FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Olsen, RE Cox, RR Afton, AD Ankney, CD AF Olsen, Richard E. Cox, Robert R., Jr. Afton, Alan D. Ankney, C. Davison TI Diet and Gut Morphology of Male Mallards During Winter in North Dakota SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; diet; gut morphology; Osmerus mordax; Rainbow Smelt ID LESSER SCAUP; VISCERAL MORPHOLOGY; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; NUTRIENT RESERVES; DIGESTIVE ORGANS; FOOD-HABITS; WOOD DUCKS; SIZE; MISSISSIPPI; MIDWINTER AB A free-ranging Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population was investigated during winter (December-January 1996-1999) below the Garrison Dam, North Dakota, USA, to relate diet to gut morphology, variation in males. Four explanatory variables (fish consumption, male age, winter, and body size) were evaluated as to whether they influenced five response variables associated with gut characteristics of Mallards. Response variables were lower gastro-intestinal tract mass (LGIT), dry liver mass, dry gizzard mass, small intestine length, and ceca length. Diets of Mallards were comprised primarily of Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) and concomitantly variation in gizzard mass was small. LGIT mass of juveniles was larger than that of adults, greater for those that consumed fish, and greater during the coldest and snowiest winter. Liver mass and small intestine length of Mallards that consumed fish were greater than those that did not. Mallards may maintain lengthy intestines to increase digestive efficiency. Gut size variation was not entirely attributable to dietary composition but also influenced by body size and environmental conditions such that over-winter survival is maximized. Received 1 December 2009, accepted 9 December 2010. C1 [Olsen, Richard E.] Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Glenwood, MN 56334 USA. [Cox, Robert R., Jr.] RC Store, Ipswich, SD 57451 USA. [Afton, Alan D.] Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Ankney, C. Davison] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. RP Olsen, RE (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, 23070 N Lakeshore Dr, Glenwood, MN 56334 USA. EM richard.olsen@state.mn.us NR 46 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 13 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 EI 1938-5390 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD MAR PY 2011 VL 34 IS 1 BP 59 EP 69 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 736WD UT WOS:000288524800007 ER PT J AU Franklin, J Regan, HM Hierl, LA Deutschman, DH Johnson, BS Winchell, CS AF Franklin, Janet Regan, Helen M. Hierl, Lauren A. Deutschman, Douglas H. Johnson, Brenda S. Winchell, Clark S. TI PLANNING, IMPLEMENTING, AND MONITORING MULTIPLE-SPECIES HABITAT CONSERVATION PLANS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation reserves; ecological monitoring; habitat conservation plan; landscape; multiple species; prioritization ID RESERVE SELECTION ALGORITHMS; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; LAND MANAGEMENT; PROTECTED AREAS; WILDLIFE; DESIGNS; TIME; ASSESSMENTS; PRIORITIES AB Premise of the study : Despite numerous recommendations for various aspects of the design and monitoring of habitat conservation plans, there remains a need to synthesize existing guidelines into a comprehensive scheme and apply it to real-world conservation programs. Methods : We review tools for systematic conservation planning and elements for designing and implementing ecological monitoring in an adaptive management context. We apply principles of monitoring design to the San Diego Multiple Species Conservation Program (MSCP) in California, USA-one of the first multispecies habitat conservation plans, located in a landscape where high biodiversity and urban development converge. Key results : Tools for spatial conservation planning are aimed to conserve biodiversity, often in the context of a limited budget. In practice, these methods may not accommodate legislative mandates, budgetary uncertainties, and the range of implementation mechanisms available across consortia of stakeholders. Once a reserve is implemented, the question becomes whether it is effective at conserving biodiversity, and if not, what actions are required to make it effective. In monitoring plan development, status and threats should be used to prioritize species and communities that require management action to ensure their persistence. Conceptual models documenting the state of knowledge of the system should highlight the main drivers affecting status and trends of species or communities. Monitoring strategies require scientifically justified decisions based on sampling, response, and data design. Conclusions : Because the framework illustrated here tackles multiple species, communities, and threats at the urban-wildland interface, it will have utility for ecosystem managers struggling to design monitoring programs. C1 [Franklin, Janet] Arizona State Univ, Sch Geog Sci & Urban Planning, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Regan, Helen M.] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Hierl, Lauren A.; Deutschman, Douglas H.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Johnson, Brenda S.] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Habitat Conservat Branch, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. [Winchell, Clark S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. RP Franklin, J (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Geog Sci & Urban Planning, POB 875302, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM Janet.Franklin@asu.edu FU California Department of Fish and Game, NCCP [P0450009]; MSCP FX The authors thank A. Atkinson, K. Greer, S. Wynn, T. Oberbauer, and R. Fisher. The manuscript was greatly improved by comments from A. Syphard, H. Possingham, and an anonymous reviewer. The opinions expressed and any errors that remain in this paper are the authors'. This work was supported by the California Department of Fish and Game, NCCP Local Assistance Grant #P0450009, and in cooperation with the MSCP Monitoring Partners, a multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional task force. NR 88 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 59 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 98 IS 3 BP 559 EP 571 DI 10.3732/ajb.1000292 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 734FU UT WOS:000288320600027 PM 21613147 ER PT J AU Cross, A Perakis, SS AF Cross, Alison Perakis, Steven S. TI Complementary Models of Tree Species-Soil Relationships in Old-Growth Temperate Forests SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE feedback; forest floor; mineral soil; nutrient availability; plant-soil interactions; nitrogen; phosphorus; carbon; base cations; old-growth ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; CANOPY TREE; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; GRADIENT; MOUNTAINS; NUTRIENTS; HARDWOOD; OREGON; STANDS; CARBON AB Ecosystem-level studies identify plant-soil feedbacks as important controls on soil nutrient availability, particularly for nitrogen and phosphorus. Although site- and species-specific studies of tree species-soil relationships are relatively common, comparatively fewer studies consider multiple co-existing species in old-growth forests across a range of sites that vary in underlying soil fertility. We characterized patterns in forest floor and mineral soil nutrients associated with four common tree species across eight undisturbed old-growth forests in Oregon, USA, and used two complementary conceptual models to assess tree species-soil relationships. Plant-soil feedbacks that could reinforce site-level differences in nutrient availability were assessed using the context-dependent relationships model, whereby relative species-based differences in each soil nutrient diverged or converged as nutrient status changed across sites. Tree species-soil relationships that did not reflect strong feedbacks were evaluated using a site-independent relationships model, whereby forest floor and surface mineral soil nutrient pools differed consistently by tree species across sites, without variation in deeper mineral soils. We found that the organically cycled elements carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus exhibited context-dependent differences among species in both forest floor and mineral soil, and most often followed a divergence model, whereby species differences were greatest at high-nutrient sites. These patterns are consistent with theory emphasizing biotic control of these elements through plant-soil feedback mechanisms. Site-independent species differences were strongest for pools of the weatherable cations calcium, magnesium, potassium, as well as phosphorus, in mineral soils. Site-independent species differences in forest floor nutrients were attributable to one species that displayed significantly greater forest floor mass accumulation. Our findings confirm that site-independent and context-dependent tree species-soil relationships occur simultaneously in old-growth temperate forests, with context-dependent relationships strongest for organically cycled elements, and site-independent relationships strongest for weatherable elements with inorganic cycling phases. These models provide complementary explanations for patterns of nutrient accumulation and cycling in mixed-species old-growth temperate forests. C1 [Perakis, Steven S.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Cross, Alison] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Perakis, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM steven.perakis@oregonstate.edu FU US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; Oregon Department of Forestry FX We thank Chris Catricala and crew for assistance in the field and laboratory, Lisa Ganio for statistical consulting, and David Hibbs, Kermit Cromack, David Myrold, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. This research was produced through the Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program, with funding provided by the US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center and the Oregon Department of Forestry. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD MAR PY 2011 VL 14 IS 2 BP 248 EP 260 DI 10.1007/s10021-010-9407-5 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 732GF UT WOS:000288172300006 ER PT J AU Cahoon, DR Perez, BC Segura, BD Lynch, JC AF Cahoon, Donald R. Perez, Brian C. Segura, Bradley D. Lynch, James C. TI Elevation trends and shrink-swell response of wetland soils to flooding and drying SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE droughts; salt marsh elevation; continuous elevation sensor; USA, Louisiana, Old Oyster Bayou; USA, Texas, McFaddin National Wildlife; Refuge ID HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS; SEA-LEVEL RISE; SEDIMENTATION-EROSION TABLE; RIVER DELTAIC PLAIN; SALT-MARSH; SURFACE ELEVATION; ACCRETION; BAY; SUBSIDENCE; LOUISIANA AB Given the potential for a projected acceleration in sea-level rise to impact wetland sustainability over the next century, a better understanding is needed of climate-related drivers that influence the processes controlling wetland elevation. Changes in local hydrology and groundwater conditions can cause short-term perturbations to marsh elevation trends through shrink-swell of marsh soils. To better understand the magnitude of these perturbations and their impacts on marsh elevation trends, we measured vertical accretion and elevation dynamics in microtidal marshes in Texas and Louisiana during and after the extreme drought conditions that existed there from 1998 to 2000. In a Louisiana marsh, elevation was controlled by subsurface hydrologic fluxes occurring below the root zone but above the 4 m depth (i.e., the base of the surface elevation table benchmark) that were related to regional drought and local meteorological conditions, with marsh elevation tracking water level variations closely. In Texas, a rapid decline in marsh elevation was related to severe drought conditions, which lowered local groundwater levels. Unfragmented marshes experienced smaller water level drawdowns and more rapid marsh elevation recovery than fragmented marshes. It appears that extended drawdowns lead to increased substrate consolidation making it less resilient to respond to future favorable conditions. Overall, changes in water storage lead to rapid and large short-term impacts on marsh elevation that are as much as five times greater than the long-term elevation trend, indicating the importance of long-term, high-resolution elevation data sets to understand the prolonged effects of water deficits on marsh elevation change. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Cahoon, Donald R.; Lynch, James C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Perez, Brian C.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Segura, Bradley D.] Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Perez, BC (reprint author), CH2M HILL,700 Main St,Suite 400, Baton Rouge, LA 70802 USA. EM dcahoon@usgs.gov; bperez@ch2m.com; bsegura@jchance.com; jclynch@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 36 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR 1 PY 2011 VL 91 IS 4 BP 463 EP 474 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.03.022 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 734CH UT WOS:000288310300001 ER PT J AU McKee, KL AF McKee, Karen L. TI Biophysical controls on accretion and elevation change in Caribbean mangrove ecosystems SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Belize; climate change; Florida; land loss; sedimentation; subsidence ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS; WETLAND SEDIMENT ELEVATION; VERTICAL ACCRETION; SOIL FORMATION; SALT-MARSHES; FORESTS; RATES; ACCUMULATION; VEGETATION AB Habitat stability of coastal ecosystems, such as marshes and mangroves, depends on maintenance of soil elevations relative to sea level. Many such systems are characterized by limited mineral sedimentation and/or rapid subsidence and are consequently dependent upon accumulation of organic matter to maintain elevations. However, little field information exists regarding the contribution of specific biological processes to vertical accretion and elevation change. This study used biogenic mangrove systems in carbonate settings in Belize (BZ) and southwest Florida (FL) to examine biophysical controls on elevation change. Rates of elevation change, vertical accretion, benthic mat formation, and belowground root accumulation were measured in fringe, basin, scrub, and dwarf forest types plus a restored forest. Elevation change rates (mm yr(-1)) measured with Surface Elevation Tables varied widely: BZ-Dwarf (-3.7), BZ-Scrub (-1.1), FL-Fringe (0.6), FL-Basin (2.1), BZ-Fringe (4.1), and FL-Restored (9.9). Root mass accumulation varied across sites (82-739 g m(-2) yr(-1) and was positively correlated with elevation change. Root volumetric contribution to vertical change (mm yr(-1)) was lowest in BZ-Dwarf (1.2) and FL-Fringe (2.4), intermediate in FL-Basin (4.1) and BZ-Scrub (4.3), and highest in BZ-Fringe (8.8) and FL-Restored (11.8) sites. Surface growth of turf-forming algae, microbial mats, or accumulation of leaf litter and detritus also made significant contributions to vertical accretion. Turf algal mats in fringe and scrub forests accreted faster (2.7 mm yr(-1)) than leaf litter mats in basin forests (1.9 mm yr(-1)), but similarly to microbial mats in dwarf forests (2.1 mm yr(-1)). Surface accretion of mineral material accounted for only 0.2-3.3% of total vertical change. Those sites with high root contributions and/or rapid growth of living mats exhibited an elevation surplus (+2 to +8 mm yr(-1)), whereas those with low root inputs and low (or non-living) mat accumulation showed an elevation deficit (-1 to -5.7 mm yr(-1)). This study indicates that biotic processes of root production and benthic mat formation are important controls on accretion and elevation change in mangrove ecosystems common to the Caribbean Region. Quantification of specific biological controls on elevation provides better insight into how sustainability of such systems might be influenced by global (e.g., climate, atmospheric CO2) and local (e.g., nutrients, disturbance) factors affecting organic matter accumulation, in addition to relative sea-level rise. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP McKee, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM mckeek@usgs.gov RI McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X FU National Science Foundation [DEB-9981483]; Smithsonian Institution FX This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation's Biocomplexity in the Environment Program (DEB-9981483) and by the Smithsonian Institution's Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program. I thank the Fisheries Department and Government of Belize for permission to conduct research at Twin Cays and Mike Shirley and the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve for access to study sites and logistical support in Florida. A. Anteau, D. Cahoon, P. Faulkner, M. Finn, J. Lynch, T. McGinnis, J. Rooth, E. Travis, and W. Vervaeke provided field and laboratory assistance. The manuscript was improved by the comments of D. Cahoon, I. Mendelssohn, and two anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 42 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 9 U2 88 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR 1 PY 2011 VL 91 IS 4 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.001 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 734CH UT WOS:000288310300002 ER PT J AU Hower, JC Ruppert, LF AF Hower, James C. Ruppert, Leslie F. TI Splint coals of the Central Appalachians: Petrographic and geochemical facies of the Peach Orchard No. 3 split coal bed, southern Magoffin County, Kentucky SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coal; Kentucky; Petrology; Geochemistry; Facies; Coal to liquids; Durain ID EASTERN KENTUCKY; POWER-PLANT; PETROLOGY; FIRE; PALEOECOLOGY; PALYNOLOGY; ORIGIN; ARCHITECTURE; KALIMANTAN; INDONESIA AB The Bolsovian (Middle Pennsylvanian) Peach Orchard coal bed is one of the splint coals of the Central Appalachians. Splint coal is a name for the dull, inertinite-rich lithologies typical of coals of the region. The No. 3 Split was sampled at five locations in Magoffin County, Kentucky and analyzed for petrography and major and minor elements. The No. 3 Split coals contain semifusinite-rich lithologies, up to 48% (mineral-free basis) in one case. The nature of the semifusinite varies with position in the coal bed, containing more mineral matter of detrital origin in the uppermost durain. The maceral assemblage of these terminal durains is dominated by detrital fusinite and semifusinite, suggesting reworking of the maceral assemblage coincident with the deposition of the detrital minerals. However, a durain in the middle of the coal bed, while lithologically similar to the uppermost durains, has a degraded, macrinite-rich, texture. The inertinite macerals in the middle durain have less distinct edges than semifusinites in the uppermost terminal durains, suggesting degradation as a possible path to inertinite formation. The uppermost durain has higher ash and semifusinite contents at the eastern sites than at the western sites. The difference in the microscopic petrology indicates that megascopic petrology alone can be a deceptive indicator of depositional environments and that close attention must be paid to the individual macerals and their implications for the depositional setting, especially within the inertinite group. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Hower, James C.] Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. [Ruppert, Leslie F.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hower, JC (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, 2540 Res Pk Dr, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. EM hower@caer.uky.edu; lruppert@usgs.gov OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD MAR 1 PY 2011 VL 85 IS 3-4 BP 268 EP 275 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2010.12.012 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 736DU UT WOS:000288471600003 ER PT J AU Tucker, RD Roig, JY Macey, PH Delor, C Amelin, Y Armstrong, RA Rabarimanana, MH Ralison, AV AF Tucker, R. D. Roig, J. Y. Macey, P. H. Delor, C. Amelin, Y. Armstrong, R. A. Rabarimanana, M. H. Ralison, A. V. TI A new geological framework for south-central Madagascar, and its relevance to the "out-of-Africa" hypothesis SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE U-Pb geochronology; Paleoproterozoic; Tectonics; East African Orogen; Greater Dharwar Craton; Detrital zircons ID U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; CAUVERY SHEAR ZONE; WEST-CENTRAL MADAGASCAR; HIGH-GRADE ROCKS; SRI-LANKA; MOZAMBIQUE OCEAN; ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS; GONDWANA CONNECTIONS AB The Precambrian shield of south-central Madagascar, excluding the Vohibory region, consists of three geologic domains, from north to south: Antananarivo. Ikalamavony-Itremo, and Anosyen-Androyen. The northern Antananarivo domain represents the Neoarchean sector of the Greater Dharwar Craton amalgamated at 2.52-2.48 Ga. The Greater Dharwar Craton is overlain by several groups of Meso- to Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks (Ambatolampy, Manampotsy, Ampasary, Sahantaha, and Maha Groups) each with a common and diagnostic signature of Paleoproterozoic detrital zircons (2.2-1.8 Ga). The central domain (Ikalamavony-Itremo) consists of two distinct parts. The Itremo Sub-domain, in the east, is a structurally intercalated sequence of Neoarchean gneiss and shallow marine metasedimentary rocks of Paleo-Mesoproterozoic age (Itremo Group), the latter with Paleoproterozoic detrital zircons ranging in age between 2.2 and 1.8 Ga. The Ikalamavony Sub-domain, to the west, contains abundant volcano-clastic metasediments and lesser quartzite (Ikalamavony Group), formed between 1.03 Ga and 0.98 Ga, and intruded by igneous rocks (Dabolava Suite) of Stenian-Tonian age. Structurally intercalated with these are sheets of Neoarchean gneiss (similar to 2.5 Ga) and Neoproterozoic metaclastic rocks (Molo Group). Like the Itremo Group, quartzite of the Ikalamavony Group has detrital zircons of Paleoproterozoic age (2.1-1.8 Ga). The southern domain of Anosyen-Androyen consists of a newly recognized suite of Paleoproterozoic igneous rocks (2.0-1.8 Ga), and stratified supracrustal rocks also having Paleoproterozoic detrital zircons (2.3-1.8 Ga). The contact between the Anosyen-Androyen and Ikalamavony-Itremo domains, formerly known as the Ranotsara-Bongolava shear zone, is a tightly folded and highly flattened boundary that was ductilely deformed in Ediacaran time. It is roughly equivalent to the Palghat-Cauvery shear zone in south India, and it defines approximately the boundary between the Archean Greater Dharwar Craton (to the north) and the Paleoproterozoic terrane of Anosyen-Androyen (to the south). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Tucker, R. D.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Roig, J. Y.; Delor, C.] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, F-45060 Orleans 2, France. [Macey, P. H.] Council Geosci Western Cape, ZA-7535 Bellville, South Africa. [Amelin, Y.; Armstrong, R. A.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Rabarimanana, M. H.; Ralison, A. V.] Project Gouvernance Ressources Minerales, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. RP Tucker, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 926A,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rtucker@usgs.gov FU World Bank; PRGM (Madagascar) FX Our collaborative research was funded by the World Bank, with a contract from the PRGM (Madagascar) to the BRGM-USGS consortium, under the title Syntheses Geologique de Madagascar a l'echelle du millionnieme. We acknowledge, in particular, Drs. Enrique Ortega, Bernard Moine and Dominique Rakotomanana, who financed our field work and U-Pb geochronology through the PRGM, provided intellectual stimulation for effort, and who granted permission to cite the Report of Consultants in this paper. Bernard Moine, J.-L. Paquette, Greg Walsh, and Bill Burton provided careful and constructive reviews of the manuscript. NR 82 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 185 IS 3-4 BP 109 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.008 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 734QK UT WOS:000288350700003 ER PT J AU Jones, DS Barnes, CG Premo, WR Snoke, AW AF Jones, Daniel S. Barnes, Calvin G. Premo, Wayne R. Snoke, Arthur W. TI The geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic Green Mountain arc: A composite(?), bimodal, oceanic, fringing arc SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Green Mountain arc; Yavapai; Big Creek Gneiss; Proterozoic; Crustal growth; Geochemistry ID SOUTHWESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; WEST-CENTRAL COLORADO; HIGH-ALUMINA BASALTS; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; BONIN-MARIANA ARC; ISLAND-ARC; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; KERMADEC ARC; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; ARCHEAN TRONDHJEMITES AB The inferred subduction affinity of the similar to 1780-Ma Green Mountain arc, a dominantly bimodal igneous terrane (together with immature marine and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks) accreted to the southern margin of the Wyoming province, is integral to arc-accretion models of the Paleoproterozoic growth of southern Laurentia. Conversely, the dominantly bimodal nature of many putative arc-related igneous suites throughout southern Laurentia, including the Green Mountain arc, has also been used to support models of growth by extension of pre-existing crust. We report new geochemical and isotopic data from similar to 1780-Ma gabbroic and granodioritic to tonalitic rocks of the Big Creek Gneiss, interpreted as consanguineous with previously studied metavolcanic rocks of the Green Mountain Formation. The similar to 1780-Ma Big Creek Gneiss mafic rocks show clear geochemical signatures of a subduction origin and provide no supporting evidence for extensional tectonism. The similar to 1780-Ma Big Creek Gneiss felsic rocks are attributed to partial melting of mafic and/or mixed lower-crustal material. The bimodal nature of the suite results from the combination of arc basalts and felsic crustal melts. The lack of andesite is consistent with the observed tholeiitic differentiation trend of the mafic magmas. The lower epsilon(Nd)(1780 Ma) values for the felsic rocks vs. the mafic rocks suggest that the unexposed lower crust of the arc may be older than the arc and that Trans-Hudson- or Penokean-aged rocks possibly form the substratum of the arc. Our results reinforce previous interpretations that arc-related magmatism played a key role in the Paleoproterozoic crustal growth of southern Laurentia, but also support the possibility of unexposed older crust as basement to the arcs. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Jones, Daniel S.] Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geosci, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. [Barnes, Calvin G.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Premo, Wayne R.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Snoke, Arthur W.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Jones, DS (reprint author), Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geosci, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. EM dsjones@wcu.edu FU Geological Society of America [8559-07]; Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium [NNG0G165H]; Wyoming Geological Association; Colorado Scientific Society; Tobacco Root Geological Society; Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Wyoming FX This work is part of the PhD dissertation of Daniel S. Jones at the University of Wyoming. Financial support was provided in part by the Geological Society of America (#8559-07), Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium (#NNG0G165H), Wyoming Geological Association, Colorado Scientific Society, Tobacco Root Geological Society, and Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Wyoming. We thank Phil Nickerson and Mark Moyer for their assistance in the field, Melanie Barnes for training and geochemical analyses, Jason Mailloux for isotopic analyses, and Joe Wooden for training and assistance at the SUMAC SHRIMP facility. Part of this work was completed in collaboration with researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver. Colorado, in conjunction with other research conducted for their Central Colorado Assessment Project within the Survey's Central Region Earth Surfaces Processes team. Reviews of the manuscript by Pat Bickford and Jim Cole are gratefully acknowledged. NR 111 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 185 IS 3-4 BP 231 EP 249 DI 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.01.011 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 734QK UT WOS:000288350700010 ER PT J AU Brand, LA Noon, BR AF Brand, L. Arriana Noon, Barry R. TI SEASONAL FECUNDITY AND SOURCE-SINK STATUS OF SHRUB-NESTING BIRDS IN A SOUTHWESTERN RIPARIAN CORRIDOR SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ABERTS TOWHEE; UNITED-STATES; BELLS VIREOS; HABITAT; VEGETATION; SURVIVAL; TAMARIX; POPULATIONS; PARASITISM AB Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) has increasingly dominated riparian floodplains relative to native forests in the southwestern U.S., but little is known about its impacts on avian productivity or population status. We monitored 86 Arizona Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii arizonae), 147 Abert's Towhee (Melozone aberti), and 154 Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) nests to assess reproductive parameters in cottonwood-willow (Populus-Salix), saltcedar, and mesquite (Prosopis spp.) stands along the San Pedro River, Arizona during 1999-2001. We also assessed source-sink status for each species in each vegetation type using field data combined with data from the literature. There were no significant differences in reproductive parameters between vegetation types for Abert's Towhee or Yellow-breasted Chat, although seasonal fecundity was quite low across vegetation types for the latter (0.75 +/- 0.14; mean SE). Bell's Vireo had extremely low seasonal fecundity in saltcedar (0.10 +/- 0.09) and significantly fewer fledglings per nest in saltcedar (0.09 +/- 0.09) compared with cottonwood (1.07 +/- 0.32). Point estimates of lambda were substantially < 1 for all three focal species in all habitats indicating the entire study area may be performing as a sink; 90% CI of lambda included 1 only for Abert's Towhee across vegetation types and Bell's Vireo in cottonwood vegetation. These results are surprising given the San Pedro is considered to be one of the best remaining occurrences of lowland native riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States. Received 15 April 2010. Accepted 8 October 2010. C1 [Brand, L. Arriana] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Sustainabil Semiarid Hydrol & Riparian Areas SAHR, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Noon, Barry R.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Brand, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, 505 Azuar Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. EM arriana_brand@usgs.gov FU Strategic Environment Research and Development (SERDP) [CS-1100]; SAHRA (Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas) under National Science Foundation [EAR-9876800]; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [2003-STAR-G2] FX We appreciate the work of the field crew that assisted with data collection on the San Pedro River: Mark Faherty, Janine McCabe, Brian Acord, Carey Hill. Devin Biggs, Chris Putnam, Brynne Langan, and Dolly Crawford. The Bureau of Land Management, San Pedro Project Office, provided access to the San Pedro National Conservation Area as well as housing for the three summers of data collection effort. We are also grateful for permission to work on lands granted by numerous private landowners. We thank Steve Beissinger for discussions that contributed to this research. We also thank Julie Stromberg, James Diffendorfer, Clait Braun, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on this manuscript. Karl Benedict kindly provided the map of the study area. Data collection for this research was funded by the Strategic Environment Research and Development (SERDP) project CS-1100. Analysis and writing portions for LAB were supported by SAHRA (Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas) under the STC Program of the National Science Foundation, Agreement #EAR-9876800, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Integrated Modeling and Ecological Valuation" EPA STAR GRANT Program #2003-STAR-G2. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 20 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 EI 1938-5447 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 123 IS 1 BP 48 EP 58 DI 10.1676/10-061.1 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 734TB UT WOS:000288360100005 ER PT J AU Blank, PJ Parks, JR Dively, GP AF Blank, Peter J. Parks, Jared R. Dively, Galen P. TI WINTERING BIRD RESPONSE TO FALL MOWING OF HERBACEOUS BUFFERS SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GRASSLAND BIRDS; FIELD BORDERS; CONSERVATION; SHRUBLAND; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; PARTNERS; WILDLIFE; WIDTH AB Herbaceous buffers are strips of herbaceous vegetation planted between working agricultural land and streams or wetlands. Mowing is a common maintenance practice to control woody plants and noxious weeds in herbaceous buffers. Buffers enrolled in Maryland's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) cannot be mowed during the primary bird nesting season between 15 April and 15 August. Most mowing of buffers in Maryland occurs in late summer or fall, leaving the vegetation short until the following spring. We studied the response of wintering birds to fall mowing of buffers. We mowed one section to 10-15 cm in 13 buffers and kept another section unmowed. Ninety-two percent of birds detected in buffers were grassland or scrub-shrub species, and 98% of all birds detected were in unmowed buffers. Total bird abundance, species richness, and total avian conservation value were significantly greater in unmowed buffers, and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichenvis), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), and White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) were significantly more abundant in unmowed buffers. Wintering bird use of mowed buffers was less than in unmowed buffers. Leaving herbaceous buffers unmowed through winter will likely provide better habitat for wintering birds. Received 21 December 2009. Accepted 23 August 2010. C1 [Parks, Jared R.; Dively, Galen P.] Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Blank, Peter J.] Univ Maryland, Marine Estuarine Environm Sci Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Blank, PJ (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM blankpj@gmail.com FU NRCS Agricultural Wildlife Conservation Center FX We thank D. E. Gill, L. W. Adams, P. P. Marra, and G. L. Brewer for help with study design. We thank the many farm owners that allowed us to work on their properties. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the Farm Service Agency staff in Queen Anne's and Talbot counties helped with locating CREP buffers and with technical information. J. E. Gerber and the staff at Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage provided technical information and advice. P. J. Barbour, C. A. Rewa, and S. V. Strati provided comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Funding was provided by the NRCS Agricultural Wildlife Conservation Center. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 EI 1938-5447 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 123 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1676/09-202.1 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 734TB UT WOS:000288360100006 ER PT J AU Post, W Sykes, PW AF Post, William Sykes, Paul W., Jr. TI Reproductive Status of the Shiny Cowbird in North America SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD; SOUTHEASTERN OLD-FIELD; PARASITISM AB We collected 17 (13 females, 4 males) Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) during the passerine nesting season in July 1999 and 2003 in Jasper County, southwestern South Carolina. Five females (38%) were laying eggs, as ascertained from the condition of their reproductive organs. Two females collected on 1 July 1999 and 19 July 2003 had eggs in their oviducts, and would have deposited eggs within 1 day. Shiny Cowbirds have been in North America for at least 24 years, but only males had been collected before this study. Most of those collected had enlarged testes, as did the four collected in the present study, but these data are not proof that breeding actually occurred. The reproductive condition of the females we collected provides material evidence that the species breeds in North America. It is not known which species are being parasitized by Shiny Cowbirds, but several species widespread in the southeastern United States are highly suitable hosts. Received 23 August 2010. Accepted 3 November 2010. C1 [Post, William] Charleston Museum, Charleston, SC 29403 USA. [Sykes, Paul W., Jr.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr Athens, USGS, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Post, W (reprint author), Charleston Museum, 360 Meeting St, Charleston, SC 29403 USA. EM grackler@aol.com NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 123 IS 1 BP 151 EP 154 DI 10.1676/10-133.1 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 734TB UT WOS:000288360100021 ER PT J AU Bocetti, CI AF Bocetti, Carol I. TI Cruise Ships as a Source of Avian Mortality During Fall Migration SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Avian mortality during fall migration has been studied at many anthropogenic structures, most of which share the common feature of bright lighting. An additional, unstudied source of avian mortality during fall migration is recreational cruise ships that are brightly lit throughout the night. I documented a single mortality event of eight Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) on one ship during part of one night in fall 2003, but suggest this is a more wide-spread phenomenon. The advertised number of ship-nights for 50 cruise ships in the Caribbean Sea during fall migration in 2003 was 2,981. This may pose a significant, additional, anthropogenic source of mortality that warrants further investigation, particularly because impacts could be minimized if this source of avian mortality is recognized. Received 27 October 2009. Accepted 23 August 2010. C1 [Bocetti, Carol I.] USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, California, PA 15419 USA. RP Bocetti, CI (reprint author), Calif Univ Penn, 250 Univ Ave,Box 45, California, PA 15419 USA. EM bocetti@calu.edu NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 EI 1938-5447 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 123 IS 1 BP 176 EP 178 DI 10.1676/09-168.1 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 734TB UT WOS:000288360100029 ER PT J AU Moran, SC Newhall, C Roman, DC AF Moran, Seth C. Newhall, Chris Roman, Diana C. TI Failed magmatic eruptions: late-stage cessation of magma ascent SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Magmatic intrusions; Volcanic unrest; Eruption forecasting; Factors influencing magmatic eruption ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; SISTERS VOLCANIC CENTER; OREGON CASCADE RANGE; SHISHALDIN-VOLCANO; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; UNZEN VOLCANO; ALASKA; SOUFRIERE; DEFORMATION; PRECURSORS AB When a volcano becomes restless, a primary question is whether the unrest will lead to an eruption. Here we recognize four possible outcomes of a magmatic intrusion: "deep intrusion", "shallow intrusion", "sluggish/viscous magmatic eruption", and "rapid, often explosive magmatic eruption". We define "failed eruptions" as instances in which magma reaches but does not pass the "shallow intrusion" stage, i.e., when magma gets close to, but does not reach, the surface. Competing factors act to promote or hinder the eventual eruption of a magma intrusion. Fresh intrusion from depth, high magma gas content, rapid ascent rates that leave little time for enroute degassing, opening of pathways, and sudden decompression near the surface all act to promote eruption, whereas decreased magma supply from depth, slow ascent, significant enroute degassing and associated increases in viscosity, and impingement on structural barriers all act to hinder eruption. All of these factors interact in complex ways with variable results, but often cause magma to stall at some depth before reaching the surface. Although certain precursory phenomena, such as rapidly escalating seismic swarms or rates of degassing or deformation, are good indicators that an eruption is likely, such phenomena have also been observed in association with intrusions that have ultimately failed to erupt. A perpetual difficulty with quantifying the probability of eruption is a lack of data, particularly on instances of failed eruptions. This difficulty is being addressed in part through the WOVOdat database. Papers in this volume will be an additional resource for scientists grappling with the issue of whether or not an episode of unrest will lead to a magmatic eruption. C1 [Moran, Seth C.] US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Newhall, Chris] Nanyang Technol Univ, Earth Observ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. [Roman, Diana C.] Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Moran, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM smoran@usgs.gov; cnewhall@ntu.edu.sg; droman@usf.edu NR 69 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 EI 1432-0819 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 73 IS 2 BP 115 EP 122 DI 10.1007/s00445-010-0444-x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732US UT WOS:000288215800001 ER PT J AU Roman, DC Power, JA AF Roman, Diana C. Power, John A. TI Mechanism of the 1996-97 non-eruptive volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm at Iliamna Volcano, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Iliamna Volcano; VT earthquake; Earthquake swarms; Stress tensor inversion; Fault-plane solutions ID SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; REGIONAL STRESS TENSOR; MOUNT-SPURR VOLCANO; SEISMICITY; JAPAN; DEFORMATION; MIGRATION AB A significant number of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquake swarms, some of which are accompanied by ground deformation and/or volcanic gas emissions, do not culminate in an eruption. These swarms are often thought to represent stalled intrusions of magma into the mid- or shallow-level crust. Real-time assessment of the likelihood that a VT swarm will culminate in an eruption is one of the key challenges of volcano monitoring, and retrospective analysis of non-eruptive swarms provides an important framework for future assessments. Here we explore models for a non-eruptive VT earthquake swarm located beneath Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, in May 1996-June 1997 through calculation and inversion of fault-plane solutions for swarm and background periods, and through Coulomb stress modeling of faulting types and hypocenter locations observed during the swarm. Through a comparison of models of deep and shallow intrusions to swarm observations, we aim to test the hypothesis that the 1996-97 swarm represented a shallow intrusion, or "failed" eruption. Observations of the 1996-97 swarm are found to be consistent with several scenarios including both shallow and deep intrusion, most likely involving a relatively small volume of intruded magma and/or a low degree of magma pressurization corresponding to a relatively low likelihood of eruption. C1 [Roman, Diana C.] Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Power, John A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Roman, DC (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM droman@cas.usf.edu; jpower@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 73 IS 2 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1007/s00445-010-0439-7 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732US UT WOS:000288215800004 ER PT J AU Werner, CA Doukas, MP Kelly, PJ AF Werner, Cynthia A. Doukas, Mike P. Kelly, Peter J. TI Gas emissions from failed and actual eruptions from Cook Inlet Volcanoes, Alaska, 1989-2006 SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Volcano; Gas; Emissions; Degassing; Magma; Eruption; Failed eruption; Carbon; Sulfur; C/S; Decompression; Scrubbing ID EASTERN ALEUTIAN ARC; REDOUBT VOLCANO; ILIAMNA VOLCANO; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEMENT CHEMISTRY; AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; SUBDUCTION ZONE; CRATER PEAK; MAGMAS; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Cook Inlet volcanoes that experienced an eruption between 1989 and 2006 had mean gas emission rates that were roughly an order of magnitude higher than at volcanoes where unrest stalled. For the six events studied, mean emission rates for eruptions were similar to 13,000 t/d CO2 and 5200 t/d SO2, but only similar to 1200 t/d CO2 and 500 t/d SO2 for non-eruptive events ('failed eruptions'). Statistical analysis suggests degassing thresholds for eruption on the order of 1500 and 1000 t/d for CO2 and SO2, respectively. Emission rates greater than 4000 and 2000 t/d for CO2 and SO2, respectively, almost exclusively resulted during eruptive events (the only exception being two measurements at Fourpeaked). While this analysis could suggest that unerupted magmas have lower pre-eruptive volatile contents, we favor the explanations that either the amount of magma feeding actual eruptions is larger than that driving failed eruptions, or that magmas from failed eruptions experience less decompression such that the majority of H2O remains dissolved and thus insufficient permeability is produced to release the trapped volatile phase (or both). In the majority of unrest and eruption sequences, increases in CO2 emission relative to SO2 emission were observed early in the sequence. With time, all events converged to a common molar value of C/S between 0.5 and 2. These geochemical trends argue for roughly similar decompression histories until shallow levels are reached beneath the edifice (i.e., from 20-35 to similar to 4-6 km) and perhaps roughly similar initial volatile contents in all cases. Early elevated CO2 levels that we find at these high-latitude, andesitic arc volcanoes have also been observed at mid-latitude, relatively snow-free, basaltic volcanoes such as Stromboli and Etna. Typically such patterns are attributed to injection and decompression of deep (CO2-rich) magma into a shallower chamber and open system degassing prior to eruption. Here we argue that the C/S trends probably represent tapping of vapor-saturated regions with high C/S, and then gradual degassing of remaining dissolved volatiles as the magma progresses toward the surface. At these volcanoes, however, C/S is often accentuated due to early preferential scrubbing of sulfur gases. The range of equilibrium degassing is consistent with the bulk degassing of a magma with initial CO2 and S of 0.6 and 0.2 wt.%, respectively, similar to what has been suggested for primitive Redoubt magmas. C1 [Werner, Cynthia A.; Doukas, Mike P.; Kelly, Peter J.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Werner, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 Cardinal Ct, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM cwerner@usgs.gov FU US Geological Survey FX This work was funded the US Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program. Helpful reviews were provided by William C. Evans, Larry Mastin, Michelle Coombs, and one anonymous reviewer. NR 77 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 73 IS 2 BP 155 EP 173 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0453-4 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732US UT WOS:000288215800005 ER PT J AU Crider, JG Frank, D Malone, SD Poland, MP Werner, C Caplan-Auerbach, J AF Crider, Juliet G. Frank, David Malone, Stephen D. Poland, Michael P. Werner, Cynthia Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline TI Magma at depth: a retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Quiescent degassing; Thermal unrest; Microgravity; Volcano deformation; Stalled intrusion; Cascade Range ID INCREASED HEAT EMISSION; KILAUEA VOLCANO; CARBON-DIOXIDE; MT BAKER; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; GRAVITY CHANGES; CENTRAL OREGON; 3 SISTERS; ALASKA; SEISMICITY AB Mount Baker volcano displayed a short interval of seismically-quiescent thermal unrest in 1975, with high emissions of magmatic gas that slowly waned during the following three decades. The area of snow-free ground in the active crater has not returned to pre-unrest levels, and fumarole gas geochemistry shows a decreasing magmatic signature over that same interval. A relative microgravity survey revealed a substantial gravity increase in the similar to 30 years since the unrest, while deformation measurements suggest slight deflation of the edifice between 1981-83 and 2006-07. The volcano remains seismically quiet with regard to impulsive volcano-tectonic events, but experiences shallow (< 3 km) low-frequency events likely related to glacier activity, as well as deep (> 10 km) long-period earthquakes. Reviewing the observations from the 1975 unrest in combination with geophysical and geochemical data collected in the decades that followed, we infer that elevated gas and thermal emissions at Mount Baker in 1975 resulted from magmatic activity beneath the volcano: either the emplacement of magma at mid-crustal levels, or opening of a conduit to a deep existing source of magmatic volatiles. Decadal-timescale, multi-parameter observations were essential to this assessment of magmatic activity. C1 [Crider, Juliet G.; Malone, Stephen D.] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Poland, Michael P.] US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI USA. [Werner, Cynthia] US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. [Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline] Western Washington Univ, Dept Geol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Crider, JG (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM juliet.crider@ess.washington.edu OI Poland, Michael/0000-0001-5240-6123 FU National Science Foundation [EAR 0538317] FX We thank: Brendan Hodge and Kristin Hill Johnsen for their work on the volcano; John Scurlock for aerial photography, including Fig. 2; Maisie Nichols for sharing observations of DLPs; Seth Moran for prompting this review; and Chris Newhall, Don Swanson, Glyn Williams-Jones, and David Tucker for thoughtful reviews of our manuscript. National Science Foundation Grant # EAR 0538317 to JGC and MPP supported revisiting the gravity and deformation networks on Mount Baker. NR 58 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 73 IS 2 BP 175 EP 189 DI 10.1007/s00445-010-0441-0 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732US UT WOS:000288215800006 ER PT J AU Konikow, LF AF Konikow, Leonard F. TI The Secret to Successful Solute-Transport Modeling SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; ADVECTION-DISPERSION EQUATION; TRANSIENT GROUNDWATER-FLOW; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; POROUS-MEDIA; CAPE-COD; HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFER; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN; DIFFUSION EQUATION AB Modeling subsurface solute transport is difficult-more so than modeling heads and flows. The classical governing equation does not always adequately represent what we see at the field scale. In such cases, commonly used numerical models are solving the wrong equation. Also, the transport equation is hyperbolic where advection is dominant, and parabolic where hydrodynamic dispersion is dominant. No single numerical method works well for all conditions, and for any given complex field problem, where seepage velocity is highly variable, no one method will be optimal everywhere. Although we normally expect a numerically accurate solution to the governing groundwater-flow equation, errors in concentrations from numerical dispersion and/or oscillations may be large in some cases. The accuracy and efficiency of the numerical solution to the solute-transport equation are more sensitive to the numerical method chosen than for typical groundwater-flow problems. However, numerical errors can be kept within acceptable limits if sufficient computational effort is expended. But impractically long simulation times may promote a tendency to ignore or accept numerical errors. One approach to effective solute-transport modeling is to keep the model relatively simple and use it to test and improve conceptual understanding of the system and the problem at hand. It should not be expected that all concentrations observed in the field can be reproduced. Given a knowledgeable analyst, a reasonable description of a hydrogeologic framework, and the availability of solute-concentration data, the secret to successful solute-transport modeling may simply be to lower expectations. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Konikow, LF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lkonikow@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0017-467X EI 1745-6584 J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 49 IS 2 BP 144 EP 159 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00764.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 724NS UT WOS:000287584100010 PM 21039449 ER PT J AU Seiler, RL AF Seiler, Ralph L. TI Po-210 in Nevada Groundwater and Its Relation to Gross Alpha Radioactivity SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE ACTIVITY; CARSON DESERT; WATER; POLONIUM; PROGENY; RA-226; PB-210; WELLS AB Polonium-210 (Po-210) is a highly toxic alpha emitter that is rarely found in groundwater at activities exceeding 1 pCi/L. Po-210 activities in 63 domestic and public-supply wells in Lahontan Valley in Churchill County in northern Nevada, United States, ranged from 0.01 +/- 0.005 to 178 +/- 16 pCi/L with a median activity of 2.88 pCi/L. Wells with high Po-210 activities had low dissolved oxygen concentrations (less than 0.1 mg/L) and commonly had pH greater than 9. Lead-210 activities are low and aqueous Po-210 is unsupported by Pb-210, indicating that the Po-210 is mobilized from aquifer sediments. The only significant contributors to alpha particle activity in Lahontan Valley groundwater are U-234/238, Rn-222, and Po-210. Radon-222 activities were below 1000 pCi/L and were uncorrelated with Po-210 activity. The only applicable drinking water standard for Po-210 in the United States is the adjusted gross alpha radioactivity (GAR) standard of 15 pCi/L. Po-210 was not volatile in a Nevada well, but volatile Po-210 has been reported in a Florida well. Additional information on the volatility of Po-210 is needed because GAR is an inappropriate method to screen for volatile radionuclides. About 25% of the samples had Po-210 activities that exceed the level associated with a lifetime total cancer risk of 1x10(-4) (1.1 pCi/L) without exceeding the GAR standard. In cases where the 72-h GAR exceeds the uranium activity by more than 5 to 10 pCi/L, an analysis to rule out the presence of Po-210 may be justified to protect human health even though the maximum contaminant level for adjusted GAR is not exceeded. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. RP Seiler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2730 N Deer Run Rd, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. EM rseiler@usgs.gov FU U.S. EPA [EM-96963201]; Churchill County; USGS FX This study was supported by a grant from the U.S. EPA, EM-96963201, and a cooperative agreement between Churchill County and the USGS. The author thanks the residents of Lahontan Valley who gave permission to collect samples from their wells, and Chris Pritsos (University of Nevada, Reno) and Lisbeth Welniak (University of California at Davis), his coauthors on the U.S. EPA grant proposal to investigate biological effects of exposure to complex mixtures of trace elements and radionuclides in natural groundwater. Chemical data for a naturally contaminated well in Maryland was provided by Michelle Cutler, Charles County Department of Utilities, Maryland. I greatly appreciate conversations with Mike Arndt (Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) on the contribution of 210Po to GAR. An earlier version of this article was greatly improved by the valuable comments of Matt Leybourne and two anonymous reviewers. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 49 IS 2 BP 160 EP 171 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00688.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 724NS UT WOS:000287584100011 PM 20180863 ER PT J AU Minsley, BJ Ajo-Franklin, J Mukhopadhyay, A Morgan, FD AF Minsley, Burke J. Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha Morgan, Frank Dale TI Hydrogeophysical Methods for Analyzing Aquifer Storage and Recovery Systems SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DAMMAM FORMATION; KUWAIT; RESISTIVITY; GROUNDWATER; HYDROGEOLOGY; RESOURCES; TRANSIENT; TRANSPORT; GEOLOGY; TIME AB Hydrogeophysical methods are presented that support the siting and monitoring of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) systems. These methods are presented as numerical simulations in the context of a proposed ASR experiment in Kuwait, although the techniques are applicable to numerous ASR projects. Bulk geophysical properties are calculated directly from ASR flow and solute transport simulations using standard petrophysical relationships and are used to simulate the dynamic geophysical response to ASR. This strategy provides a quantitative framework for determining site-specific geophysical methods and data acquisition geometries that can provide the most useful information about the ASR implementation. An axisymmetric, coupled fluid flow and solute transport model simulates injection, storage, and withdrawal of fresh water (salinity similar to 500 ppm) into the Dammam aquifer, a tertiary carbonate formation with native salinity approximately 6000 ppm. Sensitivity of the flow simulations to the correlation length of aquifer heterogeneity, aquifer dispersivity, and hydraulic permeability of the confining layer are investigated. The geophysical response using electrical resistivity, time-domain electromagnetic (TEM), and seismic methods is computed at regular intervals during the ASR simulation to investigate the sensitivity of these different techniques to changes in subsurface properties. For the electrical and electromagnetic methods, fluid electric conductivity is derived from the modeled salinity and is combined with an assumed porosity model to compute a bulk electrical resistivity structure. The seismic response is computed from the porosity model and changes in effective stress due to fluid pressure variations during injection/recovery, while changes in fluid properties are introduced through Gassmann fluid substitution. C1 [Minsley, Burke J.; Morgan, Frank Dale] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha] Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Safat 13109, Kuwait. RP Minsley, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM bminsley@usgs.gov RI Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan/G-7169-2015; OI Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan/0000-0002-6666-4702; Minsley, Burke/0000-0003-1689-1306 FU Kuwait-MIT Center for Natural Resources and the Environment; Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science FX This work was funded by the Kuwait-MIT Center for Natural Resources and the Environment, with support from the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science. We are grateful for valuable suggestions provided by reviewers Fred Day-Lewis, Paul Bedrosian, William Hutchings, Dave Hart, and Joe Hughes. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 49 IS 2 BP 250 EP 269 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00676.x PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 724NS UT WOS:000287584100019 PM 20180865 ER PT J AU Husak, GJ Michaelsen, J Kyriakidis, P Verdin, JP Funk, C Galu, G AF Husak, Gregory J. Michaelsen, Joel Kyriakidis, Phaedon Verdin, James P. Funk, Chris Galu, Gideon TI The Forecast Interpretation Tool - a Monte Carlo technique for blending climatic distributions with probabilistic forecasts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rainfall; forecast; probability; Monte Carlo simulation ID GAMMA-DISTRIBUTION; RAINFALL; PRECIPITATION AB Probabilistic forecasts are produced from a variety of outlets to help predict rainfall, and other meteorological events, for periods of 1 month or more. Such forecasts are expressed as probabilities of a rainfall event, e. g. being in the upper, middle, or lower third of the relevant distribution of rainfall in the region. The impact of these forecasts on the expectation for the event is not always clear or easily conveyed. This article proposes a technique based on Monte Carlo simulation for adjusting existing climatologic statistical parameters to match forecast information, resulting in new parameters defining the probability of events for the forecast interval. The resulting parameters are shown to approximate the forecasts with reasonable accuracy. To show the value of the technique as an application for seasonal rainfall, it is used with consensus forecast developed for the Greater Horn of Africa for the 2009 March-April-May season. An alternative, analytical approach is also proposed, and discussed in comparison to the first simulation-based technique. Copyright. (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Husak, Gregory J.; Michaelsen, Joel; Kyriakidis, Phaedon; Funk, Chris] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Verdin, James P.; Funk, Chris] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Galu, Gideon] Famine Early Warning Syst Network, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Husak, GJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM husak@geog.ucsb.edu OI Kyriakidis, Phaedon/0000-0003-4222-8567 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 31 IS 3 BP 461 EP 467 DI 10.1002/joc.2074 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 731EX UT WOS:000288090200011 ER PT J AU Vander Pol, SS Hobson, KA Becker, PR Day, RD Ellisor, MB Pugh, RS Roseneau, DG AF Vander Pol, Stacy S. Hobson, Keith A. Becker, Paul R. Day, Rusty D. Ellisor, Michael B. Pugh, Rebecca S. Roseneau, David G. TI Geographic differences in organic contaminants and stable isotopes (delta C-13, delta N-15) in thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) eggs from Alaska SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID TROPHIC POSITION; SEABIRD EGGS; FOOD-WEB; ORGANOCHLORINE; RESIDUES; GULF; TRANSPORT; TRENDS; SEA AB The contents from thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) eggs collected at four Alaskan colonies in 2002 were analyzed for organic contaminants and carbon (delta C-13) and nitrogen (delta N-15) stable isotopes. Contaminant concentrations in the eggs varied from below detection limits to 230 ng g(-1) wet mass for 4,4'-DDE in one egg from St Lazaria Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Eggs from this colony generally contained higher levels of contaminants and exhibited significantly different patterns compared to eggs from the Bering and Chukchi seas. Stable isotope values also varied geographically; however, these differences appeared to be related to differences in C and N baselines in the food webs instead of differences in prey. Contaminant and stable isotope correlations were inconclusive, suggesting that better information on regional food web differences and differential offloading of contaminants and stable isotopes to the eggs must be obtained before these kinds of data can be fully incorporated into seabird egg contaminant monitoring programs. C1 [Vander Pol, Stacy S.; Becker, Paul R.; Day, Rusty D.; Ellisor, Michael B.; Pugh, Rebecca S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Hobson, Keith A.] Environm Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. [Roseneau, David G.