIOR AB We estimated survival of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) for 1 year post weaning during 1992-1993 in Prince William Sound (PWS), location of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. We sampled 38 pups in eastern PWS (EPWS), an unoiled area occupied by sea otters for <15 years, and 33 pups from oiled western PWS (WPWS), occupied for >25 years. We compared survival between areas, sexes, and condition groups. We also examined the relation of blood parameters to survival. Survival was estimated at 0.74 in EPWS and 0.52 in WPWS. Female survival was 0.86 in EPWS and 0.64 in WPWS, whereas male survival was lower, 0.61 in EPWS and 0.44 in WPWS. Sea otters from EPWS were in better condition (mass/length) than WPWS sea otters. Pups in better condition had higher survival in EPWS but not in WPWS. Foraging success was greater in EPWS than in WPWS, consistent with either an effect of length of occupation or the effects of oil on the prey base or a combination of these effects. Area differences in blood parameters suggested liver damage in WPWS sea otters, perhaps resulting from continued exposure to oil. Thus, both length of occupation and oiling history likely influenced juvenile survival in PWS. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Vet Med, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Ballachey, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM brenda_ballachey@usgs.gov NR 82 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1494 EP 1510 DI 10.1139/Z03-121 PG 17 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 739CT UT WOS:000186325200004 ER PT J AU Van Metre, PC Mahler, BJ AF Van Metre, PC Mahler, BJ TI The contribution of particles washed from rooftops to contaminant loading to urban streams SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE rooftops; sediment; metals; PAHs; atmospheric deposition; stormwater runoff ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RAINWATER QUALITY; RUNOFF; DEPOSITION; SEDIMENT; POLLUTANTS; CATCHMENTS; CADMIUM; METALS; COPPER AB Rooftops are both a source of and a pathway for contaminated runoff in urban environments. To investigate the importance of particle-associated contamination in rooftop runoff, particles washed from asphalt shingle and galvanized metal roofs at sites 12 and 102 m from a major expressway were analyzed for major and trace elements and PAHs. Concentrations and yields from rooftops were compared among locations and roofing material types and to loads monitored during runoff events in the receiving urban stream to evaluate rooftop sources and their potential contribution to stream loading. Concentrations of zinc, lead, pyrene, and chrysene on a mass per mass basis in a majority of rooftop samples exceeded established sediment quality guidelines for probable toxicity of bed sediments to benthic biota. Fallout near the expressway was greater than farther away, as indicated by larger yields of all contaminants investigated, although some concentrations were lower. Metal roofing was a source of cadmium and zinc and asphalt shingles a source of lead. The contribution of rooftop washoff to watershed loading was estimated to range from 6 percent for chromium and arsenic to 55 percent for zinc. Estimated contributions from roofing material to total watershed load were greatest for zinc and lead, contributing about 20 and 18 percent, respectively. The contribution from atmospheric deposition of particles onto rooftops to total watershed loads in stormwater was estimated to be greatest for mercury, contributing about 46 percent. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Res & Invest, Austin, TX 78754 USA. RP Van Metre, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Res & Invest, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552; Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 29 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2003 VL 52 IS 10 BP 1727 EP 1741 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00454-5 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 707HV UT WOS:000184506000008 PM 12871740 ER PT J AU Stanton, B DeWitt, J Henshel, D Watkins, S Lasley, B AF Stanton, B DeWitt, J Henshel, D Watkins, S Lasley, B TI Fatty acid metabolism in neonatal chickens (Gallus domesticus) treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) in ovo SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asymmetry; bird; cholesterol ester; development; egg; lipids; phospholipid; triacylglyceride ID LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE ACTIVITY; WHITE LEGHORN HENS; FISH-EATING BIRDS; GREAT-LAKES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; IMMATURE MALE; GUINEA-PIG; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; CONTAMINATED CARP AB Treatment of chickens as pre-incubation embryos with TCDD or PCB-126 altered fatty acid concentrations in their plasma 21 days later, compared with their oil vehicles (sunflower and corn oils, respectively). TCDD increased the concentrations of total fatty acids, lipid classes (phospholipids