FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Graves, RW Aagaard, BT Hudnut, KW Star, LM Stewart, JP Jordan, TH AF Graves, Robert W. Aagaard, Brad T. Hudnut, Kenneth W. Star, Lisa M. Stewart, Jonathan P. Jordan, Thomas H. TI Broadband simulations for M(w) 7.8 southern San Andreas earthquakes: Ground motion sensitivity to rupture speed SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WAVE-PROPAGATION; FAULT; MODEL AB Using the high-performance computing resources of the Southern California Earthquake Center, we simulate broadband (0-10 Hz) ground motions for three M(w) 7.8 rupture scenarios of the southern San Andreas fault. The scenarios incorporate a kinematic rupture description with the average rupture speed along the large slip portions of the fault set at 0.96, 0.89, and 0.84 times the local shear wave velocity. Consistent with previous simulations, a southern hypocenter efficiently channels energy into the Los Angeles region along the string of basins south of the San Gabriel Mountains. However, we find the basin ground motion levels are quite sensitive to the prescribed rupture speed, with peak ground velocities at some sites varying by over a factor of two for variations in average rupture speed of about 15%. These results have important implications for estimating seismic hazards in Southern California and emphasize the need for improved understanding of earthquake rupture processes. Citation: Graves, R. W., B. T. Aagaard, K. W. Hudnut, L. M. Star, J. P. Stewart, and T. H. Jordan (2008), Broadband simulations for M(w) 7.8 southern San Andreas earthquakes: Ground motion sensitivity to rupture speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22302, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035750. C1 [Graves, Robert W.] URS Corp, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. [Aagaard, Brad T.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Hudnut, Kenneth W.] USGS, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Jordan, Thomas H.] Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Star, Lisa M.; Stewart, Jonathan P.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Graves, RW (reprint author), URS Corp, 566 El Dorado St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM robert_graves@urscorp.com RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010; Graves, Robert/B-2401-2013; OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Aagaard, Brad/0000-0002-8795-9833 FU SCEC [EAR-0623704, OCI-0749313]; USGS; SCEC CME FX We thank members of the SCEC CME collaboration for their efforts on the ShakeOut simulation project. We appreciate the constructive comments by Art Frankel, Paul Spudich and two anonymous reviewers. Funding for this work was provided by SCEC under NSF grants EAR-0623704 and OCI-0749313 and by the USGS. The large-scale simulations were run at USC's Center for High Performance Computing and Communications (http://www.usc.edu/hpcc) under an agreement with the SCEC CME project. This is SCEC contribution 1238. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 20 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 22 AR L22302 DI 10.1029/2008GL035750 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 375WB UT WOS:000261143400004 ER PT J AU Hager, SA Gerlach, TM Wallace, PJ AF Hager, S. A. Gerlach, T. M. Wallace, P. J. TI Summit CO2 emission rates by the CO2/SO2 ratio method at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, during a period of sustained inflation SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CO2 degassing; volcanic monitoring; Kilauea Volcano; magma degassing ID DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; CALIFORNIA; SULFUR AB The emission rate of carbon dioxide escaping from the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, proved highly variable, averaging 4900 +/- 2000 metric tons per day (t/d) in June-July 2003 during a period of summit inflation. These results were obtained by combining over 90 measurements of COSPEC-derived SO2 emission rates with synchronous CO2/SO2 ratios of the volcanic gas plume along the summit COSPEC traverse. The results are lower than the CO2 emission rate of 8500 +/- 300 t/d measured by the same method in 1995-1999 during a period of long-term summit deflation [Gerlach, T.M., McGee, K.A., Elias, T., Sutton, A.J. and Doukas, M.P., 2002. Carbon dioxide emission rate of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for primary magma and the summit reservoir. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 107(B9): art. no.-2189.]. Analysis of the data indicates that the emission rates of the present study likely reflect changes in the magma supply rate and residence time in the summit reservoir. It is also likely that emission rates during the inflation period were heavily influenced by SO2 pulses emitted adjacent to the COSPEC traverse. which biased CO2/SO2 ratios towards low values that may be unrepresentative of the global summit gas plume. We conclude that the SO2 pulses are consequences of summit re-inflation under way since 2003 and that CO2 emission rates remain comparable to, but more variable than, those measured prior to re-inflation. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Hager, S. A.; Wallace, P. J.] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97405 USA. [Gerlach, T. M.] US Geol Survey, Cascade Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Hager, SA (reprint author), Yellowstone Ecol Res Ctr, 2048 Anal Dr,Suite B, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. EM hager@yellowstoneresearch.org FU USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory FX We thank Tamar Elias and Jeff Sutton for their assistance with instrumentation and data reduction procedures, thoughtful discussions, and insights that greatly benefited this research. We are grateful to Mike Lisowski and Asta Miklius for guidance in accessing and using GPS data for stations best positioned to show summit deflation and reinflation at Kilauea over a time interval relevant to this study. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestions greatly improved this manuscript. Funding for field work was provided by the Jack Kleinman Internship program at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV 20 PY 2008 VL 177 IS 4 SI SI BP 875 EP 882 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.033 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 384GH UT WOS:000261732800012 ER PT J AU Gu, YX Hunt, E Wardlow, B Basara, JB Brown, JF Verdin, JP AF Gu, Yingxin Hunt, Eric Wardlow, Brian Basara, Jeffrey B. Brown, Jesslyn F. Verdin, James P. TI Evaluation of MODIS NDVI and NDWI for vegetation drought monitoring using Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX; UNITED-STATES; SOYBEANS; NETWORK; CORN AB The evaluation of the relationship between satellite-derived vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference water index) and soil moisture improves our understanding of how these indices respond to soil moisture fluctuations. Soil moisture deficits are ultimately tied to drought stress on plants. The diverse terrain and climate of Oklahoma, the extensive soil moisture network of the Oklahoma Mesonet, and satellite-derived indices from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provided an opportunity to study correlations between soil moisture and vegetation indices over the 2002-2006 growing seasons. Results showed that the correlation between both indices and the fractional water index (FWI) was highly dependent on land cover heterogeneity and soil type. Sites surrounded by relatively homogeneous vegetation cover with silt loam soils had the highest correlation between the FWI and both vegetation-related indices (r similar to 0.73), while sites with heterogeneous vegetation cover and loam soils had the lowest correlation (r similar to 0.22). Citation: Gu, Y., E. Hunt, B. Wardlow, J. B. Basara, J. F. Brown, and J. P. Verdin (2008), Evaluation of MODIS NDVI and NDWI for vegetation drought monitoring using Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22401, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035772. C1 [Gu, Yingxin] USGS, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, ASRC Res & Technol Solut, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Hunt, Eric; Wardlow, Brian] Univ Nebraska, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Basara, Jeffrey B.] Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Climatol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gu, YX (reprint author), USGS, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, ASRC Res & Technol Solut, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM ygu@usgs.gov RI Brown, Jesslyn/C-9888-2010; Basara, Jeffrey/A-4907-2008; OI Basara, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2096-6844; Brown, Jesslyn/0000-0002-9976-1998; Gu, Yingxin/0000-0002-3544-1856 FU NSF-EPSCOR [EPS9550478]; NSF MRI [ATM-9724594]; State of Oklahoma; USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; USGS [08HQCN0007] FX The installation of the Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture network was due, in part, to an NSF-EPSCOR grant (Project EPS9550478) and an NSF MRI grant (ATM-9724594). Continued funding for maintenance of the network is provided by the taxpayers of the State of Oklahoma. The authors thank Bruce Wylie, Gabriel Senay, and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. ASRC Research and Technology Solutions is a contractor to USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Work was performed under USGS contract 08HQCN0007. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 6 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 18 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 22 AR L22401 DI 10.1029/2008GL035772 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 375VY UT WOS:000261143100007 ER PT J AU Grant, JA Wilson, SA Cohen, BA Golombek, MP Geissler, PE Sullivan, RJ Kirk, RL Parker, TJ AF Grant, John A. Wilson, Sharon A. Cohen, Barbara A. Golombek, Matthew P. Geissler, Paul E. Sullivan, Robert J. Kirk, Randolph L. Parker, Timothy J. TI Degradation of Victoria crater, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID IMPACT CRATERS; MERIDIANI-PLANUM; EJECTA EMPLACEMENT; LANDING SITE; DEPOSITS; SOILS AB The similar to 750 m diameter and similar to 75 m deep Victoria crater in Meridiani Planum, Mars, is a degraded primary impact structure retaining a similar to 5 m raised rim consisting of 1-2 m of uplifted rocks overlain by similar to 3 m of ejecta at the rim crest. The rim is 120-220 m wide and is surrounded by a dark annulus reaching an average of 590 m beyond the raised rim. Comparison between observed morphology and that expected for pristine craters 500-750 m across indicates that the original, pristine crater was close to 600 m in diameter. Hence, the crater has been erosionally widened by similar to 150 m and infilled by similar to 50 m of sediments. Eolian processes are responsible for most crater modification, but lesser mass wasting or gully activity contributions cannot be ruled out. Erosion by prevailing winds is most significant along the exposed rim and upper walls and accounts for similar to 50 m widening across a WNW-ESE diameter. The volume of material eroded from the crater walls and rim is similar to 20% less than the volume of sediments partially filling the crater, indicating eolian infilling from sources outside the crater over time. The annulus formed when similar to 1 m deflation of the ejecta created a lag of more resistant hematite spherules that trapped < 10-20 cm of darker, regional basaltic sands. Greater relief along the rim enabled meters of erosion. Comparison between Victoria and regional craters leads to definition of a crater degradation sequence dominated by eolian erosion and infilling over time. C1 [Grant, John A.; Wilson, Sharon A.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [Cohen, Barbara A.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Golombek, Matthew P.; Parker, Timothy J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Geissler, Paul E.; Kirk, Randolph L.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Sullivan, Robert J.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Grant, JA (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM grantj@si.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors heartily thank the MER project for their expertise in the design and operation of such capable rovers. Constructive reviews by Jim Rice and Brad Thomson helped to improve the paper. The work described herein was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 49 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 18 PY 2008 VL 113 IS E11 AR E11010 DI 10.1029/2008JE003155 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 375XE UT WOS:000261146300001 ER PT J AU Mellon, MT Boynton, WV Feldman, WC Arvidson, RE Titus, TN Bandfield, JL Putzig, NE Sizemore, HG AF Mellon, Michael T. Boynton, William V. Feldman, William C. Arvidson, Raymond E. Titus, Timothy N. Bandfield, Joshua L. Putzig, Nathaniel E. Sizemore, Hanna G. TI A prelanding assessment of the ice table depth and ground ice characteristics in Martian permafrost at the Phoenix landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; MARS-ODYSSEY; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; NEAR-SURFACE; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; SUBSURFACE ICE; WATER-VAPOR; STABILITY; HETEROGENEITY; DEPOSITS AB We review multiple estimates of the ice table depth at potential Phoenix landing sites and consider the possible state and distribution of subsurface ice. A two-layer model of ice-rich material overlain by ice-free material is consistent with both the observational and theoretical lines of evidence. Results indicate ground ice to be shallow and ubiquitous, 2-6 cm below the surface. Undulations in the ice table depth are expected because of the thermodynamic effects of rocks, slopes, and soil variations on the scale of the Phoenix Lander and within the digging area, which can be advantageous for analysis of both dry surficial soils and buried ice-rich materials. The ground ice at the ice table to be sampled by the Phoenix Lander is expected to be geologically young because of recent climate oscillations. However, estimates of the ratio of soil to ice in the ice-rich subsurface layer suggest that that the ice content exceeds the available pore space, which is difficult to reconcile with existing ground ice stability and dynamics models. These high concentrations of ice may be the result of either the burial of surface snow during times of higher obliquity, initially high-porosity soils, or the migration of water along thin films. Measurement of the D/H ratio within the ice at the ice table and of the soil-to-ice ratio, as well as imaging ice-soil textures, will help determine if the ice is indeed young and if the models of the effects of climate change on the ground ice are reasonable. C1 [Mellon, Michael T.; Sizemore, Hanna G.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Arvidson, Raymond E.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Bandfield, Joshua L.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Phoenix, AZ 85287 USA. [Boynton, William V.] Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Feldman, William C.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Putzig, Nathaniel E.] SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Titus, Timothy N.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Sizemore, Hanna G.] Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Mellon, MT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM michael.mellon@lasp.colorado.edu RI Mellon, Michael/C-3456-2016 FU NASA's [NNG04GH46G] FX The authors would like to thank Chris McKay for comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. This work was supported in part by NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics program through grant NNG04GH46G. NR 83 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 18 PY 2008 VL 113 AR E00A25 DI 10.1029/2007JE003067 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 375XC UT WOS:000261146100001 ER PT J AU Guildford, SJ Muir, DCG Houde, M Evans, MS Kidd, KA Whittle, DM Drouillard, K Wang, X Anderson, MR Bronte, CR Devault, DS Haffner, D Payne, J Kling, HJ AF Guildford, S. J. Muir, D. C. G. Houde, M. Evans, M. S. Kidd, K. A. Whittle, D. M. Drouillard, K. Wang, X. Anderson, M. R. Bronte, C. R. Devault, D. S. Haffner, D. Payne, J. Kling, H. J. TI PCB Concentrations in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) Are Correlated to Habitat Use and Lake Characteristics SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; SUPERIOR; BIOMAGNIFICATION; POLLUTANTS; ONTARIO; MODELS AB This study considers the importance of lake trout habitat as a factor determining persistent organochlorine (OC) concentration. Lake trout is a stenothermal, cold water species and sensitive to hypoxia. Thus, factors such as lake depth, thermal stratification, and phosphorus enrichment may determine not only which lakes can support lake trout but may also influence among-lake variability in lake trout population characteristics including bioaccumulation of OCs. A survey of 23 lakes spanning much of the natural latitudinal distribution of lake trout provided a range of lake trout habitat to test the hypothesis that lake trout with greater access to littoral habitat for feeding will have lower concentrations of OCs than lake trout that are more restricted to pelagic habitat. Using the delta(13)C stable isotope signature in lake trout as an indicator of influence of benthic littoral feeding, we found a negative correlation between lipid-corrected delta(13)C and Sigma PCB concentrations supporting the hypothesis that increasing access to littoral habitat results in lower OCs in lake trout. The prominence of mixotrophic phytoplankton in lakes with more contaminated lake trout indicated the pelagic microbial food web may exacerbate the biomagnification of OCs when lake trout are restricted to pelagic feeding. A model that predicted Sigma PCB in lake trout based on lake area and latitude (used as proximate variables for proportion of littoral versus pelagic habitat and accessibility to littoral habitat respectively) explained 73% of the variability in Sigma PCBs in lake trout in the 23 lakes surveyed. C1 [Guildford, S. J.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Muir, D. C. G.; Wang, X.] Environm Canada, Water Sci & Technol Directorate, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. [Houde, M.] Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Anderson, M. R.; Payne, J.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. [Drouillard, K.; Haffner, D.] Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. [Anderson, M. R.; Payne, J.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, St John, NF A1C 5X1, Canada. [Evans, M. S.] Water Sci & Technol Directorate Environm Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. [Devault, D. S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Natl Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. [Devault, D. S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ft Senlling, MN 55111 USA. [Kidd, K. A.] Univ New Brunswick, Canadian Rivers Inst, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. [Kidd, K. A.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. [Kling, H. J.] Algal Taxon & Ecol Inc, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2X8, Canada. RP Guildford, SJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, 2205 5th St, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. OI Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776; Kidd, Karen/0000-0002-5619-1358 FU Canadian Toxic Substances Research Initiative and Environment Canada Great Lakes Funding; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 Fisheries Program [P2008-3] FX The authors thank the Saskatchewan Departments of Environment and Resource Management and Fisheries, Alberta Environment, and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources for help with fish collections. We also thank M. Keir (DFO, Burlington, now with Environment Canada, Burlington, ON), A. Somerville (DFO, Burlington), J. Keating (Environment Canada, Saskatoon) and S. Kidd for collecting and processing samples, R. Lazar (GLIER Analytical Laboratory, University of Windsor) for analyzing the samples for PCB/OCPs, and L. Wassenaar and G. Kohler (Environment Canada, Saskatoon) for the stable isotope determinations. This research was supported by the Canadian Toxic Substances Research Initiative and Environment Canada Great Lakes Funding. This is contribution P2008-3 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 Fisheries Program. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 22 BP 8239 EP 8244 DI 10.1021/es801218m PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372SF UT WOS:000260921400013 PM 19068800 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Yoshinari, T AF Smith, Richard L. Yoshinari, Tadashi TI Occurrence and Turnover of Nitric Oxide in a Nitrogen-impacted Sand and Gravel Aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC; N2O EMISSIONS; UNITED-STATES; TRACE GASES; WASTE-WATER; DENITRIFICATION; SOIL; NITRATE; NITRIFICATION; NO AB Little is known about nitric oxide (NO) production or consumption in the subsurface, an environment which may be conducive to NO accumulation. A study conducted in a nitrogen-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts assessed the occurrence and turnover of NO within a contaminant plume in which nitrification and denitrification were known to occur. NO (up to 8.6 nM)was detected in restricted vertical zones located within a nitrate (NO3-) gradient and characterized by low dissolved oxygen (< 10 mu M). NO concentrations correlated best with nitrite (NO2-) (up to 35 mu M), but nitrous oxide (N2O) (UP to 1 mu M) also was present. Single-well injection tests were used to determine NO production and consumption in situ within these zones. First-order rate constants for NO consumption were similar (0.05-0.08 h(-1)) at high and low (260 and 10 nM) NO concentrations, suggesting a turnover time at in situ concentrations of 10-20 h. Tracer tests with N-15[NO] demonstrated that oxidation to N-15[NO2-] occurred only during the initial stages, but after 4h reduction to N-15[N2O] was the primary reaction product Added NO2- (31 mu M) or NO3- (53 mu M) resulted in a linear NO accumulation at 2.4 and 1.0 nM h(-1) for the first 6 h of in situ tests. These results suggest that NO was primarily produced by denitrification within this aquifer. C1 [Smith, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Yoshinari, Tadashi] New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM rlsmith@usgs.gov RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125 FU U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology and National Research Programs FX We thank Denis LeBlanc, coordinator of the Cape Cod site, and Deborah Repert and Charles Hart for field and technical assistance. Special thanks to J. K. Bohlke for providing the nitrite isotope analyses. We also thank Peter McMahon and Kimberly Wickland for manuscript reviews. This study was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology and National Research Programs. Use of trade or product names in this paper is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 22 BP 8245 EP 8251 DI 10.1021/es801290v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372SF UT WOS:000260921400014 PM 19068801 ER PT J AU Takesue, RK Bacon, CR Thompson, JK AF Takesue, Renee K. Bacon, Charles R. Thompson, Janet K. TI Influences of organic matter and calcification rate on trace elements in aragonitic estuarine bivalve shells SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CLAM POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; STRUCTURE XANES SPECTROSCOPY; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; MOLLUSK SHELLS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; REMARKABLE INVASION; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROLS; PECTEN-MAXIMUS AB A suite of elements (B, Na, Mg, S, K, Ca, V, Mn, Cr, Sr, and Ba) was measured in aragonitic shells of the estuarine bivalve Corbula amurensis, the Asian clam, using the Sensitive High-Resolution Ion MicroProbe with Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP RG). Our initial intent was to explore potential geochemical proxy relationships between shell chemistry and salinity (freshwater inflow) in northern San Francisco Bay (SFB). In the course of this study we observed variations in shell trace element to calcium ([M]/Ca) ratios that could only be attributed to internal biological processes. This paper discusses the nature and sources of internal trace element variability in C amurensis shells related to the shell organic fraction and shell calcification rates. The average organic content of whole C. amurensis shells is 19%. After treating whole powdered shells with an oxidative cleaning procedure to remove organic matter, shells contained on average 33% less total Mg and 78% less total Mn. Within our analytical uncertainty, Sr and Ba contents were unchanged by the removal of organic matter. These results show that aragonitic C amurensis shells have a large component of non-lattice-bound Mg and Mn that probably contribute to the dissimilarity of [M]/Ca profiles among five same-sized shells. Non-lattice-bound trace elements could complicate the development and application of geochemical proxy relationships in bivalve shells. Because B, Ba and Sr occur exclusively in shell aragonite, they are good candidates for external proxy relationships. [M]/Ca ratios were significantly different in prismatic and nacreous aragonite and in two valves of the same shell that had different crystal growth rates. Some part of these differences can be attributed to non-lattice-bound trace elements associated with the organic fraction. The differences in [M]/Ca ratios were also consistent with the calcification rate-dependent ion transport model developed by Carre et al. [Carre M., Bentaleb I., Bruguier O., Ordinola E., Barrett N. T. and Fontugne M. (2006) Calcification rate influence on trace element concentrations in aragonitic bivalve shells: evidences and mechanisms. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 4906-4920] which predicts that [M]/Ca ratios increase as calcification rates increase and Ca(2+) channel specificity decreases. This result, in combination with the possibility that there were ontogenetic variations in growth rates among individuals younger than 2 years, underscores the need to develop an independent age model for C amurensis shells. If growth-rate effects on lattice-bound [M]/Ca ratios can be constrained, it may yet be possible to develop high-resolution geochemical proxies for external solution chemistry in low-salinity regions of SFB. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Takesue, Renee K.] USGS Coastal & Marine Geol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Bacon, Charles R.; Thompson, Janet K.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Takesue, RK (reprint author), USGS Coastal & Marine Geol, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM rtakesue@usgs.gov NR 91 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 72 IS 22 BP 5431 EP 5445 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.003 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 367PB UT WOS:000260562900007 ER PT J AU Cheung, WH Senay, GB Singh, A AF Cheung, Wing H. Senay, Gabriel B. Singh, Ashbindu TI Trends and spatial distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ethiopia; climate; trend analysis; hydrology; precipitation; rainfall distribution AB As a country whose economy is heavily dependent on low-productivity rainfed agriculture, rainfall trends are often cited as one of the more important factors in explaining various socio-economic problems such as food insecurity. Therefore, in order to help policyrnakers and developers make more informed decisions, this study investigated the temporal dynamics of rainfall and its spatial distribution within Ethiopia. Changes in rainfall were examined using data from 134 stations in 13 watersheds between 1960 and 2002. The variability and trends in seasonal and annual rainfall were analysed at the watershed scale with data (1) from all available years, and (2) excluding years that lacked observations front at least 25% of the gauges. Similar analyses were also performed at the gauge, regional, and national levels. By regressing annual watershed rainfall on time, results from the one-sample t-test show no significant changes in rainfall for any of the watersheds examined. However, in our regressions of seasonal rainfall averages against time, we found a significant decline in June to September rainfall (i.e. Kiremt) for the Baro-Akobo, Omo-Ghibe, Rift Valley, and Southern Blue Nile watersheds located in the southwestern and central parts of Ethiopia. While the gauge level analysis showed that certain gauge stations experienced recent changes in rainfall, these trends are not necessarily reflected at the watershed or regional levels. Copyright (c) 2008 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Senay, Gabriel B.] USGS, Ctr Earth Res Observat & Sci, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Cheung, Wing H.; Singh, Ashbindu] UNEP, Div Early Warning & Assessment North America, Natl Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Senay, GB (reprint author), USGS, Ctr Earth Res Observat & Sci, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD USA. EM senay@usgs.gov FU UNEP/DEWA, South Dakota State University-Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE); US Geological Survey/Earth Resources Observation and Science (USGS/EROS) FX This study was carried out with the generous technical and financial support provided by the UNEP/DEWA, South Dakota State University-Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), and US Geological Survey/Earth Resources Observation and Science (USGS/EROS). The Ethiopian NMA is acknowledged for providing most of the dekadal rainfall information for the study. The support and suggestions provided by Seyoum Asamenaw, Henok Alemu, Norman Bliss, Carol Deering, Arvind Pasula, Smita Shrivastav, and other members of USGS EROS as well as UNEP/DEWA are also gratefully recognized. NR 26 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 28 IS 13 BP 1723 EP 1734 DI 10.1002/joc.1623 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 373WE UT WOS:000261003400003 ER PT J AU Fan, ZS Neff, JC Harden, JW Wickland, KP AF Fan, Zhaosheng Neff, Jason C. Harden, Jennifer W. Wickland, Kimberly P. TI Boreal soil carbon dynamics under a changing climate: A model inversion approach SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONSTRAINED EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; BLACK SPRUCE FORESTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; INTERIOR ALASKA; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; STOCHASTIC RANKING; THERMAL DYNAMICS; LATITUDE SOILS; PERMAFROST AB Several fundamental but important factors controlling the feedback of boreal organic carbon (OC) to climate change were examined using a mechanistic model of soil OC dynamics, including the combined effects of temperature and moisture on the decomposition of OC and the factors controlling carbon quality and decomposition with depth. To estimate decomposition rates and evaluate their variations with depth, the model was inverted using a global optimization algorithm. Three sites with different drainage conditions that represent a broad diversity of boreal black spruce ecosystems were modeled. The comparison among the models with different depth patterns of decomposition rates (i.e., constant, linear, and exponential decrease) revealed that the model with constant inherent decomposition rates through the soil profile was able to fit the observed data in the most efficient way. There were also lower turnover times in the wettest site compared to the drier site even after accounting for moisture and temperature differences. Taken together, these results indicate that decomposition (especially for the wetter site) was not accurately represented with standard moisture and temperature controls and that other important protection mechanisms (e. g., limitation of O-2, redox conditions, and permafrost) rather than low inherent decomposition rates are responsible for the recalcitrance of deep OC. The simulation results also showed that most of the soil CO2 efflux is generated from subsurface layers of OC because of the large OC stocks and optimal moisture conditions, suggesting that these deeper soil OC stocks are likely to be critically important to the future carbon dynamics. C1 [Fan, Zhaosheng; Neff, Jason C.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Harden, Jennifer W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Wickland, Kimberly P.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fan, ZS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Campus Box 399,2200 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM fanz@colorado.edu RI Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; OI NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472; Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590 FU DOE-NICCR [MPC 35UT- 01]; USGS/ University of Alaska at Fairbanks (UAF); National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This research was based upon work supported by DOE-NICCR (MPC 35UT- 01). Also, the authors greatly appreciate the helpful comments from A. D. McGuire (USGS/ University of Alaska at Fairbanks (UAF)), Shuhua Yi (UAF), and two anonymous reviewers. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 84 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-8953 EI 2169-8961 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 113 IS G4 AR G04016 DI 10.1029/2008JG000723 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 373TC UT WOS:000260995000001 ER PT J AU Kirk, RL Howington-Kraus, E Rosiek, MR Anderson, JA Archinal, BA Becker, KJ Cook, DA Galuszka, DM Geissler, PE Hare, TM Holmberg, IM Keszthelyi, LP Redding, BL Delamere, WA Gallagher, D Chapel, JD Eliason, EM King, R McEwen, AS AF Kirk, R. L. Howington-Kraus, E. Rosiek, M. R. Anderson, J. A. Archinal, B. A. Becker, K. J. Cook, D. A. Galuszka, D. M. Geissler, P. E. Hare, T. M. Holmberg, I. M. Keszthelyi, L. P. Redding, B. L. Delamere, W. A. Gallagher, D. Chapel, J. D. Eliason, E. M. King, R. McEwen, A. S. TI Ultrahigh resolution topographic mapping of Mars with MRO HiRISE stereo images: Meter-scale slopes of candidate Phoenix landing sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article AB The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to report our estimates of the meter-to-decameter-scale topography and slopes of candidate landing sites for the Phoenix mission, based on analysis of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images with a typical pixel scale of 3 m and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images at 0.3 m pixel(-1) and, second, to document in detail the geometric calibration, software, and procedures on which the photogrammetric analysis of HiRISE data is based. A combination of optical design modeling, laboratory observations, star images, and Mars images form the basis for software in the U. S. Geological Survey Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) 3 system that corrects the images for a variety of distortions with single-pixel or subpixel accuracy. Corrected images are analyzed in the commercial photogrammetric software SOCET SET ((R) BAE Systems), yielding digital topographic models (DTMs) with a grid spacing of 1 m (3-4 pixels) that require minimal interactive editing. Photoclinometry yields DTMs with single-pixel grid spacing. Slopes from MOC and HiRISE are comparable throughout the latitude zone of interest and compare favorably with those where past missions have landed successfully; only the Mars Exploration Rover ( MER) B site in Meridiani Planum is smoother. MOC results at multiple locations have root-mean-square (RMS) bidirectional slopes of 0.8-4.5 degrees at baselines of 3-10 m. HiRISE stereopairs ( one per final candidate site and one in the former site) yield 1.8-2.8 degrees slopes at 1-m baseline. Slopes at 1 m from photoclinometry are also in the range 2-3 degrees after correction for image blur. Slopes exceeding the 16 degrees Phoenix safety limit are extremely rare. C1 [Kirk, R. L.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Rosiek, M. R.; Anderson, J. A.; Archinal, B. A.; Becker, K. J.; Cook, D. A.; Galuszka, D. M.; Geissler, P. E.; Hare, T. M.; Holmberg, I. M.; Keszthelyi, L. P.; Redding, B. L.] US Geol Survey, Astron Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Delamere, W. A.] Delamere Support Serv, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. [Gallagher, D.] CDM Opt, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Chapel, J. D.] Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Denver, CO 80125 USA. [Eliason, E. M.; King, R.; McEwen, A. S.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Kirk, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astron Program, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM rkirk@usgs.gov OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X FU NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission; NASA Mars Critical Data Products program FX The work reported here was supported by funding from the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission and the NASA Mars Critical Data Products program. We thank Matthew Golombek, Thomas Duxbury, and Kenneth Herkenhoff for their constructive reviews of this manuscript. NR 59 TC 124 Z9 125 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 113 AR E00A24 DI 10.1029/2007JE003000 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 373TK UT WOS:000260996200001 ER PT J AU Ricca, MA Miles, AK Anthony, RG AF Ricca, Mark A. Miles, A. Keith Anthony, Robert G. TI Sources of organochlorine contaminants and mercury in seabirds from the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska: inferences from spatial and trophic variation SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Aleutian archipelago; Bioaccumulation; Carbon source; Organochlorine compounds; Mercury; Seabirds; Stable isotope ID MARINE FOOD-WEB; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; ARCTIC SEABIRDS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; RINGED SEALS; BAFFIN-BAY; NITROGEN AB Persistent organochlorine compounds and mercury (Hg) have been detected in numerous coastal organisms of the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska, yet sources of these contaminants are unclear. We collected glaucous-winged gulls, northern fulmars, and tufted puffins along a natural longitudinal gradient across the western and central Aleutian Islands (Buldir, Kiska, Amchitka, Adak), and an additional 8 seabird species representing different foraging and migratory guilds from Buldir Island to evaluate: 1) point source input from former military installations, 2) westward increases in contaminant concentrations suggestive of distant source input, and 3) effects of trophic status (delta(15)N) and carbon source (delta(13)C) on contaminant accumulation, Concentrations of Sigma polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and most chlorinated pesticides in glaucous-winged gulls consistently exhibited a 'U'-shaped pattern of high levels at Buldir and the east side of Adak and low levels at Kiska and Amchitka. in contrast, concentrations of Sigma PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in northern fulmars and tufted puffins did not differ among islands. Hg concentrations increased westward in glaucous-winged gulls and were highest in northern fulmars from Buldir. Among species collected only at Buldir, Hg was notably elevated in pelagic cormorants, and relatively high Sigma PCBs were detected in black-legged kittiwakes. Concentrations of Sigma PCBs, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p' DDE), and Hg were positively correlated with delta(15)N across all seabird species, indicating biomagnification across trophic levels. The east side of Adak Island (a former military installation) was a likely point source of Sigma PCBs and p,p' DDE, particularly in glaucous-winged gulls. in contrast, elevated levels of these contaminants and Hg, along with PCB congener and chlorinated pesticide compositional patterns detected at Buldir Island indicated exposure from distant sources influenced by a combination of atmospheric-oceanic processes and the migratory movements of seabirds. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Ricca, Mark A.; Miles, A. Keith] Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Davis Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Anthony, Robert G.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ricca, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USGS, Davis Field Stn, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mark_ricca@usgs.gov FU U.S. Navy [N68711-02-MP-C2003] FX This project was funded by the U.S. Navy through contract # N68711-02-MP-C2003 to the U.S. Geological Survey - Western Ecological Research Center. We thank). Estes for administering the contract and providing valuable expertise during the planning and sample collection phases of the project. invaluable logistical support was provided by the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service - Alaska maritime National Wildlife Refuge, especially from V. Byrd, J. Williams, and J. Mueller. We are grateful to the crew of the M/V Tiglax and captain K. Bell for vessel support throughout the study, and numerous biologists who assisted with sample collections especially J. Bodkin, E. Danner, S. Davis, M. Edwards, E. Forsman, K. Hanni, B. Hatfield, W. Jarman, G. Keister, A. Meckstroth, C. Meslow, D. Roby, S. Spring, G. Silovsky, N. Smith, and T. Tinker. All collections during this study were done in accordance with the U.S. Geological Survey's Animal Care and Use committee and authorized by permits from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Alaska Department of Fish and Game. We thank C. Eagles-Smith, R. Hothem, J. Yee, and M. Mueller for helpful comments on previous manuscript drafts. Mention of trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 60 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 406 IS 1-2 BP 308 EP 323 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.030 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372ZS UT WOS:000260941400030 PM 18692865 ER PT J AU Bentzen, TW Muir, DCG Amstrup, SC O'Hara, TM AF Bentzen, T. W. Muir, D. C. G. Amstrup, S. C. O'Hara, T. M. TI Organohalogen concentrations in blood and adipose tissue of Southern Beaufort Sea polar bears SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Polar bears; Ursus maritimus; Beaufort Sea; Organohalogen; PCB; PFOS ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; CHLORINATED-HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS; URSUS-MARITIMUS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; EAST GREENLAND; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; NORTHERN ALASKA; TEMPORAL TRENDS AB We analyzed 151 organohalogen chemicals (OHCs) in whole blood and subcutaneous fat of 57 polar bears sampled along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast in spring, 2003. All major organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, PBDEs and their congeners were assessed. Concentrations of most OHCs continue to be lower among Southern Beaufort Sea polar bears than reported for other populations. Additionally, toxaphenes and related compounds were assessed in adipose tissue, and 8 perflourinated compounds (PFCs) were examined in blood. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations exceeded those of any other contaminant measured in blood. Sigma Chlordane concentrations were higher in females, and both Sigma PCBs and Sigma Chlordane concentrations in adipose tissue decreased significantly with age. The rank order of OHC mean concentrations; Sigma PCB>Sigma 10PCB>PCB1S3>Sigma Chlordane>Oxychlordane>PCB180>Sigma HCH>beta-HCH>Sigma DDT>p,p-DDE>Sigma PBDE>HCB>Toxaphene was similar for compounds above detection limits in both fat and blood. Although correlation between OHC concentrations in blood and adipose tissue was examined, the predictability of concentrations in one matrix for the other was limited. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [O'Hara, T. M.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Bentzen, T. W.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Muir, D. C. G.] Environm Canada, Natl Lab Environm Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. [Amstrup, S. C.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP O'Hara, TM (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM fstwb@uaf.edu; Derek.Muir@ec.gc.ca; samstrup@usgs.gov; fftmo@uaf.edu FU U. S. Geological Survey; Alaska Science Center; Alaska Marine Mammal Tissues Archival Project; World Wildlife Fund (WWF) FX Principal funding for this project was provided by the U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center and the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissues Archival Project. Partial funding (emerging contaminants) was also provided by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). We are especially thankful for the help of the North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, The Alaska Nanuuq Commission, and the faculty and staff of the Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife at the University of Alaska Fairbanks especially E. Follmann, as well as the many people who helped collect data used in this study. Thanks to M. Williamson and E. Sverko at Environment Canada's National Laboratory of Environmental Testing (Burlington, Ontario), for the analysis of OC pesticides and PCBs in adipose tissue and X. Wang (Environment Canada, Burlington) for coordinating sample analysis. Particular thanks also to G. York and R. Bentzen for their tireless help. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement of the U.S. Government. NR 72 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 406 IS 1-2 BP 352 EP 367 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.030 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372ZS UT WOS:000260941400035 PM 18775556 ER PT J AU Dawson, AG Stewart, I Morton, RA Richmond, BM Jaffe, BE Gelfenbaum, G AF Dawson, A. G. Stewart, I. Morton, R. A. Richmond, B. M. Jaffe, B. E. Gelfenbaum, G. TI Reply to Comments by Kelletat (2008) comments to Dawson, AG and Stewart, I. (2007) tsunami deposits in the geological record [Sedimentary Geology, 200, 166-183] Discussion SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID IRELAND; ATLANTIC; THAILAND; BOULDERS; SOUTHERN; COAST C1 [Dawson, A. G.] Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geog, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland. [Stewart, I.] Univ Plymouth, Sch Earth Ocean & Environm Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. [Morton, R. A.] US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Richmond, B. M.; Jaffe, B. E.] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Gelfenbaum, G.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Dawson, AG (reprint author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geog, Elphinstone Rd, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland. EM a.dawson@abdn.ac.uk RI Stewart, Iain/H-5044-2012; Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 NR 14 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 211 IS 3-4 BP 92 EP 93 DI 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.09.004 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA 378WQ UT WOS:000261355800004 ER PT J AU Jaffe, BE Morton, RA Kortekaas, S Dawson, AG Smith, DE Gelfenbaum, G Foster, IDL Long, D Shi, S AF Jaffe, B. E. Morton, R. A. Kortekaas, S. Dawson, A. G. Smith, D. E. Gelfenbaum, G. Foster, I. D. L. Long, D. Shi, S. TI Reply to Bridge (2008) Discussion of articles in "Sedimentary features of tsunami deposits" Discussion SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID STORM DEPOSITS; PORTUGAL; ACEH C1 [Jaffe, B. E.] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Morton, R. A.] US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Kortekaas, S.] Fugro Engineers BV, NL-2260 AG Leidschendam, Netherlands. [Dawson, A. G.] Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geog, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland. [Smith, D. E.] Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. [Gelfenbaum, G.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Foster, I. D. L.] Coventry Univ, Sch Business & Environm, Coventry CV1 5FB, W Midlands, England. [Foster, I. D. L.] Rhodes Univ, Dept Geog, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. [Long, D.] British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. [Shi, S.] Kingston Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Geog, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. RP Jaffe, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM bjaffe@usgs.gov RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 211 IS 3-4 BP 95 EP 97 DI 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.08.006 PG 3 WC Geology SC Geology GA 378WQ UT WOS:000261355800006 ER PT J AU Mall, DM Reddy, PR Mooney, WD AF Mall, D. M. Reddy, P. R. Mooney, W. D. TI Collision tectonics of the Central Indian Suture zone as inferred from a deep seismic sounding study SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Crustal structure; Convergence; Central Indian Suture; Seismic reflection; India ID CONTINENTAL COLLISIONS; REFLECTION PROFILES; PROTEROZOIC PERIOD; EVOLUTION; INSIGHTS; SHIELD AB The Central Indian Suture (CIS) is a mega-shear zone extending for hundreds of kilometers across central India. Reprocessing of deep seismic reflection data acquired across the CIS was carried out using workstation-based commercial software. The data distinctly indicate different reflectivity characteristics northwest and southeast of the CIS. Reflections northwest of the CIS predominantly dip southward, while the reflection horizons southeast of the CIS dip northward. We interpret these two adjacent seismic fabric domains, dipping towards each other, to represent a suture between two crustal blocks. The CIS itself is not imaged as a sharp boundary, probably due to the disturbed character of the crust in a 20 to 30-km-wide zone. The time sections also show the presence of strong bands of reflectors covering the entire crustal column in the first 65 km of the northwestern portion of the profile. These reflections predominantly dip northward creating a domal structure with the apex around 30 km northwest of the CIS. There are a very few reflections in the upper 2-2.5 s two-way time (TWT), but the reflectivity is good below 2.5 s TWT. The reflection Moho, taken as the depth to the deepest set of reflections, varies in depth from 41 to 46 km and is imaged sporadically across the profile with the largest amplitude occurring in the northwest. We interpret these data as recording the presence of a mid-Proterozoic collision between two micro-continents, with the Satpura Mobile Belt being thrust over the Bastar craton. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Mooney, W. D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Mall, D. M.; Reddy, P. R.] Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Mooney, WD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM malldm@yahoo.com; paravata@yahoo.com; mooney@usgs.gov FU The Department of Science and Technology, Government of India FX We are thankful to our colleagues in the CSS project, NGRI, for carrying out the Seismic field operations. We thank the Director, NGRI for permitting us to publish the work. The Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has provided necessary support for the study. We thank Shri M. Skhankaraiah for tracing the figures. P.R. Reddy and D.M. Mall thank USGS, Menlo Park, U.S.A., for providing the facilities to reprocess the data at USGS. Y. Laursen, M. Garthwaite, S. Passmore and S. Detweiler (all of USGS) made helpful comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. P.R. Reddy thanks C.S.I.R also for an Emeritus Scientist grant. Review comments greatly improved the paper. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 15 PY 2008 VL 460 IS 1-4 BP 116 EP 123 DI 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.010 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 377WP UT WOS:000261283100010 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Neiman, PJ White, AB Landwehr, JM Ralph, FM Dettinger, MD AF Coplen, Tyler B. Neiman, Paul J. White, Allen B. Landwehr, Jurate M. Ralph, F. Martin Dettinger, Michael D. TI Extreme changes in stable hydrogen isotopes and precipitation characteristics in a landfalling Pacific storm SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS; CALIFORNIA; CALJET; WINTER; RAINFALL; MOISTURE AB With a new automated precipitation collector we measured a remarkable decrease of 51 parts per thousand in the hydrogen isotope ratio (delta H-2) of precipitation over a 60-minute period during the landfall of an extratropical cyclone along the California coast on 21 March 2005. The rapid drop in delta H-2 occurred as precipitation generation transitioned from a shallow to a much deeper cloud layer, in accord with synoptic-scale ascent and deep ''seeder-feeder'' precipitation. Such unexpected delta H-2 variations can substantially impact widely used isotope-hydrograph methods. From extreme delta H-2 values of -26 and -78 parts per thousand, we calculate precipitation temperatures of 9.7 and -4.2 degrees C using an adiabatic condensation isotope model, in good agreement with temperatures estimated from surface observations and radar data. This model indicates that 60 percent of the moisture was precipitated during ascent as temperature decreased from 15 degrees C at the ocean surface to -4 degrees C above the measurement site. C1 [Coplen, Tyler B.; Landwehr, Jurate M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Dettinger, Michael D.] US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Neiman, Paul J.; Ralph, F. Martin] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM tbcoplen@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program FX The support of the U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program made this report possible. We thank R. Gonfiantini and F. Gherardi for sharing their isotopic numerical model and Scripps Institution of Oceanography for hosting meetings. We are grateful for reviews by I. Winograd, M. Scholl, D. Kingsmill, and J. Miller. We commend the talented engineering staff at NOAA/ESRL/PSD for operating the AR observatory. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 13 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 21 AR L21808 DI 10.1029/2008GL035481 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 373RU UT WOS:000260991000003 ER PT J AU Stallard, T Miller, S Lystrup, M Achilleos, N Bunce, EJ Arridge, CS Dougherty, MK Cowley, SWH Badman, SV Talboys, DL Brown, RH Baines, KH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN Sotin, C Nicholson, PD Drossart, P AF Stallard, Tom Miller, Steve Lystrup, Makenzie Achilleos, Nicholas Bunce, Emma J. Arridge, Christopher S. Dougherty, Michele K. Cowley, Stan W. H. Badman, Sarah V. Talboys, Dean L. Brown, Robert H. Baines, Kevin H. Buratti, Bonnie J. Clark, Roger N. Sotin, Christophe Nicholson, Phil D. Drossart, Pierre TI Complex structure within Saturn's infrared aurora SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID JOVIAN IONOSPHERE; EMISSION; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS AB The majority of planetary aurorae are produced by electrical currents flowing between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere which accelerate energetic charged particles that hit the upper atmosphere. At Saturn, these processes collisionally excite hydrogen, causing ultraviolet emission(1-8), and ionize the hydrogen, leading to H-3(+) infrared emission(9-15). Although the morphology of these aurorae is affected by changes in the solar wind(6,11), the source of the currents which produce them is a matter of debate(16,17). Recent models predict only weak emission away from the main auroral oval(18). Here we report images that show emission both poleward and equatorward of the main oval (separated by a region of low emission). The extensive polar emission is highly variable with time, and disappears when the main oval has a spiral morphology; this suggests that although the polar emission may be associated with minor increases in the dynamic pressure from the solar wind, it is not directly linked to strong magnetospheric compressions. This aurora appears to be unique to Saturn and cannot be explained using our current understanding of Saturn's magnetosphere. The equatorward arc of emission exists only on the nightside of the planet, and arises from internal magnetospheric processes that are currently unknown. C1 [Stallard, Tom; Bunce, Emma J.; Cowley, Stan W. H.; Badman, Sarah V.; Talboys, Dean L.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Miller, Steve; Lystrup, Makenzie; Achilleos, Nicholas] UCL, Atmospher Phys Lab, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. [Arridge, Christopher S.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dept Space & Climate Phys, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Dougherty, Michele K.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Brown, Robert H.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Brown, Robert H.] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Baines, Kevin H.; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Sotin, Christophe] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Clark, Roger N.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Nicholson, Phil D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Drossart, Pierre] Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. RP Stallard, T (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM tss@ion.le.ac.uk RI Arridge, Christopher/A-2894-2009; Achilleos, Nicholas/C-1647-2008; Bunce, Emma/I-9067-2016; OI Stallard, Tom/0000-0003-3990-670X; Arridge, Christopher/0000-0002-0431-6526; Bunce, Emma/0000-0002-9456-0345; Achilleos, Nicholas/0000-0002-5886-3509 FU Research Councils UK Fellowship; UK Science and Technology Facilities Council; European Union's Sixth Framework Programme FX This work was supported by a Research Councils UK Fellowship (T.S.) and by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (N.A., S.V.B., D.L.T., C.S.A., E.J.B., M.K.D.). The European authors are part of the Europlanet European Planetology Network, supported by the European Union's Sixth Framework Programme. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 13 PY 2008 VL 456 IS 7219 BP 214 EP 217 DI 10.1038/nature07440 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 374JJ UT WOS:000261039300034 PM 19005549 ER PT J AU Smalling, KL Kuivila, KM AF Smalling, Kelly L. Kuivila, Kathryn M. TI Multi-residue method for the analysis of 85 current-use and legacy pesticides in bed and suspended sediments SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE Current-use pesticides; Fungicides; Organochlorine pesticides; Microwave-assisted extraction; Sediments ID MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; MULTIRESIDUE ANALYSIS; SOIL; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; FUNGICIDES AB A multi-residue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 85 current-use and legacy organochlorine pesticides in a single sediment sample. After microwave-assisted extraction, clean-up of samples was optimized using gel permeation chromatography and either stacked carbon and alumina solid-phase extraction cartridges or a deactivated Florisil column. Analytes were determined by gas chromatography with ion-trap mass spectrometry and electron capture detection. Method detection limits ranged from 0.6 to 8.9 mu g/kg dry weight. Bed and suspended sediments from a variety of locations were analyzed to validate the method and 29 pesticides, including at least I from every class, were detected. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Smalling, Kelly L.; Kuivila, Kathryn M.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Smalling, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM ksmall@usgs.gov OI Smalling, Kelly/0000-0002-1214-4920 FU USGS; Toxic Substances Hydrology Program; California State Water Resources Control Board FX Funding for the development of this method was provided by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program and the California State Water Resources Control Board. The authors would like to thank Michelle Hladik and Kristi Hayward for the extraction and analysis of the several environmental samples. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 7 PY 2008 VL 1210 IS 1 BP 8 EP 18 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.023 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 373QD UT WOS:000260986100002 PM 18829033 ER PT J AU Arvidson, RE Ruff, SW Morris, RV Ming, DW Crumpler, LS Yen, AS Squyres, SW Sullivan, RJ Bell, JF Cabrol, NA Clark, BC Farrand, WH Gellert, R Greenberger, R Grant, JA Guinness, EA Herkenhoff, KE Hurowitz, JA Johnson, JR Klingelhofer, G Lewis, KW Li, R McCoy, TJ Moersch, J McSween, HY Murchie, SL Schmidt, M Schroder, C Wang, A Wiseman, S Madsen, MB Goetz, W McLennan, SM AF Arvidson, R. E. Ruff, S. W. Morris, R. V. Ming, D. W. Crumpler, L. S. Yen, A. S. Squyres, S. W. Sullivan, R. J. Bell, J. F., III Cabrol, N. A. Clark, B. C. Farrand, W. H. Gellert, R. Greenberger, R. Grant, J. A. Guinness, E. A. Herkenhoff, K. E. Hurowitz, J. A. Johnson, J. R. Klingelhoefer, G. Lewis, K. W. Li, R. McCoy, T. J. Moersch, J. McSween, H. Y. Murchie, S. L. Schmidt, M. Schroeder, C. Wang, A. Wiseman, S. Madsen, M. B. Goetz, W. McLennan, S. M. TI Spirit Mars Rover Mission to the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater: Mission overview and selected results from the Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; SOILS; REFLECTANCE; TEPHRA; ROCKS AB This paper summarizes the Spirit rover operations in the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater from sols 513 to 1476 and provides an overview of selected findings that focus on synergistic use of the Athena Payload and comparisons to orbital data. Results include discovery of outcrops (Voltaire) on Husband Hill that are interpreted to be altered impact melt deposits that incorporated local materials during emplacement. Evidence for extensive volcanic activity and aqueous alteration in the Inner Basin is also detailed, including discovery and characterization of accretionary lapilli and formation of sulfate, silica, and hematite-rich deposits. Use of Spirit's data to understand the range of spectral signatures observed over the Columbia Hills by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) hyperspectral imager (0.4-4 mu m) is summarized. We show that CRISM spectra are controlled by the proportion of ferric-rich dust to ferrous-bearing igneous minerals exposed in ripples and other windblown deposits. The evidence for aqueous alteration derived from Spirit's data is associated with outcrops that are too small to be detected from orbital observations or with materials exposed from the shallow subsurface during rover activities. Although orbital observations show many other locations on Mars with evidence for minerals formed or altered in an aqueous environment, Spirit's data imply that the older crust of Mars has been altered even more extensively than evident from orbital data. This result greatly increases the potential that the surface or shallow subsurface was once a habitable regime. C1 [Arvidson, R. E.; Greenberger, R.; Guinness, E. A.; Wang, A.; Wiseman, S.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Squyres, S. W.; Sullivan, R. J.; Bell, J. F., III] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Clark, B. C.] Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80125 USA. [Cabrol, N. A.] NASA, Ames SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Crumpler, L. S.] New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. [Farrand, W. H.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Gellert, R.] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Goetz, W.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Grant, J. A.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Herkenhoff, K. E.; Johnson, J. R.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Yen, A. S.; Hurowitz, J. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Klingelhoefer, G.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. [Lewis, K. W.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Li, R.; Schmidt, M.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Madsen, M. B.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [McCoy, T. J.] Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [McLennan, S. M.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Moersch, J.; McSween, H. Y.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Morris, R. V.; Ming, D. W.; Schroeder, C.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Murchie, S. L.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Ruff, S. W.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Arvidson, RE (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM arvidson@rsmail.wustl.edu RI Schroder, Christian/B-3870-2009; Moersch, Jeffrey/F-7189-2010; Lewis, Kevin/E-5557-2012; Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Schroder, Christian/0000-0002-7935-6039; Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Greenberger, Rebecca/0000-0003-1583-0261 FU Johnson Space Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities; NASA FX We thank the capable team of engineers and scientists who made the Spirit mission possible, and we thank NASA for its support of our endeavors and the HiRISE, CTX, and CRISM teams who worked to acquire, process, and release the orbital data used in this study. We also thank Bethany Ehlmann and Horton Newsom for thoughtful reviews. C. S. specifically acknowledges support by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Johnson Space Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 48 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 6 PY 2008 VL 113 IS E12 AR E12S33 DI 10.1029/2008JE003183 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 370UB UT WOS:000260787500003 ER PT J AU Herkenhoff, KE Grotzinger, J Knoll, AH McLennan, SM Weitz, C Yingst, A Anderson, R Archinal, BA Arvidson, RE Barrett, JM Becker, KJ Bell, JF Budney, C Chapman, MG Cook, D Ehlmann, B Franklin, B Gaddis, LR Galuszka, DM Garcia, PA Geissler, P Hare, TM Howington-Kraus, E Johnson, JR Keszthelyi, L Kirk, RL Lanagan, P Lee, EM Leff, C Maki, JN Mullins, KF Parker, TJ Redding, BL Rosiek, MR Sims, MH Soderblom, LA Spanovich, N Springer, R Squyres, SW Stolper, D Sucharski, RM Sucharski, T Sullivan, R Torson, JM AF Herkenhoff, Ken E. Grotzinger, John Knoll, Andrew H. McLennan, Scott M. Weitz, Catherine Yingst, Aileen Anderson, Robert Archinal, Brent A. Arvidson, Raymond E. Barrett, Janet M. Becker, Kris J. Bell, James F., III Budney, Charles Chapman, Mary G. Cook, Debbie Ehlmann, Bethany Franklin, Brenda Gaddis, Lisa R. Galuszka, Donna M. Garcia, Patricia A. Geissler, Paul Hare, Trent M. Howington-Kraus, Elpitha Johnson, Jeffrey R. Keszthelyi, Laszlo Kirk, Randolph L. Lanagan, Peter Lee, Ella Mae Leff, Craig Maki, Justin N. Mullins, Kevin F. Parker, Timothy J. Redding, Bonnie L. Rosiek, Mark R. Sims, Michael H. Soderblom, Laurence A. Spanovich, Nicole Springer, Richard Squyres, Steve W. Stolper, Daniel Sucharski, Robert M. Sucharski, Tracie Sullivan, Rob Torson, James M. TI Surface processes recorded by rocks and soils on Meridiani Planum, Mars: Microscopic Imager observations during Opportunity's first three extended missions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID LANDING SITE; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; BURNS FORMATION; ROVER; ENVIRONMENT; DIAGENESIS; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY; ORIGIN; CRATER AB The Microscopic Imager (MI) on the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has returned images of Mars with higher resolution than any previous camera system, allowing detailed petrographic and sedimentological studies of the rocks and soils at the Meridiani Planum landing site. Designed to simulate a geologist's hand lens, the MI is mounted on Opportunity's instrument arm and can resolve objects 0.1 mm across or larger. This paper provides an overview of MI operations, data calibration, and analysis of MI data returned during the first 900 sols (Mars days) of the Opportunity landed mission. Analyses of Opportunity MI data have helped to resolve major questions about the origin of observed textures and features. These studies support eolian sediment transport, rather than impact surge processes, as the dominant depositional mechanism for Burns formation strata. MI stereo observations of a rock outcrop near the rim of Erebus Crater support the previous interpretation of similar sedimentary structures in Eagle Crater as being formed by surficial flow of liquid water. Well-sorted spherules dominate ripple surfaces on the Meridiani plains, and the size of spherules between ripples decreases by about 1 mm from north to south along Opportunity's traverse between Endurance and Erebus craters. C1 [Herkenhoff, Ken E.; Archinal, Brent A.; Barrett, Janet M.; Becker, Kris J.; Chapman, Mary G.; Cook, Debbie; Gaddis, Lisa R.; Galuszka, Donna M.; Garcia, Patricia A.; Geissler, Paul; Hare, Trent M.; Howington-Kraus, Elpitha; Johnson, Jeffrey R.; Keszthelyi, Laszlo; Kirk, Randolph L.; Lee, Ella Mae; Mullins, Kevin F.; Redding, Bonnie L.; Rosiek, Mark R.; Soderblom, Laurence A.; Sucharski, Robert M.; Sucharski, Tracie; Torson, James M.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Arvidson, Raymond E.; Ehlmann, Bethany] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Bell, James F., III; Squyres, Steve W.; Sullivan, Rob] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Grotzinger, John; Stolper, Daniel] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Knoll, Andrew H.] Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Lanagan, Peter] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [McLennan, Scott M.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Sims, Michael H.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Weitz, Catherine] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Yingst, Aileen] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Nat & Appl Sci, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. [Anderson, Robert; Budney, Charles; Franklin, Brenda; Leff, Craig; Maki, Justin N.; Parker, Timothy J.; Spanovich, Nicole; Springer, Richard] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Herkenhoff, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM kherkenhoff@usgs.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 49 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 6 PY 2008 VL 113 IS E12 AR E12S32 DI 10.1029/2008JE003100 PG 39 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 370UB UT WOS:000260787500002 ER PT J AU Lu, N Godt, J AF Lu, Ning Godt, Jonathan TI Infinite slope stability under steady unsaturated seepage conditions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS; SUCTION STRESS; SHEAR-STRENGTH; LANDSLIDES; SOIL; WASHINGTON; SEATTLE; RANGE; STATE AB We present a generalized framework for the stability of infinite slopes under steady unsaturated seepage conditions. The analytical framework allows the water table to be located at any depth below the ground surface and variation of soil suction and moisture content above the water table under steady infiltration conditions. The framework also explicitly considers the effect of weathering and porosity increase near the ground surface on changes in the friction angle of the soil. The factor of safety is conceptualized as a function of the depth within the vadose zone and can be reduced to the classical analytical solution for subacrial infinite slopes in the saturated zone. Slope stability analyses with hypothetical sandy and silty soils are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the framework. These analyses indicate that for hillslopes of both sandy and silty soils, failure can occur above the water table under steady infiltration conditions, which is consistent with some field observations that cannot be predicted by the classical infinite slope theory. A case study of shallow slope failures of sandy colluvium on steep coastal hillslopes near Seattle, Washington, is presented to examine the predictive utility of the proposed framework. C1 [Lu, Ning] Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Godt, Jonathan] US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lu, N (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, 1600 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM jgodt@usgs.gov; ninglu@mines.edu FU Geologic Hazards Team; US Geological Survey [07CRSA0571] FX NL appreciates the funding for this work by the Geologic Hazards Team, US Geological Survey through Contract Order # 07CRSA0571. Richard Iverson, Jason Kean, two anonymous reviewers, and the Associate Editor provided constructive comments that improved the quality and clarity of the paper. NR 32 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 7 U2 37 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 5 PY 2008 VL 44 IS 11 AR W11404 DI 10.1029/2008WR006976 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 370TB UT WOS:000260784900002 ER PT J AU Singha, K Pidlisecky, A Day-Lewis, FD Gooseff, MN AF Singha, Kamini Pidlisecky, Adam Day-Lewis, Frederick D. Gooseff, Michael N. TI Electrical characterization of non-Fickian transport in groundwater and hyporheic systems SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LIMITED MASS-TRANSFER; SPATIALLY-VARIABLE RESOLUTION; TRANSFER RATE COEFFICIENTS; SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY; VADOSE ZONE; MACRODISPERSION EXPERIMENT; HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFERS; SURFACE-REACTIONS AB Recent work indicates that processes controlling solute mass transfer between mobile and less mobile domains in porous media may be quantified by combining electrical geophysical methods and electrically conductive tracers. Whereas direct geochemical measurements of solute preferentially sample the mobile domain, electrical geophysical methods are sensitive to changes in bulk electrical conductivity (bulk EC) and therefore sample EC in both the mobile and immobile domains. Consequently, the conductivity difference between direct geochemical samples and remotely sensed electrical geophysical measurements may provide an indication of mass transfer rates and mobile and immobile porosities in situ. Here we present (1) an overview of a theoretical framework for determining parameters controlling mass transfer with electrical resistivity in situ; (2) a review of a case study estimating mass transfer processes in a pilot-scale aquifer storage recovery test; and (3) an example application of this method for estimating mass transfer in watershed settings between streams and the hyporheic corridor. We demonstrate that numerical simulations of electrical resistivity studies of the stream/hyporheic boundary can help constrain volumes and rates of mobile-immobile mass transfer. We conclude with directions for future research applying electrical geophysics to understand field-scale transport in aquifer and fluvial systems subject to rate-limited mass transfer. C1 [Singha, Kamini] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Gooseff, Michael N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Day-Lewis, Frederick D.] US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Branch Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Pidlisecky, Adam] Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Singha, K (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, 311 Deike Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ksingha@geosc.psu.edu RI Gooseff, Michael/B-9273-2008; Gooseff, Michael/N-6087-2015; OI Gooseff, Michael/0000-0003-4322-8315; Day-Lewis, Frederick/0000-0003-3526-886X FU Pennsylvania Water Resources Research Center; USGS Ground-Water Resources Program; USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program; National Science Foundation [EAR-0747629] FX This work was funded by the Pennsylvania Water Resources Research Center, the USGS Ground-Water Resources Program, and the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Our manuscript benefited from colleague reviews by Seth Haines and John W. Lane Jr. (USGS) and peer reviews from John Bradford and two anonymous reviewers. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant EAR-0747629. NR 85 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 5 PY 2008 VL 44 AR W00D07 DI 10.1029/2008WR007048 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 370SY UT WOS:000260784600001 ER PT J AU Augspurger, TP Tillitt, DE Bursian, SJ Fitzgerald, SD Hinton, DE Di Giulio, RT AF Augspurger, T. P. Tillitt, D. E. Bursian, S. J. Fitzgerald, S. D. Hinton, D. E. Di Giulio, R. T. TI Embryo toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to the wood duck (Aix sponsa) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS EGGS; DEVELOPING CHICKEN EMBRYOS; ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB-126; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HEPATOCYTE CULTURES; AMERICAN KESTRELS AB We examined the sensitivity of the wood duck (Aix sponsa) embryo to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) by injecting the toxicant into their eggs. Six groups of wood duck eggs (n = 35 to 211 per trial) were injected with 0 to 4600 pg TCDD/g egg between 2003 and 2005. Injections were made into yolk prior to incubation, and eggs were subsequently incubated and assessed weekly for mortality. Significant TCDD-induced mortality was not observed through day 25 (90% of incubation). Liver, heart, eye, and brain histology were generally unremarkable. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, a biomarker of dioxin-like compound exposure, was induced by 12-fold in the 4600 pg/g treatment relative to controls. The median lethal dose for chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs we dosed identically to wood duck eggs was about 100 pg/g, similar to other assessments of chickens. Among dioxin-like compound embryo lethality data for 15 avian genera, the wood duck 4600 pg/g no-observed-effect level ranks near the middle. Because no higher doses were tested, wood ducks may be like other waterfowl (order Anseriformes), which are comparatively tolerant to embryo mortality from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans when exposed by egg injection. C1 [Augspurger, T. P.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. [Augspurger, T. P.; Tillitt, D. E.; Di Giulio, R. T.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Tillitt, D. E.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Bursian, S. J.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Fitzgerald, S. D.] Michigan State Univ, Diagnost Ctr Populat & Anim Hlth, Lansing, MI 48910 USA. RP Augspurger, TP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 551-F Pylon Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM tom_augspurger@fws.gov FU USFWS's Environmental Contaminants Program [200240001] FX We thank Gary Heinz for help with data analyses. Mike and Ali Lubbock (Sylvan Heights Waterfowl), Bernie Good, Holliday Obrecht, and Frank McGilvery assisted in egg collections. Dosing solutions were prepared by Diane Nicks and John Meadows. Matti Kiupel coordinated histology. Assistance with biochemical assays and image analyses was offered by Deena Wassenberg, Ron Hardman, Jeff Whyte, and Mandy Annis. Sara Ward assisted in the field and lab. Lab space was loaned by Greg Cope, Randy Rose, and Frank Edens. Funding was provided through USFWS's Environmental Contaminants Program (Study ID No. 200240001). NR 69 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 55 IS 4 BP 659 EP 669 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9198-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 354ZR UT WOS:000259678900013 PM 18704254 ER PT J AU Augspurger, TP Echols, KR Peterman, PH May, TW Orazio, CE Tillitt, DE Di Giulio, RT AF Augspurger, T. P. Echols, K. R. Peterman, P. H. May, T. W. Orazio, C. E. Tillitt, D. E. Di Giulio, R. T. TI Accumulation of environmental contaminants in wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs, with emphasis on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SWALLOWS TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; EQUIVALENCY FACTORS TEFS; NESTLING TREE SWALLOWS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ARDEA-HERODIAS; AMERICAN KESTRELS; KALAMAZOO RIVER; HUDSON RIVER; NEW-YORK AB We measured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and mercury in wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs collected near a North Carolina ( USA) bleached kraft paper mill. Samples were taken a decade after the mill stopped using molecular chlorine. Using avian toxic equivalency factors, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity equivalent (TEQ) concentrations were 1-30 pg/g fresh wet weight in eggs (n = 48) collected near the mill in 2002 2005 and were significantly higher than those from a reference site (< 1 pg/g) 25 km away. Geometric mean wood duck egg TEQs (6 pg/g) were one-fifth those measured at this site prior to the cessation of molecular chlorine bleaching. Concentrations of mercury in wood duck eggs from nests of the Roanoke River sites ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 mu g/g (geometric mean, 0.04 mu g/g) and were significantly higher than those from the reference site, where concentrations did not exceed 0.04 mu g/g (geometric mean, 0.02 mu g/g). All concentrations were lower than those associated with adverse effects in birds. The congener profiles, lack of contamination in reference site eggs, and decline in contaminant concentrations after process changes at the mill provide strong evidence that mill discharges influenced contamination of local wood duck eggs. Collectively, the results indicate that the wood duck is an effective sentinel of the spatial and temporal extent of PCDD, PCDF, and mercury contamination. C1 [Augspurger, T. P.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. [Augspurger, T. P.; Di Giulio, R. T.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Echols, K. R.; Peterman, P. H.; May, T. W.; Orazio, C. E.; Tillitt, D. E.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Augspurger, TP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 551-F Pylon Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM tom_augspurger@fws.gov FU USFWS's Environmental Contaminants Program [200240001] FX Acknowledgments Assistance in the lab and field was provided by Mike Tanner, Sara Ward, Jean Richter, Wendy Stanton, and Michelle Chappel. Partial funding was provided through USFWS's Environmental Contaminants Program (Study ID No. 200240001). NR 55 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 55 IS 4 BP 670 EP 682 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9199-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 354ZR UT WOS:000259678900014 PM 18726540 ER PT J AU Long, ES Diefenbach, DR Rosenberry, CS Wallingford, BD AF Long, Eric S. Diefenbach, Duane R. Rosenberry, Christopher S. Wallingford, Bret D. TI Multiple proximate and ultimate causes of natal dispersal in white-tailed deer SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL; INBREEDING AVOIDANCE; CAPREOLUS-CAPREOLUS; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; BREEDING DISPERSAL; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; GROUND-SQUIRREL; FOOTED MICE; BIRDS; MAMMALS AB Proximate and ultimate causes of dispersal in vertebrates vary, and relative importance of these causes is poorly understood. Among populations, inter- and intrasexual social cues for dispersal are thought to reduce inbreeding and local mate competition, respectively, and specific emigration cue may affect dispersal distance, such that inbreeding avoidance dispersal tends to be farther than dispersal to reduce local competition. To investigate potential occurrence of multiple proximate and ultimate causes of dispersal within populations, we radio-marked 363 juvenile male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 2 study areas in Pennsylvania. Natal dispersal probability and distance were monitored over a 3-year period when large-scale management changes reduced density of adult females and increased density of adult males. Most dispersal (95-97%) occurred during two 12-week periods: spring, when yearling males still closely associate with related females, and prior to fall breeding season, when yearling males closely associate with other breeding-age males. Following changes to sex and age structure that reduced potential for inbreeding and increased potential for mate competition, annual dispersal probability did not change; however, probability of spring dispersal decreased, whereas probability of fall dispersal increased. Spring dispersal distances were greater than fall dispersal distances, suggesting that adaptive inbreeding avoidance dispersal requires greater distance than mate competition dispersal where opposite-sex relatives are philopatric and populations are not patchily distributed. Both inbreeding avoidance and mate competition are important ultimate causes of dispersal of white-tailed deer, but ultimate motivations for dispersal are proximately cued by different social mechanisms and elicit different responses in dispersers. C1 [Long, Eric S.] Penn State Univ, Intercoll Grad Degree Program Ecol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Diefenbach, Duane R.] Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Rosenberry, Christopher S.; Wallingford, Bret D.] Bur Wildlife Management, Penn Game Commiss, Harrisburg, PA 17110 USA. RP Long, ES (reprint author), Seattle Pacific Univ, Dept Biol, 3307 3rd Ave W,Suite 205, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. EM longe@spu.edu FU Pennsylvania Game Commission; United States Geological Survey; Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania Audubon Society; the Susquehanna, Southeast; Northcentral Pennsylvania Branches of the Quality Deer Management Association; Pennsylvania Deer Association FX Pennsylvania Game Commission; United States Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania Audubon Society; the Susquehanna, Southeast, and Northcentral Pennsylvania Branches of the Quality Deer Management Association; the Pennsylvania Deer Association. NR 83 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 30 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1235 EP 1242 DI 10.1093/beheco/arn082 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 373KO UT WOS:000260970700024 ER PT J AU Larson, DL Grace, JB Larson, JL AF Larson, Diane L. Grace, James B. Larson, Jennifer L. TI Long-term dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and its biocontrol agent, flea beetles in the genus Aphthona SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Aphthona lacertosa; Biocontrol; Euphorbia esula; Flea beetle; Great Plains ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS; MANAGEMENT; EFFICACY; PROGRAM; PLANTS; SPP. AB Three flea beetle species (Aphthona spp.), first introduced into North America in 1988, have come to be regarded as effective biological control organisms for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). The black flea beetles (Aphthona lacertosa and A. czwalinae) in particular have been shown to cause reductions in leafy spurge stem counts in the northern Great Plains, while the brown flea beetle (A. nigriscutis) has persisted and spread. but has not been found to be as effective at controlling leafy spurge. The ability of black flea beetles to control leafy spurge in any given year, however, has been found to vary. To better understand the long-term effects of flea beetle herbivory on leafy spurge, we monitored stem counts of leafy spurge and numbers of black and brown flea beetles at three sites on two National Wildlife Refuges in east-central North Dakota, USA. from 1998 to 2006. Brown flea beetle numbers were observed to be negligible on these sites. Over the 9 years of the study, black flea beetles were seen to spread over the three study sites and leafy spurge stem counts declined substantially on two of the three sites. Even at low densities of spurge, black flea beetle populations persisted, a necessary prerequisite for long-term control. We used structural equation models (SEM) to assess the yearly effects of black flea beetles, soil texture, and refuge site on leafy spurge stem counts over this time period. We then used equations developed from the SEM analysis to explore flea beetle-leafy spurge dynamics over time, after controlling for soil texture and refuge. Yearly effect strength of black flea beetles on leafy spurge was found to be modest, largely owing to substantial spatial variability in control. However, simulation results based on prediction coefficients revealed leafy spurge to be highly responsive to increases in flea beetle populations on average. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Larson, Diane L.] USGS No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Minnesota Field Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Grace, James B.] USGS Natl Wetland Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. [Larson, Jennifer L.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Larson, DL (reprint author), USGS No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Minnesota Field Stn, 100 Ecol Bldg,1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dlarson@usgs.gov OI Larson, Diane/0000-0001-5202-0634 FU USGS; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center FX Logistical support for this study was generously provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service; we especially thank P. Scherr and K. Askerooth for their insight into management at their refuges. We thank J. Hoffmann for editorial advice that improved the clarity of the paper. D. Buhl, R. Gleason, N. Jordan and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Financial support was provided by USGS and Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD NOV PY 2008 VL 47 IS 2 BP 250 EP 256 DI 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.016 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 361TX UT WOS:000260151100019 ER PT J AU Nowak, EM Theimer, TC Schuett, GW AF Nowak, Erika M. Theimer, Tad C. Schuett, Gordon W. TI Functional and Numerical Responses of Predators: Where Do Vipers Fit in the Traditional Paradigms? SO BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Crotalus atrox; endotherms; ectotherms; functional response; prey regulation; numerical response; predator-prey dynamics; reptiles; Viperidae ID RATTLESNAKES CROTALUS-VIRIDIS; DIAMOND-BACKED RATTLESNAKES; DENSITY-DEPENDENT MORTALITY; MOTTLED ROCK RATTLESNAKES; WEASEL MUSTELA-NIVALIS; FOXES ALOPEX-LAGOPUS; FIELD METABOLIC-RATE; SELECT AMBUSH SITES; NORTH-EASTERN CHINA; FORAGING BEHAVIOR AB Snakes typically are not considered top carnivores, yet in many ecosystems they are a major predatory influence. A literature search confirmed that terrestrial ectotherms such as snakes are largely absent in most discussions of predator-prey dynamics. Here, we review classical functional and numerical responses of predator-prey relationships and then assess whether these traditional views are consistent with what we know of one group of snakes (true vipers and pitvipers: Viperidae). Specifically, we compare behavioural and physiological characteristics of vipers with those of more commonly studied mammalian (endothermic) predators and discuss how functional and numerical responses of vipers are fundamentally different. Overall, when compared to similar-sized endotherms, our analysis showed that vipers have: (i) lower functional responses owing primarily to longer prey handling times resulting from digestive limitations of consuming large prey and, for some adults, tolerance of fasting; (ii) stronger numerical responses resulting from higher efficiency of converting food into fitness currency (progeny), although this response often takes longer to be expressed; and (iii) reduced capacity for rapid numerical responses to short-term changes in prey abundance. Given these factors, the potential for viperids to regulate prey populations would most likely occur when prey populations are low. We provide suggestions for future research on key issues in predator-prey relationships of vipers, including their position within the classical paradigms of functional and numerical responses. C1 [Nowak, Erika M.] No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Theimer, Tad C.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Schuett, Gordon W.] Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. [Schuett, Gordon W.] Georgia State Univ, Ctr Behav Neurosci, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Nowak, EM (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Box 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM Erika.Nowak@nau.edu FU National Park Service's NRPP Program; Verde Valley National Monument Group; Western National Parks Association; USGS SIWD Fellowship Program FX Terence Arundel, Bryan Hamilton, Eben Paxton, Kiisa Nishikawa, Tom Sisk, Katie Stumpf, and the Theimer lab group provided helpful suggestions on previous drafts; comments by Bob Reed and Emily Taylor improved a later version. Bob Parker and Raymond McGuire assisted with literature searches. For useful discussions of all things reptile we thank innumerable herpetological colleagues, most especially Henry Fitch, Michael Douglas, Dave Duvall, Harry Greene, Dave Hardy Sr., and Roger Repp. Fieldwork components were funded by the National Park Service's NRPP Program, David L. Hardy, Sr., Kathy Davis and Verde Valley National Monument Group, Western National Parks Association, USGS SIWD Fellowship Program, and was made possible through the efforts of many assistants and volunteers over the years. We are particularly indebted to Jon Bortle, Jon Davis, Leslie Gilmore, John Grahame, Matthew Hamilton, Amyann and Patrick Madara-Yagla, Don MacKenzie, A.J. Monatesti, Bob Parker, Roger Repp, Manuel Santana-Bendix, Justin Schofer, John Smith, Matthew Spille, and Harry Sweet. NR 193 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1464-7931 EI 1469-185X J9 BIOL REV JI Biol. Rev. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 83 IS 4 BP 601 EP 620 DI 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00056.x PG 20 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 364QB UT WOS:000260349100009 PM 18947336 ER PT J AU Webley, PW Atkinson, D Collins, RL Dean, K Fochesatto, J Sassen, K Cahill, CF Prata, A Flynn, CJ Mizutani, K AF Webley, P. W. Atkinson, D. Collins, R. L. Dean, K. Fochesatto, J. Sassen, K. Cahill, C. F. Prata, A. Flynn, C. J. Mizutani, K. TI Predicting and Validating the Tracking of a Volcanic Ash Cloud during the 2006 Eruption of Mt. Augustine Volcano SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID REDOUBT VOLCANO; ALASKA C1 [Webley, P. W.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Arctic Reg Super Comp Ctr, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Webley, P. W.; Dean, K.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Atkinson, D.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Prata, A.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. [Flynn, C. J.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richmond, WA USA. [Mizutani, K.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. RP Webley, PW (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Arctic Reg Super Comp Ctr, Inst Geophys, 909 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM pwebley@gi.olaska.edu RI Webley, Peter/F-8238-2015 OI Webley, Peter/0000-0001-5327-8151 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 89 IS 11 BP 1647 EP + DI 10.1175/2008BAMS2579.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 381XA UT WOS:000261568000005 ER PT J AU Stewart, AR Saiki, MK Kuwabara, JS Alpers, CN Marvin-DiPasquale, M Krabbenhoft, DP AF Stewart, A. Robin Saiki, Michael K. Kuwabara, James S. Alpers, Charles N. Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark Krabbenhoft, David P. TI Influence of plankton mercury dynamics and trophic pathways on mercury concentrations of top predator fish of a mining-impacted reservoir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES; MARINE FOOD-WEB; METHYL MERCURY; HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS; NORTHERN MANITOBA; QUEBEC CANADA; ZOOPLANKTON; METHYLMERCURY; WATER AB Physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the aquatic environment that affect growth dynamics of phytoplankton and the zooplankton communities that depend on them may also affect uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) into the pelagic food web of oligotrophic reservoirs. We evaluated changes in the quality and quantity of suspended particulate material, zooplankton taxonomy, and MeHg concentrations coincident with seasonal changes in water storage of a mining-impacted reservoir in northern California, USA. MeHg concentrations in bulk zooplankton increased from 4 ng.g(-1) at low water to 77 +/- 6.1 ng.g(-1) at high water and were positively correlated with cladoceran biomass (r = 0.66) and negatively correlated with rotifer biomass (r = -0.65). Stable isotope analysis revealed overall higher MeHg concentrations in the pelagic-based food web relative to the benthic-based food web. Statistically similar patterns of trophic enrichment of MeHg ( slopes) for the pelagic and benthic food webs and slightly higher MeHg concentrations in zooplankton than in benthic invertebrates suggest that the difference in MeHg bioaccumulation among trophic pathways is set at the base of the food webs. These results suggest an important role for plankton dynamics in driving the MeHg content of zooplankton and ultimately MeHg bioaccumulation in top predators in pelagic-based food webs. C1 [Stewart, A. Robin; Kuwabara, James S.; Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Saiki, Michael K.] USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [Alpers, Charles N.] USGS, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.] USGS, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Stewart, AR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 496,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM arstewar@usgs.gov OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365; Kuwabara, James/0000-0003-2502-1601 FU California State Water Resources Control Board; US Geological Survey (USGS) Western Region; USGS California Science Water Center,; USGS Cooperative Hydrology Program; USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program FX This study was funded by the California State Water Resources Control Board, the US Geological Survey (USGS) Western Region, the USGS California Science Water Center, the USGS Cooperative Hydrology Program, and the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. We thank all those who assisted with sample collection, processing, and analysis, including John DeWild, Gerald Moon, Francis Parchaso, Melissa Farinha, Paul Gerrity, Mary Langsner, Barbara Martin, and Amy Story. Zooplankton taxonomy and biomass estimates were done by Jim Orsi. Samples were analyzed for total mercury by Tom May and others. Tom also arranged to have the MeHg determined by Brooks Rand, Seattle. We greatly appreciate review comments and scientific advice of Samuel Luoma, Rick Humphries, Lisa Lucas, Marie-Noele Croteau, Janet Thompson, Jim Cloern, Tara Schrag, Terry Short, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 58 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 40 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 65 IS 11 BP 2351 EP 2366 DI 10.1139/F08-140 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 386UQ UT WOS:000261908500005 ER PT J AU Jiao, Y Neves, R Jones, J AF Jiao, Yan Neves, Richard Jones, Jess TI Models and model selection uncertainty in estimating growth rates of endangered freshwater mussel populations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EXTINCTION RISK; ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE; ECOLOGY; PROPAGATION; EVOLUTION; VARIANCE; SALMON; SERIES; TRENDS; COLOR AB Appropriate inference of population status for endangered species is extremely important. Using a single model for estimating population growth rates is typically inadequate for assessing endangered species because inferences based on only one "best" model ignore model uncertainty. In this study, the endangered dromedary pearlymussel (Dromus dromas) in the Clinch and Powell rivers of eastern Tennessee, USA, was used as an example to demonstrate the importance of multiple models, with consideration of environmental noises for evaluating population growth. Our results showed that more than one model deserves consideration in making inferences of population growth rate. A Bayesian model averaging approach was used to make inferences by weighting each model using the deviance information criterion. To test the uncertainty resulting from model selection and the efficiency of the Bayesian averaging approach, a simulation study was conducted on the dromedary pearlymussel populations, which showed that model selection uncertainty is very high. The results of these tests lead us to recommend using Bayesian model averaging to assess population growth status for endangered species, by balancing goodness-of-fit and selection uncertainty among alternate models. C1 [Jiao, Yan; Neves, Richard] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Jones, Jess] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Jiao, Y (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM yjiao@vt.edu FU Virginia Tech; US Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, [0210510] FX This study was supported by Virginia Tech new faculty startup funding to Y. Jiao and by the US Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, Hatch project No. 0210510 to Y. Jiao. The authors thank mussel biologist Steve Ahlstedt of the US Geological Survey (retired) for sharing survey data collected over his career. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 65 IS 11 BP 2389 EP 2398 DI 10.1139/F08-141 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 386UQ UT WOS:000261908500008 ER PT J AU Stets, EG Cotner, JB AF Stets, E. G. Cotner, J. B. TI Littoral zones as sources of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in lakes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REED PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; BACTERIAL PRODUCTION; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; MARINE-BACTERIA; SURFACE WATERS; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; PHOSPHORUS; MATTER AB A survey of 12 lakes in Minnesota, USA, was conducted to examine the factors controlling variability in biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) concentration. The principal question addressed was whether BDOC concentration was more strongly related to lake trophic status or morphometric parameters. BDOC concentration was determined by incubating filtered lake water for a period of 15 months and fitting an exponential decay curve to measured DOC concentrations. BDOC concentrations varied from 73 to 427 mu mol C.L(-1) and composed 15%-63% of the total DOC pool. There were no significant correlations between BDOC and measures of lake trophic status. Instead, BDOC was most closely associated with the percentage of lake area covered by littoral zone, suggesting a significant source of BDOC from aquatic macrophytes and lake surface sediments. C1 [Stets, E. G.; Cotner, J. B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Stets, EG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM estets@usgs.gov OI Stets, Edward/0000-0001-5375-0196 FU Dayton-Wilkie Natural History Grant FX This research was funded by a Dayton-Wilkie Natural History Grant. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 65 IS 11 BP 2454 EP 2460 DI 10.1139/F08-142 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 386UQ UT WOS:000261908500013 ER PT J AU Gardner, B Sullivan, PJ Morreale, SJ Epperly, SP AF Gardner, Beth Sullivan, Patrick J. Morreale, Stephen J. Epperly, Sheryan P. TI Spatial and temporal statistical analysis of bycatch data: patterns of sea turtle bycatch in the North Atlantic SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PELAGIC LONGLINES; BY-CATCH; CONSERVATION; FISHERIES; WATERS AB Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtle distributions and movements in offshore waters of the western North Atlantic are not well understood despite continued efforts to monitor, survey, and observe them. Loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles are listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union, and thus anthropogenic mortality of these species, including fishing, is of elevated interest. This study quantifies spatial and temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch distributions to identify potential processes influencing their locations. A Ripley's K function analysis was employed on the NOAA Fisheries Atlantic Pelagic Longline Observer Program data to determine spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch distributions within the pattern of the pelagic fishery distribution. Results indicate that loggerhead and leatherback sea turtle catch distributions change seasonally, with patterns of spatial clustering appearing from July through October. The results from the space-time analysis indicate that sea turtle catch distributions are related on a relatively fine scale (30-200 km and 1-5 days). The use of spatial and temporal point pattern analysis, particularly K function analysis, is a novel way to examine bycatch data and can be used to inform fishing practices such that fishing could still occur while minimizing sea turtle bycatch. C1 [Gardner, Beth; Sullivan, Patrick J.; Morreale, Stephen J.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Epperly, Sheryan P.] NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Gardner, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM bgardner@usgs.gov FU National Marine Fisheries Service and Sea FX The authors thank the Southeast Fisheries Science Center for providing both the Pelagic Observer Program data and the NED experiment data and also thank John Watson and Dan Foster for access to and support with the NED experiment data. The authors thank the National Marine Fisheries Service and Sea Grant for funding. We thank Steve DeGloria, Robert Strawderman, Bill Richards, N. Bert Loosmore, and one anonymous reviewer for comments on this manuscript. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 65 IS 11 BP 2461 EP 2470 DI 10.1139/F08-152 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 386UQ UT WOS:000261908500014 ER PT J AU Coates, PS Delehanty, DJ AF Coates, Peter S. Delehanty, David J. TI EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON INCUBATION PATTERNS OF GREATER SAGE-GROUSE SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Centrocercus urophasianus; Common Raven; Greater Sage-Grouse; incubation; nest; predation; video ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; NEST PREDATION; BEHAVIOR; FOOD; RHYTHMS; GEESE; SITES; COVER; MASS AB Birds in which only one sex incubates the eggs are often faced with a direct conflict between foraging to meet metabolic needs and incubation. Knowledge of environmental and ecological factors that shape life-history strategies of incubation is limited. We used continuous videography to make precise measurements of female Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) incubation constancy (percentage of time spent at the nest in a 24-hour period) and recess duration. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate incubation patterns in relation to grouse age, timing of incubation, raven abundance, microhabitat, weather, and food availability. Overall, sage-grouse females showed an incubation constancy of 96% and a distinctive bimodal distribution of brief incubation recesses that peaked at sunset and 30 min prior to sunrise. Grouse typically returned to their nests during low light conditions. Incubation constancy of yearlings was lower than that of adults, particularly in the later stages of incubation. Yearlings spent more time away from nests later in the morning and earlier in the evening compared to adults. Video images revealed that nearly all predation events by Common Ravens (Corvus corax), the most frequently recorded predator at sage-grouse nests, took place during mornings and evenings after sunrise and before sunset, respectively. These were the times of the day when sage-grouse typically returned from incubation recesses. Recess duration was negatively related to raven abundance. We found evidence that incubation constancy increased with greater visual obstruction, usually from vegetation, of nests. An understanding of how incubation patterns relate to environmental factors will help managers make decisions aimed at increasing productivity through successful incubation. C1 [Coates, Peter S.; Delehanty, David J.] Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Coates, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM pcoates@usgs.gov FU Nevada Department of Wildlife; Idaho Department of Fish and Game; U.S. Department of Interior; Bureau of Land Management; Jack H. Berryman Institute; Idaho National Engineering Laboratory-Bechtel; Idaho State University; Safari Club International (Idaho, Desert, and Northern Nevada chapters), Carson Valley Chukar Club; Wildlife and Habitat Improvement of Nevada; Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife; Nevada Chukar Foundation FX We thank C. Simms, R. Troy, J. Warwick, and N. Sparks for significant field contributions and T. Peterson for statistical consulting. We are grateful to J. Connelly and P. Pietz for helpful reviews of earlier versions of the manuscript. We are appreciative of the assistance in data collection and logistical support provided by many personnel from the Nevada Department of Wildlife, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. The Jack H. Berryman Institute and Idaho National Engineering Laboratory-Bechtel provided funding for this research with grants to DJ D at Idaho State University. Many thanks to the multiple generous sportsmen and conservation organizations that provided financial support including Safari Club International (Idaho, Desert, and Northern Nevada chapters), Carson Valley Chukar Club, Wildlife and Habitat Improvement of Nevada, Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife, and the Nevada Chukar Foundation. NR 53 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2008 VL 110 IS 4 BP 627 EP 638 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.8579 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 393PQ UT WOS:000262385600003 ER PT J AU Paxton, KL Van Riper, C O'Brien, C AF Paxton, Kristina L. Van Riper, Charles, III O'Brien, Chris TI MOVEMENT PATTERNS AND STOPOVER ECOLOGY OF WILSON'S WARBLERS DURING SPRING MIGRATION ON THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER IN SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE lower Colorado River; migration; movement; Neotropical migrant; radio-telemetry; riparian woodlands; Wilsonia pusilla ID PASSERINE MIGRANTS; HABITAT SELECTION; SOCIAL-DOMINANCE; SPATIAL-BEHAVIOR; SUMMER TANAGERS; BIRDS; INFORMATION; TELEMETRY; ARRIVAL; FOREST AB We used radio-telemetry to examine fine-scale movement patterns of Wilson's Warblers (Wilsonia pusilla) at a stopover site on the lower Colorado River during spring migration in 2005 and 2006. The overall movements of Wilson's Warblers were restricted to small, localized areas, with an average linear displacement of only 332 m. Warblers exhibited exploratory behavior characterized by fast, long-distance, directed linear movements during the first and second day after presumed arrival at the stopover site. However, exploration was limited within the overall landscape (<2 km diameter), suggesting a cost to extended exploration. As individuals gained more information about the distribution of resources at the stopover site through exploratory behavior and direct sampling of the habitat, movements became more aggregated within a localized area, suggesting that Wilson's Warblers settled within a microsite at the stopover site to replenish fuel Supplies. The overall movement patterns exhibited by warblers during stopover were influenced by the age of the individual and changes in resources, both within a season and between years. Movement patterns of Wilson's Warblers documented during this study provide essential information about the temporal distribution of a warbler's locations within a stopover site, indicating how birds search for and acquire food resources throughout their stopover. C1 [Paxton, Kristina L.; Van Riper, Charles, III] Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonoran Desert Res Stn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [O'Brien, Chris] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Paxton, KL (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, 118 Coll Dr,5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. EM kristina.l.paxton@usm.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Program; Southwest Biological Science Center FX We thank Shelly Johnson, Angela Sjollema, and Gene Orth for field assistance. Staff at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge provided logistical support, with the loan of a vehicle and housing. Eben Paxton, Emily Cohen, Jay Carlisle, and an anonymous reviewer provided useful comments on prior drafts of this paper. Funding was provided to CvR by the U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Program and the Southwest Biological Science Center. NR 58 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 18 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2008 VL 110 IS 4 BP 672 EP 681 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.8602 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 393PQ UT WOS:000262385600007 ER PT J AU Sears, J Hatch, SA AF Sears, Justine Hatch, Scott A. TI RHINOCEROS AUKLET DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES TO FOOD LIMITATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE allocation; Cerorhinca monocerata; corticosterone; nutritional stress ID EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION; CERORHINCA-MONOCERATA; FRATERCULA-CIRRHATA; RESOURCE-ALLOCATION; STRESS-RESPONSE; BODY CONDITION; PUFFIN CHICKS; GROWTH; CORTICOSTERONE; SURVIVAL AB Seabirds may be particularly Vulnerable to neonatal food restriction because their nestling periods tend to be long and parents may not increase foraging effort during times of prey shortage. We performed a captive study of Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) nestlings to identify adaptations for coping with food shortages, as well as possible consequences of early diet restriction on subadult morphology. We tested effects of a similar to 50% caloric restriction on Rhinoceros Anklet morphological allocation and levels of the stress hormone corticosterone. Rhinoceros Auklets were reared in captivity and provisioned either similar to 441 kJ per day or similar to 227 W per day of high-quality forage fish until fledging (n = 13 for both treatment groups). Food-restricted Rhinoceros Auklets allocated energy heavily toward skeletal growth at the expense of mass reserves, resulting in fledglings that were proportioned very differently compared to nonrestricted birds-i.e., at 42 days of age, all birds had approximately the same wing length despite a 95 g difference in mass. Nestlings with restricted diets exhibited low plasma concentrations of corticosterone over the course of the experiment, although baseline levels were consistently higher than those of nestlings not restricted in diet. At I I months of age, birds whose diets had been restricted were still similar to 50 g lighter than those whose diets had not been. The former had smaller tarsi, marginally smaller culmens, but similar-sized manus. Our results suggest Rhinoceros Auklets use both morphological allocation and adrenocortical suppression to cope with energy shortages in the nest. C1 [Sears, Justine] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Hatch, Scott A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Sears, J (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ftjss1@uaf.edu FU UAF Institute of Arctic Biology; North Pacific Research Board to Alexander Kitaysky; Alaska EPSCoR; Angus Gavin Migratory Bird Research Fund FX We thank the 2006 Middleton Island crew for egg collection. We also thank Rachel Lord, Cory Williams, Michael Schultz, Morgan Benowitz-Fredericks, and the UAF Animal Quarters staff for help with chick rearing. The captive portion of the study was supported by a grant from the UAF Institute of Arctic Biology. Field costs were covered by the U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center. Hormone assays were funded by a grant from the North Pacific Research Board to Alexander Kitaysky who also provided advice on experimental design. Tasha DiMarzio and Amy Irwin at the Alaska ScaLife Center helped with postfledging morphometric measurements. Erin Whidden performed molecular sexing. JS was supported by a graduate fellowship from Alaska EPSCoR and a grant from the Angus Gavin Migratory Bird Research Fund. Abby Powell and participants in Biology 694 Spring 2007 improved this manuscript greatly, as did two anonymous reviewers. All procedures were approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (#06-21) and authorized under state and federal permits. NR 51 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 17 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2008 VL 110 IS 4 BP 709 EP 717 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.8531 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 393PQ UT WOS:000262385600011 ER PT J AU Sperry, DM Kissling, M George, TL AF Sperry, David M. Kissling, Michelle George, T. Luke TI AVIAN NEST SURVIVAL IN COASTAL FORESTED BUFFER STRIPS ON PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, ALASKA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Catharus guttatus; edge effects; forest management; nest survival; Prince of Wales Island; Tongass National Forest ID SOUTHEAST ALASKA; PREDATION RISK; SUCCESS; BIRDS; SELECTION; FRAGMENTATION; METAANALYSIS; SITES; OWLS AB In an effort to provide wildlife habitat and link blocks of forested habitat, coastal forested buffer strips in the Pacific Northwest are managed to mitigate effects of fragmentation that result from timber harvesting adjacent to a coastline. We examined the effect of coastal forest buffer strip width on avian nest survival on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, in 2003 and 2004. We established nest monitoring plots in two buffer width treatments, narrow (<250 m, n = 4) and wide (>350 m, n = 3), and monitored a total of 142 nests of six species: the Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis), Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Poecile rufescens), Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), and Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius). We modeled and compared the daily survival rate (DSR) of each species in both buffer width treatments. Point estimates for DSRs were slightly higher within wide buffers, but confidence intervals overlapped for all species. Overall, Pacific-slope Flycatchers had the highest nest success (87%) and Varied Thrushes had the lowest (22%). In addition, we used an information-theoretic approach to examine Support for hypotheses concerning the effects of edge on nest survival of the Hermit Thrush, the only species for which we had sufficient data. Hermit Thrush nest survival was negatively affected by proximity to the coastline. Predators associated with the productive intertidal zone likely increase the predation risk of Hermit Thrush nests located near the coast. C1 [Sperry, David M.; George, T. Luke] Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. [Kissling, Michelle] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Sperry, DM (reprint author), Baer Engn & Environm Consulting Inc, 7756 Northcross Dr,Suite 211, Austin, TX 78757 USA. EM dsperry@baereng.com FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; USDA Forest Service; Alaska Dcpartment of Fish and Game; Humboldt State University; Humboldt State University Sponsor Programs Foundation FX We thank the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the USDA Forest Service, Alaska Dcpartment of Fish and Game, Humboldt State University, and Humboldt State University Sponsor Programs Foundation for providing logistical and financial Support for this research. Brandy McNall, Lindsey Harris, Jared Wolfe, Laurel Ferreira, Matt Hethcoat, Jennifer Kerr, Matthew King, Jenn Terry, Sara Thomsen, and Tyler Wilks assisted in finding and monitoring nests. Dom Chaloner, Toni De Santo, Steve Lewis, Dan Rizzolo, Jinelle Sperry, and two anonymous reviewers aided in various aspects of this project and improved the manuscript. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 15 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2008 VL 110 IS 4 BP 740 EP 746 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.8601 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 393PQ UT WOS:000262385600014 ER PT J AU Murray, LD Ribic, CA Thogmartin, WE Knutson, MG AF Murray, Les D. Ribic, Christine A. Thogmartin, Wayne E. Knutson, Melinda G. TI ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF PREDICTIVE MODELS OF GRASSLAND BIRD ABUNDANCES IN THE PRAIRIE HARDWOOD TRANSITION BIRD CONSERVATION REGION SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE abundance; accuracy; evaluation; grassland birds; niche breadth; predictive model; validation ID HABITAT; FIELDS; BREADTH; IOWA AB We tested statistical models developed to predict abundances of grassland birds in the Prairie Hardwood Transition Bird Conservation Region of the Upper midwestern United States. Roadside Surveys were used to estimate relative abundances of grassland birds in 800 ha areas in the Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin portions of the region in 2003-2005. We then compared observed abundances with predicted abundances from spatial hierarchical models for seven species. Spearman's rho statistic for rank correlations suggested that observed abundances were positively correlated with predicted abundances for all species (r(s) = 0.21-0.60) except the Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii; r(s) = 0.01). Observed abundances also were positively correlated with percent grassland in an area, and rank correlation values were similar to those obtained from the predictive models. Model accuracy was positively related to species' abundance and niche breadth. Our accuracy assessment suggested that the spatial hierarchical models would have limited use in guiding management at a regional scaled a measure of habitat quantity performed equally as well as the models at predicting observed abundances. Future efforts to model grassland bird abundances would be improved by more accurate information on the distribution of grasslands in the region, more detailed information on grassland composition and structure, and a better understanding of the biological significance of environmental variables for grassland bird populations. C1 [Ribic, Christine A.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlf Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Knutson, Melinda G.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Murray, LD (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM murray.445@osu.edu RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 FU U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit FX We thank S. Craven, R. Fletcher, D. Johnson, D. Mladenoff, S. Temple, J. Zhu, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of our manuscript and feedback on study design and analyses. We also thank M. Guzy, D. Johnson, D. Sample, J. Sauer, and S. Vos for their contributions to Study design and analyses. We are grateful to all the volunteers that made this project possible. Funding was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center and the U.S. Geological Survey Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. We thank the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, for assistance with publication expenses. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 18 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2008 VL 110 IS 4 BP 747 EP 755 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.8610 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 393PQ UT WOS:000262385600015 ER PT J AU Booms, T McCaffery, B Schempf, P AF Booms, Travis McCaffery, Brian Schempf, Phil TI MOLTED-FEATHER PERSISTENCE AND AGING IN A SUB-ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR NONINVASIVE GENETIC SAMPLING SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE conservation genetics; Falco rusticolus; feather persistence; Gyrfalcon; noninvasive genetic sampling; capture-mark-recapture ID INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION-SIZE; AQUILA-HELIACA; RECAPTURE DATA; BIRDS AB We investigated molted-feather persistence and aging in a sub-Arctic environment by placing marked feathers at historical Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) nesting areas and returning a year later to collect and inspect remaining feathers. After one year, only 14% of marked feathers remained and were collected during primary searches; small, body feathers were significantly less likely to persist than large or flight feathers. No differences in trends were detected between feathers from perch and below-nest locations. All recovered feathers displayed at least one of three signs of aging (matted and separated barbs, fungal growth, or algal growth) that reliably distinguished them from fresh feathers. We show that collection efforts should focus on small, body feathers to ensure that collected feathers are freshly molted and suggest feather persistence and aging be directly addressed in other studies using feathers for noninvasive genetic sampling. Doing so should reduce potential genotyping and data interpretation errors, help meet capture-mark-recapture assumptions, and increase confidence in results. C1 [Booms, Travis] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Booms, Travis] Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [McCaffery, Brian] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. [Schempf, Phil] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raptor Management Off, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Booms, T (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, POB 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM travisbooms@hotmail.com FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (US-FWS) Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge; USFWS Migratory Bird Management, Raptor Management Office; Angus Gavin Memorial Grant; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science to Achieve Results Graduate Fellowship FX This work was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (US-FWS) Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge; USFWS Migratory Bird Management, Raptor Management Office;, and the Angus Gavin Memorial Grant. This material is based on work supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science to Achieve Results Graduate Fellowship. The EPA has not officially endorsed this publication, and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. Logistical support was graciously provided by the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge and staff. S. Talbot collected the genetic data from sample,; and provided critical collaboration. N. Bickford kindly provided molted feathers from his captive birds for this work. Photographs in Fig. 2 were taken by I. Herriot. We thank N. Dodge, B. Massey. J. Spice, and B. Torrison for their invaluable field assistance, and T. Katzner and all anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2008 VL 110 IS 4 BP 756 EP 762 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.8593 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 393PQ UT WOS:000262385600016 ER PT J AU Aldridge, CL Nielsen, SE Beyer, HL Boyce, MS Connelly, JW Knick, ST Schroeder, MA AF Aldridge, Cameron L. Nielsen, Scott E. Beyer, Hawthorne L. Boyce, Mark S. Connelly, John W. Knick, Steven T. Schroeder, Michael A. TI Range-wide patterns of greater sage-grouse persistence SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE Centrocercus urophasianus; distribution; extirpation; greater sage-grouse; persistence; range contraction; sagebrush ID INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; CENTROCERCUS-UROPHASIANUS; SAGEBRUSH-STEPPE; GEOGRAPHICAL ECOLOGY; SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO; GAS DEVELOPMENT; RED HERRINGS; HABITAT; CONSERVATION AB Aim Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a shrub-steppe obligate species of western North America, currently occupies only half its historical range. Here we examine how broad-scale, long-term trends in landscape condition have affected range contraction. Location Sagebrush biome of the western USA. Methods Logistic regression was used to assess persistence and extirpation of greater sage-grouse range based on landscape conditions measured by human population (density and population change), vegetation (percentage of sagebrush habitat), roads (density of and distance to roads), agriculture (cropland, farmland and cattle density), climate (number of severe and extreme droughts) and range periphery. Model predictions were used to identify areas where future extirpations can be expected, while also explaining possible causes of past extirpations. Results Greater sage-grouse persistence and extirpation were significantly related to sagebrush habitat, cultivated cropland, human population density in 1950, prevalence of severe droughts and historical range periphery. Extirpation of sage-grouse was most likely in areas having at least four persons per square kilometre in 1950, 25% cultivated cropland in 2002 or the presence of three or more severe droughts per decade. In contrast, persistence of sage-grouse was expected when at least 30 km from historical range edge and in habitats containing at least 25% sagebrush cover within 30 km. Extirpation was most often explained (35%) by the combined effects of peripherality (within 30 km of range edge) and lack of sagebrush cover (less than 25% within 30 km). Based on patterns of prior extirpation and model predictions, we predict that 29% of remaining range may be at risk. Main Conclusions Spatial patterns in greater sage-grouse range contraction can be explained by widely available landscape variables that describe patterns of remaining sagebrush habitat and loss due to cultivation, climatic trends, human population growth and peripherality of populations. However, future range loss may relate less to historical mechanisms and more to recent changes in land use and habitat condition, including energy developments and invasions by non-native species such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and West Nile virus. In conjunction with local measures of population performance, landscape-scale predictions of future range loss may be useful for prioritizing management and protection. Our results suggest that initial conservation efforts should focus on maintaining large expanses of sagebrush habitat, enhancing quality of existing habitats, and increasing habitat connectivity. C1 [Aldridge, Cameron L.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Aldridge, Cameron L.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Nielsen, Scott E.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Boyce, Mark S.] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. [Connelly, John W.] Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. [Knick, Steven T.] USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. [Schroeder, Michael A.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Bridgeport, WA 98813 USA. [Nielsen, Scott E.] USGS Ft Collins Sci Ctr, ASRC Management Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Beyer, Hawthorne L.] Univ Glasgow, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. RP Aldridge, CL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM cameron_aldridge@usgs.gov RI Aldridge, Cameron /F-4025-2011; Nielsen, Scott/C-2842-2013; Beyer, Hawthorne/F-8050-2013; Boyce, Mark/A-2620-2014 OI Nielsen, Scott/0000-0002-9754-0630; Beyer, Hawthorne/0000-0002-5430-0784; Boyce, Mark/0000-0001-5811-325X FU US Geological Survey; Colorado State University; University of Alberta FX This research was supported by the US Geological Survey, Colorado State University, and the University of Alberta. We thank D.J. Saher, D.J. Neubaum, S. S. Germaine, and C. P. Melcher, for reviewing previous drafts of this manuscript. A. T. Peterson, C. A. Hagen, and V. C. Radeloff provided useful reviews. NR 56 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 54 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1366-9516 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 14 IS 6 BP 983 EP 994 DI 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00502.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361GX UT WOS:000260116700012 ER PT J AU Greene, CH Pershing, AJ Cronin, TM Ceci, N AF Greene, Charles H. Pershing, Andrew J. Cronin, Thomas M. Ceci, Nicole TI ARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE ECOLOGY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arctic; climate change; marine ecosystems; North Atlantic; regime shift ID MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE TRANSITION; SEA-ICE COVER; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; DISTRIBUTION SHIFTS; YOUNGER DRYAS; GREENLAND ICE; LABRADOR SEA; EL-NINO; OCEAN; WATER AB Arctic climate change from the Paleocene epoch to the present is reconstructed with the objective of assessing its recent and future impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic. A recurring theme in Earth's paleoclimate record is the importance of the Arctic atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere in regulating global climate on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A second recurring theme in this record is the importance of freshwater export from the Arctic in regulating global- to basin-scale ocean circulation patterns and climate. Since the 1970s, historically unprecedented changes have been observed in the Arctic as climate warming has increased precipitation, river discharge, and glacial as well as sea-ice melting. In addition, modal shifts in the atmosphere have altered Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and the export of freshwater into the North Atlantic. The combination of these processes has resulted in variable patterns of freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean and the emergence of salinity anomalies that have periodically freshened waters in the North Atlantic. Since the early 1990s, changes in Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and freshwater export have been associated with two types of ecological responses in the North Atlantic. The first of these responses has been an ongoing series of biogeographic range expansions by boreal plankton, including renewal of the trans-Arctic exchanges of Pacific species with the Atlantic. The second response was a dramatic regime shift in the shelf ecosystems of the Northwest Atlantic that occurred during the early 1990s. This regime shift resulted from freshening and strati. cation of the shelf waters, which in turn could be linked to changes in the abundances and seasonal cycles of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and higher trophic-level consumer populations. It is predicted that the recently observed ecological responses to Arctic climate change in the North Atlantic will continue into the near future if current trends in sea ice, freshwater export, and surface ocean salinity continue. It is more difficult to predict ecological responses to abrupt climate change in the more distant future as tipping points in the Earth's climate system are exceeded. C1 [Greene, Charles H.; Pershing, Andrew J.; Ceci, Nicole] Cornell Univ, Ocean Resources & Ecosyst Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Pershing, Andrew J.] Gulf Maine Res Inst, Portland, ME 04101 USA. [Cronin, Thomas M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Greene, CH (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ocean Resources & Ecosyst Program, Snee Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM chg2@cornell.edu FU National Science Foundation's Biological Oceanography Program; U. S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank Program [555] FX Support for the research was provided by the National Science Foundation's Biological Oceanography Program. This is contribution number 555 from the U. S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank Program. NR 98 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 18 U2 124 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2008 VL 89 IS 11 SI SI BP S24 EP S38 DI 10.1890/07-0550.1 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369UI UT WOS:000260719000003 PM 19097482 ER PT J AU Yasuhara, M Cronin, TM AF Yasuhara, Moriaki Cronin, Thomas M. TI CLIMATIC INFLUENCES ON DEEP-SEA OSTRACODE (CRUSTACEA) DIVERSITY FOR THE LAST THREE MILLION YEARS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE deep sea; macroecology; metazoan benthos; Ostracoda; paleoceanography; paleoclimate; Pliocene; productivity; Quaternary; species diversity; temperature ID OCEAN PRIMARY PRODUCTION; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; ARCTIC-OCEAN; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; WATER TEMPERATURE; QUATERNARY PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; BIODIVERSITY RESPONSE; LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AB Ostracodes are small, bivalved crustaceans with the finest-scale fossil resolution of any metazoan, rivaled only by the fossil record of the protistan Foraminifera. This article presents a synthesis of the patterns and possible causes of alpha species diversity variation in benthic deep-sea ostracodes at drilling sites in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Taken together, these sites represent a period of great climatic variability covering the past three million years. Sediment cores taken from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge show a positive correlation between warm temperatures and high species diversity. These Mid-Atlantic Ridge cores, at the same latitude as northern Spain, show the same positive correlation during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles (200-0 ka [thousands of years ago]) as they do during the pre-glacial Pliocene 2.85-2.4 Ma (millions of years ago). This positive correlation is also found in Pliocene cores from the Rockall Plateau, at the same latitude as Ireland. During the last 200 thousand years, however, this correlation is reversed in cores taken from both the Rockall and Iceland Plateaus. The discovery of high diversity during colder periods in recent high-latitude Rockall and Iceland cores seems to be explained by spikes in diversity caused by ice-rafting events, which would not affect the lower-latitude Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Heinrich ice-rafting events reduce North Atlantic surface temperatures and salinity every similar to 6-12 ka, dramatically decreasing surface productivity. This increase in diversity during Heinrich events may be explained either by a negative correlation between surface productivity and benthic diversity or by increase in diversity caused by moderate disturbance when ice rafted debris fall to the bottom of the ocean. C1 [Yasuhara, Moriaki; Cronin, Thomas M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Yasuhara, M (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM moriakiyasuhara@gmail.com RI Yasuhara, Moriaki/A-4986-2008 OI Yasuhara, Moriaki/0000-0001-8501-4863 FU JSPS (the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad; Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowship FX We thank Cliff Cunningham for inviting T. M. Cronin to participate in CORONA (Coordinating Research on the North Atlantic), which is a multidisciplinary research network to study the marine biota of the North Atlantic, and inviting us to write this paper, which benefited from stimulating discussions with many CORONA project members for enhancing our understanding of North Atlantic biogeography. We are grateful to Hisayo Okahashi for assistance in preparing the manuscript. Harry J. Dowsett, Debra A. Willard, and two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments on the manuscript. Support for M. Yasuhara was provided by JSPS (the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad and Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowship. NR 96 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2008 VL 89 IS 11 SI SI BP S53 EP S65 DI 10.1890/07-1021.1 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369UI UT WOS:000260719000005 PM 19097484 ER PT J AU Sinsabaugh, RL Lauber, CL Weintraub, MN Ahmed, B Allison, SD Crenshaw, C Contosta, AR Cusack, D Frey, S Gallo, ME Gartner, TB Hobbie, SE Holland, K Keeler, BL Powers, JS Stursova, M Takacs-Vesbach, C Waldrop, MP Wallenstein, MD Zak, DR Zeglin, LH AF Sinsabaugh, Robert L. Lauber, Christian L. Weintraub, Michael N. Ahmed, Bony Allison, Steven D. Crenshaw, Chelsea Contosta, Alexandra R. Cusack, Daniela Frey, Serita Gallo, Marcy E. Gartner, Tracy B. Hobbie, Sarah E. Holland, Keri Keeler, Bonnie L. Powers, Jennifer S. Stursova, Martina Takacs-Vesbach, Cristina Waldrop, Mark P. Wallenstein, Matthew D. Zak, Donald R. Zeglin, Lydia H. TI Stoichiometry of soil enzyme activity at global scale SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Review DE C:N:P ratio; cellobiohydrolase; ecological stoichiometry; leucine aminopeptidase; peroxidase; phenol oxidase; phosphatase; soil enzyme activity; soil organic matter; beta-1,4-glucosidase; beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; N-P STOICHIOMETRY; ORGANIC-MATTER; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; NITROGEN LIMITATION; EXOENZYME ACTIVITY; THEORETICAL-MODEL; PHOSPHORUS; DEPOSITION AB Extracellular enzymes are the proximate agents of organic matter decomposition and measures of these activities can be used as indicators of microbial nutrient demand. We conducted a global-scale meta-analysis of the seven-most widely measured soil enzyme activities, using data from 40 ecosystems. The activities' of beta-1,4-glucosidase, I cellobiohydrolase, beta-1,4-N acetylglucosaminidase and phosphatase g(-1) soil increased with organic matter concentration; leucine aminopeptidase, phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities showed no relations 1 hip. All activities were significantly related to soil pH. Specific activities, i.e. activity g(-1) soil organic matter, also varied in relation to soil pH for all enzymes. Relationships with mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) were generally weak. For hvdrolases, ratios of specific C, N and P acquisition activities converged on I : 1 : 1 but across ecosystems, the ratio of C : P acquisition was inversely related to MAP and MAT while the ratio of C : N acquisition increased with MAP. Oxidative activities were more variable than hydrolytic activities and increased with soil pH. Our analyses indicate that the enzymatic potential for hydrolyzing the labile components of soil organic matter is tied to substrate availability soil pH and the stoichiometry of microbial nutrient demand. The enzymatic potential for oxidizing the recalcitrant fractions of soil organic material, which is a proximate control on soil organic matter accumulation, is most strongly related to soil pH. These trends provide insight into the biogeochemical. processes that create global patterns in ecological stoichiometry and organic matter storage. C1 [Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Lauber, Christian L.; Crenshaw, Chelsea; Gallo, Marcy E.; Stursova, Martina; Takacs-Vesbach, Cristina; Zeglin, Lydia H.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Weintraub, Michael N.] Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Ahmed, Bony] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA. [Allison, Steven D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Allison, Steven D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Contosta, Alexandra R.; Frey, Serita] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Cusack, Daniela] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Gartner, Tracy B.] Carthage Coll, Dept Biol, Kenosha, WI 53140 USA. [Gartner, Tracy B.] Carthage Coll, Environm Sci Program, Kenosha, WI 53140 USA. [Hobbie, Sarah E.; Keeler, Bonnie L.; Powers, Jennifer S.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Holland, Keri] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Powers, Jennifer S.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol & Soil, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Powers, Jennifer S.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Waldrop, Mark P.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Wallenstein, Matthew D.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Zak, Donald R.] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Sinsabaugh, RL (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM rlsinsab@unm.edu RI Wallenstein, Matthew/C-6441-2008; Allison, Steven/E-2978-2010; Weintraub, Michael/E-9259-2011; Zak, Donald/C-6004-2012; OI Wallenstein, Matthew/0000-0002-6219-1442; Allison, Steven/0000-0003-4629-7842; Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140; Hobbie, Sarah/0000-0001-5159-031X FU National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research Network Office FX This paper is the product of a workshop funded by the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research Network Office. NR 53 TC 388 Z9 418 U1 52 U2 481 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 11 IS 11 BP 1252 EP 1264 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01245.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 366FQ UT WOS:000260466400013 PM 18823393 ER PT J AU Ackerman, JT Eagles-Smith, CA Takekawa, JY Iverson, SA AF Ackerman, Joshua T. Eagles-Smith, Collin A. Takekawa, John Y. Iverson, Samuel A. TI Survival of postfledging Forster's terns in relation to mercury exposure in San Francisco Bay SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fledglings; Mercury; Postfledglings; Survival; Telemetry ID NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; JUVENILE COMMON LOONS; CAPTIVE GREAT EGRETS; GAVIA-IMMER CHICKS; METHYL MERCURY; SEABIRD FEATHERS; STERNA-HIRUNDO; ROSEATE TERNS; SPACE USE; EGG SIZE AB We examined factors influencing mercury concentrations in 90 fledgling Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) and evaluated whether mercury influenced postfledging survival in San Francisco Bay, California. Mercury concentrations (+/- SE) in chicks 21-29 days old (just before fledging) were 0.33 +/- 0.01 mu g g(-1) ww for blood and 6.44 +/- 0.28 mu g g(-1) fw for breast feathers. Colony site had an overriding influence on fledgling contamination, however hatching date and age also affected blood, but not feather, mercury concentrations. Blood mercury concentrations decreased by 28% during the 50-day hatching period and increased with chick age by 30% during the last week prior to fledging. Using radio-telemetry, we calculated that cumulative survival during the 35-day postfledging time period was 0.81 +/- 0.09 (SE). Postfledging survival rates increased with size-adjusted mass, and cumulative survival probability was 61% lower for terns with the lowest, compared to the highest, observed masses. Conversely, survival was not influenced by blood mercury concentration, time since fledging, sex, or hatch date. Mercury concentrations in breast feathers of fledglings found dead at nesting colonies also were no different than those in live chicks. Our results indicate that colony site, hatching date, and age influenced mercury concentrations in fledgling Forster's terns, but that mercury did not influence postfledging survival. C1 [Ackerman, Joshua T.; Eagles-Smith, Collin A.] Univ Calif Davis, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Takekawa, John Y.; Iverson, Samuel A.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Ackerman, JT (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jackerman@usgs.gov OI Eagles-Smith, Collin/0000-0003-1329-5285 FU CALFED [ERP02D-C12]; USGS Western Ecological Research Center FX This research was funded by the CALFED Bay-Delta Program's Ecosystem Restoration Program (Grant number ERP02D-C12) with additional support from the USGS Western Ecological Research Center. We thank Jill Bluso, Cheryl Strong, Ross Wilming, Eli French, Sarah Stoner-Duncan, Angela Rex, Brooke Hill, Stacy Moskal, Joe Northrup, Kristen Dybala, Lani Stinson, Scott Demers, and Terry Adelsbach for field assistance and Robin Keister and Keith Miles for lab analyses. We also thank Clyde Morris, Joy Albertson, Mendel Stewart, Joelle Buffa, Eric Mruz, and the staff at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (Special Use Permits 116402005-002 and 11640-2006-006), Carl Wilcox, Larry Wyckoff, John Krause, and the staff of the Eden Landing Ecological Reserve (California Department of Fish and Game), and Nicole Athearn, Cheryl Strong, San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory, and PRBO Conservation Science for logistical support. Early versions of the manuscript were reviewed by Josh Vest, Susan Wainwright-De la Cruz, and two anonymous reviewers. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 68 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 EI 1573-3017 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD NOV PY 2008 VL 17 IS 8 BP 789 EP 801 DI 10.1007/s10646-008-0237-6 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 361WI UT WOS:000260157800011 PM 18563558 ER PT J AU Karouna-Renier, NK Rao, KR Lanza, JJ Rivers, SD Wilson, PA Hodges, DK Levine, KE Ross, GT AF Karouna-Renier, Natalie K. Rao, K. Ranga Lanza, John J. Rivers, Samantha D. Wilson, Patricia A. Hodges, Denise K. Levine, Keith E. Ross, Glenn T. TI Mercury levels and fish consumption practices in women of child-bearing age in the Florida Panhandle SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Women; Hair; Fish consumption; Florida ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; HAIR MERCURY; CHILDBEARING AGE; EXPOSURE; COHORT AB The southeastern United States, and in particular the coastal areas along the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf Coast) in Florida, experience some of the highest levels of mercury deposition in the country. Although the State of Florida's coastal border is among the longest in the United States, and the State has issued fish consumption advisories due to mercury on multiple fish species, few data have been systematically collected to assess mercury levels in the human population of the state or to assess the efficacy of the consumption advisories. Because of the generally high rate of seafood consumption among coastal populations, the human population in the Florida Panhandle, near Pensacola, FL is potentially exposed to elevated levels of mercury. In the present study, we analyzed hair mercury levels in women of childbearing age (16-49 years) who had resided near Pensacola, FL for at least I year. We also surveyed the fish consumption practices of the cohort and evaluated awareness of the Florida Fish Consumption Advisory. Hair mercury levels were significantly higher in women who consumed fish within the 30 days prior to sampling (p < 0.05) and in those women who were unaware of the consumption advisory (p < 0.05). Only 31% of the women reported knowledge of the consumption advisory and pregnant women exhibited lower awareness of the advisory than non-pregnant women. The data suggest that public health interventions such as education and fish advisories have not reached the majority of women in the counties surrounding Pensacola who are most at risk from consumption of fish with high levels of mercury. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Karouna-Renier, Natalie K.; Rao, K. Ranga] Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. [Levine, Keith E.; Ross, Glenn T.] RTI Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Karouna-Renier, NK (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res, Ctr Beltsville Lab, BARC E Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM nkarouna@usgs.gov OI Karouna-Renier, Natalie/0000-0001-7127-033X FU PERCH Project: Environmental Health Studies in Northwest Florida [R01/EH000096]; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); University of West Florida Institutional Review Board FX Funding for this study was provided by Grant number R01/EH000096 (PERCH Project: Environmental Health Studies in Northwest Florida) from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC. The authors would like to thank the Santa Rosa County Health Department for its assistance with sampling. The project was reviewed and approved by the University of West Florida Institutional Review Board. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 108 IS 3 BP 320 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.005 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368YR UT WOS:000260660000008 PM 18814872 ER PT J AU Byappanahalli, MN Przybyla-Kelly, K Shively, DA Whitman, RL AF Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N. Przybyla-Kelly, Katarzyna Shively, Dawn A. Whitman, Richard L. TI Environmental Occurrence of the Enterococcal Surface Protein (esp) Gene is an Unreliable Indicator of Human Fecal Contamination SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LAKE-MICHIGAN; CLADOPHORA CHLOROPHYTA; NEARSHORE WATER; FRESH-WATER; PERSISTENCE; POLLUTION; SAND AB The enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene found in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium has recently been explored as a marker of sewage pollution in recreational waters but its occurrence and distribution in environmental enterococci has not been well-documented. If the esp gene is found in environmental samples, there are potential implications for microbial source tracking applications. In the current study, a total of 452 samples (lake water, 100; stream water, 129; nearshore sand, 96; and backshore sand, 71; Cladophora sp. (Chlorophyta), 41; and periphyton (mostly Bacillariophyceae), 15) collected from the coastal watersheds of southern Lake Michigan were selectively cultured for enterococci and then analyzed for the esp gene by PCR, targeting E. faecalis/ E faecium (esp(fs/fm)) and E faecium (esp(fm)) Overall relative frequencies for esp(fs/fm) and esp(fm) were 27.4 and 5.1%. Respective percent frequency for the esp(fs/fm) and esp(fm) was 36 and 14% in lake water; 38.8 and 2.3% in stream water; 24 and 6.3% in nearshore sand; 0% in backshore sand; 24.4 and 0% in Cladophora sp.; and 33.3 and 0% in periphyton. The overall occurrence of both esp(fs/fm) and esp(fm) was significantly related (chi(2) = 49, P < 0.0001). Post-rain incidence of esp(fs/fm) increased in lake and stream water and nearshore sand. Further, E coli and enterococci cell densities were significant predictors for esp(fs/fm) occurrence in post-rain lake water, but espfm was not. F(+) coliphage densities were not significant predictors for espfm or espfs/fm gene incidence. In summary,the differential occurrence of the esp gene in the environment suggests that it is not limited to human fecal sources and thus may weaken its use as a reliable tool in discriminating contaminant sources (i.e., human vs nonhuman). C1 [Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N.; Przybyla-Kelly, Katarzyna; Shively, Dawn A.; Whitman, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Byappanahalli, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM byappan@usgs.gov OI Shively, Dawn/0000-0002-6119-924X NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 21 BP 8014 EP 8020 DI 10.1021/es800481p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 367OL UT WOS:000260561200048 PM 19031895 ER PT J AU Franceschini, MD Custer, CM Custer, TW Reed, JM Romero, LM AF Franceschini, Melinda D. Custer, Christine M. Custer, Thomas W. Reed, J. Michael Romero, L. Michael TI CORTICOSTERONE STRESS RESPONSE IN TREE SWALLOWS NESTING NEAR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL- AND DIOXIN-CONTAMINATED RIVERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Corticosterone; Stress; Contaminants; Tree swallows ID PITUITARY-INTERRENAL AXIS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; ADRENOCORTICAL-RESPONSE; MARINE IGUANAS; IN-VIVO; EXPOSURE; BIRDS; FISH; USA; CONSERVATION AB We assayed baseline and stress-induced corticosterone concentrations from adult female and nestling tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, from New England, USA, sites with different levels of contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Corticosterone was compared over 2 years from a highly contaminated PCB site along the Housatonic River (Berkshire County, MA, USA), a midrange contaminated site upstream, and a reference site. Adult females (n = 29), sampled only in 2003, showed an inverted-U association with PCBs, with higher stress-induced corticosterone with midrange contamination than at the high-contamination site. In nestlings, stress-induced corticosterone was highest for the highly contaminated site compared with the other sites in 2003 (n = 53, 29 nests), with no difference among sites in 2004 (n = 93, 27 nests). In 2004, we began testing mechanisms underlying these changes in nestlings at the high- and low-PCB sites. Corticosterone response to dexamethasone injection (used to test negative feedback) was not different between sites, but stress-induced corticosterone was reduced at the contaminated site after adrenocorticotropin hormone injection (used to test adrenal responsiveness), suggesting an inhibited ability to mount a stress response. We also compared nestlings from a stretch of the Woonasquatucket River, Rhode Island, USA, heavily contaminated with TCDD (n = 80, 43 nests) with nestlings from an upstream site that had lower levels of TCDD and the Berkshire County reference site. Although there were no stress-induced differences, baseline corticosterone was lower at the higher TCDD site than at the reference site. Altogether these findings suggest that tree swallows chronically exposed to high PCB and TCDD levels exhibit altered baseline and stress-induced corticosterone responses, but the patterns of alteration might not be predictable. C1 [Franceschini, Melinda D.; Reed, J. Michael; Romero, L. Michael] Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. [Custer, Christine M.; Custer, Thomas W.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Franceschini, MD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, 163 Packard Ave, Medford, MA 02155 USA. EM melfrances@earthlink.net RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 FU Tufts University Institute for the Environment; U. S. National Science Foundation [IBN-0235044, IOB-0542099] FX This study was made possible through a grant from Tufts University Institute for the Environment to M. D. Franceschini, and grants from the U. S. National Science Foundation (IBN-0235044 and IOB-0542099) to L. M. Romero. We thank Paul M. Dummer, Anna Karolyshyn, Christine Tam, and Joseph Aman for field assistance and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife and Kenneth Nash for access to their properties. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 27 IS 11 BP 2326 EP 2331 DI 10.1897/07-602.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 362MM UT WOS:000260201800016 PM 18476749 ER PT J AU Rattner, BA Whitehead, MA Gasper, G Meteyer, CU Link, WA Taggart, MA Meharg, AA Pattee, OH Pain, DJ AF Rattner, Barnett A. Whitehead, Maria A. Gasper, Grace Meteyer, Carol U. Link, William A. Taggart, Mark A. Meharg, Andrew A. Pattee, Oliver H. Pain, Deborah J. TI APPARENT TOLERANCE OF TURKEY VULTURES (CATHARTES AURA) TO THE NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DICLOFENAC SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Diclofenac; Scavenging birds; Species sensitivity; Vultures ID HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES; INDIAN SUBCONTINENT; GYPS VULTURES; RESIDUES; RAPTORS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; PHARMACEUTICALS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POPULATIONS; CARCASSES AB The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is extremely toxic to Old World Gyps vultures (median lethal dose similar to 0.1-0.2 mg/kg), evoking visceral gout, renal necrosis, and mortality within a few days of exposure. Unintentional secondary poisoning of vultures that fed upon carcasses of diclofenac-treated livestock decimated populations in the Indian subcontinent. Because of the widespread use of diclofenac and other cyclooxygenase-2 inhibiting drugs, a toxicological study was undertaken in turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) as an initial step in examining sensitivity of New World scavenging birds. Two trials were conducted entailing oral gavage of diclofenac at doses ranging from 0.08 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Birds were observed for 7 d, blood samples were collected for plasma chemistry (predose and 12, 24, and 48 h and 7 d postdose), and select individuals were necropsied. Diclofenac failed to evoke overt signs of toxicity, visceral gout, renal necrosis, or elevate plasma uric acid at concentrations greater than 100 times the estimated median lethal dose reported for Gyps vultures. For turkey vultures receiving 8 or 25 mg/kg, the plasma half-life of diclofenac was estimated to be 6 h, and it was apparently cleared after several days as no residues were detectable in liver or kidney at necropsy. Differential sensitivity among avian species is a hallmark of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and despite the tolerance of turkey vultures to diclofenac, additional studies in related scavenging species seem warranted. C1 [Rattner, Barnett A.; Pattee, Oliver H.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Whitehead, Maria A.; Gasper, Grace] Ctr Birds Prey, Charleston, SC 29402 USA. [Meteyer, Carol U.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Taggart, Mark A.; Meharg, Andrew A.] Univ Aberdeen, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland. [Taggart, Mark A.] Univ Castilla La Mancha, CSIC, Inst Invest Recursos Cineget, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain. [Pain, Deborah J.] Royal Soc Protect Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM brattner@usgs.gov RI Meharg, Andrew/F-8182-2014; OI Meharg, Andrew/0000-0003-2019-0449; Taggart, Mark/0000-0002-0649-8490 FU Royal Society for the Protection of Birds FX This work was funded in part by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. We graciously thank James D. Elliot Jr., Tyler Van Hook, Erik Hofmeister, and Carolyn Cray for technical assistance and advice, and Rhys Green, Richard Cuthbert, David J. Hoffman, and J. Lindsay Oaks for comments on the methods and manuscript. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 25 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 27 IS 11 BP 2341 EP 2345 DI 10.1897/08-123.1 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 362MM UT WOS:000260201800018 PM 18476752 ER PT J AU Nuckols, JR Beane-Freeman, L Baris, D Lubin, JH Ayotte, JDJ Schwenn, M Johnson, A Karagas, M Colt, J Silverman, DT Cantor, KP AF Nuckols, J. R. Beane-Freeman, L. Baris, D. Lubin, J. H. Ayotte, J. D. J. Schwenn, M. Johnson, A. Karagas, M. Colt, J. Silverman, D. T. Cantor, K. P. TI Arsenic Exposure Assessment in the New England Bladder Cancer Study SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th Annual Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY OCT 12-16, 2008 CL Pasadena, CA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol C1 [Nuckols, J. R.; Beane-Freeman, L.; Baris, D.; Lubin, J. H.; Colt, J.; Silverman, D. T.; Cantor, K. P.] NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Ayotte, J. D. J.] US Geol Survey, Pembroke, NH USA. [Schwenn, M.] Maime Canc Registry, Augusta, GA USA. [Johnson, A.] Vermont Canc Registry, Burlington, VT USA. [Karagas, M.] Dartmouth Coll, Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dartmouth Med Sch, Hanover, NH 03756 USA. RI Beane Freeman, Laura/C-4468-2015 OI Beane Freeman, Laura/0000-0003-1294-4124 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2008 VL 19 IS 6 BP S23 EP S24 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 362IR UT WOS:000260191900046 ER PT J AU Friedman, JM Roelle, JE Gaskin, JF Pepper, AE Manhart, JR AF Friedman, Jonathan M. Roelle, James E. Gaskin, John F. Pepper, Alan E. Manhart, James R. TI Latitudinal variation in cold hardiness in introduced Tamarix and native Populus SO EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE cline; cold hardiness; common garden; invasive species; Populus deltoides; Tamarix ID NORTH-AMERICA; BLACK COTTONWOOD; UNITED-STATES; SALTCEDAR; PLANT; MONTANA; TRAITS; TREES; USA; TEMPERATURE AB To investigate the evolution of clinal variation in an invasive plant, we compared cold hardiness in the introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix chinensis, and hybrids) and the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera). In a shadehouse in Colorado (41 degrees N), we grew plants collected along a latitudinal gradient in the central United States (29-48 degrees N). On 17 occasions between September 2005 and June 2006, we determined killing temperatures using freeze-induced electrolyte leakage and direct observation. In midwinter, cottonwood survived cooling to -70 degrees C, while saltcedar was killed at -33 to -47 degrees C. Frost sensitivity, therefore, may limit northward expansion of saltcedar in North America. Both species demonstrated inherited latitudinal variation in cold hardiness. For example, from September through January killing temperatures for saltcedar from 29.18 degrees N were 5-21 degrees C higher than those for saltcedar from 47.60 degrees N, and on September 26 and October 11, killing temperatures for cottonwood from 33.06 degrees N were > 43 degrees C higher than those for cottonwood from 47.60 degrees N. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci showed that southern saltcedars are more closely related to T. chinensis while northern plants are more closely related to T. ramosissima. Hybridization may have introduced the genetic variability necessary for rapid evolution of the cline in saltcedar cold hardiness. C1 [Friedman, Jonathan M.; Roelle, James E.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Gaskin, John F.] USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT USA. [Pepper, Alan E.; Manhart, James R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Friedman, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO USA. EM friedmanj@usgs.gov OI Gaskin, John/0000-0001-7338-3880 NR 46 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1752-4571 J9 EVOL APPL JI Evol. Appl. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 1 IS 4 BP 598 EP 607 DI 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00044.x PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA 399ER UT WOS:000262783700003 PM 25567800 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Oremland, RS AF Miller, Laurence G. Oremland, Ronald S. TI Electricity generation by anaerobic bacteria and anoxic sediments from hypersaline soda lakes SO EXTREMOPHILES LA English DT Article DE Hypersaline; Microbial fuel cell; Electricity; Arsenate ID MICROBIAL FUEL-CELLS; DISSIMILATORY ARSENATE REDUCTION; MONO LAKE; SULFATE REDUCTION; SP-NOV; CALIFORNIA; ENERGY; SULFIDE; WATER AB Anaerobic bacteria and anoxic sediments from soda lakes produced electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). No electricity was generated in the absence of bacterial metabolism. Arsenate respiring bacteria isolated from moderately hypersaline Mono Lake (Bacillus selenitireducens), and salt-saturated Searles Lake, CA (strain SLAS-1) oxidized lactate using arsenate as the electron acceptor. However, these cultures grew equally well without added arsenate using the MFC anode as their electron acceptor, and in the process oxidized lactate more efficiently. The decrease in electricity generation by consumption of added alternative electron acceptors (i.e. arsenate) which competed with the anode for available electrons proved to be a useful indicator of microbial activity and hence life in the fuel cells. Shaken sediment slurries from these two lakes also generated electricity, with or without added lactate. Hydrogen added to sediment slurries was consumed but did not stimulate electricity production. Finally, electricity was generated in statically incubated "intact" sediment cores from these lakes. More power was produced in sediment from Mono Lake than from Searles Lake, however microbial fuel cells could detect low levels of metabolism operating under moderate and extreme conditions of salt stress. C1 [Miller, Laurence G.; Oremland, Ronald S.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Miller, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM lgmiller@usgs.gov FU USGS National Research Program; NASA ASTID FX We thank Suresh Seshadri and Martin Buehler of JPL for their enthusiastic support of this project. The following people helped in the laboratory: Jodi Switzer Blum, Stacy Bennett, Shelley Hoeft, Tom Kulp, Shaun Baesman, John Duff, and Larisa Yunerman. Thank you also to Charlie Ogle, Kelly Wrighton, and Cameron Thrash for assistance with microbial fuel cells. Kelly Wrighton and Chad Saltikov reviewed an early draft of this manuscript. Financial support was provided by USGS National Research Program, and NASA ASTID 2003. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 1-11-11 KUDAN-KITA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102-0073, JAPAN SN 1431-0651 J9 EXTREMOPHILES JI Extremophiles PD NOV PY 2008 VL 12 IS 6 BP 837 EP 848 DI 10.1007/s00792-008-0191-5 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 367GN UT WOS:000260540600010 PM 18836685 ER PT J AU Margraf, J AF Margraf, Joe TI A New Home for Habitat SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Margraf, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK USA. EM joe.margraf@uaf.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD NOV PY 2008 VL 33 IS 11 BP 532 EP 532 PG 1 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 387ZD UT WOS:000261989200001 ER PT J AU Dunham, J Baxter, C Fausch, K Fredenberg, W Kitano, S Koizumi, I Morita, K Nakamura, T Rieman, B Savvaitova, K Stanford, J Taylor, E Yamamoto, S AF Dunham, Jason Baxter, Colden Fausch, Kurt Fredenberg, Wade Kitano, Satoshi Koizumi, Itsuro Morita, Kentaro Nakamura, Tomoyuki Rieman, Bruce Savvaitova, Ksenia Stanford, Jack Taylor, Eric Yamamoto, Shoichiro TI Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation of Dolly Varden, White-spotted Char, and Bull Trout SO FISHERIES LA English DT Review ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCES; FORAGING MODE SHIFT; SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; BROOK TROUT; CUTTHROAT TROUT; RAINBOW-TROUT; METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE; NORTH-AMERICA; RIVER-BASIN; INTROGRESSIVE HYBRIDIZATION AB We review the ecology and conservation of three lesser-known chars (genus Salvelinus): Dolly Varden (S. malma), white-spotted char (S. lueomaeriis), and bull trout (S. confluentus). Dolly Varden is distributed across the northern Pacific Rim and co-occurs with bull trout and white-spotted char at the Southern extremes of its range. In contrast, bull trout and white-spotted char are naturally isolated, with the former restricted to North America and the latter distributed in northeastern Asia. Though the range of Dolly Varden overlaps with the two other chars, it is most closely related to Arctic char (S. alpinus), whereas bull trout and white-spotted char are sister taxa. Each species exhibits diverse life histories with respect to demographic characteristics, trophic ecology, and movement. This diversity appears to be tied to environmental variability (e.g., temperature, habitat connectivity), resource availability (e.g., food), and species interactions. Increasingly, these interactions involve nonnative species including normative salmonines and changes in food webs related to establishment of species Such as Mysis shrimp in large lakes. As humans expand into the remote and pristine habitats hat Support these three chars, we encourage proactive consideration of the lessons learned where chars have already declined and internationally-based research and conservation. C1 [Dunham, Jason] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR USA. [Baxter, Colden] Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. [Fausch, Kurt] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Fredenberg, Wade] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kalispell, MT USA. [Kitano, Satoshi] Nagano Environm Conservat Res Inst Kitago, Nagano, Japan. [Koizumi, Itsuro] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Sci, Div Environm Sci Dev, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. [Morita, Kentaro] Fisheries Res Agcy, Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan. [Nakamura, Tomoyuki; Yamamoto, Shoichiro] Fisheries Res Agcy, Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Nikko, Tochigi, Japan. [Rieman, Bruce] US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Seeley Lake, MT USA. [Savvaitova, Ksenia] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow, Russia. [Stanford, Jack] Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. [Taylor, Eric] Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Dunham, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR USA. RI Koizumi, Itsuro/D-4222-2009; Fausch, Kurt/A-8849-2010; Morita, Kentaro/G-2578-2015 OI Morita, Kentaro/0000-0002-7803-2438 NR 129 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 37 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD NOV PY 2008 VL 33 IS 11 BP 537 EP 550 DI 10.1577/1548-8446-33.11.537 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 387ZD UT WOS:000261989200005 ER PT J AU Mellon, CD Wipfli, MS Li, JL AF Mellon, Cassie D. Wipfli, Mark S. Li, Judith L. TI Effects of forest fire on headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in eastern Washington, USA SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest management; headwater stream; macroinvertebrate; prey subsidy; wildfire ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; ALDER ALNUS-RUBRA; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; WESTERN USA; DRY MASS; DISTURBANCE; INVERTEBRATES; WILDFIRES; HABITATS AB 1. Recent increases in fire frequency in North America have focused interest on potential effects on adjacent ecosystems, including streams. Headwaters could be particularly affected because of their high connectivity to riparian and downstream aquatic ecosystems through aquatic invertebrate drift and emergence. 2. Headwater streams from replicated burned and control catchments were sampled in 2 years following an intense forest fire in northeastern Washington (U.S.A.). We compared differences in benthic, drift and emergent macroinvertebrate density, biomass and community composition between five burned and five unburned catchments (14-135 ha). There were significantly higher macroinvertebrate densities in burned than control sites for all sample types. Macroinvertebrate biomass was greater at burned sites only from emergence samples; in benthic and drift samples there was no significant difference between burn and control sites. 4. For all sample types, diversity was lower in the burned catchments, and the macroinvertebrate community was dominated by chironomid midges. 5. Compared to the effects of fire in less disturbed ecosystems, this study illustrated that forest fire in a managed forest may have greater effects on headwater macroinvertebrate communities, influencing prey flow to adjacent terrestrial and downstream aquatic habitats for at least the first 2 years post-fire. C1 [Mellon, Cassie D.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Wipfli, Mark S.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Li, Judith L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mellon, CD (reprint author), Utah Dept Nat Resources, Div Wildlife Resources, 1594 N Temple Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, UT USA. EM cassiemellon@utah.gov FU USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station FX We would like to thank the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station in Wenatchee and the Colville National Forest, especially Tom Shuhda, David Peterson, Karl Polivka, and Pete Bisson for technical and logistical support on this project. Thanks to two anonymous reviewers whose review and comments greatly improved this paper. Thanks to Michael Mills and Pete Bisson for providing reviews of earlier versions of this paper. Shelly Brannon, Michelle Augustyn, Stephanie Joan Fischer, and Rachel Bachert provided assistance in the field and processing samples. This research was funded through the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 53 IS 11 BP 2331 EP 2343 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02039.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 392DN UT WOS:000262283200018 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Song, YC Burruss, RC AF Chou, I-Ming Song, Yucai Burruss, R. C. TI A new method for synthesizing fluid inclusions in fused silica capillaries containing organic and inorganic material SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION; NATURAL QUARTZ; QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION; HYDROTHERMAL REACTIVITY; PRESSURE DETERMINATION; GAS-MIXTURES; SYSTEM; TEMPERATURES; HYDROGEN; METHANE AB Considerable advances in our understanding of physicochernical properties of geological fluids and their roles in many geological processes have been achieved by the use of synthetic fluid inclusions. We have developed a new method to synthesize fluid inclusions containing organic and inorganic material in fused silica capillary tubing. We have used both round (0.3 mm OD and 0.05 or 0.1 mm ID) and square cross-section tubing (0.3 x 0.3 mm with 0.05 x 0.05 mm or 0.1 x 0.1 mm cavities). For micro thermometric measurements in a USGS-type heating-cooling stage, sample capsules must be less than 25 mm in length. The square-sectioned capsules have the advantage of providing images without optical distortion. However, the maximum internal pressure (P; about 100 MPa at 22 degrees C and temperature (T; about 500 degrees C) maintained by the square-sectioned capsules are less than those held by the round-sectioned capsules (about 300 MPa. at room T, and T up to 650 degrees C). The fused silica capsules can be applied to a wide range of problems of interest in fluid inclusion and hydrothertnal research, such as creating standards for the calibration of thermocouples in heating-cooling stages and frequency shifts in Raman spectrometers. The fused silica capsules can also be used as containers for hydrothermal reactions, especially for organic samples, including individual hydrocarbons, crude oils, and gases, such as cracking of C18H38 between 350 and 400 degrees C, isotopic exchanges between C18H38 and D2O and between C19D40 and H2O at similar temperatures. Results of these types of studies provide information on the kinetics of oil cracking and the changes of oil composition under thermal stress. When compared with synthesis of fluid inclusions formed by healing fractures in quartz or other minerals or by overgrowth of quartz at elevated P-T conditions, the new fused-silica method has the following advantages: (1) it is simple; (2) fluid inclusions without the presence of water can be formed; (3) synthesized inclusions are large and uniform, and they are able to tolerate high internal P; (4) it is suitable for the study of organic material; and (5) redox control is possible due to high permeability of the fused silica to hydrogen. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Chou, I-Ming; Burruss, R. C.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Song, Yucai] Nanjing Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM imchou@usgs.gov FU NSFC [40673040] FX We dedicate this paper to our former colleague at the USGS, Ed Roedder, for his scientific contributions, especially in the field of fluid inclusions, his guidance and friendship. We thank Wanjun Lu of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, for his technical support, and Harvey Belkin and Robert Seal, II of USGS, Adam Simon of University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Alistair Hack of ETH Zurich, and Associate Editor, Eric Oelkers, for their critical reviews. This work was supported by the Energy Program of the USGS. Y. Song thanks Prof. Wenxuan Hu of Nanjing University, China, and NSFC (Grant No. 40673040 to Hu) for the support of his 6 month visit of USGS. The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the US Government. NR 51 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV 1 PY 2008 VL 72 IS 21 BP 5217 EP 5231 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.030 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 361VY UT WOS:000260156700005 ER PT J AU Hernes, PJ Spencer, RGM Dyda, RY Pellerin, BA Bachand, PAM Bergamaschi, BA AF Hernes, Peter J. Spencer, Robert G. M. Dyda, Rachael Y. Pellerin, Brian A. Bachand, Philip A. M. Bergamaschi, Brian A. TI The role of hydrologic regimes on dissolved organic carbon composition in an agricultural watershed SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID JOAQUIN RIVER DELTA; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; PLANT-TISSUES; ORINOCO RIVER; MATTER; LIGNIN; EXPORT; CATCHMENT AB Willow Slough, a seasonally irrigated agricultural watershed in the Sacramento River valley, California, was sampled weekly in 2006 in order to investigate seasonal concentrations and compositions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Average DOC concentrations nearly doubled from winter baseflow (2.75 mg L-1) to summer irrigation (5.14 mg L-1), while a concomitant increase in carbon-normalized vanillyl phenols (0.11 mg 100 mg OC-1 increasing to 0.31 mg 100 mg OC-1, on average) indicates that this additional carbon is likely vascular plant-derived. A strong linear relationship between lignin concentration 2 and total suspended sediments (r(2) = 0.79) demonstrates that agricultural management practices that mobilize sediments will likely have a direct and significant impact on DOC composition. The original source of vascular plant-derived DOC to Willow Slough appears to be the same throughout the year as evidenced by similar syringyl to vanillyl and cinnamyl to vanillyl ratios. However, differing diagenetic pathways during winter baseflow as compared to the rest of the year are evident in acid to aidehyde ratios of both vanillyl and syringyl phenols. The chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficient at 350 nm showed a strong correlation with lignin concentration (r(2) = 0.83). Other CDOM measurements related to aromaticity and molecular weight also showed correlations with carbon-normalized yields (e.g. specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (r(2) = 0.57) and spectral Slope (r(2) = 0.54)). Our overall findings suggest that irrigated agricultural watersheds like Willow Slough can potentially have a significant impact on mainstern DOC concentration and composition when scaled to the entire watershed of the main tributary. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Hernes, Peter J.; Spencer, Robert G. M.; Dyda, Rachael Y.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Pellerin, Brian A.; Bergamaschi, Brian A.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Bachand, Philip A. M.] Bachand & Associates, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hernes, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM pjhemes@ucdavis.edu OI Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581 FU California Bay Delta Authority Ecosystem; Johnfranco Saraceno for analytical FX We gratefully acknowledge the California Bay Delta Authority Ecosystem Program and Drinking Water Program for their support. We also thank Timothy Ingruni, Miranda Fram. Will Kerlin. Kathryn CrepeaLl, Frank Anderson, Johnfranco Saraceno for analytical and field support. Finally. we thank the carbon reading group at UC Davis, Klaus Kaiser, Taniara Kraus. and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 45 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV 1 PY 2008 VL 72 IS 21 BP 5266 EP 5277 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.031 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 361VY UT WOS:000260156700009 ER PT J AU Jiang, DX Wang, YD Robbins, EI Wei, J Tian, N AF Jiang, De-Xin Wang, Yong-Dong Robbins, Eleanora I. Wei, Jiang Tian, Ning TI Mesozoic non-marine petroleum source rocks determined by palynomorphs in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, northwestern China SO GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE spores and pollen; petroleum source rocks; petroleum migration; oil field; Triassic-Jurassic; Tarim Basin ID IN-SITU SPORES; FERTILE ORGANS; TURPAN BASINS; NORTH TARIM; YORKSHIRE; POLLEN; INSITU; HUBEI; JUNGGAR; ENGLAND AB The Tarim Basin in Northwest China hosts petroleum reservoirs of Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary ages. The sedimentary thickness in the basin reaches about 15 km and with an area of 560 000 km(2), the basin is expected to contain giant oil and gas fields. It is therefore important to determine the ages and depositional environments of the petroleum source rocks. For prospective evaluation and exploration of petroleum, palynological investigations were carried out on 38 crude oil samples collected from 22 petroleum reservoirs in the Tarim Basin and on additionally 56 potential source rock samples from the same basin. In total, 173 species of spores and pollen referred to 80 genera, and 27 species of algae and fungi referred to 16 genera were identified from the non-marine Mesozoic sources. By correlating the palynormorph assemblages in the crude oil samples with those in the potential source rocks, the Triassic and Jurassic petroleum source rocks were identified. Furthermore, the palynofloras in the petroleum provide evidence for interpretation of the depositional environments of the petroleum source rocks. The affinity of the miospores indicates that the petroleum source rocks were formed in swamps in brackish to lacustrine depositional environments under warm and humid climatic conditions. The palynomorphs in the crude oils provide further information about passage and route of petroleum migration, which is significant for interpreting petroleum migration mechanisms. Additionally, the thermal alternation index (TAI) based on miospores indicates that the Triassic and Jurassic deposits in the Tarim Basin are mature petroleum source rocks. C1 [Wang, Yong-Dong; Tian, Ning] Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. [Jiang, De-Xin] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Robbins, Eleanora I.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Wei, Jiang] Norfolk State Univ, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. RP Wang, YD (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. EM ydwang@nigpas.ac.cn RI Wang, Yongdong/D-2420-2010 FU National Basic Research Program of China [2006CB701401]; National Science Foundation of China [40472004, 40632010] FX This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (grant no. 2006CB701401), National Science Foundation of China (nos 40472004, 40632010). The authors would like to thank Prof. Yang H. Q. for technical assistance, Prof He Z. S. and Mr Dong K. L. for providing geological information and some samples, and Mr Sun E, Ms Du J. E., and Ms Lai C. Y for collecting and preparing samples. Special thanks are due to Prof Marc Hendrix (University of Montana, USA), Prof Vivi Vajda (University of Lund, Sweden) and an anonymous referee for providing valuable suggestions and references, which greatly improved the manuscript. This is a contribution to International Geoscience Program - IGCP 506. NR 90 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0016-7568 J9 GEOL MAG JI Geol. Mag. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 145 IS 6 BP 868 EP 885 DI 10.1017/S0016756808005384 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 372RG UT WOS:000260918600010 ER PT J AU Aleinikoff, JN Muhs, DR Bettis, EA Johnson, WC Fanning, CM Benton, R AF Aleinikoff, John N. Muhs, Daniel R. Bettis, E. Arthur, III Johnson, William C. Fanning, C. Mark Benton, Rachel TI Isotopic evidence for the diversity of late Quaternary loess in Nebraska: Glaciogenic and nonglaciogenic sources SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE loess; zircon; K-feldspar; U-Pb; Pb isotopes ID CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; MINERAL DUST AEROSOL; NORTH-AMERICA; PEORIA-LOESS; PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE; NORTHEASTERN COLORADO; DETRITAL ZIRCONS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GLACIAL LOESS; DESERT LOESS AB Pb isotope compositions of detrital K-feldspars and U-Pb ages of detrital zircons are used as indicators for determining the sources of Peoria Loess deposited during the last glacial period (late Wisconsin, ca. 25-14 ka) in Nebraska and western Iowa. Our new data indicate that only loess adjacent to the Platte River has Pb isotopic characteristics suggesting derivation from this river. Most Peoria Loess in central Nebraska (up to 20 m thick) is non-glaciogenic, on the basis of Pb isotope ratios in K-feldspars and the presence of 34-Ma detrital zircons. These isotopic characteristics suggest derivation primarily from the Oligocene White River Group in southern South Dakota, western Nebraska, southeastern Wyoming, and northeastern Colorado. The occurrence of 10-25 Ma detrital zircons suggests additional minor contributions of silt from the Oligocene-Miocene Arikaree Group and Miocene Ogallala Group. Isotopic data from detrital K-feldspar and zircon grains from Peoria Loess deposits in eastern Nebraska and western Iowa suggest that the immediate source of this loess was alluvium of the Missouri River. We conclude that this silt probably is of glaciogenic origin, primarily derived from outwash from the western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Identification of the White River Group as the main provenance of Peoria Loess of central Nebraska and the Missouri River valley as the immediate source of western Iowa Peoria Loess indicates that paleowind directions during the late Wisconsin were primarily from the northwest and west, in agreement with earlier studies of particle size and loess thickness variation. In addition, the results are in agreement with recent simulations of non-glaciogenic dust sources from linked climate-vegetation modeling, suggesting dry, windy, and minimally vegetated areas in parts of the Great Plains during the last glacial period. C1 [Aleinikoff, John N.; Muhs, Daniel R.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Bettis, E. Arthur, III] Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Johnson, William C.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Fanning, C. Mark] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, PRISE, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Benton, Rachel] Natl Pk Serv, Interior, SD 57750 USA. RP Aleinikoff, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jaleinikoff@usgs.gov RI Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 FU U.S. Geological Survey; National Science Foundation [EAR 00-87572] FX This research was supported by the Earth Surface Dynamics Program of the U.S. Geological Survey and National Science Foundation grant EAR 00-87572 to Bettis. We thank the Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, for access to the ion microprobe for zircon analyses. We thank K. Chamberlain (University of Wyoming) for analyzing the K-feldspar samples from silt of the Pliocene sand sheet. J. Been. T. Frolking, and R. Sauer assisted in field work. J. Mason. T. Hinkley, D. Gaylord, M. Soreghan. N. Mahowald. S. Hovan, and J. Amato provided thorough critical reviews of earlier drafts of the paper: NR 83 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 24 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 120 IS 11-12 BP 1362 EP 1377 DI 10.1130/B26222.1 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 370BO UT WOS:000260737900002 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Bettis, EA Aleinikoff, JN McGeehin, JP Beann, J Skipp, G Marshall, BD Roberts, HM Johnson, WC Benton, R AF Muhs, Daniel R. Bettis, E. Arthur, III Aleinikoff, John N. McGeehin, John P. Beann, Jossh Skipp, Gary Marshall, Brian D. Roberts, Helen M. Johnson, William C. Benton, Rachel TI Origin and paleoclimatic significance of late Quaternary loess in Nebraska: Evidence from stratigraphy, chronology, sedimentology, and geochemistry SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE Peoria Loess; Nebraska; Great Plains; last glacial period; stratigraphy; geochemistry; provenance; paleoclimate ID CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; SIZED QUARTZ SILT; DESERT LOESS; PEORIA-LOESS; NORTHEASTERN COLORADO; NORTH-AMERICA; SAND HILLS; LABORATORY SIMULATIONS; SOUTHWESTERN NEBRASKA AB Loess is one of the most extensive surficial geologic deposits in midcontinental North America, particularly in the central Great Plains region of Nebraska. Last-glacial-age loess (Peoria Loess) reaches its greatest known thickness in the world in this area. New stratigraphic, geochronologic, mineralogic, and geochemical data yield information about the age and provenance of Peoria Loess, as well as evaluation of recent climate models. Sixteen new radiocarbon ages and recently acquired optically stimulated luminescence ages indicate that Peoria Loess deposition in Nebraska occurred between ca. 25,000 cal yr B.P. and ca. 13,000 cal yr B.P. After ca. 13,000 cal yr B.P. a period of pedogenesis began, represented by the dark, prominent Brady Soil. At some localities, further loess deposition was minimal. At other localities, sometime after ca. 11,000 cal yr B.P., there were additional episodes of loess deposition (Bignell Loess) intermittently throughout the Holocene. The spatial variability of particle size abundances in Peoria Loess shows a northwest-to-southeast fining in Nebraska, consistent with maps of previous workers that show a northwest-to-southeast thinning of loess. These observations indicate that paleowinds that deposited the loess were from the west or northwest and that the source or sources of Peoria Loess lay to the west or northwest. New mineralogical and geochemical data indicate that the most important sources of loess were likely Tertiary siltstones of the White River and Arikaree Groups, silt facies of Pliocene eolian sediments, and small contributions from Pierre Shale. It is likely that fine-grained silts were transported episodically through the Nebraska Sand Hills from Tertiary and Cretaceous bedrock sources to the north, in agreement with a model presented recently. The identification of Tertiary siltstones and silts as the primary sources of loess is consistent with isotopic data presented in a companion paper. Contributions of glaciogenic silt from the Platte and Missouri Rivers were limited to loess zones close to the valleys of those drainages. An earlier computer-based model of global dust generation during the last glacial period did not identify the Great Plains of North America as a significant source of nonglaciogenic eolian silt. However, a refined version of this model does simulate this region as a significant nonglacial dust source during the last glacial period, in good agreement with the results presented here. C1 [Muhs, Daniel R.; Aleinikoff, John N.; Skipp, Gary; Marshall, Brian D.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Bettis, E. Arthur, III] Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [McGeehin, John P.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Roberts, Helen M.] Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. [Johnson, William C.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Benton, Rachel] Natl Pk Serv, Interior, SD 57750 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dmuhs@usgs.gov RI Roberts, Helen/I-1041-2012; OI Roberts, Helen/0000-0001-9649-2377; Marshall, Brian/0000-0002-8093-0093 FU U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR-00-87572] FX This work was supported by the Earth Surface Dynamics Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (to USGS and University of Wales authors) and by U.S. National Science Foundation grant EAR-00-87572 (to Bettis). This is a contribution to the USGS project "Eolian History of North America" and to the DIRTMAP project. Our thanks go to the landowners of the various localities we studied: Eldon Hawes (Fort Morgan, Colorado); Jerry Coyle (McCook, Nebraska); Bonnie and Kent Hueftle (Eustis, Nebraska); Ken Wehrman (Devil's Den, Nebraska); Rod and Sandy Ansley (Red Ranch, Nebraska); and the Sioux City Brick Company (Sioux City, Iowa). We appreciate helpful discussions, in and out of the field, with Tom Ager, Dave Bromwich, Karen Kohfeld, Natalie Mahowald, Ann Wintle, Geoff Duller, Alan Busacca, Joe Mason, and Jim Swinehart. Jim Swinehart kindly provided a copy of Myers' (1993) sand sheet map. We thank Carrie Jennings (University of Minnesota), Joe Mason (University of Wisconsin), Natalie Mahowald (Cornell University), David Bromwich (Ohio State University), Howard Hobbs (Minnesota Geological Survey), Randy Schaetzl (Michigan State University), Christoph Geiss (Trinity College), David Grimley (Illinois State Geological Survey), and Kathleen Simmons (USGS) for helpful comments on an earlier version of the paper. NR 102 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 31 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 120 IS 11-12 BP 1378 EP 1407 DI 10.1130/B26221.1 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 370BO UT WOS:000260737900003 ER PT J AU Kelsey, HM Sherrod, BL Nelson, AR Brocher, TM AF Kelsey, Harvey M. Sherrod, Brian L. Nelson, Alan R. Brocher, Thomas M. TI Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE reverse faults; fault-bend folds; Seattle fault zone; paleoseismology; relative sea level ID PASSIVE-ROOF DUPLEX; PUGET-SOUND; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; NEW-ZEALAND; WASHINGTON; GEOMETRY; RUPTURE; UPLIFT; DEFORMATION AB A key question in earthquake hazard analysis is whether individual faults within fault zones represent independent seismic sources. For the Seattle fault zone, an upper plate structure within the Cascadia convergent margin, evaluating seismic hazard requires understanding how north-side-up, bedding-plane reverse faults, which generate late Holocene fault scarps, interact with the north-vergent master-ramp thrust and overlying backthrust of the fault zone. A regional uplift at A.D. 900-930 involved an earthquake that nucleated at depth and included slip on both the master-ramp thrust and the backthrust. This earthquake also included slip on some of the <6-km-deep north-side-up, bedding-plane reverse faults. At locales where the north-side-up reverse faults intersect the Puget Sound coast, an earthquake a few centuries earlier than the A.D. 900-930 regional uplift only uplifted areas within hundreds of meters north of the reverse faults. We infer that the bedding-plane reverse faults are seismogenic because shore platforms near the reverse faults have been abruptly uplifted during earthquakes when other shorelines in the Seattle fault zone were unaffected. Faults of the Seattle fault zone therefore can both produce regional uplift earthquakes, with or without surface displacement on the reverse faults, and produce earthquakes that rupture the bedding-plane reverse faults causing fault scarps and uplift localized to hundreds of meters north of these faults. This latter type of earthquake has occurred at least twice and perhaps three times in the late Holocene, and all these earthquakes preceded the regional coseismic uplift of A.D. 900-930. To account for the paleoseismic observations, we propose that the Seattle fault zone is a wedge thrust, with the leading edge being a fault-bend, wedge thrust fold. The active axial surface of the wedge thrust fold is pinned at the tip of the wedge, and a steeply north-dipping sequence of Tertiary sediment forms the south limb of the wedge thrust fold. Some of these steeply north-dipping, bedding-plane surfaces are seismogenic reverse faults that produce scarps. Earthquakes on the wedge thrust produce the regional coseismic uplift events, and earthquakes within the fault-bend fold cause the local uplift earthquakes. Thus, bedding-plane faults can rupture during earthquakes when the wedge thrust does not rupture but instead continues to accumulate seismic energy. C1 [Kelsey, Harvey M.] Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. [Sherrod, Brian L.] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98193 USA. [Nelson, Alan R.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Brocher, Thomas M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kelsey, HM (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM hmk1@humboldt.edu OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X FU National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) [04HQGR0118] FX Research wits funded by both the internal and external National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), external program award number 04HQGR0118. We gratefully acknowledge those who allowed us access to their coastal properties: Jim and Kristi O'Connor, Tom the carpenter (Bainbridge Island): Ernie Nagli, Bill Menees, Fred Cook, and Bud and Judy Myler (Point Glover). E. Barnett assisted with field work on Bainbridge Island. and the manuscript benefited from discussion with S. Cashman. J. Muller, and D. Harding. Reviews provided by S.M. Cashman. P. Eichhubl, C. Guzofski, K. Mueller, J. H. Shaw. U. ten Brink, and R.S. Years substantially improved the manuscript. C. Guzofski provided Substantial insight to fault-bend folds. NR 56 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 120 IS 11-12 BP 1581 EP 1597 DI 10.1130/B26282.1 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 370BO UT WOS:000260737900015 ER PT J AU Pratson, L Hughes-Clarke, J Anderson, M Gerber, T Twichel, D Ferrari, R Nittrouer, C Beaudoin, J Granet, J Crockettt, J AF Pratson, Lincoln Hughes-Clarke, John Anderson, Mark Gerber, Thomas Twichel, David Ferrari, Ronald Nittrouer, Charles Beaudoin, Jonathan Granet, Jesse Crockettt, John TI Timing and patterns of basin infilling as documented in Lake Powell during a drought SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Between 1999 and 2005, drought in the western United States led to a > 44 m fall in the level of Lake Powell (Arizona-Utah), the nation's second-largest reservoir. River discharges to the reservoir were halved, yet the rivers still incised the tops of deltas left exposed along the rim of the reservoir by the lake-level fall. Erosion of the deltas enriched the rivers in sediment such that upon entering the reservoir they discharged plunging subaqueous gravity flows, one of which was imaged acoustically. Repeat bathymetric surveys of the reservoir show that the gravity flows overtopped rockfalls and formed small subaqueous fans, locally raising sediment accumulation rates 10-100-fold. The timing of deep-basin deposition differed regionally across the reservoir with respect to lake-level change. Total mass of sediment transferred from the lake perimeter to its bottom equates to similar to 22 yr of river input. C1 [Pratson, Lincoln; Gerber, Thomas] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Hughes-Clarke, John; Beaudoin, Jonathan] Univ New Brunswick, Ocean Mapping Grp, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. [Anderson, Mark; Granet, Jesse] Glen Canyon NRA, Natl Pk Serv, Page, AZ 86040 USA. [Twichel, David] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Ferrari, Ronald] US Bur Reclamat, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Nittrouer, Charles; Crockettt, John] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Pratson, L (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, POB 90227, Durham, NC 27708 USA. FU U.S. Office of Naval Research [N00014-03-1-0141]; U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR-98-96392, OCE-04-05515] FX Grants to Pratson from the U.S. Office of Naval Research (N00014-03-1-0141) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (EAR-98-96392 and OCE-04-05515) helped support data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. The 2005 multi-beam survey was made possible by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Discovery grant to Hughes-Clarke. We thank Carlos Pirmez and an anonymous reviewer, whose comments greatly improved the manuscript. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2008 VL 36 IS 11 BP 843 EP 846 DI 10.1130/024733A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 370HK UT WOS:000260753100003 ER PT J AU Milliken, RE Swayze, GA Arvidson, RE Bishop, JL Clark, RN Ehlmann, BL Green, RO Grotzinger, JP Morris, RV Murchie, SL Mustard, JF Weitz, C AF Milliken, R. E. Swayze, G. A. Arvidson, R. E. Bishop, J. L. Clark, R. N. Ehlmann, B. L. Green, R. O. Grotzinger, J. P. Morris, R. V. Murchie, S. L. Mustard, J. F. Weitz, C. TI Opaline silica in young deposits on Mars SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM; VALLES MARINERIS; JAROSITE; WATER; DIVERSITY; MINERALS; GLASSES; HISTORY AB High spatial and spectral resolution reflectance data acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument reveal the presence of H2O- and SiOH-bearing phases on the Martian surface. The spectra are most consistent with opaline silica and glass altered to various degrees, confirming predictions based on geochernicall experiments and models that amorphous silica should be a common weathering product of the basaltic Martian crust. These materials are associated with hydrated Fe sulfates, including H3O-bearing jarosite, and are found in finely stratified deposits exposed on the floor of and on the plains surrounding the Valles Marineris canyon system. Stratigraphic relationships place the formation age of these deposits in the late Hesperian or possibly the Amazonian, implying that aqueous alteration continued to be an important and regionally extensive process on Mars during that time. C1 [Milliken, R. E.; Green, R. O.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Swayze, G. A.; Clark, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Arvidson, R. E.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Bishop, J. L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Mustard, J. F.] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Grotzinger, J. P.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Morris, R. V.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Murchie, S. L.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Weitz, C.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Milliken, RE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ralph.milliken@jpl.nasa.gov RI Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015 OI Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751 NR 29 TC 172 Z9 174 U1 5 U2 33 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2008 VL 36 IS 11 BP 847 EP 850 DI 10.1130/G24967A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 370HK UT WOS:000260753100004 ER PT J AU Parsons, T AF Parsons, Tom TI Earthquake recurrence on the south Hayward fault is most consistent with a time dependent, renewal process SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Elastic rebound and stress renewal are important components of earthquake forecasting because if large earthquakes can be shown to be periodic, then rupture probability is time dependent. While renewal models are used in formal forecasts, it has not been possible to exclude the alternate view that repeated large earthquakes can happen in rapid succession without requiring time for stress regeneration. Here a consistency test between time dependent and time independent recurrence distributions is made using a Monte Carlo method to replicate the paleoseismic series on the south Hayward fault. Time dependent distributions with recurrence interval of 210 years and coefficient of variation of 0.6 reproduce the event series on the south Hayward 5 times more often than any exponential distribution: a highly significant difference as determined using a two-tailed Z-test for relative proportions. Therefore large Hayward fault earthquakes are quasi-periodic, and are most consistent with a stress renewal process. Citation: Parsons, T. (2008), Earthquake recurrence on the south Hayward fault is most consistent with a time dependent, renewal process, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L21301, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035887. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 21 AR L21301 DI 10.1029/2008GL035887 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 368BZ UT WOS:000260597600004 ER PT J AU Battaglia, M Gottsmann, J Carbone, D Fernandez, J AF Battaglia, Maurizio Gottsmann, Joachim Carbone, Daniele Fernandez, Jose TI 4D volcano gravimetry SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Earth crust; geomorphology; geophysical techniques; gravity; volcanology ID LONG-VALLEY-CALDERA; CAMPI-FLEGREI CALDERA; VERTICAL GRAVITY GRADIENTS; LAYERED EARTH MODELS; ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; GROUND DEFORMATION; MAGMA INTRUSION; METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS; COMPUTE DEFORMATION; MICROGRAVITY DATA AB Time-dependent gravimetric measurements can detect subsurface processes long before magma flow leads to earthquakes or other eruption precursors. The ability of gravity measurements to detect subsurface mass flow is greatly enhanced if gravity measurements are analyzed and modeled with ground-deformation data. Obtaining the maximum information from microgravity studies requires careful evaluation of the layout of network benchmarks, the gravity environmental signal, and the coupling between gravity changes and crustal deformation. When changes in the system under study are fast (hours to weeks), as in hydrothermal systems and restless volcanoes, continuous gravity observations at selected sites can help to capture many details of the dynamics of the intrusive sources. Despite the instrumental effects, mainly caused by atmospheric temperature, results from monitoring at Mt. Etna volcano show that continuous measurements are a powerful tool for monitoring and studying volcanoes.Several analytical and numerical mathematical models can beused to fit gravity and deformation data. Analytical models offer a closed-form description of the volcanic source. In principle, this allows one to readily infer the relative importance of the source parameters. In active volcanic sites such as Long Valley caldera (California, U.S.A.) and Campi Flegrei (Italy), careful use of analytical models and high-quality data sets has produced good results. However, the simplifications that make analytical models tractable might result in misleading volcanological inter-pretations, particularly when the real crust surrounding the source is far from the homogeneous/isotropic assumption. Using numerical models allows consideration of more realistic descriptions of the sources and of the crust where they are located (e.g., vertical and lateral mechanical discontinuities, complex source geometries, and topography). Applications at Teide volcano (Tenerife) and Campi Flegrei demonstrate the importance of this more realistic description in gravity calculations. C1 [Battaglia, Maurizio] US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Battaglia, Maurizio] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Earth Sci, Rome, Italy. [Gottsmann, Joachim] Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1TH, Avon, England. [Carbone, Daniele] Sez Catania, Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Catania, Italy. [Fernandez, Jose] Inst Astron & Geodesia CSIC UCM, Madrid, Spain. RP Battaglia, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM maurizio.battaglia@uniroma1.it; j.gottsmann@bristol.ac.uk; carbone@ct.ingv.it; jose_fernandez@mat.ucm.es RI Carbone, Daniele/H-7649-2014; Fernandez, Jose/K-1669-2014; OI Carbone, Daniele/0000-0003-2566-6290; Fernandez, Jose/0000-0001-5745-3527; Battaglia, Maurizio/0000-0003-4726-5287 FU Italian Ministry of Higher Education and Research; U. S. Geological Survey; Volcano Hazards Team; University Research Fellowship; Royal Society; National Environmental Research Council (NERC) [NE/E007961/1]; GEOMOD [CGL2005-05500-C02]; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) FX Maurizio Battaglia was supported by project "Rientro dei Cervelli" (funded by the Italian Ministry of Higher Education and Research) and the U. S. Geological Survey, Volcano Hazards Team. Joachim Gottsmann was supported by a University Research Fellowship and an International Joint project, both from the Royal Society, and by National Environmental Research Council (NERC) grant NE/E007961/1. Research by JosE Fernandez has been supported by research project GEOMOD (CGL2005-05500-C02), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC). Comments by the editor, P. Gettings, A. Tikku, and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the manuscript. NR 94 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 16 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 73 IS 6 BP WA3 EP WA18 DI 10.1190/1.2977792 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 376VR UT WOS:000261211600027 ER PT J AU Pool, DR AF Pool, D. R. TI The utility of gravity and water-level monitoring at alluvial aquifer wells in southern Arizona SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gravity; groundwater; hydrological techniques ID RECHARGE AB Coincident monitoring of gravity and water levels at 39 wells in southern Arizona indicate that water-level change might not be a reliable indicator of aquifer-storage change for alluvial aquifer systems. One reason is that water levels in wells that are screened across single or multiple aquifers might not represent the hydraulic head and storage change in a local unconfined aquifer. Gravity estimates of aquifer-storage change can be approximated as a one-dimensional feature except near some withdrawal wells and recharge sources. The aquifer storage coefficient is estimated by the linear regression slope of storage change (estimated using gravity methods) and water-level change. Nonaquifer storage change that does not percolate to the aquifer can be significant, greater than 3 mu Gal, when water is held in the root zone during brief periods following extreme rates of precipitation. Monitor-ing of storage change using gravity methods at wells also can improve understanding of local hydrogeologic conditions. In the study area, confined aquifer conditions are likely at three wells where large water-level variations were accompanied by little gravity change. Unconfined conditions were indicated at 15 wells where significant water-level and gravity change were positively linearly correlated. Good positive linear correlations resulted in extremely large specific-yield values, greater than 0.35, at seven wells where it is likely that significant ephemeral streamflow infiltration resulted in unsaturated storage change. Poor or negative linear correlations indicate the occurrence of confined, multiple, or perched aquifers. Monitoring of a multiple compressible aquifer system at one well resulted in negative correlation of rising water levels and subsidence-corrected gravity change, which suggests that water-level trends at the well are not a good indicatior of overall storage change. C1 US Geol Survey, Arizona Water Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Pool, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Arizona Water Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. EM drpool@usgs.gov NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 73 IS 6 BP WA49 EP WA59 DI 10.1190/1.2980395 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 376VR UT WOS:000261211600040 ER PT J AU Waldrop, MP Harden, JW AF Waldrop, Mark P. Harden, Jennifer W. TI Interactive effects of wildfire and permafrost on microbial communities and soil processes in an Alaskan black spruce forest SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; carbon cycling; enzymes; fungi; lignin; permafrost; wildfire ID ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; INTERIOR ALASKA; ORGANIC-MATTER; BURN SEVERITY; MINERAL SOILS; CARBON; FIRE; DEGRADATION; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE AB Boreal forests contain significant quantities of soil carbon that may be oxidized to CO2 given future increases in climate warming and wildfire behavior. At the ecosystem scale, decomposition and heterotrophic respiration are strongly controlled by temperature and moisture, but we questioned whether changes in microbial biomass, activity, or community structure induced by fire might also affect these processes. We particularly wanted to understand whether postfire reductions in microbial biomass could affect rates of decomposition. Additionally, we compared the short-term effects of wildfire to the long-term effects of climate warming and permafrost decline. We compared soil microbial communities between control and recently burned soils that were located in areas with and without permafrost near Delta Junction, AK. In addition to soil physical variables, we quantified changes in microbial biomass, fungal biomass, fungal community composition, and C cycling processes (phenol oxidase enzyme activity, lignin decomposition, and microbial respiration). Five years following fire, organic surface horizons had lower microbial biomass, fungal biomass, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations compared with control soils. Reductions in soil fungi were associated with reductions in phenol oxidase activity and lignin decomposition. Effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and activity in the mineral soil were minor. Microbial community composition was affected by wildfire, but the effect was greater in nonpermafrost soils. Although the presence of permafrost increased soil moisture contents, effects on microbial biomass and activity were limited to mineral soils that showed lower fungal biomass but higher activity compared with soils without permafrost. Fungal abundance and moisture were strong predictors of phenol oxidase enzyme activity in soil. Phenol oxidase enzyme activity, in turn, was linearly related to both C-13 lignin decomposition and microbial respiration in incubation studies. Taken together, these results indicate that reductions in fungal biomass in postfire soils and lower soil moisture in nonpermafrost soils reduced the potential of soil heterotrophs to decompose soil carbon. Although in the field increased rates of microbial respiration can be observed in postfire soils due to warmer soil conditions, reductions in fungal biomass and activity may limit rates of decomposition. C1 [Waldrop, Mark P.; Harden, Jennifer W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Waldrop, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mwaldrop@usgs.gov OI Waldrop, Mark/0000-0003-1829-7140 FU USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Program FX We thank Kristen Manies and Lee Pruett for assistance with field sampling. Renate Aguirre and Mark Rollog assisted with laboratory work. We also thank Kimberly Wickland and Kathleen Treseder for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by the USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Program. NR 47 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 41 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 14 IS 11 BP 2591 EP 2602 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01661.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363ZX UT WOS:000260307100011 ER PT J AU Scott, NJ Rathbun, GB Murphey, TG Harker, MB AF Scott, Norman J. Rathbun, Galen B. Murphey, Thomas G. Harker, Margaret B. TI REPRODUCTION OF PACIFIC POND TURTLES (ACTINEMYS MARMORATA) IN COASTAL STREAMS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA SO HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Actinemys marmorata; California; Emydidae; Pacific Pond Turtles; reproduction; turtles AB We studied the reproduction of Pacific Pond Turtles, Actinemys marmorata, in four coastal creeks in central California. Ovigerous females had carapace lengths (CL) between 140 mm and 164 mm ((X) over bar = 152 mm). Oviposition occurred from late April to mid-July. The number of eggs in 97 clutches varied between three and eight ((X) over bar = 5.7), and 39 females laid 0-2 ((X) over bar = 1.3) clutches/yr. The average size of the first clutch was larger than the second, but the number of clutches laid one year did not affect the number laid the next year. Mean annual egg production per female was 7.2 eggs. The female pond turtles reported here have the largest minimum size at maturity (140 mm) of any population studied to date. The breeding season is similar to that in lowland southern California and about a month earlier than at higher elevations and latitudes. Clutch size is not correlated with CL at the local level, but it is in the overall range. Clutch size may be under tighter genetic control than clutch frequency, and the latter may be the mechanism by which females adjust to varying environmental conditions such as nutrient levels or temperature. C1 [Scott, Norman J.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Murphey, Thomas G.; Harker, Margaret B.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Scott, NJ (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, C-O POB 307, Creston, CA 93432 USA. EM amphibscott@gmail.com; grathbun@calacademy.org; tmurphey@fs.fed.us; margyeharker@aol.com FU California Department of Parks and Recreation; California Department of Transportation FX We thank David Germano for several editing and review iterations, and especially for providing the impetus to resurrect the manuscript from limbo. The knowledge of Dan Holland was very helpful, especially at the beginning of our study. Nancy Siepel and Denise Woodard participated in the early stages of radiotracking. Glen Sproule, John Truax, Camille Hirst, and Ennis Olgorsolka graciously X-rayed gravid turtles for us. The California Department of Parks and Recreation partially funded the first years of this study through Woody Elliott. The California Department of Transportation, through Gary Ruggerone and Greg Smith, contributed funds from 1992 to 1999. Elliott and Smith issued permits to work in San Simeon State Park, and John Brode and Betsy Bolster issued our permit from the California Department of Fish and Game (SC-002460). The study benefited from discussions with Holland and Robert Goodman, who also provided unpublished data. The manuscript was improved by comments from Bruce Bury, Jeff Lovich, and anonymous reviewers. Susan Wright efficiently handled the administrative tasks. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION & BIOLOGY PI CORVALLIS PA C/O R BRUCE BURY, USGS FOREST & RANGELAND, CORVALLIS, OR 00000 USA SN 1931-7603 J9 HERPETOL CONSERV BIO JI Herpetol. Conserv. Biol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 3 IS 2 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V15RV UT WOS:000207820000003 ER PT J AU Benedict, JB Benedict, RJ Lee, CM Staley, DM AF Benedict, James B. Benedict, Robert J. Lee, Craig M. Staley, Dennis M. TI Spruce trees from a melting ice patch: evidence for Holocene climatic change in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Ice patches; climatic change; Colorado Front Range; Picea engelmannii; sclerotia; snowbed loess; timberline fluctuations; windblown snow; Holocene ID SUB-ALPINE FOREST; FRONT RANGE; SOUTHWEST YUKON; NATIONAL-PARK; GLACIER; FLUCTUATIONS; CANADA; AGE; ASSEMBLAGES; MIGRATION AB In September, 2006, we found the remains of timber-sized spruce trees (Picea engelmannii) on the floors of melting ice patches at altitudes of 3465-3480 m in the Mummy Range of north-central Colorado. The ice patches occupy northeast-facing recesses in which windblown snow, scoured from a tundra upland to the southwest, accumulates deeply. We hypothesize that the upland was timbered during the early to middle Holocene. Dense forest vegetation intercepted snow, preventing it from blowing to the recesses, and allowing trees to become established there. Neoglacial cooling led to gradual deforestation of the upland, renewed transport and deposition of snow by wind, and death of the ice-patch trees. Radiocarbon dates show that the trees died between 3860 +/- 15 and 3780 +/- 20 C-14 yr BP (c. 4200 cal yr BP). The trunks show decay similar to that of historic log structures built above timberline during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, suggesting that they have been protected by ice for all but a small portion of the past 4200 years. A series of warm summers and dry winters led to their recent emergence. The study illustrates the importance of monitoring glaciers and ice patches for floral, faunal and archaeological remains whenever severe melting occurs. C1 [Benedict, James B.] Ctr Mt Archeol, Ward, CO 80481 USA. [Lee, Craig M.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Staley, Dennis M.] US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Benedict, JB (reprint author), Ctr Mt Archeol, 8297 Overland Rd, Ward, CO 80481 USA. NR 61 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD NOV PY 2008 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1067 EP 1076 DI 10.1177/0959683608095578 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 364ME UT WOS:000260339000005 ER PT J AU Liang, D Xu, XL Andreadis, KM Josberger, EG Tsang, L AF Liang, Ding Xu, Xiaolan Andreadis, Konstantinos M. Josberger, Edward G. Tsang, Leung TI The Effects of Layers in Dry Snow on Its Passive Microwave Emissions Using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on the Quasicrystalline Approximation (QCA/DMRT) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Dense media; dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory; layered media; microwave remote sensing; snow ID MODEL; RETRIEVAL; SNOWPACKS AB A model for the microwave emissions of multilayer dry snowpacks, based on dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory with the quasicrystalline approximation (QCA), provides more accurate results when compared to emissions determined by a homogeneous snowpack and other scattering models. The DMRT model accounts for adhesive aggregate effects, which leads to dense media Mie scattering by using a sticky particle model. With the multilayer model, we examined both the frequency and polarization dependence of brightness temperatures (Tb's) from representative snowpacks and compared them to results from a single-layer model and found that the multilayer model predicts higher polarization differences, twice as much, and weaker frequency dependence. We also studied the temporal evolution of Tb from multilayer snowpacks. The difference between Tb's at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz can be 5 K lower than the single-layer model prediction in this paper. By using the snowpack observations from the Cold Land Processes Field Experiment as input for both multi- and single-layer models, it shows that the multilayer Tb's are in better agreement with the data than the single-layer model. With one set of physical parameters, the multilayer QCA/DMRT model matched all four channels of Tb observations simultaneously, whereas the single-layer model could only reproduce vertically polarized Tb's. Also, the polarization difference and frequency dependence were accurately matched by the multilayer model using the same set of physical parameters. Hence, algorithms for the retrieval of snowpack depth or water equivalent should be based on multilayer scattering models to achieve greater accuracy. C1 [Liang, Ding; Xu, Xiaolan; Tsang, Leung] Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Andreadis, Konstantinos M.] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Josberger, Edward G.] US Geol Survey, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Liang, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dingl@U.washington.edu RI Liang, Ding/F-7460-2012; Liang, Ding/K-6959-2012 FU U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Manuscript received January 31, 2008. Current version published October 30, 2008. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2008 VL 46 IS 11 BP 3663 EP 3671 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2008.922143 PN 2 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 378GJ UT WOS:000261308900001 ER PT J AU Bentzen, RL Powell, AN Williams, TD Kitaysky, AS AF Bentzen, Rebecca L. Powell, Abby N. Williams, Tony D. Kitaysky, Alexander S. TI Characterizing the nutritional strategy of incubating king eiders Somateria spectabilis in northern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-LIPID METABOLITES; COMMON EIDERS; BODY-MASS; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; EMPEROR PENGUINS; PASSERINE BIRDS; CALIDRIS-MAURI; SNOW GEESE; MOLLISSIMA AB We measured plasma concentrations of variables associated with lipid metabolism (free fatty acids, glycerol, triglyceride, and beta-hydroxybutyrate), protein metabolism (uric acid), and baseline corticosterone to characterize the nutritional state of incubating king eiders Somateria spectabilis and relate this to incubation constancy at two sites, Kuparuk and Teshekpuk, in northern Alaska. King eiders at both sites appeared to employ a partial-income incubation strategy, relying on both endogenous and exogenous energy resources. Females maintained high invariant levels of free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol throughout incubation, indicating that fat reserves were a major energy source, and not completely depleted during incubation. Similarly, uric acid did not increase, suggesting effective protein sparing or protein ingestion and adequate lipid reserves throughout incubation. Baseline corticosterone and triglyceride levels increased during incubation, indicative of an increase in foraging during late stages of incubation. Incubating females at Kuparuk had higher triglyceride concentrations but also had higher beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations than females at Teshekpuk. This dichotomy may reflect a short-term signal of feeding overlaying the longer-term signal of reliance on endogenous lipid reserves due to higher food intake yet higher metabolic costs at Kuparuk because of its colder environment. Incubation constancy was not correlated with plasma concentrations of lipid or protein metabolites. C1 [Bentzen, Rebecca L.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.; Kitaysky, Alexander S.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Williams, Tony D.] Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Bentzen, RL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ftrlm@uaf.edu OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X FU Minerals Management Service; Coastal Marine Institute; Bureau of Land Management; ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc.; U. S. Geological Survey Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; North Slope Borough through the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Impact Mitigation Program; State of Alaska Department of Commerce; Community and Economic Development FX This study would not be possible without the financial and logistical support of the Minerals Management Service, Coastal Marine Institute, Bureau of Land Management, ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc., U. S. Geological Survey Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and funding from the North Slope Borough through the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Impact Mitigation Program from the State of Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. North Slope Borough Search and Rescue provided some helicopter support. We thank the administrative staff at the North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management and ConocoPhillips Inc. Environmental Studies and numerous field technicians, especially Chris Latty. We thank Robert Suydam for help with the initial planning of this study and Audrey Taylor for many discussions regarding fat metabolites. Comments by Paul Flint, Dana Thomas, Steffen Oppel, and three anonymous reviewers were greatly appreciated and improved previous versions of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. government. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 39 IS 6 BP 683 EP 690 DI 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.04442.x PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 374SK UT WOS:000261063800012 ER PT J AU Kim, YO Rodriguez, RJ Lee, EJ Redman, RS AF Kim, Yong Ok Rodriguez, Rusty J. Lee, Eun Ju Redman, Regina S. TI Phytolacca americana from Contaminated and Noncontaminated Soils of South Korea: Effects of Elevated Temperature, CO(2) and Simulated Acid Rain on Plant Growth Response SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acid rain; Heavy metal; CO(2); Temperature; Phenolic compounds; Growth; Pokeweed; Phytolacca americana ID HEAVY-METAL ACCUMULATION; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LEAF EXTRACTS; TOLERANCE; LEAVES; PRECIPITATION; PRODUCTIVITY AB Chemical analyses performed on the invasive weed Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) growing in industrially contaminated (Ulsan) and noncontaminated (Suwon) sites in South Korea indicated that the levels of phenolic compounds and various elements that include some heavy metals (Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were statistically higher in Ulsan soils compared to Suwon soils with Al being the highest (> 1,116 mg/l compared to 432 mg/l). Analysis of metals and nutrients (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, NH(4), N, P, S) in plant tissues indicated that accumulation occurred dominantly in plant leaves with Al levels being 33.8 times higher in Ulsan plants (PaU) compared to Suwon plants (PaS). The ability of PaU and PaS to tolerate stress was evaluated under controlled conditions by varying atmospheric CO(2) and temperature and soil pH. When grown in pH 6.4 soils, the highest growth rate of PaU and PaS plants occurred at elevated (30 degrees C) and non-elevated (25 degrees C) temperatures, respectively. Both PaU and PaS plants showed the highest and lowest growth rates when exposed to atmospheric CO(2) levels of 360 and 650 ppm, respectively. The impact of soil pH (2-6.4) on seed germination rates, plant growth, chlorophyll content, and the accumulation of phenolics were measured to assess the effects of industrial pollution and global-warming-related stresses on plants. The highest seed germination rate and chlorophyll content occurred at pH 2.0 for both PaU and PaS plants. Increased pH from 2-5 correlated to increased phenolic compounds and decreased chlorophyll content. However, at pH 6.4, a marked decrease in phenolic compounds, was observed and chlorophyll content increased. These results suggest that although plants from Ulsan and Suwon sites are the same species, they differ in the ability to deal with various stresses. C1 [Kim, Yong Ok; Rodriguez, Rusty J.; Redman, Regina S.] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Kim, Yong Ok; Redman, Regina S.] Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Rodriguez, Rusty J.] US Geol Survey, WFRC, Seattle, WA USA. [Lee, Eun Ju] Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RP Redman, RS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM redmanr@u.washington.edu FU NSF [0414463]; US/IS BARD [3260-01C]; US Geological Survey FX We are grateful to Dr. Ro Hee Myoung for providing CO2 and temperature chamber. Funding was provided in part by NSF (0414463), US/IS BARD (3260-01C) and US Geological Survey. NR 56 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 5 U2 44 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1501 EP 1509 DI 10.1007/s10886-008-9552-x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 368ZZ UT WOS:000260663600014 PM 18956232 ER PT J AU Swain, ED Langevin, CD Wang, JD AF Swain, Eric D. Langevin, Christian D. Wang, John D. TI Utilizing Spectral Analysis of Coastal Discharge Computed by a Numerical Model to Determine Boundary Influence SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Fourier transform; model boundary; tidal forcing; frequency domain; gauge error ID WATER-LEVEL; MEASUREMENT ERROR; FLUCTUATIONS; VARIABILITY; FLOW AB In the present study, a spectral analysis was applied to field data and a numerical model of southeastern Everglades and northeastern Florida Bay that involved computing and comparing the power spectrum of simulated and measured flows at the primary coastal outflow creek. Four dominant power frequencies, corresponding to the S1, S2, M2, and O1 tidal periods, were apparent in the measured outflows. The model seemed to reproduce the magnitudes of the S1 and S2 components better than those of the M2 and O1 components. To determine the cause of the relatively poor representation of the M2 and O1 components, we created a steady-base version of the model by setting the time-varying forcing functions-rainfall, evapotranspiration, wind, and inland and tidal boundary conditions-to averaged values. The steady-base model was then modified to produce multiple simulations with only one time-varying forcing function for each model run. These experimental simulations approximated the individual effects of each forcing function on the system. The spectral analysis of the experimental simulations indicated that temporal fluctuations in rainfall, evapotranspiration, and inland water level and discharge boundaries have negligible effects on coastal creek flow fluctuations with periods of less than 48 hours. The tidal boundary seems to be the only forcing function inducing the M2 and O1 frequency flow fluctuations in the creek. An analytical formulation was developed, relating the errors induced by the tidal water-level gauge resolution to the errors in the simulated discharge fluctuations at the coastal creek. This formulation yielded a discharge-fluctuation error similar in magnitude to the errors observed when comparing the spectrum of the simulated and measured discharge. The dominant source of error in the simulation of discharge fluctuation magnitude is most likely the resolution of the water-level gauges used to create the model boundary. C1 [Swain, Eric D.; Langevin, Christian D.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. [Wang, John D.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Swain, ED (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, 3110 SW 9th Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. EM edswain@usgs.gov FU Priority Ecosystem Studies (PES) FX The authors would like to thank the Priority Ecosystem Studies (PES) program for funding the development of the numerical model and further analysis used in this report. Thanks also to the U.S. Geological Survey personnel and others who contributed to the development of the numerical model and the necessary data. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1418 EP 1429 DI 10.2112/07-0848.1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 377QW UT WOS:000261266700006 ER PT J AU Gischler, E Shinn, EA Oschmann, W Fiebig, J Buster, NA AF Gischler, Eberhard Shinn, Eugene A. Oschmann, Wolfgang Fiebig, Jens Buster, Noreen A. TI A 1500-Year Holocene Caribbean Climate Archive from the Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belize SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Holocene; climate; Belize; Blue Hole; isotopes; carbonates ID ISOLATED CARBONATE PLATFORMS; CENTRAL-AMERICA; MAYA CIVILIZATION; RECORDS; RECONSTRUCTION; VARIABILITY; HURRICANES; LOWLANDS; COLLAPSE; FLORIDA AB Sediment cores (up to 6 m in length) from the bottom of the Blue Hole, a 125 m deep Pleistocene sinkhole located in the lagoon of Lighthouse Reef Atoll, Belize, consist of undisturbed, annually layered biogenic carbonate muds and silts with intercalated coarser grained storm beds. The sedimentation rate of the layered sections is 2.5 mm/y on average, and the long cores span the past 1500 years. Oxygen isotopes of laminated sediment provide a late Holocene climate proxy: A high-resolution delta(18)O time series traces the final Migration Period Pessimum, the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, and the subsequent temperature rise. Carbon isotopes (delta(13)C) decrease up core and show the impacts of the decline of the Mayan culture and the Suess effect. Time series analyses of delta(18)O and delta(13)C content reveal 88-, 60-, 52-, and 32-year cyclicities, and suggest solar forcing. Storm event beds are most common during AD 650-850, around AD 1000, during AD 1200-1300, and AD 1450-1550. Major storm beds are rare during the past 500 years BP. C1 [Gischler, Eberhard; Oschmann, Wolfgang; Fiebig, Jens] Univ Frankfurt, Inst Geowissensch, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany. [Shinn, Eugene A.] Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Buster, Noreen A.