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Vander Pol, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM stacy.vanderpol@nist.gov FU Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge FX We would like to thank the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge for supporting the STAMP program; Larua Greffenius, Susan Hatch, Arthur Kettle, Dean Kildaw, Alexis Paul and the residents of Little Diomede Island for collecting the 1999 common murre eggs; Adrian Gall, Earl Kingik, Jackson Mokiyuk, Leslie Slater, and Julie Snorek for collecting the 2002 thick-billed murre eggs; and Lesley Chappel and Kristin Simac for helping to process them. Blanca Mora Alvarez prepared the samples for stable isotope analyses and Myles Stocki made the isotopic measurements. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 EI 1464-0333 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 13 IS 3 BP 699 EP 705 DI 10.1039/c0em00347f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 732CH UT WOS:000288160200025 PM 21253646 ER PT J AU Cadena, CD Gutierrez-Pinto, N Davila, N Chesser, RT AF Daniel Cadena, Carlos Gutierrez-Pinto, Natalia Davila, Nicolas Chesser, R. Terry TI No population genetic structure in a widespread aquatic songbird from the Neotropics SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Andes; Amazonia; Chrysomus icterocephalus; Icteridae; Phylogeography; Yellow-hooded Blackbird ID HISTORICAL DIVERSIFICATION; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; FOREST BIRDS; DIFFERENTIATION; DIVERSITY; SOFTWARE; AMAZONIA; ECOLOGY; AVES AB Neotropical lowland organisms often show marked population genetic structure, suggesting restricted migration among populations. However, most phylogeographic studies have focused on species inhabiting humid forest interior. Little attention has been devoted to the study of species with ecologies conducive to dispersal, such as those of more open and variable environments associated with watercourses. Using mtDNA sequences, we examined patterns of genetic variation in a widely distributed Neotropical songbird of aquatic environments, the Yellow-hooded Blackbird (Icteridae, Chrysomus icterocephalus). In contrast to many forest species, Yellow-hooded Blackbirds showed no detectable genetic structure across their range, which includes lowland populations on both sides of the Andes, much of northeastern South America, Amazonia, as well as a phenotypically distinct highland population in Colombia. A coalescent-based analysis of the species indicated that its effective population size has increased considerably, suggesting a range expansion. Our results support the hypothesis that species occurring in open habitats and tracking temporally dynamic environments should show increased dispersal propensities (hence gene flow) relative to species from closed and more stable environments. The phenotypic and behavioral variation among populations of our study species appears to have arisen recently and perhaps in the face of gene flow. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Daniel Cadena, Carlos; Gutierrez-Pinto, Natalia; Davila, Nicolas] Univ Los Andes, Dept Ciencias Biol, Lab Biol Evolut Vertebrados, Bogota, Colombia. [Chesser, R. Terry] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Cadena, CD (reprint author), Univ Los Andes, Dept Ciencias Biol, Lab Biol Evolut Vertebrados, Apartado 4976, Bogota, Colombia. EM ccadena@uniandes.edu.co; n.gutierrez126@uniandes.edu.co; nicodavila@hotmail.com; chessert@si.edu FU Facultad de Ciencias at Universidad de los Andes; National Science Foundation [DEB-0841729]; Office of Fellowships, Smithsonian Institution FX Financial support for this study was provided by the Facultad de Ciencias at Universidad de los Andes, the National Science Foundation (Grant DEB-0841729 to R. T. Brumfield), and the Office of Fellowships, Smithsonian Institution. We thank the American Museum of Natural History (J. Cracraft and P. Sweet), the Field Museum of Natural History (J. Bates and D. Willard), the Institut Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia (M. Cohn-Haft), and the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science (R. Brumfield and D. Dittmann) for tissue loans. Use of trade, product, or firm names does riot imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 58 IS 3 BP 540 EP 545 DI 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.12.014 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 731ZX UT WOS:000288151000012 PM 21195784 ER PT J AU Jordan, TH Jones, LM AF Jordan, Thomas H. Jones, Lucile M. TI Reply to 'A Second Opinion on "Operational Earthquake Forecasting: Some Thoughts on Why and How," by Thomas H. Jordan and Lucile M. Jones,' by Stuart Crampin SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION; PREDICTABILITY C1 [Jordan, Thomas H.] Univ So Calif, So Calif Earthquake Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Jones, Lucile M.] US Geol Survey, Multihazards Demonstrat Project, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Jordan, TH (reprint author), Univ So Calif, So Calif Earthquake Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0895-0695 EI 1938-2057 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 82 IS 2 BP 231 EP 232 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.2.231 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 731XO UT WOS:000288144000011 ER PT J AU Saros, JE Clow, DW Blett, T Wolfe, AP AF Saros, Jasmine E. Clow, David W. Blett, Tamara Wolfe, Alexander P. TI Critical Nitrogen Deposition Loads in High-elevation Lakes of the Western US Inferred from Paleolimnological Records SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Critical load; Atmospheric nitrogen deposition; Alpine lake ecosystems; Diatoms ID UNITED-STATES; ALPINE LAKES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; SURFACE WATERS; PHYTOPLANKTON; COLORADO; ACIDITY; REQUIREMENTS; NUTRIENTS AB Critical loads of nitrogen (N) from atmospheric deposition were determined for alpine lake ecosystems in the western US using fossil diatom assemblages in lake sediment cores. Changes in diatom species over the last century were indicative of N enrichment in two areas, the eastern Sierra Nevada, starting between 1960 and 1965, and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, starting in 1980. In contrast, no changes in diatom community structure were apparent in lakes of Glacier National Park. To determine critical N loads that elicited these community changes, we modeled wet nitrogen deposition rates for the period in which diatom shifts first occurred in each area using deposition data spanning from 1980 to 2007. We determined a critical load of 1.4 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) wet N deposition to elicit key nutrient enrichment effects on diatom communities in both the eastern Sierra Nevada and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. C1 [Saros, Jasmine E.] Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Saros, Jasmine E.] Univ Maine, Sch Biol & Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Clow, David W.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Blett, Tamara] Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Wolfe, Alexander P.] Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP Saros, JE (reprint author), Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM jasmine.saros@maine.edu; dwclow@usgs.gov; tamara_blett@nps.gov; awolfe@ualberta.ca RI Wolfe, Alexander/G-6867-2011; OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 FU Air Resources Division of the National Park Service of the US; US National Science Foundation [DEB-0089600, DEB-0734277] FX We thank Dixon Landers for providing sediment samples from the GNP lakes, and for sharing the age models for these cores. Courtney Wigdahl counted the diatoms in the GNP and ESN cores, and assisted with core collection in the eastern Sierras. Data from Mark Whiting, posted on the Diatom Paleolimnology Data Cooperative (http://diatom.acnatsci.org/dpdc/), were helpful in determining our coring sites in the ESN. Leora Nanus provided information on elevation-adjusted N deposition values for the GYE. Funding for this project was provided by the Air Resources Division of the National Park Service of the US, as well as the US National Science Foundation (DEB-0089600 and DEB-0734277). NR 37 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 216 IS 1-4 BP 193 EP 202 DI 10.1007/s11270-010-0526-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 721CC UT WOS:000287328000017 ER PT J AU Brown, HE Yates, KF Dietrich, G MacMillan, K Graham, CB Reese, SM Helterbrand, WS Nicholson, WL Blount, K Mead, PS Patrick, SL Eisen, RJ AF Brown, Heidi E. Yates, Karen F. Dietrich, Gabrielle MacMillan, Katherine Graham, Christine B. Reese, Sara M. Helterbrand, Wm Steve Nicholson, William L. Blount, Keith Mead, Paul S. Patrick, Sarah L. Eisen, Rebecca J. TI An Acarologic Survey and Amblyomma americanum Distribution Map with Implications for Tularemia Risk in Missouri SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; LONE STAR TICK; UNITED-STATES; LYME-DISEASE; DERMACENTOR-VARIABILIS; FRANCISELLA-TULARENSIS; SEASONAL OCCURRENCE; HOST ASSOCIATIONS; MENDOCINO COUNTY; DENSE WOODLANDS AB In the United States, tickborne diseases occur focally. Missouri represents a major focus of several tickborne diseases that includes spotted fever rickettsiosis, tularemia, and ehrlichiosis. Our study sought to determine the potential risk of human exposure to human-biting vector ticks in this area. We collected ticks in 79 sites in southern Missouri during June 7-10, 2009, which yielded 1,047 adult and 3,585 nymphal Amblyomma americanum,5 adult Amblyomma maculatum, 19 adult Dermacentor variabilis, and 5 nymphal lxodes brunneus. Logistic regression analysis showed that areas posing an elevated risk of exposure to A. americanum nymphs or adults were more likely to be classified as forested than grassland, and the probability of being classified as elevated risk increased with increasing relative humidity during the month of June (30-year average). Overall accuracy of each of the two models was greater than 70% and showed that 20% and 30% of the state were classified as elevated risk for human exposure to nymphs and adults, respectively. We also found a significant positive association between heightened acarologic risk and counties reporting tularemia cases. Our study provides an updated distribution map for A. americanum in Missouri and suggests a wide-spread risk of human exposure to A. americanum and their associated pathogens in this region. C1 [Brown, Heidi E.] Univ Arizona, Sch Geog & Dev, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Yates, Karen F.] Missouri Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Vector Borne Dis Program, Jefferson City, MO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Dis, Bacterial Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Dis, Epidemiol Branch, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Dietrich, Gabrielle; MacMillan, Katherine; Graham, Christine B.; Mead, Paul S.; Eisen, Rebecca J.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Zoonot Vector Borne & Enter Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Reese, Sara M.] Div Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Hlth Facil & Emergency Med Serv, South Denver, CO USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Patient Safety Program, Hlth Facil & Emergency Med Serv Div, South Denver, CO USA. [Helterbrand, Wm Steve] US Geol Survey, Natl Geospatial Tech Operat Ctr, Ctr Excellence Geospatial Informat Sci, Rolla, MO USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Geog Sci Ctr, Rolla, MO USA. [Nicholson, William L.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dis Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Zoonot Vector Borne & Enter Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. [Blount, Keith] USAF Acad, Dept Biol, Colorado Springs, CO USA. [Patrick, Sarah L.] Missouri Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Sect Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Practice, Div Community & Publ Hlth, Jefferson City, MO USA. USAF, Res Labs, Brooks City Base, TX USA. RP Brown, HE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Geog & Dev, 1103 E 2nd St,Harvill Room 405, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM heidibrown@email.arizona.edu; karen.yates@dhss.mo.gov; edietrich@cdc.gov; kmacmillan@cdc.gov; cgraham@cdc.gov; sreese@smtpgate.dphe.state.co.us; vwhelterbrand@usgs.gov; wnicholson@cdc.gov; keith.blount@us.af.mil; pfm0@cdc.gov; sarah.patrick@dhss.mo.gov; rjeisen@cdc.gov OI Brown, Heidi/0000-0001-8578-5510 FU National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne; Enteric Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC; U.S. Department of Energy; CDC; CDC National Center for Environmental Health FX This study was supported in part by the appointment of Heidi E. Brown to the Research Participation Program at the National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and CDC. Partial support for this project was provided through the internal funding under the CDC National Center for Environmental Health. NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 84 IS 3 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0593 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 730AK UT WOS:000287995600010 PM 21363979 ER PT J AU Vrieze, LA Bergstedt, RA Sorensen, PW AF Vrieze, Lance A. Bergstedt, Roger A. Sorensen, Peter W. TI Olfactory-mediated stream-finding behavior of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; SPAWNING MIGRATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; SOCKEYE-SALMON; BILE-ACIDS; PHEROMONE; RIVER; FISH; ORIENTATION AB Stream-finding behavior of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an anadromous fish that relies on pheromones to locate spawning streams, was documented in the vicinity of an important spawning river in the Great Lakes. Untreated and anosmic migrating sea lampreys were implanted with acoustic transmitters and then released outside the Ocqueoc River. Lampreys swam only at night and then actively. When outside of the river plume, lampreys pursued relatively straight bearings parallel to the shoreline while making frequent vertical excursions. In contrast, when within the plume, lampreys made large turns and exhibited a weak bias towards the river mouth, which one-third of them entered. The behavior of anosmic lampreys resembled that of untreated lampreys outside of the plume, except they pursued a more northerly compass bearing. To locate streams, sea lampreys appear to employ a three-phase odor-mediated strategy that involves an initial search along shorelines while casting vertically, followed by river-water-induced turning that brings them close to the river's mouth, which they then enter using rheotaxis. This novel strategy differs from that of salmonids and appears to offer this poor swimmer adaptive flexibility and suggests ways that pheromonal odors might be used to manage this invasive species. C1 [Vrieze, Lance A.; Sorensen, Peter W.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Bergstedt, Roger A.] US Geol Survey, Hammond Bay Biol Stn, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. RP Sorensen, PW (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM soren003@umn.edu FU Great Lakes Fisheries Commission; Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station FX This project was supported by the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission and the Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. Scott McKinley kindly provided assistance with tag selection and lent us a fish swimming tube to test performance. His students, Adam Cottrill and Kris Hunter, provided instruction on surgeries and telemetry equipment. Sean Sisler provided invaluable assistance during late-night tracking. Staff from the Hammond Bay Biological Station, Marquette Biological Station, and Sea Lamprey Control Centre (Sault Saint Marie) provided lampreys and additional advice. Two anonymous reviewers and the editorial staff provided many helpful comments. NR 44 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 30 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 68 IS 3 BP 523 EP 533 DI 10.1139/F10-169 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 729VC UT WOS:000287978500012 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Duberstein, JA AF Krauss, Ken W. Duberstein, Jamie A. TI Sapflow and water use of freshwater wetland trees exposed to saltwater incursion in a tidally influenced South Carolina watershed (vol 40, pg 525, 2010) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Correction C1 [Krauss, Ken W.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Duberstein, Jamie A.] Clemson Univ, Baruch Inst Coastal Ecol & Forest Sci, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM kkrauss@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 41 IS 3 BP 660 EP 660 DI 10.1139/X10-249 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 730KN UT WOS:000288032300023 ER PT J AU Storlazzi, CD Field, ME Bothner, MH AF Storlazzi, C. D. Field, M. E. Bothner, M. H. TI The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: theory, observations, and suggested protocols SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE Sediment trap; Coral reefs; Sedimentation; Waves; Currents; Shear stress ID COLLECTION EFFICIENCY; FIELD ASSESSMENT; TURBULENT FLOWS; RESUSPENSION; PARTICLES; MOLOKAI; HAWAII; BIASES; RATES; FLUX AB Sediment traps are commonly used as standard tools for monitoring "sedimentation" in coral reef environments. In much of the literature where sediment traps were used to measure the effects of "sedimentation" on corals, it is clear from deployment descriptions and interpretations of the resulting data that information derived from sediment traps has frequently been misinterpreted or misapplied. Despite their widespread use in this setting, sediment traps do not provide quantitative information about "sedimentation" on coral surfaces. Traps can provide useful information about the relative magnitude of sediment dynamics if trap deployment standards are used. This conclusion is based first on a brief review of the state of knowledge of sediment trap dynamics, which has primarily focused on traps deployed high above the seabed in relatively deep water, followed by our understanding of near-bed sediment dynamics in shallow-water environments that characterize coral reefs. This overview is followed by the first synthesis of near-bed sediment trap data collected with concurrent hydrodynamic information in coral reef environments. This collective information is utilized to develop nine protocols for using sediment traps in coral reef environments, which focus on trap parameters that researchers can control such as trap height (H), trap mouth diameter (D), the height of the trap mouth above the substrate (z (o) ), and the spacing between traps. The hydrodynamic behavior of sediment traps and the limitations of data derived from these traps should be forefront when interpreting sediment trap data to infer sediment transport processes in coral reef environments. C1 [Storlazzi, C. D.; Field, M. E.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Bothner, M. H.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Storlazzi, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM cstorlazzi@usgs.gov OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 51 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 29 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 EI 1432-0975 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 1 BP 23 EP 38 DI 10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 716BV UT WOS:000286940800004 ER PT J AU Yoshizaki, J Brownie, C Pollock, KH Link, WA AF Yoshizaki, Jun Brownie, Cavell Pollock, Kenneth H. Link, William A. TI Modeling misidentification errors that result from use of genetic tags in capture-recapture studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Closed population models; Genotype; Population size estimate; Natural tags; Photographic identification; Misidentification ID POPULATION-SIZE ESTIMATION; GENOTYPING ERRORS; DNA; ABUNDANCE; INFERENCE AB Misidentification of animals is potentially important when naturally existing features (natural tags) such as DNA fingerprints (genetic tags) are used to identify individual animals. For example, when misidentification leads to multiple identities being assigned to an animal, traditional estimators tend to overestimate population size. Accounting for misidentification in capture-recapture models requires detailed understanding of the mechanism. Using genetic tags as an example, we outline a framework for modeling the effect of misidentification in closed population studies when individual identification is based on natural tags that are consistent over time (non-evolving natural tags). We first assume a single sample is obtained per animal for each capture event, and then generalize to the case where multiple samples (such as hair or scat samples) are collected per animal per capture occasion. We introduce methods for estimating population size and, using a simulation study, we show that our new estimators perform well for cases with moderately high capture probabilities or high misidentification rates. In contrast, conventional estimators can seriously overestimate population size when errors due to misidentification are ignored. C1 [Yoshizaki, Jun] N Carolina State Univ, Biomath Grad Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Yoshizaki, Jun; Pollock, Kenneth H.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Brownie, Cavell] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Link, William A.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Yoshizaki, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Biomath Grad Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM jyoshiz@gmail.com NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 EI 1573-3009 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 18 IS 1 BP 27 EP 55 DI 10.1007/s10651-009-0116-1 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 728EH UT WOS:000287856600002 ER PT J AU Chang, FC Simcik, MF Capel, PD AF Chang, Feng-Chih Simcik, Matt F. Capel, Paul D. TI OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF THE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE AND ITS DEGRADATE AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID IN THE ATMOSPHERE SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Atmosphere; Glyphosate; Aminomethylphosphonic acid; Mass budget ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; DEPOSITION; SOILS; AIR; MISSISSIPPI; TRANSPORT; WATERS; REGION; AREAS; RAIN AB This is the first report on the ambient levels of glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its major degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in air and rain. Concurrent, weekly integrated air particle and rain samples were collected during two growing seasons in agricultural areas in Mississippi and Iowa. Rain was also collected in Indiana in a preliminary phase of the study. The frequency of glyphosate detection ranged from 60 to 100% in both air and rain. The concentrations of glyphosate ranged from < 0.01 to 9.1 ng/m(3) and from < 0.1 to 2.5 mu g/L in air and rain samples, respectively. The frequency of detection and median and maximum concentrations of glyphosate in air were similar or greater to those of the other high-use herbicides observed in the Mississippi River basin, whereas its concentration in rain was greater than the other herbicides. It is not known what percentage of the applied glyphosate is introduced into the air, but it was estimated that up to 0.7% of application is removed from the air in rainfall. Glyphosate is efficiently removed from the air; it is estimated that an average of 97% of the glyphosate in the air is removed by a weekly rainfall >= 30 mm. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:548-555. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Chang, Feng-Chih; Simcik, Matt F.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Capel, Paul D.] US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Simcik, MF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM msimcik@umn.edu RI Simcik, Matt/K-9390-2015 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX The authors thank the members of the U.S. Geological Survey offices in Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, and Kansas for their support in the field and laboratory. This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Use of brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 3 BP 548 EP 555 DI 10.1002/etc.431 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 728UA UT WOS:000287898800004 PM 21128261 ER PT J AU Lafrancois, BM Riley, SC Blehert, DS Ballmann, AE AF Lafrancois, Brenda Moraska Riley, Stephen C. Blehert, David S. Ballmann, Anne E. TI Links between type E botulism outbreaks, lake levels, and surface water temperatures in Lake Michigan, 1963-2008 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Botulism; Lake level; Water temperature; Lake Michigan; Avian mortality ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM; AVIAN BOTULISM; DISEASE; FISH; POPULATIONS; PREVALENCE; MORTALITY; CARCASSES; TOXICITY AB Relationships between large-scale environmental factors and the incidence of type E avian botulism outbreaks in Lake Michigan were examined from 1963 to 2008. Avian botulism outbreaks most frequently occurred in years with low mean annual water levels, and lake levels were significantly lower in outbreak years than in non-outbreak years. Mean surface water temperatures in northern Lake Michigan during the period when type E outbreaks tend to occur (July through September) were significantly higher in outbreak years than in non-outbreak years. Trends in fish populations did not strongly correlate with botulism outbreaks, although botulism outbreaks in the 1960s coincided with high alewife abundance, and recent botulism outbreaks coincided with rapidly increasing round goby abundance. Botulism outbreaks occurred cyclically, and the frequency of outbreaks did not increase over the period of record. Climate change scenarios for the Great Lakes predict lower water levels and warmer water temperatures. As a consequence, the frequency and magnitude of type E botulism outbreaks in the Great lakes may increase. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great lakes Research. C1 [Riley, Stephen C.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Lafrancois, Brenda Moraska] Natl Pk Serv, St Croix Watershed Res Stn, Marine St Croix, MN 55047 USA. [Blehert, David S.; Ballmann, Anne E.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Riley, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM brenda_moraska_lafrancois@nps.gov; sriley@usgs.gov; dblehert@usgs.gov; aballmann@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 5 U2 55 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 37 IS 1 BP 86 EP 91 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2010.10.003 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 729KL UT WOS:000287948400010 ER PT J AU Hondorp, DW Pothoven, SA Brandt, SB AF Hondorp, Darryl W. Pothoven, Steven A. Brandt, Stephen B. TI Feeding selectivity of slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus and deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii in southeast Lake Michigan: Implications for species coexistence SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sculpin; Prey selection; Community ecology; Lake Michigan ID MYSIS-RELICTA; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA; DIET; ONTARIO; PREY; COMMUNITY; FISHES; HURON; FOOD AB Feeding selectivity was compared between slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus and deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii collected from southeast Lake Michigan during 1999-2002 to evaluate the hypothesis that differential prey selection contributes to long-term coexistence of these species. Study results indicated that slimy and deepwater sculpin select different prey types and sizes. Selection for the shrimp-like crustacean Mysis diluviana was consistently greater for deepwater sculpin than for slimy sculpin, whereas selection for the amphipod Diporeia spp. was higher for slimy sculpin than for deepwater sculpin when Mysis was the only other available prey type. Slimy sculpin also exhibited higher selectivity for chironomids (order Diptera, family Chironomidae) compared with deepwater sculpin. Patterns in food resource partitioning were consistent between sampling periods covering different locations, seasons and depths, as well as between locations with varying levels of Diporeia availability. This consistency suggests (1) that differences in food use by the two species are associated with intrinsic differences in food preferences or feeding behaviors and (2) that Diporeia declines had not fundamentally altered the resource partitioning dynamics of the two species as of 2002. The results also indicated that slimy and deepwater sculpin can partition food resources on the basis of prey size since deepwater sculpin tended to select larger Diporeia than slimy sculpin. Differences in prey selection may mediate competitive interactions between slimy and deepwater sculpin directly by reducing diet overlap in areas of sympatry or indirectly by causing these fish to select different depth habitats. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. C1 [Hondorp, Darryl W.] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Hondorp, Darryl W.] NOAA GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Pothoven, Steven A.] NOAA GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. [Brandt, Stephen B.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hondorp, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM dhondorp@usgs.gov; steve.pothoven@noaa.gov; stephen.brandt@oregonstate.edu OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 FU Great Lakes Fishery Trust FX Assistance in the field and laboratory provided by the crews of the RV Shenehon and RV Laurentian, A. Neiman, C. Kingsbury, C. Hwang, H. Gunder, B. Hice, and K. Downey. Funding was provided by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust. This manuscript benefited from comments made by C. Madenjian and K. Maloney. This is NOAA-GLERL contribution 1581. NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 37 IS 1 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2010.11.010 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 729KL UT WOS:000287948400019 ER PT J AU Grobler, JP Jones, JW Johnson, NA Neves, RJ Hallerman, EM AF Grobler, J. Paul Jones, Jess W. Johnson, Nathan A. Neves, Richard J. Hallerman, Eric M. TI Homogeneity at Nuclear Microsatellite Loci Masks Mitochondrial Haplotype Diversity in the Endangered Fanshell Pearlymussel (Cyprogenia stegaria) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE Cyprogenia stegaria; endangered species; genetic structure; microsatellites; mtDNA; Unionidae ID FRESH-WATER MUSSEL; EVOLUTIONARILY-SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; CONSERVATION GENETICS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ABERTI BIVALVIA; LIFE-HISTORY; UNIONIDAE AB We report on multiple patterns of differentiation and connectivity in the fanshell pearlymussel (Cyprogenia stegaria), based on different markers. Knowledge of genetic variation and genetic connectivity among remaining populations of this federally endangered species is needed to initiate implementation of the species recovery plan. We collected tissue samples from 96 specimens from the Green, Rolling Fork, and Licking Rivers, tributaries to the Ohio River, and the Clinch River, a tributary to the Tennessee River, providing broad coverage of the current distributional range of the species. Results from 7 nuclear DNA microsatellite markers suggested minimal population-level differentiation, whereas a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker (ND1) exhibited significant differentiation between C. stegaria in the Clinch River and the Ohio River populations. The ND1 data also confirm the existence of 2 distinct mtDNA lineages in the genus that transcends species boundaries. Further analyses suggest that the disproportionally strong signal from 2 very divergent ND1 lineages possibly masks finer-grained structure in the Ohio River population, based on one of the mtDNA lineages only. We recommend further sampling to confirm the absence of one lineage from the upper Clinch River drainage and suggest that provisional management guidelines should limit reciprocal exchanges among C. stegaria populations from the Clinch River and those in the Ohio River system. C1 [Grobler, J. Paul; Jones, Jess W.; Johnson, Nathan A.; Neves, Richard J.; Hallerman, Eric M.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Grobler, J. Paul] Univ Orange Free State, Dept Genet, Bloemfontein, South Africa. [Jones, Jess W.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Grobler, JP (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM groblerjp@ufs.ac.za OI Johnson, Nathan/0000-0001-5167-1988 FU U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division [00HQRU1573]; Virginia Tech Office of Sponsored Programs [432622] FX U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (00HQRU1573, Work Order 92); Virginia Tech Office of Sponsored Programs Project (432622). NR 50 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 102 IS 2 BP 196 EP 206 DI 10.1093/jhered/esq120 PG 11 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 723HF UT WOS:000287496700006 PM 21273215 ER PT J AU Graves, R Jordan, TH Callaghan, S Deelman, E Field, E Juve, G Kesselman, C Maechling, P Mehta, G Milner, K Okaya, D Small, P Vahi, K AF Graves, Robert Jordan, Thomas H. Callaghan, Scott Deelman, Ewa Field, Edward Juve, Gideon Kesselman, Carl Maechling, Philip Mehta, Gaurang Milner, Kevin Okaya, David Small, Patrick Vahi, Karan TI CyberShake: A Physics-Based Seismic Hazard Model for Southern California SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Physics-based earthquake simulation; seismic hazard; rupture directivity; 3D basin response ID AVERAGE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION; RESPONSE SPECTRA; EARTHQUAKE; FAULT; TOMOGRAPHY; PERIODS; PGV AB CyberShake, as part of the Southern California Earthquake Center's (SCEC) Community Modeling Environment, is developing a methodology that explicitly incorporates deterministic source and wave propagation effects within seismic hazard calculations through the use of physics-based 3D ground motion simulations. To calculate a waveform-based seismic hazard estimate for a site of interest, we begin with Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2.0 (UCERF2.0) and identify all ruptures within 200 km of the site of interest. We convert the UCERF2.0 rupture definition into multiple rupture variations with differing hypocenter locations and slip distributions, resulting in about 415,000 rupture variations per site. Strain Green Tensors are calculated for the site of interest using the SCEC Community Velocity Model, Version 4 (CVM4), and then, using reciprocity, we calculate synthetic seismograms for each rupture variation. Peak intensity measures are then extracted from these synthetics and combined with the original rupture probabilities to produce probabilistic seismic hazard curves for the site. Being explicitly site-based, CyberShake directly samples the ground motion variability at that site over many earthquake cycles (i.e., rupture scenarios) and alleviates the need for the ergodic assumption that is implicitly included in traditional empirically based calculations. Thus far, we have simulated ruptures at over 200 sites in the Los Angeles region for ground shaking periods of 2 s and longer, providing the basis for the first generation CyberShake hazard maps. Our results indicate that the combination of rupture directivity and basin response effects can lead to an increase in the hazard level for some sites, relative to that given by a conventional Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE). Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, we find that the physics-based hazard results are much more sensitive to the assumed magnitude-area relations and magnitude uncertainty estimates used in the definition of the ruptures than is found in the traditional GMPE approach. This reinforces the need for continued development of a better understanding of earthquake source characterization and the constitutive relations that govern the earthquake rupture process. C1 [Graves, Robert] URS Corp, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Jordan, Thomas H.; Callaghan, Scott; Juve, Gideon; Maechling, Philip; Mehta, Gaurang; Milner, Kevin; Okaya, David; Small, Patrick; Vahi, Karan] USC, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Deelman, Ewa; Kesselman, Carl] USC ISI, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Field, Edward] USGS, Golden, CO USA. RP Graves, R (reprint author), URS Corp, Los Angeles, CA USA. EM robert_graves@urscorp.com RI Graves, Robert/B-2401-2013; OI Kesselman, Carl/0000-0003-0917-1562 FU SCEC under NSF [EAR-0623704, OCI-0749313] FX Funding for this work was provided by SCEC under NSF grants EAR-0623704 and OCI-0749313. Computational resources were provided by USC's Center for High Performance Computing and Communications (http://www.usc.edu/hpcc) and through NSF's TeraGrid Science Gateways program (http://www.teragrid.org) using facilities at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) and the Texas Advanced Computer Center (TACC) under agreement with the SCEC CME project. This is SCEC contribution 1426. NR 38 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 16 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 168 IS 3-4 BP 367 EP 381 DI 10.1007/s00024-010-0161-6 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 723JS UT WOS:000287503400001 ER PT J AU Griffin, DW Gonzalez, C Teigell, N Petrosky, T Northup, DE Lyles, M AF Griffin, Dale W. Gonzalez, Cristina Teigell, Nuria Petrosky, Terry Northup, Diana E. Lyles, Mark TI Observations on the use of membrane filtration and liquid impingement to collect airborne microorganisms in various atmospheric environments SO AEROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Bacteria; Fungi; Methods; Membrane filtration; Liquid impingement; Aeromicrobiology; Microbiology ID SAMPLING TIME; DESERT DUST; BACTERIA; ENUMERATION; AIR; TRANSPORT; SURVIVAL; VIRUSES; FILTER; SPORES AB The influence of sample-collection-time on the recovery of culturable airborne microorganisms using a low-flow-rate membrane-filtration unit and a high-flow-rate liquid impinger were investigated. Differences in recoveries were investigated in four different atmospheric environments, one mid-oceanic at an altitude of similar to 10.0 m, one on a mountain top at an altitude of similar to 3,000.0 m, one at similar to 1.0 m altitude in Tallahassee, Florida, and one at similar to 1.0 m above ground in a subterranean-cave. Regarding use of membrane filtration, a common trend was observed: the shorter the collection period, the higher the recovery of culturable bacteria and fungi. These data also demonstrated that lower culturable counts were common in the more remote mid-oceanic and mountain-top atmospheric environments with bacteria, fungi, and total numbers averaging (by sample time or method categories) < 3.0 colony-forming units (CFU) m(-3). At the Florida and subterranean sites, the lowest average count noted was 3.5 bacteria CFU m(-3), and the highest averaged 140.4 total CFU m(-3). When atmospheric temperature allowed use, the high-volume liquid impinger utilized in this study resulted in much higher recoveries, as much as 10x greater in a number of the categories (bacterial, fungal, and total CFU). Together, these data illustrated that (1) the high-volume liquid impinger is clearly superior to membrane filtration for aeromicrobiology studies if start-up costs are not an issue and temperature permits use; (2) although membrane filtration is more cost friendly and has a 'typically' wider operational range, its limits include loss of cell viability with increased sample time and issues with effectively extracting nucleic acids for community-based analyses; (3) the ability to recover culturable microorganisms is limited in 'extreme' atmospheric environments and thus the use of a 'limited' methodology in these environments must be taken into account; and (4) the atmosphere culls, i.e., everything is not everywhere. C1 [Griffin, Dale W.] US Geol Survey, Geol Discipline, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Gonzalez, Cristina; Teigell, Nuria] Univ La Laguna, Univ Inst Trop Dis & Publ Hlth, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. [Petrosky, Terry] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Northup, Diana E.] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Lyles, Mark] USN, Res Program Integrat & Mission Dev, Bur Med & Surg, Washington, DC 20372 USA. RP Griffin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Discipline, 2639 N Monroe St,Suite A200, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. EM dgriffin@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 7 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0393-5965 J9 AEROBIOLOGIA JI Aerobiologia PD MAR PY 2011 VL 27 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1007/s10453-010-9173-z PG 11 WC Biology; Environmental Sciences SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716AN UT WOS:000286937300003 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Hondorp, DW Nalepa, TF AF Pothoven, S. A. Hondorp, D. W. Nalepa, T. F. TI Declines in deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii energy density associated with the disappearance of Diporeia spp. in lakes Huron and Michigan SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE glacial relict; deepwater sculpin; Diporeia; Mysis; Great Lakes ID WHITEFISH COREGONUS-CLUPEAFORMIS; NEARCTIC GLACIAL RELICT; LONG-TERM TRENDS; DREISSENID MUSSELS; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA; ONTARIO; FISH; COMMUNITY; DIET; POPULATIONS AB The deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii is a glacial relict in the Laurentian Great Lakes that primarily consumes two glacial relict crustaceans, Mysis relicta and Diporeia spp. Deepwater sculpin were collected in Lake Michigan off Little Sable Point (in 2001) and Muskegon, Michigan (in 2001 and 2009), and in Lake Huron off Harbor Beach, Michigan (in 2007) for energy density and diet analyses. These sites and years represented differences in available prey. In Lake Michigan, energy densities of deepwater sculpin in 2001 were similar to those reported in 1969-1971. In contrast, energy content declined at least 26% at Muskegon between 2001 and 2009. Overall, energy density was 31-34% higher at a site with abundant Diporeia spp. compared with two sites without Diporeia spp. Deepwater sculpin diets consisted primarily of M. relicta at all sites, but included 10-17% (dry mass) Diporeia spp. at sites where this crustacean was still abundant. Food biomass in stomachs was higher at sites with abundant Diporeia spp. than at those without Diporeia spp. Deepwater sculpin energy density and food biomass in stomachs were similar between two sites without Diporeia spp. despite differences in abundance of remaining prey, M. relicta. Declines in deepwater sculpin energy density suggest the potential for further effects on other species and changes in the flow of energy through the food web of the Great Lakes. C1 [Pothoven, S. A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. [Hondorp, D. W.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI USA. [Nalepa, T. F.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD MAR PY 2011 VL 20 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2010.00447.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 720VX UT WOS:000287311900003 ER PT J AU Maloney, KO Weller, DE AF Maloney, Kelly O. Weller, Donald E. TI Anthropogenic disturbance and streams: land use and land-use change affect stream ecosystems via multiple pathways SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic macroinvertebrates; land use legacy; past land use; stream water chemistry; structural equation modelling (SEM) ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; HEADWATER STREAMS; ECOLOGICAL THEORY; CURRENT KNOWLEDGE; RIPARIAN BUFFERS; SOIL PROPERTIES; UNITED-STATES; RIVER; CATCHMENT AB 1. Ecosystems are strongly influenced by land use practices. However, identifying the mechanisms behind these influences is complicated by the many potential pathways (often indirect) between land use and ecosystems and by the long-lasting effects of past land use. To support ecosystem restoration and conservation efforts, we need to better understand these indirect and lasting effects. 2. We constructed structural equation models (SEM) to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of contemporary (2002) land use (agriculture and development) and change in land use from 1952 to 2002 on present-day streams (n = 190) in Maryland, U.S.A. Additional variables examined included site location, system size, altitude, per cent sand in soils, riparian condition, habitat quality, stream water NO(3)-N and benthic macroinvertebrate and fish measures of stream condition. Our first SEM (2002 Land Use) included the proportions of contemporary agriculture and development in catchments in the model. The second SEM (Land Use Change) included five measures of land use change (proportion agricultural in both times, developed in both times, agricultural in 1952 and developed in 2002, forested in 1952 and developed in 2002 and agricultural in 1952 and forested in 2002). 3. The data set fit both SEMs well. The 2002 Land Use model explained 71% of variation in NO(3)-N and 55%, 42% and 38% of variation in riffle quality, macroinvertebrate condition and fish condition, respectively. The Land Use Change model explained similar amounts of variation in NO(3)-N (R2 = 0.72), riffle quality (R2 = 0.57) and macroinvertebrate condition (R2 = 0.44) but slightly more variation in fish condition (R2 = 0.43). 4. Both models identified pathways through which landscape variables affect stream responses, including negative direct effects of latitude on macroinvertebrate and fish conditions and positive direct and indirect effects of altitude on NO(3)-N, riffle quality and macroinvertebrate and fish conditions. The 2002 Land Use model showed contemporary development and agriculture had positive total effects on NO(3)-N (both through direct pathways); contemporary development had negative effects on macroinvertebrate condition. The Land Use Change model showed that contemporary developed land that was forested in 1952 had no effects on NO(3)-N; current developed land that was developed or agricultural in 1952 showed positive effects on NO(3)-N. Forests that were agricultural in 1952 had negative effects on NO(3)-N, suggesting reduced NO(3)-N export with reforestation. The Land Use Change model also showed negative total effects of all types of contemporary developed land (developed, agricultural or forested in 1952) on benthic condition. Developed land that was forested in 1952 had negative effects on fish condition. Forest sites that were agricultural in 1952 had negative effects on fish and macroinvertebrate conditions, suggesting a long-term imprint of abandoned agriculture in stream communities. 5. Our analyses (i) identified multiple indirect effects of contemporary land use on streams, (ii) showed that current land uses with different land use histories can exhibit different effects on streams and (iii) demonstrated an imprint of land use lasting > 50 years. Knowledge of these indirect and long-term effects of land use will help to conserve and restore streams. C1 [Maloney, Kelly O.; Weller, Donald E.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RP Maloney, KO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, No Appalachian Res Lab, 176 Straight Run Rd, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. EM kmaloney@usgs.gov OI Weller, Donald/0000-0002-7629-5437 FU Smithsonian Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship FX We thank the Maryland Department of Natural Resources for providing the MBSS data, the Maryland Department of Transportation for providing the 2002 land use data, Matt Baker for catchment boundaries and Eric Lind, Darryl Hondorp, Lori Davias, John Parker, Ariana Sutton-Grier and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on the manuscript. The project was funded by a Smithsonian Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship awarded to KOM. NR 77 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 8 U2 94 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 56 IS 3 BP 611 EP 626 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02522.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718AV UT WOS:000287092900016 ER PT J AU Banerjee, A Person, M Hofstra, A Sweetkind, D Cohen, D Sabin, A Unruh, J Zyvoloski, G Gable, CW Crossey, L Karlstrom, K AF Banerjee, Amlan Person, Mark Hofstra, Albert Sweetkind, Donald Cohen, Denis Sabin, Andrew Unruh, Jeff Zyvoloski, George Gable, Carl W. Crossey, Laura Karlstrom, Karl TI Deep permeable fault-controlled helium transport and limited mantle flux in two extensional geothermal systems in the Great Basin, United States SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEVADA; CALIFORNIA; TECTONICS; ISOTOPES; BEOWAWE; DEPOSIT; ORIGIN; FLUIDS; AREA; FLOW AB This study assesses the relative importance of deeply circulating meteoric water and direct mantle fluid inputs on near-surface He-3/He-4 anomalies reported at the Coso and Beowawe geothermal fields of the western United States. The depth of meteoric fluid circulation is a critical factor that controls the temperature, extent of fluid-rock isotope exchange, and mixing with deeply sourced fluids containing mantle volatiles. The influence of mantle fluid flux on the reported helium anomalies appears to be negligible in both systems. This study illustrates the importance of deeply penetrating permeable fault zones (10(-12) to 10(-15) m(2)) in focusing groundwater and mantle volatiles with high He-3/He-4 ratios to shallow crustal levels. These continental geothermal systems are driven by free convection. C1 [Banerjee, Amlan; Person, Mark] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Hofstra, Albert; Sweetkind, Donald] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Cohen, Denis] Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Sabin, Andrew] USN, Geothermal Program Off, China Lake, CA 93555 USA. [Unruh, Jeff] William Lettis & Associates, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 USA. [Zyvoloski, George; Gable, Carl W.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Computat Earth Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Crossey, Laura; Karlstrom, Karl] Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Banerjee, A (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. EM mperson@nmt.edu RI Gable, Carl/B-4689-2011; Crossey, Laura/C-2033-2008; Cohen, Denis/P-2015-2016; Banerjee, Amlan/P-9658-2016; OI Gable, Carl/0000-0001-7063-0815; Crossey, Laura/0000-0001-6237-8023; Cohen, Denis/0000-0002-8262-9798; Banerjee, Amlan/0000-0002-2065-1391; Sweetkind, Donald/0000-0003-0892-4796 NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 20 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2011 VL 39 IS 3 BP 195 EP 198 DI 10.1130/G31557.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 721SI UT WOS:000287374900003 ER PT J AU Elders, WA Frioleifsson, GO Zierenberg, RA Pope, EC Mortensen, AK Guomundsson, A Lowenstern, JB Marks, NE Owens, L Bird, DK Reed, M Olsen, NJ Schiffman, P AF Elders, Wilfred A. Frioleifsson, Guomundur O. Zierenberg, Robert A. Pope, Emily C. Mortensen, Anette K. Guomundsson, Asgrimur Lowenstern, Jacob B. Marks, Naomi E. Owens, Lara Bird, Dennis K. Reed, Mark Olsen, Nellie J. Schiffman, Peter TI Origin of a rhyolite that intruded a geothermal well while drilling at the Krafla volcano, Iceland SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPE; BASALTS; YELLOWSTONE; CONSTRAINTS; REYKJANES; SYSTEMS; BENEATH; FLUIDS; PLUME AB Magma flowed into an exploratory geothermal well at 2.1 km depth being drilled in the Krafla central volcano in Iceland, creating a unique opportunity to study rhyolite magma in situ in a basaltic environment. The quenched magma is a partly vesicular, sparsely phyric, glass containing similar to 1.8% of dissolved volatiles. Based on calculated H2O-CO2 saturation pressures, it degassed at a pressure intermediate between hydrostatic and lithostatic, and geothermometry indicates that the crystals in the melt formed at similar to 900 degrees C. The glass shows no signs of hydrothermal alteration, but its hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios are much lower than those of typical mantle-derived magmas, indicating that this rhyolite originated by anhydrous mantle-derived magma assimilating partially melted hydrothermally altered basalts. C1 [Elders, Wilfred A.] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Frioleifsson, Guomundur O.] HS Orka Hf, IS-260 Reykjanebaer, Iceland. [Zierenberg, Robert A.; Marks, Naomi E.; Schiffman, Peter] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Pope, Emily C.; Bird, Dennis K.; Olsen, Nellie J.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Mortensen, Anette K.] Iceland GeoSurvey ISOR, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Guomundsson, Asgrimur] Landsvirkjun Power, IS-103 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Lowenstern, Jacob B.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Owens, Lara] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Reed, Mark] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Elders, WA (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM wilfred.elders@ucr.edu RI Pope, Emily/A-6594-2013; Zierenberg, Robert/F-9329-2012; OI Pope, Emily/0000-0001-8367-9351; Zierenberg, Robert/0000-0001-9384-7355; Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 FU International Continental Scientific Drilling Program; U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR 0507625, EAR 0507518, EAR 0506882, EAR 0507181] FX We are grateful to Landsvirkjun Power Company and to the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) consortium for making this study possible. John Eichelberger and two anonymous reviewers provided insightful reviews of an earlier version of this paper. Financial support came from the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program and the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant EAR 0507625 to Elders, EAR 0507518 to Zierenberg and Schiffman, EAR 0506882 to Bird, and EAR 0507181 to Reed). NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 23 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2011 VL 39 IS 3 BP 231 EP 234 DI 10.1130/G31393.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 721SI UT WOS:000287374900012 ER PT J AU Toke, NA Arrowsmith, JR Rymer, MJ Landgraf, A Haddad, DE Busch, M Coyan, J Hannah, A AF Toke, Nathan A. Arrowsmith, J. Ramon Rymer, Michael J. Landgraf, Angela Haddad, David E. Busch, Melanie Coyan, Joshua Hannah, Alexander TI Late Holocene slip rate of the San Andreas fault and its accommodation by creep and moderate-magnitude earthquakes at Parkfield, California SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE SLIP; SEGMENT; SYSTEM; ARRAYS AB Investigation of a right-laterally offset channel at the Miller's Field paleoseismic site yields a late Holocene slip rate of 26.2 +6.4/-4.3 mm/yr (1 sigma) for the main trace of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California. This is the first well-documented geologic slip rate between the Carrizo and creeping sections of the San Andreas fault. This rate is lower than Holocene measurements along the Carrizo Plain and rates implied by far-field geodetic measurements (similar to 35 mm/yr). However, the rate is consistent with historical slip rates, measured to the northwest, along the creeping section of the San Andreas fault (<30 mm/yr). The paleoseismic exposures at the Miller's Field site reveal a pervasive fabric of clay shear bands, oriented clockwise oblique to the San Andreas fault strike and extending into the uppermost stratigraphy. This fabric is consistent with dextral aseismic creep and observations of surface slip from the 28 September 2004 M6 Parkfield earthquake. Together, this slip rate and deformation fabric suggest that the historically observed San Andreas fault slip behavior along the Parkfield section has persisted for at least a millennium, and that significant slip is accommodated by structures in a zone beyond the main San Andreas fault trace. C1 [Toke, Nathan A.; Arrowsmith, J. Ramon; Haddad, David E.; Busch, Melanie; Coyan, Joshua] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Rymer, Michael J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Landgraf, Angela] Univ Potsdam, Inst Erd & Umweltwissensch, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany. [Hannah, Alexander] Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Geol Sci, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. RP Toke, NA (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. FU National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program [07HQGR0094]; Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) [1452]; U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); NSF [EAR-00310357, DGE 0504248]; German Academic Exchange Service [DAAD-D/07/42739] FX We thank J. Tinsley, D. Ponti, and three anonymous reviewers for help improving this manuscript. We thank J. Zechar for slip-rate probability density discussion, and T. Fumal for visiting the site. The 2007 campaign was supported by National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Grant 07HQGR0094 and the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC Contribution 1452). The SCEC is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Our 2004 work was funded by NSF grant EAR-00310357. The NSF Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) in Urban Ecology grant DGE 0504248 also supported Toke. Landgraf's expertise was courtesy of German Academic Exchange Service grant DAAD-D/07/42739. Measurement of offset was enhanced by B4 Lidar (http://www.earthsciences.osu.edu/b4; Ohio State University, USGS, National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping, UNAVCO Inc., other volunteers) data, which were processed by OpenTopography (http://www.opentopography.org.) NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2011 VL 39 IS 3 BP 243 EP 246 DI 10.1130/G31498.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 721SI UT WOS:000287374900015 ER PT J AU Houghton, BF Swanson, DA Carey, RJ Rausch, J Sutton, AJ AF Houghton, B. F. Swanson, D. A. Carey, R. J. Rausch, J. Sutton, A. J. TI Pigeonholing pyroclasts: Insights from the 19 March 2008 explosive eruption of Kilauea volcano SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-ZEALAND; DEPOSITS; FRAGMENTATION; STROMBOLI; HAWAII; FALL AB We think, conventionally, of volcanic explosive eruptions as being triggered in one of two ways: by release and expansion of volatiles dissolved in the ejected magma (magmatic explosions) or by transfer of heat from magma into an external source of water (phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions). We document here an event where neither magma nor an external water source was involved in explosive activity at Kilauea. Instead, the eruption was powered by the expansion of decoupled magmatic volatiles released from deeper magma, which was not ejected by the eruption, and the trigger was a collapse of near-surface wall rocks that then momentarily blocked that volatile flux. Mapping of the advected fall deposit a day after this eruption has highlighted the difficulty of constraining deposit edges from unobserved or prehistoric eruptions of all magnitudes. Our results suggest that the dispersal area of advected fall deposits could be miscalculated by up to 30% of the total, raising issues for accurate hazard zoning and assessment. Eruptions of this type challenge existing classification schemes for pyroclastic deposits and explosive eruptions and, in the past, have probably been interpreted as phreatic explosions, where the eruptive mechanism has been assumed to involve flashing of groundwater to steam. C1 [Houghton, B. F.; Carey, R. J.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J.; Sutton, A. J.] US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Houghton, BF (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM bhought@soest.hawaii.edu RI Houghton, Bruce/H-3363-2011; Carey, Rebecca/A-5381-2013 OI Carey, Rebecca/0000-0003-2015-6419 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0810332]; U.S. Geological Survey [SV-ARRA-0004] FX We acknowledge contributions to this study by our colleagues Tamar Elias, Jim Kauahikaua, Malin Klawonn, Tim Orr, Carolyn Parcheta, Matt Patrick, Carl Thornber, and Kelly Wooten, and grain-size analyses by Samantha Weaver and Lauren Swavely. The paper benefited greatly from reviews by Sandra Wyld, Ray Cas, Richard Hanson, Matthew Patrick, and Carl Thornber. The study was funded by two grants: National Science Foundation grant EAR-0810332 and U.S. Geological Survey Grant SV-ARRA-0004. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2011 VL 39 IS 3 BP 263 EP 266 DI 10.1130/G31509.