and cholesterol ester), fatty acid families (saturated, n-7 and n-6), and many specific fatty acids. The only fatty acid concentrations decreased by TCDD treatment were those of cholesterol ester fatty acids 20:30 and 24:60 and overall plasma 24:6n3. In contrast, PCB-126 treatment decreased total phospholipid, saturated and plasmogen fatty acid concentrations with generally decreasing trends in specific fatty acid concentrations. However, both TCDD and PCB-126 treatments increased total 22:10 and decreased 24:60 concentrations compared with their respective vehicles. The potential relationship between those fatty acid concentrations altered by toxicant treatment and alterations in brain symmetry was then examined using correlation analysis. Several fatty acid concentrations were significantly correlated with differences in brain morphology between the right and left hemispheres and these potential associations were different between toxicant and vehicle. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Hlth & Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Lipomics Inc, Sacramento, CA 95691 USA. RP Stanton, B (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Environm Contaminants Div, 2800 Cottage Way,W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. OI DeWitt, Jamie/0000-0002-0440-4059 NR 52 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 136 IS 1 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1016/j.cca.2003.08.002 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 728BE UT WOS:000185694700007 PM 14522600 ER PT J AU Boore, DM Akkar, S AF Boore, DM Akkar, S TI Effect of causal and acausal filters on elastic and inelastic response spectra SO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE inelastic displacement response; elastic displacement response; baseline correction; causal/acausal digital filters; non-linear response history; Hector Mine earthquake ID BASE-LINE CORRECTION; STRONG-MOTION DATA; 1999 HECTOR MINE; INCOMPATIBLE ACCELERATION; DISPLACEMENT HISTORIES; NEAR-FAULT; CHI-CHI; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; VELOCITY AB With increasing interest in displacement spectra and long-period motions, it is important to check the sensitivity of both elastic and inelastic response spectra to the filtering that is often necessary to remove long period artifacts, even from many modem digital recordings. Using two records of very different character from the M = 7.1, 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake, we find that the response spectra can be sensitive to the corner periods used in causal filtering, even for oscillator periods much less than the filter corner periods. The effect is most pronounced for inelastic response spectra, where the ratio of response spectra computed from accelerations filtered at 25 and 200 sec can be close to a factor of 2 for oscillator periods less than 5 sec. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0098-8847 J9 EARTHQUAKE ENG STRUC JI Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1729 EP 1748 DI 10.1002/eqe.299 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 714AG UT WOS:000184889700006 ER PT J AU Sullivan, AB Jager, HI Myers, R AF Sullivan, AB Jager, HI Myers, R TI Modeling white sturgeon movement in a reservoir: the effect of water quality and sturgeon density SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE white sturgeon; Acipenser transmontanus; spatially explicit model; reservoir water quality; movement model; diffusion; advection; density dependence ID SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT MODELS; ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; STRIPED BASS; COLUMBIA RIVER; LAKE STURGEON; HABITAT USE; TEMPERATURE; HYPOXIA; GROWTH AB We developed a movement model to examine the distribution and survival of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in a reservoir subject to large spatial and temporal variation in dissolved oxygen and temperature. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were simulated by a CE-QUAL-W2 model of Brownlee Reservoir, Idaho for a typical wet, normal, and dry hydrologic year. We compared current water quality conditions to scenarios with reduced nutrient inputs to the reservoir. White sturgeon habitat quality was modeled as a function of temperature, dissolved oxygen and, in some cases, suitability for foraging and depth. We assigned a quality index to each cell along the bottom of the reservoir. The model simulated two aspects of daily movement. Advective movement simulated the tendency for animals to move toward areas with high habitat quality, and diffusion simulated density dependent movement away from areas with high sturgeon density in areas with non-lethal habitat conditions. Mortality resulted when sturgeon were unable to leave areas with lethal temperature or dissolved oxygen conditions. Water quality was highest in winter and early spring and lowest in mid to late summer. Limiting nutrient inputs reduced the area of Brownlee Reservoir with lethal conditions for sturgeon and raised the average habitat suitability throughout the reservoir. Without movement, simulated white sturgeon survival ranged between 45 and 89%. Allowing movement raised the predicted survival of sturgeon under all conditions to above 90% as sturgeon avoided areas with low habitat quality. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Idaho Power Co, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Sullivan, AB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97201 USA. EM annett@usgs.gov OI Jager, Henriette/0000-0003-4253-533X NR 44 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 167 IS 1-2 BP 97 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00169-8 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 721PQ UT WOS:000185325100007 ER PT J AU Kristan, WB Boarman, WI AF Kristan, WB Boarman, WI TI Spatial pattern of risk of common raven predation on desert tortoises SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic resources; California; Common Raven; Corvus corax; desert tortoise; Gopherus agassizii; hyperpredation; Mojave Desert; prey decoy; spatial distribution of risk; spillover predation ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MOJAVE DESERT; PREY; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; LANDSCAPE; DIET AB Common Ravens (Corvus corax) in the Mojave Desert of California, USA are subsidized by anthropogenic resources. Large numbers of nonbreeding ravens are attracted to human developments and thus are spatially restricted, whereas breeding ravens are distributed more evenly throughout the area. We investigated whether the spatial distribution of risk of predation by ravens to juveniles of the threatened desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) was determined by the spatial distribution of (1) nonbreeding ravens at human developments (leading to "spillover" predation) or (2) breeding individuals throughout developed and undeveloped areas (leading to "hyperpredation"). Predation risk, measured using styrofoam models of juvenile desert tortoises, was high near places Attracting large numbers of nonbreeding ravens, near successful nests, and far from successful nests when large numbers of nonbreeding ravens were present. Patterns consistent with both "spillover" predation and "hyperpredation" were thug observed, attributed to the nonbreeding and breeding segments of the population, respectively. Furthermore, because locations of successful nests changed almost annually, consistent low-predation refugia for juvenile desert tortoises were nearly nonexistent. Consequently, anthropogenic resources for ravens could indirectly lead to the suppression, decline, or even extinction, of desert tortoise populations. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USGS BRD, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Kristan, WB (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 441141, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 42 TC 69 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 84 IS 9 BP 2432 EP 2443 DI 10.1890/02-0448 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 719VQ UT WOS:000185226100018 ER PT J AU Packer, C Holt, RD Hudson, PJ Lafferty, KD Dobson, AP AF Packer, C Holt, RD Hudson, PJ Lafferty, KD Dobson, AP TI Keeping the herds healthy and alert: implications of predator control for infectious disease SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE host-parasite; predator control; predator-prey ID PARASITE POPULATION INTERACTIONS; RED GROUSE; STABILITY; DYNAMICS AB Predator control programmes are generally implemented in an attempt to increase prey population sizes. However, predator removal could prove harmful to prey populations that are regulated primarily by parasitic infections rather than by predation. We develop models for microparasitic and macroparasitic infection that specify the conditions where predator removal will (a) increase the incidence of parasitic infection, (b) reduce the number of healthy individuals in the prey population and (c) decrease the overall size of the prey population. In general, predator removal is more likely to be harmful when the parasite is highly virulent, macroparasites are highly aggregated in their prey, hosts are long-lived and the predators select infected prey. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Stirling, Dept Biol & Mol Sci, Unit Wildlife Epidemiol, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, USGS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Holt, RD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 29 TC 191 Z9 198 U1 3 U2 74 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 6 IS 9 BP 797 EP 802 DI 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00500.