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Gischler, E (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Inst Geowissensch, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany. EM gischler@em.uni-frankfurt.de NR 35 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 22 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1495 EP 1505 DI 10.2112/07-0891.1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 377QW UT WOS:000261266700014 ER PT J AU Morton, RA AF Morton, Robert A. TI Historical Changes in the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier-Island Chain and the Roles of Extreme Storms, Sea Level, and Human Activities SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sediment budget; barrier restoration; channel dredging; human modifications ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; NORTHERN GULF; HURRICANES; USA AB Barrier-island chains worldwide are undergoing substantial changes, and their futures remain uncertain. An historical analysis of a barrier-island chain in the north-central Gulf of Mexico shows that the Mississippi barriers are undergoing rapid systematic land loss and translocation associated with: (1) unequal lateral transfer of sand related to greater updrift erosion compared to downdrift deposition; (2) barrier narrowing resulting from simultaneous erosion of shores along the Gulf and Mississippi Sound; and (3) barrier segmentation related to storm breaching. Dauphin Island, Alabama, is also losing land for some of the same reasons as it gradually migrates landward. The principal causes of land loss are frequent intense storms, a relative rise in sea level, and a sediment-budget deficit. Considering the predicted trends for storms and sea level related to global warming, it is certain that the Mississippi-Alabama (MS-AL) barrier islands will continue to lose land area at a rapid rate unless the trend of at least one causal factor reverses. Historical land-loss trends and engineering records show that progressive increases in land-loss rate correlate with nearly simultaneous deepening of channels dredged across the outer bars of the three tidal inlets maintained for deep-draft shipping. This correlation indicates that channel-maintenance activities along the MS-AL barriers have impacted the sediment budget by disrupting the alongshore sediment transport system and progressively reducing sand supply. Direct management of this causal factor can be accomplished by strategically placing dredged sediment where adjacent barrier-island shores will receive it for island nourishment and rebuilding. C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78758 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10100 Burnet Rd,Bldg 130, Austin, TX 78758 USA. EM rmorton@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 20 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1587 EP 1600 DI 10.2112/07-0953.1 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 377QW UT WOS:000261266700024 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Bilham, R AF Hough, Susan E. Bilham, Roger TI Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic, observations from the 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, and 1934 Nepal earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Historical earthquakes; site response; seismic hazard ID GREAT HIMALAYAN EARTHQUAKES; NORTH-INDIAN EARTHQUAKES; MOHO REFLECTIONS; GROUND MOTIONS; ASSAM EARTHQUAKE; JANUARY 15; PLATEAU; BIHAR AB We analyze previously published geodetic data and intensity values for the M(s) = 8.1 Shillong (1897), M(s) = 7.8 Kangra (1905), and M(s) = 8.2 Nepal/Bihar (1934) earthquakes to investigate the rupture zones of these earthquakes as well as the amplification of ground motions throughout the Punjab, Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys. For each earthquake we subtract the observed MSK intensities from a synthetic intensity derived from an inferred planar rupture model of the earthquake, combined with an attenuation function derived from instrumentally recorded earthquakes. The resulting residuals are contoured to identify regions of anomalous intensity caused primarily by local site effects. Observations indicative of liquefaction are treated separately from other indications of shaking severity lest they inflate inferred residual shaking estimates. Despite this precaution we find that intensites are 1-3 units higher near the major rivers, as well as at the edges of the Ganges basin. We find evidence for a post-critical Moho reflection from the 1897 and 1905 earthquakes that raises intensities 1-2 units at distances of the order of 150 km from the rupture zone, and we find that the 1905 earthquake triggered a substantial subsequent earthquake at Dehra Dun, at a distance of approximately 150 km. Four or more M = 8 earthquakes are apparently overdue in the region based on seismic moment summation in the past 500 years. Results from the current study permit, anticipated intensities in these future earthquakes to be refined to incorporate site effects derived from dense macroseismic data. C1 [Hough, Susan E.] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Bilham, Roger] Univ Colorado, CIRES & Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM hough@usgs.gov OI Bilham, Roger/0000-0002-5547-4102 FU National Science Foundation [EAR0229690, EAR0003449] FX We gratefully acknowledge the important contribution of Nick Ambraseys who has Unified the analysis of intensities for die three historical earthquakes which we have investigated; We also thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. Support for B.B came from National Science Foundation Grants EAR0229690 and NSF EAR0003449. NR 43 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 J EARTH SYST SCI JI J. Earth Syst. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 117 BP 773 EP 782 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 404QE UT WOS:000263167300010 ER PT J AU Yong, A Houch, SE Abrams, MJ Wills, CJ AF Yong, Alan Houch, Susan E. Abrams, Michael J. Wills, Christopher J. TI Preliminary results for a semi-automated quantification of site effects using geomorphometry and ASTER satellite data for Mozambique, Pakistan and Turkey SO JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Shear-wave velocity; site conditions; geomorphometry; terrain modeling; object-oriented; satellite data; Geophysics; Geomorphology; remote sensing ID SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; SEISMIC RESPONSE; CALIFORNIA; GEOLOGY; VELOCITY; MOTION; WAVES; MAP AB Estimation of the degree of local seismic wave amplification (site effects) requires precise information about the local site conditions. In many regions of the world, local geologic information is either sparse or is not readily available. Because of this, seismic hazard maps for countries such as Mozambique, Pakistan and Turkey are developed without consideration of site factors and, therefore, do not provide a complete assessment of future hazards. Where local geologic information is available, details on the traditional maps often lack the precision (better than 1:10,000 scale) or the level of information required for modern seismic microzonation requirements. We use high-resolution (1:50,000) satellite imagery and newly developed image analysis methods to begin addressing this problem. Our:imagery, consisting of optical data and digital elevation models (DEMs), is recorded from the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) sensor system. We apply a semi-automated, object-oriented, multi-resolution feature segmentation method to identify and extract local terrain features. Then we classify the terrain types into mountain, piedmont and basin units using geomorphometry (topographic slope) as our parameter. Next, on the basis of the site classification schemes from the Wills and Silva (1998) study and the Wills et al (2000) and Wills and Clahan (2006) maps of California, we assign the local terrain units with V(s)30 (the average seismic shear-wave velocity through the upper 30 m of the subsurface) ranges for selected regions in Mozambique, Pakistan and Turkey. We find that the applicability of our site class assignments in each region is a good first-approximation for quantifying local site conditions and that additional work, such as the verification of the terrain's compositional. rigidity, is needed. C1 [Yong, Alan; Houch, Susan E.] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Abrams, Michael J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wills, Christopher J.] Calif Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Yong, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM yong@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey Working Capital Fund FX We greatly appreciate the helpful comments by Robert S Dollar and Karen R Felzer, in addition to earlier discussions with Edward E Field and Ken W Hudnut. We also greatly appreciate technical guidance from Matthias, Stolz and John Parker of Definiens A.G. Work done by Michael J Abrams was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California, Institute of Technology, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. we thank Linda Gundersen for the partial support through U.S. Geological Survey Working Capital Fund. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 J EARTH SYST SCI JI J. Earth Syst. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 117 BP 797 EP 808 DI 10.1007/s12040-008-0061-7 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 404QE UT WOS:000263167300012 ER PT J AU Irsyam, M Dangkua, DT Hendriyawan Hoedajanto, D Hutapea, BM Kertapati, EK Boen, T Petersen, MD AF Irsyam, Masyhur Dangkua, Donny T. Hendriyawan Hoedajanto, Drajat Hutapea, Bigman M. Kertapati, Engkon K. Boen, Teddy Petersen, Mark D. TI Proposed seismic hazard maps of Sumatra and Java islands and microzonation study of Jakarta city, Indonesia SO JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Seismic hazard assessment; total probability theorem; macrozonation study; microzonation study ID INCOMPLETE DATA FILES; SUBDUCTION-ZONE; PARAMETERS; EARTHQUAKES; MAGNITUDES; DESIGN; FAULT AB This paper presents the development of spectral hazard maps for Sumatra and Java islands, Indonesia and microzonation study for Jakarta city. The purpose of this study is to propose a revision of the seismic hazard map in Indonesian Seismic Code SNI 03-1726-2002. Some improvements in seismic hazard analysis were implemented in the analysis by considering the recent seismic activities around Java and Sumatra. The seismic hazard analysis was carried out using 3-dimension (3-D) seismic source models (fault source model) using the latest research works regarding the tectonic setting of Sumatra and Java. Two hazard levels were analysed for representing 10% and 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years ground motions for Sumatra and Java. Peak ground acceleration (contour maps for those two hazard levels and two additional macrozonation maps for 10% PE in 50 years were produced during this research. These two additional maps represent short period (0.2 s) and long-period (1.0 s) spectra values at the bedrock. Microzonation study is performed in order to obtain ground motion parameters such as acceleration, amplification factor and response spectra at the surface of Jakarta. The analyses were carried out using nonlinear approach. The results were used to develop contour of acceleration at the surface of Jakarta. Finally, the design response spectra for structural design purposes are proposed in this study. C1 [Irsyam, Masyhur; Dangkua, Donny T.; Hendriyawan] Inst Teknol Bandung, Fac Civil & Environm Engn, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. [Hoedajanto, Drajat] Indonesian Soc Civil & Struct Engn HAKI, Jakarta 12810, Indonesia. [Hutapea, Bigman M.] Indonesian Soc Geotech Engn HATTI, Jakarta 12740, Indonesia. [Kertapati, Engkon K.] Geol Res & Dev Ctr, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. [Boen, Teddy] WSSI, Jakarta 11530, Indonesia. [Petersen, Mark D.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Irsyam, M (reprint author), Inst Teknol Bandung, Fac Civil & Environm Engn, Jl Ganesha 10, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 J EARTH SYST SCI JI J. Earth Syst. Sci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 117 BP 865 EP 878 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 404QE UT WOS:000263167300016 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB Roy, KM Baldigo, BP Simonin, HA Capone, SB Sutherland, JW Nierzwicki-Bauer, SA Boylen, CW AF Lawrence, Gregory B. Roy, Karen M. Baldigo, Barry P. Simonin, Howard A. Capone, Susan B. Sutherland, James W. Nierzwicki-Bauer, Sandra A. Boylen, Charles W. TI Chronic and Episodic Acidification of Adirondack Streams from Acid Rain in 2003-2005 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SURFACE-WATER CHEMISTRY; HUBBARD BROOK VALLEY; NEW-YORK; REGION; DEPOSITION; LAKES; MOUNTAINS; ALUMINUM AB Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although streams are more prone to acidification than the more studied Adirondack lakes. A stream assessment was therefore undertaken in the Oswegatchie and Black River drainages; an area of 4585 km(2) in the western part of the Adirondack region. Acidification was evaluated with the newly developed base-cation surplus (BCS) and the conventional acid-neutralizing capacity by Gran titration (ANC(G)). During the survey when stream water was most acidic (March 2004), 105 of 188 streams (56%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS < 0 mu eq L-1, whereas 29% were acidified based on an ANC(G) value < 0 mu eq L-1. During the survey when stream water was least acidic (August 2003), 15 of 129 streams (12%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS < 0 mu eq L-1, whereas 5% were acidified based on ANC(G) value < 0 mu eq L-1. The contribution of acidic deposition to stream acidification was greater than chat of strongly acidic organic acids in each of the surveys by factors ranging from approximately 2 to 5, but was greatest during spring snowmelt and least during elevated base flow in August. During snowmelt, the percentage attributable to acidic deposition was 81%, whereas during the October 2003 survey, when dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were highest, this percentage was 66%. The total length of stream reaches estimated to be prone to acidification was 718 km out of a total of 1237 km of stream reaches that were assessed. C1 [Lawrence, Gregory B.; Baldigo, Barry P.] US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Roy, Karen M.] New York State Dep Environm Conservat, Ray Brook, NY 12977 USA. [Simonin, Howard A.] New York State Dep Environm Conservat, Rome, NY 13440 USA. [Capone, Susan B.] Adirondack Lakes Survey Cooperat, Ray Brook, NY 12977 USA. [Boylen, Charles W.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Darrin Fresh Water Inst, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Boylen, Charles W.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Biol, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM glawrenc@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 37 IS 6 BP 2264 EP 2274 DI 10.2134/jeq2008.0061 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 372ZW UT WOS:000260941800029 PM 18948480 ER PT J AU Hershberger, PK Pacheco, CA Gregg, JL AF Hershberger, P. K. Pacheco, C. A. Gregg, J. L. TI Inactivation of Ichthyophonus spores using sodium hypochlorite and polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE biocontainment; disinfection; hypochlorite; Ichthyophonus; inactivation; spores ID HOFERI; INFECTION; GROWTH AB Chlorine and iodine solutions were effective at inactivating Ichthyophonus spores in vitro. Inactivation in sea water increased directly with halogen concentration and exposure duration, with significant differences (P < 0.05) from controls occurring at all chlorine concentrations and exposure durations tested (1.5-13.3 ppm for 1-60 min) and at most iodine concentrations and exposure durations tested (1.2 ppm for 60 min and 5.9-10.7 ppm for 1-60 min). However, 10-fold reductions in spore viability occurred only after exposure to halogen solutions at higher concentrations and/or longer durations (13 ppm total chlorine for 1-60 min, 5.9 ppm total iodine for 60 min, and 10.7 ppm total iodine for 1-60 min). Inactivation efficacy was greater when halogen solutions were prepared in fresh water, presumably because of combined effects of halogen-induced inactivation and general spore instability in fresh water. The results have practical implications for disinfection and biocontainment in research laboratories and other facilities that handle live Ichthyophonus cultures and/or infected fish. C1 [Hershberger, P. K.; Pacheco, C. A.; Gregg, J. L.] US Geol Survey, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. RP Hershberger, PK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 616 Marrowstone Point Rd, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. EM phershberger@usgs.gov FU Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council [070819]; USGS Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Program FX The authors acknowledge Dr Jim Winton (Western Fisheries Research Center), Dr Richard (School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington), USGS reviewers, and anonymous reviewers assigned by the Editor for their careful review and insightful comments. Assistance with halogen quantification was provided by Jake Perrins, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington. Funding was provided by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Restoration Project #070819 and the USGS Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Program. Mention of trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 31 IS 11 BP 853 EP 858 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00959.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 365DU UT WOS:000260386900006 PM 19238746 ER PT J AU Denlinger, RP O'Connell, DRH AF Denlinger, Roger P. O'Connell, Daniel R. H. TI Computing Nonhydrostatic Shallow-Water Flow over Steep Terrain SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID FREE-SURFACE FLOW; SOURCE TERMS; TOPOGRAPHY; MODEL; EQUATIONS AB Flood and dambreak hazards are not limited to moderate terrain, yet most shallow-water models assume that flow occurs over gentle slopes. Shallow-water flow over rugged or steep terrain often generates significant nonhydrostatic pressures, violating the assumption of hydrostatic pressure made in most shallow-water codes. In this paper, we adapt a previously published nonhydrostatic granular flow model to simulate shallow-water flow, and we solve conservation equations using a finite volume approach and an Harten, Lax, Van Leer, and Einfeldt approximate Riemann solver that is modified for a sloping bed and transient wetting and drying conditions. To simulate bed friction, we use the law of the wall. We test the model by comparison with an analytical solution and with results of experiments in flumes that have steep (31 degrees) or shallow (0.3 degrees) slopes. The law of the wall provides an accurate prediction of the effect of bed roughness on mean flow velocity over two orders of magnitude of bed roughness. Our nonhydrostatic, law-of-the-wall flow simulation accurately reproduces flume measurements of front propagation speed, flow depth, and bed-shear stress for conditions of large bed roughness. C1 [Denlinger, Roger P.] US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [O'Connell, Daniel R. H.] William Lettis & Associates Inc, Golden, CO USA. [O'Connell, Daniel R. H.] US Bur Reclamat, Dfc Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. RP Denlinger, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM roger@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2008 VL 134 IS 11 BP 1590 EP 1602 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:11(1590) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 361IX UT WOS:000260122400005 ER PT J AU Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Eberts, SM Bexfield, LM Brown, CJ Fahlquist, LS Katz, BG Landon, MK AF Plummer, L. Niel Busenberg, Eurybiades Eberts, Sandra M. Bexfield, Laura M. Brown, Craig J. Fahlquist, Lynne S. Katz, Brian G. Landon, Matthew K. TI Low-Level Detections of Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds in Groundwater: Use in Vulnerability Assessments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID CHLORINE EMISSIONS INVENTORY; RIO-GRANDE BASIN; UNITED-STATES; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; REACTIVE CHLORINE; DRINKING-WATER; METHYL-IODIDE; TRICHLOROMETHANE CHLOROFORM; HYDROCHEMICAL TRACERS; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE AB Concentrations of halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined by gas chromatography (GC) with an electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) and by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 109 groundwater samples from five study areas in the United States. In each case, the untreated water sample was used for drinking-water purposes or was from a monitoring well in an area near a drinking-water source. The minimum detection levels (MDLs) for 25 VOCs that were identified in GC-ECD chromatograms, typically, were two to more than four orders of magnitude below the GC-MS MDLs. At least six halogenated VOCs were detected in all of the water samples analyzed by GC-ECD, although one or more VOCs were detected in only 43% of the water samples analyzed by GC-MS. In nearly all of the samples, VOC concentrations were very low and presented no known health risk. Most of the low-level VOC detections indicated post-1940s recharge, or mixtures of recharge that contained a fraction of post-1940s water. Concentrations of selected halogenated VOCs in groundwater from natural and anthropogenic atmospheric sources were estimated and used to recognize water samples that are being impacted by nonatmospheric sources. A classification is presented to perform vulnerability assessments at the scale of individual wells using the number of halogenated VOC detections and total dissolved VOC concentrations in samples of untreated drinking water. The low-level VOC detections are useful in vulnerability assessments, particularly for samples in which no VOCs are detected by GC-MS analysis. C1 [Plummer, L. Niel; Busenberg, Eurybiades] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Eberts, Sandra M.] US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. [Bexfield, Laura M.] US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. [Brown, Craig J.] US Geol Survey, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. [Fahlquist, Lynne S.] US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. [Katz, Brian G.] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Landon, Matthew K.] US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Plummer, LN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 432 Nation Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Eberts, Sandra/0000-0001-5138-8293; Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 73 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 15 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1049 EP 1068 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:11(1049) PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 361IY UT WOS:000260122500007 ER PT J AU Thompson, JK Koseff, JR Monismith, SG Lucas, LV AF Thompson, J. K. Koseff, J. R. Monismith, S. G. Lucas, L. V. TI Shallow water processes govern system-wide phytoplankton bloom dynamics: A field study SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Zoobenthos; Phytoplankton; Shellfish; Estuarine dynamics; Benthic grazing; USA; California; San Francisco Bay ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SUSPENSION-FEEDING BIVALVES; TEMPORAL DYNAMICS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CHESAPEAKE BAY; ESTUARY; POPULATIONS; BIOMASS; RIVER; CHLOROPHYLL AB Prior studies of the phytoplankton dynamics in South San Francisco Bay, California, USA have hypothesized that bivalve filter-feeders are responsible for the limited phytoplankton blooms in the system. This study was designed to examine the effects of benthic grazing and light attenuation on this shallow, turbid, and nutrient replete system. We found that grazing by shallow water bivalves was important in determining phytoplankton bloom occurrence throughout the system and that above a shallow water bivalve grazing threshold, phytoplankton biomass did not exceed bloom levels. Wind speed, used as a proxy for light attenuation in the shallow water, was similarly important in determining bloom development in the shallow water. Environmental conditions and benthic grazing in the deep water channel had a less discernible effect on system-wide phytoplankton blooms although persistent water column stratification did increase bloom magnitude. The shallow water bivalves, believed to be preyed upon by birds and fish that migrate through the system in fall and winter, disappear each year prior to the spring phytoplankton bloom. Because growth of the phytoplankton depends so strongly on shallow water processes, any change in the shallow-water benthic filter-feeders or their predators has great potential to change the phytoplankton bloom dynamics in this system. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Thompson, J. K.; Lucas, L. V.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Thompson, J. K.; Koseff, J. R.; Monismith, S. G.; Lucas, L. V.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Thompson, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jthompso@usgs.gov; koseff@stanford.edu; monismith@stanford.edu; llucas@usgs.gov FU USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program; NSF [OCE-9504081]; Josephine De Karman Foundation; NASA; EPA [CE00960502] FX J.K.T. received support for this study from the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. L.V.L., J.R.K., and S.G.M. wish to acknowledge the support of the NSF Division of Biological Oceanography through grant number OCE-9504081, as well as the Josephine De Karman Foundation, NASA, and the EPA, through grant number CE00960502. The field work would not have been possible without the careful guidance of Francis Parchaso, at the USGS and the assistance by numerous students from Stanford University and University of San Francisco. Jim Cloern of the USGS took part in numerous discussions and generously offered services and data. Ralph Cheng and Jeff Gartner of the USGS kindly provided tidal current data. J.K.T. performed this work as part of her dissertation research at Stanford University NR 48 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 74 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.006 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 377MU UT WOS:000261256100009 ER PT J AU Lentz, SJ Fewings, M Howd, P Fredericks, J Hathaway, K AF Lentz, Steven J. Fewings, Melanie Howd, Peter Fredericks, Janet Hathaway, Kent TI Observations and a Model of Undertow over the Inner Continental Shelf SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SURF ZONE; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; OCEAN CIRCULATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FINITE DEPTH; WAVE-DRIVEN; WIND; FLOW; DYNAMICS; CURRENTS AB Onshore volume transport ( Stokes drift) due to surface gravity waves propagating toward the beach can result in a compensating Eulerian offshore flow in the surf zone referred to as undertow. Observed offshore flows indicate that wave-driven undertow extends well offshore of the surf zone, over the inner shelves of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, and North Carolina. Theoretical estimates of the wave-driven offshore transport from linear wave theory and observed wave characteristics account for 50% or more of the observed offshore transport variance in water depths between 5 and 12 m, and reproduce the observed dependence on wave height and water depth. During weak winds, wave-driven cross-shelf velocity profiles over the inner shelf have maximum offshore flow (1-6 cm s(-1)) and vertical shear near the surface and weak flow and shear in the lower half of the water column. The observed offshore flow profiles do not resemble the parabolic profiles with maximum flow at middepth observed within the surf zone. Instead, the vertical structure is similar to the Stokes drift velocity profile but with the opposite direction. This vertical structure is consistent with a dynamical balance between the Coriolis force associated with the offshore flow and an along-shelf "Hasselmann wave stress" due to the influence of the earth's rotation on surface gravity waves. The close agreement between the observed and modeled profiles provides compelling evidence for the importance of the Hasselmann wave stress in forcing oceanic flows. Summer profiles are more vertically sheared than either winter profiles or model profiles, for reasons that remain unclear. C1 [Lentz, Steven J.; Fewings, Melanie; Fredericks, Janet] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Howd, Peter] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL USA. [Hathaway, Kent] USA, Corps Engineers, CHL Field Res Facil, Kitty Hawk, NC USA. RP Lentz, SJ (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, MS 21, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM slentz@whoi.edu RI Fewings, Melanie/F-6838-2013; OI Fewings, Melanie/0000-0003-2903-1620; Lentz, Steven/0000-0001-7498-0281 NR 45 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 38 IS 11 BP 2341 EP 2357 DI 10.1175/2008JPO3986.1 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 381TQ UT WOS:000261559200001 ER PT J AU Schultz, RA Soliva, R Fossen, H Okubo, CH Reeves, DM AF Schultz, Richard A. Soliva, Roger Fossen, Haakon Okubo, Chris H. Reeves, Donald M. TI Dependence of displacement-length scaling relations for fractures and deformation bands on the volumetric changes across them SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Scaling; Faulting; Deformation bands; Compaction bands ID STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY; LODEVE PERMIAN BASIN; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; POROUS SANDSTONE; COMPACTION BANDS; LAYERED ROCKS; PATTERNS; GROWTH; GEOMETRY; ECHELON AB Displacement-length data from faults, joints, veins, igneous dikes, shear deformation bands, and compaction bands define two groups. The first group, having a power-law scaling relation with a slope of n = 1 and therefore a linear dependence of maximum displacement and discontinuity length (D(max) = gamma L), comprises faults and shear (non-compactional or non-dilational) deformation bands. These shearing-mode structures, having shearing strains that predominate over volumetric strains across them, grow under conditions of constant driving stress, with the magnitude of near-tip stress on the same order as the rock's yield strength in shear. The second group, having a power-law scaling relation with a slope of n = 0.5 and therefore a dependence of maximum displacement on the square root of discontinuity length (D(max) = alpha L(0.5)), comprises joints, veins, igneous dikes, cataclastic deformation bands, and compaction bands. These opening- and closing-mode structures grow under conditions of constant fracture toughness, implying significant amplification of near-tip stress within a zone of small-scale yielding at the discontinuity tip. Volumetric changes accommodated by grain fragmentation, and thus control of propagation by the rock's fracture toughness, are associated with scaling of predominantly dilational and compactional structures with an exponent of n = 0.5. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Schultz, Richard A.] Univ Nevada, Geomech Rock Fracture Grp, Dept Geol Sci & Engn 172, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Soliva, Roger] Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Geosci Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France. [Fossen, Haakon] Univ Bergen, Ctr Integrated Petr Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Fossen, Haakon] Univ Bergen, Dept Geosci, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Okubo, Chris H.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Reeves, Donald M.] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Schultz, RA (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Geomech Rock Fracture Grp, Dept Geol Sci & Engn 172, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM schultz@mines.unr.edu RI Soliva, Roger/G-5719-2012; Schultz, Richard/J-4015-2015 OI Schultz, Richard/0000-0003-3198-5263 FU NASA; Mars Data Analysis Program FX We thank Randy Marrett for providing data for joints from Javier Moros' M.S. thesis, Jan Vermilye for a copy of her dissertation, and Sheryl Tembe for a preprint of her work on compaction bands. Thanks to John Rudnicki for a preprint of his 2007 paper and for discussions on compaction band mechanics. Detailed and thoughtful reviews by Nancye Dawers and an anonymous referee improved the clarity and exposition of the paper. This work was supported by grants from NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program and the Mars Data Analysis Program to RAS. NR 80 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1405 EP 1411 DI 10.1016/j.jsg.2008.08.001 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 378VG UT WOS:000261352000010 ER PT J AU Foster, MS AF Foster, Mercedes S. TI Potential effects of arboreal and terrestrial avian dispersers on seed dormancy, seed germination and seedling establishment in Ormosia (Papilionoideae) species in Peru SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ormosia; Peru; seed dispersal; seed dormancy; seed germination; seed predation; seedling desiccation; seedling development; seedling establishment ID TROPICAL MOIST FOREST; MIMETIC SEEDS; TREE; DROUGHT; PANAMENSIS; TOLERANCE; ALKALOIDS; SURVIVAL AB The relative effectiveness of arboreal or terrestrial birds at dispersing seeds of Ormosia macrocalyx and O. bopiensis (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) were studied in south-eastern Peru. Seeds of both species were either scarified. to represent seed condition after dispersal by terrestrial birds, or left intact, to represent seed condition after dispersal by arboreal birds. Seeds were distributed along forest transects, and germination, seedling development and mortality were monitored to determine the successes of the two groups at producing seedlings. Scarified seeds germinated with the early rains of the dry-to-wet-season transition, when erratic rainfall was interspersed with long dry spells. Intact seeds germinated 30 d later when the rain was more plentiful and regular. Intact seeds of O. macrocalyx gave rise to significantly more seedlings (41.1 % vs. 25.5%) than did scarified seeds, in part, because significantly more seedlings from scarified seeds (n = 20) than from intact seeds (n = 3) died from desiccation when their radicles failed to enter the dry ground present during the dry-to-wet-season transition. Also, seedlings from scarified seeds were neither larger nor more robust than those from intact seeds despite their longer growing period. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that dispersal effectiveness of arboreal birds, at least for O. macrocalyx, is greater than that or terrestrial birds. Screen-house experiments in which seedlings developed under different watering regimes supported this result. Numbers of seedlings developing from intact and scarified seeds of O. bopiensis did not differ significantly. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Foster, MS (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, MRC 0111,POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM frosterm@si.edu NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 24 BP 619 EP 627 DI 10.1017/S0266467408005439 PN 6 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 377MD UT WOS:000261254400004 ER PT J AU Sauer, JR Knutson, MG AF Sauer, John R. Knutson, Melinda G. TI Objectives and Metrics for Wildlife Monitoring SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material DE adaptive management; management; monitoring; structured decision-making AB Monitoring surveys allow managers to document system status and provide the quantitative basis for management decision-making, and large amounts of effort and funding are devoted to monitoring. Still, monitoring surveys often fall short of providing required information; inadequacies exist in survey designs, analyses procedures, or in the ability to integrate the information into an appropriate evaluation of management actions. We describe current uses of monitoring data, provide our perspective on the value and limitations of current approaches to monitoring, and set the stage for 3 papers that discuss current goals and implementation of monitoring programs. These papers were derived from presentations at a symposium at The Wildlife Society's 13th Annual Conference in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72( 8): 1663-1664; 2008) C1 [Sauer, John R.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Knutson, Melinda G.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Sauer, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM jrsauer@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1663 EP 1664 DI 10.2193/2008-278 PG 2 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500002 ER PT J AU Lyons, JE Runge, MC Laskowski, HP Kendall, WL AF Lyons, James E. Runge, Michael C. Laskowski, Harold P. Kendall, William L. TI Monitoring in the Context of Structured Decision-Making and Adaptive Management SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Conference of the Wildlife-Society CY SEP 23-27, 2006 CL Anchorage, AK SP Wildlife Soc DE decision analysis; experimental management; National Wildlife Refuge; waterbirds; wetlands ID UNCERTAINTY; WILDLIFE; WATERFOWL; CONSERVATION; HARVESTS; HABITAT AB In a natural resource management setting, monitoring is a crucial component of an informed process for making decisions, and monitoring design should be driven by the decision context and associated uncertainties. Monitoring itself can play >= 3 roles. First, it is important for state-dependent decision-making, as when managers need to know the system state before deciding on the appropriate course of action during the ensuing management cycle. Second, monitoring is critical for evaluating the effectiveness of management actions relative to objectives. Third, in an adaptive management setting, monitoring provides the feedback loop for learning about the system; learning is sought not for its own sake but primarily to better achieve management objectives. In this case, monitoring should be designed to reduce the critical uncertainties in models of the managed system. The United States Geological Survey and United States Fish and Wildlife Service are conducting a large-scale management experiment on 23 National Wildlife Refuges across the Northeast and Midwest Regions. The primary management objective is to provide habitat for migratory waterbirds, particularly during migration, using water-level manipulations in managed wetlands. Key uncertainties are related to the potential trade-offs created by management for a specific waterbird guild (e.g., migratory shorebirds) and the response of waterbirds, plant communities, and invertebrates to specific experimental hydroperiods. We reviewed the monitoring program associated with this study, and the ways that specific observations fill >= 1 of the roles identified above. We used observations from our monitoring to improve state-dependent decisions to control undesired plants, to evaluate management performance relative to shallow-water habitat objectives, and to evaluate potential trade-offs between waterfowl and shorebird habitat management. With limited staff and budgets, management agencies need efficient monitoring programs that are used for decision-making, not comprehensive studies that elucidate all manner of ecological relationships. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(8): 1683-1692; 2008) C1 [Lyons, James E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Runge, Michael C.; Kendall, William L.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Laskowski, Harold P.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Milton, DE 19968 USA. RP Lyons, JE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM james_lyons@fws.gov RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 36 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 47 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1683 EP 1692 DI 10.2193/2008-141 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500005 ER PT J AU Kendall, KC Stetz, JB Roon, DA Waits, LP Boulanger, JB Paetkau, D AF Kendall, Katherine C. Stetz, Jeffrey B. Roon, David A. Waits, Lisette P. Boulanger, John B. Paetkau, David TI Grizzly Bear Density in Glacier National Park, Montana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bear rub trees; DNA; Glacier National Park; grizzly bear; hair traps; Huggins closed mixture model; mark-recapture; noninvasive genetic sampling; population density; Ursus arctos ID CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE; URSUS-ARCTOS; MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; PROGRAM MARK; BROWN BEARS; POPULATION; MODELS; BLACK; MOUNTAINS; SAMPLES AB We present the first rigorous estimate of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population density and distribution in and around Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, USA. We used genetic analysis to identify individual bears from hair samples collected via 2 concurrent sampling methods: 1) systematically distributed, baited, barbed-wire hair traps and 2) unbaited bear rub trees found along trails. We used Huggins closed mixture models in Program MARK to estimate total population size and developed a method to account for heterogeneity caused by unequal access to rub trees. We corrected our estimate for lack of geographic closure using a new method that utilizes information from radiocollared bears and the distribution of bears captured with DNA sampling. Adjusted for closure, the average number of grizzly bears in our study area was 240.7 (95% CI 202-303) in 1998 and 240.6 (95% CI 205-304) in 2000. Average grizzly bear density was 30 bears/1,000 km(2), with 2.4 times more bears detected per hair trap inside than outside GNP. We provide baseline information important for managing one of the few remaining populations of grizzlies in the contiguous United States. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(8): 1693-1705; 2008) C1 [Kendall, Katherine C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Glacier Field Stn, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. [Stetz, Jeffrey B.] Univ Montana, Cooperat Ecosyst Studies Unit, Glacier Field Stn, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. [Roon, David A.; Waits, Lisette P.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Boulanger, John B.] Integrated Ecol Res, Nelson, BC V1L 4L4, Canada. [Paetkau, David] Wildlife Genet Int, Nelson, BC V1L 5P9, Canada. RP Kendall, KC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Glacier Field Stn, Glacier Natl Pk, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. EM kkendall@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 38 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1693 EP 1705 DI 10.2193/2008-007 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500006 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RA Bender, LC AF Baldwin, Roger A. Bender, Louis C. TI Den-Site Characteristics of Black Bears in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black bear; Colorado; denning; habitat; maximum entropy; Ursus americanus ID URSUS-AMERICANUS; MODELS; DISTRIBUTIONS; SELECTION AB We compared historic (1985-1992) and contemporary (2003-2006) black bear (Ursus americanus) den locations in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado, USA, for habitat and physiographic attributes of den sites and used maximum entropy modeling to determine which factors were most influential in predicting den-site locations. We observed variability in the relationship between den locations and distance to trails and elevation over time. Locations of historic den sites were most associated with slope, elevation, and covertype, whereas contemporary sites were associated with slope, distance to roads, aspect, and canopy height. Although relationships to covariates differed between historic and contemporary periods, preferred den-site characteristics consistently included steep slopes and factors associated with greater snow depth. Distribution of den locations shifted toward areas closer to human developments, indicating little negative influence of this factor on den-site selection by black bears in RMNP. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(8): 1717-1724; 2008) C1 [Baldwin, Roger A.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Bender, Louis C.] US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Baldwin, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Kearney Agr Ctr, 9240 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. EM rbaldwin@uckac.edu FU Rocky Mountain National Park; United States Geological Survey FX Research was funded by Rocky Mountain National Park and the United States Geological Survey. The New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station provided additional financial assistance. We extend thanks to K. Boykin, A. Ernst, S. Schrader, and K. Young for assistance with statistical analyses and GIS questions and to L. Zeigenfuss for providing historic data. S. Eckert, H. Halbritter, B. Hoenes, B. Keller, L. Polson, M. Polson, and many other RMNP volunteers provided invaluable field assistance. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1717 EP 1724 DI 10.2193/2007-393 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500008 ER PT J AU Johnston, AN Anthony, RG AF Johnston, Aaron N. Anthony, Robert G. TI Small-Mammal Microhabitat Associations and Response to Grazing in Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE coarse woody debris; grazing; microhabitat selection; mixed-conifer; oak woodlands; Oregon; riparian areas; small mammal abundance ID WESTERN OREGON; LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURE; COMMUNITIES; RIPARIAN; VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE; ECOSYSTEM; FORESTS; HABITS; RODENT AB Livestock grazing is common and widespread throughout North America, yet few studies have evaluated its effects on small mammals. We studied small mammals in mixed-conifer forests and oak woodlands on the Cascade -Siskiyou National Monument in southern Oregon, USA, to 1) evaluate small-mammal microhabitat associations, 2) identify riparian-associated species, and 3) test the hypothesis that grazing does not influence small mammals after accounting for microhabitat associations. We live-trapped small mammals at 16 study sites and used logistic regression to model probability of capture on measured habitat characteristics at each trap station and to evaluate effects of grazing. Over 2 years, we trapped 1,270 individual small mammals representing 18 species. Odds of capturing western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis), dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes), and long-tailed voles (Microtus longicaudus) were lower (P < 0.05) on heavily versus lightly grazed sites. Odds of capture for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were lower (P, 0.05) on heavily versus lightly grazed sites in woodlands, but there was less difference in the odds of capture between grazing intensities in conifer forests. Odds of capturing Townsend's vole (Microtus townsendii) were lower on heavily versus lightly grazed riparian areas. Western harvest mice, long-tailed voles, and Townsend's voles were associated with, but not obligated to, riparian areas. Deer mice were ubiquitous, but captures were also higher (P < 0.05) in riparian areas compared with uplands. Siskiyou chipmunks (Tamias siskiyou) and pinon mice (Peromyscus truei) were associated with uplands (P < 0.05) rather than riparian areas. Trowbridge's shrews (Sorex trowbridgii), Siskiyou chipmunks, and bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) were positively associated with coarse woody debris. Land managers should anticipate that small mammals associated with herbaceous or shrub cover, particularly in riparian areas, will decline when cattle remove this cover. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(8): 1736 -1746; 2008) C1 [Anthony, Robert G.] Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Biol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Johnston, AN (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM aaronj5@u.washington.edu FU World Wildlife Fund; BLM; Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX This study was funded by World Wildlife Fund, BLM, and the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. We thank D. DellaSala and B. Barr for initiating and supporting this project. We thank J. P. Hayes, A. Blaustein, and M. Pyles for reviewing manuscripts. We thank our field assistants V. Marr and T. Phillips. S. Andrews volunteered to help in the field. Klamath Bird Observatory handled contracts and helped in many aspects of this project. P. Hosten at the BLM provided expertise on the history and ecology of the Monument. We thank F. Ramsey for his assistance with statistical procedures. L. Carraway and T. Manning shared their expertise on identifying small mammals. We thank E. Forsman for cleaning voucher specimens and D. Edge for lending traps. We thank Boise Cascade and United States Timber for allowing us to trap on their properties. NR 43 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 46 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1736 EP 1746 DI 10.2193/2006-405 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500010 ER PT J AU Bentzen, RL Powell, AN Suydam, RS AF Bentzen, Rebecca L. Powell, Abby N. Suydam, Robert S. TI Factors Influencing Nesting Success of King Eiders on Northern Alaska's Coastal Plain SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; king eider; nesting strategy; nest predation; nest survival; Somateria spectabilis ID COMMON EIDERS; SOMATERIA-MOLLISSIMA; BREEDING BIOLOGY; OIL-DEVELOPMENT; SITE SELECTION; BEAUFORT SEA; SURVIVAL; PREDATION; GULLS; BIAS AB King eider (Somateria spectabilis) populations have declined markedly in recent decades for unknown reasons. Nest survival is one component of recruitment, and a female's chance of reproductive success increases with her ability to choose an appropriate nesting strategy. We estimated variation in daily nest survival of king eiders at 2 sites, Teshekpuk and Kuparuk, Alaska, USA, 2002-2005. We evaluated both a priori and exploratory competing models of nest survival that considered importance of nest concealment, seclusion, and incubation constancy as strategies to avoid 2 primary egg predators, avian (Larus spp., Stercorarius spp., and Corvus corax) and fox (Alopex lagopus). We used generalized nonlinear techniques to examine factors affecting nest survival rates and information-theoretic approaches to select among competing models. Estimated nest survival, accounting for a nest visitation effect, varied considerably across sites and years (0.21-0.57); however, given our small sample size, much of this variation may be attributable to sampling variation (sigma(2)(process) = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.003-0.070). Nest survival was higher at Kuparuk than Teshekpuk in all years; however, due to the correlative nature of our data, we cannot determine the underlying causes with any certainty. We found mixed support for the concealed breeding strategy; females derived no benefit from nesting in areas with more willow (Salix spp.; measure of concealment) except that the observer effect diminished as willow cover increased. We suggest these patterns are due to conflicting predation pressures. Nest survival was not higher on islands (measure of seclusion) or with increased incubation constancy but was higher post-fox removal, indicating that predator control on breeding grounds could be a viable management option. Nest survival was negatively affected by our nest visitations, most likely by exposing the nest to avian scavengers. We recommend precautions be taken to limit the effects of nest visits in future studies and to consider them as a possible negative bias in estimated nest survival. Future models of the impacts of development within the breeding grounds of king eider should consider the influence of humans in the vicinity of nests. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(8): 1781-1789; 2008) C1 [Bentzen, Rebecca L.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Suydam, Robert S.] Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. RP Bentzen, RL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ftrlm@uaf.edu OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X NR 51 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1781 EP 1789 DI 10.2193/2007-345 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500015 ER PT J AU Fischbach, AS Jay, CV Jackson, JV Andersen, LW Sage, GK Talbot, SL AF Fischbach, Anthony S. Jay, Chadwick V. Jackson, James V. Andersen, Liselotte W. Sage, George K. Talbot, Sandra L. TI Molecular Method for Determining Sex of Walruses SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE molecular sexing; Odobenus rosmarus; polymerase chain reaction; validation; walrus; ZFX; ZFY; zinc finger ID GENOTYPING ERRORS; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; DNA; SAMPLES; RELIABILITY; POPULATION; POLYMERASE; BLOOD AB We evaluated the ability of a set of published trans-species molecular sexing primers and a set of walrus-specific primers, which we developed, to accurately identify sex of 235 Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). The trans-species primers were developed for mammals and targeted the X-and Y-gametologs of the zinc finger protein genes (ZFX, ZFY). We extended this method by using these primers to obtain sequence from Pacific and Atlantic walrus (O. r. rosmarus) ZFX and ZFY genes to develop new walrus-specific primers, which yield polymerase chain reaction products of distinct lengths (327 and 288 base pairs from the X- and Y-chromosome, respectively), allowing them to be used for sex determination. Both methods yielded a determination of sex in all but 1-2% of samples with an accuracy of 99.6-100%. Our walrus-specific primers offer the advantage of small fragment size and facile application to automated electrophoresis and visualization. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(8): 1808-1812; 2008) C1 [Fischbach, Anthony S.; Jay, Chadwick V.; Jackson, James V.; Sage, George K.; Talbot, Sandra L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Andersen, Liselotte W.] Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Biodivers, DK-8410 Ronde, Denmark. RP Fischbach, AS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM afischbach@usgs.gov RI Fischbach, Anthony/E-7166-2010; Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011; OI Fischbach, Anthony/0000-0002-6555-865X; Andersen, Liselotte Wesley/0000-0003-3225-9917 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1808 EP 1812 DI 10.2193/2007-413 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 368NH UT WOS:000260627500019 ER PT J AU Prochaska, A Santi, P Higgins, J Cannon, S AF Prochaska, Adam B. Santi, Paul M. Higgins, Jerry D. Cannon, Susan H. TI A study of methods to estimate debris flow velocity SO LANDSLIDES LA English DT Article DE Debris flow; Velocity; Superelevation; Mitigation; Design ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EVENTS; DESIGN; CREEK; SIZE; FIRE; USA AB Debris flow velocities are commonly back-calculated from superelevation events which require subjective estimates of radii of curvature of bends in the debris flow channel or predicted using flow equations that require the selection of appropriate rheological models and material property inputs. This research investigated difficulties associated with the use of these conventional velocity estimation methods. Radii of curvature estimates were found to vary with the extent of the channel investigated and with the scale of the media used, and back-calculated velocities varied among different investigated locations along a channel. Distinct populations of Bingham properties were found to exist between those measured by laboratory tests and those back-calculated from field data; thus, laboratory-obtained values would not be representative of field-scale debris flow behavior. To avoid these difficulties with conventional methods, a new preliminary velocity estimation method is presented that statistically relates flow velocity to the channel slope and the flow depth. This method presents ranges of reasonable velocity predictions based on 30 previously measured velocities. C1 [Prochaska, Adam B.; Santi, Paul M.; Higgins, Jerry D.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Cannon, Susan H.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Prochaska, A (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, 1516 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM adamprochaska@hotmail.com FU US Department of Education through a Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) Fellowship [P200A060133] FX This work has been funded by the US Department of Education through a Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) Fellowship, award #P200A060133. Thanks to Richard Giraud from the Utah Geological Survey for providing airphotos and to Ron Allingham for AutoCAD assistance. Also thanks to Victor deWolfe, Joe Gartner, Morgan McArthur, and Nate Soule for the measurement of many of the cross-sections used in this study. Joe Gartner, Jason Kean, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. NR 62 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1612-510X J9 LANDSLIDES JI Landslides PD NOV PY 2008 VL 5 IS 4 BP 431 EP 444 DI 10.1007/s10346-008-0137-0 PG 14 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 370ND UT WOS:000260768000008 ER PT J AU Ruppel, C Boswell, R Jones, E AF Ruppel, C. Boswell, R. Jones, E. TI Scientific results from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrates joint Industry Project Leg 1 drilling: Introduction and overview SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Hazard; Ocean drilling; Borehole; Gulf of Mexico ID CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SEA-FLOOR; EVOLUTION; FLUID AB The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrates joint Industry Project (JIP) is a consortium of production and service companies and some government agencies formed to address the challenges that gas hydrates pose for deepwater exploration and production. In partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy and with scientific assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey and academic partners, the JIP has focused on studies to assess hazards associated with drilling the fine-grained, hydrate-bearing sediments that dominate much of the shallow subseafloor in the deepwater (>500 m) Gulf of Mexico. In preparation for an initial drilling, logging, and coring program, the JIP sponsored a multi-year research effort that included: (a) the development of borehole stability models for hydrate-bearing sediments; (b) exhaustive laboratory measurements of the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments; (c) refinement of new techniques for processing industry-standard 3-D seismic data to constrain gas hydrate saturations; and (d) construction of instrumentation to measure the physical properties of sediment cores that had never been removed from in situ hydrostatic pressure conditions. Following review of potential drilling sites, the JIP launched a 35-day expedition in Spring 2005 to acquire well logs and sediment cores at sites in Atwater Valley lease blocks 13/14 and Keathley Canyon lease block 151 in the northern Gulf of Mexico minibasin province. The Keathley Canyon site has a bottom simulating reflection at similar to 392 m below the seafloor, while the Atwater Valley location is characterized by seafloor mounds with an underlying upwarped seismic reflection consistent with upward fluid migration and possible shoaling of the base of the gas hydrate stability (BGHS). No gas hydrate was recovered at the drill sites, but logging data, and to some extent cores, suggest the occurrence of gas hydrate in inferred coarser-grained beds and fractures, particularly between 220 and 330 m below the seafloor at the Keathley Canyon site. This paper provides an overview of the results of the initial phases of the JIP work and introduces the 15 papers that make up this special volume on the scientific results related to the 2005 logging and drilling expedition. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Ruppel, C.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Boswell, R.] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Jones, E.] Chevron Energy Technol Co, Houston, TX 77002 USA. RP Ruppel, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM cruppel@usgs.gov; ray.boswell@netl.doe.gov; ejones@chevron.com OI Ruppel, Carolyn/0000-0003-2284-6632 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FC26-01NT41330] FX We thank the crew of the Uncle John and the shipboard scientific party for their dedication in completing the drilling program and associated analyses. We thank D. Hutchinson and B. Dugan for suggestions that significantly improved the paper, B. Dugan and T. Collett for clarification of cruise results and the cruise report, and D. Hutchinson and W. Wood for contributing material for figures. EJ.'s participation in this project was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, under award DE-FC26-01NT41330. However, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DOE or the USGS. Any use of a trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 73 TC 49 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 819 EP 829 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.02.007 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400001 ER PT J AU Lorenson, TD Claypool, GE Dougherty, JA AF Lorenson, Thomas D. Claypool, George E. Dougherty, Jennifer A. TI Natural gas geochemistry of sediments drilled on the 2005 Gulf of Mexico JIP cruise SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Gas geochemistry; Microbial methane; Gulf of Mexico ID CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; DEEP SUBSURFACE; MICROBIAL METHANE; ORGANIC-MATTER; HYDRATE; HYDROCARBONS; BIODEGRADATION; ORIGIN; CARBON; BASIN AB In April and May 2005, cores were acquired and sub-sampled for gases in lease blocks Atwater Valley 13 and 14 and Keathley Canyon 151 during deep subseafloor drilling conducted as part of the JIP study of gas hydrates in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Sample types included sediment headspace gas, free gas derived from sediment gas exsolution, and gas exsolution from controlled degassing of pressurized cores. The gases measured both onboard and in shore-based labs were nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and the hydrocarbons methane through hexane. The presence of seafloor mounds, seismic anomalies, a shallow sulfate-methane interface, and similar gas compositions and isotopic compositions near the seafloor and at depth suggest an upward flux of methane at both sites. Sediment gases at the Atwater Valley sites, where seafloor mounds and adjacent sediments were cored, strongly suggest a microbial source of methane, with very little thermogenic gas input. Sediment gas from all cores contained from about 96 to 99.9% methane, with the balance composed primarily of carbon dioxide. Methane to ethane ratios were greater than 1000, and often over 10,000. Gases from cores at Keathley Canyon were similar to those at Atwater Valley, however, deeper cores from Keathley Canyon contained more ethane, propane, and butane suggesting mixing with minor concentrations thermogenic gas. The isotopic composition of methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide were measured, and delta C-13 values range from -84.3 to -71.57 parts per thousand, -65.2 to -46.8 parts per thousand, and -23.5 to -3.0 parts per thousand, respectively, all consistent with microbial gas sources, early diagenesis of organic matter and perhaps biodegradation of petroleum. The presence of deep microbial gas at these sites here and elsewhere highlights a potentially significant, predominantly microbial gas source in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lorenson, Thomas D.; Dougherty, Jennifer A.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lorenson, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tlorenson@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 873 EP 883 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.017 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400005 ER PT J AU Lee, JY Santamarina, JC Ruppel, C AF Lee, J. Y. Santamarina, J. C. Ruppel, C. TI Mechanical and electromagnetic properties of northern Gulf of Mexico sediments with and without THF hydrates SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Mexico; Gas hydrate; Permittivity; Conductivity; Fabric; Stiffness; Seismic velocity ID METHANE; MARGIN AB Using an oedometer cell instrumented to measure the evolution of electromagnetic properties, small strain stiffness, and temperature, we conducted consolidation tests on sediments recovered during drilling in the northern Gulf of Mexico at the Atwater Valley and Keathley Canyon sites as part of the 2005 Chevron joint Industry Project on Methane Hydrates. The tested specimens include both unremolded specimens (as recovered from the original core liner) and remolded sediments both without gas hydrate and with pore fluid exchanged to attain 100% synthetic (tetrahydrofuran) hydrate saturation at any stage of loading. Test results demonstrate the extent to which the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing marine sediments are governed by the vertical effective stress, stress history, porosity, hydrate saturation, fabric, ionic concentration of the pore fluid, and temperature. We also show how permittivity and electrical conductivity data can be used to estimate the evolution of hydrate volume fraction during formation. The gradual evolution of geophysical properties during hydrate formation probably reflects the slow increase in ionic concentration in the pore fluid due to ion exclusion in closed systems and the gradual decrease in average pore size in which the hydrate forms. During hydrate formation, the increase in S-wave velocity is delayed with respect to the decrease in permittivity, consistent with hydrate formation on mineral surfaces and subsequent crystal growth toward the pore space. No significant decementation/debonding occurred in 100% THF hydrate-saturated sediments during unloading, hence the probability of sampling hydrate-bearing sediments without disturbing the original sediment fabric is greatest for samples in which the gas hydrate is primarily responsible for maintaining the sediment fabric and for which the time between core retrieval and restoration of in situ effective stress in the laboratory is minimized. In evaluating the impact of core retrieval on specimen properties, it is also important to consider how far removed hydrate-bearing samples are from hydrate stability conditions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ruppel, C.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Lee, J. Y.; Santamarina, J. C.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Ruppel, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jylee@kis.kigam.re.kr; carlos@ce.gatech.edu; cruppel@usgs.gov OI Ruppel, Carolyn/0000-0003-2284-6632 FU joint Industry Project for Methane Hydrates [DE-FC26-01NT41330]; DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory; Goizueta Foundation FX This research was supported at Georgia Tech by the joint Industry Project for Methane Hydrates, administered by Chevron with funding from award DE-FC26-01NT41330 from DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory and by Goizueta Foundation funding to J.C.S. Comments by M. Lee and W. Waite improved the manuscript. C.R. thanks N. Toksoz for logistical support at MIT during completion of this work. Any use of a trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Goverment. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 EI 1873-4073 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 884 EP 895 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.019 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400006 ER PT J AU Winters, WJ Dugan, B Collett, TS AF Winters, William J. Dugan, Brandon Collett, Timothy S. TI Physical properties of sediments from Keathley Canyon and Atwater Valley, JIP Gulf of Mexico gas hydrate drilling program SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Physical properties; Void ratio; Density; Well logging; Gulf of Mexico ID GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES; OCEAN MODELS; BASIN; PRESSURE; EQUATION; STATE; SEEPS AB Physical property measurements and consolidation behavior are different between sediments from Atwater Valley and Keathley Canyon in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Void ratio and bulk density of Atwater Valley sediment from a seafloor mound (holes ATM1 and ATM2) show little effective stress (or depth) dependence to 27 meters below seafloor (mbsf), perhaps owing to fluidized transport through the mound itself with subsequent settling onto the seafloor or mound flanks. Off-mound sediments (hole AT13-2) have bulk physical properties that are similar to mound sediments above 27 mbsf, but void ratio and porosity decrease below that depth. Properties of shallow (<50 mbsf) Keathley Canyon sediments (KC151-3) change with increasing effective stress (or depth) compared to Atwater Valley, but vary little below that depth. Organic carbon is present in concentrations between typical near-shore and deep-sea sediments. Organic carbon-to-nitrogen ratios suggest that the organic matter contained in Atwater Valley off-mound and mound sites came from somewhat different sources. The difference in organic carbon-to-nitrogen ratios between Atwater Valley and Keathley Canyon is more pronounced. At Keathley Canyon a more terrigenous source of the organic matter is indicated. Grain sizes are typically silty clay or clay within the two basins reflecting similar transport energy. However, the range in most shallow sediment properties is significantly different between the two basins. Bulk density profiles agree with logging results in Atwater Valley and Keathley Canyon. Agreement between lab-derived and logging-derived properties supports using logging data to constrain bulk physical properties where cores were not collected. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Winters, William J.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Dugan, Brandon] Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Winters, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM bwinters@usgs.gov RI Dugan, Brandon/A-2651-2011 OI Dugan, Brandon/0000-0002-2555-6430 FU USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program; USGS Energy Program; National Energy Technology Laboratory FX The captain and crew of the Multi-Service Vessel Uncle John and Fugro-McClelland Marine Geosciences, Inc. are thanked for shipboard activities. L. Gilbert, E. Beaulieu, R. Wilcox-Cline, K. McMullen, and A. Green assisted with laboratory testing and data compilation. Support of this research was provided by the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program, the USGS Energy Program, and the National Energy Technology Laboratory. This manuscript benefited from constructive reviews by H. J. Lee, W. Bryant, E. Tripsanas, J. Pohlman, and an anonymous reviewer. NR 67 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 896 EP 905 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.018 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400007 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, DR Hart, PE Collett, TS Edwards, KM Twichell, DC Snyder, F AF Hutchinson, D. R. Hart, P. E. Collett, T. S. Edwards, K. M. Twichell, D. C. Snyder, F. TI Geologic framework of the 2005 Keathley Canyon gas hydrate research well, northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Mexico; Gas hydrate; Methane hydrate; Geologic framework; Joint industry projects; JIP ID BOTTOM-SIMULATING REFLECTORS; LOUISIANA CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; SEA-FLOOR; HYDROCARBON SEEPS; METHANE HYDRATE; CHEMOSYNTHETIC COMMUNITIES; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SEISMIC DATA; EVOLUTION; MARGIN AB The Keathley Canyon sites drilled in 2005 by the Chevron joint Industry Project are located along the southeastern edge of an intraslope minibasin (Casey basin) in the northern Gulf of Mexico at 1335 m water depth. Around the drill sites, a grid of 2D high-resolution multichannel seismic data designed to image depths down to at least 1000 m sub-bottom reveals 7 unconformities and disconformities that, with the seafloor, bound 7 identifiable seismic stratigraphic units. A major disconformity in the middle of the units stands out for its angular baselapping geometry. From these data, three episodes of sedimentary deposition and deformation are inferred. The oldest episode consists of fine-grained muds deposited during a period of relative stability in the basin (units e, f, and g). Both the BSR and inferred gas hydrate occur within these older units. The gas hydrate occurs in near-vertical fractures. A second episode (units c and d) involved large vertical displacements associated with infilling and ponding of sediment. This second interval corresponds to deposition of intercalated fine and coarse-grained material that was recovered in the drill hole that penetrated the thin edges of the regionally much thicker units. The final episode of deposition (units a and b) occurred during more subdued vertical motions. Hemipelagic drape (unit a) characterizes the modern seafloor. The present-day Casey basin is mostly filled. Its sill is part of a subsiding graben structure that is only 10-20 m shallower than the deepest point in the basin, indicating that gravity-driven transport would mostly bypass the basin. Contemporary faulting along the basin margins has selectively reactivated an older group of faults. The intercalated sand and mud deposits of units c and d are tentatively correlated with Late Pleistocene deposition derived from the western shelf-edge delta/depocenter of the Mississippi River, which was probably most active from 320 ka to 70 ka [Winker, C.D., Booth, J., 2000. Sedimentary dynamics of the salt-dominated continental slope, Gulf of Mexico: integration of observations from the seafloor, near-surface, and deep subsurface. In: Proceedings of the GCSSEPM Foundation 20th Annual Research Conference, Deep-water Reservoirs of the World, pp. 1059-1086]. The presence of sand within the gas hydrate stability zone (in units c and d) is not sufficient to concentrate gas hydrate even though dispersed gas hydrate occurs deeper in the fractured mud/clay-rich sections of units e and f. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Hutchinson, D. R.; Edwards, K. M.; Twichell, D. C.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Hart, P. E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Snyder, F.] Schlumberger Data & Consulting Serv, WesternGeco, Houston, TX 77042 USA. RP Hutchinson, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM dhutchinson@usgs.gov FU Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Lab (NETL) FX Partial support for the field and interpretive aspects of this project were provided by the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Lab (NETL). WesternGeco (Schlumberger) generously provided velocity information for converting travel times to depths. We thank E. Jones and the JIP partners for encouragement and insight during multiple meetings and discussions. W. Shedd, J. Hunt, and colleagues at MMS were helpful in advising on trackline locations and permitting for the field program. N. Satyavani helped with initial mapping of stratal boundaries. We also thank the many colleagues who clarified and helped in understanding the complicated occurrence of gas hydrate in the Gulf of Mexico. This paper has been improved by reviews by W. Dillon, W. Barnhardt, W. Shedd and an anonymous reviewer. NR 77 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 EI 1873-4073 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 906 EP 918 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.012 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400008 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Collett, TS AF Lee, M. W. Collett, T. S. TI Integrated analysis of well logs and seismic data to estimate gas hydrate concentrations at Keathley Canyon, Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Elastic velocities; Synthetic acoustic log; Saturation; VSP ID PSEUDOVELOCITY LOGS; ELASTIC VELOCITIES; SEDIMENTS; RESISTIVITY; RIDGE AB Accurately detecting and quantifying gas hydrate or free gas in sediments from seismic data require downhole well-log data to calibrate the physical properties of the gas hydrate-/free gas-bearing sediments. As part of the Gulf of Mexico joint Industry Program, a series of wells were either cored or drilled in the Gulf of Mexico to characterize the physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, to calibrate geophysical estimates, and to evaluate source and transport mechanisms for gas within the gas hydrates. Downhole acoustic logs were used sparingly in this study because of degraded log quality due to adverse wellbore conditions. However, reliable logging while drilling (LWD) electrical resistivity and porosity logs were obtained. To tie the well-log information to the available 3-D seismic data in this area, a velocity log was calculated from the available resistivity log at the Keathley Canyon 151-2 well, because the acoustic log or vertical seismic data acquired at the nearby Keathley Canyon 151-3 well were either of poor quality or had limited depth coverage. Based on the gas hydrate saturations estimated from the LWD resistivity log, the modified Biot-Gassmann theory was used to generate synthetic acoustic log and a synthetic seismogram was generated with a fairly good agreement with a seismic profile crossing the well site. Based on the well-log information, a faintly defined bottom-simulating reflection (BSR) in this area is interpreted as a reflection representing gas hydrate-bearing sediments with about 15% saturation overlying partially gas-saturated sediments with 3% saturation. Gas hydrate saturations over 30-40% are estimated from the resistivity log in two distinct intervals at 220-230 and 264-300 m below the sea floor, but gas hydrate was not physically recovered in cores. It is speculated that the poor recovery of cores and gas hydrate morphology are responsible for the lack of physical gas hydrate recovery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lee, M. W.; Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mlee@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 924 EP 931 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.09.002 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400010 ER PT J AU Pohlman, JW Ruppel, C Hutchinson, DR Downer, R Coffin, RB AF Pohlman, J. W. Ruppel, C. Hutchinson, D. R. Downer, R. Coffin, R. B. TI Assessing sulfate reduction and methane cycling in a high salinity pore water system in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Methane; Anaerobic methane oxidation; Sulfate; Brine; Gulf of Mexico ID LOUISIANA CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; ANAEROBIC OXIDATION; GAS HYDRATE; HYDROCARBON SEEPS; MARINE SEDIMENT; SALT TECTONICS; COLD SEEPS; CARBON; ESTUARY; MARGIN AB Pore waters extracted from 18 piston cores obtained on and near a salt-cored bathymetric high in Keathley Canyon lease block 151 in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain elevated concentrations of chloride (up to 838 mM) and have pore waterchemical concentration profiles that exhibit extensive departures (concavity) from steady-state (linear) diffusive equilibrium with depth. Minimum delta C-13 dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) values of -55.9 parts per thousand to -64.87 parts per thousand at the sulfate-methane transition (SMT) strongly suggest active anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) throughout the study region. However, the nonlinear pore water chemistry-depth profiles make it impossible to determine the vertical extent of active AOM or the potential role of alternate sulfate reduction pathways. Here we utilize the conservative (non-reactive) nature of dissolved chloride to differentiate the effects of biogeochemical activity (e.g., AOM and/or organoclastic sulfate reduction) relative to physical mixing in high salinity Keathley Canyon sediments. In most cases, the DIC and sulfate concentrations in pore waters are consistent with a conservative mixing model that uses chloride concentrations at the seafloor and the SMT as endmembers. Conservative mixing of pore water constituents implies that an undetermined physical process is primarily responsible for the nonlinearity of the pore water-depth profiles. In limited cases where the sulfate and DIC concentrations deviated from conservative mixing between the seafloor and SMT, the delta C-13-DIC mixing diagrams suggest that the excess DIC is produced from a C-13-depleted source that could only be accounted for by microbial methane, the dominant form of methane identified during this study. We conclude that AOM is the most prevalent sink for sulfate and that it occurs primarily at the SMT at this Keathley Canyon site. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Pohlman, J. W.; Ruppel, C.; Hutchinson, D. R.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Downer, R.] Milbar Hydrotest, Shreveport, LA USA. [Coffin, R. B.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Pohlman, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jpohlman@usgs.gov OI Ruppel, Carolyn/0000-0003-2284-6632 FU DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory; Office of Naval Research; Naval Research Laboratory; USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Fellowship FX We thank the captain and crew of the RIV Gyre and members of KC03 Scientific Party, particularly K. Grabowski, B. Yoza, D. Knies, R. Kuraski, C. Dale, and D. Bean, for their effort in rapidly processing the cores. Exceptional technical support by R. Plummer and logistical support by A. Miller and T. Debattista are also appreciated. We thank L. Lapharn for thoughtful discussions during the preparation of this manuscript, and C. Paull, W. Waite, J. Crusius, and an anonymous reviewer for valuable suggestions on the manuscript. This work was supported by DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory, the Office of Naval Research, and the Naval Research Laboratory. J.W.P was supported by a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program during preparation of this manuscript. NR 62 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 942 EP 951 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.016 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400012 ER PT J AU Wood, WT Hart, PE Hutchinson, DR Dutta, N Snyder, F Coffin, RB Gettrust, JF AF Wood, Warren T. Hart, Patrick E. Hutchinson, Deborah R. Dutta, Nader Snyder, Fred Coffin, Richard B. Gettrust, Joseph F. TI Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico, using multi-resolution seismic imagery SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Methane hydrate; Seafloor seep ID CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; SEDIMENTS AB To determine the impact of seeps and focused flow on the occurrence of shallow gas hydrates, several seafloor mounds in the Atwater Valley lease area of the Gulf of Mexico were surveyed with a wide range of seismic frequencies. Seismic data were acquired with a deep-towed, Helmholz resonator source (220-820 Hz); a high-resolution, Generator-injector air-gun (30-300 Hz); and an industrial air-gun array (10-130 Hz). Each showed a significantly different response in this weakly reflective, highly faulted area. Seismic modeling and observations of reversed-polarity reflections and small scale diffractions are consistent with a model of methane transport dominated regionally by diffusion but punctuated by intense upward advection responsible for the bathymetric mounds, as well as likely advection along pervasive filamentous fractures away from the mounds. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Wood, Warren T.; Gettrust, Joseph F.] USN, Res Lab, Bay St Louis, MS 39529 USA. [Hart, Patrick E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Hutchinson, Deborah R.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Dutta, Nader; Snyder, Fred] Data & Consulting Serv, Schlumberger Reservoir Serv, Houston, TX 77042 USA. [Coffin, Richard B.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Wood, WT (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Code 7432,Stennis Space Ctr, Bay St Louis, MS 39529 USA. EM warren.wood@nrlssc.navy.mil FU ONR program [61153N]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-A126-97FT3423] FX The authors wish to thank B. Dugan, J. Childs, G. Barth, and one anonymous reviewer for excellent comments that significantly improved the manuscript. This work was funded through ONR program element 61153N, and U.S. Department of Energy Grant DE-A126-97FT3423. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 952 EP 959 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.015 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400013 ER PT J AU Ellis, M Evans, RL Hutchinson, D Hart, P Gardner, J Hagen, R AF Ellis, M. Evans, R. L. Hutchinson, D. Hart, P. Gardner, J. Hagen, R. TI Electromagnetic surveying of seafloor mounds in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Electromagnetics; Gas hydrate; Resistivity; Gulf of Mexico; Ocean drilling ID SHALLOW POROSITY STRUCTURE; GAS HYDRATE; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; HYDROCARBON SEEPS; METHANE HYDRATE; SEDIMENTS; COMMUNITIES; DEPOSITS; MODELS; MARGIN AB Seafloor controlled source electromagnetic data, probing the uppermost 30 m of seafloor sediments, have been collected with a towed magnetic dipole-dipole system across two seafloor mounds at approximately 1300 m water depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico. One of these mounds was the focus of a recent gas hydrate research drilling program. Rather than the highly resistive response expected of massive gas hydrate within the confines of the mounds, the EM data are dominated by the effects of raised temperatures and pore fluid salinities that result in an electrically conductive seafloor. This structure suggests that fluid advection towards the seafloor is taking place beneath both mounds. Similar responses are seen at discrete locations away from the mounds in areas that might be associated with faults, further suggesting substantial shallow fluid circulation. Raised temperatures and salinities may inhibit gas hydrate formation at depth as has been suggested at other similar locations in the Gulf of Mexico. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Evans, R. L.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Ellis, M.] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. [Hutchinson, D.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Hart, P.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Gardner, J.; Hagen, R.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Evans, RL (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mhe1@noc.soton.ac.uk; revans@whoi.edu; dhutchinson@usgs.gov; hart@usgs.gov; joan.gardner@nrl.navy.mil; rhagen@qur.nrl.navy.mil RI evans, rob/C-6887-2011 OI Evans, Robert/0000-0001-5585-0684; NR 49 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 960 EP 968 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.12.006 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400014 ER PT J AU Hart, PE Hutchinson, DR Gardner, J Carney, RS Fornari, D AF Hart, Patrick E. Hutchinson, Deborah R. Gardner, Joan Carney, Robert S. Fornari, Dan TI A photographic and acoustic transect across two deep-water seafloor mounds, Mississippi Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Seafloor mounds; Side-scan sonar; Multibeam bathymetry; Near-bottom photography; Chemosynthetic communities ID CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; GAS-HYDRATE; CHEMOSYNTHETIC COMMUNITIES; HYDROCARBON SEEPS; BRINES AB In the northern Gulf of Mexico, a series of seafloor mounds lie along the floor of the Mississippi Canyon in Atwater Valley lease blocks 13 and 14. The mounds, one of which was drilled by the Chevron joint Industry Project on Methane Hydrates in 2005, are interpreted to be vent-related features that may contain significant accumulations of gas hydrate adjacent to gas and fluid migration pathways. The mounds are located similar to 150 km south of Louisiana at similar to 1300 m water depth.. New side-scan sonar data, multibeam bathymetry, and near-bottom photography along a 4 km northwest-southeast transect crossing two of the mounds (labeled D and F) reveal the mounds' detailed morphology and surficial characteristics. Mound D, similar to 250 m in diameter and 7-10 m in height, has exposures of authigenic carbonates and appears to result from a seafloor vent of slow-to-moderate flux. Mound F, which is similar to 400 m in diameter and 10-15 m high, is covered on its southwest flank by extruded mud flows, a characteristic associated with moderate-to-rapid flux. Chemosynthetic communities visible on the bottom photographs are restricted to bacterial mats on both mounds and mussels at Mound D. No indications of surficial gas hydrates are evident on the bottom photographs. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Hart, Patrick E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Hutchinson, Deborah R.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Gardner, Joan] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Carney, Robert S.] Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Fornari, Dan] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hart, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hart@usgs.gov FU Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Lab FX Partial support for the research cruises that collected the data for this study was provided by the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Lab. We would like to thank the captain and crew of the RIV Pelican and the support personnel of the LUMCON Marine Facility for their hard work and exceptional support of the scientific operations during the two research cruises that provided the acoustic and photographic data used for this study. We thank J. Evans and M. Fowler for preliminary estimates of layback and photo analysis, and M. Swartz for shipboard help with the deep-towed camera system. This paper benefited greatly from suggestions by C. Ruppel. We also thank T. Lorenson and G. Barth for helpful reviews of this paper. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 25 IS 9 BP 969 EP 976 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.020 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374FK UT WOS:000261028400015 ER PT J AU Koehler, AV Pearce, JM Flint, PL Franson, JC Ip, HS AF Koehler, Anson V. Pearce, John M. Flint, Paul L. Franson, J. Christian Ip, Hon S. TI Genetic evidence of intercontinental movement of avian influenza in a migratory bird: the northern pintail (Anas acuta) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE low pathogenic; migration; reassortment; virus sequencing; waterfowl ID A VIRUSES; WILD DUCKS; RT-PCR; H5N1; ALASKA; HEMAGGLUTININ; PREVALENCE; WATERFOWL; AMPLIFICATION; PERPETUATION AB The role of migratory birds in the movement of the highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza H5N1 remains a subject of debate. Testing hypotheses regarding intercontinental movement of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses will help evaluate the potential that wild birds could carry Asian-origin strains of HP avian influenza to North America during migration. Previous North American assessments of LPAI genetic variation have found few Asian reassortment events. Here, we present results from whole-genome analyses of LPAI isolates collected in Alaska from the northern pintail (Anas acuta), a species that migrates between North America and Asia. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the genetic divergence between Asian and North American strains of LPAI, but also suggested inter-continental virus exchange and at a higher frequency than previously documented. In 38 isolates from Alaska, nearly half (44.7%) had at least one gene segment more closely related to Asian than to North American strains of LPAI. Additionally, sequences of several Asian LPAI isolates from GenBank clustered more closely with North American northern pintail isolates than with other Asian origin viruses. Our data support the role of wild birds in the intercontinental transfer of influenza viruses, and reveal a higher degree of transfer in Alaska than elsewhere in North America. C1 [Koehler, Anson V.; Pearce, John M.; Flint, Paul L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Franson, J. Christian; Ip, Hon S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Pearce, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jpearce@usgs.gov RI Koehler, Anson/P-3658-2015; OI Koehler, Anson/0000-0001-8330-6416; Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238; Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 FU USGS ASC; USGS National Wildlife Health Center; NWHC FX We thank other members of the northern pintail avian influenza research team including D. Derksen, J. Hupp, S. Talbot, and M. Petersen. We are grateful to R. Kearney (US Geological Survey; USGS), S. Haseltine (USGS), P. Bright (USGS), D. Rocque ( US Fish and Wildlife Service; USFWS), and K. Trust (USFWS) for financial and administrative support. Y. Gillies (USGS ASC), D. Goldberg and R. Zane (USGS National Wildlife Health Center; NWHC) coordinated distribution of sampling materials, receipt of samples, and data verification. V. Dugan provided assistance with PCR primers. We thank the numerous field biologists and technicians who participated in sampling wild birds and native subsistence hunters from villages across Alaska who provided additional samples. We also thank past and current members of the Diagnostic Virology Laboratory at the USGS NWHC, including T. Egstad, K. Griffin, A. Hauser, K. Kooiman, R. Long, A. Miyamoto, J. Montez, J. Tuscher, Z. Najacht, and A. Ray. D. Derksen, J. Hupp, J. Hall, T. Hollmen, and two anonymous reviewers provided comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. None of the authors have any financial interests or conflict of interest with this article. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 49 TC 100 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 17 IS 21 BP 4754 EP 4762 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03953.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 364OO UT WOS:000260345200015 PM 19140989 ER PT J AU Morris-Pocock, JA Taylor, SA Birt, TP Damus, M Piatt, JF Warheit, KI Friesen, VL AF Morris-Pocock, J. A. Taylor, S. A. Birt, T. P. Damus, M. Piatt, J. F. Warheit, K. I. Friesen, V. L. TI Population genetic structure in Atlantic and Pacific Ocean common murres (Uria aalge): natural replicate tests of post-Pleistocene evolution SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common murre; genetic equilibrium; phylogeography; Pleistocene; population differentiation; Uria aalge ID MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL-REGION; THICK-BILLED MURRE; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; DNA-SEQUENCES; DIFFERENTIATION; SPECIATION; DIVERSITY; MIGRATION; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; CONSERVATION AB Understanding the factors that influence population differentiation in temperate taxa can be difficult because the signatures of both historic and contemporary demographics are often reflected in population genetic patterns. Fortunately, analyses based on coalescent theory can help untangle the relative influence of these historic and contemporary factors. Common murres (Uria aalge) are vagile seabirds that breed in the boreal and low arctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Previous analyses revealed that Atlantic and Pacific populations are genetically distinct; however, less is known about population genetic structure within ocean basins. We employed the mitochondrial control region, four microsatellite loci and four intron loci to investigate population genetic structure throughout the range of common murres. As in previous studies, we found that Atlantic and Pacific populations diverged during the Pleistocene and do not currently exchange migrants. Therefore, Atlantic and Pacific murre populations can be used as natural replicates to test mechanisms of population differentiation. While we found little population genetic structure within the Pacific, we detected significant east-west structuring among Atlantic colonies. The degree that population genetic structure reflected contemporary population demographics also differed between ocean basins. Specifically, while the low levels of population differentiation in the Pacific are at least partially due to high levels of contemporary gene flow, the east-west structuring of populations within the Atlantic appears to be the result of historic fragmentation of populations rather than restricted contemporary gene flow. The contrasting results in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans highlight the necessity of carefully considering multilocus nonequilibrium population genetic approaches when reconstructing the demographic history of temperate Northern Hemisphere taxa. C1 [Morris-Pocock, J. A.; Taylor, S. A.; Birt, T. P.; Damus, M.; Friesen, V. L.] Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Piatt, J. F.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Warheit, K. I.] Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Morris-Pocock, JA (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM 0jam3@queensu.ca NR 67 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 17 IS 22 BP 4859 EP 4873 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03977.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 370AO UT WOS:000260735300008 PM 19140977 ER PT J AU Schlei, OL Crete-Lafreniere, A Whiteley, AR Brown, RJ Olsen, JB Bernatchez, L Wenburg, JK AF Schlei, Ora L. Crete-Lafreniere, Alexis Whiteley, Andrew R. Brown, Randy J. Olsen, Jeffrey B. Bernatchez, Louis Wenburg, John K. TI DNA barcoding of eight North American coregonine species SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE coregonine; cytochrome c oxidase I; DNA barcoding; RFLP; Salmonidae; whitefish ID IDENTIFICATION AB Coregonine fishes have a circumpolar distribution in the Arctic and sub-Arctic Northern Hemisphere. This subfamily of Salmonidae consists of three genera: Prosopium, Stenodus and Coregonus, including over 30 species. Many species overlap spatially and are difficult to distinguish based on morphological characteristics, especially as larvae or juveniles. Here we present a method for rapid and cost-effective species identification for representatives of the three genera based on sequence variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). We examined eight species common to North America with distributional overlap in Alaska. Mean pairwise sequence divergence for all eight species was 7.04% and ranged from 0.46% to 14.23%. This sequence variation was used to develop a genetic assay based on restriction fragment length polymorphism. In a blind test, this assay provided correct species assignment for 48 of 49 individuals representing all eight species. The single incorrect assignment may reflect hybridization between two closely related species. This DNA barcode-based assay promises to aid fishery managers and researchers by providing a cost-effective alternative to large-scale sequence analysis for identification of North American coregonine fishes. C1 [Schlei, Ora L.; Olsen, Jeffrey B.; Wenburg, John K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Crete-Lafreniere, Alexis; Whiteley, Andrew R.; Bernatchez, Louis] Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Laval, PQ G1K 4P7, Canada. [Brown, Randy J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks Fish & Wildlife Field Off, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Schlei, OL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, MS 331,1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM ora_schlei@fws.gov FU US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); Office of Subsistence Management FX Funding was provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Office of Subsistence Management, under agreement number 05 - 702. Samples were provided by Margaret F. Docker, Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Canada; Ken Harper, USFWS Kenai Fish and Wildlife Field Office, Kenai, Alaska; Craig R. Primmer, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Dmitry S. Sendek, State Research Institute on Lake and River Fisheries, St. Petersburg, Russia; Julie Turgeon, Departement de Biologie, Universite Laval, Canada. We thank Mike Canino for insightful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 8 IS 6 BP 1212 EP 1218 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02350.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 367BY UT WOS:000260528700005 PM 21586008 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Wick, GA Kuo, YH Wee, TK Ma, ZZ Taylor, GH Dettinger, MD AF Neiman, Paul J. Ralph, F. Martin Wick, Gary A. Kuo, Ying-Hwa Wee, Tae-Kwon Ma, Zaizhong Taylor, George H. Dettinger, Michael D. TI Diagnosis of an Intense Atmospheric River Impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm Summary and Offshore Vertical Structure Observed with COSMIC Satellite Retrievals SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GPS RADIO OCCULTATION; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; SIERRA-NEVADA; WATER-VAPOR; COLD-FRONT; PRECIPITATION; CALIFORNIA; MOUNTAINS; CALJET; RAIN AB This study uses the new satellite-based Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission to retrieve tropospheric profiles of temperature and moisture over the data-sparse eastern Pacific Ocean. The COSMIC retrievals, which employ a global positioning system radio occultation technique combined with "first-guess" information from numerical weather prediction model analyses, are evaluated through the diagnosis of an intense atmospheric river (AR; i. e., a narrow plume of strong water vapor flux) that devastated the Pacific Northwest with flooding rains in early November 2006. A detailed analysis of this AR is presented first using conventional datasets and highlights the fact that ARs are critical contributors to West Coast extreme precipitation and flooding events. Then, the COSMIC evaluation is provided. Offshore composite COSMIC soundings north of, within, and south of this AR exhibited vertical structures that are meteorologically consistent with satellite imagery and global reanalysis fields of this case and with earlier composite dropsonde results from other landfalling ARs. Also, a curtain of 12 offshore COSMIC soundings through the AR yielded cross-sectional thermodynamic and moisture structures that were similarly consistent, including details comparable to earlier aircraft-based dropsonde analyses. The results show that the new COSMIC retrievals, which are global (currently yielding similar to 2000 soundings per day), provide high-resolution vertical-profile information beyond that found in the numerical model first-guess fields and can help monitor key lower-tropospheric mesoscale phenomena in data-sparse regions. Hence, COSMIC will likely support a wide array of applications, from physical process studies to data assimilation, numerical weather prediction, and climate research. C1 [Neiman, Paul J.; Ralph, F. Martin; Wick, Gary A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Kuo, Ying-Hwa; Wee, Tae-Kwon; Ma, Zaizhong] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Taylor, George H.] Oregon State Univ, Oregon Climate Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Dettinger, Michael D.] US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Mail Code R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paul.j.neiman@noaa.gov RI Ma, Zaizhong/M-3248-2013 FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0410018] FX We thank Cathy Smith and colleagues of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory for developing the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis composite tools and making them available ( see online at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/Composites/Day). Darren Jackson of NOAA/ESRL prepared the GOES satellite imagery. Jim Adams electronically drafted the majority of the figures presented in this paper, and Allen White of NOAA/ERSL generously donated time to generate three additional figures. Sergey Sokolovskiy of UCAR/COSMIC provided valuable assistance for the revision of the paper. This work was partially funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-0410018. NR 49 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 136 IS 11 BP 4398 EP 4420 DI 10.1175/2008MWR2550.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 371VX UT WOS:000260861900022 ER PT J AU Tadesse, T Haile, M Senay, G Wardlow, BD Knutson, CL AF Tadesse, Tsegaye Haile, Menghestab Senay, Gabriel Wardlow, Brian D. Knutson, Cody L. TI The need for integration of drought monitoring tools for proactive food security management in sub-Saharan Africa SO NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM LA English DT Article DE Drought; Food security; Early warning system; Decision support system ID EQUATORIAL EAST-AFRICA; RAINFALL; SAHEL; SATELLITE; PATTERNS; MODEL; ETHIOPIA; CLIMATE AB Reducing the impact of drought and famine remains a challenge in sub-Saharan Africa despite ongoing drought relief assistance in recent decades. This is because drought and famine are primarily addressed through a crisis management approach when a disaster occurs, rather than stressing preparedness and risk management. Moreover, drought planning and food security efforts have been hampered by a lack of integrated drought monitoring tools, inadequate early warning systems (EWS), and insufficient information flow within and between levels of government in many sub-Saharan countries. The integration of existing drought monitoring tools for sub-Saharan Africa is essential for improving food security systems to reduce the impacts of drought and famine on society in this region. A proactive approach emphasizing integration requires the collective use of multiple tools, which can be used to detect trends in food availability and provide early indicators at local, national, and regional scales on the likely occurrence of food crises. In addition, improving the ability to monitor and disseminate critical drought-related information using available modern technologies (e.g., satellites, computers, and modern communication techniques) may help trigger timely and appropriate preventive responses and, ultimately, contribute to food security and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa. C1 [Tadesse, Tsegaye; Wardlow, Brian D.; Knutson, Cody L.] Univ Nebraska, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Haile, Menghestab] UN World Food Programme WFP, Rome, Italy. [Senay, Gabriel] US Geol Survey, SAIC, EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Tadesse, T (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM ttadesse2@unl.edu RI Tadesse, Tsegaye/O-7792-2015 OI Tadesse, Tsegaye/0000-0002-4102-1137 NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 7 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0165-0203 EI 1477-8947 J9 NAT RESOUR FORUM JI Nat. Resour. Forum PD NOV PY 2008 VL 32 IS 4 BP 265 EP 279 DI 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00211.x PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374VB UT WOS:000261070700001 ER PT J AU Bowman, WD Cleveland, CC Halada, L Hresko, J Baron, JS AF Bowman, William D. Cleveland, Cory C. Halada, Lubos Hresko, Juraj Baron, Jill S. TI Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soil buffering capacity SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BOHEMIAN FOREST; SURFACE WATERS; ACIDIFICATION; ALUMINUM; RECOVERY; EUROPE; SULFUR; TRENDS; FLUXES; CHEMISTRY AB Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition over the past half century has had a detrimental impact on temperate ecosystems in Europe and North America, resulting in soil acidification and a reduction in plant biodiversity(1,2). During the acidification process, soils release base cations, such as calcium and magnesium, neutralizing the increase in acidity. Once these base cations have been depleted, aluminium is released from the soils, often reaching toxic levels. Here, we present results from a nitrogen deposition experiment that suggests that a long legacy of acid deposition in the Western Tatra Mountains of Slovakia has pushed soils to a new threshold of acidification usually associated with acid mine drainage soils. We show that increases in nitrogen deposition in the region result in a depletion of both base cations and soluble aluminium, and an increase in extractable iron concentrations. In conjunction with this, we observe a nitrogen-deposition-induced reduction in the biomass of vascular plants, associated with a decrease in shoot calcium and magnesium concentrations. We suggest that this site, and potentially others in central Europe, have reached a new and potentially more toxic level of soil acidification in which aluminium release is superseded by iron release into soil water. C1 [Bowman, William D.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Mt Res Stn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bowman, William D.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cleveland, Cory C.] Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Halada, Lubos; Hresko, Juraj] Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Landscape Ecol, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovakia. [Baron, Jill S.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bowman, WD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Mt Res Stn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM william.bowman@colorado.edu RI Halada, Lubos/A-9068-2016; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Halada, Lubos/0000-0002-1943-7072; Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 FU National Science Foundation [OISE-0112281]; Slovak Academy of Sciences [INT-0112281, VEGA2/4132/04] FX We thank C. Meier, K. Suding, H. Steltzer, Z. Kostka, L. Holko, S. David, J. Sedlakova, O. Plume, S. Desplaines, G. Bugar, M. Boltiziar, F. Petrovic, M. Mojses, F. Kohut and A. Darrouzet-Nardi for assistance with establishing the research plots and maintaining treatment applications. P. Fleischer kindly shared data on bulk deposition rates in the Tatra National Park. C. Driscoll assisted with interpretation of extractable soil cation data, and J. Holloway, J. Ne V, C. Meier, I. Ashton, A. Darrouzet-Nardi, S. Reed, A. Townsend and K. Tea provided constructive comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Financial support for the research was provided by the National Science Foundation (OISE-0112281) and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (INT-0112281 and VEGA2/4132/04). NR 30 TC 99 Z9 112 U1 16 U2 119 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 1 IS 11 BP 767 EP 770 DI 10.1038/ngeo339 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374DU UT WOS:000261023700016 ER PT J AU Toda, S Stein, RS Kirby, SH Bozkurt, SB AF Toda, Shinji Stein, Ross S. Kirby, Stephen H. Bozkurt, Serkan B. TI A slab fragment wedged under Tokyo and its tectonic and seismic implications SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE; CENTRAL JAPAN; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; KANTO DISTRICT; NORTHEASTERN JAPAN; ARC COLLISION; BENEATH; SUBDUCTION; EARTHQUAKES; SEAMOUNTS AB The Philippine Sea and Pacific plate slabs both subduct beneath Tokyo, and so their configuration and seismic potential have been subject to intensive study(1-8). Previous work suggests that the Philippine Sea slab extends up to 100 km northwest of Tokyo and subducts to a depth of 90 km beneath the Kanto basin, where it is folded against the underlying Pacific slab. Here we evaluate seismic data in three dimensions and delineate a distinct 25-km-thick and 100-km-wide body beneath the Kanto basin that has hitherto been considered to be part of the Philippine Sea slab. We find that several of its characteristics - such as its high seismic velocity and the presence of a double seismic zone - point instead to an affinity with the Pacific slab, implying that the Philippine Sea slab penetrates to depths of only 35 - 40 km beneath the Kanto basin. We propose that the body is a fragment of Pacific lithosphere that formed by the collision of two intersecting seamount chains with the Japan Trench 2 - 3 million years ago. We suggest that such slab fragments may not be uncommon, especially where seamount subduction deforms trenches and near triple junctions. C1 [Toda, Shinji] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. [Stein, Ross S.; Kirby, Stephen H.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bozkurt, Serkan B.] AMEC Geomatrix Inc, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. RP Toda, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM s-toda@aist.go.jp FU Swiss Re FX We are indebted to J.Nakajima and A. Hasegawa for tomographic expertise and thank W. Thatcher, J. Lin, T. Seno, Y. Okada and M. Billen for reviews and discussion. We are grateful for financial support from Swiss Re. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 1 IS 11 BP 771 EP 776 DI 10.1038/ngeo318 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 374DU UT WOS:000261023700017 ER PT J AU Farmer, A Cade, BS Torres-Dowdall, J AF Farmer, Adrian Cade, Brian S. Torres-Dowdall, Julian TI Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Stable isotope; Migration; Deuterium; Isotope map ID STABLE-ISOTOPE; MIGRANT SONGBIRDS; GEOGRAPHIC ASSIGNMENT; WINTERING GROUNDS; NORTH-AMERICA; HYDROGEN; FEATHERS; RATIOS; PRECIPITATION; CARBON AB Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (delta D(P)) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of delta D(P) to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement patterns of migratory species and, although they are very useful, these maps present a static, 40-year average view of the landscape that ignores much underlying inter-annual variation. To more fully understand the consequences of this underlying variation, we analyzed the GNIP deuterium data, the source for all current delta D(P) maps, to estimate the minimum separation in delta D(P) (and latitude) necessary to conclude with a given level of confidence that distinct delta D(P) values represent different geographic sites. Extending analyses of delta D(P) successfully to deuterium in tissues of living organisms, e.g., feathers in migratory birds (delta D(F)), is dependent on the existence of geographic separation of delta D(P), where every geographic location has a distribution of values associated with temporal variability in delta D(P). Analyses were conducted for three distinct geographic regions: North America, eastern North America (east of longitude 100W), and Argentina. At the 80% confidence level, the minimum separation values were 12, 7, and 14 degrees of latitude (equivalent to 53, 31, and 32 degrees) for North America, eastern North America, and Argentina, respectively. Hence, in eastern North America, for example, one may not be able to accurately assign individual samples to sites separated by less than about 7 degrees of latitude as the distributions of delta D(P) were not distinct at latitudes < 7 degrees apart. Moreover, two samples that differ by less than 31 degrees cannot be confidently said to originate from different latitudes. These estimates of minimum separation for delta D(P) do not include other known sources of variation in feather deuterium (delta D(F)) and hence are a first order approximation that may be useful, in the absence of more specific information for the system of interest, for planning and interpreting the results of new stable isotope studies. C1 [Farmer, Adrian; Cade, Brian S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. [Torres-Dowdall, Julian] Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Farmer, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM adrian_farmer@usgs.gov; brian_cade@usgs.gov; jdowdall@lamar.colostate.edu FU US Geological Survey; The Fullbright Foundation FX Paul Cryan, Katie Langin, Mike Wunder, and two anonymous referees reviewed earlier versions of the manuscript and provided helpful comments. Funding for our research was provided by the US Geological Survey, and The Fullbright Foundation. This work was conducted in compliance with laws of the United States of America. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD NOV PY 2008 VL 158 IS 2 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 363UZ UT WOS:000260293700001 PM 18810500 ER PT J AU Kekelia, SA Kekelia, MA Kuloshvili, SI Sadradze, NG Gagnidze, NE Yaroshevich, VZ Asatiani, GG Doebrich, JL Goldfarb, RJ Marsh, EE AF Kekelia, Sergo A. Kekelia, Maren A. Kuloshvili, Simon I. Sadradze, Nino G. Gagnidze, Nona E. Yaroshevich, Vladimir Z. Asatiani, George G. Doebrich, Jeff L. Goldfarb, Richard J. Marsh, Erin E. TI Gold deposits and occurrences of the Greater Caucasus, Georgia Republic: Their genesis and prospecting criteria SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Greater Caucasus; Georgia Republic; Orogenic gold; Mestia-Racha district; Svaneti district ID NORTHEAST; PONTIDES; GEOLOGY AB The south-central part of the Greater Caucasus region, Georgia Republic, represents an extremely prospective region for significant orogenic gold deposits. Gold-bearing quartz veins are concentrated in two extensive WNW-trending belts, the Mestia-Racha and Svaneti districts, within the northern margin of the Southern Slope Zone of the Great Caucasus orogen. This metalliferous region is dominated by Early to Middle Jurassic slates, which are part of a terrane that likely accreted to the continental margin from late Paleozoic to Jurassic. The slates were subsequently intruded by both Middle to Late Jurassic and Neogene granitoids. Quartz veins in the more carbonaceous slate units are most consistently enriched in As, Au, Hg, Sb, and W, and show mineralization styles most consistent with typical orogenic gold deposits. Quartz veins in the Mestia-Racha district were mined in Soviet times for As, Sb. and W, but many of these are now being recognized as gold resource targets. The veins occur in the footwall of a thrust fault between the Southern Slope zone and an earlier accreted terrane, the Main Zone, to the north. Many veins in the district continue along strike for >1 km and some cut Neogene intrusions, constraining ore formation to the most recent 4 to 5 million years. Gold deposition thus correlates with final collision of the Arabian plate to the south and uplift of the ore-hosting Greater Caucasus. The Zopkhito deposit, previously mined for antimony, contains an estimated 55 t Au at a cutoff grade of 0.5 g/t. The veins are localized in an area where smaller-order structures show a major change in strike from N-S to more E-W trends. A pyrite-arsenopyrite ore stage includes gold concentrated in both sulfide phases: it is overprinted by a later stibnite-dominant stage. Fluid-inclusion studies of ore samples from the Zopkhito deposit indicate minimum trapping temperatures of 300 to 350 degrees C and 200 to 300 degrees C for the two stages, respectively, and minimum trapping pressures of 0.2 to 0.5 kbar. Ore-forming fluids, with approximately 5 to 20 mol% non-aqueous gas, evolved from N(2)-dominant to CO(2)-dominant during evolution of the hydrothermal system. delta(34)S values of +1 to +4 parts per thousand for ore-related sulfides at Zopkhito are consistent with a sedimentary rock source for the sulfur, and delta(18)O quartz measurements of 16 to 21 parts per thousand are consistent with either a magmatic or metamorphic fluid. More than 60 gold-bearing lodes and placers in the Svaneti district occur along the thrust between the Southern Slope and Main Zones. Lode gold potential was first recognized in the historic placer district in the 1980s, with many auriferous quartz veins cutting Middle Jurassic igneous rocks. Brecciated veins in the 18 t Au Lukhra deposit cut a small granodioritic to dioritic stock; the latter intrudes Devonian schist immediately north of the thrust. Presently, there are three recognized ore zones in the deposit, with the most significant occurring over an area 140 m in length and 12 m-wide, with typical grades of 7 to 9 g/t Au. Reconnaissance fluid-inclusion studies of ore samples from the Lukhra deposit indicate minimum trapping temperatures of 220 degrees C. Measurements of delta(18)O(quartz) of about 10 parts per thousand suggest buffering of isotopic composition by the igneous host rocks. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Doebrich, Jeff L.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Goldfarb, Richard J.; Marsh, Erin E.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Yaroshevich, Vladimir Z.; Asatiani, George G.] Caucasian Inst Mineral Resources, GE-0162 Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. [Kekelia, Sergo A.; Kekelia, Maren A.; Kuloshvili, Simon I.; Sadradze, Nino G.; Gagnidze, Nona E.] Georgian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, GE-0193 Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. RP Doebrich, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 913 Natl Ctr,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM doebrich@usgs.gov FU U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF); U.S. Geological Survey and the Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources FX The authors wish to express gratitude to the U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) for the financial support of the work (Georgian-U.S. Bilateral Grants Program, Award 3300), and also to the U.S. Geological Survey and the Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources, where isotopic and fluid-inclusion laboratory investigations were carried out. The authors sincerely thank N. Poporadze from Georgian Polytechnical University and Z. Gongliashvili from Caucasian Research Petroleum Institute for providing analytical support on samples collected by the authors as part of this study. Special thanks to the Director of the Geological Service Center (Tbilisi), I. Shavishvili, who kindly provided the INAA elemental analyses for some of the studied gold-bearing ores. Reviews by Robert Moritz, Richard Herrington, Larry Drew and Robert Seal are appreciated. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 34 IS 3 BP 369 EP 386 DI 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.04.003 PG 18 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 373BV UT WOS:000260946900012 ER PT J AU Noren, SR Pearson, LE Davis, J Trumble, SJ Kanatous, SB AF Noren, Shawn R. Pearson, Linnea E. Davis, Jay Trumble, Stephen J. Kanatous, Shane B. TI Different Thermoregulatory Strategies in Nearly Weaned Pup, Yearling, and Adult Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL; MIROUNGA-ANGUSTIROSTRIS PUPS; PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDI; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; BROWN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; TEMPERATURE REGULATION; MARINE MAMMALS; HARBOR SEALS; HARP SEAL; DIVING BEHAVIOR AB Mammals balance heat dissipation with heat production to maintain core body temperatures independent of their environment. Thermal balance is undoubtedly most challenging for mammals born in polar regions because small body size theoretically results in high surface-area-to-volume ratios (SA : V), which facilitate heat loss (HL). Thus, we examined the ontogeny of thermoregulatory characteristics of an ice-breeding seal (Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli). Morphology, blubber thickness, rectal temperature (T-r), muscle temperature (T-m), and skin temperatures on the trunk (T-s) and flipper (T-f) in 3-5-wk-old pups, yearlings, and adults were measured. Adults maintained the thickest blubber layers, while yearlings had the thinnest; T-r and T-m fell within a narrow range, yet T-r and T-m decreased significantly with body length. All seals maintained skin temperatures lower than T-r, our index of core body temperature. The T-s's were positively correlated with environmental temperatures; conversely, T-f's were not. Although pups had the greatest proportion of blubber, their greater SA : V and limited ability to minimize body-to-environment temperature gradients led to the greatest calculated mass-specific HL. This implies that pups relied on elevated metabolic heat production to counter HL. Heat production in pups and yearlings may have been aided by nonshivering thermogenesis in the skeletal muscle via the enhanced muscle mitochondrial densities that have been observed in these segments of this population. C1 [Noren, Shawn R.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA 95118 USA. [Pearson, Linnea E.; Kanatous, Shane B.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Davis, Jay] Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. [Trumble, Stephen J.] Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Flint, MI 48502 USA. RP Noren, SR (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz Ctr Ocean Hlth, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95118 USA. EM snoren@biology.ucsc.edu; linpear@simla.colostate.edu; jay_davis@fws.gov; strumble@umflint.edu; kanatous@lamar.colostate.edu OI Trumble, Stephen/0000-0001-6319-9633 FU National Science Foundation [OPP-0440713]; Resources Division Marine Mammal [1075-1788]; American Association of University Women Educational Foundation FX We thank the McMurdo Station community for providing logistical support in the field, T. M. Williams for discussions about Weddell seal thermoregulation, A. W. Kramer for assistance with data management, T. Saha from SonoSite, and two anonymous reviewers. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation Polar Programs grant (OPP-0440713) awarded to S. B. K. and was conducted under the Protected Resources Division Marine Mammal Permit 1075-1788. S.R.N. held an American Fellowship from the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation during the preparation of this article. NR 89 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 26 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD NOV-DEC PY 2008 VL 81 IS 6 BP 868 EP 879 DI 10.1086/588489 PG 12 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 367JD UT WOS:000260547400014 PM 18922067 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Bassett, WA Anderson, AJ Mayanovic, RA Shang, LB AF Chou, I-Ming Bassett, William A. Anderson, Alan J. Mayanovic, Robert A. Shang, Linbo TI Containment of fluid samples in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell without the use of metal gaskets: Performance and advantages for in situ analysis SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article DE chromium alloys; deformation; fluorescence; gaskets; high-pressure effects; high-temperature effects; iridium; iron alloys; laser materials processing; nickel alloys; rhenium; stainless steel; water; X-ray absorption spectra ID PRESSURES AB Metal gaskets (Re, Ir, Inconel, or stainless steel) normally used to contain fluid samples in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) are sometimes undesirable due to possible contamination and to gasket deformation at high pressures and temperatures resulting in nonisochoric behavior. Furthermore, in x-ray spectroscopic experiments, metal gaskets may attenuate the incident x-ray beam and emitted fluorescence x-rays, and the interaction of scattered radiation with the gasket may produce fluorescence that interferes with the x-ray spectrum of the sample. New arrangements and procedures were tested for the operation of the HDAC without using the metal gaskets. Distilled, de-ionized water was loaded into the sample chamber, a laser-milled recess 300 mu m in diameter and similar to 50 mu m deep centered in the 1.0 mm face of the lower diamond anvil, and sealed by pressing the top diamond anvil face directly against the lower one without a metal gasket in between. A maximum sample pressure of 202 MPa at 617 degrees C was maintained for a duration of 10 min without evidence of leakage. A small change in fluid density was observed in one experiment where the sample was held at 266 MPa at 708 degrees C for 10 min. The gasketless HDAC was also employed in x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments, where, in addition to the sample chamber in the lower diamond, two grooves were milled at a 90 degrees angle to each other around the sample chamber to minimize the attenuation of incident and fluorescent x rays. With a minimum distance between the sample chamber and the grooves of 80 mu m, a pressure of 76 MPa at 500 degrees C was maintained for 2 h with no change in the original fluid density. C1 [Chou, I-Ming] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Bassett, William A.] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Anderson, Alan J.] St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. [Mayanovic, Robert A.] Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65897 USA. [Shang, Linbo] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Ore Deposit Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM imchou@usgs.gov FU Energy and Mineral Programs; China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40503007]; U. S. Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences; NSERC; University of Washington; Simon Fraser University; Advanced Photon Source; U. S. Department of Energy; Office of Science; Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX I.-M. Chou would like to acknowledge the support of Energy and Mineral Programs of U. S. Geological Survey. L. B. Shang would like to thank the support of the China Scholarship Council and the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant No. 40503007 ) for her one-year visit to USGS. This work was also supported by a NSERC discovery grant to A. J. A. PNC/XOR facilities at the Advanced Photon Source, and research at these facilities are supported by the U. S. Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences, a major facilities access grant from the NSERC, the University of Washington, Simon Fraser University, and the Advanced Photon Source. We would also like to thank Robert Seal and Harvey Belkin of USGS and an anonymous reviewer for constructive reviews. Use of the Advanced Photon Source is also supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 79 IS 11 AR 115103 DI 10.1063/1.3013788 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 376WB UT WOS:000261212600028 PM 19045909 ER PT J AU James, WF Richardson, WB Soballe, DM AF James, William F. Richardson, William B. Soballe, David M. TI EFFECTS OF RESIDENCE TIME ON SUMMER NITRATE UPTAKE IN MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOW-REGULATED BACKWATERS SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE backwaters; floodplain rivers; Mississippi River; nitrate uptake; nitrogen ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; NITROGEN SATURATION; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; HEADWATER STREAMS; FLOODPLAIN RIVERS; DETERMINING ORDER; WATER-QUALITY; FLOODED SOIL; DENITRIFICATION; USA AB Nitrate uptake may be improved in regulated floodplain rivers by increasing hydrological connectivity to backwaters. We examined summer nitrate uptake in a series of morphologically similar backwaters on the Upper Mississippi River receiving flow-regulated nitrate loads via gated culverts. Flows into individual back-waters were held constant over a summer period but varied in the summers of 2003 and 2004 to provide a range of hydraulic loads and residence times (tau). The objectives were to determine optimum loading and tau for maximum summer uptake. Higher flow adjustment led to increased loading but lower 1 and contact time for uptake. For highest flows, tau was less than 1 day resulting in lower uptake rates (U(net) < 300 mg m(-2) day(-1)), low uptake efficiency (U% < 20%) and a long uptake length (S(net) > 4000 m). For low flows, tau was greater than 5 days and U% approached 100%, but U(net) was 200mg m(-2) day(-1). S(net) was < half the length of the backwaters under these conditions indicating that most of the load was assimilated in the upper reaches, leading to limited delivery to lower portions. U(net) was maximal (384-629 mg m(-2) day(-1)) for intermediate flows and tau ranging between 1 and 1.5 days. Longer S(net) (2000-4000 m) and lower U% (20-40%) reflected limitation of uptake in upper reaches by contact time, leading to transport to lower reaches for additional uptake. Uptake by similar to 10000ha of reconnected backwaters along the Upper Mississippi River (13% of the total backwater surface area) at a U(net) of similar to 630m m(-2) day(-1) would be the equivalent of similar to 40% of the summer nitrate load (155 mg day(-1)) discharged from Lock and Dam 4. These results indicate that backwater nitrate uptake can play an important role in reducing nitrate loading to the Gulf of Mexico. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [James, William F.; Soballe, David M.] US Army Corps Engineers, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Eau Galle Aquat Ecol Lab, Spring Valley, WI 54767 USA. [Richardson, William B.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP James, WF (reprint author), US Army Corps Engineers, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Eau Galle Aquat Ecol Lab, W 500 Eau Galle Dam Rd, Spring Valley, WI 54767 USA. EM william.f.james@erdc.usace.army.mil FU Engineer Research and Development Center; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FX We gratefully acknowledge H. Eakin and L. Pommier of the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Eau Galle Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Spring Valley, Wisconsin, for sampling and chemical analysis and C. Cerco and M. Dortch of the ERDC Environmental Laboratory and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that greatly improved this manuscript. Funding was provided by the System-Wide Water Resources Programme of the Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Permission to publish this information was granted by the Chief of Engineers. NR 61 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 24 IS 9 BP 1206 EP 1217 DI 10.1002/rra.1150 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 381FE UT WOS:000261520300002 ER PT J AU Bowker, MA Koch, GW Belnap, J Johnson, NC AF Bowker, Matthew A. Koch, George W. Belnap, Jayne Johnson, Nancy C. TI Nutrient availability affects pigment production but not growth in lichens of biological soil crusts SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Micronutrient limitation; Ecological restoration; Cryptogams; Cyanobacteria; Stress tolerance; Arid lands; Fatty acids; Symbiosis; Structural equation model ID LIPID FATTY-ACIDS; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SOUTHEASTERN UTAH; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; COLORADO PLATEAU; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SCYTONEMIN; DESERT; PLANTS; CYANOBACTERIA AB Recent research suggests that micronutrients such as Mn may limit growth of slow-growing biological soil crusts (BSCs) in some of the drylands of the world. These soil surface communities contribute strongly to and ecosystem function and are easily degraded, creating a need for new restoration tools. The possibility that Mn fertilization could be used as a restoration tool for BSCs has not been tested previously. We used microcosms in a controlled greenhouse setting to investigate the hypothesis that Mn may limit photosynthesis and consequently growth in Collema tenax, a dominant N-fixing lichen found in BSCs worldwide. We found no evidence to support our hypothesis; furthermore, addition of other nutrients (primarily P, K, and Zn) had a suppressive effect on gross photosynthesis (P = 0.05). We also monitored the growth and physiological status of our microcosms and found that other nutrients increased the production of scytonemin, an important sunscreen pigment, but only when not added with Mn (P = 0.01). A structural equation model indicated that this effect was independent of any photosynthesis-related variable. We propose two alternative hypotheses to account for this pattern: (1) Mn suppresses processes needed to produce scytonemin; and (2) Mn is required to suppress scytonemin production at low light, when it is an unnecessary photosynthate sink. Although Mn fertilization does not appear likely to increase photosynthesis or growth of Collema, it could have a role in survivorship during environmentally stressful periods due to modification of scytonemin production. Thus, Mn enrichment should be studied further for its potential to facilitate BSC rehabilitation. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Bowker, Matthew A.; Koch, George W.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Belnap, Jayne] US Geol Survey, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Johnson, Nancy C.] No Arizona Univ, Ctr Environm Sci & Educ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Bowker, MA (reprint author), Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Area Biodiversidad & Conservac, C Tulipan S-N, E-28933 Madrid, Spain. EM Matthew.Bowker@urjc.es FU NSF DDIG; Canon National Parks Scholars FX We thank Amanda Turner, Patricia Ortiz, Adam Collins, Dana Erickson, Anita Antoninka, Matthew Lau, Bala Chaudhary, Jack Shapiro, and Eugene Britt for laboratory and/or greenhouse assistance. Richard Foust kindly conducted analysis of tissue Mn. Scott Bates and Marcelo Serpe, and one anonymous referee provided helpful reviews. Logistical support was also provided by Brad Blake of the NAU research greenhouse, Sue Phillips of the Canyonlands Field Station, US Geological Survey, and Steve Overby of the US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. This study was funded by an NSF DDIG award and by a Canon National Parks Scholars honorable mention award. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 56 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 40 IS 11 BP 2819 EP 2826 DI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.002 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 373XU UT WOS:000261007600014 ER PT J AU Hayer, CA Irwin, ER AF Hayer, Cari-Ann Irwin, Elise R. TI Influence of Gravel Mining and Other Factors on Detection Probabilities of Coastal Plain Fishes in the Mobile River Basin, Alabama SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; SPECIES RICHNESS; WOODY DEBRIS; ABSENCE DATA; HABITAT USE; STREAM; COMMUNITIES; CONSERVATION; DISTURBANCE; ECOLOGY AB We used an information-theoretic approach to examine the variation in detection probabilities for 87 Piedmont and Coastal Plain fishes in relation to instream gravel mining in four Alabama streams of the Mobile River drainage. Biotic and abiotic variables were also included in candidate models. Detection probabilities were heterogeneous across species and varied with habitat type, stream. season, and water quality. Instream gravel mining influenced the variation in detection probabilities for 38% of the species collected, probably because it led to habitat loss and increased sedimentation. Higher detection probabilities were apparent at unmined sites than at mined sites for 78% of the species for which gravel mining was shown to influence detection probabilities, indicating potential negative impacts to these species. Physical and chemical attributes also explained the variation in detection Probabilities for many species. These results indicate that anthropogenic impacts can affect detection probabilities for Fishes. and such variation should be considered when developing monitoring programs or routine sampling protocols. C1 [Irwin, Elise R.] Auburn Univ, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Hayer, CA (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Box 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM cari-ann.hayer@sdstate.edu RI Hayer, Cari-Ann/C-1319-2009 FU U.S. Geological Survey; Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Auburn University; Wildlife Management Institute; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX The data used for this manuscript were collected with funds provided to Mark Bain by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and administered through the Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit:, we thank Bain for the use of these data. The Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Auburn University, the Wildlife Management Institute, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 74 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1606 EP 1620 DI 10.1577/T07-153.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800003 ER PT J AU Warner, DM Kiley, CS Claramunt, RM Clapp, DF AF Warner, David M. Kiley, Courtney S. Claramunt, Randall M. Clapp, David F. TI The Influence of Alewife Year-Class Strength on Prey Selection and Abundance of Age-1 Chinook Salmon in Lake Michigan SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SITU TARGET-STRENGTH; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; NATURAL MORTALITY; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; PREDATOR; FISHES; FOOD; PREFERENCE; STABILITY AB We used growth and diet data from a fishery-independent survey of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, acoustic estimates of prey density and biomass. and statistical catch-at-age modeling to study the influence of the year-class strength of alewife Alosa pseudoliarengus on the prey selection and abundance of age-1 Chinook salon in Lake Michigan during the years 1992- 1996 and 2001-2005. Alewives age 2 or younger were a large part of age-1 Chinook salmon diets but were not selectively fed upon by age-1 Chinook salmon in most years, Feeding by age-1 Chinook salmon on alewives age 2 or younger became selective as the biomass of alewives in that young age bracket increased, and age-1 Chinook salmon also fed selectively oil young bloaters Coregonus hoyi when bloater density was bull. Selection of older alewives decreased at high densities of alewives age 2 Or younger and, in some cases. high densities Of bloater. The weight and condition of age-1 Chinook salmon were not related to age-1 Chinook salmon abundance or prey abundance, but the abundance of age-1 Chinook salmon in year t was positively related to the density of age-0 alewives in year t - 1. Our results suggest that alewife year-class strength exerts a positive bottom-up influence oil age-1 Chinook salmon abundance, prey switching behavior by young Chinook salmon contributing to the stability of the predator-prey relationship between Chinook salmon and alewives. C1 [Warner, David M.; Kiley, Courtney S.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Claramunt, Randall M.; Clapp, David F.] Charlevoix Fisheries Res Stn, Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Charlevoix, MI 49720 USA. RP Warner, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM dmwarner@usgs.gov NR 57 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 16 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1683 EP 1700 DI 10.1577/T07-130.1 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800010 ER PT J AU Al-Chokhachy, R Budy, P AF Al-Chokhachy, Robert Budy, Phaedra TI Demographic Characteristics, Population Structure, and Vital Rates of a Fluvial Population of Bull Trout in Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL; SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; ATLANTIC SALMON; CUTTHROAT TROUT; MARK-RECAPTURE; LIFE-HISTORY; RIVER SYSTEM; BROOK TROUT; ABUNDANCE; RECOVERY AB Identification of the factors limiting inland salmonid populations. Such as those of the threatened bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in the Pacific Northwest. can be particularly challenging due 10 substantial gaps in our understanding Of Population demographics. population structure in the presence of multiple life history forms, and vital rates. We implemented it large-scale mark-recapture program over a 5-year period using an innovative combination of active and passive techniques to estimate (1) bull trout age and growth by size-class. (2) the proportion of the population exhibiting resident and migratory behavior. and (3) survival rates (S) for different life stages and life history forms (resident and migratory). Our results suggest that bull trout reached sexual maturity at a relatively small size (200 mm) and young age (3-4 years) and that large individuals (>600 mm) call reach ages greater than 12 years in this fluvial population. Using active and passive mark-recapture methods, we found that large bull trout (>420 mm) were predominantly migratory in behavior (72% were migratory) and that there was considerable variability among other size-classes in the proportion exhibiting migratory behavior. Survival rate varied significantly across size-classes and study years. Juvenile bull trout (120-170 mm) exhibited the lowest annual S on average (0.09) and the highest interannual variability (coefficient of variation = 0.60) in S among size-classes. Fish exhibiting migratory life history patterns generally had higher S than did resident fishy small, juvenile residents had a significantly mean S (0.15; SE = 0.02) than did similarly sized Migratory fish (mean S = 0.35: SE = 0.04). Collectively. our results highlight important differences across life history forms Within and across populations; these factors must be considered When designing future recovery and management strategies for any single bull front recovery unit or across larger geographic areas. C1 [Al-Chokhachy, Robert; Budy, Phaedra] Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Al-Chokhachy, R (reprint author), Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM robert.a@aggiemail.usu.edu RI Al-Chokhachy, Robert/F-2894-2010; Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 NR 56 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1709 EP 1722 DI 10.1577/T07-247.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800012 ER PT J AU Janney, EC Shively, RS Hayes, BS Barry, PM Perkins, D AF Janney, Eric C. Shively, Rip S. Hayes, Brian S. Barry, Patrick M. Perkins, David TI Demographic Analysis of Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HYPEREUTROPHIC LAKE; MODEL SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; RECAPTURE; PREDICTIONS; SURVIVAL AB We used 13 years (1995-2007) of capture-mark-recapture data to assess population dynamics of endangered Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. The Cormack-Jolly-Seber method was used to estimate survival, and information theoretic modeling was used to assess variation due to time, gender, species, and spawning subpopulations. Length data were used to detect multiple year-class failures and events of high recruitment into adult spawning populations. Average annual Survival probability was 0.89 for Lost River suckers and 0.76 for shortnose suckers. Mean life span estimates based on these survival rates indicated that Lost River suckers survived long enough on average to attempt reproduction eight times, whereas shortnose suckers only survived to spawn three to four times. Shortnose sucker survival was not only poor in years of fish kills (1995-1997) but also was low in years without fish kills (i.e., 2002 and 2004). This suggests that high mortality Occurs in some years but is not necessarily associated with fish kills. Annual survival probabilities were not only different between the two species but also differed between two spawning subpopulations of Lost River suckers. Length composition data indicated that recruitment into spawning populations only occurred intermittently. Populations of both species transitioned from primarily old individuals with little size diversity and consistently poor recruitment in the late 1980s and early 1990s to mostly small, recruit-sized fish by the late 1990s. A better understanding of the factors influencing adult survival and recruitment into spawning populations is needed. Monitoring these vital parameters will provide a quantitative means to evaluate Population status and assess the effectiveness of conservation and recovery efforts. C1 [Janney, Eric C.; Shively, Rip S.; Hayes, Brian S.; Barry, Patrick M.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Klamath Falls Field Stn, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA. [Perkins, David] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Janney, EC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Klamath Falls Field Stn, 2795 Anderson Ave,Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA. EM ejanney@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1812 EP 1825 DI 10.1577/T06-235.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800020 ER PT J AU Miranda, LE Habrat, MD Miyazono, S AF Miranda, L. E. Habrat, M. D. Miyazono, S. TI Longitudinal Gradients along a Reservoir Cascade SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FISH COMMUNITIES; RIVER CONTINUUM; ASSEMBLAGES; PATTERNS; SYSTEM; WISCONSIN; QUALITY; STREAMS; INDEX; BASIN AB Reservoirs have traditionally been regarded its spatially independent entities rather than;is longitudinal segments of a liver system that are Connected upstream and downstream to the river and other reservoirs. This view hits frustrated advancement in reservoir science by impeding adequate organization of available information and by hindering interchanges with allied disciplines that often consider impounded rivers at the basin scale. We analyzed reservoir morphology, water quality, and fish assemblage data collected in 24 reservoirs of the Tennessee River; we wanted to describe longitudinal changes occurring at the scale of the entire reservoir series (i.e., cascade) and to test the hypothesis that fish communities and environmental factors display predictable gradients like those recognized for unimpounded rivers. We used it data set collected over a 7-year period: over 3 million fish representing 94 species were included ill the data set. Characteristics such as reservoir mean depth, relative size of the limnetic zone, water retention little. oxygen stratification. thermal stratification, Substrate size, and water level fluctuations increased ill upstream reservoirs. Conversely, reservoir area, extent of riverine and littoral zones, access to floodplains and associated wetlands, habitat diversity. and nutrient and sediment inputs increased in downstream reservoirs. Upstream reservoirs included few, largely lacustrine, ubiquitous fish taxa thin were characteristic of the lentic upper reaches of the basin. Fish species richness increased in it downstream direction front 12 to 67 species/reservoir its riverine species became more common. Considering impoundments ill it basin scale by viewing them as sections in a river or links in a chain may generate insight that is not always available when the impoundments are viewed as isolated entities. Basin-scale variables are rarely, controllable but constrain the expression of processes ill smaller scales, and call facilitate the organization of reservoir management efforts. C1 [Miranda, L. E.] US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Habrat, M. D.; Miyazono, S.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Miranda, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 9691, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM smiranda@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1851 EP 1865 DI 10.1577/T07-262.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800023 ER PT J AU McGree, M Whitesel, TA Stone, J AF McGree, Michelle Whitesel, Timothy A. Stone, Jen TI Larval Metamorphosis of Individual Pacific Lampreys Reared in Captivity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ANADROMOUS SEA LAMPREY; LAMPETRA-FLUVIATILIS L; PETROMYZON-MARINUS L; COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; BROOK LAMPREY; WATER TEMPERATURE; PARASITIC LAMPREY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PLANERI BLOCH; TRIDENTATA AB This study is one of the first to follow individual Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata through the process of metamorphosis. Readily observable external changes were described for 13 individual Pacific lampreys undergoing metamorphosis. Changes occurred to the month. eyes, and branchial region front July to at least November. During metamorphosis, Pacific lampreys also exhibited asymmetric growth. including an increase in snout depth, that had not previously been reported in the literature. The order of the morphological changes and the patterns of asymmetric growth in the Pacific lamprey closely matched those reported for another Lampetra species. the American brook lamprey L. appendix. but exhibited unexpected variations from those reported in other species of lampreys. Excepting one catastrophic event, under captive rearing conditions 96.4% of the ammocoetes survived and the maximum growth rates of 0.040-0.071 mm/d were within the range of those estimated for ammocoetes rearing naturally in stream environments. Supplemental feeding improved larval growth but did not influence the incidence of metamorphosis in captively reared annuals. To develop effective conservation strategies for Pacific lampreys in the Columbia River basin, it would be prudent to consider that metamorphosis, a time when the animals are relatively vulnerable, may last front July to December. C1 [Whitesel, Timothy A.; Stone, Jen] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [McGree, Michelle] Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97203 USA. RP Whitesel, TA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, 1211 SE Cardinal Court,Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM timothy_whitesel@fws.gov NR 58 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1866 EP 1878 DI 10.1577/T07-206.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800024 ER PT J AU Riley, SC Roseman, EF Nichols, SJ O'Brien, TP Kiley, CS Schaeffer, JS AF Riley, Stephen C. Roseman, Edward F. Nichols, S. Jerrine O'Brien, Timothy P. Kiley, Courtney S. Schaeffer, Jeffrey S. TI Deepwater Demersal Fish Community Collapse in Lake Huron SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; ALEWIFE ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; ZEBRA MUSSEL; SAGINAW BAY; ROUND GOBY; RAINBOW SMELT; MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES AB Long-term fish community surveys were carried out in the Michigan waters of Lake Huron using bottom trawls front 1976 to 2006. Trends in abundance indices for common species (those caught in 10% or more of trawl lows) were estimated for two periods: early (1976-1991) and late (1994 2006). All common species significantly decreased in abundance during the late period with the exception of the johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum and spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius, which showed no significant trends, and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, which increased in abundance. Percentage decreases ill abundance indices between 1994-1995 and 2005-2006 ranged front 66.4% to 99.9%, and seven species decreased in abundance by more than 90%. The mean biomass of all common species in 2006 was the lowest observed in the time series and was less than 5% of that observed in the mid-1990s. The mean number of common species captured per trawl has also decreased since the mid-1990s. Several factors, including recent invasion of the lake by multiple exotic species. may have contributed to these declines. but insufficient published data are currently available to determine which factors are most important. Our observations suggest that significant changes have occurred ill the ecology of Lake Huron since the mid-1990s. The extent of these changes indicates that the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron is undergoing collapse. C1 [Riley, Stephen C.; Roseman, Edward F.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; O'Brien, Timothy P.; Kiley, Courtney S.; Schaeffer, Jeffrey S.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Riley, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM sriley@usgs.gov RI Mensinger, Allen/B-7349-2013; OI Roseman, Edward/0000-0002-5315-9838 NR 86 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 4 U2 28 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1879 EP 1890 DI 10.1577/T07-141.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800025 ER PT J AU Schoenebeck, CW Chipps, SR Brown, ML AF Schoenebeck, Casey W. Chipps, Steven R. Brown, Michael L. TI Improvement of an Esocid Bioenergetics Model for Juvenile Fish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FOOD-CONSUMPTION; SYSTEMATIC-ERROR; GROWTH; PREDICTIONS; MUSKELLUNGE AB Feeding rate and water temperature are known to influence the accuracy of fish bioenergetics models. In an effort to improve the accuracy of a juvenile esocid bioenergetics model, we used it regress ion-based approach to develop a corrective equation that accounted for the prediction error associated with variable feeding rates and water temperatures. The regression model explained 58% of the variability in the consumption rate prediction error for age-0 tiger muskellunge (northern pike Esox lucius X muskellunge E. masquinongy) and included the following variables: initial body weight (g), water temperature (degrees C), and relative growth rate (cal.g(-1).d(-1)). The corrected model accurately predicted observed food consumption and had lower prediction error (mean error = 7%) than the uncorrected model (mean error 43%). Moreover. the differences between the observed and modeled estimates of cumulative food consumption were significantly greater than zero for the uncorrected model while those between the observed and adjusted model estimates of food consumption were not, indicating that the corrective equation provided a significant improvement ill model accuracy. We recommend using the corrective equation to adjust consumption estimates for juvenile tiger muskellunge when using the esocid bioenergetics model. Further work is needed to identify the physiological mechanisms responsible for consumption-dependent error in fish bioenergetics models. C1 [Schoenebeck, Casey W.; Chipps, Steven R.; Brown, Michael L.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Schoenebeck, CW (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM casey.schoenebeck@sdstate.edu FU Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration [F-15-P]; U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, South Dakota State University FX We thank L. Einfalt. D. Wahl, and staff at the Illinois Natural History Survey for their efforts and suggestions in evaluating and improving esocid bioenergetics models. Three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on all earlier draft of the manuscript. S. Smith and G. Berman provided technical assistance with study design and data analysis. This study was supported, in part by the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration (Project F-15-P. Study 1504. administered through the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks), the U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, South Dakota State University. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 6 BP 1891 EP 1897 DI 10.1577/T07-229.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477EG UT WOS:000268500800026 ER PT J AU Gurdak, JJ Walvoord, MA McMahon, PB AF Gurdak, Jason J. Walvoord, Michelle A. McMahon, Peter B. TI Susceptibility to Enhanced Chemical Migration from Depression-Focused Preferential Flow, High Plains Aquifer SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; PROBABILISTIC NEURAL-NETWORKS; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; WATER; VARIABILITY; NITRATE; SOILS; USA; ENVIRONMENT; BENEATH AB Aquifer susceptibility to contamination is controlled in part by the inherent hydrogeologic properties of the vadose zone, which includes preferential-flow pathways. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of seasonal ponding near leaky irrigation wells as a mechanism for depression-focused preferential flow and enhanced chemical migration through the vadose zone of the High Plains aquifer. Such a mechanism may help explain the widespread presence of agrichemicals in recently recharged groundwater despite estimates of advective chemical transit times through the vadose zone from diffuse recharge that exceed the historical period of agriculture. Using a combination of field observations, vadose zone flow and transport simulations, and probabilistic neural network modeling, we demonstrated that vadose zone transit times near irrigation wells range from 7 to 50 yr, which are one to two orders of magnitude faster than previous estimates based on diffuse recharge. These findings support the concept of fast and slow transport zones and help to explain the previous discordant findings of long vadose zone transit times and the presence of agrichemicals at the water table. Using predictions of aquifer susceptibility from probabilistic neural network models, we delineated approximately 20% of the areal extent of the aquifer to have conditions that may promote advective chemical transit times to the water table of < 50 yr if seasonal ponding and depression-focused flow exist. This aquifer-susceptibility map may help managers prioritize areas for groundwater monitoring or implementation of best management practices. C1 [Gurdak, Jason J.; Walvoord, Michelle A.; McMahon, Peter B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Gurdak, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM jjgurdak@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program FX This work is part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, High Plains Regional Groundwater study (co.water.usgs.gov/nawqa/hpgw/HPGW_home.html). The cooperation of landowners who agreed to collection of sediment cores on their land is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Matthew K. Landon ( USGS), Suzanne S. Paschke ( USGS), Kim S. Perkins ( USGS), and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript. NR 55 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 7 IS 4 DI 10.2136/vzj2007.0145 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 379GL UT WOS:000261384600011 ER PT J AU Troyer, RM Garver, KA Ranson, JC Wargo, AR Kurath, G AF Troyer, Ryan M. Garver, Kyle A. Ranson, Judith C. Wargo, Andrew R. Kurath, Gael TI In vivo virus growth competition assays demonstrate equal fitness of fish rhabdovirus strains that co-circulate in aquaculture SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Viral fitness; Growth competition assay; In vivo fitness; Fish virus; Aquaculture; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus ID HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS; VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; RNA VIRUS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; REPLICATIVE FITNESS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; PRIMARY INFECTION; RELATIVE FITNESS; MULLERS RATCHET; TYPE-1 FITNESS AB A novel virus growth competition assay for determining relative fitness of RNA virus variants in vivo has been developed using the fish rhabdovirus. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We have conducted assays with IHNV isolates designated B, C, and D, representing the three most common genetic subtypes that co-circulate in Idaho trout farm aquaculture. in each assay, groups of 30 fish were immersed in a 1:1 mixture of two genotypes of IHNV, and then held in individual beakers for a 72 h period of in vivo competitive virus replication. Progeny virus populations in each fish were analyzed for the presence and proportion of each viral genotype. In two independent assays of the B:C isolate pair, and two assays of the B:D pair, all fish were co-infected and there was a high level of fish-to-fish variation in the ratio of the two competing genotypes, However, in each assay the average ratio in the 30-fish group was not significantly different from the input ratio of 1:1, indicating equal or nearly equal viral fitness on a host population basis, under the conditions tested. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Troyer, Ryan M.; Garver, Kyle A.; Ranson, Judith C.; Wargo, Andrew R.; Kurath, Gael] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Troyer, Ryan M.; Garver, Kyle A.; Wargo, Andrew R.; Kurath, Gael] Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kurath, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM troyer@colostate.edu; garverk@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca; gkurath@usgs.gov FU USGS Western Fisheries Research Center; National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service [2002-35204-12587] FX This project was supported by the USGS Western Fisheries Research Center and the National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, grant number 2002-35204-12587. Mention of trade names does not imply U.S. Government endorsement. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 137 IS 2 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.018 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 374ML UT WOS:000261047600002 PM 18703096 ER PT J AU Strack, JE Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT Knox, RG AF Strack, John E. Pielke, Roger A., Sr. Steyaert, Louis T. Knox, Robert G. TI Sensitivity of June near-surface temperatures and precipitation in the eastern United States to historical land cover changes since European settlement SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; MODELS; IMPACT; PARAMETERIZATION; ATMOSPHERE; FUTURE AB Land cover changes alter the near surface weather and climate. Changes in land surface properties such as albedo, roughness length, stomatal resistance, and leaf area index alter the surface energy balance, leading to differences in near surface temperatures. This study utilized a newly developed land cover data set for the eastern United States to examine the influence of historical land cover change on June temperatures and precipitation. The new data set contains representations of the land cover and associated biophysical parameters for 1650, 1850, 1920, and 1992, capturing the clearing of the forest and the expansion of agriculture over the eastern United States from 1650 to the early twentieth century and the subsequent forest regrowth. The data set also includes the inferred distribution of potentially water-saturated soils at each time slice for use in the sensitivity tests. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, equipped with the Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Feedback (LEAF-2) land surface parameterization, was used to simulate the weather of June 1996 using the 1992, 1920, 1850, and 1650 land cover representations. The results suggest that changes in surface roughness and stomatal resistance have caused present-day maximum and minimum temperatures in the eastern United States to warm by about 0.3 degrees C and 0.4 degrees C, respectively, when compared to values in 1650. In contrast, the maximum temperatures have remained about the same, while the minimums have cooled by about 0.1 degrees C when compared to 1920. Little change in precipitation was found. C1 [Strack, John E.] Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Knox, Robert G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pielke, Roger A., Sr.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Steyaert, Louis T.] US Geol Survey, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Strack, JE (reprint author), Univ Maryland, ESSIC, Univ Maryland Res Pk,M Sq,5825 Univ Res Court,Sui, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM jstrack@umd.edu RI Knox, Robert/E-9657-2011; Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009 FU USGS [06CRAG0023]; NASA [NNG04GL61G, NNX06AG74G] FX The CPC U. S. Unified Precipitation data was provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. The USSOD data were provided by the Data Support Section of the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. NCAR is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation. We would also like to acknowledge our appreciation of the comments and suggestions of three anonymous reviewers. Finally, this study was funded by USGS grant 06CRAG0023, NASA grant NNG04GL61G, and NASA grant NNX06AG74G. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 1 PY 2008 VL 44 IS 11 AR W11401 DI 10.1029/2007WR006546 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 368EV UT WOS:000260605000001 ER PT J AU Chen, HC Lai, BC Fellers, GM Wang, WL Kam, YC AF Chen, Hong-Chuan Lai, Bo-Chi Fellers, Gary M. Wang, Wei-Lung Kam, Yeong-Choy TI Diet and Foraging of Rana sauteri and Bufo bankorensis Tadpoles in Subtropical Taiwanese Streams SO ZOOLOGICAL STUDIES LA English DT Article DE Algae; Anura; Diet; Tadpoles ID PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; LARVAL GROWTH; PERIPHYTON; ANURAN; ABUNDANCE; BEHAVIOR; GRAZERS; ALGAL; POND AB Hong-Chuan Chen, Bo-Chi Lai, Gary M. Fellers, Wei-Lung Wang, and Yeong-Choy Kam (2008) Diet and foraging of Rana sauteri and Bulb, bankorensis tadpoles in subtropical Taiwanese streams. Zoological Studies 47(6): 685-696. We collected 39 Rana sauteri and 18 Bulb bankorensis tadpoles from 6 sites at the Lienhuachih Research Center in central Taiwan from Oct. 2001 to Dec. 2002. We compared algae found in the alimentary canal of each species with algae found on tiles placed in the same streams. Algae collected from tiles primarily consisted of diatoms, green algae, and blue-green algae, with diatoms being the dominant taxa at all six of our study sites. Tadpoles of both species consumed mostly diatoms, and the food contents were similar between them. We found high similarities between the algal composition on the tiles and food in the alimentary canals of the tadpoles, suggesting that R. sauteri and B. bankorensis tadpoles are non-selective with respect to the type of algae they ingest. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/47.6/685.pdf C1 [Lai, Bo-Chi; Kam, Yeong-Choy] Tunghai Univ, Dept Life Sci, Taichung 407, Taiwan. [Chen, Hong-Chuan; Wang, Wei-Lung] Natl Changhua Univ Educ, Dept Biol, Changhua 500, Taiwan. [Fellers, Gary M.] Point Reyes Natl Seashore, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. RP Kam, YC (reprint author), Tunghai Univ, Dept Life Sci, Taichung 407, Taiwan. EM biyckam@thu.edu.tw FU National Science Council [NSC90-2621-B-018-002-A10, NSC91-2311-B-029-008]; Taiwan Forestry Research Institute FX This study was supported by National Science Council grants (NSC90-2621-B-018-002-A10 and NSC91-2311-B-029-008) to Y.C. Kam. We thank the staff of the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute at the Lienhuachih field station for providing accommodations and permitting us to work at the station. Joan Fellers provided useful comments on the manuscript. NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACAD SINICA INST ZOOLOGY PI TAIPEI PA EDITORIAL OFFICE, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1021-5506 J9 ZOOL STUD JI Zool. Stud. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 47 IS 6 BP 685 EP 696 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 380NU UT WOS:000261473200003 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Felzer, K AF Gomberg, Joan Felzer, Karen TI A model of earthquake triggering probabilities and application to dynamic deformations constrained by ground motion observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; VELOCITY; ACCELERATION; ATTENUATION; MAGNITUDE; STRESS; SEISMOLOGY; FREQUENCY; TAIWAN AB We have used observations from Felzer and Brodsky (2006) of the variation of linear aftershock densities (i.e., aftershocks per unit length) with the magnitude of and distance from the main shock fault to derive constraints on how the probability of a main shock triggering a single aftershock at a point, P (r, D), varies as a function of distance, r, and main shock rupture dimension, D. We find that P(r, D) becomes independent of D as the triggering fault is approached. When r >> D P(r, D) scales as D-m where m similar to 2 and decays with distance approximately as r(-n) with n = 2, with a possible change to r(-(n-1)) at r > h, where h is the closest distance between the fault and the boundaries of the sesimogenic zone. These constraints may be used to test hypotheses about the types of deformations (i.e., radiated seismic waves) and a posited proportionality with P(r, D). Deformation characteristics examined include peak displacements, peak accelerations and velocities (proportional to strain rates and strains, respectively), and two peak strains alone or strain rates averaged over the duration of rupture may be responsible for aftershock triggering. C1 [Gomberg, Joan] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Felzer, Karen] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 92206 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM gomberg@usgs.gov; kfelzer@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 31 PY 2008 VL 113 IS B10 AR B10317 DI 10.1029/2007JB005184 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 368EF UT WOS:000260603400001 ER PT J AU Jankaew, K Atwater, BF Sawai, Y Choowong, M Charoentitirat, T Martin, ME Prendergast, A AF Jankaew, Kruawun Atwater, Brian F. Sawai, Yuki Choowong, Montri Charoentitirat, Thasinee Martin, Maria E. Prendergast, Amy TI Medieval forewarning of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE; WESTERN COAST; PENINSULA; DEPOSITS; RECORDS; DIATOMS; HEIGHTS; RUPTURE; HAZARD AB Recent centuries provide no precedent for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, either on the coasts it devastated or within its source area. The tsunami claimed nearly all of its victims on shores that had gone 200 years or more without a tsunami disaster(1). The associated earthquake of magnitude 9.2 defied a Sumatra-Andaman catalogue that contains no nineteenth- century or twentieth- century earthquake larger than magnitude 7.9 ( ref. 2). The tsunami and the earthquake together resulted from a fault rupture 1,500 km long that expended centuries' worth of plate convergence(2-5). Here, using sedimentary evidence for tsunamis(6), we identify probable precedents for the 2004 tsunami at a grassy beach- ridge plain 125 km north of Phuket. The 2004 tsunami, running 2 km across this plain, coated the ridges and intervening swales with a sheet of sand commonly 5-20 cm thick. The peaty soils of two marshy swales preserve the remains of several earlier sand sheets less than 2,800 years old. If responsible for the youngest of these pre-2004 sand sheets, the most recent full- size predecessor to the 2004 tsunami occurred about 550 - 700 years ago. C1 [Jankaew, Kruawun; Choowong, Montri; Charoentitirat, Thasinee] Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Geol, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. [Atwater, Brian F.] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Sawai, Yuki] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. [Martin, Maria E.] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Prendergast, Amy] Geosci Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Jankaew, K (reprint author), Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Geol, Phayathai Rd, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. EM kjankaew@yahoo.co.uk RI Jankaew, Kruawun/E-8130-2010; Sawai, Yuki /D-3216-2013; OI Sawai, Yuki /0000-0001-7015-4361; Prendergast, Amy/0000-0001-9890-7927; Arcos, Maria/0000-0003-0568-036X; Prendergast, Amy/0000-0002-4970-9956 FU Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand); National Science Foundation ( USA); US Agency for International Development; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Thailand Research Fund; Chulalongkorn University FX We thank B. Korsakun for logistical help; C. Tongjeen for permission for digging; V. Chutakositkanon, V. Jittanoon, T. Machado, T. Napradit, S. Pailoplee, S. Phantuwongraj, N. Rajeshwara Rao, S. Srinivasalu, P. Surakiatchai and A. Weerahong for contributions to Phra Thong field and laboratory work; Y. Fujii for providing bathymetric data; and S. Bondevik, M. Cisternas, H. Kelsey, A. Meltzner, K. Sieh, M. Tuttle and J. Woodruff for reviews. This report evolved from surveys supported by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand), the National Science Foundation (USA), and the US Agency for International Development ( participants are listed in Supplementary Table 3). Additional funding was provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (to Y.S.), the Thailand Research Fund (to M.C.), and Chulalongkorn University ( through P. Charusiri). NR 29 TC 158 Z9 160 U1 2 U2 43 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 30 PY 2008 VL 455 IS 7217 BP 1228 EP 1231 DI 10.1038/nature07373 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 366DZ UT WOS:000260462100041 ER PT J AU Harris, CK Sherwood, CR Signell, RP Bever, AJ Warner, JC AF Harris, Courtney K. Sherwood, Christopher R. Signell, Richard P. Bever, Aaron J. Warner, John C. TI Sediment dispersal in the northwestern Adriatic Sea SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID 3RD-GENERATION WAVE MODEL; PO RIVER PRODELTA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SURFACE CIRCULATION; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; SETTLING VELOCITY; COASTAL REGIONS; GRAVITY FLOWS; TRANSPORT; RESUSPENSION AB Sediment dispersal in the Adriatic Sea was evaluated using coupled three-dimensional circulation and sediment transport models, representing conditions from autumn 2002 through spring 2003. The calculations accounted for fluvial sources, resuspension by waves and currents, and suspended transport. Sediment fluxes peaked during southwestward Bora wind conditions that produced energetic waves and strengthened the Western Adriatic Coastal Current. Transport along the western Adriatic continental shelf was nearly always to the south, except during brief periods when northward Sirocco winds reduced the coastal current. Much of the modeled fluvial sediment deposition was near river mouths, such as the Po sediment, because it was modeled with a lower settling velocity. Fluvial sediment delivered to areas with high average bed shear stress was more highly dispersed than material delivered to more quiescent areas. Modeled depositional patterns were similar to observed patterns that have developed over longer timescales. Specifically, modeled Po sediment accumulation was thickest near the river mouth with a very thin deposit extending to the northeast, consistent with patterns of modern sediment texture in the northern Adriatic. Sediment resuspended from the bed and delivered by Apennine Rivers was preferentially deposited on the northern side of the Gargano Peninsula, in the location of thick Holocene accumulation. Deposition here was highest during Bora winds when convergences in current velocities and off-shelf flux enhanced delivery of material to the midshelf. C1 [Harris, Courtney K.; Bever, Aaron J.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Sherwood, Christopher R.; Signell, Richard P.; Warner, John C.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Harris, CK (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM ckharris@vims.edu OI Bever, Aaron/0000-0002-2196-0831; Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 62 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 29 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C11 AR C11S03 DI 10.1029/2006JC003868 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 368DO UT WOS:000260601700001 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Langbein, J AF Savage, J. C. Langbein, J. TI Postearthquake relaxation after the 2004 M6 Parkfield, California earthquake and rate-and-state friction SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SERPENTINITE; AFTERSLIP; SLIP; GRANITE; ROCKS; CREEP; LAW AB An ususually complete set of measurements (including rapid rate GPS over the first 10 days) of postseismic deformation is available at 12 continuous GPS stations located close to the epicenter of the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake. The principal component models for the relaxation of the ensemble of those 12 GPS stations were determined. The first mode alone furnishes an adequate approximation to the data. Thus, the relaxation at all stations can be represented by the product of a common temporal function and distinct amplitudes for each component (north or east) of relaxation at each station. The distribution in space of the amplitudes indicates that the relaxation is dominantly strike slip. The temporal function, which spans times from about 5 min to 900 days postearthquake, can be fit by a superposition of three creep terms, each of the form beta(1) log(e)(1 + t/tau(1)), with characteristic times tau(1) = 1.06, 0.11, and 0.0001 days. It seems likely that what is actually involved is broad spectrum of characteristic times, the individual components of which arise from afterslip on different fault patches. Perfettini and Avouac (2004) have shown that an individual creep term can be explained by the spring-slider model with rate-dependent (no state variable) friction. The observed temporal function can also be explained using a single spring-slider model (i.e., single fault patch) that includes rate-and-state-dependent friction, a single-state variable, and either of the two commonly used (aging and slip) state evolution laws. In the latter fits, the rate-and-state friction parameter b is negative. C1 [Savage, J. C.; Langbein, J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jasavage@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 28 PY 2008 VL 113 IS B10 AR B10407 DI 10.1029/2008JB005723 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 368EE UT WOS:000260603300002 ER PT J AU Keogh, JS Edwards, DL Fisher, RN Harlow, PS AF Keogh, J. Scott Edwards, Danielle L. Fisher, Robert N. Harlow, Peter S. TI Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Pacific biogeography; island biogeography; molecular phylogeny; speciation; Iguaninae; Brachylophus bulabula ID BRACHYLOPHUS-VITIENSIS; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; PREHISTORIC EXTINCTION; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; ELAPID SNAKES; LIZARDS; IGUANIDAE; DISPERSAL; EVOLUTION; SQUAMATA AB The Pacific iguanas of the Fijian and Tongan archipelagos are a biogeographic enigma in that their closest relatives are found only in the New World. They currently comprise two genera and four species of extinct and extant taxa. The two extant species, Brachylophus fasciatus from Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu and Brachylophus vitiensis from western Fiji, are of considerable conservation concern with B. vitiensis listed as critically endangered. A recent molecular study has shown that Brachylophus comprised three evolutionarily significant units. To test these conclusions and to reevaluate the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within Brachylophus, we generated an mtDNA dataset consisting of 1462 base pairs for 61 individuals from 13 islands, representing both Brachylophus species. Unweighted parsimony analyses and Bayesian analyses produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis supported by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities within Brachylophus. Our data reject the monophyly of specimens previously believed to comprise B. fasciatus. Instead, our data demonstrate that living Brachylophus comprise three robust and well-supported clades that do not correspond to current taxonomy. One of these clades comprises B. fasciatus from the Lau group of Fiji and Tonga ( type locality for B. fasciatus), while a second comprises putative B. fasciatus from the central regions of Fiji, which we refer to here as B. n. sp. Animals in this clade form the sister group to B. vitiensis rather than other B. fasciatus. We herein describe this clade as a new species of Brachylophus based on molecular and morphological data. With only one exception, every island is home to one or more unique haplotypes. We discuss alternative biogeographic hypotheses to explain their distribution in the Pacific and the difficulties of distinguishing these. Together, our molecular and taxonomic results have important implications for future conservation initiatives for the Pacific iguanas. C1 [Keogh, J. Scott; Edwards, Danielle L.] Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Fisher, Robert N.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Stn, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Harlow, Peter S.] Macquarie Univ, Sch Biol Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. RP Keogh, JS (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM scott.keogh@anu.edu.au RI Keogh, Scott/C-8441-2009; Edwards, Danielle/G-3289-2012; OI Keogh, Scott/0000-0002-1373-6186; Edwards, Danielle/0000-0002-1165-4427 NR 56 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8436 J9 PHILOS T R SOC B JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD OCT 27 PY 2008 VL 363 IS 1508 BP 3413 EP 3426 DI 10.1098/rstb.2008.0120 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 346VH UT WOS:000259097200011 PM 18782726 ER PT J AU Donnelly-Nolan, JM Grove, TL Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Ramsey, DW AF Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. Grove, Timothy L. Lanphere, Marvin A. Champion, Duane E. Ramsey, David W. TI Eruptive history and tectonic setting of Medicine Lake Volcano, a large rear-arc volcano in the southern Cascades SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Medicine Lake Volcano; Cascades arc; granitoid intrusion; HAOT; calcalkaline basalt ID CRATER LAVA-FIELD; ALKALINE SERIES LAVAS; HIGH-ALUMINA BASALT; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; GLASS MOUNTAIN; NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; SEISMIC-REFRACTION; STEADY SUBSIDENCE; OLIVINE THOLEIITE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AB Medicine Lake Volcano (MLV), located in the southern Cascades similar to 55 km east-northeast of contemporaneous Mount Shasta, has been found by exploratory geothermal drilling to have a surprisingly silicic core mantled by mafic lavas. This unexpected result is very different from the long-held view derived from previous mapping of exposed geology that MLV is a dominantly basaltic shield volcano. Detailed mapping shows that <6% of the similar to 2000 km(2) of mapped MLV lavas on this southern Cascade Range shield-shaped edifice are rhyolitic and dacitic, but drill holes on the edifice penetrated more than 30% silicic lava. Argon dating yields ages in the range similar to 475 to 300 ka for early rhyolites. Dates on the stratigraphically lowest mafic lavas at MLV fall into this time frame as well, indicating that volcanism at MLV began about half a million years ago. Mafic compositions apparently did not dominate until similar to 300 ka. Rhyolite eruptions were scarce post-300 ka until late Holocene time. However, a dacite episode at similar to 200 to similar to 180 ka included the volcano's only ash-flow tuff, which was erupted from within the summit caldera. At similar to 100 ka, compositionally distinctive high-Na andesite and minor dacite built most of the present caldera rim. Eruption of these lavas was followed soon after by several large basalt flows, such that the combined area covered by eruptions between 100 ka and postglacial time amounts to nearly two-thirds of the volcano's area. Postglacial eruptive activity was strongly episodic and also covered a disproportionate amount of area. The volcano has erupted 9 times in the past 5200 years, one of the highest rates of late Holocene eruptive activity in the Cascades. Estimated volume of MLV is similar to 600 km(3), giving an overall effusion rate of similar to 1.2 km(3) per thousand years, although the rate for the past 100 kyr may be only half that. During much of the volcano's history, both dry HAOT (high-alumina olivine tholeiite) and hydrous calcalkaline basalts erupted together in close temporal and spatial proximity. Petrologic studies indicate that the HAOT magmas were derived by dry melting of spinel peridotite mantle near the crust mantle boundary. Subduction-derived H2O-rich fluids played an important role in the generation of calcalkaline magmas. Petrology, geochemistry and proximity indicate that MLV is part of the Cascades magmatic arc and not a Basin and Range volcano, although Basin and Range extension impinges on the volcano and strongly influences its eruptive style. MLV may be analogous to Mount Adams in southern Washington, but not, as sometimes proposed, to the older distributed back-arc Simcoe Mountains volcanic field. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M.; Lanphere, Marvin A.; Champion, Duane E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Grove, Timothy L.] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Ramsey, David W.] USGS Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Donnelly-Nolan, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jdnolan@usgs.gov; tlgrove@mit.edu; alder@usgs.gov; dchamp@usgs.gov; dramsey@usgs.gov RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0073766, EAR-0440172, EAR-0538179] FX We appreciate thoughtful reviews by R.L. Christiansen, W. Hildreth, and J.B. Lowenstern of the USGS and by A. Grunder and an anonymous reviewer, as well as review comments on a previous version by R. Lange, B. Singer, and I Spell. Funding for U.S. Geological Survey authors was provided initially by the Geothermal Research Program of the USGS, and subsequently by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. National Science Foundation Grants EAR-0073766, EAR-0440172 and EAR-0538179 supported the participation of TLG in this work. NR 84 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 25 PY 2008 VL 177 IS 2 BP 313 EP 328 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.04.023 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 375NG UT WOS:000261120000002 ER PT J AU Fierstein, J Hildreth, W AF Fierstein, Judy Hildreth, Wes TI Kaguyak dome field and its Holocene caldera, Alaska Peninsula SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Kaguyak caldera; lava domes; ignimbrite; caldera-forming eruption; Aleutian arc volcano ID DEPOSITS; REGION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; HISTORY AB Kaguyak Caldera lies in a remote corner of Katmai National Park, 375 km SW of Anchorage, Alaska. The 2.5-by-3-km caldera collapsed similar to 5.8 +/- 0.2 ka ((14)C age) during emplacement of a radial apron of poorly pumiceous crystal-rich dacitic pyroclastic flows (61-67% SiO(2)). Proximal pumice-fall deposits are thin and sparsely preserved, but an oxidized coignimbrite ash is found as far as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 80 km southwest. Postcaldera events include filling the 150-m-deep caldera lake, emplacement of two intracaldera domes (61.5-64.5% SiO(2)), and phreatic ejection of lakefloor sediments onto the caldera rim. CO(2) and H(2)S bubble up through the lake, weakly but widely. Geochemical analyses (n=148), including pre-and post-caldera lavas (53-74% SiO(2)), define one of the lowest-K arc suites in Alaska. The precaldera edifice was not a stratocone but was, instead, nine contiguous but discrete clusters of lava domes, themselves stacks of rhyolite to basalt exogenous lobes and flows. Four extracaldera clusters are mid-to-late Pleistocene, but the other five are younger than 60 ka, were truncated by the collapse, and now make up the steep inner walls. The climactic ignimbrite was preceded by similar to 200 years by radial emplacement of a 100-m-thick sheet of block-rich glassy lava breccia (62-65.5% SiO(2)). Filling the notches between the truncated dome clusters, the breccia now makes up three segments of the steep caldera wall, which beheads gullies incised into the breccia deposit prior to caldera formation. They were probably shed by a large lava dome extruding where the lake is today. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes] US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fierstein, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team MS 910, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jfierstn@usgs.gov; hildreth@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 25 PY 2008 VL 177 IS 2 BP 340 EP 366 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.016 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 375NG UT WOS:000261120000004 ER PT J AU Brezinski, DK Cecil, CB Skema, VW Stamm, R AF Brezinski, David K. Cecil, C. Blaine Skema, Viktoras W. Stamm, Robert TI Late Devonian glacial deposits from the eastern United States signal an end of the mid-Paleozoic warm period SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Late Devonian; Paleoclimate; Glaciation; Paleosols; Appalachian Basin; Diamictite ID MASS EXTINCTIONS; SEQUENCES; FACIES; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOMAGNETISM; GONDWANA; PATTERNS; CATSKILL; AMERICA; HISTORY AB A Late Devonian polymictic diamictite extends for more than 400 km from northeastern Pennsylvania across western Maryland and into east-central West Virginia. The matrix-supported, unbedded, locally sheared diamictite contains subangular to rounded clasts up to 2 m in diameter. The mostly rounded clasts are both locally derived and exotic; some exhibit striations, faceting, and polish. The diamictite commonly is overlain by laminated siltstone/mudstone facies associations (laminites). The laminites contain isolated clasts ranging in size from sand and pebbles to boulders, some of which are striated. The diamictite/laminite sequence is capped by massive, coarse-grained, pebbly sandstone that is trough cross-bedded. A stratigraphic change from red, calcic paleo-Vertisols in strata below the diamictite to non-calcic paleo-Spodosols and coal beds at and above the diamictite interval suggests that the climate became much wetter during deposition of the diamictite. The diamictite deposit is contemporaneous with regressive facies that reflect fluvial incision during the Late Devonian of the Appalachian basin. These deposits record a Late Devonian episode of climatic cooling so extreme that it produced glaciation in the Appalachian basin. Evidence for this episode of climatic cooling is preserved as the interpreted glacial deposits of diamictite, overlain by glaciolacustrine varves containing dropstones, and capped by sandstone interpreted as braided stream outwash. The Appalachian glacigenic deposits are contemporaneous with glacial deposits in South America, and suggest that Late Devonian climatic cooling was global. This period of dramatic global cooling may represent the end of the mid-Paleozoic warm interval that began in the Middle Silurian. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Brezinski, David K.] Maryland Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Cecil, C. Blaine; Stamm, Robert] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Skema, Viktoras W.] Penn Geol Survey, Harrisburg, PA 17111 USA. RP Brezinski, DK (reprint author), Maryland Geol Survey, 2300 St Paul St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM dbrezinski@dnr.state.md.us NR 71 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 EI 1872-616X J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD OCT 24 PY 2008 VL 268 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.042 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 372BT UT WOS:000260877100003 ER PT J AU Geissler, PE Johnson, JR Sullivan, R Herkenhoff, K Mittlefehldt, D Fergason, R Ming, D Morris, R Squyres, S Soderblom, L Golombek, M AF Geissler, P. E. Johnson, J. R. Sullivan, R. Herkenhoff, K. Mittlefehldt, D. Fergason, R. Ming, D. Morris, R. Squyres, S. Soderblom, L. Golombek, M. TI First in situ investigation of a dark wind streak on Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID VARIABLE FEATURES; EOLIAN FEATURES; SEDIMENT; CRATERS; MODEL AB Prominent low-albedo wind streaks issue from embayments at the north end of Victoria crater in Meridiani Planum, the site of surface investigations by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. Opportunity was sent to examine the darkest of these wind streaks and compare it to the adjacent soil in the brighter corridor between the streaks. Two nearby sites inside and outside of the streak were selected for visible and infrared remote sensing and for elemental abundance measurements and images of the microscopic soil morphology. The rover was next sent to study the interaction of the wind streak with an obstacle, a small rock near the source of the streak. Opportunity's observations suggest that the Victoria wind streaks are deposits of basaltic sand blown out of the crater from the dark dunes nestled below the crater rim, particularly at the base of the alcove leading up to the darkest streak. No local sources of sand have been identified within the Victoria crater wall rock, suggesting that the sand is supplied from outside the crater and is presently escaping its temporary topographic trap. This process presents a possible explanation for the serrated margin of Victoria crater through abrasion of the soft rock as trapped sands are blown out of the crater and carve alcoves under various seasonal winds. Some indication of the rate of activity of these wind streaks will be provided by continued monitoring of the erasure of the rover's tracks. C1 [Geissler, P. E.; Johnson, J. R.; Herkenhoff, K.; Fergason, R.; Soderblom, L.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Golombek, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Mittlefehldt, D.; Ming, D.; Morris, R.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Sullivan, R.; Squyres, S.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Fergason, R.] Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Geissler, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM pgeissler@usgs.gov; jrjohnson@usgs.gov; rjs33@cornell.edu; kherkenhoff@usgs.gov; David.W.Mittlefehldt@nasa.gov; Robin.Fergason@asu.edu; Douglas.W.Ming@nasa.gov; richard.v.morris@nasa.gov; squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu; lsoderblom@usgs.gov; Matt.Golombek@jpl.nasa.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 24 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 22 PY 2008 VL 113 IS E12 AR E12S31 DI 10.1029/2008JE003102 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 365FW UT WOS:000260392300001 ER PT J AU Burke, CJ McCullough, PR Valenti, JA Long, D Johns-Krull, CM Machalek, P Janes, KA Taylor, B Fleenor, ML Foote, CN Gary, BL Garcia-Melendo, E Gregorio, J Vanmunster, T AF Burke, Christopher J. McCullough, P. R. Valenti, Jeff A. Long, Doug Johns-Krull, Christopher M. Machalek, P. Janes, Kenneth A. Taylor, B. Fleenor, Michael L. Foote, C. N. Gary, Bruce L. Garcia-Melendo, Enrique Gregorio, J. Vanmunster, T. TI XO-5b: A TRANSITING JUPITER-SIZED PLANET WITH A 4 DAY PERIOD SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies: individual (NGC 2444, NGC 2445); planetary systems; stars: individual (GSC 02959-00729) ID EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; ECCENTRIC ORBIT; HOT JUPITERS; LIGHT-CURVE; SURFACE GRAVITIES; GIANT PLANETS; SKY SURVEY; STARS; STELLAR; PARAMETERS AB The star XO-5 (GSC 02959-00729, V = 12.1, G8 V) hosts a Jupiter-sized, R-p = 1.15 +/- 0.12 R-J, transiting extra-solar planet, XO-5b, with an orbital period of 4.2 days. The planet's mass, Mp = 1.15 +/- 0.08 M-J, and surface gravity, g(p) = 22 +/- 5 m s(-2), are large for its orbital period compared to most other transiting planets. However, the deviation from the M-p-P relationship for XO-5b is not as large as for GJ 436b, HAT-P-2b, and XO-3b. By coincidence, XO-5 overlies the extreme H I plume that emanates from the interacting galaxy pair NGC 2444/NGC 2445 (Arp 143). C1 [Burke, Christopher J.; McCullough, P. R.; Valenti, Jeff A.; Long, Doug; Machalek, P.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Johns-Krull, Christopher M.] Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Machalek, P.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Janes, Kenneth A.; Taylor, B.] Boston Univ, Dept Astron, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Fleenor, Michael L.] Volunteer Observ, Knoxville, TN USA. [Foote, C. N.] Vermill Cliffs Observ, Kanab, UT USA. [Gary, Bruce L.] Hereford Arizona Observ, Hereford, AZ USA. [Garcia-Melendo, Enrique] Esteve Duran Observ Fdn, Seva 08553, Spain. [Gregorio, J.] Observ Atalaia, Alcabideche, Poland. [Vanmunster, T.] CBA Belgium Observ, Landen, Belgium. RP Burke, CJ (reprint author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. FU NASA [NNG06GG92G]; STScI FX This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France; data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), and The Amateur Sky Survey (TASS); source code for transit light curves (Mandel & Agol 2002); and community access to the HET. XO is funded primarily by NASA Origins grant NNG06GG92G and the Director's Discretionary Fund of the STScI. NR 59 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2008 VL 686 IS 2 BP 1331 EP 1340 DI 10.1086/591497 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 364YB UT WOS:000260370500043 ER PT J AU Nezlin, NP DiGiacomo, PM Diehl, DW Jones, BH Johnson, SC Mengel, MJ Reifel, KM Warrick, JA Wang, MH AF Nezlin, Nikolay P. DiGiacomo, Paul M. Diehl, Dario W. Jones, Burton H. Johnson, Scott C. Mengel, Michael J. Reifel, Kristen M. Warrick, Jonathan A. Wang, Menghua TI Stormwater plume detection by MODIS imagery in the southern California coastal ocean SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ocean color; sea-spectral reflectance; MODIS; plumes; southern California Bight; 32 degrees 00 '-34 degrees 30 ' N, 120 degrees 00 '-117 degrees 00 ' W ID SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS; FECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA; MISSISSIPPI RIVER PLUME; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SUNLIGHT INACTIVATION; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; SPRING TRANSITION; SURFACE WATERS; SATELLITE DATA AB Stormwater plumes in the southern California coastal ocean were detected by MODIS-Aqua satellite imagery and compared to ship-based data on surface salinity and fecal indicator bacterial (FIB) counts collected during the Bight'03 Regional Water Quality Program surveys in February-March of 2004 and 2005. MODIS imagery was processed using a combined near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR-SWIR) atmospheric correction method, which substantially improved normalized water-leaving radiation (nLw) optical spectra in coastal waters with high turbidity. Plumes were detected using a minimum-distance supervised classification method based on nLw spectra averaged within the training areas, defined as circular zones of 1.5-5.0-km radii around field stations with a surface salinity of S < 32.0 ("plume") and S > 33.0 ("ocean"). The plume optical signatures (i.e., the nLw differences between "plume" and "ocean") were most evident during the first 2 days after the rainstorms. To assess the accuracy of plume detection, stations were classified into "plume" and "ocean" using two criteria: (1) "plume" included the stations with salinity below a certain threshold estimated from the maximum accuracy of plume detection; and (2) FIB counts in "plume" exceeded the California State Water Board standards. The salinity threshold between "plume" and "ocean" was estimated as 32.2. The total accuracy of plume detection in terms of surface salinity was not high (68% on average), seemingly because of imperfect correlation between plume salinity and ocean color. The accuracy of plume detection in terms of FIB exceedances was even lower (64% on average), resulting from low correlation between ocean color and bacterial contamination. Nevertheless, satellite imagery was shown to be a useful tool for the estimation of the extent of potentially polluted plumes, which was hardly achievable by direct sampling methods (in particular, because the grids of ship-based stations covered only small parts of the plumes detected via synoptic MODIS imagery). In most southern California coastal areas, the zones of bacterial contamination were much smaller than the areas of turbid plumes; an exception was the plume of the Tijuana River, where the zone of bacterial contamination was comparable with the zone of plume detected by ocean color. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Nezlin, Nikolay P.; Diehl, Dario W.] So Calif Coastal Water Res Project SCCWRP, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA. [DiGiacomo, Paul M.; Wang, Menghua] NOAA NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Jones, Burton H.; Reifel, Kristen M.] Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Johnson, Scott C.] Aquat Bioassay & Consulting Labs, Ventura, CA 93001 USA. [Mengel, Michael J.] OCSD, Fountain Valley, CA 92728 USA. [Warrick, Jonathan A.] USGS Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Nezlin, NP (reprint author), So Calif Coastal Water Res Project SCCWRP, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA. EM nikolayn@sccwrp.org RI Reifel, Kristen/J-7052-2014; DiGiacomo, Paul/F-5584-2010; Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Reifel, Kristen/0000-0002-2394-9185; DiGiacomo, Paul/0000-0003-4550-1899; Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 FU NASA Oceans & Ice Research Award [NRA-04-OES-02] FX The authors would like to thank Wei Shi for help in processing MODIS data, and the NASA GSFC for the production and distribution of the MODIS data and images. MODIS data were acquired as part of the NASA's Earth Science Enterprise and were processed by the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS), archived and distributed by the Goddard DAAC. The authors thank all participants of the Bight'03 Regional Water Quality Program. Critical comments of Alex Steele, Ivan Valiela and two anonymous reviewers helped to improve the paper significantly. We also thank Karlene Miller for editing the manuscript to make the writing style more accessible. This work was partly supported by a NASA Oceans & Ice Research Award (NRA-04-OES-02) from the NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program (Dr. Paula Bontempi, Program Scientist). The contents of this article are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or the U.S. Government. NR 71 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD OCT 20 PY 2008 VL 80 IS 1 BP 141 EP 152 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2008.07.012 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 369LM UT WOS:000260696000017 ER PT J AU Rothermel, BB Walls, SC Mitchell, JC Dodd, CK Irwin, LK Green, DE Vazquez, VM Petranka, JW Stevenson, DJ AF Rothermel, Betsie B. Walls, Susan C. Mitchell, Joseph C. Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. Irwin, Lisa K. Green, David E. Vazquez, Victoria M. Petranka, James W. Stevenson, Dirk J. TI Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southeastern USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Chytridiomycosis; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Geographic distribution; Acris; Notophthalmus; Pseudacris; Rana ID EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; SAVANNA RIVER SITE; POPULATION DECLINES; CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS; PATHOGEN; COMMUNITY; BULLFROG; WETLAND; STRAIN; FROGS AB From 1999 to 2006, we sampled >1200 amphibians for the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) at 30 sites in the southeastern USA. Using histological techniques or PCR assays, we detected chytrid infection in 10 species of aquatic-breeding amphibians in 6 states. The prevalence of chytrid infection was 17.8% for samples of postmetamorphic amphibians examined using skin swab-PCR assays (n = 202 samples from 12 species at 4 sites). In this subset of samples, anurans had a much higher prevalence of infection than caudates (39.2% vs. 5.5%, respectively). Mean prevalence in ranid frogs was 40.7%. The only infected salamanders were Notophthalmus viridescens at 3 sites. We found infected amphibians from late winter through late spring and in I autumn sample. Although we encountered moribund or dead amphibians at 9 sites, most mortality events were not attributed to Bd. Chytridiomycosis was established as the probable cause of illness or death in fewer than 10 individuals. Our observations suggest a pattern of widespread and subclinical infections. However, because most of the sites in our study were visited only once, we cannot dismiss the possibility that chytridiomycosis is adversely affecting some populations. Furthermore, although there is no evidence of chytrid-associated declines in our region, the presence of this pathogen is cause for concern given global climate change and other stressors. Although presence-absence surveys may still be needed for some taxa, such as bufonids, we recommend that future researchers focus on potential population-level effects at sites where Bd is now known to occur. C1 [Rothermel, Betsie B.] Austin Peay State Univ, Ctr Excellence Field Biol, Clarksville, TN 37044 USA. [Walls, Susan C.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Mitchell, Joseph C.] Univ Richmond, Dept Biol, Richmond, VA 23173 USA. [Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr.] Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Irwin, Lisa K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Conway, AR 72032 USA. [Green, David E.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Vazquez, Victoria M.] Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Petranka, James W.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Asheville, NC 28804 USA. [Stevenson, Dirk J.] US Dept Def, Ft Stewart Fish & Wildlife Branch, Ft Stewart, GA 31314 USA. RP Rothermel, BB (reprint author), Archbold Biol Stn, POB 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862 USA. EM brothermel@archbold-station.org RI Rothermel, Betsie/L-6774-2013 FU National Park Service; US Department of Interior; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory; University of Georgia [DE-FC09-96SR18-546]; US Department of Energy; Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force; US DoD Legacy Resource Management Program; National Science Foundation FX B.B.R. thanks the following for field collections: K. Fristrup, J. Gibbs, S. Rothermel; the following for permission to collect: Georgia Wildlife Federation, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Department of Natural Resources; the following for information: K. Grayson, J. Byrd; the following for figure preparation; D. Catellier, W. J. Barichivich; and the following for funding: National Park Service, US Department of Interior, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (under Financial Assistance Award DE-FC09-96SR18-546 between the University of Georgia and the US Department of Energy), Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force. S.C.W. thanks the following for field collection: D. Drake, J. Doherty, K. Wharton; the following for permission to collect: Atchafalaya NWR, Sherburne WMA, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; the following for information: L. LaClaire, M. Sisson; and the following for funding: Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI), US Geological Survey. J.C.M. thanks the following for field collection: C. Ten Brink, K. Dyer, R. Gaul, T. Georgel, J. Hall, C. Wigent, B. Willis-Stevenson; and the following for funding: US DoD Legacy Resource Management Program to J.C.M., National Science Foundation grant to M. Garcia of Virginia Commonwealth University. C.K.D. thanks the following for field collection: J. Corser, S. Johnson, W. J. Barichivich, J. Staiger, D. Gregoire; the following for permission to collect: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Ordway-Swisher Biological Station, Withlacoochee State Forest, US Fish and Wildlife Service; and the following for funding: ARMI, US Geological Survey. L.K.I. thanks the following for field collection: R, Woods, D. Linden, C. Parker, G. Gooding, K. Nguyen, T. Crabill, M. Brady, J. Warren. All research was conducted in compliance with the relevant institutional animal care and use guidelines. Use of trade or product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 57 TC 44 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 28 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD OCT 16 PY 2008 VL 82 IS 1 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.3354/dao01974 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 373SV UT WOS:000260993900002 PM 19062748 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, Fred F. TI Observations and interpretation of fundamental mode Rayleigh wavefields recorded by the Transportable Array (USArray) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN SIERRA-NEVADA; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SEISMIC SURFACE-WAVES; NORTH-AMERICA; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; IDAHO BATHOLITH; PHASE-VELOCITY; FARALLON SLAB; TRAVEL-TIMES AB Broadband recordings of the dense Transportable Array ( TA) in the western United States provide unparalleled detailed images of long-period seismic surface wavefields. With 400 stations spanning most of the western United States, wavefronts of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves may be visualized coherently across the array at periods greater than or similar to 40 s. In order to constrain the Rayleigh wave phase velocity structure in the western United States, I assemble a data set of vertical component seismograms from 53 teleseismic events recorded by the TA from April 2006 to October 2007. Complex amplitude spectra from these recordings at periods 27-100 s are interpreted using the multiplane wave tomographic method of Friederich and Wielandt (1995) and Pollitz (1999). This analysis yields detailed surface wave phase velocity and three-dimensional shear wave velocity patterns across the North American plate boundary zone, elucidating the active processes in the highly heterogeneous western U. S. upper mantle. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 16 PY 2008 VL 113 IS B10 AR B10311 DI 10.1029/2007JB005556 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 362ED UT WOS:000260180100003 ER PT J AU Robinson, MM McBride, RA AF Robinson, Marci M. McBride, Randolph A. TI Anatomy of a shoreface sand ridge revisited using foraminifera: False Cape Shoals, Virginia/North Carolina inner shelf SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Shoreface sand ridges; Shelf facies; Shelf sedimentation; Foraminifera; Micropaleontology; Inner continental shelf ID NORTH-CAROLINA; NEW-JERSEY; USA; SYSTEM; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; GENESIS; ORIGIN; ISLAND; BANKS AB Certain details regarding the origin and evolution of shelf sand ridges remain elusive. Knowledge of their internal stratigraphy and microfossil distribution is necessary to define the origin and to determine the processes that modify sand ridges. Fourteen vibracores from False Cape Shoal A, a well developed shoreface-attached sand ridge on the Virginia/North Carolina inner continental shelf, were examined to document the internal stratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal assemblages, as well as to reconstruct the depositional environments recorded in down-core sediments. Seven sedimentary and foraminiferal facies correspond to the following stratigraphic units: fossiliferous silt, barren sand, clay to sandy clay, laminated and bioturbated sand, poorly sorted massive sand, fine clean sand, and poorly sorted clay to gravel. The units represent a Pleistocene estuary and shoreface, a Holocene estuary, ebb tidal delta, modern shelf, modern shoreface, and swale fill, respectively. The succession of depositional environments reflects a Pleistocene sea-level highstand and subsequent regression followed by the Holocene transgression in which barrier island/spit systems formed along the Virginia/North Carolina inner shelf similar to 5.2 ka and migrated landward and an ebb tidal delta that was deposited, reworked, and covered by shelf sand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Robinson, Marci M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [McBride, Randolph A.] George Mason Univ, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Earth Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Robinson, MM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM mmrobinson@usgs.gov; rmcbride@gmu.edu RI McBride, Randolph/H-6735-2013 OI McBride, Randolph/0000-0002-2440-112X NR 70 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2008 VL 28 IS 17 BP 2428 EP 2441 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2008.06.002 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 363AX UT WOS:000260239400007 ER PT J AU Chen, D La Guardia, MJ Harvey, E Amaral, M Wohlfort, K Hale, RC AF Chen, Da La Guardia, Mark J. Harvey, Ellen Amaral, Michael Wohlfort, Kathleen Hale, Robert C. TI Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Eggs from the Northeastern US SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PARUS-MAJOR; GREAT TITS; BIRD EGGS; TRENDS; ENVIRONMENT; DEBROMINATION AB A total of 114 peregrine falcon eggs from nests in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont were analyzed for polybrominanted diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Eggs were collected from 1996 to 2006, excluding 1997 and 1998. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 74.5 to 6610 ng/g wet weight, with a median of 440. These levels were generally higher than those observed in European peregrine eggs, but comparable to those in North American seabird eggs. Congener patterns differed from such seabirds and were dominated by BDE-153, followed by BDE-99, -183, -209, -197, -207, -154, -100, and -196; with lesser contributions from BDE-47, -208, -203, -201, -206, -202, -138, and -119. Urban and rural falcon eggs contained similar total PBDE concentrations but different congener profiles. Urban eggs exhibited higher BDE-209 concentrations and greater percentages of other highly brominated congeners. BDE-209 was detectable in all eggs, with concentrations ranging from 1.4 to 420 ng/g wet weight. Five octa- and three nona-brominated congeners were also frequently detected, some likely derived from the biodegradation of BDE-209. Temporal analyses indicated no significant changes in concentrations of total PBDEs, or most individual congeners during the study period. An exception was BDE-209. It exhibited a significant increase, with a doubling time of 5 years. Current PBDE burdens may be insufficient to cause noticeable adverse effects at the population level, as the number of territorial pairs increased in the past decade. However, the high BDE-209 concentrations, short doubling time, and likely biodegradation observed in peregrine eggs from the northeastern U.S. may support the need for additional deca-BDE regulations. C1 [Chen, Da; La Guardia, Mark J.; Harvey, Ellen; Hale, Robert C.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Amaral, Michael] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New England Field Off, Concord, NH 03301 USA. [Wohlfort, Kathleen] Natl Wildlife Federat, NE Nat Resource Ctr, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. RP Hale, RC (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM hale@vims.edu RI Chen, Da/F-5821-2014 OI Chen, Da/0000-0001-5563-0091 NR 45 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 10 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 20 BP 7594 EP 7600 DI 10.1021/es8010749 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359LO UT WOS:000259988400011 PM 18983080 ER PT J AU Draut, AE Rubin, DM Dierker, JL Fairley, HC Griffiths, RE Hazel, JE Hunter, RE Kohl, K Leap, LM Nials, FL Topping, DJ Yeatts, M AF Draut, Amy E. Rubin, David M. Dierker, Jennifer L. Fairley, Helen C. Griffiths, Ronald E. Hazel, Joseph E., Jr. Hunter, Ralph E. Kohl, Keith Leap, Lisa M. Nials, Fred L. Topping, David J. Yeatts, Michael TI Application of sedimentary-structure interpretation to geoarchaeological investigations in the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sedimentary structures; Flood deposits; Fluvial processes; Geoarchaeology; Grand Canyon; Glen Canyon Dam ID GRAIN-SIZE; SUPPLY LIMITATION; TRANSPORT; SAND; DEPOSITS; WIND; DUNE; DAM; STRATIFICATION; EVOLUTION AB We present a detailed geoarchaeological study of landscape processes that affected prehistoric formation and modern preservation of archaeological sites in three areas of the Colorado River corridor in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. The methods used in this case study can be applied to any locality containing unaltered, non-pedogenic sediments and, thus, are particularly relevant to geoarchaeology in and regions. Resolving the interaction of fluvial, aeolian, and local runoff processes in an arid-land river corridor is important because the archaeological record in and lands tends to be concentrated along river corridors. This study uses sedimentary structures and particle-size distributions to interpret landscape processes; these methods are commonplace in sedimentology but prove also to be valuable, though less utilized, in geoarchaeology and geomorphology. in this bedrock canyon, the proportion of fluvial sediment generally decreases with distance away from the river as aeolian, slope-wash, colluvial, and debris-flow sediments become more dominant. We describe a new facies consisting of 'flood couplets' that include a lower, fine-grained fluvial component and an upper, coarser, unit that reflects subaerial reworking at the land surface between flood events. Grain-size distributions of strata that lack original sedimentary structures are useful within this river corridor to distinguish aeolian deposits from finer-grained fluvial deposits that pre-date the influence of the upstream Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. Identification of past geomorphic settings is critical for understanding the history and preservation of archaeologically significant areas. and for determining the sensitivity of archaeological sites to dam operations. Most archaeological sites in the areas studied were formed on fluvial deposits, with aeolian deposition acting as an important preservation agent during the past millennium. Therefore, the absence of sediment-rich floods in this regulated river, which formerly deposited large fluvial sandbars from which aeolian sediment was derived, has substantially altered processes by which the prehistoric, inhabited landscape formed, and has also reduced the preservation potential of many significant cultural sites. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Draut, Amy E.; Rubin, David M.; Hunter, Ralph E.] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Dierker, Jennifer L.; Leap, Lisa M.] Natl Pk Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Fairley, Helen C.; Griffiths, Ronald E.; Kohl, Keith; Topping, David J.] US Geol Survey, Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Hazel, Joseph E., Jr.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Nials, Fred L.] GeoArch, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. [Yeatts, Michael] No Arizona Univ, Dept Anthropol, Hopi Cultural Preservat Off, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Draut, AE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM adraut@usgs.gov OI East, Amy/0000-0002-9567-9460 FU U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclamation; Grand Canyon National Park; Hualapai Tribal Historic Preservation Office FX This project was sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclamation through the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center. Permission to work in the study areas was granted by the Grand Canyon National Park and by the Hualapai Tribal Historic Preservation Office. N. Andrews, K. Burnett, M. Dai, B. Dierker, C. Fritzinger, S. Jones, I Porter, M. Rubin, and E. Todd provided logistical support in the field and laboratory. This work has benefited from insightful discussion and comments by T. Melis, J. Balsom, M. Barger, L. Jackson, I. Bullets, and R. Hereford. We thank J. Warrick, C. Storlazzi, and D. Fenn of the USGS for their reviews of this manuscript, and three anonymous external reviewers for their comments and suggestions. NR 72 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD OCT 15 PY 2008 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 497 EP 509 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.032 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 369RI UT WOS:000260711200008 ER PT J AU Shanley, JB Mayer, B Mitchell, MJ Bailey, SW AF Shanley, James B. Mayer, Bernhard Mitchell, Myron J. Bailey, Scott W. TI Seasonal and event variations in delta S-34 values of stream sulfate in a Vermont forested catchment: Implications for sulfur sources and cycling SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 25-30, 2006 CL Univ Calf Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA HO Univ Calf Santa Cruz DE Isotopic tracers; Sulfate; S isotopes; Vermont; Sleepers River ID BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; HUBBARD-BROOK; ISOTOPE RATIOS; S-ISOTOPE; SOILS; RETENTION; MOUNTAINS; MOBILITY; DROUGHT AB Stable sulfur (S) isotope ratios can be used to identify the sources of sulfate contributing to streamwater. We collected weekly and high-flow stream samples for S isotopic analysis of sulfate through the entire water year 2003 plus the snowmelt period of 2004. The study area was the 41-ha forested W-9 catchment at Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont, a site known to produce sulfate from weathering of sulfide minerals in the bedrock. The delta S-34 values of streamwater sulfate followed an annual sinusoidal pattern ranging from about 6.5%. in early spring to about 10 parts per thousand in early fall. During high-flow events, 6.5%. in early spring to about 10 parts per thousand in early fall. During high-flow events, delta S-34 values typically decreased by 1 to 3 parts per thousand from the prevailing seasonal value. The isotopic evidence suggests that stream sulfate concentrations are controlled by: (1) an overall dominance of bedrock-derived sulfate (delta S-34 similar to 6-14 parts per thousand); (2) contributions of pedogenic sulfate (delta S-34 similar to 5-6 parts per thousand) during snowmelt and storms with progressively diminishing contributions during base flow recession; and (3) minor effects of dissimilatory bacterial sulfate reduction and subsequent reoxidation of sulfides. Bedrock should not be overlooked as a source of S in catchment sulfate budgets. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Shanley, James B.] US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. [Mayer, Bernhard] Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Mitchell, Myron J.] SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Bailey, Scott W.] US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Campton, NH 03223 USA. RP Shanley, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 628, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. EM jshanley@usgs.gov RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012 NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2008 VL 404 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 262 EP 268 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.020 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369NT UT WOS:000260701900006 PM 18456308 ER PT J AU Tripp, KM Verstegen, JP Deutsch, CJ Bonde, RK Rodriguez, M Morales, B Schmitt, DL Harr, KE AF Tripp, K. M. Verstegen, J. P. Deutsch, C. J. Bonde, R. K. Rodriguez, M. Morales, B. Schmitt, D. L. Harr, K. E. TI Validation of a serum immunoassay to measure progesterone and diagnose pregnancy in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE manatee; pregnancy diagnosis; progesterone; reproduction; assay validation ID ELEPHANT ELEPHAS-MAXIMUS; LOXODONTA-AFRICANA; DAIRY GOATS; ASSAY KITS; PLASMA; BLOOD; PAENUNGULATA; POSTPARTUM; AFROTHERIA; STEROIDS AB The objective was to validate a high-sensitivity chemiluminescent assay of serum progesterone concentrations for pregnancy diagnosis in manatees. Assay analytical sensitivity was 0.1 ng/mL, with mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 9.7 and 9.2%, respectively, and accuracy had a mean adjusted R-2 of 0.98. Methods comparison (relative to Siemen's Coat-A-Count RIA) demonstrated r = 0.98, Deming regression slope of 0.95, and an intercept of 0.01. Based on ROC analysis, a progesterone concentration >= 0.4 ng/mL was indicative of pregnancy. Assay results were not significantly altered by two freeze-thaw cycles of samples. Characteristic progesterone concentrations during pregnancy were Months 1-4 (1.7-4.7 ng/mL), 5-8 (similar to 1.0 ng/mL), and 10 and 11 (0.3-0.5 ng/mL), whereas two late-pregnant females with impending abortion had progesterone concentrations of 0.1 ng/mL. Among pregnant females, maximum progesterone concentrations occurred in autumn (3.9 +/- 1.8 ng/mL), and were greater during all seasons than concentrations in non-pregnant females (0.1-0.2 ng/mL). Progesterone concentrations were also significantly higher in pregnant females than in non-pregnant females and males. This highly sensitive, specific, and diagnostic assay will be valuable for monitoring pregnancy and abortion in manatees. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Tripp, K. M.] Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Aquat Anim Hlth Program, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. [Verstegen, J. P.] Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, LACS, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. [Deutsch, C. J.] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Wildlife Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. [Bonde, R. K.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. [Rodriguez, M.] Miami Seaquarium, Key Biscayne, FL 33149 USA. [Morales, B.] El Colegio Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. [Schmitt, D. L.] Missouri State Univ, Dept Agr, Springfield, MO 65897 USA. [Harr, K. E.] FVP Consultants Inc, Bushnell, FL 33513 USA. RP Tripp, KM (reprint author), Save Manatee Club, 500 N Maitland Ave, Maitland, FL 32751 USA. EM ktripp@savethemanatee.org OI Harr, Kendal/0000-0001-5390-3586; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD OCT 15 PY 2008 VL 70 IS 7 BP 1030 EP 1040 DI 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.024 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 356AB UT WOS:000259750000003 PM 18760463 ER PT J AU Wiseman, SM Arvidson, RE Andrews-Hanna, JC Clark, RN Lanza, NL Marais, DD Marzo, GA Morris, RV Murchie, SL Newsom, HE Dobrea, EZN Ollila, AM Poulet, F Roush, TL Seelos, FP Swayze, GA AF Wiseman, Sandra M. Arvidson, R. E. Andrews-Hanna, J. C. Clark, R. N. Lanza, N. L. Marais, D. Des Marzo, G. A. Morris, R. V. Murchie, S. L. Newsom, H. E. Dobrea, E. Z. Noe Ollila, A. M. Poulet, F. Roush, T. L. Seelos, F. P. Swayze, G. A. TI Phyllosilicate and sulfate-hematite deposits within Miyamoto crater in southern Sinus Meridiani, Mars SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TERRA-MERIDIANI; ARABIA TERRA; PLANUM; SPECTROSCOPY; SYSTEM AB Orbital topographic, image, and spectral data show that sulfate- and hematite-bearing plains deposits similar to those explored by the MER rover Opportunity unconformably overlie the northeastern portion of the 160 km in diameter Miyamoto crater. Crater floor materials exhumed to the west of the contact exhibit CRISM and OMEGA NIR spectral signatures consistent with the presence of Fe/Mg-rich smectite phyllosilicates. Based on superposition relationships, the phyllosilicate-bearing deposits formed either in-situ or were deposited on the floor of Miyamoto crater prior to the formation of the sulfate-rich plains unit. These findings support the hypothesis that neutral pH aqueous conditions transitioned to a ground-water driven acid sulfate system in the Sinus Meridiani region. The presence of both phyllosilicate and sulfate- and hematite-bearing deposits within Miyamoto crater make it an attractive site for exploration by future rover missions. C1 [Wiseman, Sandra M.; Arvidson, R. E.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Andrews-Hanna, J. C.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Clark, R. N.; Swayze, G. A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Marais, D. Des; Marzo, G. A.; Roush, T. L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Lanza, N. L.] Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Morris, R. V.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Murchie, S. L.; Seelos, F. P.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Dobrea, E. Z. Noe] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Poulet, F.] Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. RP Wiseman, SM (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM sandraw@levee.wustl.edu RI Marzo, Giuseppe/A-9765-2015; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016 OI Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X NR 39 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 10 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 19 AR L19204 DI 10.1029/2008GL035363 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 359LG UT WOS:000259987600005 ER PT J AU Ernst, CH Laemmerzahl, AF Lovich, JE AF Ernst, Carl H. Laemmerzahl, Arndt F. Lovich, Jeffrey E. TI A morphological review of the Cuora flavomarginata complex (Testudines: Geoemydidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID EMYDIDAE; REPTILIA; TURTLE AB A reevaluation of the morphometric and color pattern differences within the Asiatic box turtle, Cuora flavomarginata sensu latu, was conducted in view of determining the taxonomic position or the three currently recognized subspecies: C. f filavomarginata (Taiwan), C f sinensis (southern mainland China), and C f evelynae (Ryukyu Islands, Japan). Recent analyses indicate that the allopatric Population of C. f evelynae, is the most divergent of the three taxa and shares little possibility for gene exchange with the other two populations. In contrast, the Populations of C.f. flavomarginata and C. f. sinensis share many characters. We recommend the recognition of the Ryukyu population as a full species, C. evelynae. C1 [Ernst, Carl H.; Laemmerzahl, Arndt F.] George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Lovich, Jeffrey E.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Ernst, CH (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Div Amphibians & Reptiles, MRC 162,POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM chernst@frontiernet.net; alaemmer@gmu.edu; jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov OI Lovich, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7789-2831 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT 7 PY 2008 VL 121 IS 3 BP 391 EP 397 DI 10.2988/08-01.1 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 358TY UT WOS:000259941600010 ER PT J AU Gleeson, T Manning, AH AF Gleeson, Tom Manning, Andrew H. TI Regional groundwater flow in mountainous terrain: Three-dimensional simulations of topographic and hydrogeologic controls SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STRATABOUND ORE-DEPOSITS; CANADA SEDIMENTARY BASIN; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SIERRA-NEVADA; SYSTEMS; MODEL; SCALE; RECHARGE; BEDROCK AB This study uses numerical simulations to define the salient controls on regional groundwater flow in 3-D mountainous terrain by systematically varying topographic and hydrogeologic variables. Topography for idealized multiple-basin mountainous terrain is derived from geomatic data and literature values. Water table elevation, controlled by the ratio of recharge to hydraulic conductivity, largely controls the distribution of recharged water into local, regional, and perpendicular flow systems, perpendicular flow being perpendicular to the regional topographic gradient. Both the relative (%) and absolute ( m(3)/d) values of regional flow and perpendicular flow are examined. The relationship between regional flow and water table elevation is highly nonlinear. With lower water table elevations, relative and absolute regional flow dramatically increase and decrease, respectively, as the water table is lowered further. However, for higher water table elevations above the top of the headwater stream, changes in water table elevation have little effect on regional flow. Local flow predominates in high water table configurations, with regional and perpendicular flow < 15% and < 10%, respectively, of total recharge in the models tested. Both the relative and the maximum absolute regional flow are directly controlled by the degree of incision of the mountain drainage network; the elevation of mountain ridges is considerably less important. The percentage of the headwater stream with perennial streamflow is a potentially powerful indicator of regional flow in all water table configurations and may be a good indicator of the susceptibility of mountain groundwater systems to increased aridity. C1 [Gleeson, Tom] Queens Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Manning, Andrew H.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gleeson, T (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM tom@ce.queensu.ca RI Gleeson, Tom/F-2552-2011; OI Gleeson, Tom/0000-0001-9493-7707; Manning, Andrew/0000-0002-6404-1237 FU National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Graduate Scholarship; USGS Mineral Resources Program FX This work was supported by a National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada scholarship, an Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and the USGS Mineral Resources Program. Computing resources were provided by K. Novakowski. This paper greatly benefited from discussions with R. McLaren, M. West, Y.-J. Park, D. Baston, G. Barber, and P. Green. Reviews and comments by H. Haitjema, K. Solomon, D. Sweetkind, and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. NR 58 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT 7 PY 2008 VL 44 IS 10 AR W10403 DI 10.1029/2008WR006848 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 359NE UT WOS:000259993000001 ER PT J AU Spencer, RGM Aiken, GR Wickland, KP Striegl, RG Hernes, PJ AF Spencer, Robert G. M. Aiken, George R. Wickland, Kimberly P. Striegl, Robert G. Hernes, Peter J. TI Seasonal and spatial variability in dissolved organic matter quantity and composition from the Yukon River basin, Alaska SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID OXIDE OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; SAN-JOAQUIN RIVER; AMAZON-RIVER; ARCTIC-OCEAN; AMINO-ACIDS; OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; PLANT-TISSUES; CARBON; LIGNIN; WATERS AB The seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and chemical composition were investigated in the Yukon River basin of Alaska, United States, and northwestern Canada. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chromophoric DOM (CDOM), and dissolved lignin phenols were measured across a range of source waters and the seasonal hydrograph. Strong relationships were determined between CDOM and both DOC and lignin phenols, highlighting the potential for deriving detailed spatial and temporal distributions of DOM composition from CDOM monitoring. Maximum concentrations of measured parameters were observed during the spring flush, when DOM had a remarkably high content of aromatic vascular plant material derived from surface soil and litter layers. A larger portion of riverine DOM was attributed to vascular plant sources than previously believed by utilizing representative vegetation leachates and a soil pore water as end-members. In combination with recent studies highlighting export of young, labile DOM during the spring flush in northern high-latitude river systems, our results suggest riverine DOM is less degraded and more labile than previously thought with clear ramifications for its biomineralization or photo-oxidation in marine environments. C1 [Spencer, Robert G. M.; Hernes, Peter J.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Aiken, George R.; Wickland, Kimberly P.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Striegl, Robert G.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Spencer, RGM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM rgspencer@ucdavis.edu OI Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590 FU United States Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network FX This study was supported by the United States Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network (http://water.usgs.gov/nasqan) and the USGS National Research Program (http://water.usgs.gov/nrp). The use of brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Geological Survey. We would like to thank the Aqueous Organic Geochemistry Group at UC Davis and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on this manuscript. We are also grateful to Rachael Dyda and Kenna Butler for their assistance. NR 57 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 9 U2 74 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 3 PY 2008 VL 22 IS 4 AR GB4002 DI 10.1029/2008GB003231 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 356UQ UT WOS:000259803500001 ER PT J AU Moran, SC Matoza, RS Garces, MA Hedlin, MAH Bowers, D Scott, WE Sherrod, DR Vallance, JW AF Moran, S. C. Matoza, R. S. Garces, M. A. Hedlin, M. A. H. Bowers, D. Scott, W. E. Sherrod, D. R. Vallance, J. W. TI Seismic and acoustic recordings of an unusually large rockfall at Mount St. Helens, Washington SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB On 29 May 2006 a large rockfall off the Mount St. Helens lava dome produced an atmospheric plume that was reported by airplane pilots to have risen to 6,000 m above sea level and interpreted to be a result of an explosive event. However, subsequent field reconnaissance found no evidence of a ballistic field, indicating that there was no explosive component. The rockfall produced complex seismic and infrasonic signals, with the latter recorded at sites 0.6 and 13.4 km from the source. An unusual, very long-period (50 s) infrasonic signal was recorded, a signal we model as the result of air displacement. Two high-frequency infrasonic signals are inferred to result from the initial contact of a rock slab with the ground and from interaction of displaced air with a depression at the base of the active lava dome. C1 [Moran, S. C.; Scott, W. E.; Sherrod, D. R.; Vallance, J. W.] US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Bowers, D.] AWE Blacknest, Reading RG7 4RS, Berks, England. [Garces, M. A.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Infrasound Lab, Kailua, HI 96740 USA. [Matoza, R. S.; Hedlin, M. A. H.