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 721SI UT WOS:000287374900020 ER PT J AU Willard, D Bernhardt, C Brown, R Landacre, B Townsend, P AF Willard, Debra Bernhardt, Christopher Brown, Roger Landacre, Bryan Townsend, Philip TI Development and application of a pollen-based paleohydrologic reconstruction from the Lower Roanoke River Basin, North Carolina, USA SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Atlantic Coastal Plain; floodplains; hydroperiod; paleohydrology; pollen; vegetation ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION; HOLOCENE CLIMATE VARIABILITY; LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION; COASTAL-PLAIN RIVERS; MODERN ANALOGS; AMERICAN; HISTORY; PRECIPITATION; FLOODPLAIN AB We used pollen assemblages to reconstruct late-Holocene paleohydrologic patterns in floodplain deposits from the lower Roanoke River basin (North Carolina, southeastern USA). Using 120 surface samples from 38 transects, we documented statistical relationships between pollen assemblages, vegetation, and landforms. Backswamp pollen assemblages (long hydroperiods) are dominated by Nyssa (tupelo) and Taxodium (cypress) and have high pollen concentrations. Sediments from elevated levees and seasonally flooded forests (shorter hydroperiods) are characterized by dominant Pinus (pine) pollen, variable abundance of hardwood taxa, and low pollen concentrations. We apply the calibration data set to interpret past vegetation and paleohydrology. Pollen from a radiocarbon-dated sediment core collected in a tupelo-cypress backswamp indicates centennial-scale fluctuations in forest composition during the last 2400 years. Backswamp vegetation has occupied the site since land clearance began similar to 300 years ago. Recent dam emplacement affected sedimentation rates, but vegetation changes are small compared with those caused by pre-Colonial climate variability. The occurrence of wetter conditions from similar to 2200 to 1800 cal.yr BP, similar to 1100 to 750 cal.yr BP, and similar to 400 to 250 cal.yr BP may indicate changes in cyclonic circulation patterns related to shifts in the position of the Bermuda High and jet stream. C1 [Willard, Debra; Bernhardt, Christopher; Landacre, Bryan] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Bernhardt, Christopher] Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Brown, Roger] Columbus State Univ, Columbus, GA 31907 USA. [Townsend, Philip] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Willard, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM dwillard@usgs.gov RI Townsend, Philip/B-5741-2008 OI Townsend, Philip/0000-0001-7003-8774 FU US Geological Survey Earth Surface Dynamics Program; NSF [EAR GEO 0105929] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge field and laboratory assistance provided by many individuals, including Tom Sheehan, Randy Richardson, Cliff Hupp, Michael Schening, Daniel Kroes, and Edward Schenk. Assistance in site location and access was provided by Jeff Horton and Sam Pearsall of The Nature Conservancy and Jean Richter of US Fish & Wildlife Service. Robert Peet provided critical guidance on site selection, ecological insights, and constructive suggestions throughout the period of study. Radiocarbon dates were provided by Beta Analytic, Inc., Miami, Florida. The research was supported by the US Geological Survey Earth Surface Dynamics Program and NSF grant EAR GEO 0105929. We greatly appreciate critical reviews of the manuscript by Thomas Cronin, Cliff Hupp, and Robert Peet as well as two anonymous reviewers. NR 67 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 15 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD MAR PY 2011 VL 21 IS 2 BP 305 EP 317 DI 10.1177/0959683610378876 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 725MI UT WOS:000287648400009 ER PT J AU Lyons, DE Roby, DD AF Lyons, Donald E. Roby, Daniel D. TI Validating growth and development of a seabird as an indicator of food availability: captive-reared Caspian Tern chicks fed ad libitum and restricted diets SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chick growth; corticosterone; food availability; food restriction; Hydroprogne caspia; indicator species; seabirds ID ADRENOCORTICAL-RESPONSE; STERNA-PARADISAEA; STRESS-RESPONSE; PUFFIN CHICKS; GREAT TITS; ALLOCATION; ENERGETICS; SURVIVAL; MASS; CORTICOSTERONE AB For seabirds raising young under conditions of limited food availability, reducing chick provisioning and chick growth rates are the primary means available to avoid abandonment of a breeding effort. For most seabirds, however, baseline data characterizing chick growth and development under known feeding conditions are unavailable, so it is difficult to evaluate chick nutritional status as it relates to foraging conditions near breeding colonies. To address this need, we examined the growth and development of young Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia), a cosmopolitan, generalist piscivore, reared in captivity and fed ad libitum and restricted (ca. one-third lower caloric intake) diets. Ad libitum-fed chicks grew at similar rates and achieved a similar size at fledging as previously documented for chicks in the wild and had energetic demands that closely matched allometric predictions. We identified three general characteristics of food-restricted Caspian Tern chicks compared to ad libitum chicks: (1) lower age-specific body mass, (2) lower age-specific skeletal and feather size, such as wing chord length, and (3) heightened levels of corticosterone in blood, both for baseline levels and in response to acute stress. Effects of diet restriction on feather growth (10-11% slower growth in diet-restricted chicks) were less pronounced than effects on structural growth (37-52% slower growth) and body mass (24% lower at fledging age), apparently due to preferential allocation of food resources to maintain plumage growth. Our results suggest that measurements of chick body mass and feather development (e.g., wing chord or primary length) or measurement of corticosterone levels in the blood would allow useful evaluation of the nutritional status of chicks reared in the wild and of food availability in the foraging range of adults. Such evaluations could also inform demography studies (e.g., predict future recruitment) and assist in evaluating designated piscivorous waterbird conservation (colony) sites. C1 [Lyons, Donald E.; Roby, Daniel D.] Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lyons, DE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM don.lyons@oregonstate.edu FU Bonneville Power Administration FX Funding for this research was provided by The Bonneville Power Administration (COTR: D. Welch). C. Cardoni, G. Dorsey, K. Gorman, A. M. Myers, S. McDougal, L. Sheffield, and S. Wright assisted with rearing and laboratory analyses. E. Bridge, A. Hovey, R. Suryan, and B. Tarr shared advice on chick-rearing protocol. W. Pearcy, K. Dugger, C. Schreck, G. Ritchison, and three anonymous reviewers improved earlier drafts of this manuscript with their suggestions. All procedures and protocols involving live Caspian Terns were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Oregon State University. Scientific collection permits were obtained for all procedures involving handling or collection of terns from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Migratory Birds and Habitats, Region 1, Portland, OR, USA) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (Salem, OR, USA). NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0273-8570 EI 1557-9263 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 82 IS 1 BP 88 EP 100 DI 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2010.00311.x PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 725UD UT WOS:000287670700010 ER PT J AU Strickland, A Miller, EL Wooden, JL AF Strickland, Ariel Miller, Elizabeth L. Wooden, Joseph L. TI The Timing of Tertiary Metamorphism and Deformation in the Albion-Raft River-Grouse Creek Metamorphic Core Complex, Utah and Idaho SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; RANGE SOUTHERN IDAHO; MANTLED GNEISS DOMES; PB AGE DATA; CORDILLERAN OROGEN; NORTHWESTERN UTAH; CENTRAL AUSTRALIA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CENTRAL NEVADA; NORMAL-FAULT AB The Albion-Raft River-Grouse Creek metamorphic core complex of southern Idaho and northern Utah exposes 2.56-Ga orthogneisses and Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks that were intruded by 32-25-Ma granitic plutons. Pluton emplacement was contemporaneous with peak metamorphism, ductile thinning of the country rocks, and top-to-the-west, normal-sense shear along the Middle Mountain shear zone. Monazite and zircon from an attenuated stratigraphic section in the Middle Mountain were dated with U-Pb, using a SHRIMP-RG (reverse geometry) ion microprobe. Zircons from the deformed Archean gneiss preserve a crystallization age of 2532 +/- 33 Ma, while monazites range from 32.6 +/- 0.6 to 27.1 +/- 0.6 Ma. In the schist of the Upper Narrows, detrital zircons lack metamorphic overgrowths, and monazites produced discordant U-Pb ages that range from 52.8 +/- 0.6 to 37.5 +/- 0.3 Ma. From the structurally and stratigraphically highest unit sampled, the schist of Stevens Spring, narrow metamorphic rims on detrital zircons yield ages from 140-110 Ma, and monazite grains contained cores that yield an age of 141 +/- 2 Ma, whereas rims and some whole grains ranged from 35.5 +/- 0.5 to 30.0 +/- 0.4 Ma. A boudinaged pegmatite exposed in Basin Creek is deformed by the Middle Mountains shear zone and yields a monazite age of 27.6 +/- 0.2 Ma. We interpret these data to indicate two periods of monazite and metamorphic zircon growth: a poorly preserved Early Cretaceous period (similar to 140 Ma) that is strongly overprinted by Oligocene metamorphism (similar to 32-27 Ma) related to regional plutonism and extension. C1 [Strickland, Ariel; Miller, Elizabeth L.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Wooden, Joseph L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Strickland, A (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM stricklandariel@gmail.com FU U.S. Geological Survey; National Science Foundation [EAR-0809226, EAR-0229854] FX The authors would like to thank Marty Grove for thoughtful discussions and reviews of early manuscripts. The authors are also grateful for constructive reviews by David Miller and Donna Whitney. The authors also acknowledge support for this study from the U.S. Geological Survey and partial funding from two National Science Foundation grants awarded to Elizabeth Miller (EAR-0809226, EAR-0229854). NR 76 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 119 IS 2 BP 185 EP 206 DI 10.1086/658294 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA 726DB UT WOS:000287697900005 ER PT J AU Purvis, OW Bennett, JP Spratt, J AF Purvis, O. W. Bennett, J. P. Spratt, J. TI 169Copper localization, elemental content, and thallus colour in the copper hyperaccumulator lichen Lecanora sierrae from California SO LICHENOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE heavy metals; lichen chemistry; lichen pigments; selenium ID CUPRIFEROUS SUBSTRATA; ASCOMYCOTINA; ACID AB An unusual dark blue-green lichen, Lecanora sierrae, was discovered over 30 years ago by Czehura near copper mines in the Lights Creek District, Plumas County, Northern California. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, Czehura found that dark green lichen samples from Warren Canyon contained 4% Cu in ash and suggested that its colour was due to copper accumulation in the cortex. The present study addressed the hypothesis that the green colour in similar material we sampled from Warren Canyon in 2008, is caused by copper localization in the thallus. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis of specimens of L. sierrae confirmed that copper localization took place in the cortex. Elemental analyses of L. sierrae and three other species from the same localities showed high enrichments of copper and selenium, suggesting that copper selenates or selenites might occur in these lichens and be responsible for the unusual colour. C1 [Purvis, O. W.; Spratt, J.] Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, London SW7 5BD, England. [Purvis, O. W.; Spratt, J.] Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. [Bennett, J. P.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Purvis, OW (reprint author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England. EM w.purvis@nhm.ac.uk FU UK Royal Society FX We are grateful for support from a UK Royal Society Conference Grant for OWP to attend IAL6 and particularly to Linda Geiser for her support, to Norman Lamb for his interest, advice, and for granting access and permissions, to Abigail Stephens, John Dilles, Robert Wetzel and Steve Czehura for field assistance, Tony Wighton for sample preparation, Chris Stanley and Gordon Cressey for assistance with reflected light microscopy, Alex Ball and Lauren Howard with FESEM, Harry Taylor for macrophotography (Fig. 1A), Juliet Brodie for helpful discussions, and James McNeal for help on mineral colours. The mention of commercial equipment or products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0024-2829 J9 LICHENOLOGIST JI Lichenologist PD MAR PY 2011 VL 43 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1017/S0024282910000770 PN 2 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Mycology SC Plant Sciences; Mycology GA 725DP UT WOS:000287625700008 ER PT J AU Kraus, RT Wells, RJD Rooker, JR AF Kraus, Richard T. Wells, R. J. David Rooker, Jay R. TI Horizontal movements of Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TUNA THUNNUS-THYNNUS; SAILFISH ISTIOPHORUS-PLATYPTERUS; WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENT; SATELLITE ARCHIVAL TAGS; PELAGIC LONGLINE GEAR; VERTICAL HABITAT USE; WHITE MARLIN; TETRAPTURUS-ALBIDUS; PARTIAL MIGRATION AB We examined movements of Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) from the Gulf of Mexico based upon 42 pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags. Long deployments (including one 334-day track) revealed diverse movement patterns within the Gulf of Mexico. North-south seasonal changes in blue marlin distribution showed strong correspondence with established seasonal patterns of sea surface temperature and primary production. During the summer spawning season, blue marlin utilized outer shelf and shelf edge waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and longer duration tracks indicated overwintering habitats in the Bay of Campeche. Egress occurred throughout the year and was difficult to determine because some tracks ended in the Straits of Florida (n = 3) while other tracks recorded movement through it or the Yucatan Channel (n = 4). Our results indicate that Atlantic blue marlin have a more restricted geographic range of habitats than previously recognized and that the Gulf of Mexico provides spatially dynamic suitable habitat that is utilized year-round through seasonal movements. C1 [Kraus, Richard T.] George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Wells, R. J. David; Rooker, Jay R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Kraus, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Erie Biol Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. EM rkraus@usgs.gov RI Rooker, Jay/M-3197-2013 OI Rooker, Jay/0000-0002-5934-7688 FU McDaniel Charitable Foundation; Texas Institute of Oceanography (TIO); George Mason University FX We are grateful for the participation of the captains and crew of the sport fishing vessels in the tagging work, especially Bill Lyons, Mark Lyons, John Cochrane, and Brett Falterman. In addition, we thank Anders Nielsen and Tim Lam for their assistance with the state-space model programs. We are also grateful for comments of an anonymous reviewer, which greatly improved the manuscript. The tagging research was funded by awards to J.R.R. from the McDaniel Charitable Foundation. R.J.D.W. was supported in part by a Texas Institute of Oceanography (TIO) post-doctoral research fellowship. R.T.K. was supported by a TIO postdoctoral fellowship and a faculty development leave award from George Mason University. NR 79 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 158 IS 3 BP 699 EP 713 DI 10.1007/s00227-010-1593-3 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 723RS UT WOS:000287525100020 ER PT J AU Mulcahy, DM AF Mulcahy, Daniel M. TI Antibiotic use during the intracoelomic implantation of electronic tags into fish SO REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES LA English DT Article DE Antibiotics; Surgery; Implantation; Transmitter; Data logger; Fish ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS WALBAUM; ROCKFISH SEBASTES-INERMIS; MEKONG GIANT CATFISH; LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY; LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER; HYBRID STRIPED BASS; SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY; DATA-STORAGE TAGS AB The use of antibiotics, in particular, the use of a single dose of antibiotics during electronic tag implantation is of unproven value, and carries with it the potential for the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and the alteration of the immune response of the fish. Antibiotic use during electronic tag implantation must conform to relevant drug laws and regulations in the country where work is being done, including the requirements for withdrawal times before human consumption is a possibility. Currently, the choice of antibiotics (most often tetracycline or oxytetracycline) and the use of a single dose of the drug are decisions made without knowledge of the basic need for antibiotic usage and of the bacteria involved in infections that occur following electronic tag implantation. Correct perioperative use of an antibiotic is to apply the drug to the animal before surgery begins, to assure serum and tissue levels of the drug are adequate before the incision is made. However, the most common perioperative application of antibiotics during implantation of an electronic tag is to delay the administration of the drug, injecting it into the coelom after the electronic tag is inserted, just prior to closure of the incision. There is little empirical evidence that the present application of antibiotics in fish being implanted with electronic tags is of value. Improvements should first be made to surgical techniques, especially the use of aseptic techniques and sterilized instruments and electronic tags, before resorting to antibiotics. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Mulcahy, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM daniel_mulcahy@usgs.gov NR 150 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3166 EI 1573-5184 J9 REV FISH BIOL FISHER JI Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 21 IS 1 SI SI BP 83 EP 96 DI 10.1007/s11160-010-9190-6 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 726WG UT WOS:000287756700009 ER PT J AU Plant, NG Holland, KT AF Plant, Nathaniel G. Holland, K. Todd TI Prediction and assimilation of surf-zone processes using a Bayesian network Part II: Inverse models SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Wave height; Bathymetry; Field data; Duck94; Parameter estimation ID 3RD-GENERATION WAVE MODEL; COASTAL REGIONS; NEARSHORE; TRANSFORMATION; VERIFICATION; DISSIPATION; BATHYMETRY; VALIDATION; FORECASTS; BEHAVIOR AB A Bayesian network model has been developed to simulate a relatively simple problem of wave propagation in the surf zone (detailed in Part I). Here, we demonstrate that this Bayesian model can provide both inverse modeling and data-assimilation solutions for predicting offshore wave heights and depth estimates given limited wave-height and depth information from an onshore location. The inverse method is extended to allow data assimilation using observational inputs that are not compatible with deterministic solutions of the problem. These inputs include sand bar positions (instead of bathymetry) and estimates of the intensity of wave breaking (instead of wave-height observations). Our results indicate that wave breaking information is essential to reduce prediction errors. In many practical situations, this information could be provided from a shore-based observer or from remote-sensing systems. We show that various combinations of the assimilated inputs significantly reduce the uncertainty in the estimates of water depths and wave heights in the model domain. Application of the Bayesian network model to new field data demonstrated significant predictive skill (R(2) = 0.7) for the inverse estimate of a month-long time series of offshore wave heights. The Bayesian inverse results include uncertainty estimates that were shown to be most accurate when given uncertainty in the inputs (e.g., depth and tuning parameters). Furthermore, the inverse modeling was extended to directly estimate tuning parameters associated with the underlying wave-process model. The inverse estimates of the model parameters not only showed an offshore wave height dependence consistent with results of previous studies but the uncertainty estimates of the tuning parameters also explain previously reported variations in the model parameters. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Plant, Nathaniel G.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Holland, K. Todd] USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Plant, NG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM nplant@usgs.gov; todd.holland@nrlssc.navy.mil RI Holland, K. Todd/A-7673-2011; OI Holland, K. Todd/0000-0002-4601-6097; Plant, Nathaniel/0000-0002-5703-5672 FU USGS Coastal Marine Geology; Office of Naval Research [0602435N, N0001409IP20080]; National Science Foundation FX This work was supported by USGS Coastal Marine Geology (National assessment of coastal change hazards project) and the Office of Naval Research (PE Number: 0602435N for KTH and N0001409IP20080 for NGP). We are indebted to the researchers at the Field Research Facility (FRF, Duck, NC) who collected the long time series of bathymetry and wave conditions used in our models. This debt is extended also to both the FRF researchers and to Drs. Guza, Gallagher, Herbers, Raubenheimer, and Elgar who collected the Duck94 field observation used to test our predictions. That effort was supported by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation. We appreciate the thoughtful and constructive reviews provided by P. Howd, A. Reniers, and B. Lidz. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 58 IS 3 BP 256 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.11.002 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 718GX UT WOS:000287110200004 ER PT J AU Liu, WY Wang, CY Wang, TS Fellers, GM Lai, BC Kam, YC AF Liu, Wan-Yi Wang, Ching-Yuh Wang, Tsu-Shing Fellers, Gary M. Lai, Bo-Chi Kam, Yeong-Choy TI Impacts of the herbicide butachlor on the larvae of a paddy field breeding frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) in subtropical Taiwan SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Butachlor; LC(50); Fejervarya limnocharis; Paddy field; Genotoxicity; Cholinesterase ID GENOTOXICITY TEST DATA; GEL COMET ASSAY; DNA-DAMAGE; TADPOLES; WATER; TOXICITY; ELECTROPHORESIS AB Butachlor is the most commonly used herbicide on paddy fields in Taiwan and throughout Southeast Asia. Since paddy fields provide habitat for pond breeding amphibians, we examined growth, development, time to metamorphosis, and survival of alpine cricket frog tadpoles (Fejervarya limnocharis) exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of butachlor. We documented negative impacts of butachlor on survival, development, and time to metamorphosis, but not on tadpole growth. The 96 h LC(50) for tadpoles was 0.87 mg/l, much lower than the 4.8 mg/l recommended dosage for application to paddy fields. Even given the rapid breakdown of butachlor, tadpoles would be exposed to concentrations in excess of their 96 h LC(50) for an estimated 126 h. We also documented DNA damage (genotoxicity) in tadpoles exposed to butachlor at concentrations an order of magnitude less than the 4.8 mg/l recommended application rate. We did not find that butachlor depressed cholinesterase activity of tadpoles, unlike most organophosphorus insecticides. We conclude that butachlor is likely to have widespread negative impacts on amphibians occupying paddy fields with traditional herbicide application. C1 [Liu, Wan-Yi; Kam, Yeong-Choy] Tunghai Univ, Dept Life Sci, Taichung 407, Taiwan. [Wang, Ching-Yuh] Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Agron, Taichung 402, Taiwan. [Wang, Tsu-Shing] Chung Shan Med Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Taichung 402, Taiwan. [Fellers, Gary M.] Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. [Lai, Bo-Chi] Dayeh Univ, Dept Bioresources, Dacun 51591, Changhua, Taiwan. RP Kam, YC (reprint author), Tunghai Univ, Dept Life Sci, Taichung 407, Taiwan. EM biyckam@thu.edu.tw FU National Science Council [NSC 95-2311-B-029-006-MY3] FX This study was supported by a National Science Council Grant (NSC 95-2311-B-029-006-MY3) to YCK. Joan Fellers, Patrick Kleeman, and Norm Scott provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. This is contribution 417 of the US Geologic Survey, Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI). NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD MAR PY 2011 VL 20 IS 2 BP 377 EP 384 DI 10.1007/s10646-010-0589-6 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 719XO UT WOS:000287245000008 PM 21210217 ER PT J AU du Bray, EA Bacon, CR John, DA Wooden, JL Mazdab, FK AF du Bray, Edward A. Bacon, Charles R. John, David A. Wooden, Joseph L. Mazdab, Frank K. TI Episodic intrusion, internal differentiation, and hydrothermal alteration of the Miocene Tatoosh intrusive suite south of Mount Rainier, Washington SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CASCADE VOLCANIC ARC; GRANITIC-ROCKS; SIERRA-NEVADA; PLUTON CONSTRUCTION; ELDORADO MOUNTAINS; PHYSICAL PROCESSES; MAGMA CHAMBER; BISHOP TUFF; NEW-ZEALAND; ZIRCON AB The Miocene Tatoosh intrusive suite south of Mount Rainier is composed of three broadly granodioritic plutons that are manifestations of ancestral Cascades arc magmatism. Tatoosh intrusive suite plutons have individually diagnostic characteristics, including texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry, and apparently lack internal contacts. New ionmicroprobe U-Pb zircon ages indicate crystallization of the Stevens pluton ca. 19.2 Ma, Reflection-Pyramid pluton ca. 18.5 Ma, and Nisqually pluton ca. 17.5 Ma. The Stevens pluton includes rare, statistically distinct ca. 20.1 Ma zircon antecrysts. Wide-ranging zircon rare earth element (REE), Hf, U, and Th concentrations suggest late crystallization from variably evolved residual liquids. Zircon Eu/Eu*-Hf covariation is distinct for each of the Reflection-Pyramid, Nisqually, and Stevens plutons. Although most Tatoosh intrusive suite rocks have been affected by weak hydrothermal alteration, and sparse mineralized veins cut some of these rocks, significant base or precious metal mineralization is absent. At the time of shallow emplacement, each of these magma bodies was largely homogeneous in bulk composition and petrographic features, but, prior to final solidification, each of the Tatoosh intrusive suite plutons developed internal compositional variation. Geochemical and petrographic trends within each pluton are most consistent with differential loss of residual melt, possibly represented by late aplite dikes or erupted as rhyolite, from crystal-rich magma. Crystal-rich magma that formed each pluton evidently accumulated in reservoirs below the present level of exposure and then intruded to a shallow depth. Assembled by episodic intrusion, the Tatoosh intrusive suite may be representative of midsized composite plutonic complexes beneath arc volcanoes. C1 [du Bray, Edward A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Bacon, Charles R.; John, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Wooden, Joseph L.; Mazdab, Frank K.] US Geol Survey, Stanford USGS Ion Microprobe Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP du Bray, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 973,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM edubray@usgs.gov RI Balsamo, Fabrizio/F-1674-2017; OI Balsamo, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1931-466X; John, David/0000-0001-7977-9106 FU U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program; National Science Foundation (NSF) [OCE-0648484, EAR-0635864] FX We thank the National Park Service for permission to work within Mount Rainier National Park and collect samples. Reviews by T.W. Sisson and K.A. Howard improved an early version of this manuscript, and GSA Bulletin reviewers J.M. Mattinson and G.A.R. Gualda, as well as Associate Editor C.F. Miller, substantially sharpened the presentation of our study. This work was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program. V.J.M. Salters generously provided radiogenic isotope data through support from National Science Foundation (NSF) grants OCE-0648484 and EAR-0635864. NR 68 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 123 IS 3-4 BP 534 EP 561 DI 10.1130/B30095.1 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 712KJ UT WOS:000286665300009 ER PT J AU Lentz, EE Hapke, CJ AF Lentz, Erika E. Hapke, Cheryl J. TI Geologic framework influences on the geomorphology of an anthropogenically modified barrier island: Assessment of dune/beach changes at Fire Island, New York SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Framework geology; Coastal geomorphology; Beach replenishment; LiDAR; Volume change; Topography ID INNER-CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SEDIMENT BUDGET; VOLUMETRIC CHANGE; SHORELINE CHANGE; SOUTH-CAROLINA; NORTH-CAROLINA; AIRBORNE LIDAR; LONG-ISLAND; COASTAL; BEACH AB Antecedent geology plays a crucial role in determining the inner-shelf, nearshore, and onshore geomorphology observed in coastal systems. However, the influence of the geologic framework on a system is difficult to extract when evaluating responses to changes due to storms and anthropogenic modifications, and few studies have quantified the potential for these influences in dune/beach environments. This study evaluates topographic change to the dune/beach system at Fire Island, New York over a ten year period (1998-2008) at two sites representing eastern and western reaches of the island where morphology has been shown to vary. The sites are situated along swaths of coast eroding differentially and where the inner shelf geologic framework differs substantially. Fewer large storms occurred in the first half of the study period, compared with the later part of the study period which includes several severe and prolonged extratropical storms. Additionally, a major beach replenishment project was conducted at one of the study sites. Topographic data from LiDAR and RTK GPS surveys are used to construct high-resolution 3D surfaces, which are used to determine volumetric change and to extract 2D alongshore features and profiles for analysis. The study sites help to further characterize morphologic differences between eastern and western reaches of the island. The western site displays higher sand volumes, lower dunes, and a lower gradient profile slope when compared with the eastern site. In addition to these fundamental morphologic differences, the two sites also differ significantly in their response to coastal storms and in the fact that their replenishment histories are different. The replenished areas show reduced vulnerability to storms through minimal volume loss and shoreline accretion that should be considered when evaluating the response of replenished areas to episodic events. We propose that site-specific differences evident throughout the study period can be linked to alongshore variations in the framework geology of the system. Anthropogenic modifications may have intensified differences already inherent in the system. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lentz, Erika E.; Hapke, Cheryl J.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, PWRC, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Lentz, Erika E.] Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Geosci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Lentz, EE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, PWRC, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM elentz@usgs.gov OI Lentz, Erika/0000-0002-0621-8954 FU National Park Service; U.S. Geological Survey; University of Rhode Island Coastal Institute; NSF IGERT [DGE-0504103] FX Grant funding for this research and for graduate student support in this project has been supplied by the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University of Rhode Island Coastal Institute IGERT Project and in part by NSF IGERT grant DGE-0504103 to the University of Rhode Island Coastal Institute. The slope change methodology applied in this paper was developed by Meredith Kratzmann with the U.S. Geological Survey. We are grateful to Rachel Hehre, Michael Bradley, Meredith Kratzmann, and Fire Island NPS Staff for their assistance in conducting field surveys, and also to Mike Bradley for his work post-processing and generating RTK GPS surfaces. This paper was also greatly enhanced by reviews from two U.S. Geological Survey researchers, Jeffrey List and S. Jeffress Williams, and from two anonymous reviewers. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD MAR 1 PY 2011 VL 126 IS 1-2 BP 82 EP 96 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.032 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 717NP UT WOS:000287055000007 ER PT J AU Rodgers, PE Celebi, M AF Rodgers, Poise E. Celebi, Mehmet TI Method for detecting moment connection fracture using high-frequency transients in recorded accelerations SO JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Earthquake damage; Earthquake engineering; Instrumentation; Seismic response; Steel frames; Structural dynamics ID STRUCTURAL DAMAGE DETECTION; NEURAL-NETWORKS; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; FRAMES; IDENTIFICATION; EARTHQUAKE AB The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused brittle fractures in steel moment frame building connections, despite causing little visible building damage in most cases. Future strong earthquakes are likely to cause similar damage to the many un-retrofitted pre-Northridge buildings in the western US and elsewhere. Without obvious permanent building deformation, costly intrusive inspections are currently the only way to determine if major fracture damage that compromises building safety has occurred. Building instrumentation has the potential to provide engineers and owners with timely information on fracture occurrence. Structural dynamics theory predicts and scale model experiments have demonstrated that sudden, large changes in structure properties caused by moment connection fractures will cause transient dynamic response. A method is proposed for detecting the building-wide level of connection fracture damage, based on observing high-frequency, fracture-induced transient dynamic responses in strong motion accelerograms. High-frequency transients are short (<1 s), sudden-onset waveforms with frequency content above 25 Hz that are visually apparent in recorded accelerations. Strong motion data and damage information from intrusive inspections collected from 24 sparsely instrumented buildings following the 1994 Northridge earthquake are used to evaluate the proposed method. The method's overall success rate for this data set is 67%, but this rate varies significantly with damage level. The method performs reasonably well in detecting significant fracture damage and in identifying cases with no damage, but fails in cases with few fractures. Combining the method with other damage indicators and removing records with excessive noise improves the ability to detect the level of damage. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Rodgers, Poise E.; Celebi, Mehmet] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Rodgers, PE (reprint author), GeoHazards Int, 200 Town & Country Village, Palo Alto, CA 94577 USA. EM rodgers@geohaz.org; celebi@usgs.gov FU USGS FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by USGS to conduct this work. The findings and conclusions in this work are those of the authors alone. Strong motion records, building information, and information on data processing and instrument performance were provided by Moh Huang, Vladimir Grazier, and their colleagues at the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program and Chris Stephens at USGS. Information on instrument performance and impact response was provided by Bill Rihn and Ian Standley of Kinemetrics, Inc. and Leroy Foote, Ron Porcella, Chris Deitel and Roger Borcherdt of USGS. The assistance of the following persons in gathering building damage information is also greatly appreciated: Bruce Maison of East Bay Municipal Utility District (retired), Tom Sabol of Englekirk and Sabot Consulting Engineers, Kelvin Chang of the City of Burbank, Terrance Paret and Kent Sasaki of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Gregg Brandow and Peter Maranian of Brandow & Johnston Associates, Sea Fan of Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, Farzad Naeim of John A. Martin & Associates, Brian Cochran of Brian L. Cochran & Associates, Owen Hata of Nabih Youssef & Associates, Albert Chen of Black & Veatch, Inc., and James Anderson of the University of Southern California. Comments by the reviewers, which improved the manuscript, are also greatly appreciated. NR 59 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-974X J9 J CONSTR STEEL RES JI J. Constr. Steel. Res. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 67 IS 3 BP 293 EP 307 DI 10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.11.002 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 716HX UT WOS:000286960800004 ER PT J AU Wimpey, J Marion, JL AF Wimpey, Jeremy Marion, Jeffrey L. TI A spatial exploration of informal trail networks within Great Falls Park, VA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Trail impacts; Informal trails; Landscape fragmentation; Recreation impact ID EFFECTIVE MESH SIZE; LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; MOUNTAINS; ROADS; USA; DEGRADATION; VEGETATION; IMPACTS; HIKING AB Informal (visitor-created) trails represent a threat to the natural resources of protected natural areas around the globe. These trails can remove vegetation, displace wildlife, alter hydrology, alter habitat, spread invasive species, and fragment landscapes. This study examines informal and formal trails within Great Falls Park, VA, a sub-unit of the George Washington Memorial Parkway, managed by the U.S. National Park Service. This study sought to answer three specific questions: 1) Are the physical characteristics and topographic alignments of informal trails significantly different from formal trails, 2) Can landscape fragmentation metrics be used to summarize the relative impacts of formal and informal trail networks on a protected natural area? and 3) What can we learn from examining the spatial distribution of the informal trails within protected natural areas? Statistical comparisons between formal and informal trails in this park indicate that informal trails have less sustainable topographic alignments than their formal counterparts. Spatial summaries of the lineal and areal extent and fragmentation associated with the trail networks by park management zones compare park management goals to the assessed attributes. Hot spot analyses highlight areas of high trail density within the park and findings provide insights regarding potential causes for development of dense informal trail networks. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Marion, Jeffrey L.] Virginia Tech, Dept Forest Resources & Environm Conservat 0324, US Geol Survey, Virginia Tech Field Stn,USDI, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Marion, JL (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Forest Resources & Environm Conservat 0324, US Geol Survey, Virginia Tech Field Stn,USDI, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM wimpeyjf@vt.edu; jmarion@vt.edu FU National Park Service FX The authors would like to thank the National Park Service for sponsoring this research and the following individuals for their assistance:; Ben Helwig, NPS, for his assistance in creating providing several GIS datasets.; Logan Park, Doctoral candidate, for his extensive fieldwork assistance.; Laura Freeman, Virginia Tech Statistics Department, for her helpful statistical consulting. NR 76 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 92 IS 3 BP 1012 EP 1022 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.015 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 714BR UT WOS:000286782400074 PM 21129844 ER PT J AU Zhou, X Robinson, JL Geraci, CJ Parker, CR Flint, OS Etnier, DA Ruiter, D DeWalt, RE Jacobus, LM Hebert, PDN AF Zhou, Xin Robinson, Jason L. Geraci, Christy J. Parker, Charles R. Flint, Oliver S., Jr. Etnier, David A. Ruiter, David DeWalt, R. Edward Jacobus, Luke M. Hebert, Paul D. N. TI Accelerated construction of a regional DNA-barcode reference library: caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE DNA barcoding; mitochondrial DNA; COI; aquatic insects; molecular identification; biomonitoring; biodiversity; ATBI ID PARASITOID FLIES DIPTERA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CRYPTIC DIVERSITY; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; DRUSUS-DISCOLOR; EPHEMEROPTERA; GENUS; IDENTIFICATION AB Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding is an effective tool for species identification and life-stage association in a wide range of animal taxa. We developed a strategy for rapid construction of a regional DNA-barcode reference library and used the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) as a model. Nearly 1000 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences, representing 209 caddisfly species previously recorded from GSMNP, were obtained from the global Trichoptera Barcode of Life campaign. Most of these sequences were collected from outside the GSMNP area. Another 645 COI sequences, representing 80 species, were obtained from specimens collected in a 3-d bioblitz (short-term, intense sampling program) in GSMNP. The joint collections provided barcode coverage for 212 species, 91% of the GSMNP fauna. Inclusion of samples from other localities greatly expedited construction of the regional DNA-barcode reference library. This strategy increased intraspecific divergence and decreased average distances to nearest neighboring species, but the DNA-barcode library was able to differentiate 93% of the GSMNP Trichoptera species examined. Global barcoding projects will aid construction of regional DNA-barcode libraries, but local surveys make crucial contributions to progress by contributing rare or endemic species and full-length barcodes generated from high-quality DNA. DNA taxonomy is not a goal of our present work, but the investigation of COI divergence patterns in caddisflies is providing new insights into broader biodiversity patterns in this group and has directed attention to various issues, ranging from the need to re-evaluate species taxonomy with integrated morphological and molecular evidence to the necessity of an appropriate interpretation of barcode analyses and its implications in understanding species diversity (in contrast to a simple claim for barcoding failure). C1 [Zhou, Xin; Hebert, Paul D. N.] Univ Guelph, Biodivers Inst Ontario, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Robinson, Jason L.; Etnier, David A.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Geraci, Christy J.; Flint, Oliver S., Jr.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Entomol, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Parker, Charles R.] US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Discipline, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA. [DeWalt, R. Edward] Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [Jacobus, Luke M.] Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Zhou, X (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Biodivers Inst Ontario, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM xinzhou@uoguelph.ca; jrobin30@utk.edu; geracic@si.edu; chuck_parker@usgs.gov; flinto@si.edu; dipnet@utk.edu; druiter@msn.com; edewalt@inhs.uiuc.edu; luke.jacobus@gmail.com; phebert@uoguelph.ca RI Zhou, Xin/D-4025-2009; Hebert, Paul/C-4161-2013 OI Zhou, Xin/0000-0002-1407-7952; Hebert, Paul/0000-0002-3081-6700 FU Discover Life in America [DLIA2007-08]; GSMNP; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Genome Canada; US Geological Survey; Environment Canada's Water Science and Technology program FX The 2007 bioblitz was supported by Discover Life in America (DLIA2007-08) and by the GSMNP. Sequencing costs and informatics support were provided by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and by Genome Canada to PDNH. The US Geological Survey provided funding from the Natural Resources Protection Program to CRP. Funding from Environment Canada's Water Science and Technology program enabled surveys in New Brunswick. Parks Canada supported collecting efforts across Canada under permit number NAP-2008-1636. We thank other members of the bioblitz team including Ian Stocks, Lauren Harvey, Katy Hind, John Wilson, and Anne Timm, for aid with collections and identifications. We thank the following organizations for contributing crucial specimens to this study and hosting voucher specimens: National Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota Insect Collection, Royal Ontario Museum, Florida A&M University, Illinois Natural History Survey, Environment Canada, and Rutgers University. Numerous collaborators have helped to collect specimens, maintain vouchers, and provide taxonomic advice. We particularly thank Ralph Holzenthal, Karl Kjer, Roger Blahnik, Donald Baird, Kristie Heard, Boris Kondratieff, John Morse, Luke Myers, and Andrew Rasmussen. Sheng Li of Peking University provided help in generating the sample distribution map. Last, we thank colleagues at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, for their assistance in the laboratory and field. NR 60 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 26 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 1 BP 131 EP 162 DI 10.1899/10-010.1 PG 32 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718IP UT WOS:000287114800012 ER PT J AU Grant, EHC AF Grant, Evan H. Campbell TI Structural complexity, movement bias, and metapopulation extinction risk in dendritic ecological networks SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE dendritic ecological network; dendritic metapopulation; dispersal bias; metapopulation persistence; network complexity ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; STREAM FISH; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; SPATIAL POSITION; RIVER NETWORKS; DRIFT PARADOX; CONNECTIVITY; PATTERNS; HABITAT; DISPERSAL AB Spatial complexity in metacommunities can be separated into 3 main components: size (i.e., number of habitat patches), spatial arrangement of habitat patches (network topology), and diversity of habitat patch types. Much attention has been paid to lattice-type networks, such as patch-based metapopulations, but interest in understanding ecological networks of alternative geometries is building. Dendritic ecological networks (DENs) include some increasingly threatened ecological systems, such as caves and streams. The restrictive architecture of dendritic ecological networks might have overriding implications for species persistence. I used a modeling approach to investigate how number and spatial arrangement of habitat patches influence metapopulation extinction risk in 2 DENs of different size and topology. Metapopulation persistence was higher in larger networks, but this relationship was mediated by network topology and the dispersal pathways used to navigate the network. Larger networks, especially those with greater topological complexity, generally had lower extinction risk than smaller and less-complex networks, but dispersal bias and magnitude affected the shape of this relationship. Applying these general results to real systems will require empirical data on the movement behavior of organisms and will improve our understanding of the implications of network complexity on population and community patterns and processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Grant, EHC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM ehgrant@usgs.gov RI Grant, Evan/N-5160-2014 OI Grant, Evan/0000-0003-4401-6496 NR 57 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 11 U2 51 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 1 BP 252 EP 258 DI 10.1899/09-120.1 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718IP UT WOS:000287114800020 ER PT J AU Maloney, K Munguia, P Mitchell, RM AF Maloney, Kelly O. Munguia, Pablo Mitchell, Richard M. TI Anthropogenic disturbance and landscape patterns affect diversity patterns of aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE beta diversity; alpha diversity; multivariate dispersion; nonmetric multidimensional scaling; ecoregion; scale ID BETA-DIVERSITY; SPECIES TRAITS; LAND-COVER; HEADWATER STREAMS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; HABITAT QUALITY; URBAN LANDSCAPE; UNITED-STATES; HOMOGENIZATION; COMMUNITIES AB Measures of species diversity are valuable tools for assessing ecosystem health. However, most assessments have addressed individual sites or regional taxon pools, with few comparisons of differences in assemblage composition within or among regions. We examined the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on local richness (alpha diversity) and species turnover (beta diversity) of benthic macroinvertebrates in small streams within and between 2 ecoregions (Northern Piedmont vs Southeastern Plains ecoregions) of the Patuxent River basin (Maryland, USA). Regional species pools did not differ between ecoregions (Piedmont = 166 taxa, Plains = 162 taxa); however, local richness was lower in the Plains (mean = 17.4 taxa/stream) compared to the Piedmont (mean = 22.2 taxa/stream). When streams were categorized into disturbance classes (low, medium, high), local richness did not differ among categories for either region. However, at the entire Patuxent scale, local richness tended to decrease with % impervious cover in a watershed. Variation in species composition, analyzed with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), differed significantly between Piedmont and Plains streams, and Plains streams had higher beta diversity than Piedmont streams. When partitioned by disturbance category and region, beta diversity differed only between the low-disturbance sites (Plains > Piedmont). Relationships between beta diversity and environmental variables varied by region. beta diversity was weakly negatively related to % row-crop cover in a watershed at the entire Patuxent scale. For the Piedmont region, beta diversity tended to decrease with % forest, % pasture, and % row-crop cover in a watershed. Such negative relationships between beta diversity and landuse variables indicate a possible homogenization of the assemblage. The incongruence between diversity measures and composition measures, together with differing effects of anthropogenic land use on beta diversity in the 2 regions, emphasizes the need to incorporate both alpha and beta diversity and regional environmental factors in conservation/land management studies. C1 [Maloney, Kelly O.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Munguia, Pablo] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. [Mitchell, Richard M.] Auburn Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Maloney, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, No Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. EM kmaloney@usgs.gov; munguia@mail.utexas.edu; mitchrm@auburn.edu RI Munguia, Pablo/D-8653-2012; OI Munguia, Pablo/0000-0002-9900-2123 FU US Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) [R831369] FX We thank the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and Ryan King (Baylor University) for providing data on benthic macroinvertebrates, and Stephen Prince (University of Maryland) and Scott Goetz (Woods Hole Research Center) for providing land-cover data. We also thank Kathy Bailey-Boomer and Donald Weller of the Ecological Modeling lab at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Chris Swan, and 2 anonymous referees for instructive comments on the manuscript. Funding for our work was provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) Science to Achieve Results (STAR) grant R831369. The research described in this article was funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency, but it has not been subjected to the Agency's required peer and policy review and, therefore, does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. NR 68 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 10 U2 67 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 1 BP 284 EP 295 DI 10.1899/09-112.1 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718IP UT WOS:000287114800023 ER PT J AU Hitt, NP Angermeier, PL AF Hitt, Nathaniel P. Angermeier, Paul L. TI Fish community and bioassessment responses to stream network position SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE fish community; dispersal; stream network; bioassessment; metacommunity; zoogeography ID SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP; ASSEMBLAGE STRUCTURE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; WEST-VIRGINIA; SPATIAL POSITION; RIVER; MOVEMENT; HABITAT; CLASSIFICATION; CONNECTIVITY AB If organisms move beyond the boundaries of local sampling units, regional metacommunity dynamics could undermine the ability of bioassessment studies to characterize local environmental quality. We tested the prediction that fish dispersal influences local fish community structure and bioassessment metrics as a function of site position within stream networks. We evaluated fish community data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program in West Virginia, USA, to compare the influences of stream network position, ecoregion, basin, and stream size on local fish community composition. We assigned sites to 1 of 3 stream network positions: 1) main channels (MC, n = 12) encompassed streams with upstream catchment areas >200 km(2), 2) mainstem tributaries (MT, n = 43) flowed into MC-sized confluences within 15 fluvial km, 3) headwater tributaries (HT, n = 31) lacked such riverine confluences within 15 fluvial km. MT and HT sites had similar upstream catchment sizes and landuse gradients, but species richness was greater in MT sites than HT sites, whereas MT and MC sites were not different in this regard. Three bioassessment metrics were greater in MT sites than HT sites (intolerant species richness, cyprinid species richness, benthic species richness), but a multimetric index of biotic integrity did not differ among stream network positions. Ordinations revealed that fish community composition was organized primarily by zoogeographic basin (Monongahela River basin, New River basin, Ohio River basin), ecoregion (Central Appalachian Plateau, Western Appalachian Plateau, Ridge and Valley), and stream size. Riverine specialists were more abundant in MT than HT sites and were more abundant in basins connected to the Ohio River than in basins isolated from the Ohio River by a large waterfall (New River). Our results suggest that contemporary dispersal among streams influences fish community composition over small spatial scales (10(1) km), historical dispersal constrained by zoogeographic barriers influences community structure over larger areas (10(2) km), and contemporary dispersal by fishes influences certain metrics commonly used in bioassessment programs. C1 [Hitt, Nathaniel P.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Angermeier, Paul L.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Dept Game & Inland Fisheries, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Wildlife Management Inst, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Hitt, NP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM nhitt@usgs.gov; biota@vt.edu FU US Geological Survey; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries; Wildlife Management Institute; US EPA; US Geological Survey Leetown Science Center FX The Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Geological Survey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, and Wildlife Management Institute.; This research was supported by a US EPA grant (postdoctoral support for NPH at Virginia Tech) and the US Geological Survey Leetown Science Center. We thank D. Cincotta and L. Reynolds for providing raw data for this analysis. We thank B. Brown and C. Swan for organizing this special issue and M. Duncan, C. Snyder, B. Brown, J. Young, and M. Mandt for providing helpful comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the US government. NR 52 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 50 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 1 BP 296 EP 309 DI 10.1899/09-155.1 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718IP UT WOS:000287114800024 ER PT J AU Brown, BL Swan, CM Auerbach, DA Grant, EHC Hitt, NP Maloney, KO Patrick, C AF Brown, Bryan L. Swan, Christopher M. Auerbach, Daniel A. Grant, Evan H. Campbell Hitt, Nathaniel P. Maloney, Kelly O. Patrick, Christopher TI Metacommunity theory as a multispecies, multiscale framework for studying the influence of river network structure on riverine communities and ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; dendritic ecological network; dispersal; drift; metacommunity ecology; patch dynamics ID LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL; LAND-USE; DIVERSITY PATTERNS; STREAM NETWORKS; MACROINVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY; ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; SPECIES COMPOSITION AB Explaining the mechanisms underlying patterns of species diversity and composition in riverine networks is challenging. Historically, community ecologists have conceived of communities as largely isolated entities and have focused on local environmental factors and interspecific interactions as the major forces determining species composition. However, stream ecologists have long embraced a multiscale approach to studying riverine ecosystems and have studied both local factors and larger-scale regional factors, such as dispersal and disturbance. River networks exhibit a dendritic spatial structure that can constrain aquatic organisms when their dispersal is influenced by or confined to the river network. We contend that the principles of metacommunity theory would help stream ecologists to understand how the complex spatial structure of river networks mediates the relative influences of local and regional control on species composition. From a basic ecological perspective, the concept is attractive because new evidence suggests that the importance of regional processes (dispersal) depends on spatial structure of habitat and on connection to the regional species pool. The role of local factors relative to regional factors will vary with spatial position in a river network. From an applied perspective, the long-standing view in ecology that local community composition is an indicator of habitat quality may not be uniformly applicable across a river network, but the strength of such bioassessment approaches probably will depend on spatial position in the network. The principles of metacommunity theory are broadly applicable across taxa and systems but seem of particular consequence to stream ecology given the unique spatial structure of riverine systems. By explicitly embracing processes at multiple spatial scales, metacommunity theory provides a foundation on which to build a richer understanding of stream communities. C1 [Brown, Bryan L.] Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Swan, Christopher M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog & Environm Syst, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Auerbach, Daniel A.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Grant, Evan H. Campbell] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Ctr, NE Amphibian Res & Monitoring Initiat, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Hitt, Nathaniel P.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Maloney, Kelly O.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, No Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. [Patrick, Christopher] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Brown, BL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM bbrown3@clemson.edu; cmswan@umbc.edu; auerbach.dan@gmail.com; ehgrant@usgs.gov; nhitt@usgs.gov; kmaloney@usgs.gov; cjpaster@gmail.com RI Brown, Bryan/D-9726-2014; Grant, Evan/N-5160-2014; OI Grant, Evan/0000-0003-4401-6496; Swan, Christopher/0000-0002-9763-9630 FU NSF [DEB-1025958] FX This contribution was the result of a special session on river networks at the 2009 annual meeting of the North American Benthological Society in Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. We would like to thank the organizers of the meeting for offering us that opportunity. We would especially like to thank Pamela Silver, editor of J-NABS, for guiding us through the editorial issues associated with putting together this special section of J-NABS. In addition, LeRoy Poff advised and acted as guest editor for several of the contributions. We also thank Jenna Stanek and James Skelton who offered their opinions on early versions of the manuscript, and Mathew Leibold who did not realize how closely his postdoc (BLB) was listening to those metacommunity conversations when he was supposed to be working on something else. We thank Laura E. Smith, the talented artist who provided macroinvertebrate illustrations for Fig. 2. BLB and CMS acknowledge funding assistance from NSF DEB-1025958. This manuscript is contribution number 409 of the Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) of the US Geological Survey. NR 177 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 7 U2 113 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 30 IS 1 BP 310 EP 327 DI 10.1899/10-129.1 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718IP UT WOS:000287114800025 ER PT J AU Brubaker, JL Karouna-Renier, NK Chen, Y Jenko, K Sprague, DT Henry, PFP AF Brubaker, Jessica L. Karouna-Renier, Natalie K. Chen, Yu Jenko, Kathryn Sprague, Daniel T. Henry, Paula F. P. TI A noninvasive, direct real-time PCR method for sex determination in multiple avian species SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE birds; molecular sexing; noninvasive sampling; real-time PCR ID NON-RATITE BIRDS AB Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to determine the sex of birds are well established and have seen few modifications since they were first introduced in the 1990s. Although these methods allowed for sex determination in species that were previously difficult to analyse, they were not conducive to high-throughput analysis because of the laboriousness of DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis. We developed a high-throughput real-time PCR-based method for analysis of sex in birds, which uses noninvasive sample collection and avoids DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis. C1 [Brubaker, Jessica L.; Karouna-Renier, Natalie K.; Chen, Yu; Jenko, Kathryn; Sprague, Daniel T.; Henry, Paula F. P.] USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Chen, Yu] Virginia Tech, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Karouna-Renier, NK (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM nkarouna@usgs.gov OI Karouna-Renier, Natalie/0000-0001-7127-033X FU US Environmental Protection Agency; US Geological Survey FX Funding for the work was provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Geological Survey. Use of product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 11 IS 2 BP 415 EP 417 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02951.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 719JE UT WOS:000287200200028 PM 21429156 ER PT J AU Pattison, RR D'Antonio, CM Dudley, TL Allander, KK Rice, B AF Pattison, Robert R. D'Antonio, Carla M. Dudley, Tom L. Allander, Kip K. Rice, Benjamin TI Early impacts of biological control on canopy cover and water use of the invasive saltcedar tree (Tamarix spp.) in western Nevada, USA SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Defoliation; Evapotranspiration; Herbivory; Sap flow ID MOJAVE DESERT FLOODPLAIN; EDDY COVARIANCE; UNITED-STATES; LEAF BEETLE; RIPARIAN RESTORATION; RAMOSISSIMA STANDS; SAP FLUX; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; TRANSPIRATION; DEFOLIATION AB The success of biological control programs is rarely assessed beyond population level impacts on the target organism. The question of whether a biological control agent can either partially or completely restore ecosystem services independent of population level control is therefore still open to discussion. Using observational and experimental approaches, we investigated the ability of the saltcedar leaf beetle [Diorhabda carinulata (Brull,) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] to reduce the water use of saltcedar trees (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) in two sites (Humboldt and Walker Rivers) in Nevada, USA. At these sites D. carinulata defoliated the majority of trees within 25 and 9 km, respectively, of the release location within 3 years. At the Humboldt site, D. carinulata reduced the canopy cover of trees adjacent to the release location by > 90%. At a location 4 km away during the first year of defoliation, D. carinulata reduced peak (August) stem water use by 50-70% and stand transpiration (July to late September) by 75% (P = 0.052). There was, however, no reduction in stem water use and stand transpiration during the second year of defoliation due to reduced beetle abundances at that location. At the Walker site, we measured stand evapotranspiration (ET) in the center of a large saltcedar stand and found that ET was highest immediately prior to D. carinulata arrival, dropped dramatically with defoliation, and remained low through the subsequent 2 years of the study. In contrast, near the perimeter of the stand, D. carinulata did not reduce sap flow, partly because of low rates of defoliation but also because of increased water use per unit leaf area in response to defoliation. Taken together, our results provide evidence that in the early stages of population expansion D. carinulata can lead to substantial declines in saltcedar water use. The extent of these declines varies spatially and temporally and is dependent on saltcedar compensatory responses along with D. carinulata population dynamics and patterns of dispersal. C1 [Pattison, Robert R.; D'Antonio, Carla M.; Rice, Benjamin] USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Reno, NV USA. [Dudley, Tom L.