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 717NG UT WOS:000185095600001 ER PT J AU Hofstra, AH John, DA Theodore, TG AF Hofstra, AH John, DA Theodore, TG TI A special issue devoted to gold deposits in northern Nevada: Part 2. Carlin-type deposits - Preface SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Editorial Material ID TWIN-CREEKS; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; MINING DISTRICT; MINERALIZATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOLOGY; TREND C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hofstra, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS-973,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 15 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 1063 EP 1067 DI 10.2113/98.6.1063 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724WE UT WOS:000185509000001 ER PT J AU Emsbo, P Hofstra, AH Lauha, EA Griffin, GL Hutchinson, RW AF Emsbo, P Hofstra, AH Lauha, EA Griffin, GL Hutchinson, RW TI Origin of high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid components, and genesis of the Meikle and neighboring Carlin-type deposits, northern Carlin trend, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; STABLE-ISOTOPE; JERRITT-CANYON; POST-BETZE; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOLOGY; SULFUR; MINERALIZATION; DISTRICT; SULFATE AB The Meikle mine exploits one of the world's highest grade Carlin-type gold deposits with reserves of ca. 220 t gold at an average grade of 24.7 g/t. Locally, gold grades exceed 400 g/t. Several geologic events converged at Meikle to create these spectacular gold grades. Prior to mineralization, a Devonian hydrothermal system altered the Bootstrap limestone to Fe-rich dolomite. Subsequently the rocks were brecciated by faulting and Late Jurassic intrusive activity. The resulting permeability focused flow of late Eocene Carlin-type ore fluids and allowed them to react with the Fe-rich dolomite. Fluid inclusion data and mineral assemblages indicate that these fluids were hot (ca. 220degreesC),of moderate salinity (<6 wt % NaCl equiv), acidic, and H2S rich. Goldrich pyrite formed by dissolution of dolomite and sulfidation of its contained Fe. Where dissolution and replacement were complete, ore-stage pyrite and other insoluble minerals were all that remained. Locally, these minerals accumulated as internal sediments in dissolution cavities to form ore with gold grades >400 g/t. Petrographic observations, geochemical data, and stable isotope results from the Meikle mine and other deposits at the Goldstrike mine place important constraints on genetic models for Meikle and other Carlin-type gold deposits on the northern Carlin trend. The ore fluids were meteoric water (deltaD = -135parts per thousand, delta(18)O = -5parts per thousand) that interacted with sedimentary rocks at a water/rock ratio of ca. 1. and temperatures of ca. 220degreesC. The absence of significant silicification suggests that there was little cooling of the ore fluids during mineralization. These two observations strongly suggest that ore fluids were not derived from deep sources but instead flowed parallel to isotherms. The gold was transported by H2S (delta(34)S = 9parts per thousand), which was derived from Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The presence of auriferous sedimentary exhalative mineralization in the local stratigraphic sequence raises the possibility that preexisting concentrations of gold contributed to the Carlin-type deposits. Taken together our observations suggest that meteoric water evolved to become an ore fluid by shallow circulation through previously gold- and sulfur-enriched rocks. Carlin-type gold deposits formed where these fluids encountered permeable, reactive Fe-rich rocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Barrick Goldstrike Mines Inc, Elko, NV 89801 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Emsbo, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS-973,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 97 TC 88 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 62 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 1069 EP 1105 DI 10.2113/98.6.1069 PG 37 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724WE UT WOS:000185509000002 ER PT J AU Yigit, O Nelson, EP Hitzman, MW Hofstra, AH AF Yigit, O Nelson, EP Hitzman, MW Hofstra, AH TI Structural controls on Carlin-type gold mineralization in the Gold Bar district, Eureka county, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID CONSTRAINTS; DEPOSITS; TREND; AGE AB The Gold Bar district in the southern Roberts Mountains, 48 kin northwest of Eureka, Nevada, contains one main deposit (Gold Bar), five satellite deposits, and other resources. Approximately 0.5 Moz of gold have been recovered from a resource of 1,639,000 oz of gold in Carlin-type gold deposits in lower plate, miogeoclinical carbonate rocks below the Roberts Mountains thrust. Host rocks are unit 2 of the Upper Member of the Devonian Denay Formation and the Bartine Member of the McColley Canyon Formation. Spatial and temporal relations between structures and gold mineralization indicate that both pre-Tertiary and Tertiary structures were important controls on gold mineralization. Gold mineralization occurs primarily along high-angle Tertiary normal faults, some of which are reactivated reverse faults of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age. Most