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Moran, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM smoran@usgs.gov FU NSF [EAR-0609669] FX We thank Pat McChesney, Marvin Couchman, and Andy Lockhart for designing the SEP microphone/seismometer array and the Acoustic Surveillance for Hazardous Eruptions (ASHE) program for the CDWR data. Reviews by David Hill, Richard Iverson, and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. This work was partially supported by NSF grant EAR-0609669. NR 12 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 19 AR L19302 DI 10.1029/2008GL035176 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 356UM UT WOS:000259803100006 ER PT J AU Flores, RM AF Flores, Romeo M. TI Microbes, methanogenesis, and microbial gas in coal SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Flores, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rflores@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.04.008 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500001 ER PT J AU Klein, DA Flores, RM Venot, C Gabbert, K Schmidt, R Stricker, GD Pruden, A Mandernack, K AF Klein, Donald A. Flores, Romeo M. Venot, Christophe Gabbert, Kendra Schmidt, Raleigh Stricker, Gary D. Pruden, Amy Mandernack, Kevin TI Molecular sequences derived from Paleocene Fort Union Formation coals vs. associated produced waters: Implications for CBM regeneration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer DE Coalbed methane; CBM regeneration; Coal-associated microbes; Methanogens; Powder River Basin; Produced waters ID METHANE PRODUCTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; SINGLE BACTERIUM; ILLINOIS BASIN; SP. NOV.; AMPLIFICATION; DIVERSITY; HYDROGEN; CARBON AB Coalbed methane regeneration is of increasing interest, and is gaining global attention with respect to enhancement of gas recovery. The objective of this study is to determine if there are differences in methanogen nucleic acid sequences associated with low rank coals from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, in comparison with sequences that can be recovered from coal bed-associated produced waters. Based on results obtained to date, the sequences from the coals appear to be associated with putatively deep-rooted thermophilic autotrophic methanogens, whereas the sequences from the waters are associated with thermophilic autotrophic and heterotrophic methanogens. The recovered sequences associated with coal thus appear to be both phylogenetically and functionally distinct from those that are more closely associated with the produced water. To be able to relate such recovered sequences to organisms that might be present and possibly active in these environments, it is suggested that direct observation, followed by isolation and single cell-based physiological/molecular analyses, be used to characterize methanogenic consortia possibly associated with coals and/or produced waters. It is also important to characterize the microenvironment where these microbes might be found, in both ecological and geological contexts, to be able to develop effective, ecologically relevant coalbed methane regeneration processes. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Klein, Donald A.; Venot, Christophe; Gabbert, Kendra; Pruden, Amy] Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Flores, Romeo M.; Stricker, Gary D.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Schmidt, Raleigh; Mandernack, Kevin] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Klein, DA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, 1682 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dakspk@lamar.colostate.edu RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 65 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 3 EP 13 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.023 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500002 ER PT J AU Harris, SH Smith, RL Barker, CE AF Harris, Steve H. Smith, Richard L. Barker, Charles E. TI Microbial and chemical factors influencing methane production in laboratory incubations of low-rank subsurface coals SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer DE Coalbed methane; Methanogenesis; Low-rank coal; Microbial methane production; CBM ID CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; LANDFILL LEACHATE; GAS; BACTERIA; METHANOGENESIS; GEOCHEMISTRY; DEGRADATION; HYDROGEN; CARBON; LAKE AB Lignite and subbituminous coals were investigated for their ability to support microbial methane production in laboratory incubations. Results show that naturally-occurring microorganisms associated with the coals produced substantial quantities of methane, although the factors influencing this process were variable among different samples tested. Methanogenic microbes in two coals from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, produced 140.5-374.6 mL CH4/kg ((4.5-12.0 standard cubic feet (scf)/ton) in response to an amendment of H-2/CO2. The addition of high concentrations (5-10 mM) of acetate did not support substantive methane production under the laboratory conditions. However, acetate accumulated in control incubations where methanogenesis was inhibited, indicating that acetate was produced and consumed during the course of methane production. Acetogenesis from H-2/CO2 was evident in these incubations and may serve as a competing metabolic mode influencing the cumulative amount of methane produced in coal. Two low-rank (lignite A) coals from Fort Yukon, Alaska, USA, demonstrated a comparable level of methane production (131.1-284.0 mL CH4/kg (4.2-9.1 scf/ton)) in the presence of an inorganic nutrient amendment, indicating that the source of energy and organic carbon was derived from the coal. The concentration of chloroform-extractable organic matter varied by almost three orders of magnitude among all the coals tested, and appeared to be related to methane production potential. These results indicate that substrate availability within the coal matrix and competition between different groups of microorganisms are two factors that may exert a profound influence on methanogenesis in subsurface coal beds. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Harris, Steve H.; Barker, Charles E.] US Geol Survey, Geol Discipline, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Smith, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Harris, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Discipline, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM shharris@usgs.gov RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125 NR 41 TC 47 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 46 EP 51 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.019 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500006 ER PT J AU Flores, RM Rice, CA Stricker, GD Warden, A Ellis, MS AF Flores, Romeo M. Rice, Cynthia A. Stricker, Gary D. Warden, Augusta Ellis, Margaret S. TI Methanogenic pathways of coal-bed gas in the Powder River Basin, United States: The geologic factor SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer DE Coal-bed gas; Methanogenesis; Microbial gas; CO2 reduction; Methyl-type fermentation ID ACETATE FERMENTATION; METHANE FORMATION; CARBON; ORIGIN; HYDROGEN; ENVIRONMENTS; SUBSURFACE; DEEP AB Coal-bed gas of the Tertiary Fort Union and Wasatch Formations in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana, U.S. was interpreted as microbial in origin by previous studies based on limited data on the gas and water composition and isotopes associated with the coal beds. To fully evaluate the microbial origin of the gas and mechanisms of methane generation, additional data for 165 gas and water samples from 7 different coal-bed methane-bearing coal-bed reservoirs were collected basinwide and correlated to the coal geology and stratigraphy. The C-1/(C-2+C-3) ratio and vitrinite reflectance of coal and organic shale permitted differentiation between microbial gas and transitional thermogenic gas in the central part of the basin. Analyses of methane delta C-13 and delta D, carbon dioxide delta C-13, and water delta D values indicate gas was generated primarily from microbial CO2 reduction, but with significant gas generated by microbial methyl-type fermentation (aceticlastic) in some areas of the basin. Microbial CO2 reduction occurs basinwide, but is generally dominant in Paleocene Fort Union Formation coals in the central part of the basin, whereas microbial methyl-type fermentation is common along the northwest and east margins. Isotopically light methane PC is distributed along the basin margins where delta D is also depleted, indicating that both CO2-reduction and methyl-type fermentation pathways played major roles in gas generation, but gas from the latter pathway overprinted gas from the former pathway. More specifically, along the northwest basin margin gas generation by methyl-type fermentation may have been stimulated by late-stage infiltration of groundwater recharge from clinker areas, which flowed through highly fractured and faulted coal aquifers. Also, groundwater recharge controlled a change in gas composition in the shallow Eocene Wasatch Formation with the increase of nitrogen and decrease of methane composition of the coal-bed gas. Other geologic factors, such as burial, thermal and maturation history, lateral and vertical continuity, and coalification of the coal beds, also played a significant role in controlling methanogenic pathways and provided new perspectives on gas evolution and emplacement The early-stage gas produced by CO2 reduction has mixed with transitional thermogenic gas in the deeper, central parts of the Powder River Basin to form 'old' gas, whereas along the basin margins the overprint of gas from methyl-type fermentation represents 'new' gas. Thus, a clear understanding of these geologic factors is necessary to relate the microbiological, biogeochemical, and hydrological processes involved in the generation of coal-bed gas. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Flores, Romeo M.; Rice, Cynthia A.; Stricker, Gary D.; Warden, Augusta; Ellis, Margaret S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Flores, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 939,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rflores@usgs.gov NR 78 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 6 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 52 EP 75 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.02.005 PG 24 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500007 ER PT J AU Rice, CA Flores, RM Stricker, GD Ellis, MS AF Rice, C. A. Flores, R. M. Stricker, G. D. Ellis, M. S. TI Chemical and stable isotopic evidence for water/rock interaction and biogenic origin of coalbed methane, Fort Union Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer DE Coalbed methane; Co-produced water; Chemical and isotope composition; Groundwater; Fort Union Formation; Powder River Basin ID WATERS AB Significant amounts (>36 million m(3)/day) of coalbed methane (CBM) are currently being extracted from coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation of the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana. Information on processes that generate methane in these coalbed reservoirs is important for developing methods that will stimulate additional production. The chemical and isotopic compositions of gas and ground water from CBM wells throughout the basin reflect generation processes as well as those that affect water/rock interaction. Our study included analyses of water samples collected from 228 CBM wells. Major cations and anions were measured for all samples, delta D(H2O) and delta(18)O(H2O) were measured for 199 of the samples, and delta D(CH4) of gas coproduced with water was measured for 100 of the samples. Results show that (1) water from Fort Union Formation coal beds is exclusively Na-HCO(3)-type water with low dissolved SO(4) content (median<1 mg/L) and little or no dissolved oxygen (<0.15 mg/L), whereas shallow groundwater (depth generally<120 m) is a mixed Ca-Mg-Na-SO(4)-HCO(3) type; (2) water/rock interactions, such as cation exchange on clay minerals and precipitation/dissolution of CaCO(3) and SO(4) Minerals, account for the accumulation of dissolved Na and depletion of Ca and Mg; (3) bacterially-mediated oxidation-reduction reactions account for high HCO(3) (270-3310 mg/L) and low SO(4) (median <0.15 mg/L) values; (4) fractionation between delta D(CH4) (-283 to -328 per mil) and delta D(H2O) (-121 to -167 per mil) indicates that the production of methane is primarily by biogenic CO(2) reduction; and (5) values of delta D(H2O) and delta(18)O(H2O) (-16 to -22 per mil) have a wide range of values and plot near or above the global meteoric water line, indicating that the original meteoric water has been influenced by methanogenesis and by being mixed with surface and shallow groundwater. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Rice, C. A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Rice, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 939,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM crice@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 5 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 76 EP 85 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.002 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500008 ER PT J AU Warwick, PD Breland, FC Hackley, PC AF Warwick, Peter D. Breland, F. Clayton, Jr. Hackley, Paul C. TI Biogenic origin of coalbed gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer DE Coalbed gas; Methanogenesis; Wilcox Group; Gulf of Mexico Basin ID GROUP PALEOCENE-EOCENE; NATURAL GASES; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; FORMATION WATERS; CRUDE-OIL; HEAVY OIL; METHANE; BIODEGRADATION; SUBSURFACE; LOUISIANA AB New coal-gas exploration and production in northern Louisiana and south-central Mississippi, Gulf of Mexico Basin, is focused on the Wilcox Group (Paleocene-Eocene), where the depth to targeted subbituminous C to high volatile C bituminous coal beds ranges from 300 to 1680 m, and individual coal beds have a maximum thickness of about 6 m. Total gas content (generally excluding residual gas) of the coal beds ranges from less than 0.37 cm(3)/g (as-analyzed or raw basis; 1.2 cm(3)/g, dry, ash free basis, daf) at depths less than 400 m, to greater than 7.3 cm(3)/g (as-analyzed basis; 8.76 cm(3)/g, daf) in deeper (> 1,500 m) parts of the basin. About 20 Wilcox coal-gas wells in northern Louisiana produce from 200 to 6485 m(3) of gas/day and cumulative gas production from these wells is approximately 25 million m3 (as of December, 2006). U.S. Geological Survey assessment of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas resources in the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, including northern and south-central Mississippi, indicates that coal beds of the Wilcox Group contain an estimated mean total 109.3 million m(3) (3.86 trillion ft(3)) of producible natural gas. To determine the origin of the Wilcox Group coal gases in northern Louisiana, samples of gas, water, and oil were collected from Wilcox coal and sandstone reservoirs and from under- and overlying Late Cretaceous and Eocene carbonate and sandstone reservoirs. Isotopic data from Wilcox coal-gas samples have an average delta C-13(CH4) value of -62.6 parts per thousand VPDB (relative to Vienna Peedee Belemnite) and an average delta D-CH4 value of -199.9 parts per thousand VSMOW (relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Values of delta C-13(CO2) range from -25.4 to 3.42 parts per thousand VPDB. Produced Wilcox saline water collected from oil, conventional gas, and coalbed gas wells have delta D-H2O values that range from -27.3 to -18.0 parts per thousand VSMOW. These data suggest that the coal gases primarily are generated in saline formation water by bacterial reduction of CO2. Shallow (<150 m) Wilcox coal beds containing freshwater have little or no biogenic gas. Molecular and isotopic analyses of gas samples collected from conventional gas and oil wells suggests that both biogenic and thermogenic gases are present in and adjacent to the Wilcox intervals that contain biogenic coal gases. Oil, probably sourced from thermally mature, down-structural-dip parts of the Wilcox Group, is produced from sandstones within the coal-bearing interval. Gas chromatograms of C10+ saturated hydrocarbons from Wilcox oils show a depletion of n-alkanes probably resulting from biodegradation of the oil. Isotopic composition of the gases associated with the oils is of mixed themogenic and biogenic origin (average delta C-13(CH4)=-44.4 parts per thousand VPDB, and average delta D-CH4=-182.4 parts per thousand VSMOW). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Warwick, Peter D.; Hackley, Paul C.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Breland, F. Clayton, Jr.] Louisiana Dept Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70802 USA. RP Warwick, PD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM pwarwick@usgs.gov; claytonb@dnr.state.la.us; phackley@usgs.gov OI Hackley, Paul/0000-0002-5957-2551; Warwick, Peter/0000-0002-3152-7783 NR 105 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 119 EP 137 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.009 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500012 ER PT J AU Jones, EJP Voytek, MA Warwick, PD Corum, MD Cohn, A Bunnell, JE Clark, AC Orem, WH AF Jones, Elizabeth J. P. Voytek, Mary A. Warwick, Peter D. Corum, Margo D. Cohn, Alexander Bunnell, Joseph E. Clark, Arthur C. Orem, William H. TI Bioassay for estimating the biogenic methane-generating potential of coal samples SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer DE Coal bed methane; Microbial consortium; Bioassay; Bioavailable coal fraction; Biogenic methane ID GAS CONTENT; ORIGIN; MCRA AB Generation of secondary biogenic methane in coal beds is likely controlled by a combination of factors such as the bioavailability, of coal carbon, the presence of a microbial community to convert coal carbon to methane, and an environment supporting microbial growth and methanogenesis. A set of treatments and controls was developed to bioassay the bioavailability, of coal for conversion to methane under defined laboratory conditions. Treatments included adding a well-characterized consortium of bacteria and methanogens (enriched from modern wetland sediments) and providing conditions to support endemic microbial activity. The contribution of desorbed methane in the bioassays was determined in treatments with bromoethane sulfonic acid, an inhibitor of microbial methanogenesis. The bioassay compared 16 subbituminous coal samples collected from beds in Texas (TX), Wyoming (WY), and Alaska (AK), and two bituminous coal samples from Pennsylvania (PA). New biogenic methane was observed in several samples of subbituminous coal with the microbial consortium added, but endemic activity was less commonly observed. The highest methane generation [80 mu mol methane/g coal (56 scf/ton or 1.75 cm(3)/g)] was from a south TX coal sample that was collected from a non-gas-producing well. Subbituminous coals from the Powder River Basin, WY and North Slope Borough, AK contained more sorbed (original) methane than the TX coal sample and generated 0-23 mu mol/g (up to 16 scf/ton or 0.5 cm(3)/g) new biogenic methane in the bioassay. Standard indicators of thermal maturity such as burial depth, nitrogen content, and calorific value did not explain differences in biogenic methane among subbituminous coal samples. No original methane was observed in two bituminous samples from PA, nor was any new methane generated in bioassays of these samples. The bioassay offers a new tool for assessing the potential of coal for biogenic methane generation, and provides a platform for studying the mechanisms involved in this economically important activity. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Jones, Elizabeth J. P.; Voytek, Mary A.; Warwick, Peter D.; Corum, Margo D.; Cohn, Alexander; Bunnell, Joseph E.; Orem, William H.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Clark, Arthur C.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Jones, EJP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM ejjones@usgs.gov OI Warwick, Peter/0000-0002-3152-7783 NR 42 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD OCT 2 PY 2008 VL 76 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 138 EP 150 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.011 PG 13 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 364SL UT WOS:000260355500013 ER PT J AU Gordon, LC AF Gordon, Leslie C. TI George Gryc 1919-2008 SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gordon, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 92 IS 10 SI SI BP 1453 EP 1454 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 365VV UT WOS:000260438400012 ER PT J AU Simmons, JW Layzer, JB Smith, DD AF Simmons, Jeffrey W. Layzer, James B. Smith, David D. TI Age-class Structure and Variability of Two Populations of the Bluemask Darter Etheostoma (Doration) sp. SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB The bluemask darter Etheostoma (Doration) sp. is an endangered fish endemic to the upper Caney Fork system in the Cumberland River drainage in central Tennessee. Darters (Etheostoma spp.) are typically short-lived and exhibit rapid growth that quickly decreases with age. Consequently, estimating age of darters from length-frequency distributions can be difficult and subjective. We used a nonparametric kernel density estimator to reduce subjectivity in estimating ages of bluemask darters. Data were collected from a total of 2926 bluemask darters from the Collins River throughout three growing seasons. Additionally, data were collected from 842 bluemask darters from the Rocky River during one growing season. Analysis of length-frequencies indicated the presence of four age classes in both rivers. In each river, the majority of the population was comprised of fish <3 y old. Some age-one individuals were sexually mature, but the majority of the reproductive population was comprised of older fish. Differences in age-class structure among years reflected variable year-class strength in the Collins River that seemed related to summer discharge. Male and female growth rates differed significantly (P < 0.05); males were typically larger than females of the same age after the first growing season and the majority of age-three individuals were males. Growth rates in the Collins and Rocky Rivers were similar for each sex (P > 0.05). In both rivers, females were more abundant than males. C1 [Layzer, James B.] Tennessee Technol Univ, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. [Smith, David D.] Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Math, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Simmons, JW (reprint author), Tennessee Valley Author, 1101 Market St,PSC 1X-C, Chattanooga, TN 37402 USA. EM jwsimmons0@tva.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cookeville; Tennessee Field Office FX The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cookeville, Tennessee Field Office funded this research. We thank numerous students with the Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and the Tennessee Technological University Department of Biology who provided field assistance. Earlier drafts of the manuscript were improved by comments from E.M. Scott, D.S. Baxter, J.P. Buchanan and two anonymous reviewers. This is a contribution from the Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, which is jointly supported by Tennessee Technological University, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and the U.S. Geological Survey. Fish were collected under Tennessee Wildlife Resources Permit 774 and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered/Threatened Species Subpermittee Authorization SA 02-09. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 160 IS 2 BP 300 EP 309 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[300:ASAVOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 362HT UT WOS:000260189500004 ER PT J AU Larson, ER Magoulick, DD AF Larson, Eric R. Magoulick, Daniel D. TI Comparative Life History of Native (Orconectes eupunctus) and Introduced (Orconectes neglectus) Crayfishes in the Spring River Drainage of Arkansas and Missouri SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID STREAM-DWELLING CRAYFISH; HABITAT USE; BODY-SIZE; SPECIES REPLACEMENTS; PROCAMBARUS-CLARKII; FISH PREDATION; COMPETITION; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; DECAPODA AB The crayfish Orconectes eupunctus is endemic to the Spring and Eleven Point rivers of Arkansas and Missouri, and appears to have been displaced from a portion of its range by the recently introduced crayfish O. neglectus. Life history can be a factor in crayfish species displacements as earlier reproduction or rapid juvenile growth may provide size advantages in competitive interactions, while higher fecundity might permit an invading species to out reproduce a native. We conducted a comparative study to determine if life history differences exist between O. neglectus and O. eupunctus that could contribute to the displacement of O. eupunctus. Crayfish were collected at three sites (each species alone and both species together) monthly from Jul. 2005 through Dec. 2006 by kick-seining. Timing of reproductive events was recorded, fecundity was evaluated through egg counts, and juvenile growth rates were examined using length-frequency histograms. Sex ratios, length-weight relationships, and adult size structure were also documented. Timing Of reproductive events was synchronous between species, with males molting to Form I in Sep.-Oct., females producing glair in Nov.-Dec., and oviposition in Mar.-Apr. Orconectes neglectus females carried significantly more eggs than O. eupunctus females, but a greater proportion of O. eupunctus females were ovigerous than O. neglectus. juvenile crayfish of both species recruited to the population in May and achieved similar sizes by the end of the growing season. Orconectes eupunctus adults in the presence of O. neglectus were smaller than both O. neglectus adults and O. eupunctus isolated from the introduced species. Both species showed a typical annual pattern in sex ratios for Orconectes spp. crayfishes, with male-skewed sex ratios when females were ovigerous in the spring and female-skewed sex ratios in other seasons. The sex ratio of O. eupunclus in the presence of O. neglectus was male depleted relative to both O. neglectus and O. eupunctus alone. For both O. neglectus and O. eupunctus, male crayfish weighed more than female crayfish, but no significant differences existed between the species within the same sex. Results of this study will complement and inform further research into a potential mechanism for the apparent displacement of O. eupunctus by O. neglectus, and also help document the under-studied life histories of crayfishes endemic to the Southeastern United States. C1 [Magoulick, Daniel D.] Univ Arkansas, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Larson, Eric R.] Univ Arkansas, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Magoulick, DD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM danmag@uark.edu RI Larson, Eric/H-3528-2012; Larson, Eric/P-8253-2016 OI Larson, Eric/0000-0002-9232-5907 FU Arkansas Game and Fish Commission; University of Arkansas; U.S. Geological Survey; Wildlife Management Institute FX This research was supported by a grant from the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Comments from AN. Brown, RJ. DiStefano, G. R. Huxel, and two anonymous reviewers improved the quality of this manuscript. We thank Eunice Foster, Don and Laurie Benedict, and the South Fork Resort for providing river access during this study. The Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is supported by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, University of Arkansas, U.S. Geological Survey and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 54 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 160 IS 2 BP 323 EP 341 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[323:CLHONO]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 362HT UT WOS:000260189500006 ER PT J AU Henson-Ramsey, H Kennedy-Stoskopf, S Levine, JF Taylor, SK Shea, D Stoskopf, MK AF Henson-Ramsey, H. Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. Levine, J. F. Taylor, S. K. Shea, D. Stoskopf, M. K. TI Acute toxicity and tissue distributions of malathion in Ambystoma tigrinum SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES; LARVAL STAGES; TOAD EMBRYOS; PESTICIDES; BIOCONCENTRATION; EXPOSURE; BIOACCUMULATION; SALAMANDERS; BIOMARKERS; CALIFORNIA AB The kinetics of the bioaccumulation of malathion (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) and the biological impact of exposure for tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum, were assessed through exposure to soil surface contaminated with 50 mu g/cm(2) or 100 mu g/cm(2) malathion and ingestion of an earthworm exposed to soil contaminated with 200 mu g/cm(2) malathion. Malathion and malaoxon burdens in salamanders sampled at different times after exposure(s) were measured by gas chromatography in four tissue/organ subgroups: liver, epaxial muscle, pooled viscera (except the liver and brain), and pooled avisceral carcass (muscle, skin, and bone). The total tiger salamander xenobiotic burdens were calculated from these data. The malathion/malaoxon burden 1 day after exposure was greatest in the avisceral carcass and 2 days after exposure was greatest in the viscera. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors remained less than unity throughout the experiment and did not support the hypothesis of bioaccumulation of malathion in the tiger salamander. Biological impact was assessed with a colorimetric brain cholinesterase microassay. Brain cholinesterase activities in salamanders exposed to malathion-contaminated soil (50 mu g/cm(2) or 100 mu g/cm(2) malathion) were suppressed similar to 50-65% and 90%, respectively, compared to unexposed controls. The exposed animals did not exhibit overt clinical signs of malathion toxicosis. C1 [Henson-Ramsey, H.] Lewis Clark State Coll, Div Nat Sci, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. [Henson-Ramsey, H.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Levine, J. F.; Stoskopf, M. K.] N Carolina State Univ, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Henson-Ramsey, H.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Stoskopf, M. K.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Stoskopf, M. K.] N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. [Levine, J. F.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Populat Hlth & Pathobiol, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Taylor, S. K.] US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Washington, DC Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Taylor, S. K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Environm Contaminants Div, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. [Shea, D.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Henson-Ramsey, H (reprint author), Lewis Clark State Coll, Div Nat Sci, 500 8th Ave, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. EM hlhensonramsey@lcsc.edu FU The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [R-83055101] FX We thank the Environmental Protection Agency for funding this research and express our gratitude for the graphic support of Linda Dunn, NCSU CMAST. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Office of Research and Development partially funded and collaborated in the research described here under assistance agreement #R-83055101 to North Carolina State University. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the EPA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 55 IS 3 BP 481 EP 487 DI 10.1007/s00244-007-9091-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 348DR UT WOS:000259191700014 PM 18227961 ER PT J AU Mora, MA AF Mora, Miguel A. TI Organochlorine pollutants and stable isotopes in resident and migrant passerine birds from northwest Michoacan, Mexico SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; CARBON ISOTOPES; PEREGRINE FALCON; ANIMAL-TISSUES; MIGRATORY BIRD; WINTER HABITAT; RIO-GRANDE; DIET; RATIOS AB Although concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in birds from most of the United States and Canada have decreased over the last 30 years, there is still concern that migrant birds might be exposed to elevated concentrations of OCs during migration in Latin America. The Lerma-Chapala Basin in west-central Mexico is an important migration corridor and wintering area for many species. The objectives of this study were to assess if resident and migrant birds wintering in western Michoacan, Mexico accumulated elevated concentrations of OCs during fall and spring and to determine if the stable isotopes delta N-15, delta C-13, and delta D could be used to predict burdens and origins of DDE accumulation. Resident and migrant passerine insectivorous birds were collected during fall and spring (2001-2002) in northwest Michoacan, near Chapala Lake, Mexico. The carcasses were analyzed for OCs and tail feathers were analyzed for stable isotopes delta N-15, delta C-13, and delta D. The OCs detected in more than 50% of the samples were: oxychlordane (79%), p,p'-DDE (100%), p,p'-DDT (57%), and total PCBs (100%). p,p'-DDE was the OC detected at the highest concentrations, whereas residues of other OCs were near or below detection limits. Overall, there were no significant differences in concentrations of OCs between seasons or between resident and migrant birds. Concentrations of DDE and oxychlordane were somewhat higher in migrant and resident birds during spring than in fall; however, concentrations were significantly different only for oxychlordane. Two resident birds collected in fall and spring had DDE residues > 10 mu g/g wet weight in carcass. There were no significant differences in delta C-13 and delta N-15 values among species, between seasons, or between migrant and resident birds. However, delta D values were clearly different between species and helped differentiate migrant from resident birds. delta D values also were negatively and significantly correlated with DDE concentrations in carcass. Birds with more depleted delta D values in feathers tended to have higher DDE concentrations than those with less depleted delta D values, suggesting a potential latitudinal accumulation of DDE. Overall, our results suggest that during fall and spring, there is not a significant buildup of persistent OCs in migrant and resident passerine insectivorous birds in northwest Michoacan, Mexico. C1 [Mora, Miguel A.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Mora, Miguel A.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. RP Mora, MA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM mmora@tamu.edu OI Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 38 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 55 IS 3 BP 488 EP 495 DI 10.1007/s00244-007-9124-z PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 348DR UT WOS:000259191700015 PM 18227960 ER PT J AU Zwiernik, MJ Moore, JN Khim, JS Williams, LL Kay, DP Bursian, S Aylward, LL Giesy, JP AF Zwiernik, Matthew J. Moore, Jeremy N. Khim, Jong Seong Williams, Lisa L. Kay, Denise P. Bursian, Steve Aylward, Lesa L. Giesy, John P. TI Nondestructive scat sampling in assessment of mink (Mustela vison) exposed to polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY EXPOSURE; HOUSATONIC RIVER; BERKSHIRE COUNTY; KALAMAZOO RIVER; SAGINAW BAY; LUTRA-LUTRA; MICHIGAN; USA; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; DIOXIN AB The mink (Mustela vison) is often utilized as a sentinel species for ecological assessments at sites where contaminants of concern include dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Utilizing mink scat as a nondestructive tool to determine internal exposure to dioxin-like compounds may allow for rapid, accurate estimates of exposure without the need to capture mink or their prey. To determine the relationships between concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in tissues (liver and adipose) and those in scat, mink were fed PCDFs in scat during a controlled laboratory study for 180 days. Mink were fed a control diet, diets with three doses of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF), and a diet with an environmentally relevant mixture of the two congeners. Concentrations of PCDFs in liver and adipose were measured after 0, 90, and 180 days of exposure. Concentrations of the two PCDF congeners in mink scat were determined after 2, 23, 45, 90, and 180 days of exposure. Concentrations of both PCDF congeners in scat were significantly correlated with those in liver and adipose tissue (r(2) = 0.94-0.97, p < 0.01). This indicates that measurements of concentrations of both PCDFs in scat can be used to predict concentrations of PCDFs in liver and adipose. Assimilation and elimination characteristics of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF or 2,3,7,8,-TCDF and a mixture of the two congeners by mink could be predicted from concentrations of these congeners in scat. Overall, concentrations of PCDFs in mink scat can be used as a rapid and inexpensive nondestructive method to predict concentrations of PCDFs in mink when certain assumptions are met. C1 [Khim, Jong Seong; Giesy, John P.] Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [Khim, Jong Seong; Giesy, John P.] Univ Saskatchewan, Toxicol Ctr, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [Zwiernik, Matthew J.; Moore, Jeremy N.; Giesy, John P.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Ctr Integrat Toxicol, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Williams, Lisa L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. [Kay, Denise P.] ENTRIX Inc, Okemos, MI 48864 USA. [Bursian, Steve] Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Aylward, Lesa L.] Summit Toxicol, Falls Church, VA 22044 USA. [Giesy, John P.] City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biol & Chem, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Khim, JS (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. EM jongseong.khim@usask.ca RI Khim, Jong Seong/B-5008-2012; Aylward, Lesa/F-7418-2012; OI Aylward, Lesa/0000-0003-3191-8175; Khim, Jong Seong/0000-0001-7977-0929 FU Dow Chemical Company FX This research was supported by an unrestricted grant from the Dow Chemical Company to Michigan State University. This study was performed with permission of the MSU Animal Use Committee. We thank Angelo Napolitano, C. P. Naopolitano, and Jeff Greenlee for animal care during the study. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 55 IS 3 BP 529 EP 537 DI 10.1007/s00244-007-9131-0 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 348DR UT WOS:000259191700020 PM 18227958 ER PT J AU Eckley, CS Branfireun, B Diamond, M van Metre, PC Heitmuller, F AF Eckley, Chris S. Branfireun, Brian Diamond, Miriam van Metre, Peter C. Heitmuller, Frank TI Atmospheric mercury accumulation and washoff processes on impervious urban surfaces SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Urban; Deposition; Washoff ID DRY DEPOSITION FLUXES; GASEOUS MERCURY; PARTICULATE MERCURY; SPECIATED MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; LAKE MICHIGAN; AREA; WISCONSIN; TRANSPORT; PARTICLE AB The deposition and transport of mercury (Hg) has been studied extensively in rural environments but is less understood in urbanized catchments, where elevated atmospheric Hg concentrations and impervious surfaces may efficiently deliver Hg to waterways in stormwater runoff. We determined the rate at which atmospheric Hg accumulates on windows, identified the importance of washoff in removing accumulated Hg, and measured atmospheric Hg concentrations to help understand the relationship between deposition and surface accumulation. The main study location was Toronto, Ontario. Similar samples were also collected from Austin, Texas for comparison of Hg accumulation between cities. Windows provided a good sampling surface because they are ubiquitous in urban environments and are easy to clean/blank allowing the assessment of contemporary Hg accumulation. Hg Accumulation rates were spatially variable ranging from 0.82 to 2.7 ng m(-2) d(-1) in Toronto and showed similar variability in Austin. The highest accumulation rate in Toronto was at the city center and was 5x higher than the rural comparison site (0.58 ng m(-2) d(-1)). The atmospheric total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were less than 2x higher between the rural and urban locations (1.7 +/- 0.3 and 2.7 +/- 1.1 ng m(-3), respectively). The atmospheric particulate bound fraction (HgP), however, was more than 3x higher between the rural and urban sites, which may have contributed to the higher urban Hg accumulation rates. Windows exposed to precipitation had 73 +/- 9% lower accumulation rates than windows sheltered from precipitation. Runoff collected from simulated rain events confirmed that most Hg accumulated on windows was easily removed and that most of the Hg in washoff was HgP. Our results indicate that the Hg flux from urban catchments will respond rapidly to changes in atmospheric concentrations due to the mobilization of the majority of the surface accumulated Hg during precipitation events. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Eckley, Chris S.] Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Eckley, Chris S.; Branfireun, Brian] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. [Diamond, Miriam] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. [van Metre, Peter C.; Heitmuller, Frank] US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. RP Eckley, CS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM ceckley@cabnr.unr.edu RI Diamond, Miriam/D-1770-2013; OI Diamond, Miriam/0000-0001-6296-6431; Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 FU NSERC FX This research was funded by an NSERC Strategic grant to M. Diamond, B. Branfireun, and I Harner. We would like to thank C. Mitchell, B. Howe, S. Wanigaratne, and G. Merlie for their assistance in this project. NR 39 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 42 IS 32 BP 7429 EP 7438 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.013 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 372ZM UT WOS:000260940800012 ER PT J AU Devlin, CM Diamond, AW Kress, SW Hall, CS Welch, L AF Devlin, Catherine M. Diamond, Antony W. Kress, Stephen W. Hall, C. Scott Welch, Linda TI BREEDING DISPERSAL AND SURVIVAL OF ARCTIC TERNS (STERNA PARADISAEA) NESTING IN THE GULF OF MAINE SO AUK LA English DT Article DE Arctic Tern; breeding dispersal; Gulf of Maine islands; intercolony movement; seabird; Sterna paradisaea; survival ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; LONG-LIVED SEABIRD; MODEL SELECTION; POPULATION; METAPOPULATION; MOVEMENT; HYPOTHESES; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; COLONIES AB We used capture-mark-recapture (or re-encounter) analysis of a metapopulation to estimate the probability of survival, re-encounter, and dispersal of Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) nesting in the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy. Before our study, there were only a few anecdotal accounts of breeding dispersal, and the only estimates of survival for this species were calculated in the 1950s and 1960s in the United Kingdom, using return rates unadjusted for recapture probability. Approximately 45% of the North American breeding population nests in the Gulf of Maine region; 95% of these nest on the four islands studied. Re-encounter observations of 2,295 adult Arctic Terns banded on these four key islands were collected from 1999 to 2005. An information-theoretic approach was used to determine the model best describing survival and movement patterns. Models using the program M-SURGE suggested that the apparent survival of adult Arctic Terns was colony- and year-specific, ranging from 0.704 to 0.960 when transient individuals were accounted for. Re-encounter probabilities were generally low, ranging from 0.12 to 0.74, depending on colony and year. Fidelity to previous breeding colonies was high; estimated probability of movement among colonies ranged from 0.000 to 0.015. Breeding dispersal was negatively correlated with distances among islands, but not with colony size. There was no difference between male and female Arctic Terns in survival, re-encounter, or breeding dispersal. Received 14 April 2007 accepted 6 March 2008. C1 [Devlin, Catherine M.; Diamond, Antony W.] Univ New Brunswick, Atlantic Cooperat Wildlife Ecol Res Network, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. [Devlin, Catherine M.; Diamond, Antony W.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. [Kress, Stephen W.; Hall, C. Scott] Natl Audubon Soc, Seabird Restorat Program, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Welch, Linda] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Maine Coastal Isl Natl Wildlife Refuge, Milbridge, ME 04658 USA. RP Devlin, CM (reprint author), 367 Greenfield Rd, Deerfield, MA 01342 USA. EM c.devlin@unb.ca FU University of New Brunswick; Atlantic Cooperative Wildlife Ecology Research Network (ACWERN); Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) Environment Canada; Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS); Seabird Restoration Program of the National Audubon Society; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Support for this project was provided by the Sir James Dunn Wildlife Research Centre of the University of New Brunswick, Atlantic Cooperative Wildlife Ecology Research Network (ACWERN), Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) of Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Seabird Restoration Program of the National Audubon Society, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (especially Maine Coastal Islands National Wildlife Refuge). We sincerely thank the countless individuals involved in supporting this study, in transportation to field sites, and in collecting data. Support and valuable comments on the data analysis and manuscript were provided by members of the ACWERN lab at UNB, as well as E. Cam, J. W. Chardine, R. Choquet, M. Devlin,). Devlin, S. J. Dinsmore, S. Heard, J.-D. Lebreton, R. Pradel, N. Ratcliffe, and an anonymous reviewer. NR 66 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2008 VL 125 IS 4 BP 850 EP 858 DI 10.1525/auk.2008.07060 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 383BF UT WOS:000261648400010 ER PT J AU Farmer, AH AF Farmer, Adrian H. TI Anchoring and research priorities: Factors that depress bird population estimates? SO AUK LA English DT Letter ID NORTH-AMERICAN SHOREBIRDS; TRENDS C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Farmer, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM farmera@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2008 VL 125 IS 4 BP 980 EP 983 DI 10.1525/auk.2008.21008 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 383BF UT WOS:000261648400025 ER PT J AU Lanctot, RB Hartman, A Oring, LW Morrison, RIG AF Lanctot, Richard B. Hartman, Alex Oring, Lewis W. Morrison, R. I. Guy TI Response to Farmer (2008): Limitations of statistically derived population estimates, and suggestions for deriving national population estimates for shorebirds SO AUK LA English DT Letter ID BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER; SOUTH-AMERICA C1 [Lanctot, Richard B.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Hartman, Alex] Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Oring, Lewis W.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Morrison, R. I. Guy] Carleton Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 201, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM richard_lanctot@fws.gov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2008 VL 125 IS 4 BP 983 EP 985 DI 10.1525/auk.2008.21008.2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 383BF UT WOS:000261648400026 ER PT J AU van der Voet, GB Sarafanov, A Todorov, TI Centeno, JA Jonas, WB Ives, JA Mullick, FG AF van der Voet, Gijsbert B. Sarafanov, Andrey Todorov, Todor I. Centeno, Jose A. Jonas, Wayne B. Ives, John A. Mullick, Florabel G. TI Clinical and analytical toxicology of dietary supplements: A case study and a review of the literature SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE dietary supplements; herbal supplements; adverse effects; clinical toxicology; laboratory diagnosis; toxicology screening; quality control; essential metals; poisonous metals; arsenic; lead ID DRUG-INTERACTIONS; HERBAL MEDICINES; ADVERSE EVENTS AB The use of dietary supplements has grown dramatically in the last decade. A large number of dietary and herbal supplements escape regulatory and quality control; components of these preparations are poisonous and may contain, among other toxins, heavy metals. Uncontrolled use of dietary and herbal supplements by special populations, such as the military, may therefore pose a health risk. Clinical symptoms are not always properly attributed to dietary supplements; patients often do not mention supplement use to their health care provider. Therefore, a health risk estimate is hard to make on either the individual or the population level. The literature on this issue was reviewed and discussed in the light of a representative clinical chemical case study. This case study was performed on a host of preparations that were used by one single individual in the military. Both essential (chromium, copper, zinc, and iron) and poisonous (arsenic, lead, and nickel) trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma combined with optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and lead were detected at exposure levels associated with health risks. These health risks were detected predominantly in hormone-containing supplements and the herbs and botanicals used for performance enhancement. To the extent that this is a representative sample, there is an underestimation of supplement use and supplement risk in the US military, if not in the general population. Since clinical symptoms may be attributed to other causes and, unless patients are specifically asked, health care providers may not be aware of their patients' use of dietary supplements, a strong support of laboratory diagnostics, such as a toxicological screening of blood or urine, is required. In addition, screening of the preparations themselves may be advised. C1 [van der Voet, Gijsbert B.; Sarafanov, Andrey; Centeno, Jose A.; Mullick, Florabel G.] Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Environm & Infect Dis Sci, Div Biophys Toxicol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. [Todorov, Todor I.] US Geol Survey, Crustal Imaging & Characterizat Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Jonas, Wayne B.; Ives, John A.] Samueli Inst Informat Biol, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. RP Centeno, JA (reprint author), Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Environm & Infect Dis Sci, Div Biophys Toxicol, 6825 16th NW, Washington, DC 20306 USA. EM Jose.Centeno@afip.osd.mil FU Samueli Institute of Information Biology, Alexandria; US Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program of the Office of the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs [PC051072] FX This work was supported by the Samueli Institute of Information Biology, Alexandria (Van der Voet) and Grant PC051072 from US Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program of the Office of the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (Sarafanov). The work was conducted in the facilities of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 26 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 EI 1559-0720 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 125 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1007/s12011-008-8157-0 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 353HK UT WOS:000259556700001 PM 18709338 ER PT J AU Scott, JM Rachlow, JL Lackey, RT AF Scott, J. Michael Rachlow, Janet L. Lackey, Robert T. TI The Science-Policy Interface: What Is an Appropriate Role for Professional Societies? SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE advocacy; policy; professional societies; scientists; science ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; ADVOCACY; VALUES; CREDIBILITY; SCIENTISTS; RECOVERY; WORLD AB Scientists and their professional societies are seeking to increase their influence in shaping policy decisions. A recent call or natural resource professional societies to endorse position statements on economic growth raises questions about how scientific societies can and should a effectively contribute to policy development. Taking a stand on policy issues is akin to serving as a policy advocate. We believe that natural resource professionals can most constructively contribute to policy development by conducting rigorous research that is policy relevant and by effectively conveying the results and policy implications of that research to all parties interested in the issue. By actively engaging decisionmakers and providing information on pressing policy issues, professional societies can increase opportunities to be recognized as sources for reliable, unbiased information about natural resources and their management. C1 [Scott, J. Michael] US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Scott, J. Michael; Rachlow, Janet L.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Lackey, Robert T.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Lackey, Robert T.] US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM jrachlow@uidaho.edu NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2008 VL 58 IS 9 BP 865 EP 869 DI 10.1641/B580914 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 357ZS UT WOS:000259886500012 ER PT J AU Pesicek, JD Thurber, CH DeShon, HR Prejean, SG Zhang, HJ AF Pesicek, Jeremy D. Thurber, Clifford H. DeShon, Heather R. Prejean, Stephanie G. Zhang, Haijiang TI Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure and precise earthquake relocation at Great Sitkin volcano, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HAYWARD FAULT; ARRIVAL TIMES; ALEUTIAN ARC; CALIFORNIA; SEISMICITY; TOMOGRAPHY; LOCATION; BENEATH; ALGORITHM; SEQUENCE AB Waveform cross-correlation with bispectrum verification is combined with double-difference tomography to increase the precision of earthquake locations and constrain regional 3D P-wave velocity heterogeneity at Great Sitkin volcano, Alaska. From 1999 through 2005, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) recorded similar to 1700 earthquakes in the vicinity of Great Sitkin, including two M(L) 4.3 earthquakes that are among the largest events in the AVO catalog. The majority of earthquakes occurred during 2002 and formed two temporally and spatially separate event sequences. The first sequence began on 17 March 2002 and was centered similar to 20 km west of the volcano. The second sequence occurred on the southeast flank of Great Sitkin and began 28 May 2002. It was preceded by two episodes of volcanic tremor. Earthquake relocations of this activity on the southeast flank define a vertical planar feature oriented radially from the summit and in the direction of the assumed regional maximum compressive stress due to convergence along the Alaska subduction zone. This swarm may have been caused or accompanied by the emplacement of a dike. Relocations of the mainshock-aftershock sequence occurring west of Great Sitkin are consistent with rupture on a strike-slip fault. Tomographic images support the presence of a vertically dipping fault striking parallel to the direction of convergence in this region. The remaining catalog hypocenters relocate along discrete features beneath the volcano summit; here, low P-wave velocities possibly indicate the presence of magma beneath the volcano. C1 [Pesicek, Jeremy D.; Thurber, Clifford H.; DeShon, Heather R.; Zhang, Haijiang] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Prejean, Stephanie G.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Pesicek, JD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0409291] FX We thank James Dixon and the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) for access to the Great Sitkin network catalog data, and we thank Seth Moran and John Power for additional data and discussions. This manuscript benefited greatly from the thorough review of an anonymous reviewer and from comments by Guoqing Lin, Brad Singer, and Brian Jicha. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number EAR-0409291, awarded to C. T. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT 1 PY 2008 VL 98 IS 5 BP 2428 EP 2448 DI 10.1785/0120070213 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 355IX UT WOS:000259703700022 ER PT J AU Atkinson, GM Boore, DM AF Atkinson, Gail M. Boore, David M. TI Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions (vol 93, pg 1703, 2003) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Correction C1 [Atkinson, Gail M.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Boore, David M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Atkinson, GM (reprint author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. EM gmatkinson@aol.com; boore@usgs.gov NR 3 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT 1 PY 2008 VL 98 IS 5 BP 2567 EP 2569 DI 10.1785/0120080108 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 355IX UT WOS:000259703700035 ER PT J AU Fedele, L Scarpati, C Lanphere, M Melluso, L Morra, V Perrotta, A Ricci, G AF Fedele, Lorenzo Scarpati, Claudio Lanphere, Marvin Melluso, Leone Morra, Vincenzo Perrotta, Annamaria Ricci, Gennaro TI The Breccia Museo formation, Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy: Geochronology, chemostratigraphy and relationship with the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Campi Flegrei; Breccia Museo; Campanian Ignimbrite; chemical zoning; caldera; volcanology; chemostratigraphy ID NEAPOLITAN YELLOW TUFF; CALDERA-FORMING ERUPTION; TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE; PHLEGRAEAN FIELDS; MAGMA CHAMBER; VOLCANOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; PYROCLASTIC FLOW; LITHIC BRECCIAS AB The Breccia Museo is one of the most debated volcanic formations of the Campi Flegrei volcanic district. The deposit, made up of six distinctive stratigraphic units, has been interpreted by some as the proximal facies of the major caldera-forming Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, and by others as the product of several, more recent, independent and localized events. New geochemical and chemostratigraphical data and Ar-Ar age determinations for several units of the Breccia Museo deposits (similar to 39 ka), correlate well with the Campanian Ignimbrite-forming eruption. The chemical zoning of the Breccia Museo deposits is interpreted here to be a consequence of a three-stage event that tapped a vertically zoned trachytic magma chamber. C1 [Fedele, Lorenzo; Melluso, Leone; Morra, Vincenzo; Ricci, Gennaro] Univ Naples Federico 2, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-80134 Naples, Italy. [Lanphere, Marvin] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94925 USA. RP Fedele, L (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico 2, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Naples, Italy. EM lofedele@unina.it RI Morra, Vincenzo/H-6125-2011; Scarpati, Claudio/D-5576-2011 OI Morra, Vincenzo/0000-0002-3310-8603; Scarpati, Claudio/0000-0003-4483-1706 FU PRIN; Legge 5 Regione Campania FX The authors warmly thank Antonio Canzanella for its kind help during XRF analyses, Marcello Serracino for skilled microprobe work and James Saburomaru for assistance during Ar-Ar age measurements. An early version of the manuscript was kindly reviewed by Darren Gravley, whose suggestions greatly improved its quality and readability. Associate Editor M. A. Clynne and official reviewers W. Bohrson and D. Pyle are gratefully thanked for their very useful constructive criticism. Financial support was provided by PRIN 2003 (to L. M.) and Legge 5 Regione Campania (to V. M.) grants. NR 69 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 70 IS 10 BP 1189 EP 1219 DI 10.1007/s00445-008-0197-y PG 31 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 356ZH UT WOS:000259815600003 ER PT J AU Roberts, NM Rabeni, CF Stanovick, JS Hamilton, DA AF Roberts, Nathan M. Rabeni, Charles F. Stanovick, John S. Hamilton, David A. TI River Otter, Lontra canadensis, Food Habits in the Missouri Ozarks SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE River Otter; Lontra canadensis; Lutra canadensis; diet; food habits; predator; crayfish; fish; Centrarchidae AB The reintroduction of River Otters (Lontra canadensis) between 1982 and 1992 resulted in widespread occurrence of the species throughout the Missouri Ozarks. This study examined otter diets from the vicinity of two Ozark streams in relation to seasonal and spatial trends. Otter scats (N = 4750) were collected and analyzed from the Osage Fork River and Big Piney River during the summer and winter seasons of 2001 and 2002. During the winter (January-March), fish occurred in 86% of the samples. During the summer (June August), occurrence of fish dropped to approximately 15% for both rivers. Seven families of fish were identified in the diets, with Centrarchidae being most common regardless of river or season. Within the Centrarchidae, the genus Lepomis (mostly Longear Sunfish, Lepomis megalotis) was most common, with Micropterus (mostly Smallmouth Bass, Micropterus dolomieu) and Rock Bass (Ambloplites ropestris) also well represented. The mean age of Ambloplites consumed ((x) over bar = 3.3 years) was consistently older than that of either Micropterus ((x) over bar =2.54 years) or Lepomis ((x) over bar =2.78 years). Crayfish were recovered from a mean of 85.2% of scats in the winter and 99% in the summer. Smaller fish and crayfish were more common from the upper reaches of the streams while larger fish were prevalent in the lower reaches. C1 [Roberts, Nathan M.; Rabeni, Charles F.] Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Stanovick, John S.] Missouri Dept Conservat, Resource Sci Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Roberts, NM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM nmr25@cornell.edu; RabeniC@missouri.edu; jstanovick@fs.fed.us NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 19 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2008 VL 122 IS 4 BP 303 EP 311 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V11TK UT WOS:000207553700002 ER PT J AU Pietz, PJ Sovada, MA Custer, CM Custer, TW Johnson, KM AF Pietz, Pamela J. Sovada, Marsha A. Custer, Christine M. Custer, Thomas W. Johnson, Kevin M. TI Contaminant Levels in Eggs of American White Pelicans, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, from Chase Lake, North Dakota SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE American White Pelicans; Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; eggs; organic contaminants; metals; Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge; North Dakota AB American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) are colonial nesters, making them susceptible to site-specific mortality factors. One of the largest known breeding colonies is at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota. In 2004, this colony suffered total reproductive failure. In 2005, we collected abandoned eggs from this colony to test for environmental contaminants. Nine eggs were analyzed for 28 organochlorine pesticides, total polychlorinated biphenyls, and 26 inorganic elements. Based on concentrations in this sample of eggs and levels linked to reproductive problems in birds, adult pelicans in the Chase Lake breeding colony are not at known risk from any of the environmental contaminants we measured. C1 [Pietz, Pamela J.; Sovada, Marsha A.] US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Custer, Christine M.; Custer, Thomas W.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Johnson, Kevin M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Pietz, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Funding for chemical analyses was provided by the Environmental Contaminants Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank Michael Erickson and Paulette Scherr, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for logistic support; Paul Dummer for sample processing and statistical analysis; and Kevin Kenow, Mark Sherfy, A. J. Erskine, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2008 VL 122 IS 4 BP 312 EP 315 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V11TK UT WOS:000207553700003 ER PT J AU Mixon, DM Kinner, DA Stallard, RF Syvitski, JPM AF Mixon, David M. Kinner, David A. Stallard, Robert F. Syvitski, James P. M. TI Geolocation of man-made reservoirs across terrains of varying complexity using GIS SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE reservoir sedimentation; GIS; DEM; terrain complexity ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; SEDIMENT YIELD AB The Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Information System (RESIS) is one of the world's most comprehensive databases of reservoir sedimentation rates, comprising nearly 6000 surveys for 1819 reservoirs across the continental United States. Sediment surveys in the database date from 1904 to 1999, though more than 95% of surveys were entered prior to 1980, making RESIS largely a historical database. The use of this database for large-scale studies has been limited by the lack of precise coordinates for the reservoirs. Many of the reservoirs are relatively small structures and do not appear on current USGS topographic maps. Others have been renamed or have only approximate (i.e. township and range) coordinates. This paper presents a method scripted in ESRI's ARC Macro Language (AML) to locate the reservoirs on digital elevation models using information available in RESIS. The script also delineates the contributing watersheds and compiles several hydrologically important parameters for each reservoir. Evaluation of the method indicates that, for watersheds larger than 5 km(2), the correct outlet is identified over 80% of the time. The importance of identifying the watershed outlet correctly depends on the application. Our intent is to collect spatial data for watersheds across the continental United States and describe the land use, soils, and topography for each reservoir's watershed. Because of local landscape similarity in these properties, we show that choosing the incorrect watershed does not necessarily mean that the watershed characteristics will be misrepresented. We present a measure termed terrain complexity and examine its relationship to geolocation success rate and its influence on the similarity of nearby watersheds. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mixon, David M.; Stallard, Robert F.; Syvitski, James P. M.] Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kinner, David A.] Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geol & Nat Resources Management, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. [Stallard, Robert F.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Mixon, DM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, 1560 30th St, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM david.mixon@gmail.com RI Syvitski, James/L-2008-2013; Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 FU US Geological Survey FX This project would not have been possible without the help of many individuals. The authors would like to thank Bruce Worstell, of the EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, ND, for his assistance in data collection. Original RESIS datasheets were loaned by Lyle Steffen of the National Resource Conservation Service. The paper was improved by the suggestions and editing of Scott Stewart and the rest of the "Delta Force" team at INSTAAR. Funding came from the Mississippi Basin Carbon Project of the US Geological Survey. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1184 EP 1197 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.015 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 349GR UT WOS:000259269800003 ER PT J AU Wiberg, PL Sherwood, CR AF Wiberg, Patricia L. Sherwood, Christopher R. TI Calculating wave-generated bottom orbital velocities from surface-wave parameters SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ocean waves; bed shear stress; continental shelf; wave boundary layer; MATLAB ID SEDIMENT-TRANSPORT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; STRESS; SPECTRUM; EVENTS AB Near-bed wave orbital velocities and shear stresses are important parameters in many sediment-transport and hydrodynamic models of the coastal ocean, estuaries, and lakes. Simple methods for estimating bottom orbital velocities from surface-wave statistics such as significant wave height and peak period often are inaccurate except in very shallow water. This paper briefly reviews approaches for estimating wave-generated bottom orbital velocities from near-bed velocity data, surface-wave spectra, and surface-wave parameters; MATLAB code for each approach is provided. Aspects of this problem have been discussed elsewhere. We add to this work by providing a method for using a general form of the parametric surface-wave spectrum to estimate bottom orbital velocity from significant wave height and peak period, investigating effects of spectral shape on bottom orbital velocity, comparing methods for calculating bottom orbital velocity against values determined from near-bed velocity measurements at two sites on the US east and west coasts, and considering the optimal representation of bottom orbital velocity for calculations of near-bed processes. Bottom orbital velocities calculated using near-bed velocity data, measured wave spectra, and parametric spectra for a site on the northern California shelf and one in the mid-Atlantic Bight compare quite well and are relatively insensitive to spectral shape except when bimodal waves are present with maximum energy at the higher-frequency peak. These conditions, which are most likely to occur at times when bottom orbital velocities are small, can be identified with our method as cases where the measured wave statistics are inconsistent with Donelan's modified form of the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) spectrum. We define the "effective" forcing for wave-driven, near-bed processes as the product of the magnitude of forcing times its probability of occurrence, and conclude that different bottom orbital velocity statistics may be appropriate for different problems. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wiberg, Patricia L.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Wiberg, PL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM pw3c@virginia.edu; csherwood@usgs.gov FU ONR [N00014-01-1-0690, N00014-04-1-0538]; US Geological Survey (CRS) FX The authors gratefully acknowledge support by ONR Grants N00014-01-1-0690 and N00014-04-1-0538 (PLW) and by the Coastal and Marine Geology Program, US Geological Survey (CRS). This paper has benefited from comments from Brad Butman, Jessica Lacy, Andrea Ogston, and two anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 37 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1243 EP 1262 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.010 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 349GR UT WOS:000259269800006 ER PT J AU Warner, JC Sherwood, CR Signell, RP Harris, CK Arango, HG AF Warner, John C. Sherwood, Christopher R. Signell, Richard P. Harris, Courtney K. Arango, Hernan G. TI Development of a three-dimensional, regional, coupled wave, current, and sediment-transport model SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; nearshore modeling; three-dimensional numerical model; model coupling ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL WATERS; BED ROUGHNESS; SURFACE; FLOW; SIMULATIONS; VALIDATION; EQUATIONS; SCHEMES; TOOLKIT AB We are developing a three-dimensional numerical model that implements algorithms for sediment transport and evolution of bottom morphology in the coastal-circulation model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS v3.0), and provides a two-way link between ROMS and the wave model Simulating Waves in the Nearshore (SWAN) via the Model-Coupling Toolkit. The coupled model is applicable for fluvial, estuarine, shelf, and nearshore (surfzone) environments. Three-dimensional radiation-stress terms have been included in the momentum equations, along with effects of a surface wave roller model. The sediment-transport algorithms are implemented for an unlimited number of user-defined non-cohesive sediment classes. Each class has attributes of grain diameter, density, settling velocity, critical stress threshold for erosion, and erodibility constant. Suspended-sediment transport in the water column is computed with the same advection-diffusion algorithm used for all passive tracers and an additional algorithm for vertical settling that is not limited by the CFL criterion. Erosion and deposition are based on flux formulations. A multi-level bed framework tracks the distribution of every size class in each layer and stores bulk properties including layer thickness, porosity, and mass, allowing computation of bed morphology and stratigraphy. Also tracked are bed-surface properties including active-layer thickness, ripple geometry, and bed roughness. Bedload transport is calculated for mobile sediment classes in the top layer. Bottom-boundary layer submodels parameterize wave-current interactions that enhance bottom stresses and thereby facilitate sediment transport and increase bottom drag, creating a feedback to the circulation. The model is demonstrated in a series of simple test cases and a realistic application in Massachusetts Bay. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Warner, John C.; Sherwood, Christopher R.; Signell, Richard P.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Harris, Courtney K.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Arango, Hernan G.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Warner, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jcwarner@usgs.gov; csherwood@usgs.gov; rsignell@usgs.gov; ckharris@vims.edu; arango@marine.rutgers.edu OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 FU US Geological Survey; Office of Naval Research FX This work has been supported by the US Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program and by the Office of Naval Research EuroSTRATAFORM project. We thank the reviewers for their comments and the developers of ROMS for open access to their code. NR 59 TC 227 Z9 238 U1 9 U2 64 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 EI 1873-7803 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1284 EP 1306 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.012 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 349GR UT WOS:000259269800008 ER PT J AU Haines, AM Leu, M Svancara, LK Scott, JM Reese, KP AF Haines, Aaron M. Leu, Matthias Svancara, Leona K. Scott, J. Michael Reese, Kerry P. TI A theoretical approach to using human footprint data to assess landscape level conservation efforts SO CONSERVATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Assessment; conservation; human footprint; monitoring; retrospective study AB Conservation organizations are increasingly being held accountable for identifying and documenting measures of conservation success. We propose the use of human land-use spatial data to aid in the assessment of conservation efforts by monitoring qualitative change in the human footprint (i.e., spatial land-use measures of negative anthropogenic activity) within a hypothesis-driven framework to assess the effects of conservation efforts (i.e., positive anthropogenic activity). If human footprint data show that implemented conservation strategies mitigated or reduced negative anthropogenic influences, then a potential conservation approach is working. In contrast, if the implementation of conservation strategies did not mitigate or reduce the human footprint, then new conservation approaches may need to be developed or old ones refined. Human footprint data may offer great potential for assessing conservation efforts when used as part of a larger conservation monitoring strategy. C1 [Haines, Aaron M.] Univ Idaho, Ctr Res Invas Species & Small Populat, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Leu, Matthias] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. [Svancara, Leona K.] Idaho Conservat Data Ctr, Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Scott, J. Michael] Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Reese, Kerry P.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Haines, AM (reprint author), Upper Iowa Univ, Div Sci & Math, POB 1857,605 Washington St, Fayette, IA 52142 USA. EM hainesa@uiu.edu NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-263X J9 CONSERV LETT JI Conserv. Lett. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 1 IS 4 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00024.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V12GG UT WOS:000207587100002 ER PT J AU Jacobs, BF Romme, WH Allen, CD AF Jacobs, B. F. Romme, W. H. Allen, C. D. TI Mapping "old'' vs. "young'' pinon-juniper stands with a predictive topo-climatic model SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE juniper; pinyon (pinon); predictive modeling; restoration; topo-climatic modeling; woodland ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; WOODLANDS; FIRE; LANDSCAPES; PATTERNS AB Pinon pine and juniper woodlands in the southwestern United States are often represented as an expanding and even invasive vegetation type, a legacy of historic grazing, and culpable in the degradation of western rangelands. A long-standing emphasis on forage production, in combination with recent hazard fuel concerns, has prompted a new era of woodland management with stated restoration objectives. Yet the extent and dynamics of pinon-juniper communities that predate intensive Euro-American settlement activities are poorly known or understood, while the intrinsic ecological, aesthetic, and economic values of old-growth woodlands are often overlooked. Historical changes in pinon-juniper stands include two related, but poorly differentiated processes: recent tree expansion into grass-or shrub-dominated (i.e., non-woodland) vegetation and thickening or infilling of savanna or mosaic woodlands predating settlement. Our work addresses the expansion pattern, modeling the occurrence of "older'' savanna and woodland stands extant prior to 1850 in contrast to "younger'' pinon-juniper growth of more recent, postsettlement origin. We present criteria in the form of a diagnostic key for distinguishing "older,'' pre-Euro-American settlement pinon juniper from "younger'' (post-1850) stands and report results of predictive modeling and mapping efforts within a north-central New Mexico study area. Selected models suggest a primary role for soil moisture in the current distribution of "old'' vs. "young'' pinon-juniper stands. Presettlement era woodlands are shown to occupy a discrete ecological space, defined by the interaction of effective (seasonal) moisture with landform setting and. ne-scale (soil/water) depositional patterns. "Older'' stands are generally found at higher elevations or on skeletal soils in upland settings, while "younger'' stands (often dominated by one-seed juniper, Juniperus monosperma) are most common at lower elevations or in productive, depositional settings. Modeling at broad regional scales can enhance our general understanding of pinon-juniper ecology, while predictive mapping of local areas has potential to provide products useful for land management. Areas of the southwestern United States with strong monsoonal (summer moisture) patterns appear to have been the most susceptible to historical woodland expansion, but even here the great majority of extant pinon-juniper has presettlement origins (although widely thickened and infilled historically), and old-growth structure is not uncommon in appropriate upland settings. C1 [Jacobs, B. F.; Romme, W. H.] Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Jacobs, B. F.; Romme, W. H.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Jacobs, B. F.] Natl Pk Serv, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Allen, C. D.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jacobs, BF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM brian_jacobs@nps.gov RI Romme, William/C-7317-2016 NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1627 EP 1641 DI 10.1890/07-0847.1 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353HD UT WOS:000259555900005 PM 18839759 ER PT J AU Gauthier, DT Latour, RJ Heisey, DM Bonzek, CF Gartland, J Burge, EJ Vogelbein, WK AF Gauthier, D. T. Latour, R. J. Heisey, D. M. Bonzek, C. F. Gartland, J. Burge, E. J. Vogelbein, W. K. TI Mycobacteriosis-associated mortality in wild striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from Chesapeake Bay, USA SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE disease-associated mortality; force-of-infection; Morone saxatilis; mycobacteriosis; striped bass ID NEW-ZEALAND; SP-NOV.; PREVALENCE; FISH; TUBERCULOSIS; POPULATION; INFECTION; DISEASE; LESIONS; MODEL AB The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) is an economically and ecologically important finfish species along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. Recent stock assessments in Chesapeake Bay (USA) indicate that non-fishing mortality in striped bass has increased since 1999, concomitant with very high (>50%) prevalence of visceral and dermal disease caused by Mycobacterium spp. Current fishery assessment models do not differentiate between disease and other components of non-fishing mortality (e. g., senescence, predation); therefore, disease impact on the striped bass population has not been established. Specific measurement of mortality associated with mycobacteriosis in wild striped bass is complicated because the disease is chronic and mortality is cryptic. Epidemiological models have been developed to estimate disease-associated mortality from cross-sectional prevalence data and have recently been generalized to represent disease processes more realistically. Here, we used this generalized approach to demonstrate disease-associated mortality in striped bass from Chesapeake Bay. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of cryptic mortality associated with a chronic infectious disease in a wild finfish. This finding has direct implications for management and stock assessment of striped bass, as it demonstrates population-level negative impacts of a chronic disease. Additionally, this research provides a framework by which disease-associated mortality may be specifically addressed within fisheries models for resource management. C1 [Gauthier, D. T.; Vogelbein, W. K.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Latour, R. J.; Bonzek, C. F.; Gartland, J.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Heisey, D. M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Burge, E. J.] Coastal Carolina Univ, Dept Marine Sci, Conway, SC 29528 USA. RP Gauthier, DT (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 106E Mills Godwin Bldg, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. EM dgauthie@odu.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chesapeake Bay Office; Virginia Environmental Endowment; Virginia Marine Resources Commission Recreational Fishery Advisory Board; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX The authors acknowledge E. A. Brasseur, P. D. Lynch, D. J. Parthree, R. A. Johnson, and M. L. F. Chattin for their efforts associated with field collections. L. Durand Ward and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science vessels staff deserve thanks for their contributions to the field component of this study. Ashley Haines provided critical review and comments on this manuscript. Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chesapeake Bay Office, Virginia Environmental Endowment, Virginia Marine Resources Commission Recreational Fishery Advisory Board, and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This is VIMS contribution # 2914. NR 66 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1718 EP 1727 DI 10.1890/07-2083.1 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353HD UT WOS:000259555900012 PM 18839766 ER PT J AU Tinker, MT Doak, DF Estes, JA AF Tinker, M. Tim Doak, Daniel F. Estes, James A. TI Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE asymptotic wave speed; Enhydra lutris nereis; integro-difference equations; life stage simulation analysis; multistate projection matrix; range expansion; southern sea otter ID STAGE SIMULATION ANALYSIS; BROWN BEAR POPULATION; INVADING ORGANISMS; SPATIAL STRUCTURE; CALIFORNIA; DISPERSAL; CONSERVATION; SPREAD; GROWTH; MODEL AB In addition to forecasting population growth, basic demographic data combined with movement data provide a means for predicting rates of range expansion. Quantitative models of range expansion have rarely been applied to large vertebrates, although such tools could be useful for restoration and management of many threatened but recovering populations. Using the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) as a case study, we utilized integro-difference equations in combination with a stage-structured projection matrix that incorporated spatial variation in dispersal and demography to make forecasts of population recovery and range recolonization. In addition to these basic predictions, we emphasize how to make these modeling predictions useful in a management context through the inclusion of parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Our models resulted in hind-cast (1989-2003) predictions of net population growth and range expansion that closely matched observed patterns. We next made projections of future range expansion and population growth, incorporating uncertainty in all model parameters, and explored the sensitivity of model predictions to variation in spatially explicit survival and dispersal rates. The predicted rate of southward range expansion (median = 5.2 km/yr) was sensitive to both dispersal and survival rates; elasticity analysis indicated that changes in adult survival would have the greatest potential effect on the rate of range expansion, while perturbation analysis showed that variation in subadult dispersal contributed most to variance in model predictions. Variation in survival and dispersal of females at the south end of the range contributed most of the variance in predicted southward range expansion. Our approach provides guidance for the acquisition of further data and a means of forecasting the consequence of specific management actions. Similar methods could aid in the management of other recovering populations. C1 [Tinker, M. Tim] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Doak, Daniel F.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Estes, James A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Tinker, MT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM tinker@biology.ucsc.edu RI Tinker, Martin/F-1277-2011 FU U. S. Geological Survey (Western Ecological Research Center and Alaska Science Center); California Department of Fish and Gam; Monterey Bay Aquarium; "Friends of the Sea Otter''; NSF [DEB-0087078, USDA 2002-00610] FX We are grateful to J. Bodkin, L. Carswell, H. Caswell, A. Kage, K. Laidre, K. Ralls, and G. Sanders for their advice and contributions to the development of this model. An earlier version of this manuscript also benefited from comments and suggestions by Claudio Campagna and three other anonymous reviewers. We thank the dozens of researchers and volunteers who contributed to collection of radio telemetry data: in particular, C. Alfano, G. Bentall, B. Cummings, J. Hill, A. Kage, C. Lin, T. Nicholson, K. Sanchez, M. Staedler, J. Stewart, and B. Van Wagenen. Primary support for data collection activities was provided by a grant from the Minerals Management Service(MMS Cooperative Agreement 14-35-0001- 31063) and by funding from the U. S. Geological Survey (Western Ecological Research Center and Alaska Science Center), California Department of Fish and Game, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Additional support for analysis was provided by a grant from "Friends of the Sea Otter'' and NSF DEB-0087078 and USDA 2002-00610 to D. F. Doak. NR 62 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 49 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1781 EP 1794 DI 10.1890/07-0735.1 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353HD UT WOS:000259555900018 PM 18839772 ER PT J AU Anthony, RG Estes, JA Ricca, MA Miles, AK Forsman, ED AF Anthony, Robert G. Estes, James A. Ricca, Mark A. Miles, A. Keith Forsman, Eric D. TI BALD EAGLES AND SEA OTTERS IN THE ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO: INDIRECT EFFECTS OF TROPHIC CASCADES SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; Alaska; USA; Bald Eagles; coastal marine communities; diets; Enhydra lutris; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; productivity; sea otters; trophic cascades ID KELP FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; POPULATION DECLINES; AMCHITKA ISLAND; NATIONAL-PARK; COMMUNITY; STRENGTH; WOLVES; ALASKA AB Because sea otters (Enhydra lutris) exert a wide array of direct and indirect effects on coastal marine ecosystems throughout their geographic range, we investigated the potential influence of sea otters on the ecology of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. We studied the diets, productivity, and density of breeding Bald Eagles on four islands during 1993-1994 and 2000-2002, when sea otters were abundant and scarce, respectively. Bald Eagles depend on nearshore marine communities for most of their prey in this ecosystem, so we predicted that the recent decline in otter populations would have an indirect negative effect on diets and demography of Bald Eagles. Contrary to our predictions, we found no effects on density of breeding pairs on four islands from 1993-1994 to 2000-2002. In contrast, diets and diet diversity of Bald Eagles changed considerably between the two time periods, likely reflecting a change in prey availability resulting from the increase and subsequent decline in sea otter populations. The frequency of sea otter pups, rock greenling (Hexagammus lagocephalus), and smooth lumpsuckers (Aptocyclus ventricosus) in the eagle's diet declined with corresponding increases in Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus), Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), and various species of seabirds during the period of the recent otter population decline. Breeding success and productivity of Bald Eagles also increased during this time period, which may be due to the higher nutritional quality of avian prey consumed in later years. Our results provide further evidence of the wide-ranging indirect effects of sea otter predation on nearshore marine communities and another apex predator, the Bald Eagle. Although the indirect effects of sea otters are widely known, this example is unique because the food-web pathway transcended five species and several trophic levels in linking one apex predator to another. C1 [Anthony, Robert G.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Estes, James A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Western Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Ricca, Mark A.; Miles, A. Keith] Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Forsman, Eric D.] US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Anthony, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Robert.anthony@orst.edu NR 62 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 9 U2 77 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2008 VL 89 IS 10 BP 2725 EP 2735 DI 10.1890/07-1818.1 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359NW UT WOS:000259995100007 PM 18959310 ER PT J AU Wenger, SJ Freeman, MC AF Wenger, Seth J. Freeman, Mary C. TI ESTIMATING SPECIES OCCURRENCE, ABUNDANCE, AND DETECTION PROBABILITY USING ZERO-INFLATED DISTRIBUTIONS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance estimation; Cherokee darter; detectability; Etheostoma scotti; negative binomial; occupancy model; Poisson; presence-absence ID REPLICATED COUNTS; MIXTURE-MODELS AB Researchers have developed methods to account for imperfect detection of species with either occupancy (presence-absence) or count data using replicated sampling. We show how these approaches can be combined to simultaneously estimate occurrence, abundance, and detection probability by specifying a zero-inflated distribution for abundance. This approach may be particularly appropriate when patterns of occurrence and abundance arise from distinct processes operating at differing spatial or temporal scales. We apply the model to two data sets: (1) previously published data for a species of duck, Anas platyrhynchos, and (2) data for a stream fish species, Etheostoma scotti. We show that in these cases, an incomplete-detection zero-inflated modeling approach yields a superior fit to the data than other models. We propose that zero-inflated abundance models accounting for incomplete detection be considered when replicate count data are available. C1 [Wenger, Seth J.] Univ Georgia, River Basin Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Freeman, Mary C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Wenger, SJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, River Basin Ctr, 110 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM swenger@uga.edu RI Wenger, Seth/G-6594-2011 FU U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX This work was supported in part by grants from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank Jim Peterson, Larissa Bailey, Jim Nichols, and two anonymous reviewers for extremely helpful comments on earlier drafts. We thank Bud Freeman for the use of the Cherokee darter data set. We thank Darryl Mackenzie for additional suggestions and help with WinBUGS modeling code. NR 19 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 3 U2 64 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2008 VL 89 IS 10 BP 2953 EP 2959 DI 10.1890/07-1127.1 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359NW UT WOS:000259995100029 PM 18959332 ER PT J AU Frakes, RA Bargar, TA Bauer, EA AF Frakes, Robert A. Bargar, Timothy A. Bauer, Emily A. TI Sediment copper bioavailability to freshwater snails in south Florida: risk implications for the Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan; copper; bioaccumulation; Everglade snail kite; Florida apple snail ID ACCUMULATION; TOXICITY; METALS; HELIX; ZINC AB Many properties being acquired as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) are heavily contaminated with copper. Estimated copper bioaccumulation in the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) has led to the prediction of risk to the Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) at some CERP projects. Field study results presented in this paper examine the relationship between copper levels in sediments, snails, and other biota. Copper concentrations in all biota (snails, aquatic vascular plants, and periphyton) were strongly correlated with those in sediments. No correlation with water copper concentrations was evident. Mean copper concentrations in snails ranged from 23.9 mg/kg at the reference site to 732 mg/kg at a high copper site. Calculated biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 36.7 to 7.0 over the range of copper levels in sediments. BSAFs were highest at low copper levels in sediments and declined sharply as copper levels in sediment increased. Risk for the snail kite is discussed in light of the results of this study. C1 [Frakes, Robert A.; Bargar, Timothy A.; Bauer, Emily A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Environm Contaminants Program, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. RP Frakes, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Environm Contaminants Program, 1339 20th St, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. EM robert_frakes@fws.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2008 VL 17 IS 7 BP 598 EP 604 DI 10.1007/s10646-008-0233-x PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 352RE UT WOS:000259514300005 PM 18679796 ER PT J AU Hoang, TC Rogevich, EC Rand, GM Frakes, RA AF Hoang, Tham C. Rogevich, Emily C. Rand, Gary M. Frakes, Robert A. TI Copper uptake and depuration by juvenile and adult Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Florida apple snail; Pomacea paludosa; copper; bioaccumulation; bioconcentration; Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) ID MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; ORGANIC-MATTER SOURCE; BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; WATER-QUALITY; METAL SEQUESTRATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; TRACE-METALS; FOOD-CHAIN; TOXICITY; ACCUMULATION AB The present study characterized copper (Cu) uptake and depuration by juvenile and adult Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) from water, soil, and diet. During a 28-day uptake period, juvenile apple snails were exposed to aqueous Cu and adult apple snails were exposed to Cu-contaminated soil, water, and food. In the follow-up 14-day depuration period, both juvenile and adult apple snails were held in laboratory freshwater with background Cu concentrations < 4 mu g/l. For juvenile apple snails, whole body Cu concentrations increased with time and reached a plateau after 14 days. The data followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics rather than a one compartment first order kinetics model. The mean Cu bioconcentration factor (BCF) for juvenile apple snails was 1493 and the depuration half-life was 10.5-13.8 days. For adult snails, dietary uptake of Cu resulted in higher bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) compared to uptake from soil. Most of the accumulated Cu was located in soft tissue (about 60% in the viscera and 40% in the foot). The shell contained < 1% of the total accumulated copper. Soft tissue is usually consumed by predators of the apple snail. Therefore, the results of the present study show that Cu transfer through the food chain to the apple snail may lead to potential risk to its predators. C1 [Hoang, Tham C.; Rogevich, Emily C.; Rand, Gary M.] Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Dept Environm Studies, Ecotoxicol & Risk Assessment Lab, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. [Rogevich, Emily C.] Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. [Frakes, Robert A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Florida Ecol Serv, Vero Beach, FL USA. RP Rand, GM (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Dept Environm Studies, Ecotoxicol & Risk Assessment Lab, Biscayne Bay Campus,3000 NE 151st St, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. EM randg@fiu.edu FU U. S. Fish andWildlife Service Cooperative [401816J034] FX We thank Kathy Moore for her help with Cu analysis. This study was funded by U. S. Fish andWildlife Service Cooperative Agreement No. 401816J034. This is SERC contribution no. 393. NR 45 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2008 VL 17 IS 7 BP 605 EP 615 DI 10.1007/s10646-008-0243-8 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 352RE UT WOS:000259514300006 PM 18642077 ER PT J AU Peterson, AT Bush, SE Spackman, E Swayne, DE Ip, HS AF Peterson, A. Townsend Bush, Sarah E. Spackman, Erica Swayne, David E. Ip, Hon S. TI Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID H5N1 AVIAN INFLUENZA; WILD BIRDS; ECOLOGY; SPREAD AB Water birds are considered the reservoir for avian influenza viruses. We examined this assumption by sampling and real-time reverse transcription-PCR testing of 939 Asian land birds of 153 species. Influenza A infection was found, particularly among migratory species. Surveillance programs for monitoring spread of these viruses need to be redesigned. C1 [Peterson, A. Townsend] Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Spackman, Erica; Swayne, David E.] USDA, Athens, GA USA. [Ip, Hon S.] US Geol Survey, Madison, WI USA. RP Peterson, AT (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum, Dyche Hall,6th Floor, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. EM town@ku.edu OI Peterson, A. Townsend/0000-0003-0243-2379 FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0344430]; Avian Influenza Current Research Information System [6612-32000-048-00D]; National Biological Information Infrastructure of the US Department of the Interior FX We thank our numerous field companions, particularly ornithologists B. W. Benz, R. L. Boyd, D. H. Clayton, T. Davis, A. S. Nydri, and M. B. Robbins, for their assistance and hard work; G. Chen for organizing all logistics and obtaining permits for sampling trips; D. H. Clayton for assisting with sampling birds for influenza; and S. Lee, J. Beek, K Griffin, and E. Sorley for assisting with sample processing and vir-us testing.; This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (grant DEB-0344430 to A.T.P and colleagues), the Avian Influenza Current Research Information System project (no. 6612-32000-048-00D to E.S. and D.E.S.) and the National Biological Information Infrastructure of the US Department of the Interior.; Dr Peterson is professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas. His reT search interests include many aspects of geographic distributions of species, including the geography and ecology of filoviruses and other disease systems. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD OCT PY 2008 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1644 EP 1646 DI 10.3201/eid1410.080169 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 357JK UT WOS:000259841900024 PM 18826836 ER PT J AU Carl, LM AF Carl, Leon M. TI Lake trout demographics in relation to burbot and coregonine populations in the Algonquin Highlands, Ontario SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Uncoupled recruitment; Larval bottleneck; Overfishing ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; GROWTH; WHITEFISH; SURVIVAL; STOCKING; PREDATOR; OPEONGO; CANADA AB The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that lake trout populations change in relation to cisco, lake whitefish, round whitefish and burbot populations in lakes in the Algonquin Highlands region of Ontario. Lake trout population change is greatest where cisco and lake whitefish are present. Lake trout populations in lakes without either coregonine tend to have small adults and many juveniles. Where cisco or lake whitefish are present, adult take trout are large, juvenile abundance is low, and the stock-recruit relationship appears to be uncoupled likely due to a larval bottleneck. Lake trout populations in these lakes may be sensitive to overfishing and recruitment failure. Lake trout populations do not appear to change in relation to round whitefish. There appears to be an indirect positive change on juvenile lake trout abundance through reductions in the density of benthic coregonines in the presence of large, hypolimnetic burbot. C1 [Carl, Leon M.] Trent Univ, Harkness Lab Fisheries Res, Aquat Res & Dev Sect, Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. RP Carl, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM lcarl@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2008 VL 83 IS 2 BP 127 EP 138 DI 10.1007/s10641-007-9305-7 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 360SF UT WOS:000260077300002 ER PT J AU Warner, JC Perlin, N Skyllingstad, ED AF Warner, John C. Perlin, Natalie Skyllingstad, Eric D. TI Using the Model Coupling Toolkit to couple earth system models SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE model coupling; Model Coupling Toolkit; ROMS; COAMPS; SWAN; sparse matrix interpolation ID 3RD-GENERATION WAVE MODEL; 3-DIMENSIONAL CURRENT; COASTAL REGIONS; SURFACE; TOPOGRAPHY; SIMULATION; EQUATIONS; TRANSPORT; COAMPS; OCEAN AB Continued advances in computational resources are providing the opportunity to operate more sophisticated numerical models. Additionally, there is an increasing demand for multidisciplinary studies that include interactions between different physical processes. Therefore there is a strong desire to develop coupled modeling systems that utilize existing models and allow efficient data exchange and model control. The basic system would entail model "I" running on "M" processors and model "2" running on "N" processors, with efficient exchange of model fields at predetermined synchronization intervals. Here we demonstrate two coupled systems: the coupling of the ocean circulation model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to the surface wave model Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN), and the coupling of ROMS to the atmospheric model Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Prediction System (COAMPS). Both coupled systems use the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT) as a mechanism for operation control and inter-model distributed memory transfer of model variables. In this paper we describe requirements and other options for model coupling, explain the MCT library, ROMS, SWAN and COAMPS models, methods for grid decomposition and sparse matrix interpolation, and provide an example from each coupled system. Methods presented in this paper are clearly applicable for coupling of other types of models. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Perlin, Natalie; Skyllingstad, Eric D.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Warner, John C.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Perlin, N (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jcwarner@usgs.gov; nperlin@coas.oregon-state.edu; skylling@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 24 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PD OCT-NOV PY 2008 VL 23 IS 10-11 BP 1240 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.03.002 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 325XA UT WOS:000257620800003 ER PT J AU McCarthy, K AF McCarthy, Kathleen TI Investigation of hydrophobic contaminants in an urban slough system using passive sampling - insights from sampling rate calculations SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE semipermeable membrane devices; hydrophobics; passive sampling; sampling rates; performance reference compounds AB Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed in the Columbia Slough, near Portland, Oregon, on three separate occasions to measure the spatial and seasonal distribution of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) in the slough. Concentrations of PAHs and OCs in SPMDs showed spatial and seasonal differences among sites and indicated that unusually high flows in the spring of 2006 diluted the concentrations of many of the target contaminants. However, the same PAHs - pyrene, fluoranthene, and the alkylated homologues of phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluorene - and OCs - polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachloroanisole, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, and the metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) - predominated throughout the system during all three deployment periods. The data suggest that storm washoff may be a predominant source of PAHs in the slough but that OCs are ubiquitous, entering the slough by a variety of pathways. Comparison of SPMDs deployed on the stream bed with SPMDs deployed in the overlying water column suggests that even for the very hydrophobic compounds investigated, bed sediments may not be a predominant source in this system. Perdeuterated phenanthrene (phenanthrene-d(10)). spiked at a rate of 2 mu g per SPMD, was shown to be a reliable performance reference compound (PRC) under the conditions of these deployments. Post-deployment concentrations of the PRC revealed differences in sampling conditions among sites and between seasons, but indicate that for SPMDs deployed throughout the main slough channel, differences in sampling rates were small enough to make site-to-site comparisons of SPMD concentrations straightforward. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP McCarthy, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. EM mccarthy@usgs.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 145 IS 1-3 BP 31 EP 47 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-0014-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 346AR UT WOS:000259041300004 PM 17990070 ER PT J AU Grove, RA Henny, CJ AF Grove, Robert A. Henny, Charles J. TI Environmental contaminants in male river otters from Oregon and Washington, USA, 1994-1999 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE river otter; Lontra canadensis; Oregon; Washington; males; contaminants; organochlorine pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; dioxins; furans; metals ID MINK MUSTELA-VISON; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; CHLORINATED-HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HEAVY-METAL CONCENTRATIONS; LUTRA-CANADENSIS; WILD MINK; MERCURY LEVELS; GREAT-LAKES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA AB This study reports hepatic concentrations and distribution patterns of select metals, organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in 180 male river otters (Lontra canadensis) collected from Oregon and Washington, 1994-1999. Seven regional locations of western Oregon and Washington were delineated based on associations with major population centers, industry or agriculture. Cadmium (Cd) was not found above 0.5 mu g g(-1), dry weight (dw) in juveniles, but increased with age in adults though concentrations were generally low (nd-1.18 mu g g(-1), dw). Regional geometric means for total mercury (THg) ranged from 3.63 to 8.05 mu g g(-1), dw in juveniles and 3.46-12.6 mu g g(-1) (dw) in adults. The highest THg concentration was 148 mu g g(-1), dw from an apparently healthy adult male from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Although THg increased with age in adult otters, the occurrence of the more toxic form methylmercury (MeHg) was not evaluated. Mean OC and PCB concentrations reported in this study declined dramatically from those reported in 1978-1979 from the lower Columbia River. Organochlorine pesticide and metabolite means for both juvenile and adult river otter males were all below 100 mu g kg(-1), wet weight (ww), with only DDE, DDD and HCB having individual concentrations exceeding 500 mu g kg(-1), ww. Mean Sigma PCB concentrations in both juvenile and adult male otters were below 1 mu g g(-1) for all regional locations. Mean juvenile and adult concentrations of non-ortho substituted PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs were in the low ng kg(-1) for all locations studied. C1 [Grove, Robert A.; Henny, Charles J.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Grove, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM robert_a_grove@usgs.gov NR 89 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 145 IS 1-3 BP 49 EP 73 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-0015-6 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 346AR UT WOS:000259041300005 PM 18058253 ER PT J AU Norman, LM Gray, F Guertin, DP Wissler, C Bliss, JD AF Norman, Laura M. Gray, Floyd Guertin, D. Phillip Wissler, Craig Bliss, James D. TI Tracking acid mine-drainage in Southeast Arizona using GIS and sediment delivery models SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE erosion; geospatial analysis; GIS; nonpoint source pollution; sediment; surface water; water quality; watershed management ID WATER AB This study investigates the application of models traditionally used to estimate erosion and sediment deposition to assess the potential risk of water quality impairment resulting from metal-bearing materials related to mining and mineralization. An integrated watershed analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based tools was undertaken to examine erosion and sediment transport characteristics within the watersheds. Estimates of stream deposits of sediment from mine tailings were related to the chemistry of surface water to assess the effectiveness of the methodology to assess the risk of acid mine-drainage being dispersed downstream of abandoned tailings and waste rock piles. A watershed analysis was preformed in the Patagonia Mountains in southeastern Arizona which has seen substantial mining and where recent water quality samples have reported acidic surface waters. This research demonstrates an improvement of the ability to predict streams that are likely to have severely degraded water quality as a result of past mining activities. C1 [Norman, Laura M.; Gray, Floyd; Bliss, James D.] US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Guertin, D. Phillip; Wissler, Craig] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Norman, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM lnorman@usgs.gov FU Coronado National Forest FX The authors would like to thank the Coronado National Forest for funding this research. Additionally, we thank James Callegary and Steve Weile, at the USGS, for their reviews of this material. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 145 IS 1-3 BP 145 EP 157 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-0024-5 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 346AR UT WOS:000259041300014 PM 18071918 ER PT J AU Ross, RM Long, ES Dropkin, DS AF Ross, Robert M. Long, Eric S. Dropkin, David S. TI Response of macroinvertebrate communities to remediation-simulating conditions in Pennsylvania streams influenced by acid mine drainage SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE aquatic macroinvertebrates; biological indicators; freestone streams; functional groups; limestone; lotic systems; stream recovery; taxa diversity; species tolerance; trophic level ID EXPERIMENTAL ACIDIFICATION; FOREST AB We compared naturally alkaline streams with limestone lithology to freestone streams with and without acid mine drainage (AMD) to predict benthic macroinvertebrate community recovery from AMD in limestone-treated watersheds. Surrogate-recovered (limestone) and, in many cases, freestone systems had significantly higher macroinvertebrate densities; diversity; taxa richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa; EPT/chironomid ratios; scraper/collector-gatherer ratios; herbivores; collector-filterers; and scrapers. AMD-influenced systems had significantly greater numbers of Diptera and collector-gatherers. An entire trophic level (herbivores) was "restored" in surrogate-recovered streams, which also showed greater trophic specialization. Indicator analysis identified seven taxa (within Crustacea, Diptera, Nematoda, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera) as significant indicators of limestone systems and six taxa (within Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Tricoptera, Coleoptera, and Mollusca) as significant freestone indicators, all useful as biological indicators of recovery from AMD. C1 [Ross, Robert M.; Dropkin, David S.] USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, No Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. [Long, Eric S.] Seattle Pacific Univ, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. RP Ross, RM (reprint author), USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, No Appalachian Res Lab, 176 Straight Run Rd, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. EM rmross@chilitech.net NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 145 IS 1-3 BP 323 EP 338 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-0042-3 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 346AR UT WOS:000259041300031 PM 18236166 ER PT J AU Boyer, TH Singer, PC Aiken, GR AF Boyer, Treavor H. Singer, Philip C. Aiken, George R. TI Removal of dissolved organic matter by anion exchange: Effect of dissolved organic matter properties SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ION-EXCHANGE; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; FULVIC-ACIDS; WATER; RESINS; DISSOLUTION; PRECURSORS; SULFATE; BINDING AB Ten isolates of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) were evaluated to determine the effect that chemical properties of the DOM, such as charge density, aromaticity, and molecular weight, have on DOM removal by anion exchange. The DOM isolates were characterized as terrestrial, microbial, or intermediate humic substances or transphilic acids. All anion exchange experiments were conducted using a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin. The charge density of the DOM isolates, determined by direct potentiometric titration, was fundamental to quantifying the stoichiometry of the anion exchange mechanism. The results clearly show that all DOM isolates were removed by anion exchange; however, differences among the DOM isolates did influence their removal by MIEX resin. In particular, MIEX resin had the greatest affinity for DOM with high charge density and the least affinity for DOM with low charge density and low aromaticity. This work illustrates that the chemical characteristics of DOM and solution conditions must be considered when evaluating anion exchange treatment for the removal of DOM. C1 [Boyer, Treavor H.; Singer, Philip C.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Boyer, TH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, POB 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM thboyer@ufl.edu OI Boyer, Treavor/0000-0003-0818-5604 FU USEPA [FP-91678201-1]; American Water Works Association (AWWA) FX The support of THB by the USEPA under the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship Program (FP-91678201-1), and by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) through an Abel Wolman Doctoral Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged. USEPA and AWWA have not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the USEPA or AWWA. The use of brand names in this paper is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS. NR 27 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 55 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 19 BP 7431 EP 7437 DI 10.1021/es800714d PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353XX UT WOS:000259603700065 PM 18939582 ER PT J AU Konwick, BJ Tomy, GT Ismail, N Peterson, JT Fauver, RJ Higginbotham, D Fisk, AT AF Konwick, Brad J. Tomy, Gregg T. Ismail, Nargis Peterson, James T. Fauver, Rebecca J. Higginbotham, David Fisk, Aaron T. TI Concentrations and patterns of perfluoroalkyl acids in Georgia, USA surface waters near and distant to a major use source SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE perfluorinated surfactants; perfluorooctane sulfonamide; carpet manufacturing; risk assessment ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; FOOD-WEB; PART 1; ALCOHOLS; IDENTIFICATION; CONTAMINATION; TOXICITY AB Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widespread contaminants emanating from, among other sources, the production/degradation of fluorinated chemicals used in surface repellant applications, such as carpet manufacturing. The goal of the present study was to assess the concentrations of PFAAs, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), in surface waters both near a wastewater land application system (LAS) in Dalton (GA, USA), home to North America's largest carpet manufacturing site, and distant to this location (Altamaha River, GA, USA) to understand the fate of PFAAs in freshwater. Levels of PFAAs were high in the Conasauga River (GA, USA) downstream of the LAS (PFOA, 253-1,150 ng/L; PFOS, 192-318 ng/L; PFNA, 202-369 ng/L; PFDA, 30.1-113 ng/L; PFUA, 58.0-99.2 ng/L; PFOSA, 162-283 ng/L) and in streams and ponds in Dalton (PFOA, 49.9-299 ng/L; PFOS, 15.8-120 ng/L), and were among the highest measured at a nonspill or direct-release location. Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Altamaha River were much lower (PFOA, 3.0-3.1 ng/L; PFOS, 2.6-2.7 ng/L), but were a source of PFAAs to Georgia's estuaries. A preliminary hazard assessment indicated that concentrations of PFOS at two sites in the Conasauga River exceeded the threshold effect predicted for birds consuming aquatic organisms that are exposed continuously to the PFOS levels at these sites. Assuming that toxicity for all PFAAs quantified is equal to that of PFOS, the sum total PFAAs at two sites within the Conasauga River exceeded PFOS thresholds for aquatic and avian species, warranting additional research. C1 [Fisk, Aaron T.] Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. [Konwick, Brad J.; Peterson, James T.; Fauver, Rebecca J.; Higginbotham, David] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Tomy, Gregg T.; Ismail, Nargis] Inst Freshwater, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. [Peterson, James T.] US Geol Survey, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Resource Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Fisk, AT (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM afisk@uwindsor.ca NR 46 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 27 IS 10 BP 2011 EP 2018 DI 10.1897/07-659.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 349QJ UT WOS:000259295700004 PM 18419175 ER PT J AU Eagles-Smith, CA Ackerman, JT Adelsbach, TL Takekawa, JY Miles, AK Keister, RA AF Eagles-Smith, Collin A. Ackerman, Joshua T. Adelsbach, Terrence L. Takekawa, John Y. Miles, A. Keith Keister, Robin A. TI Mercury correlations among six tissues for four waterbird species breeding in San Francisco Bay, California, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mercury; tissue correlations; birds; blood; feathers ID NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GAVIA-IMMER CHICKS; COMMON LOONS; CHEMICAL FORM; GREAT EGRETS; SPACE USE; ACCUMULATION; FEATHERS; BIRDS; SEABIRDS AB Despite a large body of research concerning mercury (Hg) in birds, no single tissue has been used consistently to assess Hg exposure, and this has hampered comparisons across studies. We evaluated the relationships of Hg concentrations among tissues in four species of waterbirds (American avocets [Recurvirostra americana], black-necked stilts [Himantopus mexicanus], Caspian terns [Hydroprogne caspia; formerly Sterna caspia], and Forster's terns [ Sterna forsteri]) and across three life stages (prebreeding adults, breeding adults, and chicks) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Across species and life stages, Hg concentrations (least square mean +/- standard error) were highest in head feathers (6.45 +/- 0.31 mu g/g dry wt) and breast feathers (5.76 +/- 0.28 mu g/g dry wt), followed by kidney (4.54 +/- 0.22 mu g/g dry wt), liver (4.43 +/- 0.21 mu g/g dry wt), blood (3.10 +/- 0.15 mu g/g dry wt), and muscle (1.67 +/- 0.08 mu g/g dry wt). Relative Hg distribution among tissues, however, differed by species and life stage. Mercury concentrations were highly correlated among internal tissues (r(2) >= 0.89). Conversely, the relationships between Hg in feathers and internal tissues were substantially weaker (r(2) <= 0.42). Regression slopes sometimes differed among species and life stages, indicating that care must be used when predicting Hg concentrations in one tissue based on those in another. However, we found good agreement between predictions made using a general tissue-prediction equation and more specific equations developed for each species and life stage. Finally, our results suggest that blood is an excellent, nonlethal predictor of Hg concentrations in internal tissues but that feathers are relatively poor indicators of Hg concentrations in internal tissues. C1 [Eagles-Smith, Collin A.; Ackerman, Joshua T.; Miles, A. Keith; Keister, Robin A.] Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Adelsbach, Terrence L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Environm Contaminants Div, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. [Takekawa, John Y.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Eagles-Smith, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Davis Field Stn, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM ceagles-smith@usgs.gov OI Eagles-Smith, Collin/0000-0003-1329-5285 FU CALFED Bay-Delta Program's Ecosystem Restoration Program [ERP-02D-C12]; Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service [11640-2005-002, 11640-2006-006] FX This research was funded by the CALFED Bay-Delta Program's Ecosystem Restoration Program (grant ERP-02D-C12). We thank S. Schwarzbach and T. Suchanek for their support in developing the present study. We also thank S. Stoner-Duncan, J. Henderson, C. Johnson, S. Detwiler, J. Bluso, S. Demers, M. Ricca, A. Rex, L. Stinson, C. Marn, C. Strong, L. Dembosz, S. Spring, B. Lasorsa, and L. Bowen for field and laboratory support and J. Yee for statistical advice. C. Morris, J. Albertson, M. Stewart, J. Buffa, E. Mruz, and the staff of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Special Use Permits 11640-2005-002 and 11640-2006-006); J. Krause and the staff of the Eden Landing Ecological Reserve `(California Department of Fish and Game); T. Huffman, L. Wyckoff, C. Wilcox, K. Taylor, and the staff of the Napa-Sonoma Marsh Wildlife Area `(California Department of Fish and Game); L. Allen and the Can Duck Club; and M. Herzog, N. Athearn, and T. Maurer for logistical support. This manuscript has been substantially improved by comments from M. Ricca, D. Anderson, R. Hothem, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 50 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 17 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 27 IS 10 BP 2136 EP 2153 DI 10.1897/08-038.1 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 349QJ UT WOS:000259295700019 PM 18444697 ER PT J AU Montano-Moctezuma, G Li, HW Rossignol, PA AF Montano-Moctezuma, Gabriela Li, Hiram W. Rossignol, Philippe A. TI Variability of community interaction networks in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE alternative community structure; community dynamics; kelp-urchin community; loop analysis; Oregon Coast; qualitative modeling; qualitative simulations ID MACROCYSTIS-PYRIFERA FOREST; MULTIPLE STABLE POINTS; SEA-URCHINS; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; NATURAL COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; MODEL-ECOSYSTEMS; ALGAL COMMUNITY; KELP FOREST AB Regional and small-scale local oceanographic conditions can lead to high variability in community structure even among similar habitats. Communities with identical species composition can depict distinct networks due to different levels of disturbance as well as physical and biological processes. In this study we reconstruct Community networks in four different areas off the Oregon Coast by matching simulated communities with observed dynamics. We compared reserves with harvested areas. Simulations suggested that different Community networks, but with the same species composition, can represent each study site. Differences were found in predator-prey interactions as well as non-predatory interactions between community members. In addition, each site can be represented as a set of models, creating alternative stages among sites. The set of alternative models that characterize each study area depicts a sequence of functional responses where each specific model or interaction structure creates different species composition patterns. Different management practices, either in the past or of the present, may lead to alternative communi ties. Our findings suggest that management strategies should be analyzed at a community level that considers the possible consequences of shifting from one community scenario to another. This analysis provides a novel conceptual framework to assess the consequences of different management options for ecological communities. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Montano-Moctezuma, Gabriela; Li, Hiram W.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Montano-Moctezuma, G (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit USGS, Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM gmontano@uabc.mx; Hiram.Li@oregonstate.edu; Phil.Rossignol@oregonstate.edu FU CONACYT-Mexico (National Council of Science and Technology); Markham Research Award FX We thank the volunteer divers from the Oregon Department of Fishes and Wildlife, Oregon State University, National Marine Fishery Service, University of Oregon, and the Oregon Coast Aquarium. Their generous work under difficult ocean conditions is deeply appreciated. We thank Dr. J.M. Dambacher (CSIRO) for his critical review to the manuscript and helpful comments. This study was supported by CONACYT-Mexico (National Council of Science and Technology) under a Fulbrigth-Garcia Robles PhD scholarship to GMM, by the Markham Research Award administered by the Hat-field Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, and by a NOAA/OHHI grant to PAR. NR 62 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 94 IS 1 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2008.07.003 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 356QE UT WOS:000259791900013 ER PT J AU Love, MS Schroeder, DM Snook, L York, A Cochrane, G AF Love, Milton S. Schroeder, Donna M. Snook, Linda York, Anne Cochrane, Guy TI All their eggs in one basket: a rocky reef nursery for the longnose skate (Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) in the southern California Bight SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC C1 [Love, Milton S.; Snook, Linda] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Schroeder, Donna M.] Minerals Management Serv, Camarillo, CA 93010 USA. [Cochrane, Guy] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Love, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM love@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 106 IS 4 BP 471 EP 475 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 371YG UT WOS:000260868000012 ER PT J AU Konrad, CP Brasher, AMD May, JT AF Konrad, C. P. Brasher, A. M. D. May, J. T. TI Assessing streamflow characteristics as limiting factors on benthic invertebrate assemblages in streams across the western United States SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrologic alteration; macroinvertebrate assemblages; metrics; quantile regression; streamflow statistics ID MACROINVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES; QUANTILE REGRESSION; CALIFORNIA STREAM; FLOW VARIABILITY; LAND-USE; RIVER; INTERMITTENT; REGIME; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES AB 1. Human use of land and water resources modifies many streamflow characteristics, which can have significant ecological consequences. Streamflow and invertebrate data collected at 111 sites in the western U.S.A. were analysed to identify streamflow characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and variation) that are probably to limit characteristics of benthic invertebrate assemblages (abundance, richness, diversity and evenness, functional feeding groups and individual taxa) and, thus, would be important for freshwater conservation and restoration. Our analysis investigated multiple metrics for each biological and hydrological characteristic, but focuses on 14 invertebrate metrics and 13 streamflow metrics representing the key associations between streamflow and invertebrates. 2. Streamflow is only one of many environmental and biotic factors that influence the characteristics of invertebrate assemblages. Although the central tendency of invertebrate assemblage characteristics may not respond to any one factor across a large region like the western U.S.A., we postulate that streamflow may limit some invertebrates. To assess streamflow characteristics as limiting factors on invertebrate assemblages, we developed a nonparametric screening procedure to identify upper (ceilings) or lower (floors) limits on invertebrate metrics associated with streamflow metrics. Ceilings and floors for selected metrics were then quantified using quantile regression. 3. Invertebrate assemblages had limits associated with all streamflow characteristics that we analysed. Metrics of streamflow variation at daily to inter-annual scales were among the most common characteristics associated with limits on invertebrate assemblages. Baseflow recession, daily variation and monthly variation, in streamflow were associated with the largest number of invertebrate metrics. Since changes in streamflow variation are often a consequence of hydrologic alteration, they may serve as useful indicators of ecologically significant changes in streamflow and as benchmarks for managing streamflow for ecological objectives. 4. Relative abundance of Plecoptera, richness of non-insect taxa and relative abundance of intolerant taxa were associated with multiple streamflow metrics. Metrics of sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), and intolerant taxa generally had ceilings associated with flow metrics while metrics of tolerant taxa, non-insects, dominance and chironomids generally had floors. Broader characteristics of invertebrate assemblages such as abundance and richness had fewer limits, but these limits were nonetheless associated with a broad range of streamflow characteristics. C1 [Konrad, C. P.] US Geol Survey, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Tacoma, WA USA. [Konrad, C. P.] Global Freshwater Team, Nat Conservancy, Seattle, WA USA. [Brasher, A. M. D.] US Geol Survey, Utah Water Sci Ctr, Moab, UT USA. [May, J. T.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Konrad, CP (reprint author), 934 Broadway,Suite 300, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM cpkonrad@usgs.gov OI Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X FU U. S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program FX This work was supported by the U. S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program. The conceptual framework for this paper was developed with contributions from Bob Black, Larry Brown, Terry Maret, Terry Short and Ian Waite. We appreciate the helpful comments on an earlier draft by Christine Albano, Brian Bledsoe, Steve Gingerich, Marty Gurtz and two anonymous reviewers. NR 59 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 70 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 53 IS 10 BP 1983 EP 1998 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02024.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 347NL UT WOS:000259148200006 ER PT J AU Person, M Banerjee, A Hofstra, A Sweetkind, D Gao, YL AF Person, Mark Banerjee, Amlan Hofstra, Albert Sweetkind, Donald Gao, Yongli TI Hydrologic models of modern and fossil geothermal systems in the Great Basin: Genetic implications for epithermal Au-Ag and Carlin-type gold deposits SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Review ID OXYGEN-ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; VARIABLE-DENSITY GROUNDWATER; STRATABOUND ORE-DEPOSITS; ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS; NORTH-CENTRAL NEVADA; FRESH-WATER HEADS; FLUID-FLOW; UNITED-STATES; DIXIE VALLEY; MODERN PRECIPITATION AB The Great Basin region in the western United States contains active geothermal systems, large epithermal Au-Ag deposits, and worldclass Carlin-type gold deposits. Temperature profiles, fluid inclusion studies, and isotopic evidence suggest that modern and fossil hydrothermal systems associated with gold mineralization share many common features, including the absence of a clear magmatic fluid source, discharge areas restricted to fault zones, and remarkably high temperatures (> 200 degrees C) at shallow depths (200-1500 m). While the plumbing of these systems varies, geochemical and isotopic data collected at the Dixie Valley and Beowawe geothermal systems suggest that fluid circulation along fault zones was relatively deep (> 5 km) and comprised of relatively unexchanged Pleistocene meteoric water with small (< 2.5%) shifts from the meteoric water line (MWL). Many fossil ore-forming systems were also dominated by meteoric water, but usually exhibit delta O-18 fluid-rock interactions with larger shifts of 5%-20% from the MWL. Here we present a suite of two- dimensional regional (100 km) and local (40-50 km) scale hydrologic models that we have used to study the plumbing of modern and Tertiary hydrothermal systems of the Great Basin. Geologically and geophysically consistent cross sections were used to generate somewhat idealized hydrogeologic models for these systems that include the most important faults, aquifers, and confi ning units in their approximate confi gurations. Multiple constraints were used, including enthalpy, delta O-18, silica compositions of fluids and/or rocks, groundwater residence times, fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures, and apatite fission track anomalies. Our results suggest that these hydrothermal systems were driven by natural thermal convection along anisotropic, subvertical faults connected in many cases at depth by permeable aquifers within favorable lithostratigraphic horizons. Those with minimal fluid delta O-18 shifts are restricted to high-permeability fault zones and relatively small-scale (similar to 5 km), single-pass flow systems (e. g., Beowawe). Those with intermediate to large isotopic shifts (e. g., epithermal and Carlin-type Au) had larger-scale (similar to 15 km) loop convection cells with a greater component of flow through marine sedimentary rocks at lower water/ rock ratios and greater endowments of gold. Enthalpy calculations constrain the duration of Carlin-type gold systems to probably < 200 k. y. Shallow heat flow gradients and fluid silica concentrations suggest that the duration of the modern Beowawe system is < 5 k. y. However, fluid flow at Beowawe during the Quaternary must have been episodic with a net duration of similar to 200 k. y. to account for the amount of silica in the sinter deposits. In the Carlin trend, fluid circulation extended down into Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks, which afforded more mixing with isotopically enriched higher enthalpy fluids. Computed fission track ages along the Carlin trend included the convective effects, and ranged between 91.6 and 35.3 Ma. Older fission track ages occurred in zones of groundwater recharge, and the younger ages occurred in discharge areas. This is largely consistent with fission track ages reported in recent studies. We found that either an amagmatic system with more permeable faults (10(-11) m(2)) or a magmatic system with less permeable faults (10(-13) m(2)) could account for the published isotopic and thermal data along the Carlin trend systems. Localized high heat flow beneath the Muleshoe fault was needed to match fluid inclusion temperatures at Mule Canyon. However, both magmatic and amagmatic scenarios require the existence of deep, permeable faults to bring hot fluids to the near surface. C1 [Person, Mark; Banerjee, Amlan] Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Hofstra, Albert; Sweetkind, Donald] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Gao, Yongli] E Tennessee State Univ, Phys Astron & Geol Dept, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. RP Person, M (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. EM mperson@nmt.edu; ambanerj@indiana.edu; ahofstra@usgs.gov; dsweetkind@usgs.gov; gaoy@mail.etsu.edu RI Banerjee, Amlan/P-9658-2016; OI Banerjee, Amlan/0000-0002-2065-1391; Gao, Yongli/0000-0001-9063-4792; Sweetkind, Donald/0000-0003-0892-4796 FU National Science Foundation [NSF-EAR 0809644] FX We thank Mark Coolbaugh and David Prudic for their review of our manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF-EAR 0809644 to Mark Person and Albert Hofstra, and by the U. S. Geological Survey Minerals Program, which funded the Metallogeny of the Great Basin project. NR 147 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 35 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD OCT PY 2008 VL 4 IS 5 BP 888 EP 917 DI 10.1130/GES00150.1 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 352MH UT WOS:000259500800008 ER PT J AU Geissler, PE McMillan, MT AF Geissler, P. E. McMillan, M. T. TI Galileo observations of volcanic plumes on Io SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; volcanism ID MISSION; ATMOSPHERE; SSI AB Io's volcanic plumes erupt in a dazzling variety of sizes, shapes, colors and opacities. In general, the plumes fall into two classes, representing distinct source gas temperatures. Most of the Galileo imaging observations were of the smaller, more numerous Prometheus-type plumes that are produced when hot flows of silicate lava impinge on volatile surface ices Of SO2. Few detections were made of the giant, Pele-type plumes that vent high temperature, sulfur-rich gases from the interior of Io; this was partly because of the insensitivity of Galileo's camera to ultraviolet wavelengths. Both gas and dust spout from plumes of each class. Favorably located gas plumes were detected during eclipse, when Io was in Jupiter's shadow. Dense dust columns were imaged in daylight above several Prometheus-type eruptions, reaching heights typically less than 100 km. Comparisons between eclipse observations, sunlit images, and the record of surface changes show that these optically thick dust columns are much smaller in stature than the corresponding gas plumes but are adequate to produce the observed surface deposits. Mie scattering calculations suggest that these conspicuous dust plumes are made up of coarse grained "ash" particles with radii on the order of 100 nm, and total masses on the order of 106 kg per plume. Long exposure images of Thor in sunlight show a faint outer envelope apparently populated by particles small enough to be carried along with the gas flow, perhaps formed by condensation of sulfurous "snowflakes" as suggested by the plasma instrumentation aboard Galileo as it flew through Thor's plume [Frank, L.A., Paterson, W.R., 2002. J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys.) 107, doi:10.1029/2002JA009240. 31-1]. If so, the total mass of these fine, nearly invisible particles may be comparable to the mass of the gas, and could account for much of Io's rapid resurfacing. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Geissler, P. E.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [McMillan, M. T.] No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Geissler, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM pgeissler@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2008 VL 197 IS 2 BP 505 EP 518 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.005 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 356OT UT WOS:000259788200010 ER PT J AU Jaumann, R Brown, RH Stephan, K Barnes, JW Soderblom, LA Sotin, C Le Mouelic, S Clark, RN Soderblom, J Buratti, BJ Wagner, R McCord, TB Rodriguez, S Baines, KH Cruikshank, DP Nicholson, PD Griffith, CA Langhans, M Lorenz, RD AF Jaumann, Ralf Brown, Robert H. Stephan, Katrin Barnes, Jason W. Soderblom, Larry A. Sotin, Christophe Le Mouelic, Stephane Clark, Roger N. Soderblom, Jason Buratti, Bonnie J. Wagner, Roland McCord, Thomas B. Rodriguez, Sebastien Baines, Kevin H. Cruikshank, Dale P. Nicholson, Phil D. Griffith, Caitlin A. Langhans, Mirjam Lorenz, Ralph D. TI Fluvial erosion and post-erosional processes on Titan SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Titan; Saturn, satellites; satellites, surfaces; spectroscopy; geological processes; ices ID CASSINI RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SURFACE; VIMS; CHANNELS; METHANE; SCIENCE; MAPPER AB The surface of Titan has been revealed by Cassini observations in the infrared and radar wavelength ranges as well as locally by the Huygens lander instruments. Sand seas, recently discovered lakes, distinct landscapes and dendritic erosion patterns indicate dynamic surface processes. This study focus on erosional and depositional features that can be used to constrain the amount of liquids involved in the erosional process as well as on the compositional characteristics of depositional areas. Fluvial erosion channels on Titan as identified at the Huygens landing site and in RADAR and Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observations have been compared to analogous channel widths on Earth yielding average discharges of up to 1600 m(3)/s for short recurrence intervals that are sufficient to move centimeter-sized sediment and significantly higher discharges for long intervals. With respect to the associated drainage areas, this roughly translates to 1-150 cm/day runoff production rates with 10 years recurrence intervals and by assuming precipitation this implies 0.6-60 mm/h rainfall rates. Thus the observed surface erosion fits with the methane convective storm models as well as with the rates needed to transport sediment. During Cassini's T20 fly-by, the VIMS observed an extremely eroded area at 30 degrees W, 7 degrees S with resolutions of up to 500 m/pixel that extends over thousands of square kilometers. The spectral characteristics of this area change systematically, reflecting continuous compositional and/or particle size variations indicative of transported sediment settling out while flow capacities cease. To account for the estimated runoff production and widespread alluvial deposits of fine-grained material, release of area-dependent large fluid volumes are required. Only frequent storms with heavy rainfall or cryovolcanic induced melting can explain these erosional features. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Jaumann, Ralf; Stephan, Katrin; Wagner, Roland; Langhans, Mirjam] DLR, Inst Planetary Res, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. [Jaumann, Ralf] Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. [Brown, Robert H.; Barnes, Jason W.; Soderblom, Jason; Griffith, Caitlin A.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Soderblom, Larry A.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Sotin, Christophe; Le Mouelic, Stephane; Rodriguez, Sebastien] Univ Nantes, F-44072 Nantes 3, France. [Clark, Roger N.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Buratti, Bonnie J.; Baines, Kevin H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [McCord, Thomas B.] Bear Fight Ctr, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. [Cruikshank, Dale P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Nicholson, Phil D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Lorenz, Ralph D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Jaumann, R (reprint author), DLR, Inst Planetary Res, Rutherford Str 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. EM ralf.jaumann@dlr.de RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; Lorenz, Ralph/B-8759-2016; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016 OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407; Lorenz, Ralph/0000-0001-8528-4644; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641 FU NASA; ESA; DLR; ASI; CNES; JPL; University of Arizona FX We gratefully acknowledge the long years of work by the entire Cassini team that allowed these data of Titan to be obtained. We also acknowledge NASA, ESA, DLR, ASI, CNES, JPL, and the University of Arizona that provide support for the international VIMS team. We thank K.D. Matz for data processing support and also K.P. Harrison and an anonymous reviewer for their discussions. NR 50 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2008 VL 197 IS 2 BP 526 EP 538 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.002 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 356OT UT WOS:000259788200012 ER PT J AU Rocchini, D Cade, BS AF Rocchini, Duccio Cade, Brian S. TI Quantile Regression Applied to Spectral Distance Decay SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Biodiversity; distance decay; environmental gradients; quantile regressions ID BETA-DIVERSITY; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SIMILARITY; BIODIVERSITY; PATTERNS; FOREST; SPACE AB Remotely sensed imagery has long been recognized as a powerful support for characterizing and estimating biodiversity. Spectral distance among sites has proven to be a powerful approach for detecting species composition variability. Regression analysis of species similarity versus spectral distance allows us to quantitatively estimate the amount of turnover in species composition with respect to spectral and ecological variability. In classical regression analysis, the residual sum of squares is minimized for the mean of the dependent variable distribution. However, many ecological data sets are characterized by a high number of zeroes that add noise to the regression model. Quantile regressions can be used to evaluate trend in the upper quantiles rather than a mean trend across the whole distribution of the dependent variable. In this letter, we used ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regressions to estimate the decay of species similarity versus spectral distance. The achieved decay rates were statistically nonzero (p < 0.01), considering both OLS and quantile regressions. Nonetheless, the OLS regression estimate of the mean decay rate was only half the decay rate indicated by the upper quantiles. Moreover, the intercept value, representing the similarity reached when the spectral distance approaches zero, was very low compared with the intercepts of the upper quantiles, which detected high species similarity when habitats are more similar. In this letter, we demonstrated the power of using quantile regressions applied to spectral distance decay to reveal species diversity patterns otherwise lost or underestimated by OLS regression. C1 [Rocchini, Duccio] Univ Siena, Dept Environm Sci, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Rocchini, Duccio] Univ Siena, TerraData Environmetr, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Cade, Brian S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Rocchini, D (reprint author), Univ Siena, Dept Environm Sci, I-53100 Siena, Italy. EM rocchini@unisi.it; brian_cade@usgs.gov RI Rocchini, Duccio/B-6742-2011; OI Rocchini, Duccio/0000-0003-0087-0594 NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 5 IS 4 BP 640 EP 643 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2008.2001767 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 373FO UT WOS:000260956600018 ER PT J AU Helder, DL Markham, BL Thome, KJ Barsi, JA Chander, G Malla, R AF Helder, Dennis L. Markham, Brian L. Thome, Kurtis J. Barsi, Julia A. Chander, Gyanesh Malla, Rimy TI Updated Radiometric Calibration for the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper Reflective Bands SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Absolute calibration; Landsat; pseudoinvariant site; radiometry; Thematic Mapper (TM) ID CROSS-CALIBRATION; SENSORS; PERFORMANCE; TARGETS; SITES; ETM+ AB The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) has been the workhorse of the Landsat system. Launched in 1984, it continues collecting data through the time frame of this paper. Thus, it provides an invaluable link to the past history of the land features of the Earth's surface, and it becomes imperative to provide an accurate radiometric calibration of the reflective bands to the user community. Previous calibration has been based on information obtained from prelaunch, the onboard calibrator, vicarious calibration attempts, and cross-calibration with Landsat-7. Currently, additional data sources are available to improve this calibration. Specifically, improvements in vicarious calibration methods and development of the use of pseudoinvariant sites for trending provide two additional independent calibration sources. The use of these additional estimates has resulted in a consistent calibration approach that ties together all of the available calibration data sources. Results from this analysis indicate a simple exponential, or a constant model may be used for all bands throughout the lifetime of Landsat-5 TM. Where previously time constants for the exponential models were approximately one year, the updated model has significantly longer time constants in bands 1-3. In contrast, bands 4, 5, and 7 are shown to be best modeled by a constant. The models proposed in this paper indicate calibration knowledge of 5 % or better early in life, decreasing to nearly 2 % later in life. These models have been implemented at the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) and are the default calibration used for all Landsat TM data now distributed through EROS. C1 [Helder, Dennis L.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Markham, Brian L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Thome, Kurtis J.] Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Remote Sensing Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Barsi, Julia A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chander, Gyanesh] US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Malla, Rimy] S Dakota State Univ, Image Proc Lab, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Helder, DL (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM Dennis.Helder@sdstate.edu; Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov; kurt.thome@opt-sci.arizona.edu; Barsi@gsfc.nasa.gov; gchander@usgs.gov; Rimy.Malla@sdstate.edu RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 FU Landsat Project Science Office at the Goddard Space Flight Center [NNG05GB83G]; U.S. Geological Survey [03CRCN0001] FX Manuscript received August 17. 2007; revised December 17, 2007. Current version published October 1. 2008. This work was supported by the Landsat Project Science Office at the Goddard Space Flight Center under NASA Grant NNG05GB83G. The work of G. Chander was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under Contract 03CRCN0001. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2008 VL 46 IS 10 BP 3309 EP 3325 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2008.920966 PN 2 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 359PK UT WOS:000260000400023 ER PT J AU Drucker, HR Brown, CS Stohlgren, TJ AF Drucker, Hilary R. Brown, Cynthia S. Stohlgren, Thomas J. TI Developing Regional Invasive Species Watch Lists: Colorado as a Case Study SO INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Biological invasion; invasion prediction; risk assessment AB It is essential that we improve our ability to predict which nonnative species will become invasive in order to prevent their introduction and spread. Past attempts to foresee invasions have met with limited success, but increased computing power, increased availability of information about exotic species, and comprehensive evaluations of invasion potential are improving our ability to predict which species are likely to invade most successfully. We used data from Colorado and other states to develop an effective means of predicting the spread of invasive plant species among states. Qualitative criteria were used to develop a numerical threat index, which rates potential invaders based on distribution and abundance with respect to climate, biological characteristics, and preferred habitats of the species. Out of a compiled list of 388 species, we identified six invasive nonnative plants that are highly likely to invade Colorado, 10 with medium invasive potential and five with low potential. Species found to be likely to invade Colorado included garlic mustard, smooth distaff thistle, and Syrian beancaper. C1 [Drucker, Hilary R.; Brown, Cynthia S.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Stohlgren, Thomas J.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Drucker, HR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM hilary.drucker@colostate.edu RI Brown, Cynthia/K-5814-2012 FU Colorado Department of Agriculture; U.S. Forest Service; Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station; U.S. Geological Survey; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NRA-03-OES-03] FX We thank the Colorado Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station for funding. T. Stohlgren was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, and supported partly by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NRA-03-OES-03. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 13 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 1939-7291 J9 INVAS PLANT SCI MANA JI Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 1 IS 4 BP 390 EP 398 DI 10.1614/IPSM-07-055.1 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V25WD UT WOS:000208507200009 ER PT J AU Nichols, JD Bailey, LL O'Connell, AF Talancy, NW Grant, EHC Gilbert, AT Annand, EM Husband, TP Hines, JE AF Nichols, James D. Bailey, Larissa L. O'Connell, Allan F. Talancy, Neil W. Grant, Evan H. Campbell Gilbert, Andrew T. Annand, Elizabeth M. Husband, Thomas P. Hines, James E. TI Multi-scale occupancy estimation and modelling using multiple detection methods SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detection probability; model; occupancy; Pollock's robust design; red salamander; sampling; striped skunk ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; DETECTION PROBABILITY PARAMETERS; ECOREGIONAL-SCALE; CAPTURE; CONSERVATION; BIODIVERSITY; SALAMANDERS; DIVERSITY; DESIGN; SKUNKS AB 1. Occupancy estimation and modelling based on detection-nondetection data provide an effective way of exploring change in a species' distribution across time and space in cases where the species is not always detected with certainty Today, many monitoring programmes target multiple species, or life stages within a species, requiring the use of multiple detection methods. When multiple methods or devices are used at the same sample sites, animals can be detected by more than one method. 2. We develop occupancy models for multiple detection methods that permit simultaneous use of data from all methods for inference about method-specific detection probabilities. Moreover, the approach permits estimation of occupancy at two spatial scales: the larger scale corresponds to species' use of a sample unit, whereas the smaller scale corresponds to presence of the species at the local sample station or site. 3. We apply the models to data collected on two different vertebrate species: striped skunks Mephitis mephitis and red salamanders Pseudotriton ruber. For striped skunks, large-scale occupancy estimates were consistent between two sampling seasons. Small-scale occupancy probabilities were slightly lower in the late winter/spring when skunks tend to conserve energy, and movements are limited to mates in search of females for breeding. There was strong evidence of method-specific detection probabilities for skunks. As anticipated, large- and small-scale occupancy areas completely overlapped for red salamanders. The analyses provided weak evidence of method-specific detection probabilities for this species. 4. Synthesis and applications. Increasingly, many studies are utilizing multiple detection methods at sampling locations. The modelling approach presented here makes efficient use of detections from multiple methods to estimate occupancy probabilities at two spatial scales and to compare detection probabilities associated with different detection methods. The models can be viewed as another variation of Pollock's robust design and may be applicable to a wide variety of scenarios where species occur in an area but are not always near the sampled locations. The estimation approach is likely to be especially useful in multispecies conservation programmes by providing efficient estimates using multiple detection devices and by providing device-specific detection probability estimates for use in survey design. C1 [Nichols, James D.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Grant, Evan H. Campbell; Hines, James E.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [O'Connell, Allan F.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Talancy, Neil W.; Husband, Thomas P.] Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. [Gilbert, Andrew T.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. [Annand, Elizabeth M.] IAP Worldwide Serv Inc, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. RP Nichols, JD (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM jnichols@usgs.gov RI Bailey, Larissa/A-2565-2009; Grant, Evan/N-5160-2014 OI Grant, Evan/0000-0003-4401-6496 FU US National Park Service's Inventory and Monitoring Program; US Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative FX Funding for field work was provided by the US National Park Service's Inventory and Monitoring Program and US Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative. We would like to thank Elizabeth Johnson, Steve Fancy, Gregory Shriver. Brian Mitchell, Charles Roman, Shawn Carter, and Sandra Mattfeldt for their support. Kinard Boone adapted Fig. 1 from field notes. The manuscript benefited from constructive comments by Paul Lukacs, Darryl MacKenzie. Howard Stauffer, and Drew Tyre. NR 38 TC 113 Z9 116 U1 5 U2 80 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8901 EI 1365-2664 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1321 EP 1329 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01509.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356OS UT WOS:000259788100002 ER PT J AU Jenkins, KJ Manly, BFJ AF Jenkins, K. J. Manly, B. F. J. TI A double-observer method for reducing bias in faecal pellet surveys of forest ungulates SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus roosevelti; detection bias; dung counts; faecal decay models; observer bias; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus; Olympic National Park; population indices; sign surveys ID OLYMPIC-NATIONAL-PARK; LINE TRANSECT; AERIAL SURVEYS; ROOSEVELT ELK; TAILED DEER; POPULATIONS; WASHINGTON; RATES; ACCUMULATION; DENSITY AB 1. Faecal surveys are used widely to study variations in abundance and distribution of forest-dwelling mammals when direct enumeration is not feasible. The utility of faecal indices of abundance is limited, however, by observational bias and variation in faecal disappearance rates that obscure their relationship to population size. We developed methods to reduce variability in faecal surveys and improve reliability of faecal indices. 2. We used double-observer transect sampling to estimate observational bias of faecal surveys of Roosevelt elk Cervus elaphus roosevelti and Columbian black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus columbianus in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. We also modelled differences in counts of faecal groups obtained from paired cleared and uncleared transect segments as a means to adjust standing crop faecal counts for a standard accumulation interval and to reduce bias resulting from variable decay rates. 3. Estimated detection probabilities of faecal groups ranged from < 0.2-1.0 depending upon the observer, whether the faecal group was from elk or deer, faecal group size, distance of the faecal group from the sampling transect, ground vegetation cover, and the interaction between faecal group size and distance from the transect. 4. Models of plot-clearing effects indicated that standing crop counts of deer faecal groups required 34% reduction on flat terrain and 53% reduction on sloping terrain to represent faeces accumulated over a standard 100-day interval, whereas counts of elk faecal groups required 0% and 46% reductions on flat and sloping terrain, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. Double-observer transect sampling provides a cost-effective means of reducing observational bias and variation in faecal decay rates that obscure the interpretation of faecal indices of large mammal abundance. Given the variation we observed in observational bias of faecal surveys and persistence of faeces, we emphasize the need for future researchers to account for these comparatively manageable sources of bias before comparing faecal indices spatially or temporally. Double-observer sampling methods are readily adaptable to study variations in faecal indices of large mammals at the scale of the large forest reserve, natural area, or other forested regions when direct estimation of populations is problematic. C1 [Jenkins, K. J.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. [Manly, B. F. J.] Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Jenkins, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn,600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. EM kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov FU USGS Natural Resources Pieservation Program FX This study was funded by the USGS Natural Resources Pieservation Program. We could not have completed this project without the generous logistical Support of P.J. Happe, GIS support of R.A. Hoffman, and data management support of K.F. Beirne and C.A. Donnellan at Olympic National Park. We thank the many field assistants for their efforts in conducting surveys under difficult environmental conditions, These included: E.E. Arnheim, B.A. Bierman, A.B. Comulata, C.A. Donnellan, C.L. Dwan, D.M. Manson, S.L. Roberts, K.A. Sager-Eradkin, II.E. Trimm, and E.H. Tuttle. We thank L.L. McDonald and S. Howlin for their contributions to the study design and P.J. Happe, D.B. Houston, M. Kery, J.L.. Laake, E.G. Schreiner, and K.A. Sager-Fradkin whose careful reviews improved this manuscript. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 40 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1339 EP 1348 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01512.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356OS UT WOS:000259788100004 ER PT J AU Alldredge, MW Pacifici, K Simons, TR Pollock, KH AF Alldredge, Mathew W. Pacifici, Krishna Simons, Theodore R. Pollock, Kenneth H. TI A novel field evaluation of the effectiveness of distance and independent observer sampling to esitmate aural avian detection probabilities SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE avian point counts; aural detections; detection probability; distance sampling; field tests; multiple observers ID POINT-COUNT SURVEYS; ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE; CAPTURE EXPERIMENTS; POPULATIONS AB 1. The validation of field sampling techniques is a concern for applied ecologists due to the strong model assumptions implicit in all methods. Computer simulations make replication easy, but they do not give insights into how much bias occurs in real populations. Testing sampling methods on populations of known size can establish directly how well estimators perform, but such populations are very hard to find, and replicate, and they may have unusual attributes. 2. We present a field validation of distance and double-observer methods of estimating detection probabilities on aural avian point counts. Our research is relevant to conservation agencies worldwide who design thousands of avian monitoring programmes based primarily on auditory point counts. The programmes are a critical component in the management of many avian species. 3. Our validation used a simulation system which mimics birds calling in a field environment. The system allowed us to vary singing rate, species, distance, the complexity of points, and other factors. 4. Distance methods performed poorly, primarily due to large localization errors, and estimates did not improve for simplified points. 5. For the double-observer method, two pairs of observers tended to underestimate true population size, while the third pair tended to double-count birds which overestimated the population. Detection probabilities were always higher and population estimates lower when observers subjectively matched birds compared to an objective rule and showed a slight negative bias and good precision. A simplified 45-degree matching rule did not improve the performance of double-observer estimates which had a slight positive bias and much lower precision. Double-observer estimates did improve on the simplified points. 6. Synthesis and applications. We encourage ecologists working with sampling methods to develop similar methods of working with simulated populations through use of technology. Our simulated field evaluation has demonstrated the difficulty of accurately estimating population size when limited to aural detections. Problems are related to limitations in the ability of observers to localize sound, estimate distance, and accurately identify birds during a count. Other sources of error identified are the effects of observers, singing rate, singing orientation and background noise. C1 [Pollock, Kenneth H.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Alldredge, Mathew W.; Pacifici, Krishna; Simons, Theodore R.] US Geol Survey, Dept Zool, NC Cooperat Fish & Wildife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Pollock, KH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM pollock@unity.ncsu.edu FU USGS Status and Trends Program; US Forest Service; US National Park Service; North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission FX We are very grateful to the volunteers who participated in these field experiments: Jerome Brewster. Adam Efird, Mark Johns, Shiloh Schulte, Clyde Sorenson, and Nathan Tarr. John Wettroth designed our song simulation system. Electrical engineering students at NCSU: John Marsh, Marc Williams, and Michael Foster and Wendy Moore provided valuable technical assistance. Funding for this research was provided by the USGS Status and Trends Program, the US Forest Service, the US National Park Service, and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. NR 36 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8901 EI 1365-2664 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1349 EP 1356 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01517.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356OS UT WOS:000259788100005 ER PT J AU Garmestani, AS Allen, CR Gallagher, CM AF Garmestani, Ahjond S. Allen, Craig R. Gallagher, Colin M. TI Power laws, discontinuities and regional city size distributions SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE City size distributions; Power laws; Discontinuities; Complex systems ID FIRM SIZE; UNITED-STATES; AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES; RATIONAL ROUTE; URBAN-GROWTH; ZIPFS LAW; US CITIES; PATTERNS; LANDSCAPES; DIVERSITY AB Urban systems are manifestations of human adaptation to the natural environment. City size distributions are the expression of hierarchical processes acting upon urban systems. In this paper, we test the entire city size distributions for the southeastern and southwestern United States (1990), as well as the size classes in these regions for power law behavior. We interpret the differences in the size of the regional city size distributions as the manifestation of variable growth dynamics dependent upon city size. Size classes in the city size distributions are snapshots of stable states within urban systems in flux. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Garmestani, Ahjond S.] Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Garmestani, Ahjond S.] Clemson Univ, Program Policy Studies, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Allen, Craig R.] Univ Nebraska, USGS Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Gallagher, Colin M.] Clemson Univ, Dept Math, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Garmestani, AS (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM agarmes@clemson.edu; allencr@unl.edu; CGALLAG@CLEMSON.EDU NR 60 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2681 J9 J ECON BEHAV ORGAN JI J. Econ. Behav. Organ. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 68 IS 1 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.1016/j.jebo.2008.03.011 PG 8 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 358YJ UT WOS:000259953100017 ER PT J AU Gardiner, E Stanturf, J Leininger, T Hamel, P Dorris, L Portwood, J Shepard, J AF Gardiner, Emile Stanturf, John Leininger, Theodor Hamel, Paul Dorris, Lamar, Jr. Portwood, Jeffery Shepard, James TI Establishing a Research and Demonstration Area Initiated by Managers: The Sharkey Restoration Research and Demonstration Site SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE science delivery; forest restoration; afforestation; LMAV; bottomland hardwood ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS; REFORESTATION; AFFORESTATION AB As forest scientists increase their role in the process of science delivery, many research organizations a re searching for novel methods to effectively build collaboration with managers to produce valued results. This article documents our experience with establishment of a forest restoration research and demonstration area in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV), a region that has experienced extensive afforestation of former agricultural land over the post 15 years. Although basic establishment techniques for production plantations had been developed and applied on small areas, land managers locked critical knowledge to implement operational-scale afforestation practices that would accommodate multiple forest restoration objectives. In 1993, managers with the US Fish and Wildlife Service made a 1,700-ac agricultural trod available to scientists interested in partnering research and demonstrating various aspects of bottomland hardwood ecosystem restoration. Through collaborative efforts, resource managers and scientists have installed numerous experiments on the Sharkey Restoration Research and Demonstration Site to address relevant issues in afforestation and restoration of bottomland hardwood ecosystems. Development of this research and demonstration area has provided a science-based resource for educating landowners, foresters, wildlife managers, and the general public on afforestation techniques appropriate for restoration of bottomlond hardwood forests; has served as a platform for scientists and land managers to cooperate on the development of innovative approaches to forest restoration; and has provided a venue for education and debate among policymakers active in the LMAV. Early results showed the viability of low-cost techniques such as direct seeding oaks, as well as introducing the interplanting technique for rapid development of forest conditions. We recognize that the value of the research and demonstration site is attributed in part to site characteristics and experimental design, and expect continued work at the location to contribute to improved afforestation practices that will foster establishment of sustainable bottomland hardwood forests. C1 [Gardiner, Emile; Leininger, Theodor; Hamel, Paul] US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. [Stanturf, John] US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Forest Disturbance Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Dorris, Lamar, Jr.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hollandale, MS 38748 USA. [Portwood, Jeffery] Forester Real Estate Grp, Diboll, TX 75941 USA. [Shepard, James] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Gardiner, E (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, POB 227, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM egardiner@fs.fed.us; jstanturf@fs.fed.us; tleininger@fs.fed.us; phamel@fs.fed.us; lamar_dorris@fws.gov; JeffPortwood@forestargroup.com; jshepard@cfr.msstate.edu RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2008 VL 106 IS 7 BP 363 EP 369 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 360YU UT WOS:000260095500005 ER PT J AU Lee, J Reeves, HW Dowding, CH AF Lee, Jejung Reeves, Howard W. Dowding, Charles H. TI Nodal failure index approach to groundwater remediation design SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; UNCERTAINTY; OPTIMIZATION; ALGORITHMS; AQUIFERS; FLOW AB Computer simulations often are used to design and to optimize groundwater remediation systems. We present a new computationally efficient approach that calculates the reliability of remedial design at every location in a model domain with a single simulation. The estimated reliability and other model information are used to select a best remedial option for given site conditions, conceptual model, and available data. To evaluate design performance, we introduce the nodal failure index (NFI) to determine the number of nodal locations at which the probability of success is below the design requirement. The strength of the NFI approach is that selected areas of interest can be specified for analysis and the best remedial design determined for this target region. An example application of the NFI approach using a hypothetical model shows how the spatial distribution of reliability can be used for a decision support system in groundwater remediation design. C1 [Lee, Jejung] Univ Missouri, Dept Geosci, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. [Reeves, Howard W.] US Geol Survey, Michigan Water Sci Ctr, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. [Dowding, Charles H.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Lee, J (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geosci, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. EM leej@umkc.edu; hwreeves@usgs.gov; c-dowdin@northwestern.edu RI Dowding, Charles/B-6936-2009; OI Reeves, Howard/0000-0001-8057-2081 FU U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [R-827126-01-0] FX This work was funded by Grant No. R-827126-01-0 from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program. The work has not been subjected to either EPA or USGS review and does not necessarily reflect the views of the EPA and U. S. Geological Survey. The writers wish to thank Prof. T. Igusa of the Department of Civil Engineering at Johns Hopkins University and Prof. A. J. Graettinger of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Alabama. Their advice and discussions have been very helpful. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 134 IS 10 BP 1554 EP 1557 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:10(1554) PG 4 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 349BY UT WOS:000259255000012 ER PT J AU Frampton, M Droege, S Conrad, T Prager, S Richards, MH AF Frampton, Mark Droege, Sam Conrad, Travis Prager, Sean Richards, Miriam H. TI Evaluation of Specimen Preservatives for DNA Analyses of Bees SO JOURNAL OF HYMENOPTERA RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTION; INSECTS AB Large-scale insect collecting efforts that are facilitated by the use of pan traps result in large numbers of specimens being collected. Storage of these specimens can be problematic if space and equipment are limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of various preservatives (alcohol solutions and DMSO) on the amount and quality of DNA extracted from bees (specifically Halictidae, Apidae, and Andrenidae). In addition, we examined the amount and quality of DNA obtained from bee specimens killed and stored at -80 degrees C and from specimens stored for up to 24 years in ethanol. DNA quality was measured in terms of how well it could be PCR-amplified using a set of mitochondrial primers that are commonly used in insect molecular systematics. Overall the best methods of preservation were ultra-cold freezing and dimethyl sulfoxide, but these are both expensive and in the case of ultra-cold freezing, somewhat impractical for field entomologists. Additionally, dimethyl sulfoxide was shown to have adverse effects on morphological characters that are typically used for identification to the level of species. We therefore recommend that the best alternative is 95% ethanol, as it preserves bee specimens well for both morphological and molecular studies. C1 [Frampton, Mark; Prager, Sean; Richards, Miriam H.] Brock Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. [Droege, Sam; Conrad, Travis] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Frampton, M (reprint author), Brock Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. RI Richards, Miriam/H-5321-2011 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 15 PU INT SOC HYMENOPTERISTS PI WASHINGTON PA C/O SMITHSONIAN INST, DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560-0168 USA SN 1070-9428 J9 J HYMENOPT RES JI J. Hymenopt. Res. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 17 IS 2 BP 195 EP 200 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 360UZ UT WOS:000260084800006 ER PT J AU Dale, BW Adams, LG Collins, WB Joly, K Valkenburg, P Tobey, R AF Dale, Bruce W. Adams, Layne G. Collins, William B. Joly, Kyle Valkenburg, Patrick Tobey, Robert TI STOCHASTIC AND COMPENSATORY EFFECTS LIMIT PERSISTENCE OF VARIATION IN BODY MASS OF YOUNG CARIBOU SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE age-year-cohort effects; compensatory growth; nutritional performance; Rangifer tarandus; seasonal growth; stochastic environments ID ALASKAN CARIBOU; GROWTH-RATES; COHORT VARIATION; CALF MORTALITY; PREDATION; MAMMALS; BIRTH; DYNAMICS; BIRDS; MOOSE AB Nutritional restriction during growth can have short- and long-term effects on fitness; however, animals inhabiting uncertain environments may exhibit adaptations to cope with variation in food availability. We examined changes in body mass in free-ranging female caribou (Rangifer tarandus) by measuring mass at birth and at 4, 11, and 16 months of age to evaluate the relative importance of seasonal nutrition to growth, the persistence of cohort-specific variation in body mass through time, and compensatory growth of individuals. Relative mean body mass of cohorts did not persist through time. Compensatory growth of smaller individuals was not observed in summer; however, small calves exhibited more positive chagne in body mass than did large calves. Compensation occured during periods of nutritional restriction (winter) rather than during periods of rapid growth (summer) thus differing from the conventional view of compensatory growth. C1 [Dale, Bruce W.; Collins, William B.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. [Adams, Layne G.; Joly, Kyle] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Valkenburg, Patrick] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Tobey, Robert] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Glennallen, AK 99588 USA. RP Dale, BW (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 1800 Glenn Highway,Suite 4, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. EM bruce_dale@fishgame.state.ak.us FU United States Department of Interior; United States Geological Survey; Alaska Department of Fish and Game FX H. McMahan collected virtually all of the radiotelemetry data and we particularly appreciate his safe, skillful flying and attention to detail. R Swisher and T. Cambier provided excellent helicopter support. B. Scotton, R. Kelleyhouse, N. Cassara, T. Stephenson, and T. McDonough provided skilled hands during capture operations. R. White, T. Stephenson, and J. Crouse provided helpful revieews. The study would not have bee possible without the vision and support of D. Derksen, D. Spalinger, E. Becker, and L. Vanderlinden. The project was funded through a United States Department of Interior grant with support from the United States Geological Survey and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 10 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1130 EP 1135 DI 10.1644/07-MAMM-A-137.1 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 364DQ UT WOS:000260316800007 ER PT J AU Hershberger, PK Pacheco, CA Gregg, JL Purcell, MK LaPatra, SE AF Hershberger, P. K. Pacheco, C. A. Gregg, J. L. Purcell, M. K. LaPatra, S. E. TI DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL OF ICHTHYOPHONUS ISOLATES INDICATES PARASITE ADAPTATION TO ITS HOST ENVIRONMENT SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLUPEA-PALLASI; PUGET-SOUND; CHINOOK SALMON; HOFERI; MICROSCOPY; DISEASE; GROWTH; USA AB In vitro viability of Ichthyophonus spp. spores in seawater and freshwater corresponded with the water type of the host from which the spores Were isolated. Among Ichthyophonus spp. spores from both marine and freshwater fish hosts (Pacific herring, Clupea pollasii, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, respectively), viability was significantly greater (P < 0.05) after incubation in seawater than in freshwater at all time points from I to 60 min after immersion; however, magnitude of the spore tolerances to water type differed with host origin. Ichthyophonus sp. adaptation to its host environment was indicated by greater seawater tolerance of spores from the marine host and greater freshwater tolerance of spores from the freshwater host. Prolonged aqueous survival of Ichthyophonus spp. spores in the absence of a host provides insight into routes of transmission, particularly among planktivorous fishes, and should be considered when designing strategies to dispose of infected fish carcasses and tissues. C1 [Hershberger, P. K.; Pacheco, C. A.; Gregg, J. L.; Purcell, M. K.; LaPatra, S. E.] USGS Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. RP Hershberger, PK (reprint author), USGS Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, 616 Marrowstone Point Rd, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. EM phershberger@usgs.gov OI Purcell, Maureen/0000-0003-0154-8433 FU Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council [070819]; USGS Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Program FX Wild herring, as a source of culture material for Ichthyophonus isolates, were provided by Kurt Stick and colleagues from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. We acknowledge Dr. Jim Winton (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], Western Fisheries Research Center) and anonymous reviewers assigned by an associate editor and the editor for insightful comments. Funding was provided by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Restoration Project 070819 and the USGS Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Program. Mention of trade names does, not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1055 EP 1059 DI 10.1645/GE-1553.1 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 364EK UT WOS:000260318800008 PM 18576846 ER PT J AU Salisbury, MJ Bohrson, WA Clynne, MA Ramos, FC Hoskin, P AF Salisbury, Morgan J. Bohrson, Wendy A. Clynne, Michael A. Ramos, Frank C. Hoskin, Paul TI Multiple Plagioclase Crystal Populations Identified by Crystal Size Distribution and in situ Chemical Data: Implications for Timescales of Magma Chamber Processes Associated with the 1915 Eruption of Lassen Peak, CA SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CASCADE RANGE; DISTRIBUTION CSD; VOLCANIC-CENTER; MAFIC MAGMA; CRYSTALLIZATION; KINETICS; ROCKS; LAVAS; CALIFORNIA; DYNAMICS AB Products of the 1915 Lassen Peak eruption reveal evidence for a magma rechargemagma mixing event that may have catalyzed the eruption and from which four compositional members were identified: light dacite, black dacite, andesitic inclusion, and dark andesite. Crystal size distribution, textural, and in situ chemical (major and trace element and Sr isotope) data for plagioclase from these compositional products define three crystal populations that have distinct origins: phenocrysts (long axis 05 mm) that typically have core An contents between 34 and 36 mol , microphenocrysts (long axis between 01 and 05 mm) that have core An contents of 6669, and microlites (long axis 01 mm) with variable An core contents from 64 to 52. Phenocrysts are interpreted to form in an isolated dacitic magma chamber that experienced slow cooling. Based on textural, compositional, and isotopic data for the magma represented by the dacitic component, magma recharge was not an important process until just prior to the 1915 eruption. Average residence times for phenocrysts are in the range of centuries to millennia. Microphenocrysts formed in a hybrid layer that resulted from mixing between end-member reservoir dacite and recharge magma of basaltic andesite composition. High thermal contrast between the two end-member magmas led to relatively high degrees of undercooling, which resulted in faster crystal growth rates and acicular and swallowtail crystal habits. Some plagioclase phenocrysts from the dacitic chamber were incorporated into the hybrid layer and underwent dissolutionprecipitation, seen in both crystal textures and rim compositions. Average microphenocryst residence times are of the order of months. Microlites may have formed in response to decompression and/or syn-eruptive degassing as magma ascended from the chamber through the volcanic conduit. Chemical distinctions in plagioclase microlite An contents reveal that melt of the dark andesite was more mafic than the melt of the other three compositions. We suggest that mixing of an intruding basaltic andesite and reservoir dacite before magma began ascending in the conduit allowed formation of a compositionally distinct microlite population. Melt in the other three products was more evolved because it had undergone differentiation during the months following initial mixing; as a consequence, melt and microlites among these three products have similar compositions. The results of this study highlight the integrated use of crystal size distribution, textural, and in situ chemical data in identifying distinct crystal populations and linking these populations to the thermal and chemical characteristics of complex magma bodies. C1 [Salisbury, Morgan J.; Bohrson, Wendy A.] Cent Washington Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. [Clynne, Michael A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Ramos, Frank C.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Hoskin, Paul] Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Bohrson, WA (reprint author), Cent Washington Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. EM bohrson@geology.cwu.edu FU National Science Foundation; Sigma Xi; Geological Society of America, and Central FX We thank Roger Nielsen and Frank Tepley for assistance with microprobe analyses at Oregon State University, Martin Streck for use of his Nomarski imaging facility at Portland State University, and Darren Tollstrup for assistance with laser ablation and microdrilling. Thoughtful reviews by Michelle Coombs, Pavel Izbekov, Dougal Jerram, Carl Thornber and Charles Bacon, and expert handling by executive editor Marjorie Wilson are greatly appreciated. The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation, Sigma Xi, Geological Society of America, and Central NR 54 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 16 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1755 EP 1780 DI 10.1093/petrology/egn045 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 376FT UT WOS:000261170200002 ER PT J AU Maret, TR MacCoy, DE Carlisle, DM AF Maret, Terry R. MacCoy, Dorene E. Carlisle, Daren M. TI Long-term water quality and biological responses to multiple best management practices in Rock Creek, Idaho SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; long-term monitoring; water quality; nitrate loading; phosphorus loading; sediment loading; New Zealand mudsnail; macroinvertebrates ID STREAM MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; POTAMOPYRGUS-ANTIPODARUM; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; NEW-ZEALAND; ASSEMBLAGES; VALUES; INDEX; SNAIL; RIVER AB Water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblage data from 1981 to 2005 were assessed to evaluate the water quality and biological responses of a western trout stream to the implementation of multiple best management practices (BMPs) on irrigated cropland. Data from Rock Creek near Twin Falls, Idaho, a long-term monitoring site, were assembled from state and federal sources to provide the evaluation. Seasonal loads of the nonpoint source pollutants suspended sediment (SS), total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate-nitrite (NN) were estimated using a regression model with time-series streamflow data and constituent concentrations. Trends in the macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated using a number of biological metrics and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination. Regression analysis found significant annual decreases in TP and SS flow-adjusted concentrations during the BMP implementation period from 1983 to 1990 of about 7 and 10%, respectively. These results are coincident with the implementation of multiple BMPs on about 75% of the irrigated cropland in the watershed. Macroinvertebrate assemblages during this time also responded with a change in taxa composition resulting in improved biotic index scores. Taxon specific TP and SS optima, empirically derived from a large national dataset, predicted a decrease in SS concentrations of about 37% (52 to 33 mg/l) and a decrease in TP concentrations of about 50% (0.20 to 0.10 mg/l) from 1981 to 1987. Decreasing trends in TP, SS, and NN pollutant loads were primarily the result of naturally low streamflow conditions during the BMP post-implementation period from 1993 to 2005. Trends in macroinvertebrate responses during 1993 to 2005 were confounded by the introduction of the New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), which approached densities of 100,000 per m 2 in riffle habitat. The occurrence of this invasive species appears to have caused a major shift in composition and function of the macroinvertebrate assemblages. C1 [Maret, Terry R.; MacCoy, Dorene E.] US Geol Survey, Idaho Water Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83702 USA. [Carlisle, Daren M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Maret, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Idaho Water Sci Ctr, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM trmaret@usgs.gov FU U. S. Geological Survey; National Water Quality Assessment Program FX We thank the many past and present hydrologists and biologists with the NAWQA Program who collected data used in this report. Molly Maupin and Ross Dickinson assisted with analysis of geospatial datasets. Brian Olmstead provided information on irrigation water use in the Rock Creek watershed. John Keebaugh provided useful information on mollusk taxonomy. Colleague reviews by Terry Short and Dave Peterson and two anonymous reviewers improved the quality of the report. Funding was provided by the U. S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Program. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 68 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1248 EP 1269 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00221.x PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 357RX UT WOS:000259865100001 ER PT J AU Vecchia, AV Martin, JD Gilliom, RJ AF Vecchia, A. V. Martin, J. D. Gilliom, R. J. TI MODELING VARIABILITY AND TRENDS IN PESTICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN STREAMS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE censored data; monitoring; regression analysis; seasonal application rates; simulation; water-quality modeling ID WATER-QUALITY DATA AB A parametric regression model was developed for assessing the variability and long-term trends in pesticide concentrations in streams. The dependent variable is the logarithm of pesticide concentration and the explanatory variables are a seasonal wave, which represents the seasonal variability of concentration in response to seasonal application rates; a streamflow anomaly, which is the deviation of concurrent daily streamflow from average conditions for the previous 30 days; and a trend, which represents long-term (inter-annual) changes in concentration. Application of the model to selected herbicides and insecticides in four diverse streams indicated the model is robust with respect to pesticide type, stream location, and the degree of censoring (proportion of nondetections). An automatic model fitting and selection procedure for the seasonal wave and trend components was found to perform well for the datasets analyzed. Artificial censoring scenarios were used in a Monte Carlo simulation analysis to show that the fitted trends were unbiased and the approximate p-values were accurate for as few as 10 uncensored concentrations during a three-year period, assuming a sampling frequency of 15 samples per year. Trend estimates for the full model were compared with a model without the streamflow anomaly and a model in which the seasonality was modeled using standard trigonometric functions, rather than seasonal application rates. Exclusion of the streamflow anomaly resulted in substantial increases in the mean-squared error and decreases in power for detecting trends. Incorrectly modeling the seasonal structure of the concentration data resulted in substantial estimation bias and moderate increases in mean-squared error and decreases in power. C1 [Vecchia, A. V.] US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA. US Geol Survey, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Vecchia, AV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 821 E Interstate Ave, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA. EM avecchia@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1308 EP 1324 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00225.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 357RX UT WOS:000259865100020 ER PT J AU Beget, J Gardner, C Davis, K AF Beget, James Gardner, Cynthia Davis, Kathleen TI Volcanic tsunamis and prehistoric cultural transitions in Cook Inlet, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Augustine Volcano; paleotsunami deposits; volcanic tsunamis; debris avalanches; geo-archeology; volcanic hazards ID ST-AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; DEBRIS AVALANCHES; STOREGGA TSUNAMI; REDOUBT VOLCANO; DEPOSITS; ERUPTIONS AB The 1883 eruption of Augustine Volcano produced a tsunami when a debris avalanche traveled into the waters of Cook Inlet. Older debris avalanches and coeval paleotsunami deposits from sites around Cook Inlet record several older volcanic tsunamis. A debris avalanche into the sea on the west side of Augustine Island ca. 450 years ago produced a wave that affected areas 17 m above high tide on Augustine Island. A large volcanic tsunami was generated by a debris avalanche on the east side of Augustine Island ca. 1600 yr BP, and affected areas more than 7 m above high tide at distances of 80 km from the volcano on the Kenai Peninsula. A tsunami deposit dated to ca. 3600 yr BP is tentatively correlated with a southward directed collapse of the summit of Redoubt Volcano, although little is known about the magnitude of the tsunami. The 1600 yr BP tsunami front Augustine Volcano occurred about the same time as the collapse of the well-developed Kachemak culture in the southern Cook Inlet area, suggesting a link between volcanic tsunamis and prehistoric Cultural changes in this region of Alaska. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Beget, James; Davis, Kathleen] Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Beget, James; Davis, Kathleen] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Gardner, Cynthia] US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Beget, J (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ffjeb1@uaf.edu NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 1 PY 2008 VL 176 IS 3 SI SI BP 377 EP 386 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.034 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 363OP UT WOS:000260276900006 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Goyal, SM Paul, WJ Newton, WE AF Mech, L. David Goyal, Sagar M. Paul, William J. Newton, Wesley E. TI DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF CANINE PARVOVIRUS ON A FREE-RANGING WOLF POPULATION OVER 30 YEARS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Canine parvovirus (CPV); demography; dispersal; population; wolf ID MINNESOTA; WOLVES; INFECTION; DISTEMPER; LUPUS; FECES; DOG AB We followed the course of canine parvovirus (CPV) antibody prevalence in a subpopulation of wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota from 1973, when antibodies were first detected, through 2004. Annual early pup survival was reduced by 70%, and wolf population change was related to CPV antibody prevalence. In the greater Minnesota population of 3,000 wolves, pup survival wits reduced by 40-60%. This reduction limited the Minnesota wolf population rate of increase to about 4% per year compared with increases of 16-58% in other populations. Because it is young wolves that disperse, reduced pup survival may have caused reduced dispersal and reduced recolonization of new range in Minnesota. C1 [Goyal, Sagar M.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Paul, William J.] Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. APHIS Wildlife Serv, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, 1920 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM david_mech@usgs.gov FU Biological Resources Discipline; US Geological Survey; US Fish and Wildlife Service; North Central Experiment Station; Superior National Forest; US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services; Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory FX This study was funded by the Biological Resources Discipline of the US Geological Survey; the US Fish and Wildlife Service, North Central Experiment Station, the Superior National Forest; the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services; and the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. We thank numerous wildlife technicians and wildlife biologists for assisted with the wolf captures and handling; numerous private and US Department of Agriculture Forest Service pilots for safe and skillful flying; and S. K. Hietala, M. E. Nelson, and D. W. Smith for critiquing the manuscript and offering numerous helpful suggestions for improvement. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 44 IS 4 BP 824 EP 836 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 370ZL UT WOS:000260801500004 PM 18957638 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Smith, SR Stinchcomb, DT Osorio, JE AF Rocke, Tonie E. Smith, Susan R. Stinchcomb, Dan T. Osorio, Jorge E. TI IMMUNIZATION OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG AGAINST PLAGUE THROUGH CONSUMPTION OF VACCINE-LADEN BAITS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Black-tailed prairie dogs; immunization; sylvatic plague; vaccine; Yersinia pestis ID CYNOMYS-LUDOVICIANUS; YERSINIA-PESTIS; INFECTIONS; PROTECTION; DYNAMICS AB Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) are highly susceptible to Yersinia pestis and, along with other wild rodents, are significant reservoirs of plague for other wildlife and humans in the western United States. A recombinant raccoon poxvirus, expressing the F1 antigen of Y. pestis, was incorporated into a palatable bait and offered to three groups (n = 18, 19, and 20) of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) for voluntary consumption, either one, two, or three times, at roughly 3-wk intervals. A control group (n = 19) received baits containing raccoon poxvirus without the inserted antigen. Mean antibody titers to Y. pestis F1. antigen increased significantly in all groups ingesting the vaccine-laden baits, whereas the control group remained negative. Upon challenge with virulent Y. pestis, immunized groups had higher survival rates (38%) than the unimmunized control group (11%). The mean survival time of groups ingesting vaccine-laden baits either two or three times was significantly higher than that of animals ingesting vaccine-laden baits just one time and of animals in the control group. These results show that oral immunization of prairie dogs against plague provides some protection against challenge at dosages that simulate simultaneous delivery of the plague bacterium by numerous (3-10) flea bites. C1 [Rocke, Tonie E.; Smith, Susan R.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Stinchcomb, Dan T.] Inviragen LLC, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. [Osorio, Jorge E.] Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM Tonie_Rocke@usgs.gov OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 FU USAMRIID; ELISA; USGS-Biological Re-sources Division; Defense Advance Research Projects Agency FX We thank B. Powell and A. Freidlander, USAMRIID, for supplying the F1 and V antigens for ELISA ana the Y. pestis strain used for challenging the animals in this study. We are also grateful to B. Perry, US Forest Service, for trapping and providing prairie dogs. Technical and animal care assistance was provided by M. Lund, T. Hoffman, and C. Pauly. Editorial comments of M. Antolin, D. Heisey, R. Matchett, and B. Richards were greatly appreciated. Funding for this project was provided by the USGS-Biological Re-sources Division and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 44 IS 4 BP 930 EP 937 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 370ZL UT WOS:000260801500015 PM 18957649 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Riitters, KH Wade, TG Homer, C AF Wickham, James D. Riitters, Kurt H. Wade, Timothy G. Homer, Collin TI Temporal change in fragmentation of continental US forests SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE change detection; cumulative impacts; forest edge; forest loss; land cover; scale ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE; NEW-ENGLAND; NUTRIENT; SCALE; COMPLETION; LANDSCAPES; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; CLIMATE AB Changes in forest ecosystem function and condition arise from changes in forest fragmentation. Previous studies estimated forest fragmentation for the continental United States (US). In this study, new temporal land-cover data from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) were used to estimate changes in forest fragmentation at multiple scales for the continental US. Early and late dates for the land-cover change data were ca. 1992 and ca. 2001. Forest density was used as a multi-scale index of fragmentation by measuring the proportion of forest in neighborhoods ranging in size from 2.25 to 5314.41 ha. The multi-scale forest density maps were classified using thresholds of 40% (patch), 60% (dominant), and 90% (interior) to analyze temporal change of fragmentation. The loss of dominant and interior forest showed distinct scale effects, whereas loss of patch forest was much less scale-dependent. Dominant forest loss doubled from the smallest to the largest spatial scale, while interior forest loss increased by approximately 80% from the smallest to the second largest spatial scale, then decreased somewhat. At the largest spatial scale, losses of dominant and interior forest were 5 and 10%, respectively, of their ca. 1992 amounts. In contrast, patch forest loss increased by only 25% from the smallest to largest spatial scale. These results indicate that continental US forests were sensitive to forest loss because of their already fragmented state. Forest loss would have had to occur in an unlikely spatial pattern in order to avoid the proportionately greater impact on dominant and interior forest at larger spatial scales. C1 [Wickham, James D.; Wade, Timothy G.] US Environm Protect Agcy E243 05, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Riitters, Kurt H.] US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Homer, Collin] US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resource Observat Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy E243 05, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wickham.james@epa.gov FU US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Office of Research and Development (ORD) FX The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development (ORD), funded and performed the research described. This manuscript has been subjected to the EPA's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. NR 38 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 23 IS 8 BP 891 EP 898 DI 10.1007/s10980-008-9258-z PG 8 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 352FU UT WOS:000259481900002 ER PT J AU Restani, M Davies, JM Newton, WE AF Restani, Marco Davies, J. Morgan Newton, Wesley E. TI Importance of agricultural landscapes to nesting burrowing owls in the Northern Great Plains, USA SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Athene cunicularia; black-tailed prairie dog; burrowing owl; crested wheatgrass; Cynomys ludovicianus; fragmentation; grassland; habitat selection ID TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS; HABITAT SELECTION; SPEOTYTO-CUNICULARIA; FARMLAND BIRDS; SITE SELECTION; GRASSLAND; FRAGMENTATION; SASKATCHEWAN; PATTERNS; DECLINE AB Anthropogenic habitat loss and fragmentation are the principle factors causing declines of grassland birds. Declines in burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) populations have been extensive and have been linked to habitat loss, primarily the decline of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies. Development of habitat use models is a research priority and will aid conservation of owls inhabiting human-altered landscapes. From 2001 to 2004 we located 160 burrowing owl nests on prairie dog colonies on the Little Missouri National Grassland in North Dakota. We used multiple linear regression and Akaike's Information Criterion to estimate the relationship between cover type characteristics surrounding prairie dog colonies and (1) number of owl pairs per colony and (2) reproductive success. Models were developed for two spatial scales, within 600 m and 2,000 m radii of nests for cropland, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), grassland, and prairie dog colonies. We also included number of patches as a metric of landscape fragmentation. Annually, fewer than 30% of prairie dog colonies were occupied by owls. None of the models at the 600 m scale explained variation in number of owl pairs or reproductive success. However, models at the 2,000 m scale did explain number of owl pairs and reproductive success. Models included cropland, crested wheatgrass, and prairie dog colonies. Grasslands were not included in any of the models and had low importance values, although percentage grassland surrounding colonies was high. Management that protects prairie dog colonies bordering cropland and crested wheatgrass should be implemented to maintain nesting habitat of burrowing owls. C1 [Restani, Marco; Davies, J. Morgan] St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. [Newton, Wesley E.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Restani, M (reprint author), St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. EM restani@stcloudstate.edu FU U. S. Forest Service, Dakota Prairie Grasslands [03-CS-11011800009]; Office of Sponsored Programs, St. Cloud State University FX R. Murphy encouraged us to study Burrowing Owls in western North Dakota. D. Svingen and R. Rothaus supported our research and provided helpful administrative support, along with S. Jensen-Cekalla, L. Donnay, B. Kjellberg, and M. McKenzie. P. Sjursen kindly supplied GIS data of prairie dog colonies and vegetation cover types on and surrounding the Little Missouri. B. Adams and J. Tindle conducted fieldwork in 2001 and 2002, respectively. We thank the private landowners who graciously granted access to federal lands through their properties. B. Smith, M. Sovada, D. Turner, and three anonymous reviewers improved the draft manuscript. Funding was provided by the U. S. Forest Service, Dakota Prairie Grasslands (Agreement No. 03-CS-11011800009), and the Office of Sponsored Programs, St. Cloud State University. NR 72 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 EI 1572-9761 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 23 IS 8 BP 977 EP 987 DI 10.1007/s10980-008-9259-y PG 11 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 352FU UT WOS:000259481900008 ER PT J AU Small, RJ Boveng, PL Byrd, GV Withrow, DE AF Small, Robert J. Boveng, Peter L. Byrd, G. Vernon Withrow, David E. TI Harbor seal population decline in the Aleutian Archipelago SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE population decline; harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; Aleutian Islands; Gulf of Alaska stock ID SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNAL COLLAPSE; PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; TUGIDAK ISLAND; NORTH PACIFIC; GLACIER BAY; ALASKA; HYPOTHESIS; PATTERNS; TRENDS AB Populations of Steller sea lions, northern fur seals, and northern sea otters declined substantially during recent decades in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region, yet the population status of harbor seals has not been assessed adequately. We determined that counts obtained during skiff-based surveys conducted in 1977-1982 represent the earliest estimate of harbor seal abundance throughout the Aleutian Islands. By comparing counts from 106 islands surveyed in 1977-1982 (8,601 seals) with counts from the same islands during a 1999 aerial survey (2,859 seals), we observed a 67% decline over the similar to 20-yr period. Regionally, the largest decline of 86% was in the western Aleutians (n = 7 islands), followed by 66% in the central Aleutians (n = 64 islands), and 45% in the eastern Aleutians (n = 35 islands). Harbor seal counts decreased at the majority of islands in each region, the number of islands with > 100 seals decreased similar to 70%, and the number of islands with no seals counted increased similar to 80%, indicating that harbor seal abundance throughout the Aleutian Islands was substantially lower in the late 1990s than in the 1970s and 1980s. C1 [Small, Robert J.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Juneau, AK 99811 USA. [Boveng, Peter L.; Withrow, David E.] NOAA Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Byrd, G. Vernon] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Small, RJ (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 1255W 8th St, Juneau, AK 99811 USA. EM bob.small@alaska.gov NR 52 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 24 IS 4 BP 845 EP 863 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00225.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 364AF UT WOS:000260307900006 ER PT J AU DeAngelis, DL Trexler, JC Donalson, DD AF DeAngelis, Donald L. Trexler, Joel C. Donalson, Douglas D. TI FOOD WEB DYNAMICS IN A SEASONALLY VARYING WETLAND SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE food web model; fish population; fish community; differential equations; spatially explicit; Everglades AB A spatially explicit model is developed to simulate the small fish community and its underlying food web, in the freshwater marshes of the Everglades. The community is simplified to a few small fish species feeding on periphyton and invertebrates. Other compartments are detritus, crayfish, and a piscivorous fish species. This unit food web model is applied to each of the 10,000 spatial cells on a 100 x 100 pixel landscape. Seasonal variation in water level is assumed and rules are assigned for fish movement in response to rising and falling water levels, which can cause many spatial cells to alternate between flooded and dry conditions. It is shown that temporal variations of water level on a spatially heterogeneous landscape can maintain at least three competing fish species. In addition, these environmental factors can strongly affect the temporal variation of the food web caused by top-down control from the piscivorous fish. C1 [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Trexler, Joel C.] Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33133 USA. [Donalson, Douglas D.] Natl Pk Serv, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP DeAngelis, DL (reprint author), Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM ddeangelis@bio.miami.edu; trexlerj@fiu.edu; doug_donalson@nps.gov FU U. S. G. S. Florida Integrated Science Center FX D. L. DeAngelis was supported by the U. S. G. S. Florida Integrated Science Center. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES PI SPRINGFIELD PA PO BOX 2604, SPRINGFIELD, MO 65801-2604 USA SN 1547-1063 J9 MATH BIOSCI ENG JI Math. Biosci. Eng. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 5 IS 4 BP 877 EP 887 DI 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.877 PG 11 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 387BS UT WOS:000261927300019 PM 19278288 ER PT J AU Drew, LJ Grunsky, EC Schuenemeyer, JH AF Drew, Lawrence J. Grunsky, Eric C. Schuenemeyer, John H. TI Investigation of the structure of geological process through multivariate statistical analysis - The creation of a coal SO MATHEMATICAL GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE multivariate analysis; centered logratio (clr) transformation; compositional data; identification of a coal-forming process; coal geochemistry ID COMPOSITIONAL DATA-ANALYSIS AB The purpose of this study was to capture the structure of a geological process within a multivariate statistical framework by using geological data generated by that process and, where applicable, by associated processes. It is important to the practitioners of statistical analysis in geology to determine the degree to which the geological process can be captured and explained by multivariate analysis by using sample data (for example, chemical analyses) taken from the geological entity created by that process. The process chosen for study here is the creation of a coal deposit. In this study, the data are chemical analyses expressed in weight percentage and parts per million, and therefore are subject to the affects of the constant sum phenomenon. The data array is the chemical composition of the whole coal. This restriction on the data imposed by the constant sum phenomenon was removed by using the centered logratio (clr) transformation. The use of scatter plots and principal component biplots applied to the raw and centered logratio (clr) transformed data arrays affects the interpretation and comprehension of the geological process of coalification. C1 [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Grunsky, Eric C.] Geol Survey Canada, Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E9, Canada. [Schuenemeyer, John H.] Southwest Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO 81321 USA. RP Drew, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 954, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM ldrew@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1874-8961 J9 MATH GEOSCI JI Math Geosci. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 40 IS 7 BP 789 EP 811 DI 10.1007/s11004-008-9176-2 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA 342BS UT WOS:000258760200004 ER PT J AU Connell, L Redman, R Craig, S Scorzetti, G Iszard, M Rodriguez, R AF Connell, L. Redman, R. Craig, S. Scorzetti, G. Iszard, M. Rodriguez, R. TI Diversity of soil yeasts isolated from South Victoria Land, Antarctica SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS; TAYLOR VALLEY; ECOSYSTEMS; FUNGAL; BIODIVERSITY; IDENTIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTS; COMMUNITIES; BACTERIAL; GRADIENT AB Unicellular fungi, commonly referred to as yeasts, were found to be components of the culturable soil fungal population in Taylor Valley, Mt. Discovery, Wright Valley, and two mountain peaks of South Victoria Land, Antarctica. Samples were taken from sites spanning a diversity of soil habitats that were not directly associated with vertebrate activity. A large proportion of yeasts isolated in this study were basidiomycetous species (89%), of which 43% may represent undescribed species, demonstrating that culturable yeasts remain incompletely described in these polar desert soils. Cryptococcus species represented the most often isolated genus (33%) followed by Leucosporidium (22%). Principle component analysis and multiple linear regression using stepwise selection was used to model the relation between abiotic variables (principle component 1 and principle component 2 scores) and yeast biodiversity (the number of species present at a given site). These analyses identified soil pH and electrical conductivity as significant predictors of yeast biodiversity. Species-specific PCR primers were designed to rapidly discriminate among the Dioszegia and Leucosporidium species collected in this study. C1 [Connell, L.; Craig, S.; Iszard, M.] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Redman, R.] Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Rodriguez, R.] US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Redman, R.; Rodriguez, R.] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Scorzetti, G.] Univ Miami, RSMAS, Key Biscayne, FL 33149 USA. RP Connell, L (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM laurie.connell@umit.maine.edu FU Raytheon Polar; UNAVCO; PHI; NSF Office of Polar [OPP-0125611]; USGS FX The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their help in improving this manuscript, K. Knight for soil collected from NB and SP sites; Dr. J. Fell, Dr. A. Fonseca, Dr. M-A. Lachance, and A. Tallman, for help in assessing isolates that may represent previously undescribed species; Dr. S. Coghlan for statistical advice; J. Perkins, M. Jani, K. Clegg and A. Barrett for laboratory assistance; B. Schulz and our TEA participant A. Stoyles for field work; Raytheon Polar Support Service, UNAVCO, and PHI for logistical and laboratory support while in Antarctica. Funding was provided for this project by NSF Office of Polar Programs to LC and RR (OPP-0125611) and by USGS (RR). NR 52 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 56 IS 3 BP 448 EP 459 DI 10.1007/s00248-008-9363-1 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 344YC UT WOS:000258962200007 PM 18253776 ER PT J AU Funk, WC Pearl, CA Draheim, HM Adams, MJ Mullins, TD Haig, SM AF Funk, W. Chris Pearl, Christopher A. Draheim, Hope M. Adams, Michael J. Mullins, Thomas D. Haig, Susan M. TI Range-wide phylogeographic analysis of the spotted frog complex (Rana luteiventris and Rana pretiosa) in northwestern North America SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Rana; Spotted frog; Northwestern North America; Mitochondrial DNA; Phylogeography; Conservation genetics; Population expansion ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; CONSERVATION GENETICS; POPULATION-GROWTH; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SALAMANDER; HYPOTHESIS; HISTORY; FLOW; BIOGEOGRAPHY AB The dynamic geological and climatic history of northwestern North America has made it a focal region for phylogeography. We conducted a range-wide phylogeographic analysis of the spotted frog complex (Rana luteiventris and Rana pretiosa) across its range in northwestern North America to understand its evolutionary history and the distribution of clades to inform conservation of R. pretiosa and Great Basin R. luteiventris, candidates for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data from a segment of the cytochrome b gene were obtained from 308 R. luteiventris and R. pretiosa from 96 sites. Phylogenetic analysis revealed one main R. pretiosa clade and three main R. luteiventris clades, two of which overlapped in southeastern Oregon. The three R. luteiventris clades were separated from each other by high levels of sequence divergence (average of 4.75-4.97%). Two divergent clades were also uncovered within the Great Basin. Low genetic variation in R. pretiosa and the southeastern Oregon clade of R. luteiventris suggests concern about their vulnerability to extinction. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Funk, W. Chris; Pearl, Christopher A.; Draheim, Hope M.; Adams, Michael J.; Mullins, Thomas D.; Haig, Susan M.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Funk, W. Chris] Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Draheim, Hope M.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Funk, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM chris.funk@colostate.edu FU US Fish and Wildlife Service; US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center FX We are indebted to the many people 9 who provided samples or helped with sample collection and logistics in the field, particularly E. Bull, R. Demmer, J. David, J. Engle, S. Galvan, C. Goldberg, J. Hohmann, G. Hokit, H. Lingo, J. Matthews, B. Maxell, B. McCreary, C. Mellison, M. Meneks, M. Meyer, G. Miller, A. Moser, K. Paul, R. Roy, B. Slough, and M. Thompson. We thank D. Bos for providing information on his sequence data. We also thank M. Miller, D. Olson, G. Pauly, and one anonymous reviewer for comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center. Samples were collected under scientific collecting permits from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 73 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 EI 1095-9513 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 49 IS 1 BP 198 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.037 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 358AE UT WOS:000259887700017 PM 18606551 ER PT J AU Au, L Andersen, DE Davis, M AF Au, Leakhena Andersen, David E. Davis, Mark TI Patterns in bird community structure related to restoration of Minnesota dry oak savannas and across a prairie to oak woodland ecological gradient SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE alternative stable states; bird communities; fire; habitat restoration; oak savanna ID HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; THRESHOLDS; DIVERSITY; REMNANT; GUILDS; SCALE; FIRE; USA AB There is limited understanding of the influence of tire and Vegetation Structure on bird communities in dry oak (Quercus spp.) savannas of the Upper Midwest and whether bird communities in restored savanna habitats are similar to those in remnant savannas. During the 2001 and 2002 breeding seasons, we examined the relationship between bird communities and environmental variables, including vegetation characteristics and site prescribed-burn frequencies. across a habitat gradient in dry oak savannas in central Minnesota. The habitat gradient we studied went from: (1) prairie to (2) remnant oak savanna to (3) oak woodland undergoing savanna restoration via fire or mechanical removal of woody vegetation to (4) oak woodland. We conducted fixed-radius point Counts (n = 120) within habitats with either prairie groundcover or predominately oak canopy. We described canopy and groundcover characteristics at a sub-sample (n = 28) of non-prairie points. and collected canopy and woody species richness data and prescribed-burn frequencies over the past 20 years for all points. Observed bird communities were most strongly correlated with canopy cover and burn frequency and, to a lesser extent, attributes of the shrub component. Most savanna points had bird communities that were distinct from those found at oak woodland or oak woodland points undergoing restoration via burning. Savanna points similar to oak woodland points were in areas managed by periodic cutting rather than burning. Remnant savanna bird communities were more strongly associated with prescribed burning than those in other habitat types. but it appeared that most oak woodlands that had undergone 20 year's of prescribed burning remained ecologically distinct from remnant savannas. This suggests that some savannas that have converted to oak woodlands may exist in an alternative, or,table. ecological state even following extended restoration efforts. C1 [Andersen, David E.] Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55108 USA. [Davis, Mark] Macalester Coll, Dept Biol, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. RP Au, L (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Bird Habitat Conservat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,MBSP 4075, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM leakhena_au@fws.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds; Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge; National Science Foundation; U.S. Geological Survey Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX We thank the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds, and Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge for their financial support and collaboration, with special thanks to J. Holler, S. Lewis, and C. Blair. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, The Nature Conservancy, and the University of Minnesota graciously allowed access to Sand Dunes State Forest, Helen Allison Savanna, and Cedar Creek Natural History Area study sites, and C. Lehman provided advice and technical support. Leakhena Au was supported on a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship during this project, and the U.S. Geological Survey Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit provided in-kind and logistical support. E. Norland, J. Kapoor, J. Montagna. E. Jacobsen and others assisted in collecting and entering field data. We thank J. Loegering, two anonymous reviewers, and J. Bruggink for their comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 13 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 4 BP 330 EP 341 DI 10.3375/0885-8608(2008)28[330:PIBCSR]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 368TV UT WOS:000260646300002 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, GB Gale, W Holmes, J Johnson, J Brigham, T Thorson, W AF Zydlewski, Gayle Barbin Gale, William Holmes, John Johnson, Jeffrey Brigham, Troy Thorson, William TI Use of Electroshock for Euthanizing and Immobilizing Adult Spring Chinook Salmon in a Hatchery SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; EGG SURVIVAL; JUVENILE; WELFARE; FISHES AB This study evaluated the use of electroshock as in alternative to traditional techniques for immobilizing and euthanizing hatchery fish. We used a commercially available electroanesthesia unit at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Carson National Fish Hatchery (Carson, Washington) to euthanize adult spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and to son and collect gametes of fish at maturation. During euthanization by electroshock, the response of each fish was observed, Muscular and vertebral hemorrhaging wits quantified, and electrical settings were optimized accordingly. During gamete collection, fish were either electroshocked or exposed to tricaine methanesulfortate (MS-222); hemorrhaging, egg viability. egg size and quantity, and resultant fry quality were examined for each treatment group. Electroshocked fish had a higher likelihood Of injury during gamete collection than did fish exposed to MS-222. On average, each electroshocked fish had less than two hemorrhages oil both fillets examined. The size of each hemorrhage was less than 0.10% of the fillet surface. Fecundity and egg and fry quality were not affected by either immobilization method. Electroshock was a viable and efficient means of euthanizing adult spring Chinook salmon or sorting the fish and collecting their gametes. However, equipment settings must be optimized based on site-specific (e.g., water conductivity) and species-specific (e.g., fish size and seasonal state of maturation) factors. C1 [Zydlewski, Gayle Barbin; Gale, William; Holmes, John] Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Longview, WA 98632 USA. [Johnson, Jeffrey] Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Brigham, Troy] Smith Root Inc, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. [Thorson, William] Carson Natl Fish Hatchery, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carson, WA 98610 USA. RP Zydlewski, GB (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, 5741 Libby Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM gayle.zydlewski@umit.maine.edu NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 70 IS 4 BP 415 EP 424 DI 10.1577/A07-048.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 434MM UT WOS:000265278800007 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Johnson, A Rudacille, JB Schleis, SM AF Rach, Jeff J. Johnson, Alan Rudacille, James B. Schleis, Susan M. TI Efficacy of Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Bath Immersion to Control External Columnaris Disease on Walleye and Channel Catfish Fingerlings SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS RAFINESQUE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; RAINBOW-TROUT; INFECTION; TOXICITY; MARKING; FISH AB The efficacy of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC-HCl) in controlling external columnaris disease Caused by Flavobacterium columnare oil fingerling walleyes Sander vitreus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was evaluated in two on-site hatchery trials. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings before treatment confirmed the presence of bacteria with characteristics indicative of F. colunmare. In separate trials, walleyes (4.4 g) and channel catfish (1.5 g) were exposed to 60-min static bath treatments of OTC-HCl at 0, 10, and 20 mg/L (walleyes) or 0. 10 20, and 40 mg/L (channel catfish) on three consecutive days. Each treatment regimen was tested in triplicate, and each replicate contained either 30 walleyes or 55 channel catfish. Posttreatment presumptive disease diagnosis indicated that F. columnare was the disease agent causing the mortality in both species of fish. Walleye survival at 10 d post treatment was greater in the 10- and 20-mg/L treatment groups than in the control group: however, only the 10-mg/L treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased walleye survival in comparison with controls. In the channel catfish trial, survival at 10 d post treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for all OTC-HCl treatment groups relative to controls. Results from these trials indicated that OTC-HCl treatments effectively reduced mortality in walleyes (10 mg/L only) and channel catfish infected with F. columnare. C1 [Rach, Jeff J.; Schleis, Susan M.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Johnson, Alan; Rudacille, James B.] Rathbun Fish Culture Res Facil, Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Iowa City, IA 52571 USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM jrach@usgs.gov FU International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies FX We express our gratitude to the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies for funding this project and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources for providing test fish and allowing hatchery personnel to participate in this project. We also thank Steven Gutreuter (UMESC) for statistical analysis and Jeffrey Bernardy (UMESC) for chemical verification. Mention of trade or manufacturer name is solely for providing specific information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 70 IS 4 BP 459 EP 465 DI 10.1577/A07-062.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 434MM UT WOS:000265278800012 ER PT J AU Litvan, ME Pierce, CL Stewart, TW Larson, CJ AF Litvan, Mary E. Pierce, Clay L. Stewart, Timothy W. Larson, Chris J. TI Fish Passage in a Western Iowa Stream Modified by Grade Control Structures SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MISSOURI RIVER; HABITAT; MOVEMENT; DRAINAGE; DAMS; FRAGMENTATION; COMMUNITIES; PATTERNS; BARRIERS; CHANNEL AB Grade control structures (GCSs) are commonly used in streams of western Iowa to control bank erosion and channel headcutting but may be barriers to fish passage. From May 2002 to May 2006, we used mark-recapture methods to evaluate fish passage over a total of five GCSs. ranging in slope (run : rise) from 13:1 to 18:1 in Turkey Creek, Cass County, Iowa. Three structures, over which limited fish movement was documented from 2002 to 2004, were modified in the winter of 2004-2005 to facilitate fish passage. Before modification, the majority of recaptured fish were recaptured at the station where they were originally marked; only 1% displayed movement between sites and either upstream or downstream over a GCS. After modification fish passage improved, 14% of recaptured fish displayed movement either upstream or downstream over a GCS. Individuals of four target species-channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis, black bullhead A. melas, and creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus-passed over at least one modified structure. The majority of documented movements over GCSs were in the upstream direction and occurred in late spring and early summer, when streamflow was relatively high. Although we documented low numbers of fish passing both upstream and downstream over GCSs. these structures are probably barriers to fish movement during periods of low flow and when there is a structural failure, such as in-channel movement of riprap. Grade control structures are pervasive in western Iowa streams: nearly every low-order stream contains at least one instream structure. To sustain fish populations, management efforts should focus on constructing or modifying GCSs to allow fish passage. C1 [Pierce, Clay L.] Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Litvan, Mary E.; Stewart, Timothy W.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Larson, Chris J.] Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Lewis, IA 51544 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM cpierce@iastate.edu FU Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management of Iowa State University; USGS-lowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Iowa Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Hungry Canyons Alliance FX We thank the Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management of Iowa State University, the USGS-lowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Hungry Canyons Alliance for the financial support, equipment use, and laboratory space needed for this research. Many thanks to the staff of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources Cold Springs Southwest Regional Office. We are grateful to Mark Boucher, Iaian Bock, Benjamin Brandt, Nichole Cudworth, Corey DeBoom, Travis Goering, Andrew Jansen, Michael Jones, Jon Lore, Christopher Penne, Russell Powers, Jessica Rassmussen, Nicholas Roberts, Dan Rosauer, David Rowe, Ryan Sansgaard, William Schreck, Chris Steffen, and Jennifer Weidner for technical assistance in field collections and Todd Hanson for GIS assistance. We appreciate the participation of Gary Atchison and Bruce Menzel in the early phases of this research. Special thanks to Philip Dixon, Christopher Penne, and David Rowe, who provided much appreciated reviews of earlier versions of this manuscript. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1384 EP 1397 DI 10.1577/M07-097.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900002 ER PT J AU Litvan, ME Pierce, CL Stewart, TW Larson, CJ AF Litvan, Mary E. Pierce, Clay L. Stewart, Timothy W. Larson, Chris J. TI Fish Assemblages in a Western Iowa Stream Modified by Grade Control Structures SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID HABITAT; RIVER; COMMUNITIES; DAMS; REHABILITATION; GRADIENTS; CHANNEL; WEIRS AB Over 400 riprap grade control structures (GCSs) have been built in streams of western Iowa to reduce erosion and protect bridges, roads, and farmland. In Conjunction with a companion study evaluating Fish passage over GCSs in Turkey Creek, we evaluated the differences in fish assemblage and habitat characteristics in reaches immediately downstream from GCSs (GCS sites) and reaches at least I kin from any GCS (non-GCS sites). The GCS sites were characterized by greater proportions of pool habitat, maximum depths, fish biomass, and abundance of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides than were non-GCS sites. Index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores were poor or fair (<43 on a 0-100 scale) and not significantly different between the GCS and non-GCS sites. Additionally, we investigated both the longitudinal changes in fish assemblages in this GCS-fragmented stream and the changes in fish assemblages after slope modifications of three GCSs to facilitate fish passage. Thirteen fish species were present throughout the study area, whereas another 15 species exhibited truncated distributions not extending to the most upstream sampling location. After modification of the GCSs, IBI scores increased at seven of nine sites (mean increase = 4.6 points). Also, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were detected 7.3 km upstream at sites where. 2 years before GCS modification, they had been absent front collections. Given the number and distribution of GCSs in western Iowa streams. understanding the effects of these structures is vital to the conservation and management of fish assemblages in this and other regions where GCSs or similar structures are used. C1 [Pierce, Clay L.] Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Litvan, Mary E.; Stewart, Timothy W.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Larson, Chris J.] Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Lewis, IA 51544 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM cpierce@iastate.edu FU Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management of Iowa State University; USGS-Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Iowa Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Hungry Canyons Alliance FX We thank the Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management of Iowa State University, the USGS-Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Hungry Canyons Alliance for the financial support, equipment use, and laboratory space needed for this research. Many thanks to the staff of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources Cold Springs Southwest Regional Office. We are grateful to Mark Boucher, Iaian Bock, Benjamin Brandt, Nichole Cudworth, Corey DeBoom, Travis Goering, Andrew Jansen, Michael Jones, Jon Lore, Christopher Penne, Russell Powers, Jessica Rassmussen, Nicholas Roberts, Dan Rosauer, David Rowe, Ryan Sansgaard, William Schreck, Chris Steffen, and Jennifer Weidner for technical assistance in field collections and Todd Hanson for GIS assistance. We appreciate the participation of Gary Atchison and Bruce Menzel in the early phases of this research. Special thanks to Philip Dixon, Christopher Penne, and David Rowe, who provided much appreciated reviews of' earlier versions of this manuscript. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1398 EP 1413 DI 10.1577/M07-098.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900003 ER PT J AU Gates, KK Guy, CS Zale, AV Horton, TB AF Gates, Kiza K. Guy, Christopher S. Zale, Alexander V. Horton, Travis B. TI Adherence of Myxobolus cerebralis Myxospores to Waders: Implications for Disease Dissemination SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID WHIRLING DISEASE; MYXOSOMA-CEREBRALIS; TUBIFEX-TUBIFEX; RISK-ASSESSMENT; SPORES; TROUT; MONTANA; SALMONIDS; BIOLOGY; HEAT AB The vectors involved in the spread of whirling disease, which is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, are only partly understood. However, the parasite has rapidly become established in many regions, suggesting that it is easily disseminated. We gained insight into transport vectors by examining the surface porosity of common wading equipment materials and the adherence of M. cerebralis myxospores to them. Interstitial spaces within rubber, felt. lightweight nylon, and neoprene were measured on scanning electron microscope images. Myxospores were applied to each material, the material was rinsed, and the myxospores recovered to assess adherence. The mean interstitial space size of rubber was the smallest (2.0 mu m), whereas that of felt was the largest (31.3 mu m). The highest recovery rates were from rubber and the glass control. Percent myxospore recovery varied by material, the recovery from felt being lower than that from all other materials. The potential for fell to carry even small numbers of myxospores suggests that the introduction of M. cerebralis by felt-soled wading boots is possible. C1 [Gates, Kiza K.; Guy, Christopher S.; Zale, Alexander V.] Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Horton, Travis B.] Montana Fish Wildlife & Pk, Helena, MT 59620 USA. RP Gates, KK (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, 301 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1453 EP 1458 DI 10.1577/M08-025.