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Allander, Kip K.] US Geol Survey, Reno, NV USA. [Pattison, Robert R.] USDA FS, Anchorage Forestry Sci Lab, Anchorage, AK USA. [Dudley, Tom L.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Pattison, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Reno, NV USA. EM rrpattison@fs.fed.us NR 40 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2011 VL 165 IS 3 BP 605 EP 616 DI 10.1007/s00442-010-1859-y PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 721NL UT WOS:000287361500007 PM 21153743 ER PT J AU Newton, TJ Zigler, SJ Rogala, JT Gray, BR Davis, M AF Newton, Teresa J. Zigler, Steven J. Rogala, James T. Gray, Brian R. Davis, Mike TI Population assessment and potential functional roles of native mussels in the Upper Mississippi River SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE native mussels; large rivers; population assessment; abundance; ecosystem services ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; LAKE ST-CLAIR; UNIONID MUSSELS; ASSEMBLAGE STRUCTURE; NORTH-AMERICA; ZEBRA MUSSELS; HUDSON RIVER; BIVALVIA; STREAM; ABUNDANCE AB 1. Despite a heightened global concern for native mussels, fundamental research on mussel ecology in large rivers is lacking. These gaps in knowledge about where mussels occur, and why, are limiting habitat restoration activities. 2. Large-scale systematic surveys for native mussels in three reaches of the Upper Mississippi River documented mussel communities composed of 16-23 species and ranging from 2.9-4.5 live mussels m(-2) that were actively recruiting new cohorts into their populations (87-100% of the species were found as juveniles <= 5 years old). Estimates of mean tissue biomass and production in these reaches ranged from 2.1-3.1 g Cm-2 and 0.4-0.6 g Cm-2 year(-1), respectively. 3. Mussels filtered a significant amount of water (range, 0.05-0.07 m(3) m(-2) d(-1)) over a 480 km reach of the Upper Mississippi River - amounting to a filtration rate of 53.1 million m(3) day(-1). The filtration rate of mussels as a percentage of river discharge ranged from 0.5-1.4% at high flows (5% exceedance), from 1.5-4.4% at moderate flows (50% exceedance) and from 4.4-12.2% during low flows (95% exceedance). 4. Collectively, these data suggest that native mussels play an integral role in this ecosystem by sequestering suspended materials that can be used by other benthic organisms. Published in 2011 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. C1 [Newton, Teresa J.; Zigler, Steven J.; Rogala, James T.; Gray, Brian R.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Davis, Mike] MN Dept Nat Resources, Lake City, MN USA. RP Newton, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM tnewton@usgs.gov OI Zigler, Steven/0000-0002-4153-0652; Gray, Brian/0000-0001-7682-9550; Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 FU US Army Corps of Engineers FX This study was partially funded by the US Army Corps of Engineers. We thank John Kern for survey design, Heidi Dunn and Dave Heath for technical assistance, and Barry Johnson, Rita Villella, Wendell Haag, Jon Duyvejonck, and David Strayer for useful discussions and comments on the manuscript. Product names are provided for informational purposes only and do not represent an endorsement by the US Geological Survey. NR 55 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 21 IS 2 BP 122 EP 131 DI 10.1002/aqc.1170 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 737BT UT WOS:000288543900003 ER PT J AU Crago, J Corsi, SR Weber, D Bannerman, R Klaper, R AF Crago, Jordan Corsi, Steven R. Weber, Daniel Bannerman, Roger Klaper, Rebecca TI Linking biomarkers to reproductive success of caged fathead minnows in streams with increasing urbanization SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Fathead minnow; Biomarker; Vitellogenin; GST; Urbanization; Reproduction ID PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; FISH; EXPOSURE; IMPACT AB Reproductive and oxidative stress biomarkers have been recommended as tools to assess the health of aquatic organisms. Though validated in the laboratory, there are few studies that tie a change in gene expression to adverse reproductive or population outcomes in the field. This paper looked at 17 streams with varying degrees of urbanization to assess the use of biomarkers associated with reproduction or stress in predicting reproductive success of fathead minnows. In addition, the relationship between biomarkers and water quality measures in streams with varying degrees of urbanization was examined. Liver vitellogenin mRNA was correlated with reproduction within a period of 11 d prior to sampling irrespective of habitat, but its correlation with egg output declined at 12 d and beyond indicating its usefulness as a short-term biomarker but its limits as a biomarker of total reproductive output. Stress biomarkers such as glutathione S-transferase may be better correlated with factors affecting reproduction over a longer term. There was a significant correlation between GST mRNA and a variety of anthropogenic pollutants. There was also an inverse correlation between glutathione S-transferase and the amount of the watershed designated as wetland. Egg production over the 21-d was negatively correlated with the amount of urbanization and positively correlated to wetland habitats. This study supports the development of multiple biomarkers linking oxidative stress and other non-reproductive endpoints to changes in aquatic habitats will be useful for predicting the health of fish populations and identifying the environmental factors that may need mitigation for sustainable population management. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Crago, Jordan; Klaper, Rebecca] Univ Wisconsin, Sch Freshwater Sci, Great Lakes WATER Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Corsi, Steven R.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Weber, Daniel] Univ Wisconsin, Childrens Environm Hlth Sci Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Bannerman, Roger] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53703 USA. RP Klaper, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Freshwater Sci, Great Lakes WATER Inst, 600 E Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. EM rklaper@uwm.edu FU Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Greater Milwaukee Foundation FX This study was financed by a grant from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Dorothy Shaw Fund through the Greater Milwaukee Foundation. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 2011 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1669 EP 1674 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.011 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 737SG UT WOS:000288587900021 PM 21147497 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Pitts, KL Whittier, JB Olden, JD AF Paukert, Craig P. Pitts, Kristen L. Whittier, Joanna B. Olden, Julian D. TI Development and assessment of a landscape-scale ecological threat index for the Lower Colorado River Basin SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article DE Anthropogenic threats; Ecological stressors; Freshwater conservation planning; Lower Colorado River Basin ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; FRESH-WATER; LAND-USE; SOUTHWESTERN FISHES; WISCONSIN STREAMS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; ECOSYSTEMS; GRADIENTS; HABITAT AB Anthropogenic disturbances impact freshwater biota but are rarely incorporated into conservation planning due to the difficulties in quantifying threats. There is currently no widely accepted method to quantify disturbances, and determining how to measure threats to upstream catchments using disturbance metrics can be time consuming and subjective. We compared four watershed-scale ecological threat indices for the Lower Colorado River Basin (LCRB) using landscape-level threats of land use (e.g., agricultural and urban lands), waterway development and diversions (e.g., number of canals, dams), and human development (e.g., road and railroads density, pollution sites). The LCRB is an ideal region to assess ecological threat indices because of the increasing need for conservation to ensure the persistence of native fishes in highly altered habitat. Each threat was measured for severity (i.e., level of influence on the upstream watershed) and frequency throughout each watershed; both severity and frequency were measured using two different methods. Severity values were based either on peer-reviewed literature and weighted in accordance to their published ecological impact, or assumed equal severity across stressors. Threat frequency was calculated according to either the presence/absence of each stressor, or on the relative density of each stressor in the watershed. Each measure of severity was combined with a measure of frequency, creating four ecological threat indices, and transformed to a 0-100 scale. Threat indices were highly correlated (slopes of 0.94-1.63; R(2) of 0.82-0.98), and were highest for watersheds close to urban centers, including Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff. Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada. Road crossings and density appeared to be the most influential stressors in the index, but the removal of any individual stressor only changed the index by <5.1 units. Our results indicate that a simpler index with less subjectivity (i.e., presence/absence of a stressor in a watershed) provides similar results to the more subjective measure of threats (i.e., peer-reviewed threat severity). Because these threats have been linked to ecological health, the development of the index should be a useful tool to identify regions of greatest potential threat to aquatic biota and can aid in conservation planning for the Lower Colorado River Basin. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Paukert, Craig P.] Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [Olden, Julian D.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, 302 ABNR Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM paukertc@missouri.edu; pitts.kris@gmail.com; whittierj@missouri.edu; olden@u.washington.edu RI Olden, Julian/A-8535-2010; OI Olden, Julian/0000-0003-2143-1187; Bouska, Kristen/0000-0002-4115-2313 FU USGS; Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Kansas State University; U.S. Geological Survey; Wildlife Management Institute FX We thank everyone who contributed data and knowledge to the Lower Colorado River Basin Aquatic Gap Analysis Project. We thank Brad Schmidt for database management, and Keith Gido and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier manuscript drafts. Funding was provided by the USGS Gap Analysis Program. The use of trade, product, industry names or products does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Government, the U.S. Geological Survey or other sponsoring or participating agencies. The Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is sponsored by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Kansas State University, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1470-160X J9 ECOL INDIC JI Ecol. Indic. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 11 IS 2 BP 304 EP 310 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.05.008 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 690UW UT WOS:000285035000010 ER PT J AU Firn, J Moore, JL MacDougall, AS Borer, ET Seabloom, EW HilleRisLambers, J Harpole, WS Cleland, EE Brown, CS Knops, JMH Prober, SM Pyke, DA Farrell, KA Bakker, JD O'Halloran, LR Adler, PB Collins, SL D'Antonio, CM Crawley, MJ Wolkovich, EM La Pierre, KJ Melbourne, BA Hautier, Y Morgan, JW Leakey, ADB Kay, A McCulley, R Davies, KF Stevens, CJ Chu, CJ Holl, KD Klein, JA Fay, PA Hagenah, N Kirkman, KP Buckley, YM AF Firn, Jennifer Moore, Joslin L. MacDougall, Andrew S. Borer, Elizabeth T. Seabloom, Eric W. HilleRisLambers, Janneke Harpole, W. Stanley Cleland, Elsa E. Brown, Cynthia S. Knops, Johannes M. H. Prober, Suzanne M. Pyke, David A. Farrell, Kelly A. Bakker, John D. O'Halloran, Lydia R. Adler, Peter B. Collins, Scott L. D'Antonio, Carla M. Crawley, Michael J. Wolkovich, Elizabeth M. La Pierre, Kimberly J. Melbourne, Brett A. Hautier, Yann Morgan, John W. Leakey, Andrew D. B. Kay, Adam McCulley, Rebecca Davies, Kendi F. Stevens, Carly J. Chu, Cheng-Jin Holl, Karen D. Klein, Julia A. Fay, Philip A. Hagenah, Nicole Kirkman, Kevin P. Buckley, Yvonne M. TI Abundance of introduced species at home predicts abundance away in herbaceous communities SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Letter DE Biogeography; biosecurity; disturbance; global meta-study; homogenization of communities; invasion paradox; mechanisms of invasion; Nutrient Network; plant invasion; propagule pressure ID PLANT INVASIONS; CONSERVATION; HYPOTHESIS; INVASIVENESS; CONSEQUENCES; PASSENGERS; INVADERS; PARADOX; DRIVERS; SUCCESS AB P>Many ecosystems worldwide are dominated by introduced plant species, leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function. A common but rarely tested assumption is that these plants are more abundant in introduced vs. native communities, because ecological or evolutionary-based shifts in populations underlie invasion success. Here, data for 26 herbaceous species at 39 sites, within eight countries, revealed that species abundances were similar at native (home) and introduced (away) sites - grass species were generally abundant home and away, while forbs were low in abundance, but more abundant at home. Sites with six or more of these species had similar community abundance hierarchies, suggesting that suites of introduced species are assembling similarly on different continents. Overall, we found that substantial changes to populations are not necessarily a pre-condition for invasion success and that increases in species abundance are unusual. Instead, abundance at home predicts abundance away, a potentially useful additional criterion for biosecurity programmes. C1 [Firn, Jennifer; Buckley, Yvonne M.] CSIRO Ecosyst Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. [Moore, Joslin L.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, AEDA, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. [MacDougall, Andrew S.] Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Borer, Elizabeth T.; Seabloom, Eric W.; O'Halloran, Lydia R.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [HilleRisLambers, Janneke] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Harpole, W. Stanley] Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Cleland, Elsa E.] Univ Calif San Diego, Ecol Behav Evolut Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Brown, Cynthia S.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Knops, Johannes M. H.] Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Prober, Suzanne M.] CSIRO Ecosyst Sci, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. [Pyke, David A.] US Geol Survey Forest Rangeland Ecosys Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Farrell, Kelly A.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Bakker, John D.] Univ Washington, Sch Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Adler, Peter B.] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Adler, Peter B.] Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Collins, Scott L.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [D'Antonio, Carla M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Crawley, Michael J.] Imperial Coll London, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. [Wolkovich, Elizabeth M.] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. [La Pierre, Kimberly J.; Hagenah, Nicole] Yale Univ, Dept Ecol Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Melbourne, Brett A.; Davies, Kendi F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hautier, Yann] Univ Zurich, Inst Evolutionary Biol Environm Studies, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. [Morgan, John W.] La Trobe Univ, Dept Bot, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [Leakey, Andrew D. B.] Univ Illinois, Inst Genom Biol, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61821 USA. [Kay, Adam] Univ St Thomas, Dept Biol, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. [McCulley, Rebecca] Univ Kentucky, Dept Plant Soil Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. [Stevens, Carly J.] Open Univ, Dept Life Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Chu, Cheng-Jin] Lanzhou Univ, MOE Key Lab Arid Grassland Ecol, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. [Holl, Karen D.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Klein, Julia A.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Fay, Philip A.] USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. [Hagenah, Nicole; Kirkman, Kevin P.] Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Biol Conservat Sci, ZA-3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. [Buckley, Yvonne M.] Univ Queensland, Sch Biol Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Firn, J (reprint author), Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Biogeosci, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia. EM jennifer.firn@qut.edu.au RI Prober, Suzanne/G-6465-2010; Adler, Peter/D-3781-2009; MacDougall, Andrew/F-2037-2011; Moore, Joslin/C-5270-2009; Brown, Cynthia/K-5814-2012; Harpole, William/C-2814-2013; Buckley, Yvonne/B-1281-2008; Bakker, Jonathan/I-6960-2013; Holl, Karen/D-8033-2014; Hautier, Yann/D-5426-2015; Collins, Scott/P-7742-2014; Leakey, Andrew/Q-9889-2016 OI Firn, Jennifer/0000-0001-6026-8912; Seabloom, Eric/0000-0001-6780-9259; Fay, Philip/0000-0002-8291-6316; Borer, Elizabeth/0000-0003-2259-5853; La Pierre, Kimberly/0000-0001-7056-4547; Moore, Joslin/0000-0001-9809-5092; Harpole, William/0000-0002-3404-9174; Buckley, Yvonne/0000-0001-7599-3201; Holl, Karen/0000-0003-2893-6161; Hautier, Yann/0000-0003-4347-7741; Collins, Scott/0000-0002-0193-2892; Leakey, Andrew/0000-0001-6251-024X NR 52 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 94 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 14 IS 3 BP 274 EP 281 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01584.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 723SZ UT WOS:000287528600009 PM 21281419 ER PT J AU Belovsky, GE Stephens, D Perschon, C Birdsey, P Paul, D Naftz, D Baskin, R Larson, C Mellison, C Luft, J Mosley, R Mahon, H Van Leeuwen, J Allen, DV AF Belovsky, Gary E. Stephens, Doyle Perschon, Clay Birdsey, Paul Paul, Don Naftz, David Baskin, Robert Larson, Chad Mellison, Chad Luft, John Mosley, Ryan Mahon, Heidi Van Leeuwen, James Allen, David V. TI The Great Salt Lake Ecosystem (Utah, USA): long term data and a structural equation approach SO ECOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Artemia franciscana; brine shrimp; food webs; Great Salt Lake; Utah; hypersaline; phytoplankton; Podiceps nigricollis; terminal lake; waterbirds AB Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA) is one of the world's largest hypersaline lakes, supporting many of the western U.S.'s migratory waterbirds. This unique ecosystem is threatened, but it and other large hypersaline lakes are not well understood. The ecosystem consists of two weakly linked food webs: one phytoplankton-based, the other organic particle/benthic algae-based. Seventeen years of data on the phytoplankton-based food web are presented: abundances of nutrients (N and P), phytoplankton (Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta), brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana), corixids (Trichocorixa verticalis), and Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis). Abundances of less common species, as well as brine fly larvae (Ephydra cinerea and hians) from the organic particle/benthic algae-based food web are also presented. Abiotic parameters were monitored: lake elevation, temperature, salinity, PAR, light penetration, and DO. We use these data to test hypotheses about the phytoplankton-based food web and its weak linkage with the organic particle/benthic algae-based food web via structural equation modeling. Counter to common perceptions, the phytoplankton-based food web is not limited by high salinity, but principally through phytoplankton production, which is limited by N and grazing by brine shrimp. Annual N abundance is highly variable and depends on lake volume, complex mixing given thermo- and chemo-clines, and recycling by brine shrimp. Brine shrimp are food-limited, and predation by corixids and Eared Grebes does not depress their numbers. Eared Grebe numbers appear to be limited by brine shrimp abundance. Finally, there is little interaction of brine fly larvae with brine shrimp through competition, or with corixids or grebes through predation, indicating that the lake's two food webs are weakly connected. Results are used to examine some general concepts regarding food web structure and dynamics, as well as the lake's future given expected anthropogenic impacts. C1 [Belovsky, Gary E.; Larson, Chad; Mahon, Heidi] Univ Notre Dame, Environm Res Ctr, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Stephens, Doyle; Naftz, David; Baskin, Robert; Allen, David V.] US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. [Perschon, Clay; Birdsey, Paul; Paul, Don; Luft, John; Mosley, Ryan; Van Leeuwen, James] Utah Div Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. [Mellison, Chad] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reno, NV 89502 USA. RP Belovsky, GE (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Environm Res Ctr, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM belovsky.1@nd.edu RI Belovsky, Gary/C-1255-2014 FU Utah Division of Wildlife Resources; National Science Foundation [DEB- 9322576]; U.S. Geological Survey FX We wish to thank the Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (to GEB, DS, DN, RB), National Science Foundation (to GEB, DEB- 9322576), and U.S. Geological Survey (to DS, DN, RB) for funding. The Great Salt Lake Technical Advisory Group provided feedback. S. Kilham, B. Marden and J. Butler provided discussion on data and methods. We thank T. Crowl, J. Slade, J. Neill and W. Wurtsbaugh for comments. NR 150 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 41 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2150-8925 J9 ECOSPHERE JI Ecosphere PD MAR PY 2011 VL 2 IS 3 AR UNSP 33 DI 10.1890/ES10-00091.1 PG 40 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V30IT UT WOS:000208810400009 ER PT J AU Kurth, G Phillips, FM Reheis, MC Redwine, JL Paces, JB AF Kurth, Gabrielle Phillips, Fred M. Reheis, Marith C. Redwine, Joanna L. Paces, James B. TI Cosmogenic nuclide and uranium-series dating of old, high shorelines in the western Great Basin, USA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LAKE LAHONTAN HIGHSTAND; BONNEVILLE-BASIN; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; SIERRA-NEVADA; UNITED-STATES; OWENS LAKE; LATE PLEISTOCENE; VOLCANIC FIELD; TUFA DEPOSITS; MOJAVE DESERT AB Closed-basin pluvial lakes are sensitive recorders of effective moisture, and they provide a terrestrial signal of climate change that can be compared to marine and ice records of glacial-interglacial cycles. Although the most recent deep-lake cycle in the western Great Basin (at ca. 16 ka) has been studied intensively, comparatively little is known about the longer-term Quaternary lacustrine history of the region. Lacustrine features higher than those of the most recent highstand have been discovered in many locations throughout the western Great Basin. Qualitative geomorphic and soil studies of shoreline sequences above the latest Pleistocene level suggest that their ages increase as a function of increasing altitude. The results of cosmogenic nuclide dating using chlorine-36 depth profiles from three sites in Nevada (Walker Lake, Columbus Salt Marsh, and Newark Valley), combined with uranium-series and radiocarbon ages, corroborate the geomorphic and soil evidence. The Cl-36 results are consistent with available C-14 ages and together indicate that the most recent highstands of all three lakes occurred ca. 20-15 ka, late in marine isotope stage (MIS) 2, as shown by previous ages. The Cl-36 ages indicate that older lakes in all three basins reached highstands between 100 and 50 ka, and most likely during MIS 4. Shorelines of this age are at about the same or higher altitudes as the younger, MIS 2 shorelines in those basins. The Cl-36 results combined with uranium-series ages and one tephra correlation obtained on shorelines higher in altitude than those of MIS 4 and 2 lakes suggest that there were also major lake highstands in the western Great Basin at ca. 100-200 ka, likely corresponding with MIS 6, and during at least two older periods. From these results, we conclude that the preserved shorelines show an apparent decrease in maximum levels with time, suggesting long-term drying of the region since the early middle Pleistocene. C1 [Kurth, Gabrielle; Phillips, Fred M.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Reheis, Marith C.; Paces, James B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Redwine, Joanna L.] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Kurth, G (reprint author), OReilly Talbot & Okun Associates Inc, 293 Bridge St, Springfield, MA 01375 USA. EM phillips@nmt.edu FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [EAR-0001063] FX This paper has had a long gestation time and we thank the National Science Foundation (NSF grant EAR-0001063) and many other people who have shown patience in waiting for the results. Eric Small (now at University of Colorado) collaborated on the initial NSF proposal and also assisted in field work. We thank Bud Burke and Ronna Bowers (Humboldt State University) for help on field work in Newark Valley. We appreciate the cooperation of Ron Tauchen and Michael Baskerville, Bureau of Land Management, Carson City and Tonopah offices, in approving the trench sites at Thorne Bar and Columbus Salt Marsh. Harland Goldstein and Eric Fisher (U.S. Geological Survey-Denver) performed soil laboratory analyses for the Thorne Bar and Columbus sites. Thorough reviews and helpful suggestions by Michael Machette and Richard Briggs (U.S. Geological Survey) greatly improved earlier versions of this paper. NR 100 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 15 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR-APR PY 2011 VL 123 IS 3-4 BP 744 EP 768 DI 10.1130/B30010.1 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 712KJ UT WOS:000286665300020 ER PT J AU Anderson, L AF Anderson, Lesleigh TI Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite delta O-18 in the central Rocky Mountains, United States SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLORADO RIVER-BASIN; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; EL-NINO; USA; EVOLUTION; FLUCTUATIONS; CALIFORNIA; VARIABILITY; TIMESCALES AB A context for recent hydroclimatic extremes and variability is provided by a similar to 10 k.y. sediment carbonate oxygen isotope (delta O-18) record at 5-100 yr resolution from Bison Lake, 3255 m above sea level, in northwestern Colorado (United States). Winter precipitation is the primary water source for the alpine headwater lake in the Upper Colorado River Basin and lake water delta O-18 measurements reflect seasonal variations in precipitation delta O-18. Holocene lake water delta O-18 variations are inferred from endogenic sedimentary calcite delta O-18 based on comparisons with historic watershed discharge records and tree-ring reconstructions. Drought periods (i.e., drier winters and/or a more rain-dominated seasonal precipitation balance) generally correspond with higher calcite delta O-18 values, and vice-versa. Early to middle Holocene delta O-18 values are higher, implying a rain-dominated seasonal precipitation balance. Lower, more variable delta O-18 values after ca. 3500 yr ago indicate a snow-dominated but more seasonally variable precipitation balance. The middle to late Holocene delta O-18 record corresponds with records of El Nino Southern Oscillation intensification that supports a teleconnection between Rocky Mountain climate and North Pacific sea-surface temperatures at decade to century time scales. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Anderson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS-980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM land@usgs.gov FU U.S Geological Survey FX The U.S Geological Survey Global Change Research and Development Program supported this work. We thank Chris Eastoe, David Dettman and the University of Arizona Environmental Isotope Laboratory, Chad Wolak, Jack McGeehin, Joe Rosenbaum, Jeff Honke, Gary Skipp, Cheryl Mnich, Erik Brown, Marian Kramer, Jen Morse, Andrew McFadden, Alisa Mast, and Carol Ann Chapman for analytical and field assistance. Discussions with Bob Thompson, John Barron, Connie Woodhouse, and Dan Muhs were helpful in improvements of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 16 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2011 VL 39 IS 3 BP 211 EP 214 DI 10.1130/G31575.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 721SI UT WOS:000287374900007 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, JA Harden, JW McGuire, AD Kanevskiy, MZ Jorgenson, MT Xu, XM AF O'Donnell, Jonathan A. Harden, Jennifer W. McGuire, A. David Kanevskiy, Mikhail Z. Jorgenson, M. Torre Xu, Xiaomei TI The effect of fire and permafrost interactions on soil carbon accumulation in an upland black spruce ecosystem of interior Alaska: implications for post-thaw carbon loss SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boreal forest; climate change; permafrost; soil carbon; wildfire ID ARCTIC TUNDRA SOILS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ORGANIC-CARBON; BOREAL FOREST; THAW; VULNERABILITY; TEMPERATURE; FEEDBACKS; STORAGE; CYCLE AB High-latitude regions store large amounts of organic carbon (OC) in active-layer soils and permafrost, accounting for nearly half of the global belowground OC pool. In the boreal region, recent warming has promoted changes in the fire regime, which may exacerbate rates of permafrost thaw and alter soil OC dynamics in both organic and mineral soil. We examined how interactions between fire and permafrost govern rates of soil OC accumulation in organic horizons, mineral soil of the active layer, and near-surface permafrost in a black spruce ecosystem of interior Alaska. To estimate OC accumulation rates, we used chronosequence, radiocarbon, and modeling approaches. We also developed a simple model to track long-term changes in soil OC stocks over past fire cycles and to evaluate the response of OC stocks to future changes in the fire regime. Our chronosequence and radiocarbon data indicate that OC turnover varies with soil depth, with fastest turnover occurring in shallow organic horizons (similar to 60 years) and slowest turnover in near-surface permafrost (> 3000 years). Modeling analysis indicates that OC accumulation in organic horizons was strongly governed by carbon losses via combustion and burial of charred remains in deep organic horizons. OC accumulation in mineral soil was influenced by active layer depth, which determined the proportion of mineral OC in a thawed or frozen state and thus, determined loss rates via decomposition. Our model results suggest that future changes in fire regime will result in substantial reductions in OC stocks, largely from the deep organic horizon. Additional OC losses will result from fire-induced thawing of near-surface permafrost. From these findings, we conclude that the vulnerability of deep OC stocks to future warming is closely linked to the sensitivity of permafrost to wildfire disturbance. C1 [O'Donnell, Jonathan A.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Harden, Jennifer W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [McGuire, A. David] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Kanevskiy, Mikhail Z.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Jorgenson, M. Torre] Alaska Ecosci, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Xu, Xiaomei] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP O'Donnell, JA (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM jaodonnell@alaska.edu FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0630249, DEB-0423442]; Institute of Northern Engineering at the University of Alaska Fairbanks; US Geological Survey; USDA Forest Service (Pacific Northwest Research Station) [PNW01-JV11261952-231] FX The authors would like to thank Stephanie Ewing for her assistance in the field and for sharing in many insightful discussions about permafrost. Many thanks also go to Pedro Rodriguez for field/laboratory assistance, Kristen Manies for assistance with data management, Yuri Shur for initiating collaborations with AKDOT&PF, and Tom Douglas for sharing laboratory space. Vladimir Romanovsky, Yuri Shur, Eran Hood, and Evan Kane provided valuable comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Funding and support for J. O'Donnell was provided by the National Science Foundation grant EAR-0630249 and the Institute of Northern Engineering at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The study was also supported by grants from the US Geological Survey to Harden and McGuire, and by the Bonanza Creek LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) Program, funded jointly by NSF (grant DEB-0423442) and the USDA Forest Service (Pacific Northwest Research Station grant PNW01-JV11261952-231). NR 77 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 61 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1354-1013 EI 1365-2486 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 17 IS 3 BP 1461 EP 1474 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02358.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 714VU UT WOS:000286837900016 ER PT J AU Gallo, K Hale, R Tarpley, D Yu, YY AF Gallo, Kevin Hale, Robert Tarpley, Dan Yu, Yunyue TI Evaluation of the Relationship between Air and Land Surface Temperature under Clear- and Cloudy-Sky Conditions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLAR AB Clear and cloudy daytime comparisons of land surface temperature (LST) and air temperature (Tair) were made for 14 stations included in the U. S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) of stations from observations made from 2003 through 2008. Generally, LST was greater than Tair for both the clear and cloudy conditions; however, the differences between LST and Tair were significantly less for the cloudy-sky conditions. In addition, the relationships between LST and Tair displayed less variability under the cloudy-sky conditions than under clear-sky conditions. Wind speed, time of the observation of Tair and LST, season, the occurrence of precipitation at the time of observation, and normalized difference vegetation index values were all considered in the evaluation of the relationship between Tair and LST. Mean differences between LST and Tair of less than 2 degrees C were observed under cloudy conditions for the stations, as compared with a minimum difference of greater than 2 degrees C(and as great as 7+degrees C) for the clear-sky conditions. Under cloudy conditions, Tair alone explained over 94%-and as great as 98%-of the variance observed in LST for the stations included in this analysis, as compared with a range of 81%-93% for clear-sky conditions. Because of the relatively homogeneous land surface characteristics encouraged in the immediate vicinity of USCRN stations, and potential regional differences in surface features that might influence the observed relationships, additional analyses of the relationships between LST and Tair for additional regions and land surface conditions are recommended. C1 [Gallo, Kevin; Yu, Yunyue] NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Hale, Robert] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Tarpley, Dan] Short & Associates Inc, Chevy Chase, MD USA. RP Gallo, K (reprint author), USGS EROS Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM kevin.p.gallo@noaa.gov RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010; Yu, Yunyue/F-5636-2010 FU NOAA FX This study was partially supported by the NOAA GOES-R Program. The manuscript contents do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the U.S. government. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 50 IS 3 BP 767 EP 775 DI 10.1175/2010JAMC2460.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 750PK UT WOS:000289560300020 ER PT J AU Weems, RE Edwards, LE Osborne, JE Alford, AA AF Weems, Robert E. Edwards, Lucy E. Osborne, Jason E. Alford, Aaron A. TI AN OCCURRENCE OF THE PROTOCETID WHALE "EOCETUS" WARDII IN THE MIDDLE EOCENE PINEY POINT FORMATION OF VIRGINIA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARCHAEOCETE WHALE; MAMMALIA; CETACEA; CAROLINA AB Two protocetid whale vertebrae, here referred to "Eocetus" wardii, have been recovered from the riverbed of the Pamunkey River in east-central Virginia. Neither bone was found in situ, but both were found with lumps of lithified matrix cemented to their surfaces. Most of this matrix was removed and processed for microfossils. Specimens of dinoflagellates were successfully recovered and this flora clearly demonstrates that both vertebrae came from the middle Eocene Piney Point Formation, which crops out above and below river level in the area where the bones were discovered. These vertebrae are the oldest whale remains reported from Virginia and are as old as any cetacean remains known from the western hemisphere. C1 [Weems, Robert E.; Edwards, Lucy E.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Osborne, Jason E.; Alford, Aaron A.] Paleo Quest, Gainesville, VA 20155 USA. RP Weems, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 926A Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rweems@usgs.gov; leedward@usgs.gov; osbornej@paleoquest.org; alforda@paleoquest.org OI Alford, Aaron/0000-0001-5910-6174 NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-3360 EI 1937-2337 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 85 IS 2 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1666/10-083.1 PG 8 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 791LO UT WOS:000292666900007 ER PT J AU Robertson, DM Rose, WJ AF Robertson, Dale M. Rose, William J. TI Response in the trophic state of stratified lakes to changes in hydrology and water level: potential effects of climate change SO JOURNAL OF WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE LA English DT Article DE climate change; eutrophication; hydrology; productivity; water level ID FLUCTUATIONS; QUALITY; BLOOMS AB To determine how climate-induced changes in hydrology and water level may affect the trophic state (productivity) of stratified lakes, two relatively pristine dimictic temperate lakes in Wisconsin, USA, were examined. Both are closed-basin lakes that experience changes in water level and degradation in water quality during periods of high water. One, a seepage lake with no inlets or outlets, has a small drainage basin and hydrology dominated by precipitation and groundwater exchange causing small changes in water and phosphorus (P) loading, which resulted in small changes in water level, P concentrations, and productivity. The other, a terminal lake with inlets but no outlets, has a large drainage basin and hydrology dominated by runoff causing large changes in water and P loading, which resulted in large changes in water level, P concentrations, and productivity. Eutrophication models accurately predicted the effects of changes in hydrology, P loading, and water level on their trophic state. If climate changes, larger changes in hydrology and water levels than previously observed could occur. If this causes increased water and P loading, stratified (dimictic and monomictic) lakes are expected to experience higher water levels and become more eutrophic, especially those with large developed drainage basins. C1 [Robertson, Dale M.; Rose, William J.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI USA. RP Robertson, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI USA. EM dzrobert@usgs.gov OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 FU Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; US Geological Survey FX We thank Joe Schuler, Tom Popowski, Bernie Lenz, Fred and Sandy Anderson, Vicki and David Van Ells, and David and Mary Lou Rossmeisl for assistance with data collection. We also thank Tim Asplund and Randy Hunt for suggestions and comments on this manuscript. Funds for this work were provided through the Lake Protection Grant Program of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Cooperative Program of the US Geological Survey. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 17 PU IWA PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 2040-2244 J9 J WATER CLIM CHANGE JI J. Water Clim. Chang. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 2 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.2166/wcc.2011.026 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 904QT UT WOS:000301213700001 ER PT J AU Pearce, JM Reeves, AB Ramey, AM Hupp, JW Ip, HS Bertram, M Petrula, MJ Scotton, BD Trust, KA Meixell, BW Runstadler, JA AF Pearce, John M. Reeves, Andrew B. Ramey, Andrew M. Hupp, Jerry W. Ip, Hon S. Bertram, Mark Petrula, Michael J. Scotton, Bradley D. Trust, Kimberly A. Meixell, Brandt W. Runstadler, Jonathan A. TI Interspecific exchange of avian influenza virus genes in Alaska: the influence of trans-hemispheric migratory tendency and breeding ground sympatry SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; avian influenza; migratory; reassortment; transmission ID PINTAIL ANAS-ACUTA; A VIRUS; NORTHERN PINTAILS; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; SPRING MIGRATION; WILD DUCKS; RT-PCR; H5N1; EVOLUTION; BIRDS AB The movement and transmission of avian influenza viral strains via wild migratory birds may vary by host species as a result of migratory tendency and sympatry with other infected individuals. To examine the roles of host migratory tendency and species sympatry on the movement of Eurasian low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) genes into North America, we characterized migratory patterns and LPAI viral genomic variation in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) of Alaska in comparison with LPAI diversity of northern pintails (Anas acuta). A 50-year band-recovery data set suggests that unlike northern pintails, mallards rarely make trans-hemispheric migrations between Alaska and Eurasia. Concordantly, fewer (14.5%) of 62 LPAI isolates from mallards contained Eurasian gene segments compared to those from 97 northern pintails (35%), a species with greater inter-continental migratory tendency. Aerial survey and banding data suggest that mallards and northern pintails are largely sympatric throughout Alaska during the breeding season, promoting opportunities for interspecific transmission. Comparisons of full-genome isolates confirmed near-complete genetic homology (> 99.5%) of seven viruses between mallards and northern pintails. This study found viral segments of Eurasian lineage at a higher frequency in mallards than previous studies, suggesting transmission from other avian species migrating inter-hemispherically or the common occurrence of endemic Alaskan viruses containing segments of Eurasian origin. We conclude that mallards are unlikely to transfer Asian-origin viruses directly to North America via Alaska but that they are likely infected with Asian-origin viruses via interspecific transfer from species with regular migrations to the Eastern Hemisphere. C1 [Pearce, John M.; Reeves, Andrew B.; Ramey, Andrew M.; Hupp, Jerry W.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Ip, Hon S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Bertram, Mark] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Petrula, Michael J.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. [Scotton, Bradley D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Galena, AK 99641 USA. [Trust, Kimberly A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Meixell, Brandt W.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Runstadler, Jonathan A.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Pearce, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jpearce@usgs.gov OI Ramey, Andrew/0000-0002-3601-8400; Meixell, Brandt/0000-0002-6738-0349 FU US Geological Survey; US Fish and Wildlife Service; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [HHSN266200700009C, HHSN266200700010C]; National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) [RR016466] FX We are grateful to L. Allen, P. Bright, D. Derksen, T. DeGange, S. Haseltine, R. Kearney (US Geological Survey) and D. Rocque (US Fish and Wildlife Service) for financial and administrative support. D. Mauser (Klamath Basin NWR), A. Dzubin (Canadian Wildlife Service), M. Wege, T. Moran, C. Harwood (Yukon Delta NWR), E. Mallek, D. Marks and B. Eldridge (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska) provided unpublished banding data. Numerous wildlife biologists assisted with virus sampling and their efforts are appreciated. We thank past and current members of the Diagnostic Virology Laboratory at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, including T. Egstad, K. Griffin, M. Houfe and R. Long. Y. Gillies, J. Wiley (USGS Alaska Science Center), M. St. Peters (USFWS Alaska Region), D. Goldberg and R. Zane (USGS National Wildlife Health Center) coordinated distribution of sampling materials, receipt of samples and data verification. J. Runstadler and B. Meixell and the work to derive the mallard GenBank sequences were supported in part by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-funded Centers of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance (Contracts HHSN266200700009C and HHSN266200700010C). We thank D. Spiro (J. Craig Venter Institute) and G. Happ, F. Aldehoff, L. Gildehaus, J. Black, and P. Gingrich and others at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (UAF), for their work to generate the viral strains and sequence information from GenBank used in this study. Some analyses were run on the UAF Life Science Informatics portal, a core research resource supported by Grant Number RR016466 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). D. Derksen, P. Flint, K. McCracken and three anonymous reviewers provided comments that improved the manuscript. None of the authors have any financial interests or conflict of interest with this article. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 60 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1015 EP 1025 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04908.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 721ZN UT WOS:000287397600014 PM 21073586 ER PT J AU Bull, RAS Cushman, SA Mace, R Chilton, T Kendall, KC Landguth, EL Schwartz, MK McKelvey, K Allendorf, FW Luikart, G AF Bull, R. A. Short Cushman, S. A. Mace, R. Chilton, T. Kendall, K. C. Landguth, E. L. Schwartz, M. K. McKelvey, K. Allendorf, Fred W. Luikart, G. TI Why replication is important in landscape genetics: American black bear in the Rocky Mountains SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE connectivity; gene flow; habitat fragmentation; landscape genetics; landscape resistance modelling; noninvasive sampling; Ursus americanus ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NORTH-CAROLINA; DISPERSAL; CORRIDOR; FEATURES; DIFFERENTIATION; CONNECTIVITY; WASHINGTON; CASCADES AB We investigated how landscape features influence gene flow of black bears by testing the relative support for 36 alternative landscape resistance hypotheses, including isolation by distance (IBD) in each of 12 study areas in the north central U.S. Rocky Mountains. The study areas all contained the same basic elements, but differed in extent of forest fragmentation, altitude, variation in elevation and road coverage. In all but one of the study areas, isolation by landscape resistance was more supported than IBD suggesting gene flow is likely influenced by elevation, forest cover, and roads. However, the landscape features influencing gene flow varied among study areas. Using subsets of loci usually gave models with the very similar landscape features influencing gene flow as with all loci, suggesting the landscape features influencing gene flow were correctly identified. To test if the cause of the variability of supported landscape features in study areas resulted from landscape differences among study areas, we conducted a limiting factor analysis. We found that features were supported in landscape models only when the features were highly variable. This is perhaps not surprising but suggests an important cautionary note - that if landscape features are not found to influence gene flow, researchers should not automatically conclude that the features are unimportant to the species' movement and gene flow. Failure to investigate multiple study areas that have a range of variability in landscape features could cause misleading inferences about which landscape features generally limit gene flow. This could lead to potentially erroneous identification of corridors and barriers if models are transferred between areas with different landscape characteristics. C1 [Bull, R. A. Short; Landguth, E. L.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Luikart, G.] Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Cushman, S. A.; Landguth, E. L.; Schwartz, M. K.; McKelvey, K.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. [Mace, R.; Chilton, T.] Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Pk, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. [Kendall, K. C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Glacier Field Stn, Glacier Natl Pk, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. [Luikart, G.] Univ Porto, CIBIO, Ctr Invest Biodiversidade & Recursos Genet, P-4485661 Vairao, Portugal. [Luikart, G.] Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. RP Bull, RAS (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM ruth.shortbull@umontana.edu RI Schwartz, Michael/C-3184-2014; OI Schwartz, Michael/0000-0003-3521-3367; Luikart, Gordon/0000-0001-8697-0582 FU U.S. Geological Survey; United States Forest Service; U.S. National Science Foundation [DEB 074218]; NSF [DEB-1067613]; Portuguese-American Science Foundation; CIBIO-UP; Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) [PTDC/BIA-BDE/65625/2006] FX We thank the Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, as well as the U.S. Geological Survey for coordinating and collecting hair samples, which also includes the hundreds of employees and volunteers. We also thank the following agencies that provided other support: Blackfeet Nation; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation; National Park Service; Northwest Connections; United States Bureau of Land Management; United States Fish and Wildlife Service; and Wildlife Genetics International. Financial support was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey and United States Forest Service. We also thank the bears that allowed this research to be possible. F. W. A., G. L., and R. S. were partially supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation Grant DEB 074218. G. L. also was supported by an NSF grant (DEB-1067613) and the Portuguese-American Science Foundation, CIBIO-UP, and research grant PTDC/BIA-BDE/65625/2006 from the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT). NR 65 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 10 U2 81 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1092 EP 1107 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04944.x PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 730YX UT WOS:000288074600004 PM 21261764 ER PT J AU Point, D Sonke, JE Day, RD Roseneau, DG Hobson, KA Vander Pol, SS Moors, AJ Pugh, RS Donard, OFX Becker, PR AF Point, D. Sonke, J. E. Day, R. D. Roseneau, D. G. Hobson, K. A. Vander Pol, S. S. Moors, A. J. Pugh, R. S. Donard, O. F. X. Becker, P. R. TI Methylmercury photodegradation influenced by sea-ice cover in Arctic marine ecosystems SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MASS-INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; MERCURY ISOTOPES; STABLE-ISOTOPES; TEMPORAL TRENDS; SURFACE WATERS; BELUGA WHALES; DEPOSITION; EXPOSURE; HABITAT AB Atmospheric deposition of mercury to remote areas has increased threefold since pre-industrial times. Mercury deposition is particularly pronounced in the Arctic. Following deposition to surface oceans and sea ice, mercury can be converted into methylmercury, a biologically accessible form of the toxin, which biomagnifies along the marine food chain. Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes accompanies the photochemical breakdown of methylmercury to less bioavailable forms in surface waters. Here we examine the isotopic composition of mercury in seabird eggs collected from colonies in the North Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean, to determine geographical variations in methylmercury breakdown at northern latitudes. We find evidence for mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes. The degree of mass-independent fractionation declines with latitude. Foraging behaviour and geographic variations in mercury sources and solar radiation fluxes were unable to explain the latitudinal gradient. However, mass-independent fractionation was negatively correlated with sea-ice cover. We conclude that sea-ice cover impedes the photochemical breakdown of methylmercury in surface waters, and suggest that further loss of Arctic sea ice this century will accelerate sunlight-induced breakdown of methylmercury in northern surface waters. C1 [Point, D.; Day, R. D.; Vander Pol, S. S.; Moors, A. J.; Pugh, R. S.; Becker, P. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Point, D.; Sonke, J. E.] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5563, Observ Midi Pyrenees,LMTG,UMR IRD 154, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Roseneau, D. G.] Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Homer, AK 99603 USA. [Hobson, K. A.] Environm Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. [Donard, O. F. X.] CNRS, UMR 5254, Equipe Chim Analyt BioInorgan & Environm, Inst Pluridisciplinaire Rech Environm & Mat, F-64053 Pau, France. RP Point, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM david.point@lmtg.obs-mip.fr OI Point, David/0000-0002-5218-7781 FU NIST; French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; French Agence Nationale de Recherche [ANR-09-JCJC-0035-01] FX The samples used in this study were obtained from the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank (MESB) through the Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP), a long-term collaborative effort by the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the US Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (USGS-BRD) and the Bureau of Indian Affairs Alaska Region Subsistence Branch (BIA-ARSB). We thank AMNWR and University of Alaska-Fairbanks (UAF) biologists, members of the St George Traditional Council, the Native Village of Point Hope IRA Council and residents of St George, Savoonga and Point Hope for collecting the eggs. We also thank K. S. Simac (USGS-BRD) for processing the eggs, M. B. Ellisor (NIST) for cryohomogenizing and banking the eggs and F. Poitrasson and Y. Godderis for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. This work is part of International Polar Year (IPY) Research Activity No. 439 'MERSAM' (MERcury Seabird Arctic Monitoring). Financial support for this research was provided by NIST, the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Research Grant ANR-09-JCJC-0035-01 from the French Agence Nationale de Recherche. NR 49 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 61 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 4 IS 3 BP 188 EP 194 DI 10.1038/NGEO1049 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727LU UT WOS:000287802300020 ER PT J AU van der Wegen, M Dastgheib, A Jaffe, BE Roelvink, D AF van der Wegen, Mick Dastgheib, Ali Jaffe, Bruce E. Roelvink, Dano TI Bed composition generation for morphodynamic modeling: case study of San Pablo Bay in California, USA SO OCEAN DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Process-based model; Morphodynamic prediction; Bed composition; Estuarine processes; San Pablo Bay; Data scarcity; Coastal geomorphology ID SEDIMENT; VALIDATION AB Applications of process-based morphodynamic models are often constrained by limited availability of data on bed composition, which may have a considerable impact on the modeled morphodynamic development. One may even distinguish a period of "morphodynamic spin-up" in which the model generates the bed level according to some ill-defined initial bed composition rather than describing the realistic behavior of the system. The present paper proposes a methodology to generate bed composition of multiple sand and/or mud fractions that can act as the initial condition for the process-based numerical model Delft3D. The bed composition generation (BCG) run does not include bed level changes, but does permit the redistribution of multiple sediment fractions over the modeled domain. The model applies the concept of an active layer that may differ in sediment composition above an underlayer with fixed composition. In the case of a BCG run, the bed level is kept constant, whereas the bed composition can change. The approach is applied to San Pablo Bay in California, USA. Model results show that the BCG run reallocates sand and mud fractions over the model domain. Initially, a major sediment reallocation takes place, but development rates decrease in the longer term. Runs that take the outcome of a BCG run as a starting point lead to more gradual morphodynamic development. Sensitivity analysis shows the impact of variations in the morphological factor, the active layer thickness, and wind waves. An important but difficult to characterize criterion for a successful application of a BCG run is that it should not lead to a bed composition that fixes the bed so that it dominates the "natural" morphodynamic development of the system. Future research will focus on a decadal morphodynamic hindcast and comparison with measured bathymetries in San Pablo Bay so that the proposed methodology can be tested and optimized. C1 [van der Wegen, Mick; Dastgheib, Ali; Roelvink, Dano] UNESCO IHE, NL-2601 DA Delft, Netherlands. [Jaffe, Bruce E.] USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Roelvink, Dano] Delft Univ Technol, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. [Roelvink, Dano] Deltares, NL-2600 MH Delft, Netherlands. RP van der Wegen, M (reprint author), UNESCO IHE, POB 3015, NL-2601 DA Delft, Netherlands. EM m.vanderwegen@unesco-ihe.org; a.dastgheib@unesco-ihe.org; bjaffe@usgs.gov; d.roelvink@unesco-ihe.org RI Dastgheib, Ali/M-8982-2013; Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012; van der Wegen, Mick/C-6787-2009; OI Dastgheib, Ali/0000-0002-5914-7213; Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920; van der Wegen, Mick/0000-0002-5227-2679; Roelvink, Dano/0000-0002-5367-0003 FU USGS Priority Ecosystem Studies; CALFED; UNESCO-IHE FX This research has been part of the USGS CASCaDE climate change project. The authors wish to acknowledge USGS Priority Ecosystem Studies, CALFED, as well as UNESCO-IHE research funding for making this research possible. NR 33 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1616-7341 J9 OCEAN DYNAM JI Ocean Dyn. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 61 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 173 EP 186 DI 10.1007/s10236-010-0314-2 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 750EQ UT WOS:000289528200003 ER PT J AU Martin, V Pfeiffer, DU Zhou, XY Xiao, XM Prosser, DJ Guo, FS Gilbert, M AF Martin, Vincent Pfeiffer, Dirk U. Zhou, Xiaoyan Xiao, Xiangming Prosser, Diann J. Guo, Fusheng Gilbert, Marius TI Spatial Distribution and Risk Factors of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in China SO PLOS PATHOGENS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CHINA; HONG-KONG; GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION; SUBTYPE H5N1; VIRUS; OUTBREAKS; DUCKS; ASIA; TRANSMISSION; EXPERIENCE AB Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was first encountered in 1996 in Guangdong province (China) and started spreading throughout Asia and the western Palearctic in 2004-2006. Compared to several other countries where the HPAI H5N1 distribution has been studied in some detail, little is known about the environmental correlates of the HPAI H5N1 distribution in China. HPAI H5N1 clinical disease outbreaks, and HPAI virus (HPAIV) H5N1 isolated from active risk-based surveillance sampling of domestic poultry (referred to as HPAIV H5N1 surveillance positives in this manuscript) were modeled separately using seven risk variables: chicken, domestic waterfowl population density, proportion of land covered by rice or surface water, cropping intensity, elevation, and human population density. We used bootstrapped logistic regression and boosted regression trees (BRT) with cross-validation to identify the weight of each variable, to assess the predictive power of the models, and to map the distribution of HPAI H5N1 risk. HPAI H5N1 clinical disease outbreak occurrence in domestic poultry was mainly associated with chicken density, human population density, and elevation. In contrast, HPAIV H5N1 infection identified by risk-based surveillance was associated with domestic waterfowl density, human population density, and the proportion of land covered by surface water. Both models had a high explanatory power (mean AUC ranging from 0.864 to 0.967). The map of HPAIV H5N1 risk distribution based on active surveillance data emphasized areas south of the Yangtze River, while the distribution of reported outbreak risk extended further North, where the density of poultry and humans is higher. We quantified the statistical association between HPAI H5N1 outbreak, HPAIV distribution and post-vaccination levels of seropositivity (percentage of effective post-vaccination seroconversion in vaccinated birds) and found that provinces with either outbreaks or HPAIV H5N1 surveillance positives in 2007-2009 appeared to have had lower antibody response to vaccination. The distribution of HPAI H5N1 risk in China appears more limited geographically than previously assessed, offering prospects for better targeted surveillance and control interventions. C1 [Martin, Vincent; Zhou, Xiaoyan; Guo, Fusheng] UN, FAO, Emergency Ctr Control Transboundary Anim Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Pfeiffer, Dirk U.] Univ London, Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Vet Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Grp, London, England. [Xiao, Xiangming] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Ctr Spatial Anal, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Prosser, Diann J.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. [Prosser, Diann J.