de posits are localized at the intersection of northwest- and northeast-striking faults. Alteration includes decalcification, and to a lesser extent, silicification along high-angle faults. Jasperoid (pervasive silicification), which formed along most faults and in some strata-bound zones, accounts for a small portion of the ore in every deposit. in the Gold Canyon deposit, a high-grade jasperoid pipe formed along a Tertiary normal fault which was localized along a zone of overturned tau it-propagation folds and thrust faults of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Nelson, EP (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 1173 EP 1188 DI 10.2113/98.6.1173 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724WE UT WOS:000185509000006 ER PT J AU Tosdal, RM Cline, JS Fanning, CM Wooden, JL AF Tosdal, RM Cline, JS Fanning, CM Wooden, JL TI Lead in the Getchell-Turquoise Ridge Carlin-type gold deposits from the perspective of potential igneous and sedimentary rock sources in northern Nevada: Implications for fluid and metal sources SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; TWIN-CREEKS; GREAT-BASIN; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; EOCENE MAGMATISM; JERRITT-CANYON; BEAST DEPOSIT; IRON SULFIDES; POST-BETZE; TREND AB Lead isotope compositions of bulk mineral samples (fluorite, orpiment, and realgar) determined using conventional techniques and of ore-stage arsenian pyrite using the Sensitive High Resolution Ion-Microprobe (SHRIMP) in the Getchell and Turquoise Ridge Carlin-type gold deposits (Osgood Mountains) require contribution from two different Pb sources. One Pb source dominates the ore stage. It has a limited Pb isotope range characterized by Pb-208/Pb-206 values of 2.000 to 2.005 and Pb-207/Pb-206 values of 0.8031 to 0.8075, as recorded by 10-mum-diameter spot SHRIMP analyses of ore-stage arsenian pyrite. These values approximately correspond to Pb-206/Pb-204 of 19.3 to 19.6, Pb-207/Pb-204 of 15.65 to 15.75, and Pb-208/Pb-204 of 39.2 to 39.5. This Pb source is isotopically similar to that in average Neoproterozoic and Cambrian elastic rocks but not to any potential magmatic sources. Whether those elastic rocks provided Pb to the ore fluid cannot be unequivocally proven because their Pb isotope compositions over the same range as in ore-stage arsenian pyrite are similar to those of Ordovician to Devonian siliciclastic and calcareous rocks. The Pb source in the calcareous rocks most likely is largely detrital minerals, since that detritus was derived from the same sources as the detritus in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian elastic rocks. The second Pb source is characterized by a large range of Pb-206/Pb-204 values (18-34) with a limited range of Pb-208/Pb-204 values (38.1-39.5), indicating low but variable Th/U and high and variable U/Pb values. The second Pb source dominates late and postore-stage minerals but is also found in preore sulfide minerals. These Pb isotope characteristics typify Ordovician to Devonian siliciclastic and calcareous rocks around the Carlin trend in northeast Nevada. Petrologically similar rocks host the Getchell and Turquoise Ridge deposits. Lead from the second source was either contributed from the host sedimentary rock sequences or brought into the hydrothermal system by oxidized ground water as the system collapsed. Late ore- and postore-stage sulfide minerals (pyrite, orpiment, and stibnite) from the Betze-Post and Meikle deposits in the Carlin trend and from the Jerritt Canyon mining district have Pb isotope characteristics similar to those determined in Getchell and Turquoise Ridge. This observation suggests that the Pb isotope compositions of their ore fluids may be similar to those at Getchell and Turquoise Ridge. Two models can explain the Pb isotope compositions of the ore-stage arsenian pyrite versus the late ore or postore sulfide minerals. In either model, Pb from the Ordovician to Devonian siliciclastic and calcareous rock source enters the hydrothermal system late in the ore stage but not to any extent during the main stage of ore deposition. In one model, ore-stage Pb was derived from a source with Pb isotope compositions similar to those of the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian elastic sequence, transported as part of the ore fluid and then deposited in the ore-stage arsenian pyrite and fluorite. The second model is based on the observation that the Pb isotope characteristics of the ore-stage minerals also are found in some Ordovician to Devonian calcareous and siliciclastic rocks. Hence, ore-stage Pb could have been derived locally and simply concentrated during the ore stage. Critical to the second model is the removal of all high Pb-206/Pb-204 (>20) material during alteration. It also requires the retention of only the low Pb-206/Pb-204 component of the Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary rocks. This critical step is possible only if the high Pb-206/Pb-204 values are contained in readily dissolvable mineral phases, whereas the