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900008 ER PT J AU Baumsteiger, J Hand, DM Olson, DE Spateholts, R FrrzGerald, G Ardren, WR AF Baumsteiger, Jason Hand, David M. Olson, Douglas E. Spateholts, Robert FrrzGerald, Geoff Ardren, William R. TI Use of Parentage Analysis to Determine Reproductive Success of Hatchery-Origin Spring Chinook Salmon Outplanted into Shitike Creek, Oregon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION; NATURALLY SPAWNING HATCHERY; NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY; WILD STEELHEAD TROUT; PACIFIC SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; BREEDING SUCCESS; ADULT STAGE; MICROSATELLITE AB Removal of fish passage barriers provides Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss the opportunity to recolonize previously accessible habitat, though the time scale of natural recolonization may not be sufficient for management or conservation goals. One strategy for accelerating recolonization is to outplant hatchery-origin adults into newly restored habitats. In this paper. we describe how genetic parentage analysis was used to determine the reproductive success of adult stream-type spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha taken from two localized hatchery stocks and outplanted into a stream. We defined reproductive success as the production of migratory juveniles. In 2002 and 2003. 83 and 265 adult hatchery salmon, respectively, were outplanted into Shitike Creek, Oregon. a tributary to the Deschutes River. Using I I microsatellite markers, 799 and 827 migratory juveniles from the two brood years were genotyped and matched back to potential outplanted parents using genetic parentage analyses. Successful spawning of outplant-outplant, outplant-wild. and wild-wild fish occurred in Shitike Creek in both years. Adults outplanted in 2002 showed far fewer matches (18%) to sampled juveniles than those from 2003 (88%). Additionally, only 1% of juveniles had both parents identified as outplants in 2002, compared with almost 61% in 2003. Differences in the number of females; outplanted each year appeared to account for the differential productivity. The number of offspring attributed to air individual outplant was variable. ranging front 1 to more than 10. Multiple outplant X outplant matings were identified for each sex as males mated with up to seven females and females mated with up to four males. This Study shows that. under the right conditions. outplanted adult hatchery fish taken front localized hatchery stocks can contribute to the overall juvenile production in a natural stream. C1 [Hand, David M.; Olson, Douglas E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Ardren, William R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. [Spateholts, Robert; FrrzGerald, Geoff] Confederated Tribes Warm Springs Reservat Oregon, Dept Nat Resources, Warm Springs, OR 97761 USA. RP Hand, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, 1211 SE Cardinal Court,Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM david_hand@fws.gov NR 53 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1472 EP 1485 DI 10.1577/M07-195.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900010 ER PT J AU Mcgrath, KE Scott, JM Rieman, BE AF Mcgrath, Kathleen E. Scott, J. Michael Rieman, Bruce E. TI Length Variation in Age-0 Westslope Cutthroat Trout at Multiple Spatial Scales SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY; CONSERVATION; HABITAT AB Phenotypic diversity provides ecological and evolutionary functions, stabilizing populations in variable environments. Although benefits of larger body size in juvenile fishes are well documented, size variation may have value as well. We explored the distribution of length and length variation in age-0 westslope Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi at three spatial scales: area (10(2) km(2)) stream (10(1) km(2)), and site (100 km). In addition, we examined relationships between length variables (mean length and interquartile range of length) and instream (temperature and conductivity) and landscape (aspect, elevation, headwater distance, and valley width) variables that were expected to be associated with fish size. Conductivity was included as a surrogate for productivity. Most variation in mean length and interquartile range of fish length was found among areas (62.2% and 62.6%, respectively). Mean length also varied among streams and sites (21.9% and 15.8%, respectively). Similarly, interquartile range of fish length varied among streams and sites (19.1% and 18.3%, respectively). Both length variables were associated with temperature and elevation. Mean fish length was also associated with conductivity, but the association between interquartile length range and conductivity was weak. We conclude that the conservation of variation in phenotypic attributes. such as length, in westslope Cutthroat trout may require conservation of viable populations across broad areas and across environmental gradients that are associated with growth. C1 [Mcgrath, Kathleen E.; Scott, J. Michael] Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Rieman, Bruce E.] Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Mcgrath, KE (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Post Off Box 441141, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM KMcGrath@esf.edu NR 65 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1529 EP 1540 DI 10.1577/M07-120.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900015 ER PT J AU Gale, SB Zale, AV Clancy, CG AF Gale, Steven B. Zale, Alexander V. Clancy, Christopher G. TI Effectiveness of Fish Screens to Prevent Entrainment of Westslope Cutthroat Trout into Irrigation Canals SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI; HEADWATER STREAMS; BULL TROUT; SALMON FRY; CONSERVATION; RIVER; POPULATIONS; PREDATION; MOVEMENTS; PATTERNS AB Irrigation canals entrain anadromous and potamodromous salmonids of all life stages during their annual migrations. Fish screens may reduce or eliminate entrainment, but few studies exist on their benefits and these Studies have evaluated effects on anadromous populations only. The benefits of fish screens for nonanadromous salmonids are largely unknown. Postspawn adult and downstream-migrating juvenile westslope Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi are potentially entrained into irrigation canals oil Skalkaho Creek, Montana. We quantified entrainment rates into the canals, using telemetry and driftnetting before (2003) and after (2004) installation of fish screens oil three canals. No radio-tagged adults were entrained in 2003, but most adults were residents and therefore did not migrate past the canals. In 2004, 79% of the radio-tagged adult migratory fish were entrained at either screened or unscreened canals, but all those entrained in screened canals were Successfully bypassed back to Skalkaho Creek. The uppermost (Highline) canal entrained about 71% of age-0 westslope Cutthroat trout moving downstream in 2003. Without the screen, 38% of age-0 fish would have been entrained in the canal during 2004. In total, 6,034 age-0 westslope Cutthroat trout were bypassed by all three screens. Most age-0 westslope cutthroat trout entrained at screened canals were successfully bypassed, whereas those entrained at unscreened canals were lost to the population. Fish screens were all effective management tool that reduced or eliminated entrainment at Skalkaho Creek and may be useful elsewhere to curtail entrainment of migratory inland salmonids. C1 [Gale, Steven B.; Zale, Alexander V.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Fish & Wildlife Management Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Gale, Steven B.; Zale, Alexander V.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Clancy, Christopher G.] Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. RP Zale, AV (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM zale@montana.edu NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1541 EP 1553 DI 10.1577/M07-096.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900016 ER PT J AU Wedemeyer, GA Wydoski, RS AF Wedemeyer, Gary A. Wydoski, Richard S. TI Physiological Response of Some Economically Important Freshwater Salmonids to Catch-and-Release Fishing SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ACID-BASE; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE; WELFARE; STRESS; METABOLISM; TRANSPORT; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL AB Catch-and-release fishing regulations are widely used by fishery resource managers to maintain both the quantity and quality of spoil fish populations. We evaluated blood chemistry disturbances in wild brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, and Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus that had been hooked and played for 1-5 min in waters of the intermountain western United States. A hatchery stock of brown trout was included for comparison. To assess time needed for recovery, additional test groups were played for 5 min and then released into net-pens, where they were held for up to 72 It. The osmoregulatory and metabolic disturbances associated with catch-and-release fishing under the conditions we tested were minimal and judged to he well within normal physiological tolerance limits. In fish that were held for recovery, the blood chemistry alterations that did occur appeared to be related to stress from confinement in the net-pens. Our results confirm the results of previous studies, showing that prerelease air exposure and handling cause more physiological stress than does either hooking per se or playing time. Fishery managers must be aware of the differences in the perceptions, attitudes, and values Of different societal groups, some of which feel that catch-and-release fishing should be banned because it is cruel to the animals. On the basis of brain anatomy, it seems highly unlikely that fish experience pain in the same manner as humans experience it, because fish lack a neocortex, the brain structure that enables the sensation of pain in higher vertebrates. However, independent of the neurobiological argument. our results indicate that under conditions similar to those tested, fish subjected to catch and release are neither suffering nor particularly stressed. Improved education programs about the relatively benign physiological effects of catch-and-release fishing as a Fishery management practice would be beneficial to anglers and the nonfishing public alike. C1 [Wedemeyer, Gary A.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Wydoski, Richard S.] Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wedemeyer, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM gary_wedemeyer@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1587 EP 1596 DI 10.1577/M07-186.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900021 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Cole, RA AF Mitchell, Andrew J. Cole, Rebecca A. TI Survival of the Faucet Snail after Chemical Disinfection, pH extremes, and Heated Water Bath Treatments SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID EXOTIC AQUATIC SNAIL AB The faucet snail Bithynia tentaculata, a nonindigenous aquatic snail from Eurasia, was introduced into Lake Michigan in 1871 and has spread to the mid-Atlantic states, the Great Lakes region, Montana, and most recently, the Mississippi River. The faucet snail serves its intermediate host for several trematodes that have caused large-scale mortality among water birds, primarily in the Great Lakes region and Montana. It is important to limit the spread of the faucet snail; small fisheries equipment can serve as a method of snail distribution. Treatments with chemical disinfection, pH extremes, and heated water baths were tested to determine their effectiveness its it disinfectant for small fisheries equipment. Two treatments eliminated all test snails: (1) a 24-h exposure to Hydrothol 191 at a concentration of at least 20 mg/L and (2) a treatment with 50 degrees C heated water for 1 min or longer. Faucet snails were highly resistant to ethanol, NaCl, formalin, Lysol, potassium permanganate, Copper sulfate, Baquacil, Virkon, household bleach, and pH extremes (as low as 1 and as high as 13). C1 [Mitchell, Andrew J.] ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. [Cole, Rebecca A.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Post Off Box 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. EM dmitchell@spa.ars.usda.gov NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1597 EP 1600 DI 10.1577/M07-211.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900022 ER PT J AU Scholefield, RJ Slaght, KS Stephens, BE AF Scholefield, Ronald J. Slaght, Karen S. Stephens, Brian E. TI Seasonal Variation in Sensitivity of Larval Sea Lampreys to the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; TOXICITY; FISH; WINTER; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; MORTALITY; STREAMS; TFM AB We evaluated the sensitivity of larval sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus to the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in a series of toxicity tests in spring and summer. Although noted previously, the seasonal variation in sensitivity to TFM had never been tested as a means of reducing TFM usage in stream treatments. A preliminary study consisted of three spring and four summer static toxicity tests conducted at 12 degrees C. A more comprehensive study consisted of 12 spring and summer paired flow-through toxicity tests conducted both at seasonal water temperatures and at 12 degrees C. The sensitivity of larval sea lampreys to TFM was greater in spring than in summer. The preliminary static toxicity tests indicated that the concentration of TFM needed to kill larval sea lampreys in spring (May and June) was about one-half that required in summer (August) the concentrations lethal to 50% and 99.9% of the test animals (the LC50 and LC99.9 values) were less in spring than in summer. Analysis of variance of the flow-through toxicity data indicated that season significantly affected both the LC50 and LC99.9 values. For all 12 paired flow-through toxicity tests, the spring LC50 and LC99.9 values were less than the corresponding summer values. For 9 of the 12 paired flow-through toxicity tests, the dose-response toxicity lines were parallel and allowed statistical comparison of the LC50 values. The spring LC50 values were significantly lower than the summer values in eight of the nine tests. Verification of a seasonal variation in the sensitivity of larval sea lampreys to TFM will allow inclusion of this factor in the selection model currently used by both the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans-Canada to schedule lampricide stream treatments. C1 [Scholefield, Ronald J.; Slaght, Karen S.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Hammond Bay Biol Stn, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. [Stephens, Brian E.] Sea Lamprey Control Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 6W4, Canada. RP Slaght, KS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Hammond Bay Biol Stn, 11188 Ray Rd, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. EM kslaght@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center FX The authors gratefully acknowledge Roger Bergstedt, David A. Johnson, James G. Seelye, and William Swink for their helpful review comments and Suggestions. We thank Michael Fodale, David Keffer. Jeffery Locke, and Dale Ollila for the collection of the larval sea lampreys, and Jean Adams for her statistical analyses. This study was funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and is Contribution 1478 of the U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1609 EP 1617 DI 10.1577/M06-178.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 385ET UT WOS:000261796900024 ER PT J AU Zhou, GY Guan, LL Wei, XH Tang, XL Liu, SG Liu, JX Zhang, DQ Yan, JH AF Zhou, Guoyi Guan, Lili Wei, Xiaohua Tang, Xuli Liu, Shuguang Liu, Juxiu Zhang, Deqiang Yan, Junhua TI Factors influencing leaf litter decomposition: an intersite decomposition experiment across China SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Intersite decomposition experiment; forest leaf litter; decomposition; climatic factors; substrate quality; acclimation of decomposer ID MASS-LOSS; CLIMATE; FOREST; RATES; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; NITROGEN; QUALITY; PINE; ECOSYSTEMS AB The Long-Term Intersite Decomposition Experiment in China (hereafter referred to as LTIDE-China) was established in 2002 to study how substrate quality and macroclimate factors affect leaf litter decomposition. The LTIDE-China includes a wide variety of natural and managed ecosystems, consisting of 12 forest types (eight regional broadleaf forests, three needle-leaf plantations and one broadleaf plantation) at eight locations across China. Samples of mixed leaf litter from the south subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest in Dinghushan (referred to as the DHS sample) were translocated to all 12 forest types. The leaf litter from each of other 11 forest types was placed in its original forest to enable comparison of decomposition rates of DHS and local litters. The experiment lasted for 30 months, involving collection of litterbags from each site every 3 months. Our results show that annual decomposition rate-constants, as represented by regression fitted k-values, ranged from 0.169 to 1.454/year. Climatic factors control the decomposition rate, in which mean annual temperature and annual actual evapotranspiration are dominant and mean annual precipitation is subordinate. Initial C/N and N/P ratios were demonstrated to be important factors of regulating litter decomposition rate. Decomposition process may apparently be divided into two phases controlled by different factors. In our study, 0.75 years is believed to be the dividing line of the two phases. The fact that decomposition rates of DHS litters were slower than those of local litters may have been resulted from the acclimation of local decomposer communities to extraneous substrate. C1 [Zhou, Guoyi; Guan, Lili; Tang, Xuli; Liu, Juxiu; Zhang, Deqiang; Yan, Junhua] Chinese Acad Sci, S China Bot Garden, Guangzhou 510650, Peoples R China. [Wei, Xiaohua] Univ British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada. [Liu, Shuguang] USGS Natl Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Zhou, GY (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, S China Bot Garden, Guangzhou 510650, Peoples R China. EM gyzhou@scib.ac.cn RI Liu, Juxiu/B-3400-2009 FU NSFC [30725006, 40730102]; CERN FX The LTIDE study was funded by NSFC projects 30725006 and 40730102 and CERN. We thank Drs. Li Yide, Wang Silong, Tang Jianwei, Sang Weiguo, Guo Qingxi, Liu Yuhong, and Cheng Genwei for their assistance in field data collection. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 50 U1 8 U2 48 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD OCT PY 2008 VL 311 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1007/s11104-008-9658-5 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 346BG UT WOS:000259042800006 ER PT J AU Welch, DW Rechisky, EL Melnychuk, MC Porter, AD Walters, CJ Clements, S Clemens, BJ McKinley, RS Schreck, C AF Welch, David W. Rechisky, Erin L. Melnychuk, Michael C. Porter, Aswea D. Walters, Carl J. Clements, Shaun Clemens, Benjamin J. McKinley, R. Scott Schreck, Carl TI Survival of Migrating Salmon Smolts in Large Rivers With and Without Dams SO PLOS BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUMMER CHINOOK SALMON; LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER; SNAKE-RIVER; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; DELAYED MORTALITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; HYDROPOWER SYSTEM; STEELHEAD AB The mortality of salmon smolts during their migration out of freshwater and into the ocean has been difficult to measure. In the Columbia River, which has an extensive network of hydroelectric dams, the decline in abundance of adult salmon returning from the ocean since the late 1970s has been ascribed in large measure to the presence of the dams, although the completion of the hydropower system occurred at the same time as large-scale shifts in ocean climate, as measured by climate indices such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. We measured the survival of salmon smolts during their migration to sea using elements of the large-scale acoustic telemetry system, the Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST) array. Survival measurements using acoustic tags were comparable to those obtained independently using the Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag system, which is operational at Columbia and Snake River dams. Because the technology underlying the POST array works in both freshwater and the ocean, it is therefore possible to extend the measurement of survival to large rivers lacking dams, such as the Fraser, and to also extend the measurement of survival to the lower Columbia River and estuary, where there are no dams. Of particular note, survival during the downstream migration of at least some endangered Columbia and Snake River Chinook and steelhead stocks appears to be as high or higher than that of the same species migrating out of the Fraser River in Canada, which lacks dams. Equally surprising, smolt survival during migration through the hydrosystem, when scaled by either the time or distance migrated, is higher than in the lower Columbia River and estuary where dams are absent. Our results raise important questions regarding the factors that are preventing the recovery of salmon stocks in the Columbia and the future health of stocks in the Fraser River. C1 [Welch, David W.; Porter, Aswea D.] Kintama Res, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. [Rechisky, Erin L.; Melnychuk, Michael C.; Walters, Carl J.] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Clements, Shaun; Clemens, Benjamin J.; Schreck, Carl] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [McKinley, R. Scott] Univ British Columbia, Ctr Aquaculture & Environm, W Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Welch, DW (reprint author), Kintama Res, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. EM david.welch@kintamaresearch.org RI Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012; Melnychuk, Michael/A-4680-2013 FU Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Bonneville Power Administration; Northwest Power Planning and Conservation Council; US Army Corps of Engineers FX We thank the Census of Marine Life, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Bonneville Power Administration, the Northwest Power Planning and Conservation Council, and the US Army Corps of Engineers (Walla Walla District) for financial support. This work is a contribution to the Census of Marine Life. NR 48 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 41 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1545-7885 J9 PLOS BIOL JI PLoS. Biol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2101 EP 2108 AR e265 DI 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060265 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 365QW UT WOS:000260423900007 PM 18959485 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW Smith, DR Young, CC Nichols, DW AF Morrison, Lloyd W. Smith, David R. Young, Craig C. Nichols, Doug W. TI Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: a case study with the Missouri bladderpod SO POPULATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Adaptive cluster sampling; GIS-based adaptive sampling; Lesquerella filiformis; SAMPLE; Systematic sampling ID ADAPTIVE CLUSTER; RAIN-FOREST; POPULATIONS; RARE; COMMUNITIES; ABUNDANCE AB To effectively manage rare populations, accurate monitoring data are critical. Yet many monitoring programs are initiated without careful consideration of whether chosen sampling designs will provide accurate estimates of population parameters. Obtaining accurate estimates is especially difficult when natural variability is high, or limited budgets determine that only a small fraction of the population can be sampled. The Missouri bladderpod, Lesquerella filiformis Rollins, is a federally threatened winter annual that has an aggregated distribution pattern and exhibits dramatic interannual population fluctuations. Using the simulation program SAMPLE, we evaluated five candidate sampling designs appropriate for rare populations, based on 4 years of field data: (1) simple random sampling, (2) adaptive simple random sampling, (3) grid-based systematic sampling, (4) adaptive grid-based systematic sampling, and (5) GIS-based adaptive sampling. We compared the designs based on the precision of density estimates for fixed sample size, cost, and distance traveled. Sampling fraction and cost were the most important factors determining precision of density estimates, and relative design performance changed across the range of sampling fractions. Adaptive designs did not provide uniformly more precise estimates than conventional designs, in part because the spatial distribution of L. filiformis was relatively widespread within the study site. Adaptive designs tended to perform better as sampling fraction increased and when sampling costs, particularly distance traveled, were taken into account. The rate that units occupied by L. filiformis were encountered was higher for adaptive than for conventional designs. Overall, grid-based systematic designs were more efficient and practically implemented than the others. C1 [Morrison, Lloyd W.] Missouri State Univ, Dept Biol, Springfield, MO 65897 USA. [Morrison, Lloyd W.; Young, Craig C.] Wilsons Creek Natl Battlefield, Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network, Natl Pk Serv, Republic, MO 65738 USA. [Smith, David R.; Nichols, Doug W.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), Missouri State Univ, Dept Biol, 901 S Natl Ave, Springfield, MO 65897 USA. EM LloydMorrison@MissouriState.edu RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X FU NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program FX M. I. Kelrick developed field methods and performed data collection in 1997 and 1998. D. Beaulac collected data in 2003. Except for data collected in 2003, the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program funded this project. Software development was partially supported through the USGS Status and Trends of Biological Resources Program, and we acknowledge P. Geissler for his guidance and support. J. Young and W. Cass provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 1-11-11 KUDAN-KITA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102-0073, JAPAN SN 1438-3896 J9 POPUL ECOL JI Popul. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 50 IS 4 BP 417 EP 425 DI 10.1007/s10144-008-0100-x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 360PL UT WOS:000260069600009 ER PT J AU Akahori, R Schmeeckle, MW Topping, DJ Melis, TS AF Akahori, Ryosuke Schmeeckle, Mark W. Topping, David J. Melis, Theodore S. TI EROSION PROPERTIES OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS IN THE COLORADO RIVER IN GRAND CANYON SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE cohesive sediment; flume experiments; Grand Canyon; sediment transport; mud; erosion ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENT; INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS; ANNULAR FLUME; RATES; GEOMORPHOLOGY; PRODUCTIVITY; THRESHOLD; TRANSPORT; ARIZONA; SHEAR AB Cohesive sediment deposits characterized by a high fraction of mud (silt plus clay) significantly affect the morphology and ecosystem of rivers. Potentially cohesive sediment samples were collected front deposits in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons. The erosion velocities of these samples were measured in a laboratory flume under varying boundary shear Stresses. The non-dimensional boundary shear stress at which erosion commenced showed a systematic deviation from that of non-cohesive sediments at mud fractions greater than 0.2. An empirical relation for the boundary shear stress threshold of erosion as a function of mud fraction was proposed. The mass erosion rate was modelled using the Ariathurai-Partheniades equation. The erosion rate parameter of this equation was found to be a strong function of mud fraction. Under similar boundary shear stress and sediment supply conditions in the Colorado River, cohesive lateral eddy deposits formed of mud fractions in excess of 0.2 will erode less rapidly than non-cohesive deposits. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Akahori, Ryosuke; Schmeeckle, Mark W.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Geog Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Topping, David J.; Melis, Theodore S.] US Geol Survey, Grand Cayon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Schmeeckle, MW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Geog Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM schmeeckle@asu.edu FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0352079]; U.S. Geological Survey [05WRAGO047]; Southwest Biological Science Center; Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center; Arizona State University FX This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation under award number EAR-0352079, and by cooperative agreement number 05WRAGO047 between the U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center and Arizona State University. We wish to thank Noah Snyder, Neil Gan and one anonymous reviewer for helping us improve this manuscript. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD OCT PY 2008 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1160 EP 1174 DI 10.1002/rra.1122 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 369GT UT WOS:000260683200009 ER PT J AU Ryan, HF Parsons, T Sliter, RW AF Ryan, H. F. Parsons, T. Sliter, R. W. TI Vertical tectonic deformation associated with the San Andreas fault zone offshore of San Francisco, California SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Strike-slip fault; Finite element model; San Andreas fault; Merced Formation ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; BAY-REGION; STRATIGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTIONS; ROCKLAND TEPHRA; PLATE BOUNDARY; REVISED AGE; SLIP RATES; PENINSULA AB A new fault map of the shelf offshore of San Francisco, California shows that faulting occurs as a distributed shear zone that involves many fault strands with the principal displacement taken up by the San Andreas fault and the eastern strand of the San Gregorio fault zone. Structures associated with the offshore faulting show compressive deformation near where the San Andreas fault goes offshore, but deformation becomes extensional several km to the north off of the Golden Gate. Our new fault map serves as the basis for a 3-D finite element model that shows that the block between the San Andreas and San Gregorio fault zone is subsiding at a long-term rate of about 0.2-0.3 mm/yr, with the maximum subsidence occurring northwest of the Golden Gate in the area of a mapped transtensional basin. Although the long-term rates of vertical displacement primarily show subsidence, the model of coseismic deformation associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake indicates that uplift on the order of 10-15 cm occurred in the block northeast of the San Andreas fault. Since 1906, 5-6 cm of regional subsidence has occurred in that block. One implication of our model is that the transfer of slip from the San Andreas fault to a fault 5 km to the east, the Golden Gate fault, is not required for the area offshore of San Francisco to be in extension. This has implications for both the deposition of thick Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments (the Merced Formation) observed east of the San Andreas fault, and the age of the Peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Ryan, H. F.; Parsons, T.; Sliter, R. W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ryan, HF (reprint author), 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hryan@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 65 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD OCT 1 PY 2008 VL 457 IS 3-4 BP 209 EP 223 DI 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.06.011 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 364UN UT WOS:000260361000009 ER PT J AU Verplanck, PL Mueller, SH Goldfarb, RJ Nordstrom, DK Youcha, EK AF Verplanck, Philip L. Mueller, Seth H. Goldfarb, Richard J. Nordstrom, D. Kirk Youcha, Emily K. TI Geochemical controls of elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Ester Dome, Fairbanks district, Alaska SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogeochemistry; Gold; Arsenopyrite; Arsenic; Fairbanks, Alaska ID NATURAL-WATERS; GOLD DEPOSITS; STABILITY; SCORODITE; MINE; DISSOLUTION; SOLUBILITY; BEHAVIOR; FRANCE; AREA AB Ester Dome, an upland area near Fairbanks, Alaska, was chosen for a detailed hydrogeochemical study because of the previously reported elevated arsenic in groundwater, and the presence of a large set of wells amenable to detailed sampling. Ester Dome lies within the Fairbanks mining district, where gold-bearing quartz veins, typically containing 2-3 vol.% sulfide minerals (arsenopyrite, stibnite, and pyrite), have been mined both underground and in open cuts. Gold-bearing veins on Ester Dome occur in shear zones and the sulfide minerals in these veins have been crushed to fine-grained material by syn- or post-mineralization movement. Groundwater at Ester Dome is circumneutral, Ca-HCO3 to Ca-SO4 type, and ranges from dilute (specific conductance of 48 mu S/cm) to more concentrated (specific conductance as high as 2070 mu S/cm). In general, solute concentrations increase down hydrologic gradient. Redox species indicate that the groundwaters range from oxic to sub-oxic (low dissolved oxygen, Fe(III) reduction, no SO4 reduction). Waters with the highest Fe concentrations, as high as 10.7 mg/L, are the most anoxic. Dissolved As concentrations range from < 1 to 1160 mu g/L, with a median value of 146 mu g/L. Arsenic concentrations are not correlated with specific conductance or Fe concentrations, suggesting that neither groundwater residence time, nor reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides, control the arsenic chemistry. Furthermore, As concentrations do not covary with other constituents that form anions and oxyanions in solution (e.g., HCO3, Mo, F, or U) such that desorption of arsenic from clays or oxides also does not control arsenic mobility. Oxidation of arsenopyrite and dissolution of scorodite, in the near-surface environment appears to be the primary control of dissolved As in this upland area. More specifically, the elevated As concentrations are spatially associated with sulfidized shear zones and localities of gold-bearing quartz veins. Consistent with this interpretation, elevated dissolved Sb concentrations (as high as 59 mu g/L), also correlated with occurrences of hypogene sulfide minerals, were measured in samples with high dissolved As concentrations. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Verplanck, Philip L.; Mueller, Seth H.; Goldfarb, Richard J.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Nordstrom, D. Kirk] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Youcha, Emily K.] Univ Alaska, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Verplanck, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM plv@usgs.gov FU USGS Mineral Resources Program; USGS National Research Program FX This work was funded by the USGS Mineral Resources Program project on the environmental geochemistry of Tintina gold belt and by the USGS National Research Program. This cooperative study included personnel from the U. S. Geological Survey, University of Alaska at Fairbanks, and Fairbanks Gold Mining Inc. We would like to thank homeowners on Ester Dome and Fairbanks Gold Mining Inc. for allowing us to sample their wells. Manuscript reviews by Richard B. Wanty, George N. Breit, David Craw, and an anonymous reviewer were appreciated. NR 65 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 30 PY 2008 VL 255 IS 1-2 BP 160 EP 172 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.06.020 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 362ZJ UT WOS:000260235400015 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MJ Bailey, SW Shanley, JB Mayer, B AF Mitchell, Myron J. Bailey, Scott W. Shanley, James B. Mayer, Bernhard TI Evaluating sulfur dynamics during storm events for three watersheds in the northeastern USA: a combined hydrological, chemical and isotopic approach SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE climate change; drought; hydrology; stable isotopes; storms; sulfate; surface water; watersheds ID NEW-YORK-STATE; ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS; FORESTED CATCHMENTS; CENTRAL ONTARIO; ORGANIC-CARBON; HUBBARD-BROOK; UNITED-STATES; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; STREAM WATER; NEW-ENGLAND AB Concerns related to climate change have resulted in an increasing interest in the importance of hydrological events such as droughts in affecting biogeochemical reponses of watersheds. The effects of an unusually dry summer in 2002 had a marked impact on the biogeochemistry of three watersheds in the north-eastern USA. chemical, isotopic and hydrological responses with particular emphasis on S dynamics were evaluated for Archer Creek (New York), Sleepers River (Vermont) and cone Pond (New Hampshire) watersheds. From 1 August to 14 September 2002 all three watersheds had very low precipitation (48 to 69 mm) resulting in either very low or no discharge (mean 0.015 0.15 and 0.000 mm day(-1) for substantial increase in precipitation totals (212.246 and 198 mm, respectively) with increased discharge. Archer Creek was characterized by a large range of SO(4)(2) concentrations (152 to 389 mu(3)q L(-1), mean = 273 mu cq L(-1)) and also exhibited the greatest range in delta(34)S values of SO(4)(2-) (-1.4 to 8.8%). Sleepers River's SO(4)(2-) concentrations ranged form 136 to 243 mu eq L(-1) (mean = 167 mu eq L(-1)) and and delta(34)S values of SO(4)(2-) ranged form 4.0 to 9.0 %. Cone Pond's SO(4)(2-) concentrations (126-187 mu eq L(-1) mean = 154 mu eq L(-1)) and delta(34)S values (2.4 to 4.3 %). Sleepers River's SO(4)(2-) concentrations ranged from 136 to 243 mu eq L(-1) delta(18)O-SO(4)(2-) values for Archer Creed and cone Pond were similar (3.0 to 8.9% mean = 2.5). The diffference in Sleepers River chemical and isotopic responses was attributed to weathering reactions contributing SO(4)(2-). For Archer Creek wetland areas containing previously reduced S compounds that were reoxidized to SO(4)(2-) probably provided a substantial source of S. Cone Pond had limited internal S sources and less chaemical or isotopic response to storms. Differences among the three watersheds in S biogeochemical responses during these storm events were attributed to differences in S mineral weathering contributions, hydrological pathways and landscape features. Further evaluations of differences and similarities in biogeochemical and hydrological responses among watersheds are needed to predict the impacts of climate change. copyright (C) 2008 john Wiley & Sons. Ltd. C1 [Mitchell, Myron J.] SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Bailey, Scott W.; Shanley, James B.] USGS, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. [Mayer, Bernhard] Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Mitchell, MJ (reprint author), SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM mitchell@syr.edu RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012; OI Bailey, Scott/0000-0002-9160-156X FU National Science Foundation (Ecosystem Studies); Northeastern States Research Cooperative (NSRC); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) FX This research was sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation (Ecosystem Studies), the Northeastern States Research Cooperative (NSRC). administered by the USDA Forest Service, and NYSERDA. Special thanks are also given to Sheila Christopher and Pat McHale for held and laboratory work at Archer Creek, to Ralph Perron for field work at Cone Pond. to Ann Chalmers, Jon Denner and Stew Clark for field work and Steve Sebestyen for laboratory work at Sleepers River, and Jane Hislop for laboratory work at Cone Pond and Sleepers River. Support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to Bernhard Mayer is also gratefully acknowledged. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP 30 PY 2008 VL 22 IS 20 BP 4023 EP 4034 DI 10.1002/hyp.7033 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 361DV UT WOS:000260108600001 ER PT J AU McMahon, PB Burow, KR Kauffman, LJ Eberts, SM Boehlke, JK Gurdak, JJ AF McMahon, P. B. Burow, K. R. Kauffman, L. J. Eberts, S. M. Boehlke, J. K. Gurdak, J. J. TI Simulated response of water quality in public supply wells to land use change SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NITRATE POLLUTION; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNITED-STATES; AQUIFER; CONTAMINATION; VULNERABILITY; CALIFORNIA; IMPACT; VALLEY AB Understanding how changes in land use affect water quality of public supply wells (PSW) is important because of the strong influence of land use on water quality, the rapid pace at which changes in land use are occurring in some parts of the world, and the large contribution of groundwater to the global water supply. In this study, groundwater flow models incorporating particle tracking and reaction were used to analyze the response of water quality in PSW to land use change in four communities: Modesto, California (Central Valley aquifer); York, Nebraska (High Plains aquifer); Woodbury, Connecticut (Glacial aquifer); and Tampa, Florida (Floridan aquifer). The water quality response to measured and hypothetical land use change was dependent on age distributions of water captured by the wells and on the temporal and spatial variability of land use in the area contributing recharge to the wells. Age distributions of water captured by the PSW spanned about 20 years at Woodbury and > 1,000 years at Modesto and York, and the amount of water < 50 years old captured by the PSW ranged from 30% at York to 100% at Woodbury. Short-circuit pathways in some PSW contributing areas, such as long irrigation well screens that crossed multiple geologic layers (York) and karst conduits (Tampa), affected age distributions by allowing relatively rapid movement of young water to those well screens. The spatial component of land use change was important because the complex distribution of particle travel times within the contributing areas strongly influenced contaminant arrival times and degradation reaction progress. Results from this study show that timescales for change in the quality of water from PSW could be on the order of years to centuries for land use changes that occur over days to decades, which could have implications for source water protection strategies that rely on land use change to achieve water quality objectives. C1 [McMahon, P. B.; Gurdak, J. J.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Burow, K. R.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Kauffman, L. J.] US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ USA. [Eberts, S. M.] US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH USA. [Boehlke, J. K.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Eberts, Sandra/0000-0001-5138-8293 FU USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA); Natural Contaminants ( TANC) Topical Study program FX This work was funded by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program's Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants ( TANC) Topical Study program and by the USGS National Research Program. We thank Gordon Rattray, Jeffrey Starn, Tom Torgersen, and three anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. NR 75 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 25 PY 2008 VL 44 AR W00A06 DI 10.1029/2007WR006731 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 353ZW UT WOS:000259609700001 ER PT J AU Klein, FW Wright, T AF Klein, Fred W. Wright, Tom TI Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA-VOLCANO; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; OMORI FORMULA; DECAY-RATE; MANTLE; ZONE; LAW; RELAXATION; RHEOLOGY; FLEXURE AB The remarkable catalog of Hawaiian earthquakes going back to the 1820s is based on missionary diaries, newspaper accounts, and instrumental records and spans the great M7.9 Kau earthquake of April 1868 and its aftershock sequence. The earthquake record since 1868 defines a smooth curve complete to M5.2 of the declining rate into the 21st century, after five short volcanic swarms are removed. A single aftershock curve fits the earthquake record, even with numerous M6 and 7 main shocks and eruptions. The timing of some moderate earthquakes may be controlled by magmatic stresses, but their overall long-term rate reflects one of aftershocks of the Kau earthquake. The 1868 earthquake is, therefore, the largest and most controlling stress event in the 19th and 20th centuries. We fit both the modified Omori (power law) and stretched exponential (SE) functions to the earthquakes. We found that the modified Omori law is a good fit to the M >= 5.2 earthquake rate for the first 10 years or so and the more rapidly declining SE function fits better thereafter, as supported by three statistical tests. The switch to exponential decay suggests that a possible change in aftershock physics may occur from rate and state fault friction, with no change in the stress rate, to viscoelastic stress relaxation. The 61-year exponential decay constant is at the upper end of the range of geodetic relaxation times seen after other global earthquakes. Modeling deformation in Hawaii is beyond the scope of this paper, but a simple interpretation of the decay suggests an effective viscosity of 10(19) to 10(20) Pa s pertains in the volcanic spreading of Hawaii's flanks. The rapid decline in earthquake rate poses questions for seismic hazard estimates in an area that is cited as one of the most hazardous in the United States. C1 [Klein, Fred W.; Wright, Tom] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Wright, Tom] Johns Hopkins Univ, Blaustein Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Klein, FW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM klein@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 19 PY 2008 VL 113 IS B9 AR B09310 DI 10.1029/2007JB005411 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 351BC UT WOS:000259398000002 ER PT J AU Pederson, J Young, R Lucchitta, I Beard, LS Billingsley, G AF Pederson, Joel Young, Richard Lucchitta, Ivo Beard, L. Sue Billingsley, George TI Comment on "age and evolution of the Grand Canyon revealed by U-Pb dating of water table-type speleothems" SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Pederson, Joel] Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Young, Richard] SUNY Coll Geneseo, Dept Geol Sci, Geneseo, NY 14454 USA. [Lucchitta, Ivo; Beard, L. Sue; Billingsley, George] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Pederson, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM joel.pederson@usu.edu NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 19 PY 2008 VL 321 IS 5896 DI 10.1126/science.1158019 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 349RG UT WOS:000259300400014 ER PT J AU White, J Wagner, RH Helfenstein, F Hatch, SA Mulard, H Naves, LC Danchin, E AF White, Joel Wagner, Richard H. Helfenstein, Fabrice Hatch, Scott A. Mulard, Herve Naves, Liliana C. Danchin, Etienne TI Multiple deleterious effects of experimentally aged sperm in a monogamous bird SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE egg development; fertility; reproduction; sperm competition; sperm senescence ID RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; PARENTAL QUALITY; SEXUAL CONFLICT; YOUNG SPERM; EGG SIZE; IN-VIVO; SPERMATOZOA; STORAGE; ANTIOXIDANTS; KITTIWAKES AB Sperm aging is known to be detrimental to reproductive performance. However, this apparently general phenomenon has seldom been studied in an evolutionary context. The negative impact of sperm aging on parental fitness should constitute a strong selective pressure for adaptations to avoid its effects. We studied the impact of sperm aging on black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), a monogamous seabird. Kittiwakes comprise a model system because (i) of evidence that females eject their mates' sperm to prevent fertilization by sperm that would be old and degraded by the time of fertilization and result in reduced reproductive performance and (ii) the lack of extra-pair fertilization in this species makes cryptic female choice an unlikely explanation of postcopulatory sperm ejection by females. We experimentally manipulated the age of the sperm fertilizing kittiwake eggs by fitting males with anti-insemination rings for variable periods of time preceding egg-laying. We found evidence that sperm aging negatively affected four sequential stages of reproduction: fertilization potential, rate of embryonic development, embryonic mortality, and chick condition at hatching. These results may be produced by a continuum of a single process of sperm aging that differentially affects various aspects of development, depending on the degree of damage incurred to the spermatozoa. The marked impact of sperm age on female fitness may thus drive postcopulatory sperm ejection by females. These results provide experimental evidence of deleterious effects of sperm aging on a nondomestic vertebrate, underlining its taxonomic generality and its potential to select for a wide array of adaptations. C1 [White, Joel; Wagner, Richard H.] Austrian Acad Sci, Konrad Lorenz Inst Ethol, A-1160 Vienna, Austria. [White, Joel; Mulard, Herve; Naves, Liliana C.; Danchin, Etienne] Univ Paris 06, Lab Fonctionnement & Evolut Syst Ecol, F-75005 Paris, France. [White, Joel; Danchin, Etienne] Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Evolut & Div Biol, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Helfenstein, Fabrice] Inst Zool, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Hatch, Scott A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Wagner, RH (reprint author), Austrian Acad Sci, Konrad Lorenz Inst Ethol, Savoyenstr 1A, A-1160 Vienna, Austria. EM r.wagner@klivv.oeaw.ac.at RI White, Joel/D-8482-2011; Danchin, Etienne/A-2299-2009; Helfenstein, Fabrice/I-5634-2013 OI Helfenstein, Fabrice/0000-0001-8412-0461 FU French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FX We thank A. Ramey, E. Vigneron, A. Lambrechts, M. Kryloff, M. du Toit, and C. Gouraud for their assistance in the field; J.-P. Brillard for help with sperm-counting techniques; and T. Pizzari and T. R. Birkhead for constructive comments on previous versions of the manuscript. Experiments were carried out in accordance to United States' laws and under permits from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and State of Alaska. This study was financed by a 4-year grant from the French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor ("Program Arctique 429" 2004-2007). E. Danchin and R. H. Wagner were funded by a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Projets Internationaux de Cooperation Scientifique no. 2410) grant. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 11 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 16 PY 2008 VL 105 IS 37 BP 13947 EP 13952 DI 10.1073/pnas.0803067105 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 351QG UT WOS:000259438500049 PM 18779581 ER PT J AU Buss, HL Sak, PB Webb, SM Brantley, SL AF Buss, Heather L. Sak, Peter B. Webb, Samuel M. Brantley, Susan L. TI Weathering of the Rio Blanco quartz diorite, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: Coupling oxidation, dissolution, and fracturing SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MASS-BALANCE; COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; SURFACE-AREA; LONG-TERM; BIOTITE; RATES; MECHANISM; EROSION; PEDOGENESIS AB In the mountainous Rio Icacos watershed in northeastern Puerto Rico, quartz diorite bedrock weathers spheroidally, producing a 0.2-2 m thick zone of partially weathered rock layers (similar to 2.5 cm thickness each) called rindlets, which form concentric layers around corestones. Spheroidal fracturing has been modeled to occur when a weathering reaction with a positive Delta V of reaction builds up elastic strain energy. The rates of spheroidal fracturing and saprolite formation are therefore controlled by the rate of the weathering reaction. Chemical, petrographic, and spectroscopic evidence demonstrates that biotite oxidation is the most likely fracture-inducing reaction. This reaction occurs with an expansion in d (001) from 10.0 to 10.5 angstrom, forming "altered biotite". Progressive biotite oxidation across the rindlet zone was inferred from thin sections and gradients in K and Fe(11). Using the gradient in Fe(II) and constraints based on cosmogenic age dates, we calculated a biotite oxidation reaction rate of 8.2 x 10(-14) mol biotite m(-1) s(-1). Biotite oxidation was documented within the bedrock corestone by synchrotron X-ray microprobe fluorescence imaging and XANES. X-ray microprobe images of Fe(II) and Fe(III) at 2 fun resolution revealed that oxidized zones within individual biotite crystals are the first evidence of alteration of the otherwise unaltered corestone. Fluids entering along fractures lead to the dissolution of plagioclase within the rindlet zone. Within 7 em surrounding the rindlet-saprolite interface, hornblende dissolves to completion at a rate of 6.3 x 10(-13) mol hornblende m(-2) s(-1): the fastest reported rate of hornblende weathering in the field. This rate is consistent with laboratory-derived hornblende dissolution rates. By revealing the coupling of these mineral weathering reactions to fracturing and porosity formation we are able to describe the process by which the quartz diorite bedrock disaggregates and forms saprolite. In the corestone, biotite oxidation induces spheroidal fracturing, facilitating the influx of fluids that react with other minerals, dissolving plagioclase and chlorite, creating additional porosity, and eventually dissolving hornblende and precipitating secondary minerals. The thickness of the resultant saprolite is maintained at steady state by a positive feedback between the denudation rate and the weathering advance rate driven by the concentration of pore water O(2) at the bedrock-saprolite interface. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Buss, Heather L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Sak, Peter B.] Dickinson Coll, Dept Geol, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA. [Webb, Samuel M.] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Brantley, Susan L.] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Buss, HL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 420, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hlbuss@usgs.gov; sakp@dickinson.edu; samwebb@slac.stanford.edu; brantley@eesi.psu.edu RI Webb, Samuel/D-4778-2009; Buss, Heather/M-1693-2013 OI Webb, Samuel/0000-0003-1188-0464; FU DOE [DE-FG02-05ER15675]; Penn State Biogeochemical Research Initiative for Education (BRIE); NSF-IGERT [DGE-9972759]; Penn State Center for Environmental Chemistry and Geochemistry; NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program; National Academy of Sciences Research Associateship Program; NSF [CHE-0431328]; Department of Energy; Office of Biological and Environmental Research; National Institutes of Health; National Center for Research Resources; Biomedical Technology Program FX We thank A.F. White and R.C. Fletcher for helpful discussions and field support; D. Eggler and E. Merino for assistance with optical microscopy; M. Angelone and J. Cantolina for analytical assistance; M. Rosario-Torres, J. Troester, and G. Hernandez for field support; and S. Anderson and three anonymous reviewers for comments that helped improve the manuscript. Funding provided by DOE grant no. DE-FG02-05ER15675, the Penn State Biogeochemical Research Initiative for Education (BRIE) supported by NSF-IGERT Grant No. DGE-9972759, and the Penn State Center for Environmental Chemistry and Geochemistry. H.L. Buss acknowledges fellowship support of the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program and postdoctoral support from the National Academy of Sciences Research Associateship Program. S.L Brantley acknowledges support from the Center for Environmental Kinetics Analysis supported by NSF Grant No. CHE-0431328. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the Department of Energy. Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and by the National Institutes of Health. National Center for Research Resources. Biomedical Technology Program. NR 66 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 8 U2 40 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP 15 PY 2008 VL 72 IS 18 BP 4488 EP 4507 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.020 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 346ZI UT WOS:000259107700004 ER PT J AU Ma, QS Ellis, GS Amrani, A Zhang, TW Tang, YC AF Ma, Qisheng Ellis, Geoffrey S. Amrani, Alon Zhang, Tongwei Tang, Yongchun TI Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THERMOCHEMISTRY; CONTINUUM DIELECTRIC THEORY; CONTACT ION-PAIRS; MAGNESIUM-SULFATE; PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS; THERMAL-STABILITY; 1ST PRINCIPLES; NATIVE SULFUR; AB-INITIO; REDUCTION AB The abiotic, thermochemically controlled reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide coupled with the oxidation of hydrocarbons, is termed thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), and is an important alteration process that affects petroleum accumulations in nature. Although TSR is commonly observed in high-temperature carbonate reservoirs, it has proven difficult to simulate in the laboratory under conditions resembling nature. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative reactivities of various sulfate species in order to provide greater insight into the mechanism of TSR and potentially to fill the gap between laboratory experimental data and geological observations. Accordingly, quantum mechanics density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the activation energy required to reach a potential transition state for various aqueous systems involving simple hydrocarbons and different sulfate species. The entire reaction process that results in the reduction of sulfate to sulfide is far too complex to be modeled entirely; therefore, we examined what is believed to be the rate limiting step, namely, the reduction of sulfate S(VI) to sulfite S(IV). The results of the study show that water-solvated sulfate anions SO42- are very stable due to their symmetrical molecular structure and spherical electronic distributions. Consequently, in the absence of catalysis, the reactivity of SO42- is expected to be extremely low. However, both the protonation of sulfate to form bisulfate anions (HSO4-) and the formation of metal-sulfate contact ion-pairs could effectively destabilize the sulfate molecular structure, thereby making it more reactive. Previous reports of experimental simulations of TSR generally have involved the use of acidic solutions that contain elevated concentrations of HSO4- relative to SO42-. However, in formation waters typically encountered in petroleum reservoirs, the concentration of HSO4- is likely to be significantly lower than the levels used in the laboratory, with most of the dissolved sulfate occurring as SO42-, aqueous calcium sulfate ([CaSO4]((aq))), and aqueous magnesium sulfate ([MgSO4]((aq))). Our calculations indicate that TSR reactions that occur in natural environments are most likely to involve bisulfate ions (HSO4-) and/or magnesium sulfate contact ion-pairs ([MgSO4](CIP)) rather than 'free' sulfate ions (SO42-) or solvated sulfate ion-pairs, and that water chemistry likely plays a significant role in controlling the rate of TSR. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ma, Qisheng; Amrani, Alon; Zhang, Tongwei; Tang, Yongchun] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Power Environm & Energy Res Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ellis, Geoffrey S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Tang, YC (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Power Environm & Energy Res Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM tang@peer.caltech.edu RI Tang, Yongchun/G-7473-2011; Zhang, Tongwei/M-8000-2014; Ellis, Geoffrey/G-8970-2011; OI Ellis, Geoffrey/0000-0003-4519-3320 FU Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction at the Power; California Institute of Technology FX This work was supported by the Joint Industrial Program on Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction at the Power. Environmental and Energy Research Center at the California Institute of Technology. Industrial sponsors include BP. Chevron, ExxonMobil, SaudiAramco, Shell Oil, Total and ENI. Constructive technical reviews were provided by Michael Lewan. Zeev Aizenshtat, and two anonymous reviewers. and editorial comments were provided by Dick Keefer. NR 53 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP 15 PY 2008 VL 72 IS 18 BP 4565 EP 4576 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 346ZI UT WOS:000259107700009 ER PT J AU Caruso, BS Cox, TJ Runkel, RL Velleux, ML Bencala, KE Nordstrom, DK Julien, PY Butler, BA Alpers, CN Marion, A Smith, KS AF Caruso, B. S. Cox, T. J. Runkel, R. L. Velleux, M. L. Bencala, K. E. Nordstrom, D. K. Julien, P. Y. Butler, B. A. Alpers, C. N. Marion, A. Smith, K. S. TI Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds: state of the science and USEPA workshop review SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID TRANSIENT STORAGE MODEL; BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; MINING-IMPACTED STREAM; MOUNTAIN STREAM; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; HYPORHEIC EXCHANGE; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; ACUTE TOXICITY C1 [Caruso, B. S.] US EPA, Denver, CO USA. [Cox, T. J.] CDM, Denver, CO USA. [Runkel, R. L.; Smith, K. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Velleux, M. L.; Julien, P. Y.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Bencala, K. E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Nordstrom, D. K.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. [Butler, B. A.] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO USA. [Alpers, C. N.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. [Marion, A.] Univ Padua, Padua, Italy. RP Caruso, BS (reprint author), US EPA, Denver, CO USA. EM Caruso.brian@epa.gov RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365 NR 99 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP 15 PY 2008 VL 22 IS 19 SI SI BP 4011 EP 4021 DI 10.1002/hyp.7114 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 364IL UT WOS:000260329300011 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO AF Rosenberry, Donald O. TI A seepage meter designed for use in flowing water SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ground water; seepage; hyporheic; fluvial ID GROUND-WATER; HYPORHEIC EXCHANGE; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSIENT STORAGE; SURFACE-WATER; LAKE SEEPAGE; STREAM; ZONE; MODEL; HETEROGENEITY AB Seepage meters provide one of the most direct means to measure exchange of water across the sediment-water interface, but they generally have been unsuitable for use in fluvial settings. Although the seepage bag can be placed inside a rigid container to minimize velocity head concerns, the seepage cylinder installed in the sediment bed projects into and disrupts the flow field, altering both the local-scale fluid exchange as well as measurement of that exchange. A low-profile seepage meter designed for use in moving water was tested in a seepage meter flux tank where both current velocity and seepage velocity could be controlled. The conical seepage cylinder protrudes only slightly above the sediment bed and is connected via tubing to a seepage bag or flowmeter positioned inside a rigid shelter that is located nearby where current velocity is much slower. Laboratory and field tests indicate that the net effect of the small protrusion of the seepage cylinder into the surface water flow field is inconsequentially small for surface water currents up to 65 cm s(-1). Current velocity affects the variability of seepage measurements; seepage standard deviation increased from similar to 2 to similar to 6 cm d(-1) as current velocity increased from 9 to 65 cm s(-1). Substantial bias can result if the shelter is not placed to minimize hydraulic gradient between the bag and the seepage cylinder. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM rosenber@usgs.gov RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 51 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 15 PY 2008 VL 359 IS 1-2 BP 118 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.029 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 351YT UT WOS:000259462600009 ER PT J AU Potapov, P Hansen, MC Stehman, SV Loveland, TR Pittman, K AF Potapov, Peter Hansen, Matthew C. Stehman, Stephen V. Loveland, Thomas R. Pittman, Kyle TI Combining MODIS and Landsat imagery to estimate and map boreal forest cover loss SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE boreal forests; monitoring; forest cover; forest cover loss; MODIS; Landsat; wildfires; logging ID RESOLUTION SAMPLE IMAGES; CARBON BALANCE; VALIDATION; AREAS; AVHRR; FIRE; DEFORESTATION; METHODOLOGY; PRODUCT; SIBERIA AB Estimation of forest cover change is important for boreal forests, one of the most extensive forested biomes, due to its unique role in global timber stock, carbon sequestration and deposition, and high vulnerability to the effects of global climate change. We used time-series data from the MODerate Resolution imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to produce annual forest Cover loss hotspot maps. These maps were used to assign all blocks (18.5 by 18.5 km) Partitioning the boreal biome into strata of high, medium and low likelihood of forest cover loss. A stratified random sample of 118 blocks was interpreted for forest cover and forest cover loss using high spatial resolution Landsat imagery from 2000 and 2005. Area of forest cover gross loss from 2000 to 2005 within the boreal biome is estimated to be 1.63% (standard error 0.10%) of the total biome area, and represents a 4.02% reduction in year 2000 forest cover. The proportion of identified forest cover loss relative to regional forest area is much higher in North America than in Eurasia (5.63% to 3.00%). Of the total forest cover loss identified, 58.9% is attributable to wildfires. The MODIS pan-boreal change hotspot estimates reveal significant increases in forest Cover loss due to wildfires in 2002 and 2003, with 2003 being the peak year of loss within the 5-year Study period. Overall, the precision of the aggregate forest cover loss estimates derived from the Landsat data and the Value of the MODIS-derived map displaying the spatial and temporal patterns of forest loss demonstrate the efficacy of this protocol for operational, cost-effective, and timely biome-wide monitoring of gross forest cover loss. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Potapov, Peter; Hansen, Matthew C.; Loveland, Thomas R.; Pittman, Kyle] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Stehman, Stephen V.] SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Loveland, Thomas R.] US Geol Survey, Ctr EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Potapov, P (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Wecota Hall,Box 506B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM peter.potapov@sdstate.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG06GD95G] FX The authors thank Mr. Bernard Adusei and Mr. Maxim Dubinin for their contribution in image processing and Dr. Mike Wulder for his help in data analysis. We are also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions. Funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration supported this research under grant NNG06GD95G managed under the NASA Land Cover Land Use Change program (manager: Dr. Garik Gutman). NR 47 TC 75 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP 15 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 9 BP 3708 EP 3719 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.006 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 342LD UT WOS:000258784700019 ER PT J AU Shields, CA Band, LE Law, N Groffman, PM Kaushal, SS Savvas, K Fisher, GT Belt, KT AF Shields, Catherine A. Band, Lawrence E. Law, Neely Groffman, Peter M. Kaushal, Sujay S. Savvas, Katerina Fisher, Gary T. Belt, Kenneth T. TI Streamflow distribution of non-point source nitrogen export from urban-rural catchments in the Chesapeake Bay watershed SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE CHANGE; NUTRIENT DISCHARGES; UNITED-STATES; NITRATE-N; RIVER; HYDROLOGISTS; RESTORATION; ECOSYSTEMS; RETENTION; DYNAMICS AB Nitrogen (N) export from urban and urbanizing watersheds is a major contributor to water quality degradation and eutrophication of receiving water bodies. Methods to reduce N exports using best management practices (BMP) have targeted both source reduction and hydrologic flow path retention. Stream restoration is a BMP targeted to multiple purposes but includes increasing flow path retention to improve water quality. As restorations are typically most effective at lower discharge rates with longer residence times, distribution of N load by stream discharge is a significant influence on catchment nitrogen retention. We explore impacts of urbanization on magnitude and export flow distribution of nitrogen along an urban-rural gradient in a set of catchments studied by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). We test the hypotheses that N export magnitude increases and cumulative N export shifts to higher, less frequent discharge with catchment urbanization. We find that increasing development in watersheds is associated with shifts in nitrogen export toward higher discharge, while total magnitude of export does not show as strong a trend. Forested reference, low-density suburban, and agricultural catchments export most of the total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) loads at relatively low flows. More urbanized sites export TN and NO(3)-at higher and less frequent flows. The greatest annual loads of nitrogen are from less developed agricultural and low-density residential (suburban/exurban) areas; the latter is the most rapidly growing land use in expanding metropolitan areas. A simple statistical model relating export distribution metrics to impervious surface area is then used to extrapolate parameters of the N export distribution across the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore County. This spatial extrapolation has potential applications as a tool for predictive mapping of variations in export distribution and targeting stream channel restoration efforts at the watershed scale. C1 [Shields, Catherine A.; Band, Lawrence E.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Belt, Kenneth T.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Syracuse, NY USA. [Fisher, Gary T.] US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. [Groffman, Peter M.] Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. [Kaushal, Sujay S.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. [Law, Neely] Ctr Watershed Protect, Ellicottville, MD 21043 USA. [Savvas, Katerina] Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Ecol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Shields, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM cshields@bren.ucsb.edu RI Kaushal, Sujay/G-1062-2013 OI Kaushal, Sujay/0000-0003-0834-9189 FU Baltimore Ecosystem Study Project, National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research program [DEB 9714835]; EPA-NSF joint program in Water and Watersheds [GAD R825792]; Merit Assistantship from the Graduate School; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill FX This research is supported by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study Project, National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research program, grant DEB 9714835, and by the EPA-NSF joint program in Water and Watersheds, project GAD R825792. We thank the USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station for site management and in kind services to the BES. In addition we thank the University of Maryland Baltimore County for their contribution to office and laboratory space at the Research Technology Center on their campus. The city of Baltimore Department of Parks and Recreation and Department of Public Works, the Baltimore County Department of Parks, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and the McDonogh School all kindly provide access or management of land used by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study for ecological, hydrological, and meteorological field studies. Additional support and assistance have been provided by agencies, communities, and individuals who are specifically acknowledged in the data sets and publications summarizing work the facilitated. This research was also supported by a Merit Assistantship from the Graduate School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. We thank Douglas Burns and two anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions that significantly improved the manuscript. NR 39 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 7 U2 58 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 11 PY 2008 VL 44 IS 9 AR W09416 DI 10.1029/2007WR006360 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 348JG UT WOS:000259206200003 ER PT J AU Bolduc, F Afton, AD AF Bolduc, Francois Afton, Alan D. TI Monitoring waterbird abundance in wetlands: The importance of controlling results for variation in water depth SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE waterbirds; water depth; non-parametric regression; wetland; LOESS ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; MANAGED WETLANDS; DABBLING DUCKS; LEVEL MANAGEMENT; COASTAL LAGOONS; SHOREBIRD USE; WADING BIRDS; MARSH PONDS; HABITAT USE; USA AB Wetland use by waterbirds is highly dependent on water depth, and depth requirements generally vary among species. Furthermore, water depth within wetlands often varies greatly over time due to unpredictable hydrological events, making comparisons of waterbird abundance among wetlands difficult as effects of habitat variables and water depth are confounded. Species-specific relationships between bird abundance and water depth necessarily are non-linear; thus, we developed a methodology to correct waterbird abundance for variation in water depth, based on the non-parametric regression of these two variables. Accordingly, we used the difference between observed and predicted abundances from nonparametric regression (analogous to parametric residuals) as an estimate of bird abundance at equivalent water depths. We scaled this difference to levels of observed and predicted abundances using the formula: ((observed - predicted abundance)/(observed + predicted abundance)) x 100. This estimate also corresponds to the observed: predicted abundance ratio, which allows easy interpretation of results. We illustrated this methodology using two hypothetical species that differed in water depth and wetland preferences. Comparisons of wetlands, using both observed and relative corrected abundances, indicated that relative corrected abundance adequately separates the effect of water depth from the effect of wetlands. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bolduc, Francois] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Afton, Alan D.] Louisiana State Univ, USGS Louisiana Cooperat Fish, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Afton, Alan D.] Louisiana State Univ, Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Bolduc, F (reprint author), Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, 1141 Route Eglise, Quebec City, PQ G1V 4H5, Canada. EM francois.bolduc@ec.gc.ca RI Bolduc, Francois/A-1834-2010 FU Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge; USGS-Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; School of Renewable Natural Resources; Graduate School at Louisiana State University (LSU) FX Financial support for our project was provided by the Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge through the Fur and Refuge Division of Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, and the USGS-Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Renewable Natural Resources, and Graduate School at Louisiana State University (LSU). We thank Barry E. Moser (deceased), Department of Experimental Statistics, LSU, for introducing us to non-parametric regressions. Finally, we thank John W, Fleeger, Robert B. Hamilton, and Frank C. Rohwer also at LSU, Doug H. Johnson and Bobby Cox from the USGS-Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, and Tom Hess and Guthrie Perry from Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge for their helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 10 PY 2008 VL 216 IS 3-4 BP 402 EP 408 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.007 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339DD UT WOS:000258557400012 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MS Powell, RA AF Mitchell, Michael S. Powell, Roger A. TI Estimated home ranges can misrepresent habitat relationships on patchy landscapes SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE habitat quality; home range estimate; optimal home range; patchy landscape; resource distribution ID UTILIZATION DISTRIBUTIONS; RESOURCES; HETEROGENEITY; PATCHINESS; DENSITY; MODEL; SIZE AB Home ranges of animals are generally structured by the selective use of resource-bearing patches that comprise habitat. Based on this concept, home ranges of animals estimated from location data are commonly used to infer habitat relationships. Because home ranges estimated from animal locations are largely continuous in space, the resource-bearing patches selected by an animal from a fragmented distribution of patches would be difficult to discern; unselected patches included in the home range estimate would bias an understanding of important habitat relationships. To evaluate potential for this bias, we generated simulated home ranges based on optimal selection of resource-bearing patches across a series of simulated resource distributions that varied in the spatial continuity of resources. For simulated home ranges where selected patches were spatially disjunct, we included interstitial, unselected cells most likely to be traveled by an animal moving among selected patches. We compared characteristics of the simulated home ranges with and without interstitial patches to evaluate how insights derived from field estimates can differ from actual characteristics of home ranges, depending on patchiness of landscapes. Our results showed that contiguous home range estimates could lead to misleading insights on the quality, size, resource content, and efficiency of home ranges, proportional to the spatial discontinuity of resource-bearing patches. We conclude the potential bias of including unselected, largely irrelevant patches in the field estimates of home ranges of animals can be high, particularly for home range estimators that assume uniform use of space within home range boundaries. Thus, inferences about the habitat relationships that ultimately define an animal's home range can be misleading where animals occupy landscapes with patchily distributed resources. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Mitchell, Michael S.] Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Powell, Roger A.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Mitchell, MS (reprint author), Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, 205 Nat Sci Bldg, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM mike.mitchell@umontana.edu RI Mitchell, Michael/H-1117-2011 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 10 PY 2008 VL 216 IS 3-4 BP 409 EP 414 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.001 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339DD UT WOS:000258557400013 ER PT J AU Toda, S Lin, J Meghraoui, M Stein, RS AF Toda, Shinji Lin, Jian Meghraoui, Mustapha Stein, Ross S. TI 12 May 2008 M=7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake calculated to increase failure stress and seismicity rate on three major fault systems SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RUPTURE LENGTH; KUNLUN FAULT; SLIP-RATE; MAGNITUDE; TIBET AB The Wenchuan earthquake on the Longmen Shan fault zone devastated cities of Sichuan, claiming at least 69,000 lives. We calculate that the earthquake also brought the Xianshuihe, Kunlun and Min Jiang faults 150-400 km from the mainshock rupture in the eastern Tibetan Plateau 0.2-0.5 bars closer to Coulomb failure. Because some portions of these stressed faults have not ruptured in more than a century, the earthquake could trigger or hasten additional M > 7 earthquakes, potentially subjecting regions from Kangding to Daofu and Maqin to Rangtag to strong shaking. We use the calculated stress changes and the observed background seismicity to forecast the rate and distribution of damaging shocks. The earthquake probability in the region is estimated to be 57-71% for M >= 6 shocks during the next decade, and 8-12% for M >= 7 shocks. These are up to twice the probabilities for the decade before the Wenchuan earthquake struck. C1 [Toda, Shinji] AIST, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. [Lin, Jian] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Meghraoui, Mustapha] EOST, Inst Phys Globe, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. [Stein, Ross S.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Toda, S (reprint author), AIST, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Site 7,Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM s-toda@aist.go.jp RI Meghraoui, Mustapha/K-4206-2015; OI Lin, Jintai/0000-0002-2362-2940 FU Charles D. Hollister Endowed Fund FX We thank M. Blanpied, W. Thatcher, R. Harris, and G. Fuis for reviews. S. T. and R. S. are grateful for research fellowships at EOST- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, France. J. L. was supported by the Charles D. Hollister Endowed Fund for Support of Innovative Research at WHOI. NR 21 TC 110 Z9 143 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 17 AR L17305 DI 10.1029/2008GL034903 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 348GR UT WOS:000259199500002 ER PT J AU George, DA Hill, PS AF George, Douglas A. Hill, Paul S. TI Wave climate, sediment supply and the depth of the sand-mud transition: A global survey SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sand-mud transition; Continental shelf; Sedimentation; Mudline; Wave energy; Bed shear stress ID ADRIATIC CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; INNER SHELF; RIVER; FLOCCULATION; TRANSPORT; DISPERSAL; DELTA; OCEAN AB The influences of wave climate and sediment supply on the depths of sand-mud transitions (h(SMT)) are investigated. Depths of sand-mud transitions (SMT) are based on published granulometric data from surface samples gathered from 14 sites in different wave-dominated coastal environments with fluvial input, including high energy (Columbia, Eel, Russian, San Lorenzo, Copper, and Nepean rivers), moderate energy (Ebro, Nile, Santa Clara, Tseng-wen and Kao-ping rivers), and low energy (Po, Pescara and Tronto rivers) regimes. Geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mud percent are compiled from samples along shore-normal transects, and significant correlation is found between these two textural descriptors. Nominally, the SMT is defined as the transition from GMD >63 mu m to <63 mu m. The correlation between mud percent and GMD permits an alternative, complementary definition of the SMT as the transition from <25% mud to >25% mud. This dual definition is applied to the 14 systems, and h(SMT) is tabulated for each system. Correlation is found between h(SMT) and the depth at which wave-induced bottom shear stress equals the critical erosion shear stress of the largest mud particles and also between h(SMT) and significant wave height Lack of correlation between h(SMT) and sediment load of nearby rivers indicates either that the influence of sediment supply on depth of the sand-mud transition is small or is not adequately represented in this study. Shelf width and slope do not correlate with residuals from a formalized linear relationship between h(SMT) and significant wave height. The relationship between h(SMT) and wave climate is useful for calibration of numerical models of erosion and deposition in wave-dominated coastal environments, for prediction of seabed properties in remote or inaccessible areas, and for reconstruction of paleodepth based on facies changes from sand to mud in ancient rocks. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [George, Douglas A.] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Hill, Paul S.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP George, DA (reprint author), 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM doug.george@gmail.com NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD SEP 3 PY 2008 VL 254 IS 3-4 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.05.005 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 377ZE UT WOS:000261290100001 ER PT J AU Peters, KE Hostettler, FD Lorenson, TD Rosenbauer, RJ AF Peters, Kenneth E. Hostettler, Frances D. Lorenson, Thomas D. Rosenbauer, Robert J. TI Families of Miocene Monterey crude oil, seep, and tarball samples, coastal California SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; THERMAL MATURITY; PETROLEUM; EVOLUTION; ROCKS; GEOCHEMISTRY; BORDERLAND AB Biomarker and stable carbon isotope ratios were used to infer the age, lithology, organic matter input, and depositional environment of the source rocks for 388 samples of produced crude oil, seep oil, and tarballs to better assess their origins and distributions in coastal California. These samples were used to construct a chemometric (multivariate statistical) decision tree to classify 288 additional samples. The results identify three tribes of 13 C-rich oil samples inferred to originate from thermally mature equivalents of the clayey-siliceous, carbonaceous marl and lower calcareous-siliceous members of the Monterey Formation at Naples Beach near Santa Barbara. An attempt to correlate these families to rock extracts from these members in the nearby COST (continental offshore stratigraphic test) (OCS-Cal 78-164) well failed, at least in part because the rocks are thermally immature. Geochemical similarities among the oil tribes and their widespread distribution support the prograding margin model or the banktop-slope-basin model instead of the ridge-and-basin model for the deposition of the Monterey Formation. Tribe I contains four oil families having geochemical traits of clay-rich marine shale source rock deposited under suboxic conditions with substantial higher plant input. Tribe 2 contains four oil families with traits intermediate between tribes 1 and 3, except for abundant 28,30-bisnorhopane, indicating suboxic to anoxic marine marl source rock with hemipelagic input. Tribe 3 contains five oil families with traits of distal marine carbonate source rock deposited under anoxic conditions with pelagic but little or no higher plant input. Tribes I and 2 occur mainly south of Point Conception in paleogeographic settings where deep burial of the Monterey source rock favored petroleum generation from all three members or their equivalents. In this area, oil from the clayey-siliceous and carbonaceous marl members (tribes 1 and 2) may overwhelm that from the lower calcareous-sihceous member (tribe 3) because the latter is thinner and less oil-prone than the overlying members. Tribe 3 occurs mainly north of Point Conception where shallow burial caused preferential generation from the underlying lower calcareous-siliceous member or another unit with similar characteristics. In a test of the decision tree, 10 tarball samples collected from beaches in Monterey and San Mateo counties in early 2007 were found to originate from natural seeps representing different organofacies of Monterey Formation source rock instead from one anthropogenic pollution event. The seeps apparently became more active because of increased storm activity. C1 [Peters, Kenneth E.; Hostettler, Frances D.; Lorenson, Thomas D.; Rosenbauer, Robert J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Peters, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 969, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM kpeters@usgs.gov; fdhostet@usgs.gov; tlorenson@usgs.gov; brosenbouer@usgs.gov NR 61 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 92 IS 9 BP 1131 EP 1152 DI 10.1306/04180807113 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 348JE UT WOS:000259206000002 ER PT J AU Carey, MP Mather, ME AF Carey, Michael P. Mather, Martha E. TI Tracking change in a human-dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE community structure; physiological thresholds; abiotic gradients; conservation planning; national park; lentic systems; freshwater fish ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; YELLOW PERCH; HABITAT COMPLEXITY; COMMUNITIES; LAKE; CONSEQUENCES; ASSEMBLAGES; PREDATION; PREY; POPULATION AB 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human-dominated landscape, a science-based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural Communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore. 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems Lit the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in it human dominated landscape. First. fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along I gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change. 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities 4. The primary human threats here included: development-related, land-use changes; non-point source pollution eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites. 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity.. and trophic interactions are recommended. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Carey, Michael P.; Mather, Martha E.] Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Holdsworth Nat Rcsources Ctr,Dept Nat Resources C, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Carey, MP (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Div Ecol & Conservat Sci, 1816 S Oak St,MC652, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM mpcarey@uiuc.edu RI Carey, Michael/G-9516-2012 FU the National Park Service FX This project was funded by the National Park Service and administered through the Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, US Geological Survey. The Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit., US Geological Survey, is a cooperative venture among the United States Geological Survey; the Department of Natural Resources Conservation at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst; the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries; the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; and the Wildlife Management Institute. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the US Government. We would like to thank Dr John Portnoy and Nancy Finley of the National Park Service for sharing their information, advice, and Support oil many aspects of the project. Alicia Norris, Lil Knight Eric Schneider, Michelle Monette, Ethan Nedeau, and Kristen Ferry also provided assistance in many aspects of the laboratory and field components of the project. Jack Finn, Bell Letcher, and Mike Sutherland provided useful reviews of previous drafts of the manuscript. Reviews by Brian Graeb and Dave Wahl with the aquatic ecology group at the Kaskaskia Biological Station and John Dettmers substantially improved the manuscript. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1052-7613 EI 1099-0755 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 18 IS 6 BP 877 EP 890 DI 10.1002/aqc.921 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 353CR UT WOS:000259544200007 ER PT J AU Gundersen, DT Webb, MAH Fink, AK Kushner, LR Feist, GW Fitzpatrick, MS Foster, EP Schreck, CB AF Gundersen, D. T. Webb, M. A. H. Fink, A. K. Kushner, L. R. Feist, G. W. Fitzpatrick, M. S. Foster, E. P. Schreck, C. B. TI Using blood plasma for monitoring organochlorine contaminants in juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, from the lower Columbia River SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE white sturgeon; plasma; organochlorines; contaminant monitoring ID LARUS-HYPERBOREUS; GREAT-LAKES; WHOLE-BLOOD; BASIN; DDT; FAT AB Organochlorine (OC) pesticide concentrations in blood plasma samples from 88 juvenile white sturgeon collected from the lower Columbia River were measured and compared to plasma sex steroid and OC tissue levels previously measured in corresponding fish. Significant squared correlation coefficients between Sigma DDT concentrations in sturgeon plasma and gonads and livers were 0.37 and 0.32, respectively. Significant negative correlations between plasma testosterone concentration and plasma Sigma DDT concentration in male fish (r(2) = 0.26), plasma 17 beta estradiol concentration and plasma Sigma DDT concentration in female fish (r(2) = 0.38) and condition factor and plasma Sigma DDT concentration in all fish were found (r(2) stop = 0.17). These results suggest that blood plasma may be a suitable nondestructive method for monitoring adult sturgeon population for persistent OC contaminants. C1 [Gundersen, D. T.; Fink, A. K.; Kushner, L. R.] Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. [Webb, M. A. H.] USFWS, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. [Feist, G. W.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Fitzpatrick, M. S.; Foster, E. P.] Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Water Qual Div, Portland, OR 97204 USA. [Schreck, C. B.] Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gundersen, DT (reprint author), Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 2043 Coll Way, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. EM deke@pacificu.edu NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 81 IS 3 BP 225 EP 229 DI 10.1007/s00128-008-9417-6 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 335FH UT WOS:000258275700001 PM 18421403 ER PT J AU Frimodig, AJ Goldsmith, GH AF Frimodig, Adam J. Goldsmith, Greg H. TI FIRST RECORD OF A CYMOTHOID ISOPOD FROM A TIDEWATER GOBY AND THREE NEW TIDEWATER GOBY LOCALITIES IN HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Editorial Material ID EUCYCLOGOBIUS-NEWBERRYI; FISH; PARASITE; BEHAVIOR; GOBIIDAE; PISCES; COAST C1 [Frimodig, Adam J.; Goldsmith, Greg H.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arcata Fish & Wildlife Off, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Frimodig, AJ (reprint author), Calif Dept Fish & Game, 619 2nd St, Eureka, CA 95501 USA. EM AFrimodig@dfg.ca.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD FAL PY 2008 VL 94 IS 4 BP 194 EP 199 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 407XO UT WOS:000263397800004 ER PT J AU Reid, SM Wilson, CC Carl, LM Zorn, TG AF Reid, Scott M. Wilson, Chris C. Carl, Leon M. Zorn, Troy G. TI Species traits influence the genetic consequences of river fragmentation on two co-occurring redhorse (Moxostoma) species SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA; PER-GENERATION RULE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; EMPIRICAL-EVALUATION; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; LIFE-HISTORY; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES AB We used microsatellite DNA markers to test whether fragmentation of the Trent River (Ontario, Canada) has reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation among populations of river redhorse (Moxostoma carinatum) and shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum). Allelic richness of both species was significantly greater along the free-flowing Muskegon River (Michigan, USA) than along the fragmented Trent River. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence of a fragment length effect oil genetic diversity. recent population bottlenecks, or increased relatedness among individuals in fragmented populations. High levels of linkage disequilibrium indicate extinction-recolonization population dynamics along the Trent River. For both species, pairwise F-ST tests identified weak but statistically significant population differentiation. In the Trent River, differentiation was significantly greater for river redhorse than for shorthead redhorse and. for both species, greater than ill the Muskegon River. Moderate fragmentation effects likely reflect the permeability of the dam-lock system to redhorse movement. Differences between species indicate that as a result of smaller effective population sizes. habitat specialists and species at the periphery of their geographic range are more sensitive to river fragmentation. C1 [Reid, Scott M.] Trent Univ, Watershed Ecosyst Grad Program, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. [Wilson, Chris C.] Trent Univ, Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Aquat Res Sect, Peterborough, ON K9J 8N8, Canada. [Carl, Leon M.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Zorn, Troy G.] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Res Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. RP Reid, SM (reprint author), Trent Univ, Watershed Ecosyst Grad Program, 1600 W Bank Dr, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. EM screid@trentu.ca RI Wilson, Chris/J-4851-2012 OI Wilson, Chris/0000-0002-9528-0652 FU Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Endangered Species Recovery Fund (WWF Canada and Environment Canada); Federal Departmental Recovery Fund; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Ontario Power Generation; Parks Canada; US Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act; Natural Sciences and Engineering, Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Industrial and Ontario Graduate FX This Study was supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Endangered Species Recovery Fund (WWF Canada and Environment Canada), Federal Departmental Recovery Fund, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Power Generation, Parks Canada, and the US Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act. S. Reid was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering, Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Industrial and Ontario Graduate scholarships. P. Addison,J.. Barnucz, A. Edwards. H. Gignac, N. Koutrilides J. MacLeod, and C. Sinclair assisted with field sampling, D. Gillette and M. Lavender provided Valuable assistance during laboratory data collection. The Manuscript was greatly improved by comments provided by N. Mandrak, J. Schaefer W. Stott, and three anonymous reviewers. NR 94 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1892 EP 1904 DI 10.1139/F08-093 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 361HR UT WOS:000260119200008 ER PT J AU Olsen, JB Flannery, BG Beacham, TD Bromaghin, JF Crane, PA Lean, CF Dunmall, KM Wenburg, JK AF Olsen, Jeffrey B. Flannery, Blair G. Beacham, Terry D. Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. Crane, Penelope A. Lean, Charles F. Dunmall, Karen M. Wenburg, John K. TI The influence of hydrographic structure and seasonal run timing on genetic diversity and isolation-by-distance in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RIM POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SOCKEYE-SALMON; MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; ATLANTIC SALMON; WESTERN ALASKA; LIFE-HISTORY; F-STATISTICS; DIFFERENTIATION; RIVER; NORTHERN AB We used 20 microsatellite loci to compare genetic diversity and patterns of isolation-by-distance among three groups of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from two physically distinct watersheds in western Alaska, USA. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that gene flow decreases as the complexity of the hydrographic system increases. Specifically, higher gene flow was inferred among 11 populations from a nonhierarchical collection of short coastal rivers in Norton Sound compared with 29 populations from a complex hierarchical network of inland tributaries of the Yukon River. Within the Yukon river, inferred gene flow was highest among 15 summer-run populations that spawn in the lower drainage, compared with 14 fall-run populations that spawn in the upper drainage. The results suggest that the complexity of the hydrographic system may influence population connectivity and hence the level of genetic diversity of western Alaska chum salmon. Finally, evidence of isolation-by-time, when controlling for geographic distance, supported the hypothesis that genetic divergence in Yukon River chum salmon is influenced by seasonal run timing. However, evidence of isolation-by-distance, when controlling for season run timing, indicated the populations are not sufficiently isolated, spatially or temporally, to prevent gene flow. Dispersal among summer- and fall-run populations may play a role in maintaining genetic diversity. C1 [Olsen, Jeffrey B.; Flannery, Blair G.; Crane, Penelope A.; Wenburg, John K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Beacham, Terry D.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Mol Genet Lab, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. [Bromaghin, Jeffrey F.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fisheries & Ecol Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Lean, Charles F.] Norton Sound Econ Dev Corp, Nome, AK 99762 USA. [Dunmall, Karen M.] Kawerak Inc, Dept Fisheries, Nome, AK 99762 USA. RP Olsen, JB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jeffrey_olsen@fws.gov RI Bromaghin, Jeffrey/B-5058-2009 OI Bromaghin, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7209-9500 FU Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative; Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation; US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Office of Subsistence Management FX Funding for this study was provided by the Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative, the Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Office of Subsistence Management. Khai. D. Le and Michael Wetklo of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Tyler Grosshuesch, Lynsey D. Luiten, and Eric J. Kretschmer of the USFWS assisted with laboratory and data analyses. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 65 IS 9 BP 2026 EP 2042 DI 10.1139/F08-108 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 361HR UT WOS:000260119200019 ER PT J AU Giesen, TW Perakis, SS Cromack, K AF Giesen, T. W. Perakis, S. S. Cromack, K., Jr. TI Four centuries of soil carbon and nitrogen change after stand-replacing fire in a forest landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID OLD-GROWTH FOREST; LOW ELEVATION FORESTS; DOUGLAS-FIR; ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES; CEANOTHUS-VELUTINUS; ADJACENT CONIFER; PINE FORESTS; ISLAND AREA; TRANSFORMATIONS; MINERALIZATION AB Episodic stand-replacing wildfire is a significant disturbance in mesic and moist Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests of the Pacific Northwest. We studied 24 forest stands with known fire histories in the western Cascade Range in Oregon to evaluate long-term impacts of stand-replacing wildfire on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools and dynamics within the forest floor (FF, Oe and Oa horizons) and the mineral soil (0-10 cm). Twelve of our stands burned approximately 150 years ago ("young''), and the other 12 burned approximately 550 years ago ("old''). Forest floor mean C and N pools were significantly greater in old stands than young stands (N pools: 1823 +/- 132 kg.ha(-1) vs. 1450 +/- 98 kg.ha(-1); C pools: 62 980 +/- 5403 kg.ha(-1) vs. 49 032 +/- 2965 kg.ha(-1), mean +/- SE) as a result of significant differences in FF mass. Forest floor C and N concentrations and C/ N ratios did not differ by time since fire, yet potential N mineralization rates were significantly higher in FF of old sites. Old and young mineral soils did not differ significantly in pools, concentrations, C/ N ratios, or cycling rates. Our results suggest that C and N are sequestered in FF of Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forests over long (similar to 400 year) intervals, but that shorter fire return intervals may prevent that accumulation. C1 [Giesen, T. W.; Cromack, K., Jr.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Perakis, S. S.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Giesen, TW (reprint author), 629 NW 29th St, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM giesentom@gmail.com FU Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science Richardson; USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center FX This research was supported by an Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science Richardson Fellowship awarded to Tom Giesen, and by the USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, and is a contribution to the Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program. We acknowledge Chris Catricala for laboratory assistance, George Lienkaemper (USGS; Corvallis, Oregon) for GIS and mapping assistance, and Kirk Steinhorst (University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho) for statistical methods assistance. The manuscript was greatly improved by the comments of Dr. Thomas DeLuca, Dr. Giacomo Certini, and anonymous reviewers. We thank A. S. Cromack and K. T. Cromack for technical editing of the paper. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 53 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2455 EP 2464 DI 10.1139/X08-092 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 357XD UT WOS:000259879600012 ER PT J AU Drobyshev, I Goebel, PC Hix, DM Corace, RG Semko-Duncan, ME AF Drobyshev, Igor Goebel, P. Charles Hix, David M. Corace, R. Gregory, III Semko-Duncan, Marie E. TI Pre- and post-European settlement fire history of red pine dominated forest ecosystems of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN BOREAL FOREST; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; UPPER GREAT-LAKES; UPPER PENINSULA; NORTHERN LIMIT; FUTURE FIRE; LANDSCAPE; DISTURBANCE; PATTERNS; QUEBEC AB To understand the dynamics of fire in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest ecosystems that once dominated areas of the northern Lake States, we dendrochronologically reconstructed the fire regime prior to European settlement (pre-1860), after European settlement (1860-1935), and postrefuge establishment (post-1935) for different portions (wilderness and nonwilderness) and landforms (sand ridges and outwash channels) of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR) in eastern Upper Michigan. Using data from 50 sites, we found that the cumulative number of fires showed a slow rate of accumulation from the 1700s to 1859, a steeper pattern suggesting higher fire occurrence from 1860 to 1935, and a return to fewer fires after 1935. Prior to European settlement, the fire cycle (FC) of sand ridge landforms interspersed within a poorly drained lacustrine plain in the Seney Wilderness Area was 91-144 years. This was longer than on glacial outwash channel landforms (53 years) and on sand ridge landforms interspersed within lacustrine plains located outside of the wilderness (47 years). The FC was also shorter (30 years) during this period and has subsequently increased (149-1090 years) after SNWR establishment. Differences in fire regimes among landform types were minor relative to the temporal variation in fire regimes among the three time periods. C1 [Drobyshev, Igor; Goebel, P. Charles; Semko-Duncan, Marie E.] Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. [Hix, David M.] Ohio State Univ, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Corace, R. Gregory, III] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Seney Natl Wildlife Refuge, Seney, MI 49883 USA. RP Goebel, PC (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. EM goebel.11@osu.edu RI Hix, David/B-3228-2012; Goebel, Patrick/B-3657-2012; Drobyshev, Igor/D-9220-2016 OI Drobyshev, Igor/0000-0002-5980-4316 FU Joint Fire Science Program [05-2-1-86]; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; SNWR FX Salaries and financial support for this research were provided by a grant from the Joint Fire Science Program (Project 05-2-1-86), the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, and SNWR. We thank the staff of SNWR for their logistical support. We also thank Stephen Rist, Bridget Deemer, Jim Downs, and Heather Whitman for assistance in the field. NR 83 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 16 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2497 EP 2514 DI 10.1139/X08-082 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 357XD UT WOS:000259879600016 ER PT J AU Jokiel, PL Rodgers, KS Kuffner, IB Andersson, AJ Cox, EF Mackenzie, FT AF Jokiel, P. L. Rodgers, K. S. Kuffner, I. B. Andersson, A. J. Cox, E. F. Mackenzie, F. T. TI Ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms: a mesocosm investigation SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE ocean acidification; climate change; coral; calcification; coralline algae; aragonite saturation ID CO2 PARTIAL-PRESSURE; CALCIUM-CARBONATE SATURATION; CRUSTOSE CORALLINE ALGAE; SCLERACTINIAN CORAL; ACROPORA-CERVICORNIS; LARVAL METAMORPHOSIS; CALCIFICATION RATE; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; ION CONCENTRATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB A long-term (10 months) controlled experiment was conducted to test the impact of increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) on common calcifying coral reef organisms. The experiment was conducted in replicate continuous flow coral reef mesocosms flushed with unfiltered sea water from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Mesocosms were located in full sunlight and experienced diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in temperature and sea water chemistry characteristic of the adjacent reef flat. Treatment mesocosms were manipulated to simulate an increase in pCO(2) to levels expected in this century [midday pCO(2) levels exceeding control mesocosms by 365 +/- 130 mu atm (mean +/- sd)]. Acidification had a profound impact on the development and growth of crustose coralline algae (CCA) populations. During the experiment, CCA developed 25% cover in the control mesocosms and only 4% in the acidified mesocosms, representing an 86% relative reduction. Free-living associations of CCA known as rhodoliths living in the control mesocosms grew at a rate of 0.6 g buoyant weight year(-1) while those in the acidified experimental treatment decreased in weight at a rate of 0.9 g buoyant weight year(-1), representing a 250% difference. CCA play an important role in the growth and stabilization of carbonate reefs, so future changes of this magnitude could greatly impact coral reefs throughout the world. Coral calcification decreased between 15% and 20% under acidified conditions. Linear extension decreased by 14% under acidified conditions in one experiment. Larvae of the coral Pocillopora damicornis were able to recruit under the acidified conditions. In addition, there was no significant difference in production of gametes by the coral Montipora capitata after 6 months of exposure to the treatments. C1 [Jokiel, P. L.; Rodgers, K. S.; Cox, E. F.] Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment & Monitoring Program, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. [Kuffner, I. B.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Andersson, A. J.] Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, GE-01 St Georges, Bermuda. [Mackenzie, F. T.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Jokiel, PL (reprint author), Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment & Monitoring Program, POB 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. EM jokiel@hawaii.edu RI Kuffner, Ilsa/A-6416-2008; OI Kuffner, Ilsa/0000-0001-8804-7847 NR 56 TC 184 Z9 186 U1 22 U2 200 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD SEP PY 2008 VL 27 IS 3 BP 473 EP 483 DI 10.1007/s00338-008-0380-9 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 332MA UT WOS:000258085900003 ER PT J AU Brock, JC Palaseanu-Lovejoy, M Wright, CW Nayegandhi, A AF Brock, J. C. Palaseanu-Lovejoy, M. Wright, C. W. Nayegandhi, A. TI Patch-reef morphology as a proxy for Holocene sea-level variability, Northern Florida Keys, USA SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE lidar; Holocene; sea-level fluctuations; patch reefs; morphology; Florida Keys ID ACROPORA-PALMATA FRAMEWORK; INTERTIDAL MANGROVE PEAT; CALIBRATED C-14 DATES; BISCAYNE-NATIONAL-PARK; GULF-OF-MEXICO; CORAL-REEFS; LAST DEGLACIATION; ICE-SHEET; HISTORY; ATLANTIC AB A portion of the northern Florida Keys reef tract was mapped with the NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) and the morphology of patch reefs was related to variations in Holocene sea level. Following creation of a lidar digital elevation model (DEM), geospatial analyses delineated morphologic attributes of 1,034 patch reefs (reef depth, basal area, height, volume, and topographic complexity). Morphometric analysis revealed two morphologically different populations of patch reefs associated with two distinct depth intervals above and below a water depth of 7.7 m. Compared to shallow reefs, the deep reefs were smaller in area and volume and showed no trend in topographic complexity relative to water depth. Shallow reefs were more variable in area and volume and became flatter and less topographically complex with decreasing water depth. The knoll-like morphology of deep reefs was interpreted as consistent with steady and relatively rapidly rising early Holocene sea level that restricted the lateral growth of reefs. The morphology of shallow "pancake-shaped" reefs at the highest platform elevations was interpreted as consistent with fluctuating sea level during the late Holocene. Although the ultimate cause for the morphometric depth trends remains open to interpretation, these interpretations are compatible with a recent eustatic sea-level curve that hindcasts fluctuating late Holocene sea level. Thus it is suggested that the morphologic differences represent two stages of reef accretion that occurred during different sea-level conditions. C1 [Brock, J. C.; Palaseanu-Lovejoy, M.; Nayegandhi, A.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Wright, C. W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Brock, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jbrock@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD SEP PY 2008 VL 27 IS 3 BP 555 EP 568 DI 10.1007/s00338-008-0370-y PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 332MA UT WOS:000258085900013 ER PT J AU Work, TM Aeby, GS Stanton, FG Fenner, D AF Work, T. M. Aeby, G. S. Stanton, F. G. Fenner, D. TI Overgrowth of fungi (endolithic hypermycosis) associated with multifocal to diffuse distinct amorphous dark discoloration of corals in the Indo-Pacific SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Work, T. M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. [Aeby, G. S.] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. [Stanton, F. G.] Leeward Community Coll, Pearl City, HI 96782 USA. [Fenner, D.] Amer Samoa Dept Marine & Wildlife, Pago Pago, AS 96799 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, PO Box 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM thierry_work@usgs.gov RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 3 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD SEP PY 2008 VL 27 IS 3 BP 663 EP 663 DI 10.1007/s00338-008-0374-7 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 332MA UT WOS:000258085900028 ER PT J AU Evangelista, PH Kumar, S Stohlgren, TJ Jarnevich, CS Crall, AW Norman, JB Barnett, DT AF Evangelista, Paul H. Kumar, Sunil Stohlgren, Thomas J. Jarnevich, Catherine S. Crall, Alycia W. Norman, John B., III Barnett, David T. TI Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE biological invasions; ecological niche modelling; generalist species; invasive species; non-native species; predictive modelling; specialist species ID BROMUS-TECTORUM L; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; PREDICTION ERRORS; UNITED-STATES; DISTRIBUTIONS; PERFORMANCE; ECOLOGY; INVASIBILITY; INVASIVENESS AB Predicting suitable habitat and the potential distribution of invasive species is a high priority for resource managers and systems ecologists. Most models are designed to identify habitat characteristics that define the ecological niche of a species with little consideration to individual species' traits. We tested five commonly used modelling methods on two invasive plant species, the habitat generalist Bromus tectorum and habitat specialist Tamarix chinensis, to compare model performances, evaluate predictability, and relate results to distribution traits associated with each species. Most of the tested models performed similarly for each species; however, the generalist species proved to be more difficult to predict than the specialist species. The highest area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve values with independent validation data sets of B. tectorum and T. chinensis was 0.503 and 0.885, respectively. Similarly, a confusion matrix for B. tectorum had the highest overall accuracy of 55%, while the overall accuracy for T. chinensis was 85%. Models for the generalist species had varying performances, poor evaluations, and inconsistent results. This may be a result of a generalist's capability to persist in a wide range of environmental conditions that are not easily defined by the data, independent variables or model design. Models for the specialist species had consistently strong performances, high evaluations, and similar results among different model applications. This is likely a consequence of the specialist's requirement for explicit environmental resources and ecological barriers that are easily defined by predictive models. Although defining new invaders as generalist or specialist species can be challenging, model performances and evaluations may provide valuable information on a species' potential invasiveness. C1 [Evangelista, Paul H.; Kumar, Sunil; Crall, Alycia W.; Norman, John B., III; Barnett, David T.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Jarnevich, Catherine S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Evangelista, PH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM paulevan@nrel.colostate.edu RI Kumar, Sunil/A-6730-2009; Evangelista, Paul/F-4801-2011; Evangelista, Paul/D-2315-2016 NR 85 TC 94 Z9 98 U1 12 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1366-9516 EI 1472-4642 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 14 IS 5 BP 808 EP 817 DI 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 336PJ UT WOS:000258376800009 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD Shaw, JC Kuris, AM AF Lafferty, Kevin D. Shaw, Jenny C. Kuris, Armand M. TI Reef Fishes Have Higher Parasite Richness at Unfished Palmyra Atoll Compared to Fished Kiritimati Island SO ECOHEALTH LA English DT Article DE parasites; fishing; Line Islands; biodiversity; richness; abundance ID TREMATODES; PREDATORS; BIOMASS; DISEASE; LINE AB We compared parasite communities at two coral atolls in the Line Islands chain of the central Pacific (Kiritimati Island and Palmyra Atoll). Palmyra Atoll is relatively pristine while Kiritimati Island is heavily fished. At each island, we sampled five fish species for helminth and arthropod endoparasites: Chromis margaritifer, Plectroglyphidodon dickii, Paracirrhites arcatus, Acanthurus nigricans, and Lutjanus bohar. The surveys found monogeneans, digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, and copepods. Parasite richness was higher at Palmyra compared to Kiritimati for all five fish species. Fishes from Palmyra also tended to have more parasites species per host, higher parasite prevalence, and higher parasite abundance than did fishes from Kiritimati. The lower parasitism at Kiritimati may result from a simplified food web due to over fishing. Low biodiversity could impair parasite transmission by reducing the availability of hosts required by parasites with complex life cycles. Most notably, the lower abundances of larval shark tapeworms at Kiritimati presumably reflect the fact that fishing has greatly depleted sharks there in comparison to Palmyra. C1 [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Shaw, Jenny C.; Kuris, Armand M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-9202 J9 ECOHEALTH JI EcoHealth PD SEP PY 2008 VL 5 IS 3 BP 338 EP 345 DI 10.1007/s10393-008-0196-7 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397XU UT WOS:000262696500013 PM 18846315 ER PT J AU Yi, CX Anderson, DE Turnipseed, AA Burns, SP Sparks, JP Stannard, DI Monson, RK AF Yi, Chuixiang Anderson, Dean E. Turnipseed, Andrew A. Burns, Sean P. Sparks, Jed P. Stannard, David I. Monson, Russell K. TI The contribution of advective fluxes to net ecosystem exchange in a high-elevation, subalpine forest SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE AmeriFlux; annual cumulative NEE; complex topography; drainage flows; eddy flux tower; friction velocity; horizontal advection; Niwot Ridge; Colorado; USA; vertical advection ID SURFACE-AIR EXCHANGE; EDDY COVARIANCE; TALL VEGETATION; MICROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE; COMPLEX TERRAIN; CO2 ADVECTION; LONG-TERM; ENERGY AB The eddy covariance technique, which is used in the determination of net ecosystem CO(2) exchange (NEE), is subject to significant errors when advection that carries CO(2) in the mean flow is ignored. We measured horizontal and vertical advective CO(2) fluxes at the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site (Colorado, USA) using a measurement approach consisting of multiple towers. We observed relatively high rates of both horizontal (F(hadv)) and vertical (F(vadv)) advective fluxes at low surface friction velocities (u(*)) which were associated with downslope katabatic flows. We observed that F(hadv) was confined to a relatively thin layer (0-6 m thick) of subcanopy air that flowed beneath the eddy covariance sensors principally at night, carrying with it respired CO(2) from the soil and lower parts of the canopy. The observed F(vadv) came from above the canopy and was presumably due to the convergence of drainage flows at the tower site. The magnitudes of both F(hadv) and F(vadv) were similar, of opposite sign, and increased with decreasing u(*), meaning that they most affected estimates of the total CO(2) flux on calm nights with low wind speeds. The mathematical sign, temporal variation and dependence on u(*) of both F(hadv) and F(vadv) were determined by the unique terrain of the Niwot Ridge site. Therefore, the patterns we observed may not be broadly applicable to other sites. We evaluated the influence of advection on the cumulative annual and monthly estimates of the total CO(2) flux (F(c)), which is often used as an estimate of NEE, over six years using the dependence of F(hadv) and F(vadv) on u(*). When the sum of F(hadv) and F(vadv) was used to correct monthly F(c), we observed values that were different from the monthly F(c) calculated using the traditional u(*)-filter correction by -16 to 20 g C.m(-2).mo(-1); the mean percentage difference in monthly F(c) for these two methods over the six-year period was 10%. When the sum of F(hadv) and F(vadv) was used to correct annual F(c), we observed a 65% difference compared to the traditional u(*)-filter approach. Thus, the errors to the local CO(2) budget, when F(hadv) and F(vadv) are ignored, can become large when compounded in cumulative fashion over long time intervals. We conclude that the "micrometeorological'' (using observations of F(hadv) and F(vadv)) and "biological'' (using the u(*)filter and temperature vs. F(c) relationship) corrections differ on the basis of fundamental mechanistic grounds. The micrometeorological correction is based on aerodynamic mechanisms and shows no correlation to drivers of biological activity. Conversely, the biological correction is based on climatic responses of organisms and has no physical connection to aerodynamic processes. In those cases where they impose corrections of similar magnitude on the cumulative F(c) sum, the result is due to a serendipitous similarity in scale but has no clear mechanistic explanation. C1 [Yi, Chuixiang; Burns, Sean P.; Monson, Russell K.