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Gilbert, Marius] Univ Libre Brussels, Brussels, Belgium. [Gilbert, Marius] Fonds Natl Rech Sci, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. RP Martin, V (reprint author), UN, FAO, Emergency Ctr Control Transboundary Anim Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM mgilbert@ulb.ac.be RI Pfeiffer, Dirk/C-5002-2009; OI Pfeiffer, Dirk/0000-0001-7000-0530; Gilbert, Marius/0000-0003-3708-3359; Prosser, Diann/0000-0002-5251-1799 FU Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the FAO Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) office in China; National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center through the NSF/NIH [7R01TW007869-04]; China Ministry of Health [2008ZX10004-012]; China Ministry of Science and Technology FX This study was supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the FAO Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) office in China. The study was also supported by the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center through the NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases program (7R01TW007869-04). Dr. Xiao is also supported by the Chinese Special Program for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (No. 2008ZX10004-012) from the China Ministry of Health and China Ministry of Science and Technology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 45 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 35 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1553-7374 J9 PLOS PATHOG JI PLoS Pathog. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 7 IS 3 AR e1001308 DI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001308 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Parasitology; Virology SC Microbiology; Parasitology; Virology GA 743CQ UT WOS:000288994900003 PM 21408202 ER PT J AU Brown, RS Eppard, MB Murchie, KJ Nielsen, JL Cooke, SJ AF Brown, Richard S. Eppard, M. Brad Murchie, Karen J. Nielsen, Jennifer L. Cooke, Steven J. TI An introduction to the practical and ethical perspectives on the need to advance and standardize the intracoelomic surgical implantation of electronic tags in fish SO REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material DE Surgery; Tagging; Transmitter; Telemetry ID TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS; BIOTELEMETRY; RESEARCHERS; RETENTION; OPINIONS; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY; SALMON AB The intracoelomic surgical implantation of electronic tags (including radio and acoustic telemetry transmitters, passive integrated transponders and archival biologgers) is frequently used for conducting studies on fish. Electronic tagging studies provide information on the spatial ecology, behavior and survival of fish in marine and freshwater systems. However, any surgical procedure, particularly one where a laparotomy is performed and the coelomic cavity is opened, has the potential to alter the survival, behavior or condition of the animal which can impair welfare and introduce bias. Given that management, regulatory and conservation decisions are based on the assumption that fish implanted with electronic tags have similar fates and behavior relative to untagged conspecifics, it is critical to ensure that best surgical practices are being used. Also, the current lack of standardized surgical procedures and reporting of specific methodological details precludes cross-study and cross-year analyses which would further progress the field of fisheries science. This compilation of papers seeks to identify the best practices for the entire intracoelomic tagging procedure including pre- and post-operative care, anesthesia, wound closure, and use of antibiotics. Although there is a particular focus on salmonid smolts given the large body of literature available on that group, other life-stages and species of fish are discussed where there is sufficient knowledge. Additional papers explore the role of the veterinarian in fish surgeries, the need for minimal standards in the training of fish surgeons, providing a call for more complete and transparent procedures, and identifying trends in procedures and research needs. Collectively, this body of knowledge should help to improve data quality (including comparability and repeatability), enhance management and conservation strategies, and maintain the welfare status of tagged fish. C1 [Brown, Richard S.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Ecol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Eppard, M. Brad] US Army Corps Engineers, Portland, OR 97208 USA. [Murchie, Karen J.; Cooke, Steven J.] Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Fish Ecol & Conservat Physiol Lab, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Murchie, Karen J.; Cooke, Steven J.] Carleton Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Nielsen, Jennifer L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Brown, RS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Ecol Grp, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999,MSIN K6-85, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM rich.brown@pnl.gov RI Cooke, Steven/F-4193-2010 OI Cooke, Steven/0000-0002-5407-0659 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 30 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3166 EI 1573-5184 J9 REV FISH BIOL FISHER JI Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 21 IS 1 SI SI BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1007/s11160-010-9183-5 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 726WG UT WOS:000287756700001 ER PT J AU Cooke, SJ Woodley, CM Eppard, MB Brown, RS Nielsen, JL AF Cooke, Steven J. Woodley, Christa M. Eppard, M. Brad Brown, Richard S. Nielsen, Jennifer L. TI Advancing the surgical implantation of electronic tags in fish: a gap analysis and research agenda based on a review of trends in intracoelomic tagging effects studies SO REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE Surgery; Biotelemetry; Behavior; Electronic tags ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDERS; IMPLANTING RADIO TRANSMITTERS; DUMMY ACOUSTIC TRANSMITTERS; ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA; CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO; HYBRID STRIPED BASS; LONG-TERM RETENTION; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; RAINBOW-TROUT AB Early approaches to surgical implantation of electronic tags in fish were often through trial and error, however, in recent years there has been an interest in using scientific research to identify techniques and procedures that improve the outcome of surgical procedures and determine the effects of tagging on individuals. Here we summarize the trends in 108 peer-reviewed electronic tagging effect studies focused on intracoleomic implantation to determine opportunities for future research. To date, almost all of the studies have been conducted in freshwater, typically in laboratory environments, and have focused on biotelemetry devices. The majority of studies have focused on salmonids, cyprinids, ictalurids and centrarchids, with a regional bias towards North America, Europe and Australia. Most studies have focused on determining whether there is a negative effect of tagging relative to control fish, with proportionally fewer that have contrasted different aspects of the surgical procedure (e.g., methods of sterilization, incision location, wound closure material) that could advance the discipline. Many of these studies included routine endpoints such as mortality, growth, healing and tag retention, with fewer addressing sublethal measures such as swimming ability, predator avoidance, physiological costs, or fitness. Continued research is needed to further elevate the practice of electronic tag implantation in fish in order to ensure that the data generated are relevant to untagged conspecifics (i.e., no long-term behavioural or physiological consequences) and the surgical procedure does not impair the health and welfare status of the tagged fish. To that end, we advocate for (1) rigorous controlled manipulations based on statistical designs that have adequate power, account for inter-individual variation, and include controls and shams, (2) studies that transcend the laboratory and the field with more studies in marine waters, (3) incorporation of knowledge and techniques emerging from the medical and veterinary disciplines, (4) addressing all components of the surgical event, (5) comparative studies that evaluate the same surgical techniques on multiple species and in different environments, (6) consideration of how biotic factors (e.g., sex, age, size) influence tagging outcomes, and (7) studies that cover a range of endpoints over ecologically relevant time periods. C1 [Cooke, Steven J.] Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Fish Ecol & Conservat Physiol Lab, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Cooke, Steven J.] Carleton Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Woodley, Christa M.; Brown, Richard S.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Ecol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Eppard, M. Brad] US Army Corps Engineers, Portland Dist Off, Portland, OR USA. [Nielsen, Jennifer L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Cooke, SJ (reprint author), Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Fish Ecol & Conservat Physiol Lab, 1125 Colonel Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. EM Steven_Cooke@carleton.ca RI Cooke, Steven/F-4193-2010 OI Cooke, Steven/0000-0002-5407-0659 FU United States Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District under Pacific Northwest National Laboratory [DE-AC05-76RL01830] FX Cooke was supported by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District under contract from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Contract # DE-AC05-76RL01830). Additional support was provided by Carleton University, the Canada Research Chairs Program, and the Ocean Telemetry Network Canada. Chris Holbrook, Karen Murchie and an anonymous referee kindly provided comments on the manuscript. Any reference to trade names does not indicate endorsement by the US Federal Government. NR 134 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 52 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3166 EI 1573-5184 J9 REV FISH BIOL FISHER JI Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 21 IS 1 SI SI BP 127 EP 151 DI 10.1007/s11160-010-9193-3 PG 25 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 726WG UT WOS:000287756700012 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ AF Twedt, Daniel J. TI Common Grackle Breeding on Bottomland Forest Restoration Sites SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; QUISCALUS-QUISCULA; NEST SUCCESS; HABITAT; BIRD; REPRODUCTION; CONSERVATION; BLACKBIRDS; VEGETATION; URBAN AB Two of 36 forest restoration sites in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley surveyed from 2000-2002 harbored Quiscalus quiscula (Common Grackle). Occupied sites were in less-forested landscapes and had sparser understory vegetation due to flooding. Probability of daily nest survival (0.9077) of 169 Common Grackle nests was influenced by nest-placement, temporal, and landscape effects. Age of nest markedly affected nest survival, which increased from <0.89 during egg laying (age < 6 days) to >0.92 when nestlings were present (age > 18 days). Extrapolating daily nest survival to a 31-day nest period resulted in 5% nest success, far less then previously estimated for this species in more northern latitudes and likely less than required to sustain populations on these sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. EM dtwedt@usgs.gov OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 FU US Geological Survey; US Fish and Wildlife Service; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; University of Georgia FX Support for this project was provided by the US Geological Survey, US Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and University of Georgia. I thank S. Somershoe, M. Huskey, and M. Hunt for field assistance. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Mississippi Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Parks, and private landowners graciously allowed access to study sites. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 10 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 EI 1938-5412 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 10 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1656/058.010.0101 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 976RB UT WOS:000306600900001 ER PT J AU Larson, ER Magoulick, DD AF Larson, Eric R. Magoulick, Daniel D. TI Life-History Notes on Cambarus hubbsi Creaser (Hubbs Crayfish) from the South Fork Spring River, Arkansas SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID STREAM-DWELLING CRAYFISH; INVASIVE CRAYFISH; ORCONECTES-EUPUNCTUS; LOTIC CRAYFISH; FRESH-WATER; HABITAT USE; MISSOURI; DRAINAGE; SIZE; DISPLACEMENT AB Many crayfish species native to the southeastern United States are imperiled due to small range sizes and anthropogenic impacts such as habitat loss and introduction of non-native species. Furthermore, effective management of crayfish is limited by the scarcity of life-history and ecological data for many of these species. We report results of the first life-history study of the crayfish Cambarus hubbsi (Hubbs Crayfish). We collected 466 Hubbs Crayfish from the South Fork Spring River, AR throughout 2006 and recorded carapace lengths, wet weights, indicators of reproductive activity, and number of eggs on ovigerous females. Using length-frequency distributions, we identified four Hubbs Crayfish age classes and evaluated growth rates by plotting size by season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Male Hubbs Crayfish were more common than females in all seasons except autumn, and males weighed more at equivalent lengths than females. Reproductive activity in Hubbs Crayfish peaked in late winter and spring, and ovigerous females were collected in March, April, and June. Ovigerous females were age II or III and carried few eggs relative to co-occurring crayfish of the genus Orconectes. Compared to these Orconectes species, Hubbs Crayfish is comparatively slow growing, long lived, with low reproductive potential, and as a result may be categorized as a K life-history strategist. Based on this species' life-history strategy and previously documented habitat specificity and taxonomic distinctiveness, Hubbs Crayfish may require monitoring and management attention normally reserved for species with smaller ranges. C1 [Larson, Eric R.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Magoulick, Daniel D.] Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Larson, ER (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM lars9570@u.washington.edu RI Larson, Eric/H-3528-2012; Larson, Eric/P-8253-2016 OI Larson, Eric/0000-0002-9232-5907 FU Arkansas Game and Fish Commission; University of Arkansas; US Geological Survey; Wildlife Management Institute FX This research was supported by a grant from the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. The Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is supported by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, University of Arkansas, US Geological Survey, and the Wildlife Management Institute. We are grateful to the South Fork Resort, Saddle, AR for providing site access. This manuscript was improved through comments and suggestions from John Aho, Shawna Herleth-King, Jacob Westhoff, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 15 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 10 IS 1 BP 121 EP 132 DI 10.1656/058.010.0110 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 976RB UT WOS:000306600900010 ER PT J AU Bettoli, PW Goldsworthy, C AF Bettoli, Phillip W. Goldsworthy, Cory TI Larval Fish Dynamics in Spring Pools in Middle Tennessee SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-TRAP; GAMBUSIA-HOLBROOKI; MOSQUITOFISH; CHRONOLOGY; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; RIVER; LAKE AB We used lighted larval traps to assess reproduction by fishes inhabiting nine spring pools in the Barrens Plateau region of middle Tennessee between May and September 2004. The traps (n = 162 deployments) captured the larval or juvenile forms of Etheostoma crossopterum (Fringed Darter) (n = 188), Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish) (n = 139), Hemitremia flammea (Flame Chub) (n = 55), the imperiled Fundulus julisia (Barrens Topminnow) (n = 10), and Forbesichthys agassizii (Spring Cavefish) (n = 1). The larval forms of four other species (Families Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae, and Cottidae) were not collected, despite the presence of adults. Larval Barrens Topminnow hatched over a protracted period (early June through late September); in contrast, hatching intervals were much shorter for Fringed Darter (mid-May through early June). Flame Chub hatching began before our first samples in early May and concluded by late-May. Juvenile Western Mosquitofish were collected between early June and late August. Our sampling revealed that at least two species (Flame Chub and Fringed Darter) were able to reproduce and recruit in habitats harboring the invasive Western Mosquitofish, while Barrens Topminnow could not. C1 [Bettoli, Phillip W.] Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. [Goldsworthy, Cory] Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Bettoli, PW (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Box 5114, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM pbettoli@tntech.edu FU Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Nature Conservancy of Tennessee; Center for the Management, Utilization, and Protection of Water Resources at Tennessee Technological University; US Geological Survey FX Funding and support for this project was provided by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy of Tennessee. Additional support was provided by the Center for the Management, Utilization, and Protection of Water Resources at Tennessee Technological University, and the US Geological Survey. This manuscript benefited from the constructive comments offered by A. George, S. Chipps, G. Adams, and an anonymous reviewer. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 10 IS 1 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1656/058.010.0112 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 976RB UT WOS:000306600900012 ER PT J AU Berdeen, JB Otis, DL AF Berdeen, James B. Otis, David L. TI An Observation of a Partially Albinistic Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID AGE AB Three of the 4 forms of albinism that occur in avifauna have been detected in Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove). Albinism is rare in this species, and the incidence rate of each age and sex cohort is not well known. Consequently, we examined the pigmentation of Mourning Doves encountered in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, and classified the age and sex of all individuals. One adult male Mourning Dove had unusually light coloration of some feathers and the upper mandible. This pigmentation is consistent with partial albinism. This was the only individual out of 10,749 examined that appeared to be albinistic. This low incidence rate of albinism supports the conclusion that this condition is relatively rare in Mourning Doves (Mirarchi 1993). C1 [Berdeen, James B.] Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Otis, David L.] Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Berdeen, JB (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Wetland Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, 102 23rd St NE, Bemidji, MN 56601 USA. EM james.berdeen@gmail.com FU US Fish and Wildlife Service Webless Migratory Upland Game Bird Research Fund; USGS - Biological Resources Division South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (DNR); South Carolina Public Service Authority; Clemson University; Safari Club International FX Funding for this project was provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service Webless Migratory Upland Game Bird Research Fund, USGS - Biological Resources Division South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (DNR), South Carolina Public Service Authority (Santee Cooper), Clemson University, and Safari Club International. Logistical support was provided by Santee NWR and DNR personnel. Employees of the Clemson University Godley-Snell Research Center provided digital photo images of the albinistic Mourning Dove. We thank M. Anteau, J. Burnham III, L. Cookman, C. Grondin, A. Hutchins, and K. Sughrue for assistance with field research. D. Rave provided helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 10 IS 1 BP 185 EP 188 DI 10.1656/058.010.0117 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 976RB UT WOS:000306600900017 ER PT J AU Gumma, MK Thenkabail, PS Nelson, A AF Gumma, Murali Krishna Thenkabail, Prasad S. Nelson, Andrew TI Mapping Irrigated Areas Using MODIS 250 Meter Time-Series Data: A Study on Krishna River Basin (India) SO WATER LA English DT Article DE ground water irrigated areas; MODIS; NDVI; irrigated areas; Krishna Basin ID AVHRR DATA; CLASSIFICATION; PRIORITIES AB Mapping irrigated areas of a river basin is important in terms of assessing water use and food security. This paper describes an innovative remote sensing based vegetation phenological approach to map irrigated areas and then the differentiates the ground water irrigated areas from the surface water irrigated areas in the Krishna river basin (26,575,200 hectares) in India using MODIS 250 meter every 8-day near continuous time-series data for 2000-2001. Temporal variations in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) pattern obtained in irrigated classes enabled demarcation between: (a) irrigated surface water double crop, (b) irrigated surface water continuous crop, and (c) irrigated ground water mixed crops. The NDVI patterns were found to be more consistent in areas irrigated with ground water due to the continuity of water supply. Surface water availability, on the other hand, was dependent on canal water release that affected time of crop sowing and growth stages, which was in turn reflected in the NDVI pattern. Double cropped and light irrigation have relatively late onset of greenness, because they use canal water from reservoirs that drain large catchments and take weeks to fill. Minor irrigation and ground water irrigated areas have early onset of greenness because they drain smaller catchments where aquifers and reservoirs fill more quickly. Vegetation phonologies of 9 distinct classes consisting of Irrigated, rainfed, and other land use classes were also derived using MODIS 250 meter near continuous time-series data that were tested and verified using groundtruth data, Google Earth very high resolution (sub-meter to 4 meter) imagery, and state-level census data. Fuzzy classification accuracies for most classes were around 80% with class mixing mainly between various irrigated classes. The areas estimated from MODIS were highly correlated with census data (R-squared value of 0.86). C1 [Gumma, Murali Krishna; Nelson, Andrew] Int Rice Res Inst, Los Banos 7777, Philippines. [Thenkabail, Prasad S.] US Geol Survey, SW Geog Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Gumma, MK (reprint author), Int Rice Res Inst, Los Banos 7777, Philippines. EM m.gumma@irri.org; pthenkabail@usgs.gov; a.nelson@irri.org RI Nelson, Andrew/G-3649-2012 OI Nelson, Andrew/0000-0002-7249-3778 FU International Water Management (IWMI); Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR) FX The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the International Water Management (IWMI) and Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR). We would like to also thank Paul Pavelic, Senior Researcher, IWMI, and Hyderabad who was encouraging during initial stage. The authors would like to thank Sreedhar Acharya for providing census data. The MODIS data were provided through Earth Observing system data and Information System (EOSDIS), so we would like to thank them for this wonderful service. The paper is not internally reviewed by the US Geological Survey (USGS), and the opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors and not those of USGS. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 11 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2073-4441 J9 WATER-SUI JI Water PD MAR PY 2011 VL 3 IS 1 BP 113 EP 131 DI 10.3390/w3010113 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 053ES UT WOS:000312254300006 ER PT J AU Mcroberts, JT Butler, MJ Ballard, WB Wallace, MC Whitlaw, HA Haukos, DA AF Mcroberts, Jon T. Butler, Matthew J. Ballard, Warren B. Wallace, Mark C. Whitlaw, Heather A. Haukos, David A. TI Response of Lesser Prairie-Chickens on Leks to Aerial Surveys SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; behavior; disturbance; helicopter; lek; lesser prairie-chicken; New Mexico; Texas; Tympanuchus pallidicinctus AB Aerial surveys can be used to detect and monitor lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) leks, but the need exists to understand the response of lesser prairie-chickens to survey aircraft. We conducted lek surveys in Texas and New Mexico, USA, using an R-22 Beta II helicopter and R-44 Raven II helicopter. We observed the behavior of lesser prairie-chickens at 44 leks during aerial lek surveys. We observed flush responses of 38.5% (20.2-59.4%; 95% CI) and 50.0% (26.0-74.0%) from the R-22 and R-44, respectively. We found no difference in flush response between helicopter types (P = 0.326). We used logistic regression models to predict lesser prairie-chicken flush response to aerial surveys. We found that distance from the transect was the most important flush response predictor during helicopter surveys. When flushed, lesser prairie-chickens returned to the lek and resumed predisturbance behavior in 7.0 +/- 2.6 min (mean +/- 95% CI). Our results suggest aerial surveys can be conducted without disruption to the lesser prairie-chicken lek dynamic. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Mcroberts, Jon T.; Butler, Matthew J.; Ballard, Warren B.; Wallace, Mark C.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Whitlaw, Heather A.] Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Haukos, David A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Mcroberts, JT (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, POB 42125, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM jon.mcroberts@ttu.edu FU Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act under Pittman-Robertson project [W-126-R]; Dr. Donald and Sammie Bricker Foundation; Houston Safari Club FX We thank J. Bonner, D. Lucia, D. Wright, and D. Holdstock, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), for their commitment to the success of this project. We also thank V. Bevill and R. Roegner, TPWD, for their support in project funding by the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act under Pittman-Robertson project W-126-R. J. Hughes, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P. McDaniel, The Nature Conservancy, and E. Jaquez and T. Allen, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, were of great assistance in logistical support during this study. We thank technicians E. Bruns and L. (Rucker) Parks for their hard work, and thank R. Herbert, S. Rode, and A. Teague for conducting ground observations. We are grateful to the private landowners of Texas and New Mexico for allowing us to monitor leks on their property. We also thank Texas Tech University Department of Natural Resources Management graduate and undergraduate students for volunteering for project field work. Financial support from the Dr. Donald and Sammie Bricker Foundation and the Houston Safari Club was greatly appreciated. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD MAR PY 2011 VL 35 IS 1 BP 27 EP 31 DI 10.1002/wsb.1 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GT UT WOS:000209332600006 ER PT J AU McNutt, SR AF McNutt, Stephen R. TI EARTH SCIENCE Volcanic tremor wags on SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEISMICITY C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP McNutt, SR (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, 903 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM steve@giseis.alaska.edu NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 24 PY 2011 VL 470 IS 7335 BP 471 EP 472 DI 10.1038/470471a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 725NT UT WOS:000287652900026 PM 21350475 ER PT J AU Fawcett, PJ Werne, JP Anderson, RS Heikoop, JM Brown, ET Berke, MA Smith, SJ Goff, F Donohoo-Hurley, L Cisneros-Dozal, LM Schouten, S Damste, JSS Huang, YS Toney, J Fessenden, J WoldeGabriel, G Atudorei, V Geissman, JW Allen, CD AF Fawcett, Peter J. Werne, Josef P. Anderson, R. Scott Heikoop, Jeffrey M. Brown, Erik T. Berke, Melissa A. Smith, Susan J. Goff, Fraser Donohoo-Hurley, Linda Cisneros-Dozal, Luz M. Schouten, Stefan Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe Huang, Yongsong Toney, Jaime Fessenden, Julianna WoldeGabriel, Giday Atudorei, Viorel Geissman, John W. Allen, Craig D. TI Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID PAST 800,000 YEARS; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; NORTH-AMERICA; DROUGHT; MONSOON; RECONSTRUCTIONS; TRANSITION; ATLANTIC; AFRICA; RECORD AB The potential for increased drought frequency and severity linked to anthropogenic climate change in the semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States (US) is a serious concern(1). Multi-year droughts during the instrumental period(2) and decadal-length droughts of the past two millennia(1,3) were shorter and climatically different from the future permanent, 'dust-bowl-like' mega-drought conditions, lasting decades to a century, that are predicted as a consequence of warming(4). So far, it has been unclear whether or not such megadroughts occurred in the southwestern US, and, if so, with what regularity and intensity. Here we show that periods of aridity lasting centuries to millennia occurred in the southwestern US during mid-Pleistocene interglacials. Using molecular palaeo-temperature proxies(5) to reconstruct the mean annual temperature (MAT) in mid-Pleistocene lacustrine sediment from the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, we found that the driest conditions occurred during the warmest phases of interglacials, when the MAT was comparable to or higher than the modern MAT. A collapse of drought-tolerant C(4) plant communities during these warm, dry intervals indicates a significant reduction in summer precipitation, possibly in response to a poleward migration of the subtropical dry zone. Three MAT cycles similar to 2 degrees C in amplitude occurred within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 and seem to correspond to the muted precessional cycles within this interglacial. In comparison with MIS 11, MIS 13 experienced higher precessional-cycle amplitudes, larger variations in MAT (4-6 degrees C) and a longer period of extended warmth, suggesting that local insolation variations were important to interglacial climatic variability in the southwestern US. Comparison of the early MIS 11 climate record with the Holocene record shows many similarities and implies that, in the absence of anthropogenic forcing, the region should be entering a cooler and wetter phase. C1 [Fawcett, Peter J.; Goff, Fraser; Donohoo-Hurley, Linda; Atudorei, Viorel; Geissman, John W.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Werne, Josef P.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem & Biochem, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Werne, Josef P.; Brown, Erik T.; Berke, Melissa A.] Univ Minnesota, Large Lakes Observ, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Brown, Erik T.; Berke, Melissa A.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol Sci, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Werne, Josef P.] Univ Western Australia, Ctr Water Res, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. [Werne, Josef P.] Curtin Univ Technol, WA Organ & Isotope Geochem Ctr, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia. [Anderson, R. Scott; Fessenden, Julianna; WoldeGabriel, Giday] Univ Arizona, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Anderson, R. Scott; Smith, Susan J.] Univ Arizona, Bilby Res Ctr, Lab Paleoecol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Heikoop, Jeffrey M.; Cisneros-Dozal, Luz M.; Toney, Jaime] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Schouten, Stefan; Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe] NIOZ Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Organ Biogeochem, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. [Huang, Yongsong] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Allen, Craig D.] USGS Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Fawcett, PJ (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM fawcett@unm.edu RI Heikoop, Jeffrey/C-1163-2011; Toney, Jaime/I-5083-2012; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011; OI Toney, Jaime/0000-0003-3182-6887; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854; Heikoop, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7648-3385 FU NSF; IGPP LANL; USGS Western Mountain Initiative; Gledden Fellowship FX We thank A. Mets for analytical support, W. McIntosh for the Ar-Ar age determination, T. Wawrzyniec and A. Ellwein for drilling help, and the Valles Caldera Trust for permission to drill in the Valle Grande. Core assistance was provided by LRC/LacCore. This work was supported by the NSF Paleoclimate and P2C2 programs, IGPP LANL and the USGS Western Mountain Initiative. Support from the Gledden Fellowship is acknowledged. This work forms contribution 2399-JW at the Centre for Water Research, The University of Western Australia and contribution 131 at the Laboratory of Paleoecology, Northern Arizona University. NR 28 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 6 U2 114 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 24 PY 2011 VL 470 IS 7335 BP 518 EP 521 DI 10.1038/nature09839 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 725NT UT WOS:000287652900038 PM 21350483 ER PT J AU Murcia, S Kerans, BL MacConnell, E Koel, TM AF Murcia, Silvia Kerans, Billie L. MacConnell, Elizabeth Koel, Todd M. TI Correlation of environmental attributes with histopathology of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout naturally infected with Myxobolus cerebralis SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Whirling disease; Pathogen; Invasion-environment synergism; Canonical correlation; Yellowstone ecosystem ID SALMONID WHIRLING-DISEASE; SNAKE RIVER CUTTHROAT; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MYXOSOMA-CEREBRALIS; PARASITE; HOST; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPOSURE; SURVIVAL AB Infection by the invasive parasite Myxobolus cerebralis (causing whirling disease in salmonids) is strongly influenced by a stream's physico-chemical characteristics, which might affect host pathology. We examined whether environmental variables of a M. cerebralis-positive tributary to Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA, correlated with the histopathology of naturally infected native cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri. Host inflammatory response and cranial cartilage lesions were the main correlates with whirling behavior. Canonical correlation analyses showed that the prevalence of trout with severe lesions in the cranial and jaw cartilages was highest in stream sites with a combination of high temperature and low specific conductivity. Our results reveal that environmental components can affect when and where a pathogen resides within the host, and manifestation of disease. Recognition of the synergism among environmental and histopathology factors most conducive to whirling disease will increase our prediction and detection abilities for M. cerebralis in salmonid hosts. C1 [Murcia, Silvia; Kerans, Billie L.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [MacConnell, Elizabeth] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Hlth Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. [Koel, Todd M.] Ctr Resources, Fisheries & Aquat Sci Sect, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. RP Murcia, S (reprint author), Univ Magallanes, Inst Patagonia, Dept Sci & Nat Resources, Punta Arenas, Chilean Antarct, Chile. EM silvia.murcia@umag.cl FU Whirling Disease Initiative of the National Partnership on Management of Wild and Native Cold Water Fisheries; Center for Resources-Yellowstone National Park; Rocky Mountain Center for Ecosystems Studies Unit (National Park Service); Montana State University-Bozeman; Chilean National Commission for Research in Science and Technology (CONICYT) [PDA-10]; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity and its LTSER Network FX This research was made possible by funding from the Whirling Disease Initiative of the National Partnership on Management of Wild and Native Cold Water Fisheries, the Center for Resources-Yellowstone National Park, the Rocky Mountain Center for Ecosystems Studies Unit (National Park Service), and a Graduate Assistantship from Montana State University-Bozeman. The manuscript was improved by comments from 2 reviewers; part of its preparation was supported by a post-doctoral contract to S. M. through funds from the Chilean National Commission for Research in Science and Technology (CONICYT) Bicentennial Program (PBCT) Project PDA-10 to A. Mansilla, University of Magallanes-Omora Ethnobotanical Park (www.umag.cl/williams; www.omora.org), Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity and its LTSER Network (www.ieb-chile.cl/ltser). NR 56 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD FEB 22 PY 2011 VL 93 IS 3 BP 225 EP 234 DI 10.3354/dao02295 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 725TC UT WOS:000287668000006 PM 21516975 ER PT J AU Gomez-Uchida, D Seeb, JE Smith, MJ Habicht, C Quinn, TP Seeb, LW AF Gomez-Uchida, Daniel Seeb, James E. Smith, Matt J. Habicht, Christopher Quinn, Thomas P. Seeb, Lisa W. TI Single nucleotide polymorphisms unravel hierarchical divergence and signatures of selection among Alaskan sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations SO BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; ATLANTIC SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; GENETIC-VARIATION; CHINOOK SALMON; LOCAL ADAPTATION; NATURAL-SELECTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ALLELE FREQUENCY; KVICHAK RIVER AB Background: Disentangling the roles of geography and ecology driving population divergence and distinguishing adaptive from neutral evolution at the molecular level have been common goals among evolutionary and conservation biologists. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) multilocus genotypes for 31 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations from the Kvichak River, Alaska, we assessed the relative roles of geography (discrete boundaries or continuous distance) and ecology (spawning habitat and timing) driving genetic divergence in this species at varying spatial scales within the drainage. We also evaluated two outlier detection methods to characterize candidate SNPs responding to environmental selection, emphasizing which mechanism(s) may maintain the genetic variation of outlier loci. Results: For the entire drainage, Mantel tests suggested a greater role of geographic distance on population divergence than differences in spawn timing when each variable was correlated with pairwise genetic distances. Clustering and hierarchical analyses of molecular variance indicated that the largest genetic differentiation occurred between populations from distinct lakes or subdrainages. Within one population-rich lake, however, Mantel tests suggested a greater role of spawn timing than geographic distance on population divergence when each variable was correlated with pairwise genetic distances. Variable spawn timing among populations was linked to specific spawning habitats as revealed by principal coordinate analyses. We additionally identified two outlier SNPs located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II that appeared robust to violations of demographic assumptions from an initial pool of eight candidates for selection. Conclusions: First, our results suggest that geography and ecology have influenced genetic divergence between Alaskan sockeye salmon populations in a hierarchical manner depending on the spatial scale. Second, we found consistent evidence for diversifying selection in two loci located in the MHC class II by means of outlier detection methods; yet, alternative scenarios for the evolution of these loci were also evaluated. Both conclusions argue that historical contingency and contemporary adaptation have likely driven differentiation between Kvichak River sockeye salmon populations, as revealed by a suite of SNPs. Our findings highlight the need for conservation of complex population structure, because it provides resilience in the face of environmental change, both natural and anthropogenic. C1 [Gomez-Uchida, Daniel; Seeb, James E.; Smith, Matt J.; Quinn, Thomas P.; Seeb, Lisa W.] Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Smith, Matt J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. [Habicht, Christopher] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Commercial Fisheries, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Gomez-Uchida, D (reprint author), Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, 1122 Boat St NE,Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dgu@uw.edu FU State of Alaska; Alaska Disaster Grant; National Park Service; US Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Subsistence Management, North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission; North Pacific Research Board; National Marine Fisheries Service; Bristol Bay Science and Research Institute; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation FX Building the baseline for sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay has been ongoing since the mid-1990s and has been financially supported through funding from the State of Alaska, Alaska Disaster Grant, National Park Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Subsistence Management, North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, North Pacific Research Board, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Bristol Bay Science and Research Institute. We thank the many people who helped collect samples used in the baseline, including S. Morstad and other staff from Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) King Salmon office; Gregory Buck and Harry B. Rich, Jr. (University of Washington); C. A. Woody (U. S. Geological Survey), D. Young (National Park Service); and K. Ramstad (University of Montana). We thank the dedicated ADF&G laboratory staff who processed the samples and I. Stewart for facilitating a matrix of geographic distances between populations for the Kvichak subdrainage. We also thank M. Ackerman, L. Creelman, J. Lin, M. McGlauflin, K. O'Malley, and two anonymous reviewers for suggestions on earlier versions of the manuscript. C. Pascal helped with the analysis of SNPs within MHC class II genes. S. Kalinowski and T. Seamons stimulated discussions about the methodological approaches used in the study. Funding for the analysis and writing of this manuscript was provided by a grant to the University of Washington from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. NR 97 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 30 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2148 J9 BMC EVOL BIOL JI BMC Evol. Biol. PD FEB 18 PY 2011 VL 11 AR 48 DI 10.1186/1471-2148-11-48 PG 17 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 748SN UT WOS:000289411800002 PM 21332997 ER PT J AU Ruppert, NA Prejean, S Hansen, RA AF Ruppert, Natalia A. Prejean, Stephanie Hansen, Roger A. TI Seismic swarm associated with the 2008 eruption of Kasatochi Volcano, Alaska: Earthquake locations and source parameters SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LONG VALLEY CALDERA; SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CALIFORNIA; STRESS; RELOCATION; DEFORMATION; MECHANISMS; ALGORITHM AB An energetic seismic swarm accompanied an eruption of Kasatochi Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc in August of 2008. In retrospect, the first earthquakes in the swarm were detected about 1 month prior to the eruption onset. Activity in the swarm quickly intensified less than 48 h prior to the first large explosion and subsequently subsided with decline of eruptive activity. The largest earthquake measured as moment magnitude 5.8, and a dozen additional earthquakes were larger than magnitude 4. The swarm exhibited both tectonic and volcanic characteristics. Its shear failure earthquake features were b value = 0.9, most earthquakes with impulsive P and S arrivals and higher-frequency content, and earthquake faulting parameters consistent with regional tectonic stresses. Its volcanic or fluid-influenced seismicity features were volcanic tremor, large CLVD components in moment tensor solutions, and increasing magnitudes with time. Earthquake location tests suggest that the earthquakes occurred in a distributed volume elongated in the NS direction either directly under the volcano or within 5-10 km south of it. Following the MW 5.8 event, earthquakes occurred in a new crustal volume slightly east and north of the previous earthquakes. The central Aleutian Arc is a tectonically active region with seismicity occurring in the crusts of the Pacific and North American plates in addition to interplate events. We postulate that the Kasatochi seismic swarm was a manifestation of the complex interaction of tectonic and magmatic processes in the Earth's crust. Although magmatic intrusion triggered the earthquakes in the swarm, the earthquakes failed in context of the regional stress field. C1 [Ruppert, Natalia A.; Hansen, Roger A.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Earthquake Informat Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Prejean, Stephanie] USGS, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Ruppert, NA (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Earthquake Informat Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM natasha@gi.alaska.edu FU Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Office of the Alaska State Seismologist FX The authors thank the U. S. Fish and Wildlife service for providing felt reports of seismicity on Kasatochi Island. We also thank anonymous reviewers, Michelle Coombs, and John Power for constructive reviews. Financial support in part was provided by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks and Office of the Alaska State Seismologist (N.A.R. and R.A.H.). Moment tensors were computed using the tdmt-invc package developed by Douglas Dreger of the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, and Green's functions were computed using FKRPROG software developed by Chandan Saikia with URS Granger, Woodward Clyde Federal Services. MATLAB and GMT were used to make figures and plots. AVO seismic stations used in this study were originally installed with funding from the Federal Aviation Administration. Parametric earthquake data is from the AEIC earthquake catalog. Waveform data was recorded by AVO, AEIC and GSN stations in the central NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 18 PY 2011 VL 116 AR B00B07 DI 10.1029/2010JB007435 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 723VL UT WOS:000287535300001 ER PT J AU Aeby, GS Williams, GJ Franklin, EC Haapkyla, J Harvell, CD Neale, S Page, CA Raymundo, L Vargas-Angel, B Willis, BL Work, TM Davy, SK AF Aeby, Greta S. Williams, Gareth J. Franklin, Erik C. Haapkyla, Jessica Harvell, C. Drew Neale, Stephen Page, Cathie A. Raymundo, Laurie Vargas-Angel, Bernardo Willis, Bette L. Work, Thierry M. Davy, Simon K. TI Growth Anomalies on the Coral Genera Acropora and Porites Are Strongly Associated with Host Density and Human Population Size across the Indo-Pacific SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID BLACK BAND DISEASE; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; NORTHERN FLORIDA-KEYS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AB Growth anomalies (GAs) are common, tumor-like diseases that can cause significant morbidity and decreased fecundity in the major Indo-Pacific reef-building coral genera, Acropora and Porites. GAs are unusually tractable for testing hypotheses about drivers of coral disease because of their pan-Pacific distributions, relatively high occurrence, and unambiguous ease of identification. We modeled multiple disease-environment associations that may underlie the prevalence of Acropora growth anomalies (AGA) (n = 304 surveys) and Porites growth anomalies (PGA) (n = 602 surveys) from across the Indo-Pacific. Nine predictor variables were modeled, including coral host abundance, human population size, and sea surface temperature and ultra-violet radiation anomalies. Prevalence of both AGAs and PGAs were strongly host density-dependent. PGAs additionally showed strong positive associations with human population size. Although this association has been widely posited, this is one of the first broad-scale studies unambiguously linking a coral disease with human population size. These results emphasize that individual coral diseases can show relatively distinct patterns of association with environmental predictors, even in similar diseases (growth anomalies) found on different host genera (Acropora vs. Porites). As human densities and environmental degradation increase globally, the prevalence of coral diseases like PGAs could increase accordingly, halted only perhaps by declines in host density below thresholds required for disease establishment. C1 [Aeby, Greta S.; Franklin, Erik C.] Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI USA. [Williams, Gareth J.; Davy, Simon K.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Biol Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. [Williams, Gareth J.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Haapkyla, Jessica; Neale, Stephen; Page, Cathie A.; Willis, Bette L.] James Cook Univ, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. [Haapkyla, Jessica; Neale, Stephen; Page, Cathie A.; Willis, Bette L.] James Cook Univ, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. [Harvell, C. Drew] Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY USA. [Harvell, C. Drew] Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. [Raymundo, Laurie] Univ Guam, Marine Lab, Univ Guam UOG Stn, Mangilao, GU 96923 USA. [Vargas-Angel, Bernardo] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Work, Thierry M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Aeby, GS (reprint author), Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI USA. EM greta@hawaii.edu; gareth@ucsd.edu RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO); National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NAS5-03117]; Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (NWHICRER) [MOA-2005-008/6882]; Australian Research Council; Global Environment Fund (GEF)/World Bank CRTR Program Coral Disease Working Group; NOAA; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center's Coral Reef Ecosystem Division; Victoria University of Wellington (VUW); New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship; National Geographic Society FX Funding: Human population data was provided by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO); and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) with funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NAS5-03117 for the Continued Operation of the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). GA gratefully acknowledges funding from the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (NWHICRER MOA-2005-008/6882). BW acknowledges funding from the Australian Research Council and the Global Environment Fund (GEF)/World Bank CRTR Program Coral Disease Working Group. BVA's work was supported by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program and the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center's Coral Reef Ecosystem Division. GW was supported by a Victoria University of Wellington (VUW) Vice-Chancellor's Strategic Research Scholarship and a New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship. GW was additionally funded by grants from the National Geographic Society and the VUW Research Fund awarded to SD. LR was supported by the GEF/CRTR and the NOAA Coral Reef Initiative. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 108 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 30 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 18 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 2 AR e16887 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0016887 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 723CC UT WOS:000287482800020 PM 21365011 ER PT J AU Reppucci, J Gardner, B Lucherini, M AF Reppucci, Juan Gardner, Beth Lucherini, Mauro TI Estimating detection and density of the Andean cat in the high Andes SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Argentina; camera trapping; felids; spatial capture-recapture ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; LEOPARDUS-PARDALIS; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; FIELD SIGNS; HABITAT USE; POPULATION; ABUNDANCE; CARNIVORES; ARGENTINA AB The Andean cat (Leopardus jacobita) is one of the most endangered, yet least known, felids. Although the Andean cat is considered at risk of extinction, rigorous quantitative population studies are lacking. Because physical observations of the Andean cat are difficult to make in the wild, we used a camera-trapping array to photo-capture individuals. The survey was conducted in northwestern Argentina at an elevation of approximately 4,200 m during October-December 2006 and April-June 2007. In each year we deployed 22 pairs of camera traps, which were strategically placed. To estimate detection probability and density we applied models for spatial capture-recapture using a Bayesian framework. Estimated densities were 0.07 and 0.12 individual/km(2) for 2006 and 2007, respectively. Mean baseline detection probability was estimated at 0.07. By comparison, densities of the Pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo), another poorly known fetid that shares its habitat with the Andean cat, were estimated at 0.74-0.79 individual/km(2) in the same study area for 2006 and 2007, and its detection probability was estimated at 0.02. Despite having greater detectability, the Andean cat is rarer in the study region than the Pampas cat. Properly accounting for the detection probability is important in making reliable estimates of density, a key parameter in conservation and management decisions for any species. C1 [Gardner, Beth] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Reppucci, Juan; Lucherini, Mauro] Univ Nacl Sur, Dept Biol Bioquim & Farm, Grp Ecol Comportamental Mamiferos, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [Reppucci, Juan; Lucherini, Mauro] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP Gardner, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM beth_gardner@ncsu.edu FU BP Conservation Programme; Wildlife Conservation Network; Darwin Initiative; Whitley Fund for Nature; Wild About Cats; Cat Action Treasury; Cleveland Zoological Society; Rufford Foundation; International Society for Endangered Cats Canada; La Torbiera Zoological Society; Patagonia; National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET); Sidney Byers Charitable Trust FX We are grateful to P. Perovic, C. Sillero-Zubiri, J. A. Royle, S. Wisely, 2 anonymous reviewers, and J. Nichols for advice and assistance. We thank P. Cuello, C. Tellaeche, and all the volunteers and villagers who contributed to data collection; E. Casanave for providing laboratory facilities; and J. Sanderson for camera traps. Our project received support from BP Conservation Programme, Wildlife Conservation Network, Darwin Initiative, Whitley Fund for Nature, Wild About Cats, Cat Action Treasury, Cleveland Zoological Society, Rufford Foundation, International Society for Endangered Cats Canada, La Torbiera Zoological Society, and Patagonia. We acknowledge the national and provincial governmental institutions and DBByF of Universidad Nacional del Sur for endorsing and authorizing the project. JR was supported by a doctoral scholarship from the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET) and a training scholarship from the Sidney Byers Charitable Trust. NR 53 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 35 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB 16 PY 2011 VL 92 IS 1 BP 140 EP 147 DI 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-053.1 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 728TZ UT WOS:000287898700015 ER PT J AU Fram, MS Belitz, K AF Fram, Miranda S. Belitz, Kenneth TI Probability of Detecting Perchlorate under Natural Conditions in Deep Groundwater in California and the Southwestern United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; HIGH-PLAINS; NEW-MEXICO; NITRATE; DEPOSITION; ORIGIN; DESERT; USA AB We use data from 1626 groundwater samples collected in California, primarily from public drinking water supply wells, to investigate the distribution of perchlorate in deep groundwater under natural conditions. The wells were sampled for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Priority Basin Project. We develop a logistic regression model for predicting probabilities of detecting perchlorate at concentrations greater than multiple threshold concentrations as a function of climate (represented by an aridity index) and potential anthropogenic contributions of perchlorate (quantified as an anthropogenic score, AS). AS is a composite categorical variable including terms for nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Incorporating water-quality parameters in AS permits identification of perturbation of natural occurrence patterns by flushing of natural perchlorate salts from unsaturated zones by irrigation recharge as well as addition of perchlorate from industrial and agricultural sources. The data and model results indicate low concentrations (0.1-0.5 mu g/L) of perchlorate occur under natural conditions in groundwater across a wide range of climates, beyond the arid to semiarid climates in which they mostly have been previously reported. The probability of detecting perchlorate at concentrations greater than 0.1 mu g/L under natural conditions ranges from 50-70% in semiarid to arid regions of California and the Southwestern United States to 5-15% in the wettest regions sampled (the Northern California coast). The probability of concentrations above 1 mu g/L under natural conditions is low (generally <3%). C1 [Fram, Miranda S.; Belitz, Kenneth] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Fram, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM mfram@usgs.gov OI Fram, Miranda/0000-0002-6337-059X FU State bonds FX We thank the approximately 1500 well owners and water purveyors who graciously allowed the USGS to collect samples from their wells and Barbara Dawson, Frank Moseanko, Steve Schmitt, and others who conducted the field work. This study was funded by State bonds administered by the California State Water Resources Control Board. This manuscript was improved following technical reviews by six anonymous reviewers. The use of brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1271 EP 1277 DI 10.1021/es103103p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 718LI UT WOS:000287122400018 PM 21247209 ER PT J AU Reeves, EP Seewald, JS Saccocia, P Bach, W Craddock, PR Shanks, WC Sylva, SP Walsh, E Pichler, T Rosner, M AF Reeves, Eoghan P. Seewald, Jeffrey S. Saccocia, Peter Bach, Wolfgang Craddock, Paul R. Shanks, Wayne C. Sylva, Sean P. Walsh, Emily Pichler, Thomas Rosner, Martin TI Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID BACK-ARC BASIN; DE-FUCA RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; MODERN SEA-FLOOR; SEAWATER-BASALT INTERACTION; VENT FLUIDS; STABLE-ISOTOPE; PHASE-SEPARATION; CHEMICAL-EXCHANGE AB Processes controlling the composition of seafloor hydrothermal fluids in silicic back-arc or near-arc crustal settings remain poorly constrained despite growing evidence for extensive magmatic hydrothermal activity in such environments. We conducted a survey of vent fluid compositions from two contrasting sites in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, to examine the influence of variations in host rock composition and magmatic inputs (both a function of arc proximity) on hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Fluid samples were collected from felsic-hosted hydrothermal vent fields located on Pual Ridge (PACMANUS and Northeast (NE) Pual) near the active New Britain Arc and a basalt-hosted vent field (Vienna Woods) located farther from the arc on the Manus Spreading Center. Vienna Woods fluids were characterized by relatively uniform endmember temperatures (273-285 degrees C) and major element compositions, low dissolved CO2 concentrations (4.4 mmol/kg) and high measured pH (4.2-4.9 at 25 degrees C). Temperatures and compositions were highly variable at PACM-ANUS/NE Pual and a large, newly discovered vent area (Fenway) was observed to be vigorously venting boiling (358 degrees C) fluid. All PACMANUS fluids are characterized by negative delta D-H2O values, in contrast to positive values at Vienna Woods, suggesting substantial magmatic water input to circulating fluids at Pual Ridge. Low measured pH (25 degrees C) values (similar to 2.6-2.7), high endmember CO2 (up to 274 mmol/kg) and negative delta S-34(H2S) values (down to -2.7 parts per thousand) in some vent fluids are also consistent with degassing of acid-volatile species from evolved magma. Dissolved CO2 at PACMANUS is more enriched in C-13 (-4.1 parts per thousand to -2.3 parts per thousand) than Vienna Woods (-5.2 parts per thousand to -5.7 parts per thousand), suggesting a contribution of slab-derived carbon. The mobile elements (e.g. Li, K, Rb, Cs and B) are also greatly enriched in PACMANUS fluids reflecting increased abundances in the crust there relative to the Manus Spreading Center. Variations in alkali and dissolved gas abundances with Cl at PACMANUS and NE Pual suggest that phase separation has affected fluid chemistry despite the low temperatures of many vents. In further contrast to Vienna Woods, substantial modification of PACMANUS/NE Pual fluids has taken place as a result of seawater ingress into the upflow zone. Consistently high measured Mg concentrations as well as trends of increasingly non-conservative SO4 behavior, decreasing endmember Ca/Cl and Sr/Cl ratios with increased Mg indicate extensive subsurface anhydrite deposition is occurring as a result of subsurface seawater entrainment. Decreased pH and endmember Fe/Mn ratios in higher Mg fluids indicate that the associated mixing/cooling gives rise to sulfide deposition and secondary acidity production. Several low temperature (<= 80 degrees C) fluids at PACMANUS/NE Pual also show evidence for anhydrite dissolution and water rock interaction (fixation of B) subsequent to seawater entrainment. Hence, the evolution of fluid compositions at Pual Ridge reflects the cumulative effects of water/rock interaction, admixing and reaction of fluids exsolved from silicic magma, phase separation/segregation and seawater ingress into upflow zones. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Reeves, Eoghan P.; Bach, Wolfgang; Pichler, Thomas; Rosner, Martin] Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Reeves, Eoghan P.; Craddock, Paul R.] MIT WHOI Joint Program Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Reeves, Eoghan P.; Seewald, Jeffrey S.; Craddock, Paul R.; Sylva, Sean P.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Saccocia, Peter; Walsh, Emily] Bridgewater State Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Bridgewater, MA 02325 USA. [Shanks, Wayne C.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Rosner, Martin] Free Univ Berlin, Fachbereich Geowissensch, D-12249 Berlin, Germany. RP Reeves, EP (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, 2 Klagenfurter Str, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM ereeves@whoi.edu RI Rosner, Martin/B-9264-2009; Sylva, Sean/D-4400-2014; Reeves, Eoghan/M-3542-2013; Bach, Wolfgang/D-3713-2017; OI Sylva, Sean/0000-0002-4727-440X; Reeves, Eoghan/0000-0003-0146-0714; Bach, Wolfgang/0000-0002-3099-7142; Craddock, Paul/0000-0003-4702-0204 FU NSF [OCE-0327448]; WHOI Deep Ocean Exploration Institute; Ocean Drilling Program Schlanger Fellowship FX The authors are grateful to the crew of the R/V Melville and ROV Jason II technical group for their expertise and assistance in completion of a very successful dive program. We would also like to thank Maurice Tivey and the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) technical group for providing SM2000 bathymetric maps for our manuscript prior to publication. This manuscript benefited greatly from numerous invaluable discussions with Margaret K. Tivey. We would like to acknowledge helpful reviews by Joseph Resing and two other anonymous reviewers, which greatly improved the presentation and discussion of our research, in addition to helpful comments from the Associate Editor, J.