low Pb-206/Pb-204 values are found only in refractory minerals that released Pb during a final alteration stage just prior deposition of auriferous arsenian pyrite. Distinguishing between Pb transported with the ore fluid or inherited from the site of mineral deposition is not straightforward; however, it is simpler to explain the Pb isotope compositions of ore-stage arsenian pyrite and fluorite in two different but spatially related Carlin-type deposits (Getchell and Turquoise Ridge) with different host rocks by input of Pb with the ore fluid. Once the limited Pb in the hydrothermal fluid was exhausted by incorporation in ore-stage arsenian pyrite or other ore-stage minerals, Pb from the second source, the Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary rock sequences, became available for incorporation in some but not all of the late-stage sulfide minerals. C1 Univ British Columbia, Mineral Deposit Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89104 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Tosdal, RM (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Mineral Deposit Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 85 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 17 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 1189 EP 1211 DI 10.2113/98.6.1189 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724WE UT WOS:000185509000007 ER PT J AU Nutt, CJ Hofstra, AH AF Nutt, CJ Hofstra, AH TI Alligator ridge district, east-central Nevada: Carlin-type gold mineralization at shallow depths SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; OXYGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; TECTONOTHERMAL EVOLUTION; EOCENE MAGMATISM; NORTHEAST NEVADA; JERRITT-CANYON; STABLE-ISOTOPE; SNAKE RANGE; DEPOSITS AB Carlin-type deposits in the Alligator Ridge mining district are present sporadically for 40 kill along the north-striking Mooney Basin fault system but are restricted to a 250-m interval of Devonian to Mississippian strata. Their age is bracketed between silicified ca. 45 Ma sedimentary rocks and unaltered 36.5 to 34 Ma volcanic rocks. The silicification is linked to the deposits by its continuity with ore-grade silicification in Devonian-Mississippian strata and by its similar delta(18)O values (similar to17parts per thousand) and trace element signature (As, Sb, Tl, Hg). Eocene reconstruction indicates that the deposits formed at depths of less than or equal to 300 to 800 m. In comparison to most Carlin-type gold deposits, they have lower Au/Ag, An grades, and contained Au, more abundant jasperoid, and textural evidence for deposition of an amorphous silica precursor ill jasperoid. These differences most likely result from their shallow depth of formation. The peak fluid temperature (similar to230degreesC) and large delta(18)O(H2O) value shift from the meteroric water line (similar to20parts per thousand) suggest that ore fluids were derived from depths of 8 km or more. A magnetotelluric survey indicates that the Mooney Basin fault system penetrates to mid-crustal depths. Deep circulation of meteoric water along the Mooney Basin fault system may have been in response to initial uplift of the East Humboldt-Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex; convection also may have been promoted by increased heat flow associated with large magnitude extension ill the core complex and regional magmatism. Ore fluids ascended along the fault system until they encountered impermeable Devonian and Mississippian shales, at which point they moved laterally through permeable strata in the Devonian Guilmette Formation, Devonian-Mississippian Pilot Shale, Mississippian Joana Limestone, and Mississippian Chainman Shale toward erosional windows where they ascended into Eocene fluvial conglomerates and lake sediments. Most gold precipitated by sulfidation of host-rock Fe and mixing with local groundwater in zones of lateral fluid flow ill reactive strata, such as the Lower Devonian-Mississippian Pilot Shale. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Nutt, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 905,POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 77 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 9 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 1225 EP 1241 DI 10.2113/98.6.1225 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724WE UT WOS:000185509000009 ER PT J AU Emsbo, P Hofstra, AH AF Emsbo, P Hofstra, AH TI Origin and significance of postore dissolution collapse breccias cemented with calcite and barite at the Meikle gold deposit, northern Carlin trend, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; MAGMATISM; GEOLOGY; CANYON AB The final event in a complicated hydrothermal history at the Meikle gold deposit was gold deficient but caused extensive postore dissolution 4 carbonate, collapse brecciation, and precipitation of calcite and barite crystals in the resulting cavities. Although previously interpreted to be part of the Carlin-type hydrothermal system, crosscutting relationships and U-Th-Pb