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Anderson, Dean E.; Stannard, David I.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Burns, Sean P.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Sparks, Jed P.] Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Monson, Russell K.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Monson, RK (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Russell.Monson@colorado.edu RI Burns, Sean/A-9352-2008; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013 OI Burns, Sean/0000-0002-6258-1838; NR 29 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1379 EP 1390 DI 10.1890/06-0908.1 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337CR UT WOS:000258413600007 PM 18767617 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Brennan, T Pfaff, AH AF Keeley, Jon E. Brennan, Teresa Pfaff, Anne H. TI Fire severity and ecosytem responses following crown fires in California shrublands SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE California; USA; differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR); ecosystem responses; fire intensity; fire severity; Landsat; postfire regeneration; postfire resprouting; shrubland ID MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE SHRUBLANDS; NORMALIZED BURN RATIO; POSTFIRE RECOVERY; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PLANT DIVERSITY; LANDSAT TM; INTENSITY; ESTABLISHMENT; CONSUMPTION; SUCCESSION AB Chaparral shrublands burn in large high-intensity crown fires. Managers interested in how these wildfires affect ecosystem processes generally rely on surrogate measures of fire intensity known as fire severity metrics. In shrublands burned in the autumn of 2003, a study of 250 sites investigated factors determining fire severity and ecosystem responses. Using structural equation modeling we show that stand age, prefire shrub density, and the shortest interval of the prior fire history had significant direct effects on fire severity, explaining >50% of the variation in severity. Fire severity per se is of interest to resource managers primarily because it is presumed to be an indicator of important ecosystem processes such as vegetative regeneration, community recovery, and erosion. Fire severity contributed relatively little to explaining patterns of regeneration after fire. Two generalizations can be drawn: fire severity effects are mostly short-lived, i.e., by the second year they are greatly diminished, and fire severity may have opposite effects on different functional types. Species richness exhibited a negative relationship to fire severity in the first year, but fire severity impacts were substantially less in the second post fire year and varied by functional type. Much of this relationship was due to alien plants that are sensitive to high fire severity; at all scales from 1 to 1000 m(2), the percentage of alien species in the post fire. ora declined with increased fire severity. Other aspects of disturbance history are also important determinants of alien cover and richness as both increased with the number of times the site had burned and decreased with time since last fire. A substantial number of studies have shown that remote-sensing indices are correlated with field measurements of fire severity. Across our sites, absolute differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) was strongly correlated with field measures of fire severity and with fire history at a site but relative dNBR was not. Despite being correlated with fire severity, absolute dNBR showed little or no relationship with important ecosystem responses to wild fire such as shrub resprouting or total vegetative regeneration. These findings point to a critical need for further research on interpreting remote sensing indices as applied to post fire management of these shrublands. C1 [Keeley, Jon E.; Brennan, Teresa; Pfaff, Anne H.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. [Keeley, Jon E.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM jon_keeley@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 10 U2 73 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1530 EP 1546 DI 10.1890/07-0836.1 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337CR UT WOS:000258413600017 PM 18767627 ER PT J AU Krushelnycky, PD Gillespie, RG AF Krushelnycky, Paul D. Gillespie, Rosemary G. TI Compositional and functional stability of arthropod communities in the face of ant invasions SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Argentine ant; arthropod communities; big-headed ant; biological invasions; diversity; Hawaii; invasive ants; Linepithema humile; Pheidole megacephala; stability ID ARGENTINE ANTS; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; WASMANNIA-AUROPUNCTATA; PHEIDOLE-MEGACEPHALA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; LINEPITHEMA-HUMILE; CURRENT KNOWLEDGE; EXTRINSIC FACTORS; ABIOTIC FACTORS AB There is a general consensus that the diversity of a biotic community can have an influence on its stability, but the strength, ubiquity, and relative importance of this effect is less clear. In the context of biological invasions, diversity has usually been studied in terms of its effect on a community's invasibility, but diversity may also influence stability by affecting the magnitude of compositional or functional changes experienced by a community upon invasion. We examined the impacts of invasive ants on arthropod communities at five natural area sites in the Hawaiian Islands, and assessed whether differences among sites in community diversity and density variables were related to measures of stability. Ant invasion was usually associated with significant changes in overall community composition, as measured by Bray-Curtis distances, particularly among endemic subsets of the communities. Changes in mean species richness were also strong at three of the five sites. Among sites, diversity was negatively related to stability as measured by resistance to overall compositional change, but this effect could not be separated from the strong negative effect of invasive ant density on compositional stability. When compositional stability was measured as proportional change in richness, the best predictor of stability among endemic community subsets was endemic richness, with richer communities losing proportionately more species than species-poor communities. This effect was highly significant even after controlling for differences in invasive ant density and suggested that communities that had already lost many endemic species were resistant to further species loss upon ant invasion, while more intact communities remained vulnerable to species loss. Communities underwent strong but idiosyncratic functional shifts in association with ant invasion, both in terms of trophic structure and total arthropod biomass. There were no apparent relationships, however, between functional stability and community diversity or density measures. Instead, invasive ant density was the best among-site predictor of the magnitude of functional change. Overall, diversity appeared to be a poor predictor of stability in the face of ant invasion in these communities, possibly because any actual diversity effects were overshadowed by community-specific factors and variation in the magnitude of the ant-mediated perturbation. C1 [Krushelnycky, Paul D.; Gillespie, Rosemary G.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Krushelnycky, PD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Haleakala Field Stn, POB 369, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. EM pauldk@hawaii.edu NR 76 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1547 EP 1562 DI 10.1890/07-1293.1 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337CR UT WOS:000258413600018 PM 18767628 ER PT J AU Stirling, I Derocher, AE Gough, WA Rode, K AF Stirling, Ian Derocher, Andrew E. Gough, William A. Rode, Karyn TI Response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay SO ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY LA English DT Editorial Material DE polar bear; climate change; Hudson Bay; Ursus maritimus; sea ice; body condition ID SEAL PHOCA-HISPIDA; EXPERIMENTALLY INTRODUCED TOURISM; URSUS-MARITIMUS; RINGED SEAL; BROWN BEARS; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; HUMAN DISTURBANCE; POPULATION-SIZE; GRIZZLY BEARS; SERUM UREA AB The "viewpoint" article by Dyck et al. (2007) [Dyck. M.G., Soon, W., Baydack, R.K., Legates, D.R., Baliunas, S., Ball, T.F., Hancock, L.O., 2007, Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: are warming spring air temperatures the "ultimate" survival control factor? Ecol. Complexity 4, 73-84. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.002.] suggest that factors other than climate warming are responsible for a decline in the polar bear population of Western Hudson Bay. They propose: (1) that there is no evidence that the climate has warmed significantly in western Hudson Bay, (2) that any negative effects on the polar bear population likely result from interactions with humans (such as research activities, management actions, or tourism), (3) that studies suggesting climate war-Ming could influence polar bear populations are confounded by natural fluctuations and (4) that polar bears will adapt to climate warming by eating vegetation, hunting other marine mammal species, and evolving new physiological mechanisms. in our examination of their alternative explanations, and the data available to evaluate each, we found little support for any. Research conducted since 1997 (when the last data were collected for the analyses in Stirling et al., 1999 [Stirling, L, Lunn, N.J., lacozza, J., 1999, Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Arctic S2, 294-306.]) continues to be consistent with the thesis that climate warming in western Hudson Bay is the major factor causing the sea ice to breakup at progressively earlier dates, resulting in polar bears coming ashore to fast for several months in progressively poorer condition, resulting in negative affects on survival of young, subadult, and older (but not prime) adults and reproduction. When the population began to decline, the hunting quota for Inuit in Nunavut was no longer sustainable, which in turn probably resulted in the decline accelerating over time as a result of overharvesting (Regehr et al., 2007 [Regehr, E.V., Lunn, N.J., Amstrup, S.C., Stirling, L, 2007. Survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to earlier sea ice breakup. J. Wildl. Manage. 71, 2673-2683.]). (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Stirling, Ian] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6G 3S5, Canada. [Stirling, Ian; Derocher, Andrew E.] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. [Gough, William A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol & Environm Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. [Rode, Karyn] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Stirling, I (reprint author), Canadian Wildlife Serv, 5320 122 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 3S5, Canada. EM ian.stirling@ec.gc.ca RI Daniel, Emily/A-7387-2012; Derocher, Andrew/J-4469-2012; Gough, William/L-5231-2013; OI Derocher, Andrew/0000-0002-1104-7774; Rode, Karyn/0000-0002-3328-8202 NR 66 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1476-945X J9 ECOL COMPLEX JI Ecol. Complex. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 5 IS 3 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.01.004 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 342TK UT WOS:000258806200001 ER PT J AU Meador, MR Carlisle, DM Coles, JF AF Meador, Michael R. Carlisle, Daren M. Coles, James F. TI Use of tolerance values to diagnose water-quality stressors to aquatic biota in New England streams SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article DE tolerance values; biological assessment; streams; water quality ID UNITED-STATES; INDICATOR VALUES; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; ASSESSMENTS; ECOSYSTEMS; INDEXES; NITRATE; MODELS AB Identification of stressors related to biological impairment is critical to biological assessments. We applied nationally derived tolerance indicator values for four water-quality variables to fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages at 29 sites along an urban gradient in New England. Tolerance indicator values (TIVs), as biologically based predictors of water-quality variables, were determined for dissolved oxygen, nitrite plus nitrate (nitrate), total phosphorus, and water temperature for each site based on observed biological assemblages (TIVo), and for expected assemblages (TIVE). The quotient method, based on a ratio of the TIVs for observed and expected assemblages (tolerance units), was used to diagnose potential water-quality stressors. In addition, the ratio of measured water-quality values to water-quality criteria (water-quality units) was calculated for each water-quality variable to assess measured water-quality stressors. Results from a RIVPACS predictive model for benthic macroinvertebrates and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity for fish were used to classify sites into categories of good or impaired ecological condition. Significant differences were detected between good and impaired sites for all biological tolerance units (fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages averaged) except for nitrate (P = 0.480), and for all water-quality units except for nitrate (P = 0.183). Diagnosis of water-quality stressors at selected sites was, in general, consistent with State-reported causes of impairment. Tolerance units for benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages were significantly correlated for water temperature (P = 0.001, r = 0.63), dissolved oxygen (P = 0.001, r = 0.61), and total phosphorus (P = 0.001, r = 0.61), but not for nitrate (P = 0.059, r = -0.35). Differences between the two assemblages in site-specific diagnosis of water-quality stressors may be the result of differences in nitrate tolerance. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Meador, Michael R.; Carlisle, Daren M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Coles, James F.] US Geol Survey, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. RP Meador, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1470-160X J9 ECOL INDIC JI Ecol. Indic. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 8 IS 5 BP 718 EP 728 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.01.002 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 297OE UT WOS:000255625200030 ER PT J AU Roberts, JH Rosenberger, AE Albanese, BW Angermeier, PL AF Roberts, J. H. Rosenberger, A. E. Albanese, B. W. Angermeier, P. L. TI Movement patterns of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE endangered species; movement-distance distribution; darter; dispersal; mark-recapture; migration ID STREAM FISHES; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; HABITAT USE; POPULATION; DARTERS; ASSEMBLAGE; RECAPTURE; SALMONIDS; TRANSPORT; PARADIGM AB Using mark-recapture methods, we studied movements of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex Jordan & Evermann), a benthic darter, at 12 riffle-run sites over a 9-year-long period in the Roanoke River, Virginia, USA. Our primary objective was to characterise movements among transects within sites, but we opportunistically recorded two between-site movements as well. Our recapture rate was low (22 of 485 marked fish), but most recaptured fish exhibited movements between tagging and recapture, relocating either to another transect within a site (12 fish) or to another site altogether (two fish). Within sites, Roanoke logperch exhibited fidelity over time to the areas in which they were initially marked. These restricted areas were lengthier than transects (> 15 m) but shorter than entire riffle-runs (< 150 m). The two between-site movements were extensive (3.2 and 2.5 km), observed over a long mark-recapture interval (2 and 5 years, respectively), and may have represented migratory or dispersal movements. Their detection required an unusually extensive study design. Both small- and large-scale movements fulfil important ecological functions for Roanoke logperch, and greater study of such movements in this and other darter species is needed to inform conservation choices. C1 [Roberts, J. H.; Angermeier, P. L.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Rosenberger, A. E.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Roberts, JH (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM darter@vt.edu NR 46 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD SEP PY 2008 VL 17 IS 3 BP 374 EP 381 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2007.00288.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 336PY UT WOS:000258378300002 ER PT J AU Homel, K Budy, P Pfrender, ME Whitesel, TA Mock, K AF Homel, K. Budy, P. Pfrender, M. E. Whitesel, T. A. Mock, K. TI Evaluating genetic structure among resident and migratory forms of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Northeast Oregon SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE gene flow; bull trout; Salvelinus; life-history forms; microsatellites ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ARCTIC CHAR; BROOK CHARR; CONSERVATION GENETICS; SYMPATRIC MORPHS; CUTTHROAT TROUT AB Many salmonids express multiple behavioural forms within the same population, representing an evolutionary adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. For bull trout, resident and migratory forms co-occur in streams, but it is unknown whether the two forms assortatively mate. We assessed genetic differentiation between resident and migratory bull trout (using eight microsatellite loci) in the South Fork Walla Walla River. We PIT-tagged and fin-clipped bull trout and assigned individuals to behavioural subpopulations based on movement patterns. The pair-wise F(ST) value between resident and migratory subpopulations (0.0037) was statistically insignificant, and individual-based analyses of structure using both multivariate and Bayesian approaches showed a lack of genetic structure within the population. These results have important implications for assessing population status and management; while the population may be managed as a single reproductive unit, the phenotypic variation within this population may have fitness consequences and thus merits conservation. C1 [Budy, P.] Utah State Univ, USGS, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Homel, K.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Pfrender, M. E.] Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Whitesel, T. A.] Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vancouver, WA USA. [Mock, K.] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Budy, P (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USGS, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM phaedra.budy@usu.edu RI Mock , Karen/C-1418-2011; Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 NR 71 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD SEP PY 2008 VL 17 IS 3 BP 465 EP 474 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2008.00299.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 336PY UT WOS:000258378300011 ER PT J AU Cable, JM Ogle, K Williams, DG Weltzin, JF Huxman, TE AF Cable, Jessica M. Ogle, Kiona Williams, David G. Weltzin, Jake F. Huxman, Travis E. TI Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the Sonoran Desert: Implications for climate change SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Sonoran Desert; Eragrostis lehmanniana; Heteropogon contortus; hierarchical Bayesian; soil respiration model; climate change; precipitation change ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; WATER DYNAMICS; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; PLANT-RESPONSES; ORGANIC-CARBON; GAS-EXCHANGE; NITROGEN; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS; FLUXES AB Climate change predictions for the desert southwestern U.S. are for shifts in precipitation patterns. The impacts of climate change may be significant, because desert soil processes are strongly controlled by precipitation inputs ("pulses") via their effect on soil water availability. This study examined the response of soil respiration-an important biological process that affects soil carbon (C) storage-to variation in pulses representative of climate change scenarios for the Sonoran Desert. Because deserts are mosaics of different plant cover types and soil textures-which create patchiness in soil respiration-we examined how these landscape characteristics interact to affect the response of soil respiration to pulses. Pulses were applied to experimental plots of bare and vegetated soil on contrasting soil textures typical of Sonoran Desert grasslands. The data were analyzed within a Bayesian framework to: (1) determine pulse size and antecedent moisture (soil moisture prior to the pulse) effects on soil respiration, (2) quantify soil texture (coarse vs. fine) and cover type (bare vs. vegetated) effects on the response of soil respiration and its components (plant vs. microbial) to pulses, and (3) explore the relationship between long-term variation in pulse regimes and seasonal soil respiration. Regarding objective (1), larger pulses resulted in higher respiration rates, particularly from vegetated fine-textured soil, and dry antecedent conditions amplified respiration responses to pulses (wet antecedent conditions dampened the pulse response). Regarding (2), autotrophic (plant) activity was a significant source (similar to 60%) of respiration and was more sensitive to pulses on coarse-versus fine-textured soils. The sensitivity of heterotrophic (microbial) respiration to pulses was highly dependent on antecedent soil water. Regarding (3), seasonal soil respiration was predicted to increase with both growing season precipitation and mean pulse size (but only for pulses between 7 and 25 mm). Thus, the heterogeneity of the desert landscape and the timing or the number of medium-sized pulses is expected to significantly impact desert soil C loss with climate change. C1 [Cable, Jessica M.; Ogle, Kiona; Williams, David G.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Ogle, Kiona] Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Williams, David G.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Weltzin, Jake F.] US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. [Huxman, Travis E.] Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Cable, JM (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM jcable1@uwyo.edu RI Williams, David/A-6407-2014 OI Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260 NR 66 TC 95 Z9 104 U1 10 U2 96 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP PY 2008 VL 11 IS 6 BP 961 EP 979 DI 10.1007/s10021-008-9172-x PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353KF UT WOS:000259564600010 ER PT J AU Magner, JA Vondracek, B Brooks, KN AF Magner, Joseph A. Vondracek, Bruce Brooks, Kenneth N. TI Grazed riparian management and stream channel response in southeastern minnesota (USA) streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE short duration grazing; channel stream bank; channel stream bed; habitat; benthic IBI ID LAND-USE; WATER-QUALITY; SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK IMPACTS; HABITAT QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; FISH; EROSION AB The U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service has recommended domestic cattle grazing exclusion from riparian corridors for decades. This recommendation was based on a belief that domestic cattle grazing would typically destroy stream bank vegetation and in-channel habitat. Continuous grazing (CG) has caused adverse environmental damage, but along cohesive-sediment stream banks of disturbed catchments in southeastern Minnesota, short-duration grazing (SDG), a rotational grazing system, may offer a better riparian management practice than CG. Over 30 physical and biological metrics were gathered at 26 sites to evaluate differences between SDG, CG, and nongrazed sites (NG). Ordinations produced with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated a gradient with a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) and riparian site management; low IBI scores associated with CG sites and higher IBI scores associated with NG sites. Nongrazed sites were associated with reduced soil compaction and higher bank stability, as measured by the Pfankuch stability index; whereas CG sites were associated with increased soil compaction and lower bank stability, SDG sites were intermediate. Bedrock geology influenced NMS results: sites with carbonate derived cobble were associated with more stable channels and higher IBI scores. Though current riparian grazing practices in southeastern Minnesota present pollution problems, short duration grazing could reduce sediment pollution if managed in an environmentally sustainable fashion that considers stream channel response. C1 [Magner, Joseph A.] Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. [Vondracek, Bruce] Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Brooks, Kenneth N.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Magner, JA (reprint author), Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, 520 Lafayette Rd, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. EM magne027@umn.edu NR 54 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 31 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 42 IS 3 BP 377 EP 390 DI 10.1007/s00267-008-9132-4 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339EY UT WOS:000258562100002 PM 18481141 ER PT J AU Alessa, L Kliskey, A Lammers, R Arp, C White, D Hinzman, L Busey, R AF Alessa, Lilian Kliskey, Andrew Lammers, Richard Arp, Chris White, Dan Hinzman, Larry Busey, Robert TI The arctic water resource vulnerability index: An integrated assessment tool for community resilience and vulnerability with respect to freshwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE arctic; freshwater; index; resilience; vulnerability ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; POVERTY INDEX; PERMAFROST; ALASKA; SUSTAINABILITY; SCARCITY; SYSTEMS; AFRICA AB People in the Arctic face uncertainty in their daily lives as they contend with environmental changes at a range of scales from local to global. Freshwater is a critical resource to people, and although water resource indicators have been developed that operate from regional to global scales and for midlatitude to equatorial environments, no appropriate index exists for assessing the vulnerability of Arctic communities to changing water resources at the local scale. The Arctic Water Resource Vulnerability Index (AWRVI) is proposed as a tool that Arctic communities can use to assess their relative vulnerability-resilience to changes in their water resources from a variety of biophysical and socioeconomic processes. The AWRVI is based on a social-ecological systems perspective that includes physical and social indicators of change and is demonstrated in three case study communities/watersheds in Alaska. These results highlight the value of communities engaging in the process of using the AWRVI and the diagnostic capability of examining the suite of constituent physical and social scores rather than the total AWRVI score alone. C1 [Alessa, Lilian; Kliskey, Andrew] Univ Alaska Anchorage, Resilience & Adapt Management Grp, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Alessa, Lilian; White, Dan] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Lammers, Richard] Univ New Hampshire, Water Syst Anal Grp, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Arp, Chris] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. [Hinzman, Larry; Busey, Robert] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arct Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Kliskey, A (reprint author), Univ Alaska Anchorage, Resilience & Adapt Management Grp, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM afadk@uaa.alaska.edu NR 56 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 42 IS 3 BP 523 EP 541 DI 10.1007/s00267-008-9152-0 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339EY UT WOS:000258562100013 PM 18560929 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CA Johnson, KM Hoffman, DJ AF Custer, Thomas W. Custer, Christine A. Johnson, Kevin M. Hoffman, David J. TI Mercury and other element exposure to tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting on Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE mercury; tree swallows; metals; elements; oxidative stress ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CARSON RIVER; USA; SELENIUM; BIRDS; BIOACCUMULATION; MASSACHUSETTS AB Elevated mercury concentrations in water were reported in the prairie wetlands at Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, ND. In order to determine whether wildlife associated with these wetlands was exposed to and then accumulated higher mercury concentrations than wildlife living near more permanent wetlands (e.g. lakes), tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs and nestlings were collected from nests near seasonal wetlands, semi-permanent wetlands, and lakes. Mercury concentrations in eggs collected near seasonal wetlands were higher than those collected near semi-permanent wetlands or lakes. In contrast, mercury concentrations in nestling livers did not differ among wetland types. Mercury and other element concentrations in tree swallow eggs and nestlings collected from all wetlands were low. As suspected from these low concentrations, mercury concentrations in sample eggs were not a significant factor explaining the hatching success of the remaining eggs in each clutch. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Custer, Thomas W.; Custer, Christine A.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Johnson, Kevin M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Dakota Field Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. [Hoffman, David J.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM tcuster@usgs.gov OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 155 IS 2 BP 217 EP 226 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.003 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 347GR UT WOS:000259129100004 PM 18207620 ER PT J AU Field, JA Eganhouse, RP AF Field, Jennifer A. Eganhouse, Robert P. TI In honor of Walter Giger: setting standards of excellence in environmental organic chemistry SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Field, Jennifer A.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Eganhouse, Robert P.] US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Field, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 17 BP 6307 EP 6308 DI 10.1021/es8020777 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343VL UT WOS:000258883300001 PM 18800490 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J AF Eganhouse, Robert P. Pontolillo, James TI Susceptibility of synthetic long-chain alkylbenzenes to degradation in reducing marine sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PALOS-VERDES SHELF; LINEAR ALKYL BENZENES; TOKYO BAY SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; HYDROCARBONS; LABS; ENVIRONMENT; COASTAL AB Long-chain alkylbenzenes (LCABs) synthesized for production of alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants have been used as molecular markers of anthropogenic waste for 25 years. Synthetic LCABs comprise two classes, the tetra propylene-based alkylbenzenes (TABS) and the linear alkylbenzenes (LABS). LABs supplanted TABs in the mid-1960s because of improved biodegradability of their sulfonated analogs. Use of LCABs for molecular stratigraphy depends on their preservation in sediments over decadal time scales. Most laboratory and field studies suggest that LABs degrade rapidly under aerobic conditions but are resistant to degradation when oxygen is absent However, recent work indicates that LABs may not be as persistent under reducing conditions as previously thought. To assess the potential for degradation of LCABs in reducing sediments, box cores collected in 1992 and 2003 near a submarine wastewater outfall system were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The TABS were effectively preserved; differences between whole-core inventories were within analytical error. By contrast, whole-core inventories of the LABS decreased by about 50-60% during the same time interval. Based on direct comparison of chemical inventories in coeval core sections, LAB transformation rates are estimated at 0.07 +/- 0.01 yr(-1). These results indicate that caution should be exercised when using synthetic LCABs for reconstruction of depositional records. C1 [Eganhouse, Robert P.; Pontolillo, James] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Eganhouse, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM eganhous@usgs.gov OI Pontolillo, James/0000-0002-1075-1313 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USEPA/USGS IAG [DW-14-95561601] FX We thank H. Takada of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, P. Swarzenski of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), J. Heinze of the Council for LAB/LAS Environmental Research, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an early draft of this paper. Data, relevant information, and/or assistance with sampling were generously provided by P. Dartnell, B. Edwards, H. Lee, R. Kayen, and K. Rosenberger of the USGS, C.-L. Tang, J. Gully, and J. Meistrell of the LACSD; C. Phillips of SAIC; and T. Hendricks, and D.E. Drake. This work was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA/USGS IAG no. DW-14-95561601). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 17 BP 6361 EP 6368 DI 10.1021/es801132y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343VL UT WOS:000258883300014 PM 18800502 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J AF Eganhouse, Robert P. Pontolillo, James TI DDE in sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf, California: In situ transformation rates and geochemical fate SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EFFLUENT-AFFECTED SEDIMENT; CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; MARINE SEDIMENT; DECHLORINATION; P,P'-DDE AB From 1947 to 1971 the world's largest manufacturer of DDT discharged process wastes into the sewers of Los Angeles County. Roughly 870-1450 t of DDT were released to the ocean off Palos Verdes, CA, a portion of which (similar to 100 t) resides in sediments on the continental shelf and slope. The most abundant DDT compound in the sediments, p,p'-DDE, is degrading by reductive dechlorination, but the rate of transformation and factors controlling it are not well understood. In order to estimate in situ transformation rates and predict the long-term fate of p,p'-DDE, box cores were collected in 1992 and 2003 from a single location on the Palos Verdes Shelf and analyzed for 8 DDT compounds and 84 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The PCBs show no evidence of dechlorination, and inventories did not change between 1992 and 2003. By contrast, the inventory of p,p'-DDE decreased by 43%, whereas that of p,p'-DDMU, the putative reductive dechlorination product, increased by 34%. The first-order transformation rate for p,p'-DDE at the study site is 0.051 +/- 0.006 yr(-1). A multistep reaction model suggests that inventories of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDMU will continue to decline, whereas that of p,p'-DDNU will reach a maximum around 2014. C1 [Eganhouse, Robert P.; Pontolillo, James] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Eganhouse, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM eganhouse@usgs.gov OI Pontolillo, James/0000-0002-1075-1313 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USEPA/USGS IAG [DW-14-95561601] FX We thank C. Sherwood, B. Ferre, and M.J. Baedecker (USGS), I. Kaplan (UCLA), K. Maruya and two anonymous reviewers (Southern California Coastal Water Research Project), M. Ricking (Free University of Berlin), and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an early draft of this paper. Data and relevant information were generously supplied by P. Dartnell, B. Edwards, H. Lee, R. Kayen, and K. Rosenberg (USGS), C.-L. Tang, J. Gully, and J. Meistrell (LACSD), and C. Phillips (SAIC). J. Landwehr (USGS) assisted with propagation of error calculations. This work was Supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA/USGS IAG #DW-14-95561601). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 44 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 17 BP 6392 EP 6398 DI 10.1021/es7029619 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343VL UT WOS:000258883300018 PM 18800506 ER PT J AU Nanus, L Williams, MW Campbell, DH Elliott, EM Kendall, C AF Nanus, Leora Williams, Mark W. Campbell, Donald H. Elliott, Emily M. Kendall, Carol TI Evaluating regional patterns in nitrate sources to watersheds in national parks of the Rocky Mountains using nitrate isotopes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLORADO FRONT RANGE; ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; USA; LAKES; ECOSYSTEMS; SATURATION; CATCHMENTS; SEAWATER AB In the Rocky Mountains, there is uncertainty about the source areas and emission types that contribute to nitrate (NO3) deposition, which can adversely affect sensitive aquatic habitats of high-elevation watersheds. Regional patterns in NO3 deposition sources were evaluated using NO3 isotopes in five National Parks, including 37 lakes and 7 precipitation sites. Results indicate that lake NO3 ranged from detection limit to 38 mu eq/L, delta O-18 (NO3) ranged from -5.7 to +21.3 parts per thousand, and delta N-15 (NO3) ranged from -6.6 to +4.6 parts per thousand. delta O-18 (NO3) in precipitation ranged from +71 to +78 parts per thousand. delta N-15 (NO3) in precipitation and lakes overlap; however delta N-15 (NO3) in precipitation is more depleted than delta N-15 (NO3) in lakes, ranging from -5.5 to -2.0 parts per thousand. delta N-15 (NO3) values are significantly related (p < 0.05) to wet deposition of inorganic N, sulfate, and acidity, suggesting that spatial variability of delta N-15 (NO3) over the Rocky Mountains may be related to source areas of these solutes. Regional patterns show that NO3 and delta N-15 (NO3) are more enriched in lakes and precipitation from the southern Rockies and at higher elevations compared to the northern Rockies. The correspondence of high NO3 and enriched delta N-15 (NO3) in precipitation with high NO3 and enriched delta N-15 (NO3) in lakes, suggests that deposition of inorganic N in wetfall may affect the amount of NO3 in lakes through a combination of direct and indirect processes such as enhanced nitrification. C1 [Nanus, Leora; Campbell, Donald H.] US Geol Survey, WRD CWSC, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Williams, Mark W.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Williams, Mark W.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Elliott, Emily M.] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. [Kendall, Carol] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Res Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nanus, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD CWSC, Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM lnanus@usgs.gov RI Elliott, Emily /E-8122-2011 OI Elliott, Emily /0000-0002-9653-1513 FU U.S. Geological Survey; National Park Service Air Resources Division; U.S. Geological Survey Colorado Water Science Center; Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research Program FX This project was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service Air Resources Division. We thank Cecily Chang and ScottWankel for isotope analyses and laboratory assistance, and Lucas Zukievvicz, Daniel Tullos, and Jason Gurdak for field assistance. We thank the Rocky Mountain Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit, the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network, the U.S. Geological Survey Colorado Water Science Center, and the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research Program for their support. Many thanks to Glacier, Grand Teton, Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, and Great Sand Dunes for research permits and logistical assistance. We thank Kathy Tonnessen, Doug Burns, and Jana Milford for providing helpful comments on this manuscript. NR 46 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 17 BP 6487 EP 6493 DI 10.1021/es800739e PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343VL UT WOS:000258883300031 PM 18800519 ER PT J AU Henry, DJ Sun, H Slack, JF Dutrow, BL AF Henry, Darrell J. Sun, Haiting Slack, John F. Dutrow, Barbara L. TI Tourmaline in meta-evaporites and highly magnesian rocks: perspectives from Namibian tourmalinites SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY LA English DT Article DE tourmaline; mineral chemistry; tourmalinites; Namibia; evaporite; magnesian ID DORA-MAIRA MASSIF; SAR-E-SANG; WESTERN ALPS; WHITESCHIST METAMORPHISM; DAMARA-OROGEN; ZAMBEZI BELT; AFGHANISTAN; PRESSURE; DEPOSITS; FLUID AB Tourmaline from meta-evaporitic tourmalinites of the Duruchaus Formation of central Namibia reveal a common compositional trend that occurs in tourmaline from other meta-evaporite localities. The meta-evaporitic tourmalines are generally sodic, magnesian, moderately-to-highly depleted in Al, and enriched in Fe(3+) and (W)O(2-) (calculated). They typically follow this trend along a join between "oxy-dravite" [Na(Mg(2)Al)(Al(6))(Si(6)O(18))(BO(3))(3)(OH)(3)(O)] and povondraite [Na(Fe(3)(3+))(Fe(4)(3+)Mg(2))(Si(6)O(18))(BO(3))(3)(OH)(3)(O)]. Similar trends occur in the meta-evaporites at Alto Chapare (Bolivia), Challenger Dome (Gulf of Mexico), and Liaoning (China). This chemical feature is attributed to the influence of oxidizing, highly saline, boron-bearing fluids that are associated with these lithologies. In the Namibian tourmalines there are some deviations from this trend, which are considered to be a consequence of later overprints related to sulfate-silicate interactions and/or influx of reactive fluid. Tourmalines Occurring in the highly magnesian high-pressure rocks (whiteschists and pyrope-coesite rocks) are distinctly more magnesian and fall close to the dravite and "oxy-dravite" compositions. These latter tourmaline compositions likely reflect the metasomatic processes that produced these unusual bulk compositions and/or the influx of a reactive fluid that eliminated any earlier chemical signatures of metaevaporitic fluids or protoliths. C1 [Henry, Darrell J.; Sun, Haiting; Dutrow, Barbara L.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Slack, John F.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Henry, DJ (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM glhenr@lsu.edu RI Henry, Darrell/B-3699-2009 FU NSF [EAR-0609948]; DOE EPSCor/BES [DE-FG02-03ER-46041] FX We acknowledge Xiaogang Xie for assistance with microanalysis and image analysis. J.F.S. thanks H. Porada for field support and guidance in the Gurumanas Oos and West areas, and K. Schalk for guidance in the Stolzenfeld area. This work was supported by NSF grant EAR-0609948 to D.J.H. and DOE EPSCor/BES grant DE-FG02-03ER-46041 to B.L.D. We thank Andreas Ertl, Horst Marschall, and Arne Willner for their insightful and rapid reviews. NR 65 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0935-1221 J9 EUR J MINERAL JI Eur. J. Mineral. PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 20 IS 5 BP 889 EP 904 DI 10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1879 PG 16 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 400TR UT WOS:000262892000017 ER PT J AU Morgan-Kiss, RM Ivanov, AG Modla, S Czymmek, K Huner, NPA Priscu, JC Lisle, JT Hanson, TE AF Morgan-Kiss, Rachael M. Ivanov, Alexander G. Modla, Shannon Czymmek, Kirk Huener, Norman P. A. Priscu, John C. Lisle, John T. Hanson, Thomas E. TI Identity and physiology of a new psychrophilic eukaryotic green alga, Chlorella sp., strain BI, isolated from a transitory pond near Bratina Island, Antarctica SO EXTREMOPHILES LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; Chlorella; green alga; photophysiology; photopsychrophile ID MCMURDO ICE SHELF; CHLAMYDOMONAS-RAUDENSIS; MICROBIAL MATS; LAKE BONNEY; PHOTOSYSTEM STOICHIOMETRY; PHYTOPLANKTON PIGMENTS; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION; SHORT-TERM; LIGHT; ACCLIMATION AB Permanently low temperature environments are one of the most abundant microbial habitats on earth. As in most ecosystems, photosynthetic organisms drive primary production in low temperature food webs. Many of these phototrophic microorganisms are psychrophilic; however, functioning of the photosynthetic processes of these enigmatic psychrophiles (the "photopsychrophiles") in cold environments is not well understood. Here we describe a new chlorophyte isolated from a low temperature pond, on the Ross Ice Shelf near Bratina Island, Antarctica. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses place this strain in the Chlorella clade, and we have named this new chlorophyte Chlorella BI. Chlorella BI is a psychrophilic species, exhibiting optimum temperature for growth at around 10 degrees C. However, psychrophily in the Antarctic Chlorella was not linked to high levels of membrane-associated poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Unlike the model Antarctic lake alga, Chlamydomonas raudensis UWO241, Chlorella BI has retained the ability for dynamic short term adjustment of light energy distribution between photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I). In addition, Chlorella BI can grow under a variety of trophic modes, including heterotrophic growth in the dark. Thus, this newly isolated photopsychrophile has retained a higher versatility in response to environmental change than other well studied cold-adapted chlorophytes. C1 [Morgan-Kiss, Rachael M.] Miami Univ, Dept Microbiol, Oxford, OH 45045 USA. [Ivanov, Alexander G.; Huener, Norman P. A.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol & Biotron, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Modla, Shannon; Czymmek, Kirk; Hanson, Thomas E.] Univ Delaware, Delaware Biotechnol Inst, Newark, DE 19711 USA. [Priscu, John C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Lisle, John T.] USGS Ctr Coastal & Watershed Res, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Hanson, Thomas E.] Univ Delaware, Coll Marine & Earth Studies, Newark, DE 19711 USA. RP Morgan-Kiss, RM (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Microbiol, 700 E High St, Oxford, OH 45045 USA. EM morganr2@muohio.edu RI Rechsteiner, Cindyr/C-2144-2011; Hanson, Thomas/G-9386-2016; OI Hanson, Thomas/0000-0002-1967-5986; Ivanov, Alexander G./0000-0001-7100-9211 FU National Science and Engineering Council of Canada (NPAH AGI); National Science Foundation [MCB 0237335, NSF-OPP 0631494] FX The authors would like to thank Bruce Kingham at the University of Delaware Sequencing facility for sequencing reactions. We would also like to thank personnel at The Mass Spectrometry Facility at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign for training and advice regarding the Quattro MS. This work was supported in part through grants from the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada (NPAH & AGI) and the National Science Foundation grants MCB 0237335 (TEH) & NSF-OPP 0631494 (JCP & RMK). NR 52 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 22 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 1-11-11 KUDAN-KITA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102-0073, JAPAN SN 1431-0651 J9 EXTREMOPHILES JI Extremophiles PD SEP PY 2008 VL 12 IS 5 BP 701 EP 711 DI 10.1007/s00792-008-0176-4 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 342BD UT WOS:000258758700009 PM 18661097 ER PT J AU Todd, AS Coleman, MA Konowal, AM May, MK Johnson, S Vieira, NKM Saunders, JE AF Todd, Andrew S. Coleman, Mark A. Konowal, Aimee M. May, Melynda K. Johnson, Sarah Vieira, Nicole K. M. Saunders, James E. TI Development of New Water Temperature Criteria to Protect Colorado's Fisheries SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; HABITAT REQUIREMENTS; THERMAL TOLERANCE; RAINBOW-TROUT; STREAMS; CONSTANT; SURVIVAL; REGIME; GROWTH; RIVERS AB Water temperature fundamentally influences aquatic diversity and ecosystem health. In Colorado, temperature water quality criteria were revised in January 2007 based on a rigorous evaluation of the thermal requirements of fish species resident in Colorado. This article presents an account of how this process was conducted, and details the resultant criteria. The purpose of developing these criteria was to protect coldwater and warmwater fishes, especially native species such as cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), from thermal stress. As Such, lethal temperatures and optimal temperature conditions were determined from a literature review for species of the state, and these data were compiled into the Colorado Temperature Database. Acute and chronic thermal thresholds were then calculated for individual fish species. Finally, assemblages of fish were grouped into thermal tiers and temperature criteria were developed based on biological criteria for each assemblage. A case Study is presented detailing the integration of science and policy decisions that shaped the development of Colorado's coldwater temperature criteria. Some issues were not resolved during this revision of Colorado's temperature water quality criteria, including protection from thermal shock and from gross changes in diel and seasonal thermal variability. C1 [Todd, Andrew S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Coleman, Mark A.] Coleman Ecol Inc, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Johnson, Sarah] Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Water Qual Control Div, Water Qual Stand Unit, Denver, CO USA. [Vieira, Nicole K. M.] Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Todd, AS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM atodd@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 2008 VL 33 IS 9 BP 433 EP 443 DI 10.1577/1548-8446-33.9.433 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 365TJ UT WOS:000260430500004 ER PT J AU Mather, ME Parrish, DL Dettmers, JM AF Mather, Martha E. Parrish, Donna L. Dettmers, John M. TI Mapping the Changing Landscape of Fish-related Journals: Setting a Course for Successful Communication of Scientific Information SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; IMPACT FACTORS; PERSPECTIVE; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; ECOLOGY AB In the last 25 years, the number and scope of fish-related journals have changed. New and existing journals are increasingly specialized. Journals that are read and cited are changing because of differential accessibility via electronic databases. In this review, we examine shifts in numbers and foci of existing fish-related journals. We ask how these fish-related metrics differ across type of application, ecological system, taxa, and discipline. Although many journals overlap to some extent in content, there are distinct groups of journals for authors to consider. By systematically reviewing the focus of an individual manuscript, comparing it to the suite of journals available and examining the audience for the manuscript, we believe that authors can make informed decisions about which journals are most suitable for their work. Our goal here is to help authors find relevant journals and deliver scientific publications to the appropriate readership. C1 [Mather, Martha E.] Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Mather, Martha E.] US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Parrish, Donna L.] Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT USA. [Dettmers, John M.] Great Lakes Fisheries Commiss, Ann Arbor, MI USA. [Parrish, Donna L.] US Geol Survey, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Reston, VA USA. RP Mather, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM mather@nrc.umass.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey; Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife; University of Vermont; Wildlife Management Institute FX This project was administered through the Massachusetts and Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units. The Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit includes the University of Massachusetts, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Wildlife Management Institute. The Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly Supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, the University of Vermont, and the Wildlife Management Institute. Use of brand names does not confer endorsement by the U.S. federal government. This manuscript is a result of an AFS Education Section-sponsored symposium at the 2005 American Fisheries Society meeting in Anchorage, Alaska. We thank the editors of the journals for their help with acceptance rates and Richard Balouskus for searches related to web-based metrics. Comments from At Zale, Robert Muth, Heidi Golden, Brian Murphy, members of the American Fisheries Society Publication Overview Committee (Jason Link, Dave Hewitt, Dave Wahl, and Steven Cooke), and an anonymous reviewer improved the manuscript. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 2008 VL 33 IS 9 BP 444 EP 453 DI 10.1577/1548-8446-33.9.444 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 365TJ UT WOS:000260430500005 ER PT J AU Strobl-Mazzulla, PH Lethimonier, C Gueguen, MM Karube, M Fernandino, JI Yoshizaki, G Patino, R Struessmann, CA Kah, O Somoza, GM AF Strobl-Mazzulla, Pablo H. Lethimonier, Christele Gueguen, Marie Madeleine Karube, Makiko Fernandino, Juan I. Yoshizaki, Goro Patino, Reynaldo Struessmann, Carlos A. Kah, Olivier Somoza, Gustavo M. TI Brain aromatase (Cyp19A2) and estrogen receptors, in larvae and adult pejerrey fish Odontesthes bonariensis: Neuroanatomical and functional relations SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aromatase; estrogen receptor; brain; sex differentiation; teleost ID THERMOLABILE SEX DETERMINATION; ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; HALIBUT HIPPOGLOSSUS-HIPPOGLOSSUS; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; RAINBOW-TROUT; TELEOST FISH; ER-ALPHA; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION AB Although estrogens exert many functions on vertebrate brains, there is little information on the relationship between brain aromatase and estrogen receptors. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of two estrogen receptors, alpha and beta, in pejerrey. Both receptors' mRNAs largely overlap and were predominantly expressed in the brain, pituitary, liver, and gonads. Also brain aromatase and estrogen receptors were up-regulated in the brain of estradiol-treated males. In situ hybridization was performed to study in more detail, the distribution of the two receptors in comparison with brain aromatase mRNA in the brain of adult pejerrey. The estrogen receptors' mRNAs exhibited distinct but partially overlapping patterns of expression in the preoptic area and the mediobasal hypothalamus, as well as in the pituitary gland. Moreover, the estrogen receptor alpha, but not beta, were found to be expressed in cells lining the preoptic recess, similarly as observed for brain aromatase. Finally, it was shown that the onset expression of brain aromatase and both estrogen receptors in the head of larvae preceded the morphological differentiation of the gonads. Because pejerrey sex differentiation is strongly influenced by temperature, brain aromatase expression was measured during the temperature-sensitive window and was found to be significantly higher at male-promoting temperature. Taken together these results suggest close neuroanatomical and functional relationships between brain aromatase and estrogen receptors, probably involved in the sexual differentiation of the brain and raising interesting questions on the origin (central or peripheral) of the brain aromatase substrate. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Strobl-Mazzulla, Pablo H.; Fernandino, Juan I.; Somoza, Gustavo M.] Inst Tecnol Chascomus IIB INTECH CONICET UNSAM, Lab Ictiofisiol & Acuicultura, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Lethimonier, Christele; Gueguen, Marie Madeleine; Kah, Olivier] Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6026, IFR 140, F-35042 Rennes, France. [Karube, Makiko; Yoshizaki, Goro; Struessmann, Carlos A.] Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Marine Biosci, Fac Marine Sci, Tokyo, Japan. [Patino, Reynaldo] Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Somoza, GM (reprint author), Inst Tecnol Chascomus IIB INTECH CONICET UNSAM, Lab Ictiofisiol & Acuicultura, B71301WA Chascomus, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. EM somoza@intech.gov.ar RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010; GUEGUEN, marie madeleine/K-1731-2015; kah, olivier/K-7624-2012; Strussmann, Carlos/O-1932-2014; YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014; Desdoits-Lethimonier, Christele/I-2744-2015; OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X; Strobl-Mazzulla, Pablo Hernan/0000-0003-0591-6168; Fernandino, Juan/0000-0003-1754-2802 FU CNRS French Ministry of Research and Education; ECOS-Sud project [A05B03]; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [15201003]; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCYT), Argentina [01-12168, 15-38206]; U.S. Geological Survey; Texas Tech University; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Wildlife Management Institute FX The authors thank Gabriela Lopez for her help in the preparation of histological sections.; This study was supported by grants from CNRS French Ministry of Research and Education (O.K.), ECOS-Sud project code A05B03 (O.K. and G.S.), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan Grant (No. 15201003 to C.A.S.), Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCYT, Argentina, Grant Nos. 01-12168 and 15-38206 to G.M.S.) and The Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wildlife Management Institute. NR 60 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 158 IS 2 BP 191 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.07.006 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 349CA UT WOS:000259255200008 PM 18691594 ER PT J AU Adams, KD Goebel, T Graf, K Smith, GM Camp, AJ Briggs, RW Rhode, D AF Adams, Kenneth D. Goebel, Ted Graf, Kelly Smith, Geoffrey M. Camp, Anna J. Briggs, Richard W. Rhode, David TI Late Pleistocene and early Holocene lake-level fluctuations in the Lahontan basin, Nevada: Implications for the distribution of archaeological sites SO GEOARCHAEOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review ID GREAT-SALT-LAKE; C-14 YR BP; RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY; NORTH-AMERICA; PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE; CARBONATE DEPOSITION; MOUNT MAZAMA; USA; BONNEVILLE; AGE AB The Great Basin oft,he western U.S. contains a rich record of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake-level fluctuations as well as an extensive record Of human Occupation during the same time frame. We compare spatial-temporal relationships between these records in the Lahontan basin to consider whether lake-level fluctutiations across the Pleistocene-Holocene, transition controlled distribution Of archaeological sites. We use die reasonably well-dated archaeological record from caves and rockshelters as well as results front new pedestrian surveys to investigate this problem. Although lake levels probably reached maximum elevations of about 1230-1235 m in die different subbasins of Lahontan during the Younger Dryas (YD) period, die duration that the lakes occupied the highest levels wads brief. Paleoindian and early Archaic archaeological sites are concentrated on somewhat, lower and slightly younger shorelines (similar to 1220-1225 m) that also date front the Younger Dryas period. This study suggests that, Paleoindians often concentrated their activities adjacent, to large lakes anti wetland resources soon after they first entered the Great Basin. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 [Adams, Kenneth D.; Rhode, David] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89521 USA. [Goebel, Ted; Graf, Kelly] Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Study Amer 1, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Smith, Geoffrey M.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Anthropol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Camp, Anna J.] Univ Nevada, Dept Anthropol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Briggs, Richard W.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Adams, KD (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89521 USA. EM kadams@dri.edu RI Goebel, Ted/A-7051-2009; OI Briggs, Richard/0000-0001-8108-0046 FU Desert Research Institute; the University of Nevada, Reno FX This research was supported by the Lander Endowment at the Desert Research Institute and the Sundance Archaeological Fund at the University of Nevada, Reno. NR 119 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0883-6353 J9 GEOARCHAEOLOGY JI Geoarchaeology PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 23 IS 5 BP 608 EP 643 DI 10.1002/gea.20237 PG 36 WC Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Archaeology; Geology GA 341KJ UT WOS:000258713100002 ER PT J AU Schulz, KJ Stewart, DB Tucker, RD Pollock, JC Ayuso, RA AF Schulz, Klaus J. Stewart, David B. Tucker, Robert D. Pollock, Jeffrey C. Ayuso, Robert A. TI The Ellsworth terrane, coastal Maine: Geochronology, geochemistry, and Nd-Pb isotopic composition - Implications for the rifting of Ganderia SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE northern Appalachians; peri-Gondwanan terranes; Ganderia; Ellsworth terrane; bimodal volcanics; MORB; tholeiitic rhyolite; proto-oceanic rift ID SOUTHERN NEW-BRUNSWICK; CAPE-BRETON ISLAND; SOUTHWESTERN NEW-BRUNSWICK; VICTORIA LAKE SUPERGROUP; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; CENTRAL NEWFOUNDLAND; TRACE-ELEMENT; OCEANIC-CRUST; IMMOBILE ELEMENTS; NOVA-SCOTIA AB The Ellsworth terrane is one of a number of fault-bounded blocks that occur along the eastern margin of Ganderia, the western-most of the peri-Gondwanan domains in the northern Appalachians that were accreted to Laurentia in the Paleozoic. Geologic relations, detrital zircon ages, and basalt geochemistry suggest that the Ellsworth terrane is part of Ganderia and not an exotic terrane. In the Penobscot Bay area of coastal Maine, the Ellsworth terrane is dominantly composed of bimodal basalt-rhyolite volcanic sequences of the Ellsworth Schist and unconformably overlying Castine Volcanics. We use new U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemistry, and Nd and Pb isotopes for these volcanic sequences to constrain the petrogenetic history and paleotectonic setting of the Ellsworth terrane and its relationship with Ganderia. U-Pb zircon geochronology for rhyolites indicates that both the Ellsworth Schist (508.6 +/- 0.8 Ma) and overlying Castine Volcanics (503.5 +/- 2.5 Ma) are Middle Cambrian in age. Two tholeiitic basalt types are recognized. Type Tb-1 basalt, present as pillowed and massive lava flows and as sills in both units, has depleted La and Ce ([La/Nd](N) = 0.53-0.87) values, flat heavy rare earth element (REE) values, and no positive Th or negative Th anomalies on primitive mantle-normalized diagrams. In contrast, type Tb-2 basalt, present only in the Castine Volcanics, has slightly enriched LREE ([La/Yb](N) = 1.42-2.92) values and no Th or Ta anomalies. Both basalt types have strongly positive epsilon(Nd) (500) values (Tb-1 = +7.9-+8.6; Tb-2 = +5.6-+7.0) and relatively enriched Pb isotopic compositions ((206)Pb/(204)NPb = 18.037-19.784; (207)Pb/(204)Pb = 15.531-15.660; (208)Pb/(204)Pb = 37.810-38.817). The basalts have compositions transitional between recent normal and enriched midocean-ridge basalt, and they were probably derived by partial melting of compositionally heterogeneous asthenospheric mantle. Two types of rhyolite also are present. Type R-I rhyolite, which mostly occurs as tuffs interlayered with basalt in the Ellsworth Schist, is calc-alkaline and characterized by relatively low REE, Zr, and Hf contents, enriched LREE ([La/Yb](N) similar to 3-6), positive Th and negative Th anomalies, epsilon(Nd) (500) values near zero (+0.5 to -0.9), and relatively unradiogenic Pb isotope values ((208)Pb/(204)Pb = 18.945; (207)Pb/(204)Pb = 15.625; (208)Pb/(204)Pb = 38.626). The data suggest that R-I rhyolite magma was likely derived by mixing of basalt with melts from a relatively depleted crustal source. Type R-2 rhyolite, which mostly occurs as lava flows and domes in the Castine volcanics, is tholeiitic and characterized by enriched REE with flat patterns ([La/Yb](N) = 1-2.5), moderate negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.3-0.5), enriched Th, small negative Th anomalies, and epsilon(Nd) (500) (+5.8-+7.5) and Pb isotope ((206)Pb/(204)Pb = 19.175-19.619; (207)Pb/(204)Pb = 15.605-15.649; (208)Pb/(204)Pb = 38.834-38.851) values that overlap those of the tholeiitic basalts. The data suggest that R-2 rhyolite magma was derived by the partial melting of hydrothermally altered basalt with the addition of a small amount of an enriched component, probably R-1 rhyolite. The geologic, geochemical, and isotopic characteristics of the bimodal volcanic sequences strongly suggest that the Ellsworth terrane did not evolve as an extensional back are basin behind an active arc, but rather it evolved as a proto-oceanic rift petrogenetically similar to Cenozoic rifts like the Gulf of California-Salton Trough and Red Sea-Gulf of Aden rift systems. Such a setting is supported by the presence of serpentinized mantle and zinc-copper-rich massive sulfide deposits in the Ellsworth terrane. We conclude that the Ellsworth terrane developed as a Middle Cambrian oceanic rift that led to the separation of Ganderia from northern Gondwana and the development of the Rheic Ocean. The synchronous development of the Ellsworth terrane with the ensialic Penobscot arc system, which formed on the ocean-facing margin of Ganderia, suggests that the Ellsworth terrane (rift) probably developed inboard from the margin, perhaps in response to far-field plate fores (slab pull or rollback?) in a manner similar to that of the recent Red Sea or Tasman Sea. C1 [Schulz, Klaus J.; Ayuso, Robert A.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Stewart, David B.; Tucker, Robert D.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Tucker, Robert D.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Pollock, Jeffrey C.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmosphere Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Schulz, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM kschulz@usgs.gov NR 129 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 120 IS 9-10 BP 1134 EP 1158 DI 10.1130/B26336.1 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 344NQ UT WOS:000258934900004 ER PT J AU Kolker, A Engle, MA Orem, WH Bunnell, JE Lerch, HE Krabbenhoft, DP Olson, ML McCord, JD AF Kolker, Allan Engle, Mark A. Orem, William H. Bunnell, Joseph E. Lerch, Harry E. Krabbenhoft, David P. Olson, Mark L. McCord, Jamey D. TI Mercury, trace elements and organic constituents in atmospheric fine particulate matter, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA: A combined approach to sampling and analysis SO GEOSTANDARDS AND GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG, 2007 CL Cologne, GERMANY DE PM(2.5); mercury; trace elements; organics; Shenandoah National Park; Virginia USA ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GASEOUS MERCURY; UNITED-STATES; AEROSOLS; PM2.5; TROPOSPHERE; PETROLEUM AB Compliance with U.S. air quality regulatory standards for atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is based on meeting average 24 hour (35 mu m(-3)) and yearly (15 mu g m(-3)) mass-per-unit-volume limits, regardless of PM(2.5) composition. Whereas this presents a workable regulatory framework, information on particle composition is needed to assess the fate and transport of PM(2.5) and determine potential environmental/human health impacts. To address these important non-regulatory issues an integrated approach is generally used that includes (1) field sampling of atmospheric particulate matter on filter media, using a size-limiting cyclone, or with no particle-size limitation; and (2) chemical extraction of exposed filters and analysis of separate particulate-bound fractions for total mercury, trace elements and organic constituents, utilising different USGS laboratories optimised for quantitative analysis of these substances. This combination of sampling and analysis allowed for a more detailed interpretation of PM(2.5) sources and potential effects, compared to measurements of PM(2.5) abundance alone. Results obtained using this combined approach are presented for a 2006 air sampling campaign in Shenandoah National Park (Virginia, USA) to assess sources of atmospheric contaminants and their potential impact on air quality in the Park. PM(2.5) was collected at two sampling sites (Big Meadows and Pinnacles) separated by 13.6 km. At both sites, element concentrations in PM(25) were low, consistent with remote or rural locations. However, element/Zr crustal abundance enrichment factors greater than 10, indicating anthropogenic input, were found for Hg, Se, S, Sb, Cd, Pb, Mo, Zn and Cu, listed in decreasing order of enrichment. Principal component analysis showed that four element associations accounted for 84% of the PM(2.5) trace element variation; these associations are interpreted to represent: (1) crustal sources (Al, REE); (2) coal combustion (Se, Sb), (3) metal production and/or mobile sources (Mo, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) and (4) a transient marine source (Sr, Mg). Concentrations of Hg in PM(2.5) at background levels in the single pg m(-3) were shown by collection and analysis of PM(2.5) on filters and by an automated speciation analyser set up at the Big Meadows air quality site. The speciation unit revealed periodic elevation of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) that co-occurred with peaks in SO(2), indicating an anthropogenic source. GC/MS total ion current chromatograms for the two sites were quite similar indicating that organic signatures were regional in extent and/or that the same compounds were present locally at each site. Calculated carbon preference index values for n-alkanes indicated that plant waxes rather than anthropogenic sources, were the dominant alkane source. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected, with a predominance of non-alkylated, and higher molecular weight PAHs in this fraction, suggestive of a combustion source (fossil fuel or forest fires). C1 [Kolker, Allan; Engle, Mark A.; Orem, William H.; Bunnell, Joseph E.; Lerch, Harry E.] US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Team, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.; Olson, Mark L.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [McCord, Jamey D.] US Geol Survey, Cent Energy Resources Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kolker, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Team, 956 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM akolker@usgs.gov OI Engle, Mark/0000-0001-5258-7374 NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1639-4488 J9 GEOSTAND GEOANAL RES JI Geostand. Geoanal. Res. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 32 IS 3 BP 279 EP 293 DI 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2008.00913.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 355AL UT WOS:000259680900004 ER PT J AU Clements, WH Brooks, ML Kashian, DR Zuellig, RE AF Clements, William H. Brooks, Marjorie L. Kashian, Donna R. Zuellig, Robert E. TI Changes in dissolved organic material determine exposure of stream benthic communities to UV-B radiation and heavy metals: implications for climate change SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic macroinvertebrates; biogeochemistry; compound perturbations; dissolved organic matter; mining pollution; photo-oxidation; Rocky Mountain streams; stream discharge; UV-B radiation ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; ROCKY-MOUNTAIN STREAMS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; OZONE DEPLETION; ACIDIC PH; LAKES; COLORADO; CARBON; MATTER; WATER AB Changes in regional climate in the Rocky Mountains over the next 100 years are expected to have significant effects on biogeochemical cycles and hydrological processes. In particular, decreased discharge and lower stream depth during summer when ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the highest combined with greater photo-oxidation of dissolved organic materials (DOM) will significantly increase exposure of benthic communities to UVR. Communities in many Rocky Mountain streams are simultaneously exposed to elevated metals from abandoned mines, the toxicity and bioavailability of which are also determined by DOM. We integrated field surveys of 19 streams (21 sites) along a gradient of metal contamination with microcosm and field experiments conducted in Colorado, USA, and New Zealand to investigate the influence of DOM on bioavailability of heavy metals and exposure of benthic communities to UVR. Spatial and seasonal variation in DOM were closely related to stream discharge and significantly influenced heavy metal uptake in benthic organisms. Qualitative and quantitative changes in DOM resulting from exposure to sunlight increased UV-B (290-320 nm) penetration and toxicity of heavy metals. Results of microcosm experiments showed that benthic communities from a metal-polluted stream were tolerant of metals, but were more sensitive to UV-B than communities from a reference stream. We speculate that the greater sensitivity of these communities to UV-B resulted from costs associated with metal tolerance. Exclusion of UVR from 12 separate Colorado streams and from outdoor stream microcosms in New Zealand increased the abundance of benthic organisms (mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies) by 18% and 54%, respectively. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering changes in regional climate and UV-B exposure when assessing the effects of local anthropogenic stressors. C1 [Clements, William H.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Brooks, Marjorie L.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Kashian, Donna R.] Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Zuellig, Robert E.] US Geol Survey, Colorado Water Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clements, WH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM willc@cnr.colostate.edu RI Brooks, Marjorie/M-5692-2014; Clements, William/N-2686-2016 NR 61 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 46 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 14 IS 9 BP 2201 EP 2214 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01632.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 334YM UT WOS:000258257700019 ER PT J AU Kuniansky, EL Halford, KJ Shoemaker, WB AF Kuniansky, Eve L. Halford, Keith J. Shoemaker, W. Barclay TI Permeameter data verify for MODFLOW SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FLOW AB A sample of Key Largo Limestone from southern Florida exhibited turbulent flow behavior along three orthogonal axes as reported in recently published permeameter experiments. The limestone sample was a Cube measuring 0.2 m on edge. The published nonlinear relation between hydraulic gradient and discharge was simulated using the turbulent flow approximation applied in the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005 mode 2, CFPM2. The good agreement between the experimental data and the simulated results verifies the utility of the approach used to simulate the effects of turbulent flow on head distributions and flux in the CFPM2 module of MODFLOW-2005. C1 [Kuniansky, Eve L.] US Geol Survey, Norcross, GA 30092 USA. [Halford, Keith J.] US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV USA. [Shoemaker, W. Barclay] US Geol Survey, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. RP Kuniansky, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3850 Holcomb Bridge Rd,Suite 160, Norcross, GA 30092 USA. OI Kuniansky, Eve/0000-0002-5581-0225 NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 46 IS 5 BP 768 EP 771 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00458.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 348EH UT WOS:000259193300013 PM 18459958 ER PT J AU Steuer, JJ Newton, TJ Zigler, SJ AF Steuer, Jeffrey J. Newton, Teresa J. Zigler, Steven J. TI Use of complex hydraulic variables to predict the distribution and density of unionids in a side channel of the Upper Mississippi River SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE freshwater mussels; hydraulics; habitat; boundary shear stress; modelling ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; MARGARITIFERA-MARGARITIFERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; MICROHABITAT USE; STREAM; HABITAT; REACH; INVERTEBRATES; REQUIREMENTS; PARAMETERS AB Previous attempts to predict the importance of abiotic and biotic factors to unionids in large rivers have been largely unsuccessful. Many simple physical habitat descriptors (e.g., current velocity, substrate particle size, and water depth) have limited ability to predict unionid density. However, more recent studies have found that complex hydraulic variables (e.g., shear velocity, boundary shear stress, and Reynolds number) may be more useful predictors of unionid density. We performed a retrospective analysis with unionid density, current velocity, and substrate particle size data from 1987 to 1988 in a 6-km reach of the Upper Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. We used these data to model simple and complex hydraulic variables under low and high flow conditions. We then used classification and regression tree analysis to examine the relationships between hydraulic variables and unionid density. We found that boundary Reynolds number, Froude number, boundary shear stress, and grain size were the best predictors of density. Models with complex hydraulic variables were a substantial improvement over previously published discriminant models and correctly classified 65-88% of the observations for the total mussel fauna and six species. These data suggest that unionid beds may be constrained by threshold limits at both ends of the flow regime. Under low flow, mussels may require a minimum hydraulic variable (Re (*), Fr) to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. Under high flow, areas with relatively low boundary shear stress may provide a hydraulic refuge for mussels. Data on hydraulic preferences and identification of other conditions that constitute unionid habitat are needed to help restore and enhance habitats for unionids in rivers. C1 [Steuer, Jeffrey J.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Newton, Teresa J.; Zigler, Steven J.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Steuer, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM jjsteuer@usgs.gov OI Zigler, Steven/0000-0002-4153-0652; Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2008 VL 610 BP 67 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s10750-008-9423-z PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 322RF UT WOS:000257392300007 ER PT J AU Sanchez, V Li, YG Nabighian, MN Wright, DL AF Sanchez, Vinicio Li, Yaoguo Nabighian, Misac N. Wright, David L. TI Numerical modeling of higher order magnetic moments in UXO discrimination SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE magnetic moments; multipoles; nonhomogeneous magnetization; numerical modeling; unexploded ordnance (UXO) discrimination ID UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE; RAPID COMPUTATION; ANOMALIES; BODIES AB The surface magnetic anomaly observed in unexploded ordnance (UXO) clearance is mainly dipolar, and consequently, the dipole is the only magnetic moment regularly recovered in UXO discrimination. The dipole moment contains information about the intensity of magnetization but lacks information about the shape of the target. In contrast, higher order moments, such as quadrupole and octupole, encode asymmetry properties of the magnetization distribution within the buried targets. In order to improve our understanding of magnetization distribution within UXO and non-UXO objects and to show its potential utility in UXO clearance, we present a numerical modeling study of UXO and related metallic objects. The tool for the modeling is a nonlinear integral equation describing magnetization within isolated compact objects of high susceptibility. A solution for magnetization distribution then allows us to compute the magnetic multipole moments of the object, analyze their relationships, and provide a depiction of the anomaly produced by different moments within the object. Our modeling results show, the presence of significant higher order moments for more asymmetric objects, and the fields of these higher order moments are well above the noise level of magnetic gradient data. The contribution from higher order moments may provide a practical tool for improved UXO discrimination. C1 [Sanchez, Vinicio; Li, Yaoguo; Nabighian, Misac N.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Ctr Grav Elect & Magnet Studies, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Sanchez, Vinicio] Chevron, Houston, TX 77002 USA. [Wright, David L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Sanchez, V (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Ctr Grav Elect & Magnet Studies, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM hsanchez@mines.edu; ygli@mines.edu; mnabighi@mines.edu; dwright@usgs.gov FU Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) [MM-1328] FX Manuscript received March 31, 2007; revised July, 27, 2007. This work was supported in part by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) under Project MM-1328. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 2008 VL 46 IS 9 BP 2568 EP 2583 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2008.918090 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 348SY UT WOS:000259231600010 ER PT J AU Plant, NG Holland, KT Haller, MC AF Plant, Nathaniel G. Holland, K. Todd Haller, Merrick C. TI Ocean wavenumber estimation from wave-resolving time series imagery SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE adaptive signal processing; image processing; sea floor; sea surface; wavelength measurement ID CURRENT RETRIEVALS; SEA-SURFACE; BATHYMETRY; DEPTH; QUANTIFICATION; DISSIPATION; DISPERSION; ZONE AB We review several approaches that have been used to estimate ocean surface gravity wavenumbers from wave-resolving remotely sensed image sequences. Two fundamentally different approaches that utilize these data exist. A power spectral density approach identifies wavenumbers where image intensity variance is maximized. Alternatively, a cross-spectral correlation approach identifies wavenumbers where intensity coherence is maximized. We develop a solution to the latter approach based on a tomographic analysis that utilizes a nonlinear inverse method. The solution is tolerant to noise and other forms of sampling deficiency and can be applied to arbitrary sampling patterns, as well as to full-frame imagery. The solution includes error predictions that can be used for data retrieval quality control and for evaluating sample designs. A quantitative analysis of the intrinsic resolution of the method indicates that the cross-spectral correlation fitting improves resolution by a factor of about ten times as compared to the power spectral density fitting approach. The resolution analysis also provides a rule of thumb for nearshore bathymetry retrievals-short-scale cross-shore patterns may be resolved if they are about ten times longer than the average water depth over the pattern. This guidance can be applied to sample design to constrain both the sensor array (image resolution) and the analysis array (tomographic resolution). C1 [Plant, Nathaniel G.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Plant, Nathaniel G.; Holland, K. Todd] USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Haller, Merrick C.] Oregon State Univ, Sch Civil & Construct Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Plant, NG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM nplant@usgs.gov; tholland@nrlsse.navy.mil; hallerm@engr.orst.edu RI Holland, K. Todd/A-7673-2011; Haller, Merrick/J-8191-2012; OI Holland, K. Todd/0000-0002-4601-6097; Haller, Merrick/0000-0002-8760-4362; Plant, Nathaniel/0000-0002-5703-5672 FU Office of Naval Research [0602435N]; Army Corps of Engineers' FRF; R. Holman's Argus program FX Manuscript received January 25, 2008. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research through the base funding program element 0602435N.; The authors would like to thank the Beach Wizards who contributed to the development of this effort. The authors are particularly indebted to P. Catalan for the encouragement, evaluation, and critical review. Comments from an anonymous reviewer considerably improved the clarity of the manuscript. Finally, we could not have performed a sensible field evaluation without the stage set by both the Army Corps of Engineers' FRF and R. Holman's Argus program. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 2008 VL 46 IS 9 BP 2644 EP 2658 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2008.919821 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 348SY UT WOS:000259231600016 ER PT J AU Yang, CT Simoes, FJM AF Yang, Chih Ted Simoes, Francisco J. M. TI GSTARS computer models and their applications, part I: theoretical development SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEDIMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Numerical modeling; Sediment transport; Backwater computations; Stream tubes; Stream power mininnization ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; LOAD TRANSPORT; BED TOPOGRAPHY; ENERGY AB GSTARS is a series of computer models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for alluvial river and reservoir sedimentation studies while the authors were employed by that agency. The first version of GSTARS was released in 1986 using Fortran IV for mainframe computers. GSTARS 2.0 was released in 1998 for personal computer application with most of the code in the original GSTARS revised, improved, and expanded using Fortran IV/77. GSTARS 2.1 is an improved and revised GSTARS 2.0 with graphical user interface. The unique features of all GSTARS models are the conjunctive use of the stream tube concept and of the minimum stream power theory. The application of minimum stream power theory allows the determination of optimum channel geometry with variable channel width and cross-sectional shape. The use of the stream tube concept enables the simulation of river hydraulics using one-dimensional numerical Solutions to obtain a semi-two-dimensional presentation of the hydraulic conditions along and across an alluvial channel. According to the stream tube concept, no water or sediment particles can cross the walls of stream tubes, which is valid for many natural rivers. At and near sharp bends, however, sediment particles may cross the boundaries of stream tubes. GSTARS3, based on FORTRAN 90/95, addresses this phenomenon and further expands the capabilities of GSTARS 2.1 for cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport in rivers and reservoirs. This paper presents the concepts, methods, and techniques used to develop the GSTARS series of computer models, especially GSTARS3. C1 [Yang, Chih Ted] Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hydrosci & Training Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Simoes, Francisco J. M.] US Geol Survey, Geomorphol & Sediment Transport Lab, Golden, CO 80403 USA. RP Yang, CT (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hydrosci & Training Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM ctyang@engr.colostate.edu; frsimoes@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU IRTCES PI BEIJING PA PO BOX 366, BEIJING, 100044, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1001-6279 J9 INT J SEDIMENT RES JI Int. J. Sediment Res. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 23 IS 3 BP 197 EP 211 DI 10.1016/S1001-6279(08)60019-0 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 367JF UT WOS:000260547600002 ER PT J AU Hay, CT Cross, PC Funston, PJ AF Hay, C. T. Cross, P. C. Funston, P. J. TI Trade-offs of predation and foraging explain sexual segregation in African buffalo SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behaviour; forage quality; group affiliation; habitat risk; mortality rate ID HABITAT USE; SOCIAL SEGREGATION; HUNTING SUCCESS; BIGHORN SHEEP; NATIONAL-PARK; DRY SEASON; SOAY SHEEP; RED DEER; HYPOTHESES; BISON AB 1. Many studies have investigated why males and females segregate spatially in sexually dimorphic species. These studies have focused primarily on temperate zone ungulates in areas lacking intact predator communities, and few have directly assessed predation rates in different social environments. 2. Data on the movement, social affiliation, mortality and foraging of radio-collared African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were collected from 2001-06 in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. 3. The vast majority of mortality events were due to lion (Panthera leo) predation, and the mortality hazard associated with being an adult male buffalo in a male-only 'bachelor' group was almost four times higher than for adult females in mixed herds. The mortality rates of adult males and females within mixed herds were not statistically different. Mortality sites of male and female buffalo were in areas of low visibility similar to those used by bachelor groups, while mixed herds tended to use more open habitats. 4. Males in bachelor groups ate similar or higher quality food (as indexed by percentage faecal nitrogen), and moved almost a third less distance per day compared with mixed herds. As a result, males in bachelor groups gained more body condition than did males in breeding herds. 5. Recent comparative analyses suggest the activity-budget hypothesis as a common underlying cause of social segregation. However, our intensive study, in an area with an intact predator community showed that male and female buffalo segregated by habitat and supported the predation-risk hypothesis. Male African buffalo appear to trade increased predation risk for additional energy gains in bachelor groups, which presumably leads to increased reproductive success. C1 [Cross, P. C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mountain Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Hay, C. T.; Funston, P. J.] Tshwane Univ Technol, Nat Conservat Dept, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. [Hay, C. T.] Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. [Cross, P. C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Cross, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mountain Sci Ctr, 229 AJM Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM pcross@usgs.gov NR 57 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 77 IS 5 BP 850 EP 858 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01409.x PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 336ZN UT WOS:000258405400002 PM 18547347 ER PT J AU Durst, SL Theimer, TC Paxton, EH Sogge, MK AF Durst, S. L. Theimer, T. C. Paxton, E. H. Sogge, M. K. TI Temporal variation in the arthropod community of desert riparian habitats with varying amounts of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Arizona; arthropod diversity; exotic; Malaise traps; native; Salix ID MIDDLE RIO-GRANDE; LOWER COLORADO RIVER; UNITED-STATES; NEW-MEXICO; VEGETATION; VALLEY; BIRDS; RESTORATION; ASSEMBLAGES; GALAPAGOS AB We used Malaise traps to examine the aerial arthropod community in riparian habitats dominated by native willow, exotic saltcedar, or a mixture of these two tree species in central Arizona, USA. Over the course of three sampling periods per year in 2003 and 2004, native habitats had significantly greater diversity (Shannon-Wiener) and supported different arthropod communities compared to exotic habitats, while mixed habitats were intermediate in terms of diversity and supported an arthropod community statistically indistinguishable from the exotic site. The composition of arthropod communities varied significantly between the two years, and there was an approximately two-fold difference in richness and diversity. Overall, we documented complex interactions indicating that differences among the arthropod communities of riparian habitats may be driven not only by the composition of native and exotic tree species making up these habitats, but also by year and season of arthropod sampling. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Durst, S. L.; Paxton, E. H.; Sogge, M. K.] No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, SW Biol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Durst, S. L.; Theimer, T. C.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Durst, SL (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, SW Biol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM scott.durst@nau.edu; tad.theimer@nau.edu; eben.paxton@nau.edu; mark_sogge@usgs.gov OI Paxton, Eben/0000-0001-5578-7689 NR 58 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 EI 1095-922X J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 72 IS 9 BP 1644 EP 1653 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.04.003 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 329HU UT WOS:000257858700012 ER PT J AU Winemiller, KO Lopez-Fernandez, H Taphorn, DC Nico, LG Duque, AB AF Winemiller, Kirk O. Lopez-Fernandez, Herman Taphorn, Donald C. Nico, Leo G. Duque, Aniello Barbarino TI Fish assemblages of the Casiquiare River, a corridor and zoogeographical filter for dispersal between the Orinoco and Amazon basins SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE blackwater; clearwater; dispersal barrier; freshwater fish assemblages; hydrochemistry; multivariate analysis; pH; species dispersal; Venezuela; vicariance ID NORTHERN SOUTH-AMERICA; VENEZUELA SILURIFORMES; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; BLACKWATER RIVERS; ANDEAN TECTONICS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; MIOCENE; CATFISH; GENUS; PIMELODIDAE AB Aim The aim of this study was to determine whether the Casiquiare River functions as a free dispersal corridor or as a partial barrier (i.e. filter) for the interchange of fish species of the Orinoco and Negro/Amazon basins using species assemblage patterns according to geographical location and environmental features. Location The Casiquiare, Upper Orinoco and Upper Negro rivers in southern Venezuela, South America. Methods Our study was based on an analysis of species presence/absence data and environmental information (11 habitat characteristics) collected by the authors and colleagues between the years 1984 and 1999. The data set consisted of 269 sampled sites and 452 fish species (> 50,000 specimens). A wide range of habitat types was included in the samples, and the collection sites were located at various points along the entire length of the Casiquiare main channel, at multiple sites on its tributary streams, as well as at various nearby sites outside the Casiquiare drainage, within the Upper Orinoco and Upper Rio Negro river systems. Most specimens and field data used in this analysis are archived in the Museo de Ciencias Naturales in Guanare, Venezuela. We performed canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) based on species presence/absence using two versions of the data set: one that eliminated sites having < 5 species and species occurring at < 5 sites; and another that eliminated sites having < 10 species and species occurring at < 10 sites. Cluster analysis was performed on sites based on species assemblage similarity, and a separate analysis was performed on species based on CCA loadings. Results The CCA results for the two versions of the data set were qualitatively the same. The dominant environmental axis contrasted assemblages and sites associated with blackwater vs. clearwater conditions. Longitudinal position on the Casiquiare River was correlated (r(2) = 0.33) with CCA axis-1 scores, reflecting clearwater conditions nearer to its origin (bifurcation of the Orinoco) and blackwater conditions nearer to its mouth (junction with the Rio Negro). The second CCA axis was most strongly associated with habitat size and structural complexity. Species associations derived from the unweighted pair-group average clustering method and pair-wise squared Euclidean distances calculated from species loadings on CCA axes 1 and 2 showed seven ecological groupings. Cluster analysis of species assemblages according to watershed revealed a stronger influence of local environmental conditions than of geographical proximity. Main conclusions Fish assemblage composition is more consistently associated with local environmental conditions than with geographical position within the river drainages. Nonetheless, the results support the hypothesis that the mainstem Casiquiare represents a hydrochemical gradient between clearwaters at its origin and blackwaters at its mouth, and as such appears to function as a semi-permeable barrier (environmental filter) to dispersal and faunal exchanges between the partially vicariant fish faunas of the Upper Orinoco and Upper Negro rivers. C1 [Winemiller, Kirk O.; Lopez-Fernandez, Herman] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Sect Ecol Evolutionary Biol & Systemat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Taphorn, Donald C.] UNELLEZ, Museo Ciencias Nat, Bioctr, Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela. [Nico, Leo G.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. [Duque, Aniello Barbarino] Inst Nacl Invest Agr, Estac Expt Apure, San Fernando De Apure, Apure, Venezuela. RP Winemiller, KO (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Sect Ecol Evolutionary Biol & Systemat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM k-winemiller@tamu.edu OI Winemiller, Kirk/0000-0003-0236-5129 NR 54 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 EI 1365-2699 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1551 EP 1563 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01917.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 336IM UT WOS:000258357500002 ER PT J AU Starratt, SW AF Starratt, Scott W. TI Thematic section - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Starratt, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1091 EP 1091 DI 10.2112/08A-0002.1 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 350WY UT WOS:000259385500001 ER PT J AU McGann, M AF McGann, Mary TI High-resolution foraminiferal, isotopic, and trace element records from Holocene estuarine deposits of San Francisco Bay, California SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Congress of International-Union-for-Quaternary-Research CY JUL, 2003 CL Reno, NV SP Int Union Quaternary Res DE climate; San Francisco Bay; Holocene; foraminifers; isotopes; trace metals; Medieval Warm Period; Little Ice Age ID LIVING PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; STABLE-ISOTOPE; PALEOTEMPERATURE EQUATIONS; BAJA CALIFORNIA; MAGNESIUM; CALCITE; STRONTIUM; TEMPERATURE AB A 3.5-m gravity core (DJ6-93SF-6) from San Francisco Bay reveals a complex paleoclimatic history of the region over the last 3870 cal YBP. A polynomial equation based on 11 AMS C-14 ages provides an excellent age model for the core, and environmental proxies for water temperature Land salinity are derived from various foraminiferal abundances, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and Mg/Ca ratios. Two foraminiferal associations were identified by Q-mode cluster analysis. a colder-water Elphidium excavatum association and the warmer-water Ammonia beccarii-Elphidium gunteri association. The E. excavation association dominates the core for all but about 600 years out of the last four millennia. At 3870 cal YBP, water temperatures were warm (13.9 degrees C) and freshwater inflow was reduced compared with today. From 3,590 to 2860 cal YBP, temperatures dropped 0.5 degrees C and the climate remained dry. This was followed by a period of pronounced lower delta C-13 values, indicating that conditions became considerably wetter from 2860 to 2170 cal YBP. During this interval, the temperature oscillated frequently, peaking at 13.9 degrees C at 2710 cal YBP, then dropping shortly thereafter to 12.8 degrees C at 2420 cal YBP. Freshwater inflow gradually decreased between 2170 and 1950 cal YBP with a minimal rise in temperature, then changed quickly to colder and wetter conditions at 1900 cal YBP. Drier conditions then prevailed until 1480 cal YBP with water temperatures fluctuating between 13.1 degrees C and 13.8 degrees C, followed by wetter climate from 1480 to 1320 cal YBP. A significant faunal shift from the E. excavatum association to the A. beccarii-E. gunteri association occurred from 1.250 to 650 cal YBP, possibly clue to regional warming, decreased oxygen availability, and/or a change in the phyto-plankton community. Associated with this change in faunal composition were warm and dry conditions, representative of the Medieval Warm Period (Medieval Climatic Anomaly). A climatic shift coincident with the onset of the Little Ice Age (LIA I and LIA II) is evident from 650 to 280 cal YBP, with the return of the E. excavatum association and an extreme drop in delta O-18 values, all indicating increased precipitation and fresh water inflow. This was followed by generally drier conditions to the present, except for a brief wet period around 100 cal YBP, and fairly consistent water temperatures in the middle 13 degrees C, except for a drop to 12.8 degrees C at, 200 cal YBP. Two significant faunal changes occur near the top of the core. First, there is the reappearance of the A. beccarii - E. gunteri association suggesting that, once again, regional warming has taken place, oxygen availability has declined, and/or environmental conditions changed such that diatoms have become a scarce food source. Second, there is the first, appearance of the invasive Japanese foraminifera Trochammina hadai Uchio, a species that commonly lives in highly polluted areas and is an indicator of eutrophication in its native estuaries. At the same time, freshwater inflow decreased, which may be explained by global warming during the last 100 years, or more likely due to modern water diversion for agriculture in the central,alley of California. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP McGann, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mmcgann@usgs.gov NR 146 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 EI 1551-5036 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1092 EP 1109 DI 10.2112/08A-0003.1 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 350WY UT WOS:000259385500002 ER PT J AU Calhoun, RS Field, ME AF Calhoun, R. Scott Field, Michael E. TI Sand composition and transport history on a fringing coral reef, Molokai, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Molokai; Hawaii; fore reef; reef flat; beach; sediment ID SOUTHERN MOLOKAI; KAILUA BAY; SEDIMENT; FLAT; BUDGET; TRACT; FLOW; OAHU; USA AB composition of sand grains from the beaches, reef flat, and fore reef of south Molokai, Hawaii, provides key information about the origin and transport history of sediment on the reef and adjacent beach. The most common grain types include coralline algae, coral, chemically altered carbonate, and siliciclastic grains. Minor components include algal plates (Halimeda), mollusk fragments, and foraminifera; in selected areas, these components are abundant. Similarities in composition indicate that sand grains are freely transported between the beach and the reef-flat environments, whereas the fore reef has limited exchange of sand with either the beach or the reef flat. Overall, the calcium carbonate fraction of the sand, silt, and clay increases with distance offshore from 400 to 650 in, where the percentages plateau and remain relatively stable across the fore reef. The calcium carbonate content of bottom sediment indicates that sand transport on the reef flat is generally shore parallel with little shore-normal movement. This study has implications for management of beaches and coastal resources along fringing coral reefs in that it documents the effectiveness of the wide reef flat and reef crest in blocking sand transport with the fore reef. It also indicates that sediment introduced to the inner reef flat is not quickly dispersed seaward and therefore has a relatively high residence time in that setting. C1 [Calhoun, R. Scott; Field, Michael E.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Calhoun, RS (reprint author), Associated Earth Sci Inc, 911 5th Ave, Kirkland, WA 98033 USA. EM rscalhoun@hotmail.com NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1151 EP 1160 DI 10.2112/06-0699.1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 350WY UT WOS:000259385500006 ER PT J AU Lidz, BH Brock, JC Nagle, DB AF Lidz, Barbara H. Brock, John C. Nagle, David B. TI Utility of shallow-water ATRIS images in defining biogeologic processes and self-similarity in skeletal Scleractinia, Florida reefs SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coral reef decline; fractal patterns; Holocene coral reefs; remote sensing; scaling; scleractinian-coral microstructure; seafloor imagery; self-similarity; shallow benthic habitats; taphonomy; trobecular wall structure ID CARIBBEAN CORAL-REEFS; BLACK BAND DISEASE; SOUTH FLORIDA; KEY-LARGO; SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY; MARINE-SANCTUARY; WINDWARD-MARGIN; LATE QUATERNARY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; USA AB A recently developed remote-sensing instrument acquires high-quality digital photographs in shallow-marine settings within water depths of 15 m. The technology, known as the Along-Track Reef-Imaging System, provides remarkably clear, georeferenced imagery that allows visual interpretation of benthic class (substrates, organisms) for mapping coral reef habitats, as intended, Unforeseen, however, are functions new to the initial technologic purpose: interpretable evidence for real-time biogeologic processes and for perception of scaled-up skeletal self-similarity of scleractinian microstructure. Florida reef sea trials lacked the grid structure required to map contiguous habitat and submarine topography. Thus, only general observations could be made relative to times and sites of imagery. Degradation of corals was nearly universal; absence of reef fish was profound. However, similar to 1% of more than 23,600 sea-trial images examined provided visual evidence for local environs and processes. Clarity in many images was so exceptional that small tracks left by organisms traversing fine-grained carbonate sand were visible. Other images revealed a compelling sense, not Yet fully understood, of the microscopic wall structure characteristic of scleractinian Corals. Conclusions drawn from classifiable images are that demersal marine animals, where imaged, are oblivious to the equipment and that the technology has strong capabilities beyond mapping habitat. Imagery acquired along predetermined transects that cross a variety of geomorphic features within depth limits will (1) facilitate construction of accurate contour maps of habitat and bathymetry without need for ground-truthing, (2) contain a strong geologic component of interpreted real-time processes as they relate to imaged topography and regional geomorphology, and (3) allow cost-effective monitoring of regional- an local-scale changes in an ecosystem by use of existing-image global-positioning system coordinates to re-image areas. Details revealed in the modern setting have taphonomic implications for what is often found in the geologic record. C1 [Lidz, Barbara H.; Brock, John C.; Nagle, David B.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Lidz, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM blidz@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program FX The authors thank Amar Navegandhi and Bernhard Riegl for constructive reviews and comments that greatly improved the manuscript. The senior author is indebted to Betsy Boynton for her invaluable time and assistance in compiling the image figures. The manuscript has benefited significantly from assistance of colleagues Virginia H. Garrison, for help in fish and coral identification and for corroborating that the sense of a scaled-up coral microstructure can be evident in the field; David G. Zawada, for discussions concerning instrumentation and operation of the equipment for both shallow and deep ATRIS imaging and for providing citable documentation that supports interpretation of a scaled-up coral for discussions on fractal forms and self-similarity. The second author acknowledges the assistance of T. Donald Hickey, B.J. Reynolds, Jerry Butcher, Gary L. Hill, and Kristy Foster for their professionalism in handling boat operations undertaken in this study. Philip Thompson is recognized for the engineering development, construction, and operation of the shallow ATRIS equipment. The U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program funded the ATRIS sea-trial investigations of coral reef ecosystems. NR 96 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 10 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1320 EP 1338 DI 10.2112/08-1049.1 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 350WY UT WOS:000259385500021 ER PT J AU Nagler, PL Glenn, EP Hinojosa-Huerta, O Zamora, F Howard, K AF Nagler, Pamela L. Glenn, Edward P. Hinojosa-Huerta, Osvel Zamora, Francisco Howard, Keith TI Riparian vegetation dynamics and evapotranspiration in the riparian corridor in the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE desert river; cottonwood; window; saltcedar; estuary; remote sensing ID NATIVE TREES; FRESH-WATER; TAMARIX-RAMOSISSIMA; EDDY COVARIANCE; UNITED-STATES; SALTON-SEA; CALIFORNIA; INDEXES; MODIS; REGENERATION AB Like other great desert rivers the Colorado River in the United States and Mexico is highly regulated to provide water for human use. No water is officially allotted to support the natural ecosystems in the delta of the river in Mexico. However, precipitation is inherently variable in this watershed. and from 1981-2004, 15% of the mean annual flow of the Lower Colorado River has entered the riparian corridor below the last diversion point Cor water in Mexico. These flows include flood releases from US darns and Much smaller administrative spins released back to the river from irrigators in the US and Mexico. These flows have germinated new cohorts of native cottonwood and willow trees and have established an active aquatic ecosystem in the riparian corridor in Mexico. We used ground and remote-sensing methods to determine the composition and fractional cover of the vegetation in the riparian corridor, its annual water consumption. and the Sources of water that support the ecosystem. The study covered the period 2000-2004, a flood year followed by 4 dry years. The riparian corridor Occupies 30,000 hit between flood control levees in Mexico. Annual evapotranspiration (ET), estimated by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite imagery calibrated against moisture flux tower data. was about 1.1 m yr(-1) and was fairly constant throughout the study period despite a paucity of surface flows 2001-2004. Total ET averaged 3.4 x 10(8) m(3) yr(-1), about 15% of Colorado River water entering Mexico from the US Surface flows Could have played only a small part in supporting these high ET losses. We conclude that the riparian ET is Supported mainly by the shallow regional aquifer, derived from agricultural return flows, that approaches the Surface in the riparian zone. Nevertheless, surface flows are important in germinating cohorts of native Lices. in washing salts from the soil and aquifer. and in providing aquatic habitat. thereby enriching the habitat value of the riparian corridor for birds and other wildlife. Conservation and water management strategies to enhance the delta habitats are discussed in light of the findings. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Nagler, Pamela L.] Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonoran Desert Res Stn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Glenn, Edward P.] Univ Arizona, Soil Water & Environm Sci Dept, Environm Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. [Hinojosa-Huerta, Osvel] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Zamora, Francisco] Sonoran Inst, Tucson, AZ 85711 USA. [Howard, Keith] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nagler, PL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonoran Desert Res Stn, BioSci E Bldg,Room 125, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM pnagler@ag.arizona.edu NR 46 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2008 VL 88 IS 4 BP 864 EP 874 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.010 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343RO UT WOS:000258871900027 PM 17590498 ER PT J AU Bexfield, LM AF Bexfield, Laura M. TI Decadal-scale changes of pesticides in ground water of the United States, 1993-2003 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Pesticide data for ground water sampled across the United States between 1993-1995 and 2001-2003 by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program were evaluated for trends in detection frequency and concentration. The data analysis evaluated samples collected from a total of 362 wells located in 12 local well networks characterizing shallow ground water in agricultural areas and six local well networks characterizing the drinking water resource in areas of variable land use. Each well network was sampled once during 1993-1995 and once during 2001-2003. The networks provide an overview of conditions across a wide range of hydrogeologic settings and in major agricultural areas that vary in dominant crop type and pesticide use. Of about 80 pesticide compounds analyzed, only six compounds were detected in ground water from at least 10 wells during both sampling events. These compounds were the triazine herbicides atrazine, simazine, and prometon; the acecanilide herbicide Metolachlor; the urea herbicide tebuthiuron; and an atrazine degradate, deethylatrazine (DEA). Observed concentrations of these compounds generally were <0.12 mu g L-1. At individual wells, changes in concentrations typically were <0.02 mu g L-1. Data analysis incorporated adjustments for changes in laboratory recovery as assessed through laboratory spikes. In wells yielding detectable concentrations of atrazine, DEA, and prometon, concentrations were significantly lower (alpha = 0.1) in 2001-2003 than in 1993-1995, whereas detection frequency of these compounds did not change significantly. Trends in atrazine concentrations at shallow wells in agricultural areas were found to be consistent overall with recent atrazine use data. C1 US Geol Survey, New Mexico Water Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Bexfield, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Mexico Water Sci Ctr, 5338 Montgomery Blvd,NE,Suite 400, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. EM bexfield@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 37 IS 5 SU S BP S226 EP S239 DI 10.2134/jeq2007.0054 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 345VX UT WOS:000259026700021 PM 18765768 ER PT J AU Burow, KR Shelton, JL Dubrovsky, NM AF Burow, Karen R. Shelton, Jennifer L. Dubrovsky, Neil M. TI Regional nitrate and pesticide trends in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin valley, California SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CASE-STUDY SIMULATION; FRESNO COUNTY; DBCP; CONTAMINATION; SUBSURFACE; QUALITY; 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE; IRRIGATION AB Protection of ground water for present and future use requires monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms controlling long-term quality of ground water. In this study, spatial and temporal trends in concentrations of nitrate and pesticides in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin California, were evaluated to determine the long-term effects of agricultural and urban development on regional ground water quality. Trends in concentrations of nitrate the nematocide 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and the herbicide simazine during the last two decades are generally consistent with known nitrogen fertilizer and pesticide use and with the position of the well networks in the regional ground-water flow system. Concentrations of nitrate and pesticides are higher in the shallow part of the aquifer system where domestic wells are typically screened whereas concentrations are lower in the deep part of the aquifer system where public-supply wells are typically screened. Attenuation processes do not seem to significantly affect concentrations.Historical data indicate that concentrations of nitrate have increased since the 1950s in the shallow and deep parts of the aquifer system. Concentrations of nitrate and detection of pesticides in the deep part of the aquifer system will likely increase as the proportion of highly affected water contributed to these wells increases with time. Because of the time of travel between the water table and the deep part of the aquifer system current concentrations in public supply wells likely reflect the effects of 40- to 50-yr-old management practices. C1 [Burow, Karen R.; Shelton, Jennifer L.; Dubrovsky, Neil M.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Burow, KR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM krburow@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 7 U2 24 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2008 VL 37 IS 5 SU S BP S249 EP S263 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 345VX UT WOS:000259026700023 PM 18765770 ER PT J AU Dalton, MS Frick, EA AF Dalton, Melinda S. Frick, Elizabeth A. TI Fate and transport of pesticides in the ground water systems of southwest Georgia, 1993-2005 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDES; DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; NITRATE; TRENDS; ZONE; AGE AB Modern agricultural practices in the United States have resulted in nearly unrivaled efficiency and productivity. Unfortunately, there is also the potential for release of these compounds to