geochronology constrain this hydrothermal event to late Pliocene time (ca. 2 Ma), nearly 36 Ma after ore formation. Mineralogic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope data indicate that postore hydrothermal fluids were reduced, H2S-rich, unevolved meteoric waters (delta(18)O = -17parts per thousand) of low temperature (ca. 65degreesC). The delta(18)O values of barite and calcite indicate that these minerals were in isotopic equilibrium, requiring that barite SO, was derived from the oxidation of reduced sulfur; however, preexisting sulfides in breccia cavities were not oxidized. The delta(34)S (15parts per thousand) values of barite are higher than those of local bulk sulfide and supergene alunite indicating that SO4 was not derived from supergene oxidation of local sulfide minerals. The 15 per mil delta(34)S value suggests that the H,S in the fluids may have been leached from sulfur-rich organic matter in the local carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. A reduced H,S-rich fluid is also supported by the bright cathodoluminescence of calcite which indicates that it is Mn rich and Fe poor. Calcite has a narrow range of delta(13)C values (0.3-1.8parts per thousand) that are indistinguishable from those of the host Bootstrap limestone, indicating that CO, in the fluid was from dissolution of the local limestone. These data suggest that dissolution and brecciation of the Bootstrap limestone occurred where H,S-rich fluids encountered more oxidizing fluids and formed sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Intense fracturing in the mine area by previous structural and hydrothermal events probably provided conduits for the descent of oxidized surface water which mixed with the underlying H2S-rich waters to form the dissolving acid. The surface-derived fluid apparently contained sufficient oxygen to produce H2SO4 from H2S but not enough to alter pyrite to Fe oxide. Although H2S is an important gold-transporting ligand, the temperature was too low to transport a significant amount of gold. The presence of analogous calcite- and barite-lined cavities in other Carlin-type deposits suggests that the generation (and oxidation) of H2S-rich meteoric waters was a common phenomenon in north-central Nevada. Previous sulfur isotope studies have also shown that the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks were the principal source of H2S in Devonian sedimentary exhalative-type, Jurassic intrusion-related, Eocene Carlin-type, and Miocene low-sulfidation gold deposits in the region. The similar sulfur source in all of these systems suggests that basin brines, magmatic fluids, and meteoric waters all evolved to be H2S-rich ore fluids by circulation through Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Thus, although not directly related to gold mineralization, the recent hydrologic history of the deposit provides important clues to earlier ore-forming processes that were responsible for gold mineralization. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Emsbo, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 22 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 6 BP 1243 EP 1252 DI 10.2113/98.6.1243 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724WE UT WOS:000185509000010 ER PT J AU Hanson, BA Euliss, NH Mushet, DM Chordas, SW AF Hanson, BA Euliss, NH Mushet, DM Chordas, SW TI First record of Dasycorixa rawsoni (Hemiptera : Corixidae) in the United States SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; WETLANDS; CLIMATE C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Ohio State Univ, Museum Biol Divers, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. RP Hanson, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM bruce_hanson@usgs.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 114 IS 4 BP 235 EP 236 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 849LV UT WOS:000223541000011 ER PT J AU Driscoll, C Whitall, D Aber, J Boyer, E Castro, M Cronan, C Goodale, C Groffman, P Hopkinson, C Lambert, K Lawrence, G Ollinger, S AF Driscoll, C Whitall, D Aber, J Boyer, E Castro, M Cronan, C Goodale, C Groffman, P Hopkinson, C Lambert, K Lawrence, G Ollinger, S TI Nitrogen pollution: Sources and consequences in the US northeast SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; RED SPRUCE; ACID-RAIN; DEPOSITION; WATERSHEDS; INPUTS; MODEL C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring Assessment, Silver Spring, MD USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Forest & Nat Resource Management, Syracuse, NY USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Ctr Ecosyst, Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Troy, NY USA. RP Driscoll, C (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013; OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 22 TC 4 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 26 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD SEP PY 2003 VL 45 IS 7 BP 8 EP + PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 712NH UT WOS:000184803400002 ER EF