-I. Ishibashi. This study received financial support from NSF Grant OCE-0327448, the WHOI Deep Ocean Exploration Institute Graduate Fellowship (to E.P. Reeves) and the Ocean Drilling Program Schlanger Fellowship (to P.R. Craddock). NR 213 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 60 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 75 IS 4 BP 1088 EP 1123 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.008 PG 36 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 716HT UT WOS:000286960400009 ER PT J AU Lu, N Kaya, BS Godt, JW AF Lu, Ning Kaya, Basak Sener Godt, Jonathan W. TI Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DRIVEN GROUNDWATER-FLOW; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SURFACE HYDROLOGY; LATERAL FLOW; WATER-FLOW; SOIL; INFILTRATION; SLOPE; MOISTURE; STEEP AB The distribution of soil moisture in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope is a transient, variably saturated physical process controlled by rainfall characteristics, hillslope geometry, and the hydrological properties of the hillslope materials. The major driving mechanisms for moisture movement are gravity and gradients in matric potential. The latter is solely controlled by gradients of moisture content. In a homogeneous and isotropic saturated hillslope, absent a gradient in moisture content and under the driving force of gravity with a constant pressure boundary at the slope surface, flow is always in the lateral downslope direction, under either transient or steady state conditions. However, under variably saturated conditions, both gravity and moisture content gradients drive fluid motion, leading to complex flow patterns. In general, the flow field near the ground surface is variably saturated and transient, and the direction of flow could be laterally downslope, laterally upslope, or vertically downward. Previous work has suggested that prevailing rainfall conditions are sufficient to completely control these flow regimes. This work, however, shows that under time-varying rainfall conditions, vertical, downslope, and upslope lateral flow can concurrently occur at different depths and locations within the hillslope. More importantly, we show that the state of wetting or drying in a hillslope defines the temporal and spatial regimes of flow and when and where laterally downslope and/or laterally upslope flow occurs. C1 [Lu, Ning; Kaya, Basak Sener] Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Godt, Jonathan W.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Lu, N (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM ninglu@mines.edu FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [CMMI-0855783]; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) [G09AC00085] FX The authors would like to thank Mark Reid, Brian Collins, the Associate Editor Tetsu Tokunaga, four anonymous referees, and Charles Jackson for their constructive comments. This research is partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF CMMI-0855783) to N.L. and J.W.G. and a grant from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS G09AC00085) to N.L. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W02519 DI 10.1029/2010WR010003 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 723VB UT WOS:000287534300003 ER PT J AU Warrick, JA Stevens, AW AF Warrick, Jonathan A. Stevens, Andrew W. TI A buoyant plume adjacent to a headland-Observations of the Elwha River plume SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE River plume; Coastal headland; Strait of Juan de Fuca; Elwha River; Dam removal ID COASTAL DISCHARGES; SEDIMENT; FRONT; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT; CURRENTS; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; WASHINGTON; ECOSYSTEM AB Small rivers commonly discharge into coastal settings with topographic complexities - such as headlands and islands - but these settings are underrepresented in river plume studies compared to more simplified, straight coasts. The Elwha River provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of coastal topography on a buoyant plume, because it discharges into the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the western side of its deltaic headland. Here we show that this headland induces flow separation and transient eddies in the tidally dominated currents (O(100 cm/s)), consistent with other headlands in oscillatory flow. These flow conditions are observed to strongly influence the buoyant river plume, as predicted by the "small-scale" or "narrow" dynamical classification using Garvine's (1995) system. Because of the transient eddies and the location of the river mouth on the headland, flow immediately offshore of the river mouth is directed eastward twice as frequently as it is westward. This results in a buoyant plume that is much more frequently "bent over" toward the east than the west. During bent over plume conditions, the plume was attached to the eastern shoreline while having a distinct, cuspate front along its westernmost boundary. The location of the front was found to be related to the magnitude and direction of local flow during the preceding O(1 h), and increases in alongshore flow resulted in deeper freshwater mixing, stronger baroclinic anomalies, and stronger hugging of the coast. During bent over plume conditions, we observed significant convergence of river plume water toward the frontal boundary within 1 km of the river mouth. These results show how coastal topography can strongly influence buoyant plume behavior, and they should assist with understanding of initial coastal sediment dispersal pathways from the Elwha River during a pending dam removal project. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Warrick, Jonathan A.; Stevens, Andrew W.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. RP Warrick, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. EM jwarrick@usgs.gov FU USGS FX We would like to thank Joanne Ferreira, Jamie Grover, Gerry Hatcher, Guy Gelfenbaum, Hal Williams, Dave Gonzales, and Chris Curran for their assistance with instrumentation and field activities. This paper was improved substantially by comments from Amy Draut, Jessica Lacy and two anonymous reviewers. This work was funded by the Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound (CHIPS) project within the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the USGS. NR 61 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 31 IS 2 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2010.11.007 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 717QZ UT WOS:000287063800001 ER PT J AU McGillis, WR Langdon, C Loose, B Yates, KK Corredor, J AF McGillis, W. R. Langdon, C. Loose, B. Yates, K. K. Corredor, Jorge TI Productivity of a coral reef using boundary layer and enclosure methods SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EDDY-CORRELATION TECHNIQUE; COMMUNITY METABOLISM; CARBON FLUXES; FLOW; DYNAMICS; CALCIFICATION; ECOSYSTEM; FLAT; PH AB The metabolism of Cayo Enrique Reef, Puerto Rico, was studied using in situ methods during March 2009. Benthic O-2 fluxes were used to calculate net community production using both the boundary layer gradient and enclosure techniques. The boundary layer O-2 gradient and the drag coefficients were used to calculate productivity ranging from -12.3 to 13.7 mmol O-2 m(-2) h(-1). Productivity measurements from the enclosure method ranged from -11.0 to 12.9 mmol O-2 m(-2) h(-1). During the study, the mean hourly difference between the methods was 0.65 mmol O-2 m(-2) h(-1) (r(2) = 0.92), resulting in well-reconciled estimates of net community production between the boundary layer (-33.1 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) and enclosure (-46.3 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) techniques. The results of these independent approaches corroborate quantified rates of metabolism at Cayo Enrique Reef. Close agreement between methods demonstrates that boundary layer measurements can provide near real-time assessments of coral reef health. Citation: McGillis, W. R., C. Langdon, B. Loose, K. K. Yates, and J. Corredor (2011), Productivity of a coral reef using boundary layer and enclosure methods, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03611, doi:10.1029/2010GL046179. C1 [McGillis, W. R.] Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Langdon, C.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Loose, B.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Yates, K. K.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Corredor, Jorge] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP McGillis, WR (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Rte 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM wrm2102@columbia.edu FU NOAA; University of Puerto Rico Marine Laboratory FX The authors are grateful to the NOAA CORAL REEF Watch Program and the University of Puerto Rico Marine Laboratory. We would like to thank Jon Ware (WHOI) for the fabrication of CROSS. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Luis Soler-Lopez and Pedro Diaz of the USGS in San Juan, Puerto Rico; Nathan Smiley and Chris Dufore of the USGS in St. Petersburg, Florida; and John MacAllister, Carol MacAllister, and Ismael Ramos-Soler for their support and assistance with field deployments and logistics. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L03611 DI 10.1029/2010GL046179 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 723QI UT WOS:000287521500001 ER PT J AU Merten, EC Finlay, J Johnson, L Newman, R Stefan, H Vondracek, B AF Merten, Eric Christopher Finlay, Jacques Johnson, Lucinda Newman, Raymond Stefan, Heinz Vondracek, Bruce TI Environmental controls of wood entrapment in upper Midwestern streams SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE wood movement; wood entrapment; wood transport ID FISH HABITAT; FLUME EXPERIMENT; MOUNTAIN STREAM; LAKE-SUPERIOR; DEBRIS; DYNAMICS; RIVER; TRANSPORT; WASHINGTON; STORAGE AB Wood deposited in streams provides a wide variety of ecosystem functions, including enhancing habitat for key species in stream food webs, increasing geomorphic and hydraulic heterogeneity and retaining organic matter. Given the strong role that wood plays in streams, factors that influence wood inputs, retention and transport are critical to stream ecology. Wood entrapment, the process of wood coming to rest after being swept downstream at least 10 m, is poorly understood, yet important for predicting stream function and success of restoration efforts. Data on entrapment were collected for a wide range of natural wood pieces (n = 344), stream geomorphology and hydraulic conditions in nine streams along the north shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota. Locations of pieces were determined in summer 2007 and again following an overbank stormflow event in fall 2007. The ratio of piece length to effective stream width (length ratio) and the weight of the piece were important in a multiple logistic regression model that explained 25% of the variance in wood entrapment. Entrapment remains difficult to predict in natural streams, and often may simply occur wherever wood pieces are located when high water recedes. However, this study can inform stream modifications to discourage entrapment at road crossings or other infrastructure by applying the model formula to estimate the effective width required to pass particular wood pieces. Conversely, these results could also be used to determine conditions (e. g. pre-existing large, stable pieces) that encourage entrapment where wood is valued for ecological functions. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Merten, Eric Christopher; Newman, Raymond] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Stefan, Heinz] Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Johnson, Lucinda] Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. [Finlay, Jacques] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Vondracek, Bruce] Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Merten, EC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mert0042@umn.edu RI Finlay, Jacques/B-6081-2011 OI Finlay, Jacques/0000-0002-7968-7030 FU Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; Minnesota Sea Grant; US Geological Survey; University of Minnesota; Wildlife Management Institute; US Fish and Wildlife Service FX Wood and survey data were collected by Jo Fritz, Ryan Carlson, Dustin Wilman, Nicole Rath, Levi Drevlow, Ryan Johnsen and April Bebault. Rachael Stanze and Nathan Schroeder collected continuous discharge data from six streams. Logistical support was provided by Tracy Close of Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Marty Rye of USDA Forest Service, the Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and the Natural Resources Research Institute. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the US Government. Funding was provided by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Minnesota Sea Grant. The Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Geological Survey, the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Wildlife Management Institute and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 4 BP 593 EP 602 DI 10.1002/hyp.7846 PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 721TD UT WOS:000287377200006 ER PT J AU Wulder, MA White, JC Masek, JG Dwyer, J Roy, DP AF Wulder, Michael A. White, Joanne C. Masek, Jeffrey G. Dwyer, John Roy, David P. TI Continuity of Landsat observations: Short term considerations SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Landsat; Monitoring; Operational; Research; Continuity; Global; Land cover; Change detection ID SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; SATELLITE DATA; FOREST COVER; MODIS; IMAGERY; TM; CLASSIFICATION; REFLECTANCE; FUSION; PERFORMANCE AB As of writing in mid-2010, both Landsat-5 and -7 continue to function, with sufficient fuel to enable data collection until the launch of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) scheduled for December of 2012. Failure of one or both of Landsat-5 or -7 may result in a lack of Landsat data for a period of time until the 2012 launch. Although the potential risk of a component failure increases the longer the sensor's design life is exceeded, the possible gap in Landsat data acquisition is reduced with each passing day and the risk of Landsat imagery being unavailable diminishes for all except a handful of applications that are particularly data demanding. Advances in Landsat data compositing and fusion are providing opportunities to address issues associated with Landsat-7 SLC-off imagery and to mitigate a potential acquisition gap through the integration of imagery from different sensors. The latter will likely also provide short-term, regional solutions to application-specific needs for the continuity of Landsat-like observations. Our goal in this communication is not to minimize the community's concerns regarding a gap in Landsat observations, but rather to clarify how the current situation has evolved and provide an up-to-date understanding of the circumstances, implications, and mitigation options related to a potential gap in the Landsat data record. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Wulder, Michael A.; White, Joanne C.] Nat Resources Canada, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Canadian Forest Serv, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. [Masek, Jeffrey G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Dwyer, John] US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Roy, David P.] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Wulder, MA (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Canadian Forest Serv, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. EM mwulder@nrcan.gc.ca RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Wulder, Michael/J-5597-2016; OI Wulder, Michael/0000-0002-6942-1896; Dwyer, John/0000-0002-8281-0896; White, Joanne/0000-0003-4674-0373 FU USGS; NASA FX We gratefully acknowledge USGS and NASA leadership and support of the Landsat Science Team. NR 48 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 115 IS 2 BP 747 EP 751 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2010.11.002 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 714BS UT WOS:000286782500041 ER PT J AU Liu, D Dong, HL Bishop, ME Wang, HM Agrawal, A Tritschler, S Eberl, DD Xie, SC AF Liu, Deng Dong, Hailiang Bishop, Michael E. Wang, Hongmei Agrawal, Abinash Tritschler, Sarah Eberl, Dennis D. Xie, Shucheng TI Reduction of structural Fe(III) in nontronite by methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID EXTRACELLULAR ELECTRON-TRANSFER; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ILLITE REACTION; FERRIC IRON; QUANTITATIVE ASSAY; SMECTITE; MICROORGANISMS; COMPETITION; INHIBITION AB Clay minerals and methanogens are ubiquitous and co-exist in anoxic environments, yet it is unclear whether methanogens are able to reduce structural Fe(III) in clay minerals. In this study, the ability of methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri to reduce structural Fe(III) in iron-rich smectite (nontronite NAu-2) and the relationship between iron reduction and methanogenesis were investigated. Bioreduction experiments were conducted in growth medium using three types of substrate: H(2)/CO(2), methanol, and acetate. Time course methane production and hydrogen consumption were measured by gas chromatography. M. barkeri was able to reduce structural Fe(III) in NAu-2 with H(2)/CO(2) and methanol as substrate, but not with acetate. The extent of bioreduction, as measured by the 1,10-phenanthroline method, was 7-13% with H(2)/CO(2) as substrate, depending on nontronite concentration (5-10 g/L). The extent was higher when methanol was used as a substrate, reaching 25-33%. Methanogenesis was inhibited by Fe(III) reduction in the H(2)/CO(2) culture, but enhanced when methanol was used. High charge smectite and biogenic silica formed as a result of bioreduction. Our results suggest that methanogens may play an important role in biogeochemical cycling of iron in clay minerals and may have important implications for the global methane budget. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Liu, Deng; Dong, Hailiang; Wang, Hongmei; Xie, Shucheng] China Univ Geosci, Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Minist Educ, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. [Dong, Hailiang] China Univ Geosci, Geomicrobiol Lab, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Dong, Hailiang; Bishop, Michael E.] Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. [Agrawal, Abinash; Tritschler, Sarah] Wright State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. [Eberl, Dennis D.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Xie, Shucheng] China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. RP Dong, HL (reprint author), China Univ Geosci, Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Minist Educ, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. EM dongh@cug.edu.cn; wanghmei4@163.com RI Xie, Shucheng/E-6713-2011; Agrawal, Abinash/B-8048-2013 FU National Basic Research Program of China [2011CB808800]; National Science Foundation of China [41030211]; US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-07ER64369]; US Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SER-DP) [ER-1685]; 111 Project [B07011, B08030]; CUG-Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education [BGEGF200819] FX We are grateful to Prof. Joseph A. Krzycki for providing the strain of M. barkeri DSM800, Dr. John Morton for assisting the XRD and DCP spectrometry analyses, and Charles A. Cravotta Ill for his help on Phreeqc modeling. This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808800), National Science Foundation of China (41030211), the US Department of Energy (DE-FG02-07ER64369), the US Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SER-DP) (ER-1685), the 111 Project (B07011 and B08030), Dong's startup funds from CUG-Wuhan, and a grant from Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education (BGEGF200819) to Deng Liu. We are grateful to associate editor, Dr. Robert H. Byrne, and three anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 48 TC 36 Z9 46 U1 9 U2 46 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB 15 PY 2011 VL 75 IS 4 BP 1057 EP 1071 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.009 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 716HT UT WOS:000286960400007 ER PT J AU Slone, DH AF Slone, D. H. TI Increasing accuracy of dispersal kernels in grid-based population models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Map lattice; Spatial model; Invasion model; Numerical simulation; Redistribution ID INVADING ORGANISMS; LANDSCAPE; CONSERVATION; SPREAD; RESTORATION; COEXISTENCE; EVERGLADES; MECHANISMS; INVASION; SPEED AB Dispersal kernels in grid-based population models specify the proportion, distance and direction of movements within the model landscape. Spatial errors in dispersal kernels can have large compounding effects on model accuracy. Circular Gaussian and Laplacian dispersal kernels at a range of spatial resolutions were investigated, and methods for minimizing errors caused by the discretizing process were explored. Kernels of progressively smaller sizes relative to the landscape grid size were calculated using cell-integration and cell-center methods. These kernels were convolved repeatedly, and the final distribution was compared with a reference analytical solution. For large Gaussian kernels (sigma>10 cells), the total kernel error was <10(-11) compared to analytical results. Using an invasion model that tracked the time a population took to reach a defined goal, the discrete model results were comparable to the analytical reference. With Gaussian kernels that had sigma <= 0.12 using the cell integration method, or sigma <= 0.22 using the cell center method, the kernel error was greater than 10%, which resulted in invasion times that were orders of magnitude different than theoretical results. A goal-seeking routine was developed to adjust the kernels to minimize overall error. With this, corrections for small kernels were found that decreased overall kernel error to <10(-11) and invasion time error to <5%. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USGS SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. RP Slone, DH (reprint author), USGS SE Ecol Sci Ctr, 2201 NW 40th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. EM dslone@usgs.gov OI Slone, Daniel/0000-0002-9903-9727 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 10 PY 2011 VL 222 IS 3 BP 573 EP 579 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.11.023 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 714BP UT WOS:000286782200020 ER PT J AU Piazza, BP La Peyre, MK AF Piazza, Bryan P. La Peyre, Megan K. TI Nekton community response to a large-scale Mississippi River discharge: Examining spatial and temporal response to river management SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE freshwater diversion; nekton community assemblage; nekton indicators; Louisiana ID FRESH-WATER FLOW; SAN-FRANCISCO ESTUARY; BRETON SOUND; DELTAIC ESTUARY; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; FISH ASSEMBLAGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; HABITAT CHANGE; LOUISIANA; USA AB Freshwater flow is generally held to be one of the most influential factors affecting community structure and production in estuaries. In coastal Louisiana, the Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion (CFD) is managed to control freshwater discharge from the Mississippi River into Breton Sound basin. Operational since 1991, CFD has undergone several changes in management strategy including pulsed spring flooding, which was introduced in 2001. We used a 20-yr time series of fisheries-independent data to investigate how variation in freshwater inflow (i.e., pre- and post-CFD, and pre and post spring pulsing management) influences the downstream nekton community (abundance, diversity, and assemblage). Analyses of long-term data demonstrated that while there were effects from the CFD, they largely involved subtle changes in community structure. Spatially, effects were largely limited to the sites immediately downstream of the diversion and extended only occasionally to more down-estuary sites. Temporally, effects were 1) immediate (detected during spring diversion events) or 2) delayed (detected several months post-diversion). Analysis of river management found that pulsed spring-time inflow resulted in more significant changes in nekton assemblages, likely due to higher discharge rates that 1) increased marsh flooding, thus increasing marsh habitat accessibility for small resident marsh species, and 2) reduced salinity, possibly causing displacement of marine pelagic species down estuary. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [La Peyre, Megan K.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, US Geol Survey,AgCtr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Piazza, Bryan P.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, AgCtr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP La Peyre, MK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, US Geol Survey,AgCtr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM mlapey@lsu.edu FU Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service [T-62-R] FX Thanks to M. Fischer (USGS) who created the map figure and G. Snedden (USGS) who provided historical Caernarvon discharge data. Thank you to Sarai Piazza for comments that greatly improved the manuscript. This work was funded by a grant from the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, State Wildlife Grant, T-62-R. Thanks to Drs Don Baltz and Brian Alford for comments that significantly improved the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 55 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD FEB 10 PY 2011 VL 91 IS 3 BP 379 EP 387 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.11.001 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 720OR UT WOS:000287290500005 ER PT J AU Apotsos, A Gelfenbaum, G Jaffe, B AF Apotsos, Alex Gelfenbaum, Guy Jaffe, Bruce TI Process-based modeling of tsunami inundation and sediment transport SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article ID INDIAN-OCEAN-TSUNAMI; 26 DECEMBER 2004; BANDA ACEH SUMATRA; RUN-UP; UNIFIED VIEW; FIELD SURVEY; SWASH ZONE; SRI-LANKA; NONCOHESIVE SEDIMENT; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AB The infrequent and unpredictable nature of tsunamis precludes the use of field experiments to measure the hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes that occur. Instead, these processes are often approximated from laboratory, numerical, and theoretical studies or inferred from observations of the resultant sediment deposits. Here Delft3D, a three-dimensional numerical model, is used to simulate the inundation and sediment transport of a tsunami similar in magnitude to the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami over one measured and three idealized morphologies. The model is first shown to match well the observations taken at Kuala Meurisi, Sumatra, and then used to examine in detail the processes that occur during the tsunami. The model predicts that at a given cross-shore location the onshore flow accelerates rapidly to a maximum as the wavefront passes, and then gradually decelerates before reversing direction and flowing offshore. The onshore flow does not tend to zero everywhere at maximum inundation, but instead flow reversal occurs near the shoreline even as the wavefront continues to inundate landward. While some sediment is eroded by the passing wavefront, the suspension of sandy sediment is dominated by the long-duration, high-velocity backwash that occurs along the beach face and offshore of the shoreline. Some of the sediment suspended during backwash is advected shoreward by the subsequent wave, creating large spatial gradients in the suspended sediment concentrations, which may not be in equilibrium with the local hydrodynamics. The inundation and transport of sediment during a tsunami can be affected by complexities in the morphological profile and interactions between multiple waves, and many of the hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes predicted here are similar to analogous processes previously observed in the swash zone. C1 [Apotsos, Alex; Gelfenbaum, Guy] USGS, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Jaffe, Bruce] USGS, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Apotsos, A (reprint author), USGS, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM aapotsos@usgs.gov RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 FU USGS FX This research was funded by a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship and the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program. Edwin Elias is thanked for his help and guidance concerning the details of the numerical model. Deepak Vatvani is thanked for providing the offshore water level time series. Peter Ruggiero is thanked for helping collect the bathymetry at Kuala Meurisi. Critical reviews from Britt Raubenheimer and Mark Buckley, as well as three anonymous reviewers, significantly improved this manuscript. NR 83 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9003 EI 2169-9011 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD FEB 10 PY 2011 VL 116 AR F01006 DI 10.1029/2010JF001797 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 721AI UT WOS:000287323400002 ER PT J AU Carr, M AF Carr, Michael TI Geographies of Mars: Seeing and Knowing the Red Planet SO NATURE LA English DT Book Review C1 [Carr, Michael] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Carr, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM carr@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 10 PY 2011 VL 470 IS 7333 BP 172 EP 173 DI 10.1038/470172a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 718RQ UT WOS:000287144200020 ER PT J AU Rodda, GH Jarnevich, CS Reed, RN AF Rodda, Gordon H. Jarnevich, Catherine S. Reed, Robert N. TI Challenges in Identifying Sites Climatically Matched to the Native Ranges of Animal Invaders SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID FUTURE BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS; PSEUDO-ABSENCE DATA; SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS; DISTRIBUTION MODELS; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS; SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION; POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NICHE SHIFT AB Background: Species distribution models are often used to characterize a species' native range climate, so as to identify sites elsewhere in the world that may be climatically similar and therefore at risk of invasion by the species. This endeavor provoked intense public controversy over recent attempts to model areas at risk of invasion by the Indian Python (Python molurus). We evaluated a number of MaxEnt models on this species to assess MaxEnt's utility for vertebrate climate matching. Methodology/Principal Findings: Overall, we found MaxEnt models to be very sensitive to modeling choices and selection of input localities and background regions. As used, MaxEnt invoked minimal protections against data dredging, multi-collinearity of explanatory axes, and overfitting. As used, MaxEnt endeavored to identify a single ideal climate, whereas different climatic considerations may determine range boundaries in different parts of the native range. MaxEnt was extremely sensitive to both the choice of background locations for the python, and to selection of presence points: inclusion of just four erroneous localities was responsible for Pyron et al.'s conclusion that no additional portions of the U. S. mainland were at risk of python invasion. When used with default settings, MaxEnt overfit the realized climate space, identifying models with about 60 parameters, about five times the number of parameters justifiable when optimized on the basis of Akaike's Information Criterion. Conclusions/Significance: When used with default settings, MaxEnt may not be an appropriate vehicle for identifying all sites at risk of colonization. Model instability and dearth of protections against overfitting, multi-collinearity, and data dredging may combine with a failure to distinguish fundamental from realized climate envelopes to produce models of limited utility. A priori identification of biologically realistic model structure, combined with computational protections against these statistical problems, may produce more robust models of invasion risk. C1 [Rodda, Gordon H.; Jarnevich, Catherine S.; Reed, Robert N.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Rodda, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. EM catherine_jarnevich@usgs.gov FU U.S. government FX This work was funded the U.S. government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript, though the USGS did review the manuscript to ensure conformance with USGS scientific standards. NR 68 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 30 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 9 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 2 AR e14670 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0014670 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 721NN UT WOS:000287361700004 PM 21347411 ER PT J AU Arvidson, RE Ashley, JW Bell, JF Chojnacki, M Cohen, J Economou, TE Farrand, WH Fergason, R Fleischer, I Geissler, P Gellert, R Golombek, MP Grotzinger, JP Guinness, EA Haberle, RM Herkenhoff, KE Herman, JA Iagnemma, KD Jolliff, BL Johnson, JR Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH Knudson, AT Li, R McLennan, SM Mittlefehldt, DW Morris, RV Parker, TJ Rice, MS Schroder, C Soderblom, LA Squyres, SW Sullivan, RJ Wolff, MJ AF Arvidson, R. E. Ashley, J. W. Bell, J. F., III Chojnacki, M. Cohen, J. Economou, T. E. Farrand, W. H. Fergason, R. Fleischer, I. Geissler, P. Gellert, R. Golombek, M. P. Grotzinger, J. P. Guinness, E. A. Haberle, R. M. Herkenhoff, K. E. Herman, J. A. Iagnemma, K. D. Jolliff, B. L. Johnson, J. R. Klingelhoefer, G. Knoll, A. H. Knudson, A. T. Li, R. McLennan, S. M. Mittlefehldt, D. W. Morris, R. V. Parker, T. J. Rice, M. S. Schroeder, C. Soderblom, L. A. Squyres, S. W. Sullivan, R. J. Wolff, M. J. TI Opportunity Mars Rover mission: Overview and selected results from Purgatory ripple to traverses to Endeavour crater SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM; AEOLIAN PROCESSES; BURNS FORMATION; EREBUS CRATER; LANDING SITE; EXPLORATION; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY; APHELION; DEPOSITS AB Opportunity has been traversing the Meridiani plains since 25 January 2004 (sol 1), acquiring numerous observations of the atmosphere, soils, and rocks. This paper provides an overview of key discoveries between sols 511 and 2300, complementing earlier papers covering results from the initial phases of the mission. Key new results include (1) atmospheric argon measurements that demonstrate the importance of atmospheric transport to and from the winter carbon dioxide polar ice caps; (2) observations showing that aeolian ripples covering the plains were generated by easterly winds during an epoch with enhanced Hadley cell circulation; (3) the discovery and characterization of cobbles and boulders that include iron and stony-iron meteorites and Martian impact ejecta; (4) measurements of wall rock strata within Erebus and Victoria craters that provide compelling evidence of formation by aeolian sand deposition, with local reworking within ephemeral lakes; (5) determination that the stratigraphy exposed in the walls of Victoria and Endurance craters show an enrichment of chlorine and depletion of magnesium and sulfur with increasing depth. This result implies that regional-scale aqueous alteration took place before formation of these craters. Most recently, Opportunity has been traversing toward the ancient Endeavour crater. Orbital data show that clay minerals are exposed on its rim. Hydrated sulfate minerals are exposed in plains rocks adjacent to the rim, unlike the surfaces of plains outcrops observed thus far by Opportunity. With continued mechanical health, Opportunity will reach terrains on and around Endeavour's rim that will be markedly different from anything examined to date. C1 [Arvidson, R. E.; Guinness, E. A.; Jolliff, B. L.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Ashley, J. W.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Mars Space Flight Facil, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Bell, J. F., III; Rice, M. S.; Squyres, S. W.; Sullivan, R. J.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Chojnacki, M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Planetary Geosci Inst, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Cohen, J.] Honeybee Robot Spacecraft Mech Corp, New York, NY 10001 USA. [Economou, T. E.] Univ Chicago, Lab Astrophys & Space Res, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Farrand, W. H.; Wolff, M. J.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Fergason, R.; Geissler, P.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Johnson, J. R.; Soderblom, L. A.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Fleischer, I.; Klingelhoefer, G.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. [Gellert, R.] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Golombek, M. P.; Herman, J. A.; Parker, T. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Haberle, R. M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Iagnemma, K. D.] MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Knoll, A. H.] Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Knudson, A. T.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Li, R.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [McLennan, S. M.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Schroeder, C.] Univ Tubingen, Ctr Appl Geosci, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. [Schroeder, C.] Univ Bayreuth, Dept Hydrol, Bayreuth, Germany. [Mittlefehldt, D. W.; Morris, R. V.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Arvidson, RE (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM arvidson@rsmail.wustl.edu RI Schroder, Christian/B-3870-2009; Chojnacki, Matthew/A-4245-2013; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI Schroder, Christian/0000-0002-7935-6039; Chojnacki, Matthew/0000-0001-8497-8994; NR 61 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD FEB 8 PY 2011 VL 116 AR E00F15 DI 10.1029/2010JE003746 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 721AS UT WOS:000287324400001 ER PT J AU Cheek, LC Pieters, CM Boardman, JW Clark, RN Combe, JP Head, JW Isaacson, PJ McCord, TB Moriarty, D Nettles, JW Petro, NE Sunshine, JM Taylor, LA AF Cheek, L. C. Pieters, C. M. Boardman, J. W. Clark, R. N. Combe, J. P. Head, J. W. Isaacson, P. J. McCord, T. B. Moriarty, D. Nettles, J. W. Petro, N. E. Sunshine, J. M. Taylor, L. A. TI Goldschmidt crater and the Moon's north polar region: Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-3) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID LUNAR MARE VOLCANISM; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY; PROSPECTOR AB Soils within the impact crater Goldschmidt have been identified as spectrally distinct from the local highland material. High spatial and spectral resolution data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-3) on the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter are used to examine the character of Goldschmidt crater in detail. Spectral parameters applied to a north polar mosaic of M-3 data are used to discern large-scale compositional trends at the northern high latitudes, and spectra from three widely separated regions are compared to spectra from Goldschmidt. The results highlight the compositional diversity of the lunar nearside, in particular, where feldspathic soils with a low-Ca pyroxene component are pervasive, but exclusively feldspathic regions and small areas of basaltic composition are also observed. Additionally, we find that the relative strengths of the diagnostic OH/H2O absorption feature near 3000 nm are correlated with the mineralogy of the host material. On both global and local scales, the strongest hydrous absorptions occur on the more feldspathic surfaces. Thus, M-3 data suggest that while the feldspathic soils within Goldschmidt crater are enhanced in OH/H2O compared to the relatively mafic nearside polar highlands, their hydration signatures are similar to those observed in the feldspathic highlands on the farside. C1 [Cheek, L. C.; Pieters, C. M.; Head, J. W.; Isaacson, P. J.; Moriarty, D.; Nettles, J. W.] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Boardman, J. W.] Analyt Imaging & Geophys LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Clark, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Combe, J. P.; McCord, T. B.] Bear Fight Inst, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. [Petro, N. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sunshine, J. M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Taylor, L. A.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Cheek, LC (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Box 1846, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM leah_cheek@brown.edu; boardman@aigllc.com; rclark@usgs.gov; mccordtb@bearfightinstitute.com; noah.e.petro@mail.nasa.gov; jess@astro.umd.edu; lataylor@utk.edu RI Petro, Noah/F-5340-2013 FU NASA [NNM05AB26C]; NASA LSI at Brown University [NNA09DB34A] FX The authors thank B. Ray Hawke and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments that improved that quality and clarity of the manuscript. Support for this analysis was provided through the NASA Discovery program. M3 science validation is supported through NASA contract NNM05AB26C. Partial funding for this analysis has also been provided through NASA LSI at Brown University under contract NNA09DB34A. Thanks are extended to James Dickson for assistance in figure preparation. The M3 team is grateful to ISRO for the opportunity to fly as a guest instrument on Chandrayaan-1. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD FEB 4 PY 2011 VL 116 AR E00G02 DI 10.1029/2010JE003702 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 717HB UT WOS:000287033200001 ER PT J AU Dawson, PB Chouet, BA Power, J AF Dawson, Phillip B. Chouet, Bernard A. Power, John TI Determining the seismic source mechanism and location for an explosive eruption with limited observational data: Augustine Volcano, Alaska SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SIGNALS AB Waveform inversions of the very-long-period components of the seismic wavefield produced by an explosive eruption that occurred on 11 January, 2006 at Augustine Volcano, Alaska constrain the seismic source location to near sea level beneath the summit of the volcano. The calculated moment tensors indicate the presence of a volumetric source mechanism. Systematic reconstruction of the source mechanism shows the source consists of a sill intersected by either a sub-vertical east-west trending dike or a sub-vertical pipe and a weak single force. The trend of the dike may be controlled by the east-west trending Augustine-Seldovia arch. The data from the network of broadband sensors is limited to fourteen seismic traces, and synthetic modeling confirms the ability of the network to recover the source mechanism. The synthetic modeling also provides a guide to the expected capability of a broadband network to resolve very-long-period source mechanisms, particularly when confronted with limited observational data. Citation: Dawson, P. B., B. A. Chouet, and J. Power (2011), Determining the seismic source mechanism and location for an explosive eruption with limited observational data: Augustine Volcano, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03302, doi:10.1029/2010GL045977. C1 [Dawson, Phillip B.; Chouet, Bernard A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Power, John] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Dawson, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dawson@usgs.gov; chouet@usgs.gov; jpower@usgs.gov NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 4 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L03302 DI 10.1029/2010GL045977 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 717JC UT WOS:000287038500002 ER PT J AU Hansen, CJ Bourke, M Bridges, NT Byrne, S Colon, C Diniega, S Dundas, C Herkenhoff, K McEwen, A Mellon, M Portyankina, G Thomas, N AF Hansen, C. J. Bourke, M. Bridges, N. T. Byrne, S. Colon, C. Diniega, S. Dundas, C. Herkenhoff, K. McEwen, A. Mellon, M. Portyankina, G. Thomas, N. TI Seasonal Erosion and Restoration of Mars' Northern Polar Dunes SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUBLIMATION-DRIVEN ACTIVITY; HIRISE OBSERVATIONS; DEPOSITS AB Despite radically different environmental conditions, terrestrial and martian dunes bear a strong resemblance, indicating that the basic processes of saltation and grainfall (sand avalanching down the dune slipface) operate on both worlds. Here, we show that martian dunes are subject to an additional modification process not found on Earth: springtime sublimation of Mars' CO2 seasonal polar caps. Numerous dunes in Mars' north polar region have experienced morphological changes within a Mars year, detected in images acquired by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Dunes show new alcoves, gullies, and dune apron extension. This is followed by remobilization of the fresh deposits by the wind, forming ripples and erasing gullies. The widespread nature of these rapid changes, and the pristine appearance of most dunes in the area, implicates active sand transport in the vast polar erg in Mars' current climate. C1 [Hansen, C. J.; Bourke, M.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Bourke, M.] Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. [Bridges, N. T.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Byrne, S.; Dundas, C.; McEwen, A.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Colon, C.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Diniega, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Herkenhoff, K.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Mellon, M.] Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Portyankina, G.; Thomas, N.] Univ Bern, Space Res & Planetol Div, CH-0132 Bern, Switzerland. RP Hansen, CJ (reprint author), Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM cjhansen@psi.edu RI Byrne, Shane/B-8104-2012; Bourke, Mary/I-4387-2012; Mellon, Michael/C-3456-2016; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016; OI Bourke, Mary/0000-0002-0424-0322; Dundas, Colin/0000-0003-2343-7224 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; NASA FX This work was partially supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 32 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 6 U2 31 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 4 PY 2011 VL 331 IS 6017 BP 575 EP 578 DI 10.1126/science.1197636 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 715ZE UT WOS:000286933600051 PM 21292976 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Eberts, SM Kauffman, LJ AF Katz, Brian G. Eberts, Sandra M. Kauffman, Leon J. TI Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Review DE Septic tanks; Groundwater quality; Chloride-bromide ratio; Aquifers; United States ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; URBAN GROUNDWATER; NITRATE SOURCES; CHLORIDE/BROMIDE RATIOS; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; CHEMICAL INDICATORS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NATURAL-WATERS; WELLS; SEWAGE AB A detailed review was made of chemical indicators used to identify impacts from septic tanks on groundwater quality. Potential impacts from septic tank leachate on groundwater quality were assessed using the mass ratio of chloride-bromide (Cl/Br), concentrations of selected chemical constituents, and ancillary information (land use, census data, well depth, soil characteristics) for wells in principal aquifers of the United States. Chemical data were evaluated from 1848 domestic wells in 19 aquifers, 121 public-supply wells in 6 aquifers, and associated monitoring wells in four aquifers and their overlying hydrogeologic units. Based on previously reported Cl/Br ratios, statistical comparisons between targeted wells (where Cl/Br ratios range from 400 to 1100 and Cl concentrations range from 20 to 100 mg/L) and non-targeted wells indicated that shallow targeted monitoring and domestic wells (<20 m depth below land surface) had a significantly (p <0.05) higher median percentage of houses with septic tanks (1990 census data) than non-targeted wells. Higher (p = 0.08) median nitrate-N concentration (3.1 mg/L) in oxic (dissolved oxygen concentrations >0.5 mg/L) shallow groundwater from target domestic wells, relative to non-target wells (1.5 mg/L), corresponded to significantly higher potassium, boron, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and sulfate concentrations, which may also indicate the influence of septic-tank effluent. Impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems were most evident for the Eastern Glacial Deposits aquifer and the Northern High Plains aquifer that were associated with the number of housing units using septic tanks, high permeability of overlying sediments, mostly oxic conditions, and shallow wells. Overall, little or no influence from septic systems were found for water samples from the deeper public-supply wells. The Cl/Br ratio is a useful first-level screening tool for assessing possible septic tank influence in water from shallow wells (<20 m) with the range of 400-1100. The use of this ratio would be enhanced with information on other chloride sources, temporal variability of chloride and bromide concentrations in shallow groundwater, knowledge of septic-system age and maintenance, and the use of multiple tracers (combination of additional chemical and microbiological indicators). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Katz, Brian G.] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Eberts, Sandra M.] US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. [Kauffman, Leon J.] US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2639 N Monroe St, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. EM bkatz@usgs.gov; smeberts@usgs.gov; lkauff@usgs.gov OI Eberts, Sandra/0000-0001-5138-8293 NR 103 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 5 U2 60 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 3 PY 2011 VL 397 IS 3-4 BP 151 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.017 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 718IU UT WOS:000287115300001 ER PT J AU Faunt, CC Provost, AM Hill, MC Belcher, WR AF Faunt, Claudia C. Provost, Alden M. Hill, Mary C. Belcher, Wayne R. TI Comment on "An unconfined groundwater model of the Death Valley Regional Flow System and a comparison to its confined predecessor" by RWH Carroll, GM Pohll and RL Hershey [Journal of Hydrology 373/3-4, pp. 316-328] SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Groundwater; Numerical modeling; Death Valley; MODFLOW; Hydrogeology ID VARIABLE-DENSITY FLOW; COASTAL AQUIFER; SIMULATION AB Carroll et al. (2009) state that the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS) model, which is based on MODFLOW, is "conceptually inaccurate in that it models an unconfined aquifer as a confined system and does not simulate unconfined drawdown in transient pumping simulations." Carroll et al. (2009) claim that "more realistic estimates of water availability" can be produced by a SURFACT-based model of the DVRFS that simulates unconfined groundwater flow and limits withdrawals from wells to avoid excessive drawdown. Differences in results from the original MODFLOW-based model and the SURFACT-based model stem primarily from application by Carroll et al. (2009) of head limits that can also be applied using the existing MODLOW model and not from any substantial difference in the accuracy with which the unconfined aquifer is represented in the two models. In a hypothetical 50-year predictive simulation presented by Carroll et al. (2009), large differences between the models are shown when simulating pumping from the lower clastic confining unit, where the transmissivity is nearly two orders of magnitude less than in an alluvial aquifer. Yet even for this extreme example, drawdowns and pumping rates from the MODFLOW and SURFACT models are similar when the head-limit capabilities of the MODFLOW MNW Package are applied. These similarities persist despite possible discrepancies between assigned hydraulic properties. The resulting comparison between the MODFLOW and SURFACT models of the DVRFS suggests that approximating the unconfined system in the DVRFS as a constant-saturated-thickness system (called a "confined system" by Carroll et al., 2009) performs very well. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Faunt, Claudia C.; Provost, Alden M.; Hill, Mary C.; Belcher, Wayne R.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Faunt, CC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM ccfaunt@usgs.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 3 PY 2011 VL 397 IS 3-4 BP 306 EP 309 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.038 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 718IU UT WOS:000287115300013 ER PT J AU Frank, HJ Mather, ME Smith, JM Muth, RM Finn, JT AF Frank, H. J. Mather, M. E. Smith, J. M. Muth, R. M. Finn, J. T. TI Role of origin and release location in pre-spawning distribution and movements of anadromous alewife SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alosine; native fish; restoration; stocking evaluation; telemetry; trap and transfer ID REARED ATLANTIC SALMON; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; SPAWNING MIGRATION; AMERICAN SHAD; FISH; RIVER; STOCKING; STRESS; COMMUNITY; RECOVERY AB P>Capturing adult anadromous fish that are ready to spawn from a self sustaining population and transferring them into a depleted system is a common fisheries enhancement tool. The behaviour of these transplanted fish, however, has not been fully evaluated. The movements of stocked and native anadromous alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), were monitored in the Ipswich River, Massachusetts, USA, to provide a scientific basis for this management tool. Radiotelemetry was used to examine the effect of origin (native or stocked) and release location (upstream or downstream) on distribution and movement during the spawning migration. Native fish remained in the river longer than stocked fish regardless of release location. Release location and origin influenced where fish spent time and how they moved. The spatial mosaic of available habitats and the entire trajectory of freshwater movements should be considered to restore effectively spawners that traverse tens of kilometres within coastal rivers. C1 [Mather, M. E.] Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Mather, ME (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM mather@nrc.umass.edu FU Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries; Ebsco Publishing; New England BioLabs; Ipswich Bay Fly Fishing Derby; Northeast Utilities; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX This project was administered through the Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, a cooperation among the University of Massachusetts, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife and the Wildlife Management Institute. The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Ebsco Publishing, New England BioLabs, Ipswich Bay Fly Fishing Derby, numerous alewife adopters, Northeast Utilities and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are acknowledged for support. A. Silberzweig, S. Turner and M. Burak provided field assistance. Special thanks to the Plum Island LTER (OCE 9726921) for generously providing lodging. Use of brand names does not confer endorsement by the U.S. government. Comments from Ken Sprankle, Joe Zydlewski, Mike Armstrong, Donna Parrish, Alex Haro and three anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0969-997X EI 1365-2400 J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 18 IS 1 BP 12 EP 24 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00759.x PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 703RR UT WOS:000285999500002 ER PT J AU Holzer, TL Noce, TE Bennett, MJ AF Holzer, Thomas L. Noce, Thomas E. Bennett, Michael J. TI Liquefaction Probability Curves for Surficial Geologic Deposits SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Liquefaction; Earthquakes; Geologic Hazard Map; Engineering Geology; Liquefaction Potential Index; Geotechnical ID DETERMINISTIC ASSESSMENT; PENETRATION TEST; RESISTANCE; EARTHQUAKE; SOILS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CALIFORNIA; FAILURE; INDEX AB Liquefaction probability curves that predict the probability of surface manifestations of earthquake-induced liquefaction are developed for 14 different types of surficial geologic units. The units consist of alluvial fan, beach ridge, river delta topset and foreset beds, eolian dune, point bar, flood basin, natural river and alluvial fan levees, abandoned river channel, deep-water lake, lagoonal, sandy artificial fill, and valley train deposits. Probability is conditioned on earthquake magnitude and peak ground acceleration. Curves are developed for water table depths of 1.5 and 5.0 m. Probabilities are derived from complementary cumulative frequency distributions of the liquefaction potential index (LPI) that were computed from 927 cone penetration tests. For natural deposits with a water table at 1.5 m and subjected to a M7.5 earthquake with peak ground acceleration (PGA) = 0.25g, probabilities range from <0.03 for alluvial fan and lacustrine deposits to >0.5 for beach ridge, point bar, and deltaic deposits. The curves also were used to assign ranges of liquefaction probabilities to the susceptibility categories proposed previously for different geologic deposits. For the earthquake described here, probabilities for susceptibility categories have ranges of 0-0.08 for low, 0.09-0.30 for moderate, 0.31-0.62 for high, and 0.63-1.00 for very high. Retrospective predictions of liquefaction during historical earthquakes based on the curves compare favorably to observations. C1 [Holzer, Thomas L.; Noce, Thomas E.; Bennett, Michael J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Holzer, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI noce, toshiaki/L-1739-2013 FU U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission [N6501] FX This research was made possible by support from several institutions and the generous assistance of many colleagues. This work was funded in part by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission grant N6501, Central and Eastern States Seismic Source Zones and Earthquake Characteristics. These findings express the views of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U. S. NRC. Other supporters include the U. S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program and Central United States Earthquake Consortium. Purchase of the CPT truck was enabled by the PG&E-SGS Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. We are especially grateful to the following individuals for discussions and help: John C. Tinsley, III, Glenn J. Rix, David W. Moore, Scott C. Lundstrom, Todd A. Thompson, Norman C. Hester, Coyn J. Criley, Eugene S. Schweig, Kathleen B. Tucker, Rob E. Weems, Selcuk Toprak, Amy C. Padovani, and James Wilkerson. We thank Ronald D. Andrus and John C. Tinsley, III, for reviews of an early draft and the journal reviewers, Charles M. Brankman, David Fenster, and Jeffrey R. Keaton. NR 61 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 17 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.2113/gseegeosci.17.1.1 PG 21 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 770MY UT WOS:000291092000002 ER PT J AU Hart, KM Crowder, LB AF Hart, Kristen M. Crowder, Larry B. TI Mitigating By-Catch of Diamondback Terrapins in Crab Pots SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE blue crab; by-catch; fisheries; North Carolina; terrapin; turtle ID BYCATCH REDUCTION DEVICES; MALACLEMYS-TERRAPIN; MORTALITY; CAPTURE; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; MATURITY; TURTLES AB Chronic by-catch of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) pots is a concern for terrapin conservation along the United States Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Despite the availability of by-catch reduction devices (BRDs) for crab pots, adoption of BRDs has not been mandated and by-catch of terrapins continues. We conducted experimental fishing studies in North Carolina's year-round blue crab fishery from 2000 to 2004 to evaluate the ability of various BRDs to reduce terrapin by-catch without a concomitant reduction in the catch of blue crabs. In 4,822 crab pot days fished, we recorded only 21 terrapin captures. Estimated capture rates were 0.003 terrapins/pot per day in hard crab experimental fishing and 0.008 terrapins/pot per day in peeler experimental fishing. All terrapin captures occurred from April to mid-May within 321.4 m of the shoreline. Longer soak times produced more dead terrapins, with 4 live and 4 dead during hard crab experimental fishing and 11 live and 2 dead during peeler experimental fishing. The 4.0-cm BRDs in fall and 4.5-cm and 5.0-cm BRDs in spring reduced the catch of legal-sized male hard crabs by 26.6%, 21.2%, and 5.7%, respectively. Only the 5.0-cm BRDs did not significantly affect the catch of legal-sized hard male crabs. However, BRDs had no measurable effect on catch of target crabs in the peeler crab fishery. Our results identify 3 complementary and economically feasible tools for blue crab fishery managers to exclude terrapins from commercially fished crab pots in North Carolina: 1) gear modifications (e.g., BRDs); 2) distance-to-shore restrictions; and 3) time-of-year regulations. These measures combined could provide a reduction in terrapin by-catch of up to 95% without a significant reduction in target crab catch. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Hart, Kristen M.] US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Davie, FL 33314 USA. [Crowder, Larry B.] Duke Ctr Marine Conservat, Nicholas Sch, Environm Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hart, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, 3205 Coll Ave, Davie, FL 33314 USA. EM kristen_hart@usgs.gov FU North Carolina Sea Grant Fishery Resource Grant Program [00-FEG-23, 03-FEG-18] FX Funding for experimental fishing studies was provided by the North Carolina Sea Grant Fishery Resource Grant Program (00-FEG-23 and 03-FEG-18). Part of this work was completed as part of the doctoral work of K. Hart at Duke University. We thank our fishing collaborators M. Hooper and the Cahoon family and our Sea Grant Monitor B. Hines. We acknowledge the field assistance of P. Gillikin, L. Thorne, E. McLaughlin, and J. Kelley. We thank T. Ziegler and K. Craig for assistance with statistical analysis, C. Good and J. Gannon for help with calculations of distance to shore, L. Avens and Y. Escribano for the map of our study site, and B. Boynton for crafting the crab pot figure. J. Krebs, T. Smith, III, and E. Larrivee provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Use of trade or product names does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 264 EP 272 DI 10.1002/jwmg.49 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800002 ER PT J AU Mccarthy, KP Destefano, S AF Mccarthy, Kyle P. Destefano, Stephen TI Effects of Spatial Disturbance on Common Loon Nest Site Selection and Territory Success SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE common loon; disturbance; eagle; Gavia immer; human; nest; Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge ID PRODUCTIVITY; PREDATION; GAVIA; IMMER AB The common loon (Gavia immer) breeds during the summer on northern lakes and water bodies that are also often desirable areas for aquatic recreation and human habitation. In northern New England, we assessed how the spatial nature of disturbance affects common loon nest site selection and territory success. We found through classification and regression analysis that distance to and density of disturbance factors can be used to classify observed nest site locations versus random points, suggesting that these factors affect loon nest site selection (model 1: Correct classification = 75%, null = 50%, K = 0.507, P < 0.001; model 2: Correct classification = 78%, null 50%, K = 0.551, P < 0.001). However, in an exploratory analysis, we were unable to show a relation between spatial disturbance variables and breeding success (P = 0.595, R(2) = 0.436), possibly because breeding success was so low during the breeding seasons of 2007-2008. We suggest that by selecting nest site locations that avoid disturbance factors, loons thereby limit the effect that disturbance will have on their breeding success. Still, disturbance may force loons to use sub-optimal nesting habitat, limiting the available number of territories, and overall productivity. We advise that management efforts focus on limiting disturbance factors to allow breeding pairs access to the best nesting territories, relieving disturbance pressures that may force sub-optimal nest placement. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society C1 [Mccarthy, Kyle P.; Destefano, Stephen] Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Mccarthy, KP (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM kyle.mccarthy@ufl.edu FU United States Fish and Wildlife Service FX Special thanks to J. Cooley and the Loon Preservation Committee of New Hampshire, as well as the staff of Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge, for allowing us to use data on loon reproductive success. Also, thanks to our invaluable field assistants J. McCarthy and K. Rogers. Funding was provided by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 39 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 289 EP 296 DI 10.1002/jwmg.50 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800005 ER PT J AU Drummer, TD Corace, RG Sjogren, SJ AF Drummer, Thomas D. Corace, R. Gregory, III Sjogren, Stephen J. TI Sharp-Tailed Grouse Lek Attendance and Fidelity in Upper Michigan SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE lek attendance; lek fidelity; sharp-tailed grouse; upper Michigan ID SAGE-GROUSE; PRAIRIE GROUSE; GREATER; PATTERNS; COLORADO AB To assess and improve existing monitoring protocols for sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, we used data from 58 radio-collared grouse (46 M, 12 F) monitored within 3 openland landscape types: a xeric, conifer-dominated site, a wetland-dominated site, and a site dominated by low-intensity agriculture. We used lek counts and radio telemetry to determine lek attendance rates, factors affecting lek attendance rates, lek fidelity, and inter-sexual variation in these parameters. Our analysis indicated lek attendance varied with respect to sex of bird, day of year, time after sunrise, and wind speed. Peak male lek attendance rates exceeded those of females by up to 40%, and peak lekking activity for both males and females occurred during the second and third weeks of April. Male lekking activity occurred earlier and was sustained longer than that of females. Lekking activity was negatively related to time of day and wind speed. We observed strong lek fidelity as radio-collared birds attended a primary lek 94% of the time, indicating a low probability of multiple counting of individual birds. We also proposed a method to adjust lek count data for the probability that birds are on a lek during lek counts. Our proposed method can be used by researchers and managers to improve estimates of the number of birds attending a lek by reducing the negative bias associated with observed counts. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Drummer, Thomas D.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Math Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Corace, R. Gregory, III] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Seney Natl Wildlife Refuge, Seney, MI 49883 USA. [Sjogren, Stephen J.] US Forest Serv, St Ignace, MI 49781 USA. RP Drummer, TD (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Math Sci, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM tdrummer@mtu.edu FU MDNRE; United States Forest Service Hiawatha National Forest; United States Fish and Wildlife Service Seney National Wildlife Refuge; Seney Natural History Association; UP Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Fund FX This work was funded by the MDNRE, the United States Forest Service Hiawatha National Forest, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Seney National Wildlife Refuge, the Seney Natural History Association, and the UP Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Fund. Those who assisted with data collection and assimilation include E. Brosnan, K. Henslee, B. Johnson, D. McCormick, D. Munson, J. Patton, J. Patton, J. Polasik, J. Reattoir, J. Reis, S. Rouser, W. Sterling, K. Traylor, and H. Whitman. We thank the Michigan Sharp-tailed Grouse Association for their enthusiasm and encouragement. We also thank the reviewers and Associate Editor whose comments greatly improved this manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service or the United States Forest Service. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 6 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 311 EP 318 DI 10.1002/jwmg.42 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800008 ER PT J AU Cummings, JL Byrd, RW Eddleman, WR Engeman, RM Tupper, SK AF Cummings, John L. Byrd, Robert W. Eddleman, William R. Engeman, Richard M. Tupper, Shelagh K. TI Effectiveness of AV-1011 (R) to Reduce Damage to Drill-Planted Rice From Blackbirds SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agelaius phoeniceus; anthraquinone; AV-1011 (R); birds; bird repellent; blackbirds; rice; seedling damage; wildlife damage management ID REGISTERED PESTICIDES; METHYL ANTHRANILATE; BIRDS; ANTHRAQUINONE; REPELLENTS; METHIOCARB AB We determined efficacy of AV-1011 (R) (a 50% anthraquinone product; Arkion (R) Life Sciences, New Castle, Delaware) on drill-planted rice seed to reduce blackbird damage and determine residue levels of anthraquinone (AQ) in rice seeds and seedlings and in the mature rice crop under field enclosures at the University of Missouri-Delta Center farm near Portageville, Missouri. Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) damage was higher for untreated than AV-1011 (R) treated rice seedlings at assessment period 3, 15 days postplanting (F(1,141) = 15.81, P < 0.001), and at assessment period 4, 19 days postplanting (F(1,136) = 11.54, P = 0.001). Blackbird damage to AV-1011-treated seedling for assessment periods 3 and 4 was 8% and 7%, respectively, while blackbird damage to untreated seedlings during the same assessment periods was 52% and 44%. More blackbirds used untreated plots than AV-1011-treated plots during assessment periods 2-4 (F(1,17.8) = 20.02, P < 0.001). Overall concentrations of AQ on seeds averaged 5,993 mu g/g or 0.59% during the test period. Concentrations of AQ in mature rice seed and plant collected at harvest averaged 1.22 mu g/g and 0.10 mu g/g, respectively. AV-1011 offers promise for reducing bird depredations to newly planted rice, but additional testing should be conducted to evaluate this repellent in a large-scale field setting. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Cummings, John L.; Engeman, Richard M.; Tupper, Shelagh K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. [Byrd, Robert W.] Wildlife Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Portageville, MO 63873 USA. [Eddleman, William R.] SE Missouri State Univ, Dept Biol, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 USA. RP Cummings, JL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM john.l.cummings@aphis.usda.gov NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 353 EP 356 DI 10.1002/jwmg.65 PG 4 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800012 ER PT J AU Johnson, TL Cully, JF Collinge, SK Ray, C Frey, CM Sandercock, BK AF Johnson, Tammi L. Cully, Jack F., Jr. Collinge, Sharon K. Ray, Chris Frey, Christopher M. Sandercock, Brett K. TI Spread of Plague Among Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs Is Associated With Colony Spatial Characteristics SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cynomys ludovicianus; disease; epizootic; mark-recapture; multi-state; Program MARK; Yersinia pestis ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; CYNOMYS-LUDOVICIANUS; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; SYLVATIC PLAGUE; TRANSMISSION; DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; POPULATION; ENCOUNTER; RECORDS AB Sylvatic plague (Yersinia pestis) is an exotic pathogen that is highly virulent in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and causes widespread colony losses and individual mortality rates >95%. We investigated colony spatial characteristics that may influence inter-colony transmission of plague at 3 prairie dog colony complexes in the Great Plains. The 4 spatial characteristics we considered include: colony size, Euclidean distance to nearest neighboring colony, colony proximity index, and distance to nearest drainage (dispersal) corridor. We used multi-state mark-recapture models to determine the relationship between these colony characteristics and probability of plague transmission among prairie dog colonies. Annual mapping of colonies and mark-recapture analyses of disease dynamics in natural colonies led to 4 main results: 1) plague outbreaks exhibited high spatial and temporal variation, 2) the site of initiation of epizootic plague may have substantially influenced the subsequent inter-colony spread of plague, 3) the long-term effect of plague on individual colonies differed among sites because of how individuals and colonies were distributed, and 4) colony spatial characteristics were related to the probability of infection at all sites although the relative importance and direction of relationships varied among sites. Our findings suggest that conventional prairie dog conservation management strategies, including promoting large, highly connected colonies, may need to be altered in the presence of plague. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Johnson, Tammi L.] Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Cully, Jack F., Jr.] Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, USGS BRD Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [Collinge, Sharon K.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Environm Studies Program, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Frey, Christopher M.] Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry & Agr, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Johnson, TL (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM tammi.johnson@umontana.edu RI Sandercock, Brett/L-1644-2016; OI Sandercock, Brett/0000-0002-9240-0268; RAY, CHRIS/0000-0002-7963-9637 FU National Center for Environmental Research (NCER); United States-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [R82909101-0]; National Science Foundation [DEB-0224328]; National Institutes of Health (NSF/NIH) [DEB-0224328]; United States Geological Survey; United States Forest Service; Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks; Division of Biology at Kansas State University; Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX We thank D. Augustine and T. Peters (Comanche National Grassland), A. Chappell, G. Mason, and J. Hartman (Cimarron National Grassland), D. Garcia, and N. Walls (Kiowa-Rita Blanca National Grassland), and especially the private landowners across our study areas for their cooperation. We thank K. Gage and J. Montenieri, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases (CDC-NVBID), Ft. Collins, Colorado. We thank R. Marsh, J. Kraft, and J. Kretzer for field assistance and B. Thiagarajan, J. Graham, and 2 anonymous reviewers of an earlier draft for their valuable comments. Financial support for this research was provided by the National Center for Environmental Research (NCER), Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program of the United States-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; R82909101-0), the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health (NSF/NIH) joint program in Ecology and Infectious Diseases (DEB-0224328), United States Geological Survey, United States Forest Service, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, the Division of Biology at Kansas State University, and the Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Mention of trademarks or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 8 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 357 EP 368 DI 10.1002/jwmg.40 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800013 ER PT J AU Collins, WB Dale, BW Adams, LG Mcelwain, DE Joly, K AF Collins, William B. Dale, Bruce W. Adams, Layne G. Mcelwain, Darien E. Joly, Kyle TI Fire, Grazing History, Lichen Abundance, and Winter Distribution of Caribou in Alaska's Taiga SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; caribou; fire; grazing history; lichen; range management; Rangifer tarandus ID SNOW AB In the early 1990s the Nelchina Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Herd (NCH) began a dramatic shift to its current winter range, migrating at least an additional 100 km beyond its historic range. We evaluated the impacts of fire and grazing history on lichen abundance and subsequent use and distribution by the NCH. Historic (prior to 1990) and current (2002) winter ranges of the NCH had similar vascular vegetation, lichen cover (P = 0.491), and fire histories (P = 0.535), but the former range had significantly less forage lichen biomass as a result of grazing by caribou. Biomass of forage lichens was twice as great overall (P = 0.031) and 4 times greater in caribou selected sites on the current range than in the historic range, greatly increasing availability to caribou. Caribou on the current range selected for stands with >20% lichen cover (P < 0.001), greater than 1,250 kg/ha (P < 0.001) forage lichen biomass and stands older than 80 yr postfire (P < 0.001). After fires, forage lichen cover and biomass seldom recovered sufficiently to attract caribou grazing until after >= 60 yr, and, as a group, primary forage lichen species did not reach maximum abundance until 180 yr postfire. Recovery following overgrazing can occur much more quickly because lichen cover, albeit mostly fragments, and organic substrates remain present. Our results provide benchmarks for wildlife managers assessing condition of caribou winter range and predicting effects of fires on lichen abundance and caribou distribution. Of our measurements of cover and biomass by species, densities and heights of trees, elevation, slope and aspect, only percentage cover by Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladina rangiferina, Flavocetraria cuculata, and lowbush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) were necessary for predicting caribou use of winter range. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society C1 [Collins, William B.; Dale, Bruce W.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. [Adams, Layne G.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Mcelwain, Darien E.] Univ Vermont, Dept Bot, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Joly, Kyle] Gates Arctic Natl Pk & Preserve, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Collins, WB (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 1800 Glenn Hwy,Suite 4, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. EM william.collins@alaska.gov FU National Interagency Fire Center; United States Geological Survey-Alaska Science Center; Alaska Department of Fish and Game FX M. Collins, G. Roffler, and D. Spalinger assisted in collection of vegetation data. A. Christ helped with statistical analysis. D. Morris helped with graphics. Pilots J. Larivee and R. Swisher provided efficient helicopter support and assisted in collection of vegetation data. This paper greatly benefitted from comments by T. Jung, an anonymous reviewer, and the editors. Funding was secured from a National Interagency Fire Center grant, United States Geological Survey-Alaska Science Center, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 9 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 369 EP 377 DI 10.1002/jwmg.39 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800014 ER PT J AU Wilson, TL Howe, FP Edwards, TC AF Wilson, Tammy L. Howe, Frank P. Edwards, Thomas C., Jr. TI Effects of Sagebrush Treatments on Multi-Scale Resource Selection by Pygmy Rabbits SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Brachylagus idahoensis; central-place forager; habitat selection; home range; pygmy rabbit; sagebrush management; sagebrush restoration; shrubsteppe; simulation; Utah ID BRACHYLAGUS-IDAHOENSIS; SAGE-GROUSE; HABITAT; MANAGEMENT; WINTER; UTAH AB The effects of widespread sagebrush removal treatments on pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are not well understood. Due to reliance on sagebrush, pygmy rabbits are among the species for which these treatments may be detrimental. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of experimental sagebrush treatment on 8 radio-collared pygmy rabbits between and within home range habitat selection using Monte Carlo simulation from null models. Pygmy rabbits were not extirpated from plots containing habitat treatments, and we found no evidence that treatments affected home range placement. The mean treatment distance of observed home range centers did not differ from repeated trials of random points. However, we found evidence of within home range selection against treatments from 2 of 8 rabbits located close to the treatments. The mean treatment distance of all observed locations for these 2 rabbits was greater than expected based on a null model. We also used snow tracking to show that pygmy rabbits entered treatments in 4 out of 21 trials, which was less often than expected by chance (G(2) = 8.662, P = 0.003). Conservatively, sagebrush removal treatments should not be conducted on active or recently active pygmy rabbit burrows. Elsewhere near known pygmy rabbit sites, treated patches should be small and connected by untreated corridors to prevent potentially limiting movement of rabbits among the untreated habitat. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Wilson, Tammy L.; Edwards, Thomas C., Jr.] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Wilson, Tammy L.] Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Howe, Frank P.] Utah Div Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. RP Wilson, TL (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM t.w@aggiemail.usu.edu FU Utah Division of Wildlife Resources; Bureau of Land Management; Natural Resources Conservation Service; Rich County Coordinated Resource Management Committee; United States Forest Service; Utah State University Ecology Center FX We thank R. Groll and the ranchers of the Rich County Grazing Cooperative for access to private lands. The manuscript was improved by presubmission reviews by F. Colchero, W. A. Estes-Zumpf, R. T. Larsen, and D. M. Sanchez, further refined by 2 anonymous reviewers, and honed by D. Hanseder and E. L. Duderino. We appreciate the dedication of our technicians: C. Hiher, D. Lamereaux, T. B. Murphy, S. Ring, S. Rowbottom, C. Simeon, E. Szilagyi, D. White. We also thank countless volunteers, including A. J. Leffler, who helped with trapping and telemetry. We extend thanks to W. A. Estes-Zumpf for instruction on the capture and handling of pygmy rabbits. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Bureau of Land Management, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Rich County Coordinated Resource Management Committee, United States Forest Service, and Utah State University Ecology Center all provided funding or other support. Mention of any product does not constitute endorsement by the United States Geological Survey. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 393 EP 398 DI 10.1002/jwmg.51 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800017 ER PT J AU Langtimm, CA Dorazio, RM Stith, BM Doyle, TJ AF Langtimm, Catherine A. Dorazio, Robert M. Stith, Bradley M. Doyle, Terry J. TI New Aerial Survey and Hierarchical Model to Estimate Manatee Abundance SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE abundance estimation; aerial surveys; dual-observer sampling; Everglades restoration; Florida manatee; habitat covariates; hierarchical models; removal sampling ID DATA AUGMENTATION; ANIMAL ABUNDANCE; FLORIDA MANATEES; AGGREGATION SITE AB Monitoring the response of endangered and protected species to hydrological restoration is a major component of the adaptive management framework of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. The endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) lives at the marine-freshwater interface in southwest Florida and is likely to be affected by hydrologic restoration. To provide managers with prerestoration information on distribution and abundance for postrestoration comparison, we developed and implemented a new aerial survey design and hierarchical statistical model to estimate and map abundance of manatees as a function of patch-specific habitat characteristics, indicative of manatee requirements for offshore forage (seagrass), inland fresh drinking water, and warm-water winter refuge. We estimated the number of groups of manatees from dual-observer counts and estimated the number of individuals within groups by removal sampling. Our model is unique in that we jointly analyzed group and individual counts using assumptions that allow probabilities of group detection to depend on group size. Ours is the first analysis of manatee aerial surveys to model spatial and temporal abundance of manatees in association with habitat type while accounting for imperfect detection. We conducted the study in the Ten Thousand Islands area of southwestern Florida, USA, which was expected to be affected by the Picayune Strand Restoration Project to restore hydrology altered for a failed real-estate development. We conducted 11 surveys in 2006, spanning the cold, dry season and warm, wet season. To examine short-term and seasonal changes in distribution we flew paired surveys 1-2 days apart within a given month during the year. Manatees were sparsely distributed across the landscape in small groups. Probability of detection of a group increased with group size; the magnitude of the relationship between group size and detection probability varied among surveys. Probability of detection of individual manatees within a group also differed among surveys, ranging from a low of 0.27 on 11 January to a high of 0.73 on 8 August. During winter surveys, abundance was always higher inland at Port of the Islands (POI), a manatee warm-water aggregation site, than in the other habitat types. During warm-season surveys, highest abundances were estimated in offshore habitat where manatees forage on seagrass. Manatees continued to use POI in summer, but in lower numbers than in winter, possibly to drink freshwater. Abundance in other inland systems and inshore bays was low compared to POI in winter and summer, possibly because of low availability of freshwater. During cold weather, maps of patch abundance of paired surveys showed daily changes in manatee distribution associated with rapid changes in air and water temperature as manatees sought warm water with falling temperatures and seagrass areas with increasing temperatures. Within a habitat type, some patches had higher manatee abundance suggesting differences in quality, possibly due to freshwater flow. If hydrological restoration alters the location of quality habitat, postrestoration comparisons using our methods will document how manatees adjust to new resources, providing managers with information on spatial needs for further monitoring or management. Total abundance for the entire area was similar among survey dates. Credible intervals however were large on a few surveys, and may limit our ability to statistically detect trends in total abundance. Additional modeling of abundance with time-and patch-secific covariates of salinity, water temperature, and seagrass abundance will directly link manatee abundance with physical and biological changes due to restoration and should decrease uncertainty of estimates. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society.(dagger) C1 [Langtimm, Catherine A.] US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. [Dorazio, Robert M.] Univ Florida, US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Stith, Bradley M.] US Geol Survey, Jacobs Technol, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. [Doyle, Terry J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Thousand Isl Natl Wildlife Refuge 10, Naples, FL 34114 USA. RP Langtimm, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, 2201 NW 40th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. EM clangtimm@usgs.gov FU USFWS; USGS Priority Ecosystem Studies; ENP Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative FX Funding was provided by the USFWS, the USGS Priority Ecosystem Studies, and ENP Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative. This study would not have been possible without the able assistance of observers S. M. Bertone and D. G. Suitor. We appreciate the abilities of pilots L. Jonas and D. Moruzzi to fly us safely during the flights. We thank J. D. Nichols for his excellent advice on survey designs. This manuscript was improved with the help of the anonymous reviewers. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the USFWS. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 399 EP 412 DI 10.1002/jwmg.41 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800018 ER PT J AU Williams, BL Holtfreter, RW Ditchkoff, SS Grand, JB AF Williams, Brian L. Holtfreter, Robert W. Ditchkoff, Stephen S. Grand, James B. TI Trap Style Influences Wild Pig Behavior and Trapping Success SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE box traps; corral traps; Fort Benning; Sus scrofa; trapping efficiency; wild pigs ID FERAL PIGS; SUS-SCROFA; ERADICATION; POPULATION AB Despite the efforts of many natural resource professionals, wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations are expanding in many areas of the world. Although many creative techniques for controlling pig populations are being explored, trapping has been and still is the most commonly used method of population control for many public and private land managers. We conducted an observational study to examine the efficiency of 2 frequently used trap styles: a small, portable box-style trap and a larger, semi-permanent, corral-style trap. We used game cameras to examine patterns of trap entry by wild pigs around each style of trap, and we conducted a trapping session to compare trapping success between trap styles. Adult female and juvenile wild pigs entered both styles of trap more readily than did adult males, and adult males seemed particularly averse to entering box traps. Less than 10% of adult male visits to box traps resulted in entries, easily the least percentage of any class at any style of trap. Adult females entered corral traps approximately 2.2 times more often per visit than box traps and re-entered corral traps >2 times more frequently. Juveniles entered and re-entered both box and corral traps at similar rates. Overall (all-class) entry-per-visit rates at corral traps (0.71) were nearly double that of box traps (0.37). Subsequent trapping data supported these preliminary entry data; the capture rate for corral traps was >4 times that of box traps. Our data suggest that corral traps are temporally and economically superior to box traps with respect to efficiency; that is, corral traps effectively trap more pigs per trap night at a lower cost per pig than do box traps. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Williams, Brian L.; Holtfreter, Robert W.; Ditchkoff, Stephen S.] Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Grand, James B.] Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Williams, BL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM graycal6pb@aol.com FU United States Department of Defense, Fort Benning Military Reservation; School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences and Center for Forest Sustainability, Auburn University; Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX We thank G. Brooks, S. Abrams, and T. Hess for their invaluable assistance collecting data. Funding for this research was provided by the United States Department of Defense, Fort Benning Military Reservation. Additional support was provided by the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences and Center for Forest Sustainability, Auburn University, and the Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 432 EP 436 DI 10.1002/jwmg.64 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800021 ER PT J AU Halstead, BJ Wylie, GD Coates, PS Casazza, ML AF Halstead, Brian J. Wylie, Glenn D. Coates, Peter S. Casazza, Michael L. TI Bayesian Adaptive Survey Protocols for Resource Management SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian inference; California; decision analysis; giant gartersnake; occurrence; survey design; Thamnophis gigas; uncertainty ID DETECTION PROBABILITIES; CONSERVATION; OCCUPANCY; DETECTABILITY; INFERENCE; MODELS AB Transparency in resource management decisions requires a proper accounting of uncertainty at multiple stages of the decision-making process. As information becomes available, periodic review and updating of resource management protocols reduces uncertainty and improves management decisions. One of the most basic steps to mitigating anthropogenic effects on populations is determining if a population of a species occurs in an area that will be affected by human activity. Species are rarely detected with certainty, however, and falsely declaring a species absent can cause improper conservation decisions or even extirpation of populations. We propose a method to design survey protocols for imperfectly detected species that accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty in the detection process, is capable of quantitatively incorporating expert opinion into the decision-making process, allows periodic updates to the protocol, and permits resource managers to weigh the severity of consequences if the species is falsely declared absent. We developed our method using the giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas), a threatened species precinctive to the Central Valley of California, as a case study. Survey date was negatively related to the probability of detecting the giant gartersnake, and water temperature was positively related to the probability of detecting the giant gartersnake at a sampled location. Reporting sampling effort, timing and duration of surveys, and water temperatures would allow resource managers to evaluate the probability that the giant gartersnake occurs at sampled sites where it is not detected. This information would also allow periodic updates and quantitative evaluation of changes to the giant gartersnake survey protocol. Because it naturally allows multiple sources of information and is predicated upon the idea of updating information, Bayesian analysis is well-suited to solving the problem of developing efficient sampling protocols for species of conservation concern. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Halstead, Brian J.; Wylie, Glenn D.; Coates, Peter S.; Casazza, Michael L.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Halstead, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM bhalstead@usgs.gov OI casazza, Mike/0000-0002-5636-735X FU Calfed; California Waterfowl Association; Natomas Basin Conservancy; United States Army Corps of Engineers; USFWS FX We thank the USFWS for initiating our interest in developing a survey protocol for the giant gartersnake. J. Yee provided statistical guidance and stimulating discussion of Bayesian methods in addition to review of an early version of this manuscript. K. Nussear also provided valuable comments on an early version of this manuscript. P. Gore provided administrative support. We thank the numerous biological technicians who collected data. Support was provided by grants from Calfed, the California Waterfowl Association, the Natomas Basin Conservancy, the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the USFWS. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 450 EP 457 DI 10.1002/jwmg.55 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800023 ER PT J AU Henley, RW Berger, BR AF Henley, Richard W. Berger, Byron R. TI Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: Chemical controls on alteration and mineralization SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE High-sulfidation; Gold; Magmatic vapor; Enargite; Silica-alunite; Sulfosalt melt; Tennantite; Solfatara ID STABLE-ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; ACID-SULFATE ALTERATION; CU-AU DEPOSITS; EPITHERMAL TRANSITION; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; FLUID-INCLUSION; KUDRYAVY VOLCANO; COLIMA VOLCANO; ORE-DEPOSITS; CRATER LAKE AB Large bulk-tonnage high-sulfidation gold deposits, such as Yanacocha. Peru, are the surface expression of structurally-controlled lode gold deposits, such as El Indio, Chile. Both formed in active andesite-dacite volcanic terranes. Fluid inclusion, stable isotope and geologic data show that lode deposits formed within 1500 m of the paleo-surface as a consequence of the expansion of low-salinity, low-density magmatic vapor with very limited, if any, groundwater mixing. They are characterized by an initial 'Sulfate' Stage of advanced argillic wallrock alteration +/- alunite commonly with intense silicification followed by a 'Sulfide' Stage - a succession of discrete sulfide-sulfosalt veins that may be ore grade in gold and silver. Fluid inclusions in quartz formed during wallrock alteration have homogenization temperatures between 100 and over 500 degrees C and preserve a record of a vapor-rich environment. Recent data for El Indio and similar deposits show that at the commencement of the Sulfide Stage, 'condensation' of Cu-As-S sulfosalt melts with trace concentrations of Sb, Te, Bi, Ag and Au occurred at >600 degrees C following pyrite deposition. Euhedral quartz crystals were simultaneously deposited from the vapor phase during crystallization of the vapor-saturated melt occurs to Fe-tennantite with progressive non-equilibrium fractionation of heavy metals between melt-vapor and solid. Vugs containing a range of sulfides, sulfosalts and gold record the changing composition of the vapor. Published fluid inclusion and mineralogical data are reviewed in the context of geological relationships to establish boundary conditions through which to trace the expansion of magmatic vapor from source to surface and consequent alteration and mineralization. Initially heat loss from the vapor is high resulting in the formation of acid condensate permeating through the wallrock. This Sulfate Stage alteration effectively isolates the expansion of magmatic vapor in subsurface fracture arrays from any external contemporary hydrothermal activity. Subsequent fracturing is localized by the embrittled wallrock to provide high-permeability fracture arrays that constrain vapor expansion with minimization of heat loss. The Sulfide Stage vein sequence is then a consequence of destabilization of metal-vapor species in response to depressurization and decrease in vapor density. The geology, mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope data and geothermometry for high-sulfidation, bulk-tonnage and lode deposits are quite different from those for epithermal gold-silver deposits such as McLaughlin. California that formed near-surface in groundwater-dominated hydrothermal systems where magmatic fluid has been diluted to less than about 30%. High sulfidation gold deposits are better termed 'Solfataric Gold Deposits' to emphasize this distinction. The magmatic-vapor expansion hypothesis also applies to the phenomenology of acidic geothermal systems in active volcanic systems and equivalent magmatic-vapor discharges on the flanks of submarine volcanoes. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Berger, Byron R.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Henley, Richard W.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Berger, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM bberger@usgs.gov NR 104 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.11.003 PG 12 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 753IY UT WOS:000289766700004 ER PT J AU Berger, BR Henley, RW AF Berger, Byron R. Henley, Richard W. TI Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: Structural controls on hydrothermal alteration and ore mineralization SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE High-sulfidation deposits; Advanced argillic alteration; Magmatic vapor; Structural geology; Enargite; Gold; Solfatara ID CU-AU DEPOSITS; ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; FLUID INCLUSIONS; COLLISION BELT; AG DEPOSIT; FAULT; PHILIPPINES; EVOLUTION; DEFORMATION; LEPANTO AB High-sulfidation copper-gold lode deposits such as Chinkuashih, Taiwan, Lepanto, Philippines, and Goldfield, Nevada, formed within 1500 m of the paleosurface in volcanic terranes. All underwent an early stage of extensive advanced argillic silica-alunite alteration followed by an abrupt change to spatially much more restricted stages of fracture-controlled sulfide-sulfosalt mineral assemblages and gold-silver mineralization. The alteration as well as ore mineralization stages of these deposits were controlled by the dynamics and history of syn-hydrothermal faulting. At the Sulfate Stage, aggressive advanced argillic alteration and silicification were consequent on the in situ formation of acidic condensate from magmatic vapor as it expanded through secondary fracture networks alongside active faults. The reduction of permeability at this stage due to alteration decreased fluid flow to the surface, and progressively developed a barrier between magmatic-vapor expansion constrained by the active faults and peripheral hydrothermal activity dominated by hot-water flow. In conjunction with the increased rock strength resulting from alteration, subsequent fault-slip inversion in response to an increase in compressional stress generated new, highly permeable fractures localized by the embrittled, altered rock. The new fractures focused magmatic-vapor expansion with much lower heat loss so that condensation occurred. Sulfide Stage sulfosalt, sulfide, and gold-silver deposition then resulted from destabilization of vapor phase metal species due to vapor decompression through the new fracture array. The switch from sulfate to sulfide assemblages is, therefore, a logical consequence of changes in structural permeability due to the coupling of alteration and fracture dynamics rather than to changes in the chemistry of the fluid phase at its magmatic source. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Berger, Byron R.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Henley, Richard W.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Berger, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM bberger@usgs.gov NR 70 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 90 DI 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.11.004 PG 16 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 753IY UT WOS:000289766700005 ER PT J AU Singer, DA Berger, VI Mosier, DL AF Singer, Donald A. Berger, Vladimir I. Mosier, Dan L. TI Effects of intrusions on grades and contents of gold and other metals in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Exploration; Mineral assessment; VMS ID ORE; EXPLORATION AB The reason some VMS deposits contain more gold or other metals than others might be due to the influence of intrusions. A new approach examining this possibility is based on examining the information about many VMS deposits to test statistically if those with associated intrusions have significantly different grades or amounts of metals. A set of 632 VMS deposits with reported grades, tonnages, and information about the observed presence or absence of subvolcanic or plutonic intrusive bodies emplaced at or after VMS mineralization is statistically analyzed. Deposits with syn-mineralization or post-mineralization intrusions nearby have higher tonnages than deposits without reported intrusions, but the differences are not statistically significant. When both kinds of intrusions are reported, VMS deposit sizes are significantly higher than in the deposits without any intrusions. Gold, silver, zinc, lead, and copper average grades are not significantly different in the VMS deposits with nearby intrusions compared to deposits without regardless of relative age of intrusive. Only zinc and copper contents are significantly higher in VMS deposits with both kinds of intrusive reported. These differences in overall metal content are due to significantly larger deposit sizes of VMS deposits where both intrusive kinds are observed and reported, rather than any difference in metal grades. Published by Elsevier BM. C1 [Singer, Donald A.; Berger, Vladimir I.; Mosier, Dan L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Singer, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 901,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM singer@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 116 EP 118 DI 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.12.003 PG 3 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 753IY UT WOS:000289766700008 ER PT J AU Krapu, GL Brandt, DA Jones, KL Johnson, DH AF Krapu, Gary L. Brandt, David A. Jones, Kenneth L. Johnson, Douglas H. TI Geographic Distribution of the Mid-Continent Population of Sandhill Cranes and Related Management Applications SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE breeding affiliation; Central Flyway; Grus canadensis; harvest; Mid-continent Population (MCP); sandhill crane; satellite telemetry; fall staging areas; subspecies; wintering grounds ID SATELLITE TELEMETRY; LOCATION ACCURACY; SPRING MIGRATION; GRUS-CANADENSIS; FALL MIGRATION; NORTH-DAKOTA; HABITAT USE; SNOW GEESE; ABUNDANCE; NEBRASKA AB The Mid-continent Population (MCP) of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) is widely hunted in North America and is separated into the Gulf Coast Subpopulation and Western Subpopulation for management purposes. Effective harvest management of the MCP requires detailed knowledge of breeding distribution of subspecies and subpopulations, chronology of their use of fall staging areas and wintering grounds, and exposure to and harvest from hunting. To address these information needs, we tagged 153 sandhill cranes with Platform Transmitting Terminals (PTTs) during 22 February-12 April 1998-2003 in the Central and North Platte River valleys of south-central Nebraska. We monitored PTT-tagged sandhill cranes, hereafter tagged cranes, from their arrival to departure from breeding grounds, during their fall migration, and throughout winter using the Argos satellite tracking system. The tracking effort yielded 74,041 useable locations over 49,350 tag days; median duration of tracking of individual cranes was 352 days and 73 cranes were tracked > 12 months. Genetic sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from blood samples taken from each of our random sample of tagged cranes indicated 64% were G. c. canadensis and 34% were Grus canadensis tabida. Tagged cranes during the breeding season settled in northern temperate, subarctic, and arctic North America (U. S. [23%, n = 35], Canada [57%, n = 87]) and arctic regions of northeast Asia (Russia [20%, n = 31]). Distribution of tagged cranes by breeding affiliation was as follows: Western Alaska-Siberia (WA-S, 42 +/- 4% [SE]), northern Canada-Nunavut (NC-N, 21 +/- 4%), West-central Canada-Alaska (WC-A, 23 +/- 4%) and East-central Canada-Minnesota (EC-M, 14 +/- 3%). All tagged cranes returned to the same breeding affiliation used during the previous year with a median distance of 1.60 km (range: 0.08-7.7 km, n - 53) separating sites used in year 1 and year 2. Fall staging occurred primarily in central and western Saskatchewan (69%), North Dakota (16%), southwestern Manitoba (10%), and northwestern Minnesota (3%). Space-use sharing indices showed that except for NC-N and WC-A birds, probability of finding a crane from one breeding affiliation within the home range of another breeding affiliation was low during fall staging. Tagged cranes from WC-A and EC-M breeding affiliations, on average, spent 25 and 20 days, respectively, longer on fall staging areas in the northern plains than did WA-S and NC-N birds. Cranes in the NC-N, WA-S, and WC-A affiliations spent 99%, 74%, and 64%, respectively, of winter in western Texas in Hunting Zone A; EC-M cranes spent 83% of winter along the Texas Gulf Coast in Hunting Zone C. Tagged cranes that settled within the breeding range of the Gulf Coast Subpopulation spent 28% and 42% of fall staging and winter within the range of the Western Subpopulation, indicating sufficient exchange of birds to potentially limit effectiveness of MCP harvest management. Harvests of EC-M and WC-A cranes during 1998-2003 were disproportionately high to their estimated numbers in the MCP, suggesting more conservative harvest strategies may be required for these subpopulations in the future, and for sandhill cranes to occupy major parts of their historical breeding range in the Prairie Pothole Region. Exceptionally high philopatry of MCP cranes of all 4 subpopulations to breeding sites coupled with strong linkages between crane breeding distribution, and fall staging areas and wintering grounds, provide managers guidance for targeting MCP crane harvest to meet management goas. Sufficient temporal or spatial separation exists among the 4 subpopulations on fall staging areas and wintering grounds to allow harvest to be targeted at the subpopulation level in all states and provinces (and most hunting zones within states and provinces) when conditions warrant. Knowledge gained from our study provides decision-makers in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Russia with improved guidance for developing sound harvest regulations, focusing conservation efforts, and generating collaborative efforts among these nations on sandhill crane research and management to meet mutually important goals. (c) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Krapu, Gary L.; Brandt, David A.; Johnson, Douglas H.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Jones, Kenneth L.] Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci MC 066, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RP Krapu, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM gkrapu@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; North Dakota Game and Fish Department; Texas Game and Parks Commission; Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation; Nebraska Game and Parks Commission; Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks; New Mexico Department of Game and Fish; South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department; Wyoming Game and Fish Department; Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks; International Crane Foundation; Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust; Playa Lakes Joint Venture FX This research was conducted by the Central Platte River Priority Ecosystem Study, Biological Resources Discipline, USGS. We thank D. Douglas for providing technical and Argos program support. We thank D. Sharp, J. Dubovsky, J. Roberson, M. O'Meilia, T. Mitchusson, J. Hansen, M. Syzmanski, M. Johnson, J. Gammonley, H. Hands, S. Kohn, D. Nieman, M. Vrtiska, S. Taylor, S. Vaa, V. Bevill, R. George, L. Roberts, J. Solberg, D. Dolton, the late J. Gabig, D. Benning, R. Parker, S. Anschutz, P. Kinzel, J. Cornely, M. Forsberg, and P. Tebbel for their help in facilitating various aspects of the study. We thank the late P. Currier and F. Chavez-Ramirez, Directors of the Whooping Crane Habitat Maintenance Trust, for allowing use of their facilities near Wood River, Nebraska, when trapping and tagging sandhill cranes in the Platte River Valley and North Platte River Valley. We thank R. Kirby, J. Hestbeck, and J. Powell, Directors, and D. Jorde, Deputy Director, at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center for their support. We thank D. Fronczak, A. Olson, A. Stonsifer, J. Drahota, W. Jones, T. Buhl, F. Sargeant, J. Fiest, L. Wood, S. Hawks, D. Grandmaison, M. Westbrock, K. Seginak, B. Hanson, C. Mettenbrink, R. Knopik, C. Graue, V. Carter, B. Geaumont, J. McCabe, D. Smith, L. Potter, J. Thibault, B. Toay, M. Stoley, M. Heiser, and M. Pieron for field assistance. We are grateful for comments by R. Drewien, D. Sharp, and G. Ivey, which improved earlier drafts of this manuscript and Ingrid Barcelo, Audrey Desmarteaux-Houle, and Galina Revina for translating the abstract into Spanish, French, and Russian. We thank the many private landowners in Nebraska that allowed access to their lands to trap and tag cranes. Any mention of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This study was supported by U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Texas Game and Parks Commission, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, International Crane Foundation, Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust, and Playa Lakes Joint Venture. Publication costs were provided by United States Geological Survey, Science Support Program. NR 94 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 8 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0084-0173 EI 1938-5455 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD FEB PY 2011 IS 175 BP 1 EP 38 DI 10.1002/wmon.1 PG 38 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752ZU UT WOS:000289734800001 ER PT J AU Small, GE Pringle, CM Pyron, M Duff, JH AF Small, Gaston E. Pringle, Catherine M. Pyron, Mark Duff, John H. TI Role of the fish Astyanax aeneus (Characidae) as a keystone nutrient recycler in low-nutrient Neotropical streams SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Astyanax aeneus; Atherinidae; Characidae; Cichlidae; ecological stoichiometry; fish; La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica; nutrient cycling; phosphorus; Poecilidae; streams ID COSTA-RICA; PHOSPHORUS-LIMITATION; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; FRESH-WATER; STOICHIOMETRY; NITROGEN; LANDSCAPE; COMMUNITY; DYNAMICS; CONSEQUENCES AB Nutrient recycling by animals is a potentially important biogeochemical process in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Stoichiometric traits of individual species may result in some taxa playing disproportionately important roles in the recycling of nutrients relative to their biomass, acting as keystone nutrient recyclers. We examined factors controlling the relative contribution of 12 Neotropical fish species to nutrient recycling in four streams spanning a range of phosphorus (P) levels. In high-P conditions (135 mu g/L soluble reactive phosphorus, SRP), most species fed on P-enriched diets and P excretion rates were high across species. In low-P conditions (3 mu g/L SRP), aquatic food resources were depleted in P, and species with higher body P content showed low rates of P recycling. However, fishes that were subsidized by terrestrial inputs were decoupled from aquatic P availability and therefore excreted P at disproportionately high rates. One of these species, Astyanax aeneus (Characidae), represented 12% of the total population and 18% of the total biomass of the fish assemblage in our focal low-P study stream but had P excretion rates >10-fold higher than other abundant fishes. As a result, we estimated that P excretion by A. aeneus accounted for 90% of the P recycled by this fish assemblage and also supplied similar to 90% of the stream P demand in this P-limited ecosystem. Nitrogen excretion rates showed little variation among species, and the contribution of a given species to ecosystem N recycling was largely dependent upon the total biomass of that species. Because of the high variability in P excretion rates among fish species, ecosystem-level P recycling could be particularly sensitive to changes in fish community structure in P-limited systems. C1 [Small, Gaston E.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Pringle, Catherine M.] Univ Georgia, Odum Sch Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Pyron, Mark] Ball State Univ, Aquat Biol & Fisheries Ctr, Dept Biol, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. [Duff, John H.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Small, GE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM gesmall@umn.edu RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012; Pyron, Mark/D-4572-2011; OI Pyron, Mark/0000-0003-0451-7827; Small, Gaston/0000-0002-9018-7555 FU National Science Foundation [DEB 0545463]; United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) FX We are grateful to M. Hidalgo, M. Snyder, P. Torres, M. Lettrich, J. Frisch, and L. Schweizer for help with fieldwork. T. Maddox and L. Dean contributed to laboratory analyses. Suggestions from the Pringle and Rosemond laboratories, J. Benstead, S. Thomas, T. Short, and two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. J. Reeves contributed advice on statistical models. Research funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (DEB 0545463 to C. M. Pringle, F. J. Triska, and A. Ramirez). G. Small is supported in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship Program. EPA has not officially endorsed this publication, and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. NR 41 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 48 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2011 VL 92 IS 2 BP 386 EP 397 DI 10.1890/10-0081.1 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 750NC UT WOS:000289553600014 PM 21618918 ER PT J AU Stueve, KM Isaacs, RE Tyrrell, LE Densmore, RV AF Stueve, Kirk M. Isaacs, Rachel E. Tyrrell, Lucy E. Densmore, Roseann V. TI Spatial variability of biotic and abiotic tree establishment constraints across a treeline ecotone in the Alaska Range SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA; equilibrium assumption; facilitation; hierarchical partitioning; landscape ecology; permafrost; Picea glauca; seed dispersal; timberline; topography ID ARCTIC ALPINE TREELINE; WHITE SPRUCE; INTERIOR ALASKA; SWEDISH SCANDES; TUNDRA ECOTONE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LINE DYNAMICS; VEGETATION; MODEL; PERSPECTIVE AB Throughout interior Alaska (USA), a gradual warming trend in mean monthly temperatures occurred over the last few decades (similar to 2-4 degrees C). The accompanying increases in woody vegetation at many alpine treeline (hereafter treeline) locations provided an opportunity to examine how biotic and abiotic local site conditions interact to control tree establishment patterns during warming. We devised a landscape ecological approach to investigate these relationships at an undisturbed treeline in the Alaska Range. We identified treeline changes between 1953 (aerial photography) and 2005 (satellite imagery) in a geographic information system (GIS) and linked them with corresponding local site conditions derived from digital terrain data, ancillary climate data, and distance to 1953 trees. Logistic regressions enabled us to rank the importance of local site conditions in controlling tree establishment. We discovered a spatial transition in the importance of tree establishment controls. The biotic variable (proximity to 1953 trees) was the most important tree establishment predictor below the upper tree limit, providing evidence of response lags with the abiotic setting and suggesting that tree establishment is rarely in equilibrium with the physical environment or responding directly to warming. Elevation and winter sun exposure were important predictors of tree establishment at the upper tree limit, but proximity to trees persisted as an important tertiary predictor, indicating that tree establishment may achieve equilibrium with the physical environment. However, even here, influences from the biotic variable may obscure unequivocal correlations with the abiotic setting (including temperature). Future treeline expansion will likely be patchy and challenging to predict without considering the spatial variability of influences from biotic and abiotic local site conditions. C1 [Stueve, Kirk M.] Texas A&M Univ, Coll Geosci, Dept Geog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Isaacs, Rachel E.] KR Biogeog Res, Shafer, MN 55075 USA. [Tyrrell, Lucy E.] Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, Natl Pk Serv, Denali Natl Pk, AK 99755 USA. [Densmore, Roseann V.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Stueve, KM (reprint author), USDA, No Res Stn, Forest Serv, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. FU Discover Denali Fellowship Program; Murie Science and Learning Center; Denali Education Center; Texas A&M Department of Geography FX We dedicate this research to the memory of Les Viereck, who devoted much of his life to studying the vegetation of Alaska. The Discover Denali Fellowship Program, Murie Science and Learning Center, Denali Education Center, and Texas A&M Department of Geography generously provided funding, equipment use, and laboratory resources. We thank David Tomeo for supporting fieldwork logistics and Jon Paynter for distributing spatial data. We thank the National Park Service for help with the research and collecting permit and with park logistics. Carl Roland and Martin Wilmking made invaluable contributions to facilitate the selection of the study site. Aaron Moody provided exceptional suggestions during the formative stages of our landscape ecological approach. We appreciate constructive criticisms given by two anonymous referees. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 53 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2011 VL 92 IS 2 BP 496 EP 506 DI 10.1890/09-1725.1 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 750NC UT WOS:000289553600024 PM 21618928 ER PT J AU Valente, JJ King, SL Wilson, RR AF Valente, Jonathon J. King, Sammy L. Wilson, R. Randy TI Distribution and Habitat Associations of Breeding Secretive Marsh Birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Bittern; Rail; Wetland ID SITE-OCCUPANCY; SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA; COMMON MOORHEN; YELLOW RAILS; KING RAILS; NEW-YORK; RIVER; CONSERVATION; WATERBIRDS; ABUNDANCE AB Populations of many North American secretive marsh birds (SMBs) have declined in recent decades, partially as a function of wetland loss. Protecting and restoring appropriate habitat for these species is contingent upon understanding the habitat features they utilize. We investigated breeding distributions of SMBs in northeast Louisiana at 118 wetlands in 2007 and 2008 and modeled species occupancy (psi) as a function of habitat variables measured at local (<= 100 m) and landscape (<= 1 km) scales. Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus), Least Bitterns (Ixobrychus exilis), and Purple Gallinules (Porphyrula martinica) were the most commonly detected species, whereas breeding King Rails (Rallus elegans) and American Coots (Fulica americana) were rare. Local habitat features consistently played a greater role in predicting psi than landscape features for the three most common species. The proportion of local wetland area dominated by robust emergent vegetation (i.e., Typha spp. and Zizaniopsis miliacea) positively influenced psi for all species, while other wetland vegetation types tended to have a minimal or negative effect. Our results suggest the habitat characteristics preferred by breeding SMBs differ from those used by migrating shorebirds and wintering waterfowl and management and restoration objectives for those species may be inadequate for enhancing SMB habitat. C1 [Valente, Jonathon J.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [King, Sammy L.] Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Renewable Nat Resources 124, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Wilson, R. Randy] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Valente, JJ (reprint author), USA, Environm Lab, Engn Res & Dev Ctr, Louisville, KY 40204 USA. EM Jonathon.J.Valente@gmail.com FU U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service State Wildlife [T-41-R] FX This project was funded by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service State Wildlife Grant T-41-R which was administered by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. The use of trade, product, or industry firm names or products is for informative purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Government or the U.S. Geological Survey. We thank J. A. Nyman, P. Stouffer, K. McCarter, B. Strader, M. Kaller, S. Pierluissi, T. Cooper and the late R. Helm for their intellectual contributions. We also thank C. Duplechain, D. Crawford, E. DeLeon, T. Gancos, E. Hunter, J. Unger, J. Keiser, M. Osinskie, J. Russell, R. Villani, H. Gee, B. Pickens, P. Newell, S. R. Kang, for their logistical assistance. Lastly, this research would not have been possible without the support and resources provided by numerous individuals working for the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Natural Resources Conservation Service. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 5 U2 33 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1007/s13157-010-0138-3 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 741ZO UT WOS:000288907700001 ER PT J AU Cariveau, AB Pavlacky, DC Bishop, AA LaGrange, TG AF Cariveau, Alison B. Pavlacky, David C., Jr. Bishop, Andrew A. LaGrange, Theodore G. TI Effects of Surrounding Land use on Playa Inundation following Intense Rainfall SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Conservation Reserve Program; Herbaceous buffer; Hydrology; Infiltration; Nebraska; Runoff; Sedimentation ID CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; WETLANDS; SEDIMENT; WATER; MIGRATION; WILDLIFE; HABITAT; IMPACT AB Many isolated wetlands that fill by rainfall, such as playas, have been affected by sedimentation in heavily modified agricultural landscapes. Conservation plantings and buffers reduce sedimentation in wetlands but also may reduce the frequency of inundation. We studied the effects of surrounding landcover on the responses of playas in southwestern Nebraska to heavy rain events using aerial photography, ground surveys, and GIS landscape analyses. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we found that playas in rangeland were more likely to become inundated than playas in cropland, and both were more likely to become inundated than playas in fields enrolled in USDA's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), typified by tall, dense grasses. Inundation was also positively related to rainfall amount and playa size. Our results highlight the significance of maintaining playas in native prairie and underscore the importance of planting and managing appropriate mixes of native shortgrass and/or mixed-grass prairie species surrounding playas to mimic the vegetative structure of native prairie. In light of historic wetland losses, a reduction in the probability of flooding for individual playas in CRP must be weighed against the protection from sedimentation that buffers afford wetlands in cropland and other beneficial influences of CRP in the landscape. C1 [Cariveau, Alison B.; Pavlacky, David C., Jr.] Rocky Mt Bird Observ, Brighton, CO 80603 USA. [Bishop, Andrew A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Grand Isl, NE 68801 USA. [LaGrange, Theodore G.] Nebraska Game & Pk Commiss, Lincoln, NE 68503 USA. RP Cariveau, AB (reprint author), Rocky Mt Bird Observ, 14500 Lark Bunting Lane,POB 1232, Brighton, CO 80603 USA. EM Alison.Cariveau@gmail.com FU Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (NGPC); PLJV FX The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (NGPC) and the PLJV funded this project from the USFWS State Wildlife Grant Program and Conoco-Phillips, respectively. We thank NGPC biologists Douglas Ekberg, Mike Fritz, Tim Hermansen, Emily Munter, and Sarah Rehme; Kelsi Niederklein of Pheasants Forever; and RMBO staff Crystal Bechaver, Jennifer Blakesley, Luke Caldwell, Cliff Cordy, Derek Hill, Lacrecia Johnson, Marie-Melissa Kalamaras, Sarah Manor, Christopher Nicholson, Larry Snyder, Rob Sparks, Emily Steel, and Eric Sytsma for their hard work on this project. We thank Jacob Erdman at the USFWS Great Plains GIS Partnership and Megan McLachlan at PLJV for their assistance with aerial photography interpretation and GIS data analysis. We thank Nadine Bishop and Claudia Stevenson of the NRCS for hand-delineating playa water-sheds and supporting a field surveyor, respectively. We thank Joel Jorgensen, Mike Gilbert, Tim McCoy, Ritch Nelson, and Mark Vrtiska for comments on drafts of this manuscript. NR 51 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1007/s13157-010-0129-4 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 741ZO UT WOS:000288907700007 ER PT J AU Heimann, DC Krempa, HM AF Heimann, David C. Krempa, Heather M. TI Cumulative Effects of Impoundments on the Hydrology of Riparian Wetlands along the Marmaton River, West-Central Missouri, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Numerical modeling; Streamflow regulation; Water budget; Wetland hydrology ID GOODNESS-OF-FIT; UNITED-STATES; ECOSYSTEMS; IMPACTS; REGIME; MODEL; DAMS AB The effects of proposed impoundments and resulting streamflow regulation on riparian wetlands in the Marmaton River Basin, Missouri, USA were determined using measurements and numerical simulations of wetland water budgets. Calibrated and validated Soil-Plant-Air-Water (SPAW) models were used to simulate daily water depths of four riparian wetlands for Current (model scenario of existing impoundments) and Proposed (model scenario of existing and proposed impoundments) impoundment conditions. The simulated frequency of flooding decreased 19-65% at the wetlands following the additions of proposed impoundments. The reduced flooding resulted in decreases in wetland water depths at all sites during the 10 simulated growing seasons under Proposed conditions with an average duration of continuous water-depth declines of 289 days at the upstream (most regulated) site. Downstream wetlands within the zone of least regulation had an average duration of water level decreases of about 20 days. Decreased water levels under Proposed conditions resulted in a range of 65-365 additional dry days at the study wetlands during the simulated 10-year period of Proposed conditions. The areas of the four wetlands meeting the hydrologic criteria of a formal jurisdictional wetland definition decreased ranging from zero to 31% under Proposed impoundment conditions. C1 [Heimann, David C.] 401 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Lees Summit, MO 64086 USA. [Krempa, Heather M.] Univ Cent Missouri, Dept Biol & Earth Sci, Warrensburg, MO 64093 USA. RP Heimann, DC (reprint author), 401 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, NW Capital Dr, Lees Summit, MO 64086 USA. EM dheimann@usgs.gov FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [CD 98779501]; Missouri Department of Conservation FX Partial support for this project was made possible through a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency wetlands program development grant (grant number CD 98779501). Additional support and assistance was provided by the Missouri Department of Conservation. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.1007/s13157-010-0121-z PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 741ZO UT WOS:000288907700013 ER PT J AU Fujisaki, I Mazzotti, FJ Dorazio, RM Rice, KG Cherkiss, M Jeffery, B AF Fujisaki, Ikuko Mazzotti, Frank J. Dorazio, Robert M. Rice, Kenneth G. Cherkiss, Michael Jeffery, Brian TI Estimating Trends in Alligator Populations from Nightlight Survey Data SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Alligator mississippiensis; Crocodilian; Everglades; Detection probability; Hierarchical model; Monitoring ID CROCODYLUS-POROSUS; CROCODILE ABUNDANCE; SPOTLIGHT COUNTS; MARK-RECAPTURE; RESTORATION; INDICATORS; MODELS AB Nightlight surveys are commonly used to evaluate status and trends of crocodilian populations, but imperfect detection caused by survey- and location-specific factors makes it difficult to draw population inferences accurately from uncorrected data. We used a two-stage hierarchical model comprising population abundance and detection probability to examine recent abundance trends of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in subareas of Everglades wetlands in Florida using nightlight survey data. During 2001-2008, there were declining trends in abundance of small and/or medium sized animals in a majority of subareas, whereas abundance of large sized animals had either demonstrated an increased or unclear trend. For small and large sized class animals, estimated detection probability declined as water depth increased. Detection probability of small animals was much lower than for larger size classes. The declining trend of smaller alligators may reflect a natural population response to the fluctuating environment of Everglades wetlands under modified hydrology. It may have negative implications for the future of alligator populations in this region, particularly if habitat conditions do not favor recruitment of offspring in the near term. Our study provides a foundation to improve inferences made from nightlight surveys of other crocodilian populations. C1 [Fujisaki, Ikuko; Mazzotti, Frank J.; Cherkiss, Michael; Jeffery, Brian] Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Davie, FL 33314 USA. [Dorazio, Robert M.] Univ Florida, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Dorazio, Robert M.; Rice, Kenneth G.] US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Fujisaki, I (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, 3205 Coll Ave, Davie, FL 33314 USA. EM ikuko@ufl.edu FU U.S. Army; U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystems Sciences program; U.S. National Park Service Critical Ecosystem Science Initiative FX This study was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Monitoring and Assessment Program, the U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystems Sciences program, and the U.S. National Park Service Critical Ecosystem Science Initiative. We thank our many technicians for conducting nightlight surveys, two anonymous reviewers of the U. S. Geological Survey, Rebecca Harvey and Sara Williams for providing editorial assistance, and two anonymous reviewers for helping to clarify and contextualize the manuscript. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1007/s13157-010-0120-0 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 741ZO UT WOS:000288907700014 ER PT J AU Blanco, JM Long, JA Gee, G Wildt, DE Donoghue, AM AF Blanco, Juan M. Long, Julie A. Gee, George Wildt, David E. Donoghue, Ann M. TI Comparative cryopreservation of avian spermatozoa: Benefits of non-permeating osmoprotectants and ATP on turkey and crane sperm cryosurvival SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Poultry sperm; DMA; Trehalose; Sucrose; Betaine hydrochloride ID EXTRACELLULAR ADENOSINE 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE; COTURNIX-JAPONICA SPERMATOZOA; FERTILIZING ABILITY; GLYCINE BETAINE; FOWL SPERMATOZOA; RAM SPERMATOZOA; COOLING RATE; BULL SPERM; TREHALOSE; MOTILITY AB A comparative approach was used to evaluate the cryosurvival of turkey and crane sperm frozen in a dimethylacetamide (DMA) cryodiluent supplemented with osmoprotectants and ATP. A range (6-26%) of DMA concentrations was used alone or in combination with ATP (30,60 or 118 mM) or one of the following osmoprotectants: (1) sucrose (turkey, 8.0%; crane, 5.0%); (2) 5.0% sucrose and 5.0% trehalose; or (3) betaine hydrochloride (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mM). The viability of thawed sperm was assessed using the nigrosin-eosin stain and sperm motility was determined using the hanging-drop technique. For semen frozen only with DMA, post-thaw sperm motility was greatest (P < 0.05) for the 6.0%, 10.0% and 18% concentrations, regardless of species. Turkey sperm frozen with the sucrose/trehalose combination had greater (P < 0.05) post-thaw motility for all DMA treatments compared to DMA alone. The lowest concentration of the osmoprotectant betaine hydrochloride substantially improved turkey sperm viability post-thaw in all treatments compared to DMA alone (P < 0.05). The post-thaw motility of crane sperm was improved (P< 0.05) with a combination of 18.0%, 24.0% or 26.0% DMA and 30 mM ATP. Moreover, in the presence of osmoprotectants, crane sperm motility decreased as the osmoprotectant concentration increased. The lowest concentration of ATP also improved crane sperm viability post-thaw, especially for DMA concentrations 18% or greater. The combination of sucrose and trehalose improved (P < 0.05) crane sperm viability only with 6% and 10% DMA. These data affirm that there are avian-specific differences in sperm survival after cryopreservation and suggest that post-thaw survival can be enhanced by including species-based osmoprotectant/ATP combinations in a cryodiluent where DMA is the cryoprotectant. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Blanco, Juan M.; Long, Julie A.] ARS, USDA, ANRI, ABBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Blanco, Juan M.] Aquila Fdn, Toledo, Spain. [Blanco, Juan M.] CERI, Ctr Studies Iberian Raptors, Toledo, Spain. [Gee, George] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Wildt, David E.] Smithsonians Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Ctr Species Survival, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. [Donoghue, Ann M.] ARS, USDA, PPPSRU, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Long, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ANRI, ABBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM julie.long@ars.usda.gov RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 FU USDA [SP 33]; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, USGS; Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Smithsonian Institution/British Airways partnership; Smithsonian Women's Committee; Aquila Foundation FX This study was supported by the USDA Foreign Agricultural Services Project #SP 33; The Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, USGS; The Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, the Smithsonian Institution/British Airways partnership; The Smithsonian Women's Committee; and the Aquila Foundation. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 123 IS 3-4 BP 242 EP 248 DI 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.12.005 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 738GG UT WOS:000288627700015 PM 21277718 ER PT J AU Oppel, S Powell, AN Butler, MG AF Oppel, Steffen Powell, Abby N. Butler, Malcolm G. TI KING EIDER FORAGING EFFORT DURING THE PRE-BREEDING PERIOD IN ALASKA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE behavior; chironomid; foraging; intake rate; King Eider; sea duck; Somateria spectabilis ID WINTERING COMMON-EIDERS; SOMATERIA-MOLLISSIMA; EGG-PRODUCTION; SNOW GEESE; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; INCOME DICHOTOMY; CAPITAL BREEDERS; ACTIVITY BUDGETS; NORTHERN ALASKA; BODY-MASS AB For reproduction, many arctic-nesting migratory birds rely on nutrients obtained on the breeding grounds, so they devote sufficient time to foraging immediately prior to nesting. However, little is known about the increase in foraging effort necessary to meet the energetic requirements of reproduction. In early June 2006 and 2008, we quantified the proportion of time spent foraging before breeding by a large sea duck, the King Eider (Somateria spectabilis), on its breeding grounds in northern Alaska. During > 235 hours of behavioral observations, both male and female King Eiders spent > 50% of the day loafing (resting, sleeping, comfort behavior, or being alert). Females foraged on average 30% of the time (mean 7.2 hr day(-1), 95% CI 6.0-8.4 hr day(-1)), three times as much as males (9%; 2.3 hr day(-1), 95% CI 1.5-2.8 hr day(-1)). The most common prey in ponds where the eiders foraged were chironomid larvae and worms ranging in length from 1 to 30 mm. If the King Eider's daily energy expenditure on its breeding grounds is similar to values published for related species, it would need to ingest only 0.2-0.6 g dry mass of invertebrates per minute of foraging to meet its energetic requirements. Males did not lose body mass before breeding, and we assume that their foraging effort was sufficient for energy balance. Therefore, female King Eiders appear to triple their foraging effort over maintenance requirements to meet the energetic challenges of egg formation. C1 [Oppel, Steffen; Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Butler, Malcolm G.] N Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Fargo, ND 58108 USA. RP Oppel, S (reprint author), Royal Soc Protect Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England. EM abby.powell@alaska.edu OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X; Oppel, Steffen/0000-0002-8220-3789 FU U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Foundation FX This study was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey's Outer Continental Shelf Program. The Alaska Fish and Wildlife Fund, through the U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, supported the sampling of invertebrates in 2009. We thank the North Slope Borough and R. Suydam for logistical support during field work. P. Petterson Sartz, E. Goldsmith, J. Heathcote, J. Rogalla, and J. Lambrecht assisted in behavioral observations. We appreciate the comments of J. Lovvorn, P. Barboza, D.L. Dickson, E.C. Murphy, R. Elner, and two anonymous reviewers on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Mention of trade names or commercial products is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2011 VL 113 IS 1 BP 52 EP 60 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100077 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739RT UT WOS:000288736400006 ER PT J AU Kochert, MN Fuller, MR Schueck, LS Bond, L Bechard, MJ Woodbridge, B Holroyd, GL Martell, MS Banasch, U AF Kochert, Michael N. Fuller, Mark R. Schueck, Linda S. Bond, Laura Bechard, Marc J. Woodbridge, Brian Holroyd, Geoff L. Martell, Mark S. Banasch, Ursula TI MIGRATION PATTERNS, USE OF STOPOVER AREAS, AND AUSTRAL SUMMER MOVEMENTS OF SWAINSON'S HAWKS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Buteo swainsoni; migration; migratory behavior; movements; stopovers; Argentina; austral summer; connectivity; Swainson's Hawk ID OSPREYS PANDION-HALIAETUS; FALCONS FALCO-PEREGRINUS; SATELLITE TRACKING; WINTERING GROUNDS; AUTUMN MIGRATION; MASS MORTALITY; ARGENTINA; HABITAT; ROUTES; AFRICA AB From 1995 to 1998, we tracked movements of adult Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni), using satellite telemetry to characterize migration, important stopover areas, and movements in the austral summer. We tagged 46 hawks from July to September on their nesting grounds in seven U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Swainson's Hawks followed three basic routes south on a broad front, converged along the east coast of central Mexico, and followed a concentrated corridor to a communal area in central Argentina for the austral summer. North of 20 degrees N, southward and northward tracks differed little for individuals from east of the continental divide but differed greatly (up to 1700 km) for individuals from west of the continental divide. Hawks left the breeding grounds mid-August to mid-October; departure dates did not differ by location, year, or sex. Southbound migration lasted 42 to 98 days, northbound migration 51 to 82 days. Southbound, 36% of the Swainson's Hawks departed the nesting grounds nearly 3 weeks earlier than the other radio-marked hawks and made stopovers 9.0-26.0 days long in seven separate areas, mainly in the southern Great Plains, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and north-central Mexico. The birds stayed in their nonbreeding range for 76 to 128 days. All used a core area in central Argentina within 23% of the 738 800-km(2) austral summer range, where they frequently moved long distances (up to 1600 km). Conservation of Swainson's Hawks must be an international effort that considers habitats used during nesting and non-nesting seasons, including migration stopovers. C1 [Kochert, Michael N.; Fuller, Mark R.; Schueck, Linda S.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyt Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. [Bond, Laura] Boise State Univ, Dept Biol, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Bechard, Marc J.; Woodbridge, Brian] Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yreka Fish & Wildlife Off, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. [Holroyd, Geoff L.; Banasch, Ursula] Environm Canada, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. [Martell, Mark S.] Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55125 USA. RP Kochert, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyt Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM mkochert@usgs.gov FU U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Department of the Army; U.S. Geological Survey; National Biological Service; Canadian Wildlife Service; Boise State University; Arizona Department of Game and Fish; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; Novartis Pesticide Division; American Cyanamid; American Bird Conservancy; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation FX This paper is a contribution of the U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center. Major funding came from U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Geological Survey, National Biological Service, Canadian Wildlife Service, Boise State University, Arizona Department of Game and Fish, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Novartis Pesticide Division, and American Cyanamid. The American Bird Conservancy and National Fish and Wildlife Foundation also provided support. J. McKinley, S. Houston, D. Matiatos, R. Glinski, T. Maechtle, and Hawkwatch International staff trapped and instrumented most of the Swainson's Hawks. R. Glinski, M. Henjem, S. Houston, and D. Matiatos coordinated field activities. M. Leu advised and assisted on some statistical analyses, and K. Steenhof, D. Douglas, J. Erickson, P. Kochert, C. McIntyre, and an anonymous reviewer provided comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 60 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 8 U2 48 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2011 VL 113 IS 1 BP 89 EP 106 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.090243 PG 18 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739RT UT WOS:000288736400010 PM 26380528 ER PT J AU Hamilton, CD Golightly, RT Takekawa, JY AF Hamilton, Christine D. Golightly, Richard T. Takekawa, John Y. TI RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BREEDING STATUS, SOCIAL-CONGREGATION ATTENDANCE, AND FORAGING DISTANCE OF XANTUS'S MURRELETS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE California Channel Islands; foraging; radio telemetry; Synthliboramphus hypoleucus; Xantus's Murrrelet ID AUKLETS PTYCHORAMPHUS-ALEUTICUS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT; CHANNEL-ISLANDS; HOME-RANGE; SEA; DIET AB At night during the breeding season, Xantus's Murrelets (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) congregate on the water adjacent to nesting colonies. We examined relationships of attendance at these nocturnal congregations, breeding status, and daytime foraging locations of radio-marked Xantus's Murrelets from Anacapa Island (33 in 2002, 44 in 2003) and Santa Barbara Island (35 in 2002) in the California Channel Islands. Murrelets that spent more nights attending congregations were located closer to the island during the day, so regular attendance at the congregations may have constrained daytime traveling distances to foraging locations. In mid-May 2003 home-range sizes increased while congregation attendance decreased, likely indicating the end of colony attendance and declining availability of prey near Anacapa Island. In both years, incubating murrelets foraged farther from the colony than did nonbreeding murrelets, suggesting that breeding and nonbreeding murrelets use different foraging strategies to meet their energetic requirements. C1 [Hamilton, Christine D.] HT Harvey & Associates, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. [Golightly, Richard T.] Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. [Takekawa, John Y.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Hamilton, CD (reprint author), HT Harvey & Associates, 1125 16th St,Suite 209, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM chamilton@harveyecology.com FU U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center (Dixon and San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station); Minerals Management Service (Pacific Outer Shelf Region); U.S. Navy (Naval Air Station, Point Mugu); Humboldt State University (HSU); California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG; Habitat Conservation Planning Branch); CHINP vessel Pacific Ranger FX We thank J. Ackerman, H. Carter, M. Colwell, D. Goley, W. McIver, D. Whitworth, K. Phillips, and R. Kirby for providing valuable comments and editorial assistance on the manuscript. We especially thank H. Carter for his advice and involvement in developing the project. Funding and in-kind support were provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center (Dixon and San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station), Minerals Management Service (Pacific Outer Shelf Region), U.S. Navy (Naval Air Station, Point Mugu, Legacy Resources Management Program), Humboldt State University (HSU), and California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG; Habitat Conservation Planning Branch). Aircraft were provided by CDFG Air Services (J. Veal and T. Evans) and Aspen Helicopters. Logistical support was provided by Channel Islands National Park (CHINP; T. Hofstra, P. Martin, and K. Faulkner). Capture of murrelets was supported by CHINP vessel Pacific Ranger (captain B. Wilson). Biologists assisting with field research included J. Ackerman, J. Adams, H. Carter, E. Craig, E. Creel, G. Howald, J. Mason, W. McIver, S. Newman, D. Orthmeyer, C. Short, R. Young, and D. Whitworth. Research was conducted with permits from HSU (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol 01/02.W.106.A), U.S. Geological Survey (banding permit 22911), CHINP (research permit CHIS-2003-SCI-0005), and CDFG (scientific collecting permit 000392). Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2011 VL 113 IS 1 BP 140 EP 149 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100040 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739RT UT WOS:000288736400014 ER PT J AU Glenn, EM Anthony, RG Forsman, ED Olson, GS AF Glenn, Elizabeth M. Anthony, Robert G. Forsman, Eric D. Olson, Gail S. TI LOCAL WEATHER, REGIONAL CLIMATE, AND ANNUAL SURVIVAL OF THE NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Strix occidentalis caurina; weather; climate; annual survival; Spotted Owl ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; DEMOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TEMPORAL VARIATION; VOLE POPULATIONS; ADULT SURVIVAL; WESTERN OREGON; HABITAT; IMPACT; OCCIDENTALIS AB We used an information-theoretical approach and Cormack-Jolly-Seber models for open populations in program MARK to examine relationships between survival rates of Northern Spotted Owls and a variety of local weather variables and long-term climate variables. In four of the six populations examined, survival was positively associated with wetter than normal conditions during the growing season or high summer temperatures. At the three study areas located at the highest elevations, survival was positively associated with winter temperature but also had a negative or quadratic relation with the number of storms and winter precipitation. A meta-analysis of all six areas combined indicated that annual survival was most strongly associated with phase shifts in the Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which reflect large-scale temperature and precipitation patterns in this region. Climate accounted for a variable amount (1-41%) of the total process variation in annual survival but for more year-to-year variation (3-66%) than did spatial variation among owl territories (0-7%). Negative associations between survival and cold, wet winters and nesting seasons were similar to those found in other studies of the Spotted Owl. The relationships between survival and growing-season precipitation and regional climate patterns, however, had not been reported for this species previously. Climate-change models for the first half of the 21st century predict warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers for the Pacific Northwest. Our results indicate that these conditions could decrease Spotted Owl survival in some areas. C1 [Glenn, Elizabeth M.; Olson, Gail S.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Anthony, Robert G.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Forsman, Eric D.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Glenn, EM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2600 SE 98th Ave,Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266 USA. EM betsy_glenn@fws.gov FU Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service; Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior; National Science Foundation FX Our research was funded by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, and a pre-doctoral fellowship to Glenn from the National Science Foundation. We are especially indebted to the many crew leaders and field biologists who collected the demographic data. Review comments from C. Periera and G. Taylor of Oregon State University helped us to improve the manuscript greatly. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 39 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2011 VL 113 IS 1 BP 159 EP 176 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100118 PG 18 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739RT UT WOS:000288736400016 ER PT J AU Bhattacharya, T Beach, T Wahl, D AF Bhattacharya, Tripti Beach, Timothy Wahl, David TI An analysis of modern pollen rain from the Maya lowlands of northern Belize SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Maya lowlands; modern pollen; vegetation; Belize; Neotropics ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; FOREST; GUATEMALA; HOLOCENE; PETEN; REPRESENTATION; CIVILIZATION; COMMUNITIES; PLEISTOCENE; SPECTRA AB In the lowland Maya area, pollen records provide important insights into the impact of past human populations and climate change on tropical ecosystems. Despite a long history of regional paleoecological research, few studies have characterized the palynological signatures of lowland ecosystems, a fact which lowers confidence in ecological inferences made from palynological data. We sought to verify whether we could use pollen spectra to reliably distinguish modern ecosystem types in the Maya lowlands of Central America. We collected 23 soil and sediment samples from eight ecosystem types, including upland, riparian, secondary, and swamp (bajo) forests; pine savanna; and three distinct wetland communities. We analyzed pollen spectra with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and found significant compositional differences in ecosystem types' pollen spectra. Forested sites had spectra dominated by Moraceae/Urticaceae pollen, while non-forested sites had significant portions of Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Amaranthaceae pollen. Upland, bajo, and riparian forest differed in representation of Cyperaceae, Bactris-type, and Combretaceae/Melastomataceae pollen. High percentages of pine (Pinus), oak (Quercus), and the presence of Byrsonima characterized pine savanna. Despite its limited sample size, this study provides one of the first statistical analyses of modem pollen rain in the Maya lowlands. Our results show that pollen assemblages can accurately reflect differences between ecosystem types, which may help refine interpretations of pollen records from the Maya area. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bhattacharya, Tripti; Beach, Timothy] Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC 20057 USA. [Wahl, David] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bhattacharya, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, 107 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM tripti@berkeley.edu OI Wahl, David/0000-0002-0451-3554; Bhattacharya, Tripti/0000-0002-5528-3760 FU Georgetown University FX We thank Deb Willard, Christopher Bernhardt, Tom Sheehan (U.S. Geological Survey), and Roger Byrne (U.C. Berkeley) for their help with pollen identification and laboratory techniques. Gina Wimp (Georgetown University) provided invaluable statistical advice, and Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach (George Mason University) provided field support and help revising this manuscript. We thank Nick Brokaw (University of Puerto Rico) for his insights on the region's ecology and forest composition, and Darin Jensen (UC Berkeley) for his cartographic insights. Caitlin Karniski and Grayson Badgley provided field assistance. We also thank the Maya Research Program, the Programme for Belize, and the communities of Blue Creek and San Felipe for their continued support of our fieldwork. This research was funded by the Georgetown University Research Opportunities Program. We thank Henry Hooghiemstra, A.F. Lotter, and an anonymous reviewer for comments that greatly improved this manuscript. NR 77 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 EI 1879-0615 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD FEB PY 2011 VL 164 IS 1-2 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.11.010 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA 736EA UT WOS:000288472200009 ER PT J AU Sleeter, BM Wilson, TS Soulard, CE Liu, JX AF Sleeter, Benjamin M. Wilson, Tamara S. Soulard, Christopher E. Liu, Jinxun TI Estimation of late twentieth century land-cover change in California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Land cover; Land use; California; Change; Trends ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; CARBON; ECOREGIONS; TRENDS; PERSPECTIVES; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE AB We present the first comprehensive multi-temporal analysis of land-cover change for California across its major ecological regions and primary land-cover types. Recently completed satellite-based estimates of land-cover and land-use change information for large portions of the United States allow for consistent measurement and comparison across heterogeneous landscapes. Landsat data were employed within a pure-panel stratified one-stage cluster sample to estimate and characterize land-cover change for 1973-2000. Results indicate anthropogenic and natural disturbances, such as forest cutting and fire, were the dominant changes, followed by large fluctuations between agriculture and rangelands. Contrary to common perception, agriculture remained relatively stable over the 27-year period with an estimated loss of 1.0% of agricultural land. The largest net declines occurred in the grasslands/shrubs class at 5,131 km(2) and forest class at 4,722 km2. Developed lands increased by 37.6%, composing an estimated 4.2% of the state's land cover by 2000. C1 [Sleeter, Benjamin M.; Wilson, Tamara S.; Soulard, Christopher E.] US Geol Survey, Western Geog Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Liu, Jinxun] Stinger Ghallarian Technol SGT Inc, US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Sleeter, BM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Geog Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bsleeter@usgs.gov; tswilson@usgs.gov; csoulard@usgs.gov; jxliu@usgs.gov OI Soulard, Christopher/0000-0002-5777-9516 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 173 IS 1-4 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1007/s10661-010-1385-8 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 729VY UT WOS:000287982000021 PM 20217217 ER PT J AU Walter, WD Walsh, DP Farnsworth, ML Winkelman, DL Miller, MW AF Walter, W. David Walsh, Daniel P. Farnsworth, Matthew L. Winkelman, Dana L. Miller, Michael W. TI Soil clay content underlies prion infection odds SO NATURE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE; MULE DEER; SCRAPIE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; SHEEP; CONVERGENCE; PROTEIN; ENVIRONMENT; INGESTION AB Environmental factors-especially soil properties-have been suggested as potentially important in the transmission of infectious prion diseases. Because binding to montmorillonite (an aluminosilicate clay mineral) or clay-enriched soils had been shown to enhance experimental prion transmissibility, we hypothesized that prion transmission among mule deer might also be enhanced in ranges with relatively high soil clay content. In this study, we report apparent influences of soil clay content on the odds of prion infection in free-ranging deer. Analysis of data from prion-infected deer herds in northern Colorado, USA, revealed that a 1% increase in the clay-sized particle content in soils within the approximate home range of an individual deer increased its odds of infection by up to 8.9%. Our findings suggest that soil clay content and related environmental properties deserve greater attention in assessing risks of prion disease outbreaks and prospects for their control in both natural and production settings. C1 [Walsh, Daniel P.; Miller, Michael W.] Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Walter, W. David; Winkelman, Dana L.] US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Farnsworth, Matthew L.] Vet Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM mike.miller@state.co.us RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; OI Walsh, Daniel/0000-0002-7772-2445 FU Colorado Division of Wildlife; US Geological Survey; US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services (APHIS-VS); State Agricultural Experiment Station; Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service under USDA FX We thank the Colorado Division of Wildlife, US Geological Survey, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services (APHIS-VS) and the State Agricultural Experiment Station in partnership with the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service under the USDA for providing funding and support for this research. We thank the many hunters, volunteers and staff who helped to gather deer samples and data, and also thank R. Miller, L. Creekmore and others for access to USDA data layers, and D. Noe for consulting on Colorado soil clay geology and mineralogy. Thumbnail image by D. W. Miller. NR 59 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 18 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 2041-1723 J9 NAT COMMUN JI Nat. Commun. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 2 AR 200 DI 10.1038/ncomms1203 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 732YP UT WOS:000288225900029 ER PT J AU Moridis, GJ Collett, TS Pooladi-Darvish, M Hancock, S Santamarina, C Boswell, R Kneafsey, T Rutqvist, J Kowalsky, MB Reagan, MT Sloan, ED Sum, AK Koh, CA AF Moridis, G. J. Collett, T. S. Pooladi-Darvish, M. Hancock, S. Santamarina, C. Boswell, R. Kneafsey, T. Rutqvist, J. Kowalsky, M. B. Reagan, M. T. Sloan, E. D. Sum, A. K. Koh, C. A. TI Challenges, Uncertainties, and Issues Facing Gas Production From Gas-Hydrate Deposits SO SPE RESERVOIR EVALUATION & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; METHANE HYDRATE; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; POROUS-MEDIA; BEARING SEDIMENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; DISSOCIATION CHARACTERISTICS; MACKENZIE DELTA; WAVE VELOCITIES; WATER AB The current paper complements the Moridis et al. (2009) review of the status of the effort toward commercial gas production from hydrates. We aim to describe the concept of the gas-hydrate (GH) petroleum system; to discuss advances, requirements, and suggested practices in GH prospecting and GH deposit characterization; and to review the associated technical, economic, and environmental challenges and uncertainties, which include the following: accurate assessment of producible fractions of the GH resource; development of methods for identifying suitable production targets; sampling of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) and sample analysis; analysis and interpretation of geophysical surveys of GH reservoirs; well-testing methods; interpretation of well-testing results; geomechanical and reservoir/well stability concerns; well design, operation, and installation; field operations and extending production beyond sand-dominated GH reservoirs; monitoring production and geomechanical stability; laboratory investigations; fundamental knowledge of hydrate behavior; the economics of commercial gas production from hydrates; and associated environmental concerns. C1 [Moridis, G. J.; Kowalsky, M. B.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Hydrologeol Dept, Berkeley, CA USA. [Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Pooladi-Darvish, M.] Fekete Associates, Calgary, AB, Canada. [Pooladi-Darvish, M.] Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Hancock, S.] RPS Grp, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Santamarina, C.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Boswell, R.] US DOE, GH Res Program, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV USA. [Sloan, E. D.] Colorado Sch Mines, Ctr Hydrate Res, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Sum, A. K.; Koh, C. A.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Moridis, GJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Hydrologeol Dept, Berkeley, CA USA. EM mpooladi-darvish@fekete.com; jcs@gatech.edu; Ray.Boswell@NETL.DOE.GOV; JRutqvist@lbl.gov; mtreagan@lbl.gov; asum@mines.edu; ckoh@mines.edu RI Kneafsey, Timothy/H-7412-2014; Rutqvist, Jonny/F-4957-2015; Reagan, Matthew/D-1129-2015 OI Kneafsey, Timothy/0000-0002-3926-8587; Rutqvist, Jonny/0000-0002-7949-9785; Reagan, Matthew/0000-0001-6225-4928 FU Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the US DOE [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX The contributions of G.J. Moridis, T. Kneafsey, J. Rutqvist, M.B. Kowalsky, and M.T. Reagan were supported by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the US DOE, Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The authors are indebted to Stefan Finsterle, John Apps, and Dan Hawkes for their insightful comments. NR 233 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 4 U2 71 PU SOC PETROLEUM ENG PI RICHARDSON PA 222 PALISADES CREEK DR,, RICHARDSON, TX 75080 USA SN 1094-6470 EI 1930-0212 J9 SPE RESERV EVAL ENG JI SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 14 IS 1 BP 76 EP 112 PG 37 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Geology GA 727HX UT WOS:000287790300006 ER PT J AU McGowan, CP Ryan, MR Runge, MC Millspaugh, JJ Cochrane, JF AF McGowan, Conor P. Ryan, Mark R. Runge, Michael C. Millspaugh, Joshua J. Cochrane, Jean Fitts TI The role of demographic compensation theory in incidental take assessments for endangered species SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Endangered species; Compensation; Piping plover; Charadrius melodus; Population modeling ID PIPING PLOVERS; WATERFOWL POPULATIONS; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; GREAT-PLAINS; SURVIVAL; MORTALITY; VIABILITY; UNCERTAINTY; MANAGEMENT; SIMULATION AB Many endangered species laws provide exceptions to legislated prohibitions through incidental take provisions as long as take is the result of unintended consequences of an otherwise legal activity. These allowances presumably invoke the theory of demographic compensation, commonly applied to harvested species, by allowing limited harm as long as the probability of the species' survival or recovery is not reduced appreciably. Demographic compensation requires some density-dependent limits on survival or reproduction in a species' annual cycle that can be alleviated through incidental take. Using a population model for piping plovers in the Great Plains, we found that when the population is in rapid decline or when there is no density dependence, the probability of quasi-extinction increased linearly with increasing take. However, when the population is near stability and subject to density-dependent survival, there was no relationship between quasi-extinction probability and take rates. We note however, that a brief examination of piping plover demography and annual cycles suggests little room for compensatory capacity. We argue that a population's capacity for demographic compensation of incidental take should be evaluated when considering incidental allowances because compensation is the only mechanism whereby a population can absorb the negative effects of take without incurring a reduction in the probability of survival in the wild. With many endangered species there is probably little known about density dependence and compensatory capacity. Under these circumstances, using multiple system models (with and without compensation) to predict the population's response to incidental take and implementing follow-up monitoring to assess species response may be valuable in increasing knowledge and improving future decision making. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [McGowan, Conor P.; Ryan, Mark R.; Millspaugh, Joshua J.] Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [McGowan, Conor P.; Runge, Michael C.; Cochrane, Jean Fitts] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP McGowan, CP (reprint author), Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM cmcgowan@usgs.gov RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X FU USFWS; USGS FX We thank: The USFWS and the USGS for supporting this work financially; B. Gardner for assistance with R code; M. Larson, J.E. Lyons, S. Rikoon, F.R. Thompson III, and E. Zipkin for reviewing and helping to improve earlier versions of this manuscript; The editors and anonymous reviewers of this paper for their constructive input and efforts to improve this paper. Use of product or firm names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 54 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 144 IS 2 BP 730 EP 737 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.020 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 728TJ UT WOS:000287897100012 ER PT J AU Zeller, KA Nijhawan, S Salom-Perez, R Potosme, SH Hines, JE AF Zeller, Katherine A. Nijhawan, Sahil Salom-Perez, Roberto Potosme, Sandra H. Hines, James E. TI Integrating occupancy modeling and interview data for corridor identification: A case study for jaguars in Nicaragua SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Panthera onca; Connectivity; Conservation planning; Detection/non-detection; Detection probability; Interviews ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; PANTHERA-ONCA; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; MULTIPLE STATES; HABITAT USE; CONSERVATION; INDIA; UNCERTAINTY; PECCARIES; ABUNDANCE AB Corridors are critical elements in the long-term conservation of wide-ranging species like the jaguar (Pantheta onca). Jaguar corridors across the range of the species were initially identified using a GIS-based least-cost corridor model. However, due to inherent errors in remotely sensed data and model uncertainties, these corridors warrant field verification before conservation efforts can begin. We developed a novel corridor assessment protocol based on interview data and site occupancy modeling. We divided our pilot study area, in southeastern Nicaragua, into 71, 6 x 6 km sampling units and conducted 160 structured interviews with local residents. Interviews were designed to collect data on jaguar and seven prey species so that detection/non-detection matrices could be constructed for each sampling unit. Jaguars were reportedly detected in 57% of the sampling units and had a detection probability of 28%. With the exception of white-lipped peccary, prey species were reportedly detected in 82-100% of the sampling units. Though the use of interview data may violate some assumptions of the occupancy modeling approach for determining 'proportion of area occupied', we countered these shortcomings through study design and interpreting the occupancy parameter, psi, as 'probability of habitat used'. Probability of habitat use was modeled for each target species using single state or multistate models. A combination of the estimated probabilities of habitat use for jaguar and prey was selected to identify the final jaguar corridor. This protocol provides an efficient field methodology for identifying corridors for easily-identifiable species, across large study areas comprised of unprotected, private lands. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zeller, Katherine A.; Nijhawan, Sahil; Salom-Perez, Roberto; Potosme, Sandra H.] Panthera, New York, NY 10018 USA. [Hines, James E.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Zeller, KA (reprint author), Panthera, 8 W 40th St, New York, NY 10018 USA. EM kzeller@panthera.org FU Wildlife Conservation Society; Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation; Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.; United States Department of State; T. Kaplan and Panthera FX We are grateful to the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., the United States Department of State, and T. Kaplan and Panthera for funding and support of this work. We would also like to thank J.D. Nichols for his input in the protocol development, and J. Smith, L Hunter, H. Quigley, M. Linkie and the journal reviewers for critical review of this manuscript. We are indebted to A. Rabinowitz for his jaguar corridor vision and encouragement, J. Polisar for valuable input during the early stages of this work, and F. Diaz and L. Maffei for their assistance in the field. NR 57 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 7 U2 55 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 144 IS 2 BP 892 EP 901 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.003 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 728TJ UT WOS:000287897100030 ER PT J AU Varian-Ramos, CW Condon, AM Hallinger, KK Carlson-Drexler, KA Cristol, DA AF Varian-Ramos, Claire W. Condon, Anne M. Hallinger, Kelly K. Carlson-Drexler, Kjarstin A. Cristol, Daniel A. TI Stability of Mercury Concentrations in Frozen Avian Blood Samples SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Avian blood; Temporal stability; Mercury; Tissue storage ID BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; WHOLE-BLOOD; STORAGE; METHYLMERCURY; LEVEL AB It is unclear whether mercury concentration in wildlife tissues changes appreciably after lengthy frozen storage. To test whether such freezer-archived samples are stable, small (similar to 10-50 mu L) avian blood samples stored in capped glass capillary tubes were analyzed for total mercury concentration, and then reanalyzed after being frozen for up to 3 years. Mercury concentrations increased 6% on average over the 3 year period, but time spent frozen explained only 11% of the variation between measurements. This small amount of change suggests that archived blood samples remain useful for at least several years. C1 [Varian-Ramos, Claire W.; Hallinger, Kelly K.; Carlson-Drexler, Kjarstin A.; Cristol, Daniel A.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. [Condon, Anne M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gloucester, VA 23061 USA. RP Varian-Ramos, CW (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, POB 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM cwramos@wm.edu FU E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company; Office of Vice Provost for Research at the College of William and Mary; National Science Foundation [UBM 0436318]; Howard Hughes Medical Institute FX We thank the South River Science Team. Funding was provided by E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, The Office of Vice Provost for Research at the College of William and Mary, National Science Foundation Grant UBM 0436318, and the William and Mary Undergraduate Science Education and Research Program sponsored by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 5 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 86 IS 2 BP 159 EP 162 DI 10.1007/s00128-010-0164-0 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 715ZM UT WOS:000286934500004 PM 21132490 ER PT J AU Hayer, CA Chipps, SR Stone, JJ AF Hayer, Cari-Ann Chipps, Steven R. Stone, James J. TI Influence of Physiochemical and Watershed Characteristics on Mercury Concentration in Walleye, Sander vitreus, M. SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bioaccumulation; Walleye; Sander vitreus; Mercury; Watershed; Physiochemical ID FISH; LAKES; RESERVOIRS; CHEMISTRY AB Elevated mercury concentration has been documented in a variety of fish and is a growing concern for human consumption. Here, we explore the influence of physiochemical and watershed attributes on mercury concentration in walleye (Sander vitreus, M.) from natural, glacial lakes in South Dakota. Regression analysis showed that water quality attributes were poor predictors of walleye mercury concentration (R-2 = 0.57, p = 0.13). In contrast, models based on watershed features (e.g., lake level changes, watershed slope, agricultural land, wetlands) and local habitat features (i.e., substrate composition, maximum lake depth) explained 81% (p = 0.001) and 80% (p = 0.002) of the variation in walleye mercury concentration. Using an information theoretic approach we evaluated hypotheses related to water quality, physical habitat and watershed features. The best model explaining variation in walleye mercury concentration included local habitat features (W-i = 0.991). These results show that physical habitat and watershed features were better predictors of walleye mercury concentration than water chemistry in glacial lakes of the Northern Great Plains. C1 [Hayer, Cari-Ann; Chipps, Steven R.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Stone, James J.] S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Hayer, CA (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Box 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM cari-ann.hayer@sdstate.edu RI Stone, James/E-1524-2013; Hayer, Cari-Ann/C-1319-2009 FU South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources; US Environmental Protection Agency FX This research was supported by grants from the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the US Environmental Protection Agency (Region 8). We thank Pat Snyder and Shannon Minerich from the SD DENR for providing data on fish mercury concentration and water quality. Sam Stukel and Trevor Selch provided information on physical habitat for the study lakes. We thank Robert Hanten and Jacob Krause for comments on an earlier draft that greatly improved the manuscript. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 86 IS 2 BP 163 EP 167 DI 10.1007/s00128-010-0166-y PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 715ZM UT WOS:000286934500005 PM 21152888 ER PT J AU Tucker, RD Roig, JY Delor, C Amelin, Y Goncalves, P Rabarimanana, MH Ralison, AV Belcher, RW AF Tucker, R. D. Roig, J. -Y. Delor, C. Amelin, Y. Goncalves, P. Rabarimanana, M. H. Ralison, A. V. Belcher, R. W. TI Neoproterozoic extension in the Greater Dharwar Craton: a reevaluation of the "Betsimisaraka suture" in Madagascar SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-CENTRAL MADAGASCAR; EAST-AFRICAN OROGEN; U-PB AGE; WEST-CENTRAL MADAGASCAR; SOUTHERN INDIA; ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; DETRITAL ZIRCON; ID-TIMS; KARNATAKA CRATON AB The Precambrian shield of Madagascar is reevaluated with recently compiled geological data and new U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) geochronology. Two Archean domains are recognized: the eastern Antongil-Masora domain and the central Antananarivo domain, the latter with distinctive belts of metamafic gneiss and schist (Tsaratanana Complex). In the eastern domain, the period of early crust formation is extended to the Paleo-Mesoarchean (3.32-3.15 Ga) and a supracrustal sequence (Fenerivo Group), deposited at 3.18 Ga and metamorphosed at 2.55 Ga, is identified. In the central domain, a Neoarchean period of high-grade metamorphism and anatexis that affected both felsic (Betsiboka Suite) and mafic gneisses (Tsaratanana Complex) is documented. We propose, therefore, that the Antananarivo domain was amalgamated within the Greater Dharwar Craton (India + Madagascar) by a Neoarchean accretion event (2.55-2.48 Ga), involving emplacement of juvenile igneous rocks, high-grade metamorphism, and the juxtaposition of disparate belts of mafic gneiss and schist (metagreenstones). The concept of the "Betsimisaraka suture'' is dispelled and the zone is redefined as a domain of Neoproterozoic metasedimentary (Manampotsy Group) and metaigneous rocks (Itsindro-Imorona Suite) formed during a period of continental extension and intrusive igneous activity between 840 and 760 Ma. Younger orogenic convergence (560-520 Ma) resulted in east-directed overthrusting throughout south Madagascar and steepening with local inversion of the domain in central Madagascar. Along part of its length, the Manampotsy Group covers the boundary between the eastern and central Archean domains and is overprinted by the Angavo-Ifanadiana high-strain zone that served as a zone of crustal weakness throughout Cretaceous to Recent times. C1 [Tucker, R. D.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Roig, J. -Y.; Delor, C.] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, F-45060 Orleans 2, France. [Amelin, Y.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Goncalves, P.] Univ Franche Comte, UMR 6249, F-25030 Besancon, France. [Rabarimanana, M. H.; Ralison, A. V.] Project Gouvernance Ressources Minerales, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. [Belcher, R. W.] RWB Explorat Ltd, Stockport SK6 2SN, Cheshire, England. RP Tucker, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 926A,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rtucker@usgs.gov RI Goncalves, Philippe/J-8643-2013 OI Goncalves, Philippe/0000-0001-8069-7976 FU Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; National Science Foundation [EAR-0125957] FX We gratefully acknowledge the contributions from scientists of the national consortiums and the supervisory group who contributed ideas and constructive suggestions to the authors. We acknowledge, in particular, the Project de Gouvernance des Ressources Minerales (Madagascar) and Drs. Ortega, Moine, and Rakotomanana, who granted us permission to cite the Report of the Consultants, and who financed our field work and U-Pb geochronology (performed at The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia). Some of our samples were acquired during field work supported by a National Science Foundation grant, EAR-0125957, to R. D. T. We also appreciate the comments of reviewers P. Cawood, B. Moine, J-L Paquette, N. Ratcliffe, and J. Rogers, and Associate Editor Bill Davis, that substantially improved this manuscript. The ideas in this article owe their origin to many discussions over the years with colleagues at the Jack Satterly Laboratory, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, who shared openly their insight into the Archean tectonics of the Superior Craton. Foremost among them was Tom Krogh, our friend and mentor, who was a source of inspiration to R. D. T. and Y.A. during their formative years as young scientists. This small contribution is dedicated to the memory of Tom Krogh and the institution of scholarly achievement he built in Toronto, Canada. NR 74 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 2 BP 389 EP 417 DI 10.1139/E10-034 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 726YQ UT WOS:000287763800016 ER PT J AU Allibon, J Ovtcharova, M Bussy, F Cosca, M Schaltegger, U Bussien, D Lewin, E AF Allibon, James Ovtcharova, Maria Bussy, Francois Cosca, Michael Schaltegger, Urs Bussien, Denise Lewin, Eric TI Lifetime of an ocean island volcano feeder zone: constraints from U-Pb dating on coexisting zircon and baddeleyite, and Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW-LEVEL MIGMATIZATION; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE RATIOS; TRACE-ELEMENT; BASAL COMPLEX; K-AR; ID-TIMS; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; HYDROGEN ISOTOPE; CENTRAL ATLANTIC; RESIDENCE TIMES AB High-precision isotope dilution - thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite ages from the PX1 vertically layered mafic intrusion Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, indicate initiation of magma crystallization at 22.10 +/- 0.07 Ma. The magmatic activity lasted a minimum of 0.52 Ma. Ar-40/Ar-39 amphibole dating yielded ages from 21.9 +/- 0.6 to 21.8 +/- 0.3, identical within errors to the U-Pb ages, despite the expected 1% theoretical bias between Ar-40/Ar-39 and U-Pb dates. This overlap could result from (i) rapid cooling of the intrusion (i. e., less than the 0.3 to 0.6 Ma 40Ar/39Ar age uncertainties) from closure temperatures (T-c) of zircon (699-988 degrees C) to amphibole (500-600 degrees C); (ii) lead loss affecting the youngest zircons; or (iii) excess argon shifting the plateau ages towards older values. The combination of the Ar-40/Ar-39 and U/Pb datasets implies that the maximum amount of time PX1 intrusion took to cool below amphibole T-c is 0.8 Ma, suggesting PX1 lifetime of 520 000 to 800 000 Ma. Age disparities among coexisting baddeleyite and zircon (22.10 +/- 0.07/0.08/0.15 Ma and 21.58 +/- 0.15/0.16/0.31 Ma) in a gabbro sample from the pluton margin suggest complex genetic relationships between phases. Baddeleyite is found preserved in plagioclase cores and crystallized early from low silica activity magma. Zircon crystallized later in a higher silica activity environment and is found in secondary scapolite and is found close to calcite veins, in secondary scapolite that recrystallised from plagioclase. close to calcite veins. Oxygen isotope delta O-18 values of altered plagioclase are high (+7.7), indicating interaction with fluids derived from host-rock carbonatites. The coexistence of baddeleyite and zircon is ascribed to interaction of the PX1 gabbro with CO2-rich carbonatite-derived fluids released during contact metamorphism. C1 [Allibon, James; Bussy, Francois; Bussien, Denise] Univ Lausanne, Inst Mineral & Geochem, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Allibon, James; Lewin, Eric] Lab Geodynam Chaines Alpines, UMR 5025, F-38000 Grenoble, France. [Ovtcharova, Maria; Schaltegger, Urs] Univ Geneva, Sect Earth & Environm Sci, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. [Cosca, Michael] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Allibon, J (reprint author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Mineral & Geochem, Batiment Anthropole, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. EM james.allibon@unil.ch RI LEWIN, Eric/F-1451-2017 FU Institut de Mineralogie et de Geochimie of the University of Lausanne; "bourse d'aide a la mobilite" of the Rhone Alpes region (France) FX With this contribution the authors commemorate the late Tom Krogh, who taught the senior authors Francois Bussy and Urs Schaltegger how to date zircon. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Benita Putlitz, Alexei Ulianov, Mathias Dessimoz, and Laurent Nicod for their valuable technical support in preparing samples and acquiring data on the laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the University of Lausanne. The authors are grateful for the help of Honza Catchpole in acquiring the Raman spectra and to Rossana Martini for technical support using the SEM at the University of Geneva. The authors also thank the Cabildo Insular de Fuerteventura for granting permission to sample in the studied area. This ongoing study was funded by the Institut de Mineralogie et de Geochimie of the University of Lausanne and by the "bourse d'aide a la mobilite" of the Rhone Alpes region (France). This manuscript was greatly improved thanks to the constructive reviews of R. Mundil and J. Lissenberg as well as W. Davis, a CJES associate editor. NR 136 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 17 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 2 BP 567 EP 592 DI 10.1139/E10-032 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 726YQ UT WOS:000287763800024 ER PT J AU Duffy, EJ Beauchamp, DA AF Duffy, Elisabeth J. Beauchamp, David A. TI Rapid growth in the early marine period improves the marine survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Puget Sound, Washington SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; JUVENILE PACIFIC SALMON; PINK SALMON; COHO SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SMOLT SIZE; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; RIVER; KISUTCH AB We examined the effect of early marine entry timing and body size on the marine (smolt-to-adult) survival of Puget Sound Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We used data from coded wire tag release groups of hatchery Chinook salmon to test whether hatchery release date, release size, and size in offshore waters in July and September influenced marine survival. Marine survival was most strongly related to the average body size in July, with larger sizes associated with higher survivals. This relationship was consistent over multiple years (1997-2002), suggesting that mortality after July is strongly size-dependent. Release size and date only slightly improved this relationship, whereas size in September showed little relationship to marine survival. Specifically, fish that experienced the highest marine survivals were released before 25 May and were larger than 17 g ( or 120 mm fork length) by July. Our findings highlight the importance of local conditions in Puget Sound ( Washington, USA) during the spring and summer, and suggest that declines in marine survival since the 1980s may have been caused by reductions in the quality of feeding and growing conditions during early marine life. C1 [Duffy, Elisabeth J.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Beauchamp, David A.] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Duffy, EJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ejduffy@u.washington.edu FU Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC); University of Washington; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW); Washington Sea Grant; Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (WACFWRU); US Geological Survey, University of Washington; Washington State University; state of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; state of Washington Department of Ecology; state of Washington Department of Natural Resources; US Fish and Wildlife Service FX This study was made possible by funding from the Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC), the University of Washington's H. Mason Keeler fellowship, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), Washington Sea Grant, and Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (WACFWRU). The midwater trawl sampling was made possible by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Thanks to the many people that helped with the field work, especially Rusty Sweeting, Carol Cooper, and Krista Lange. We are also grateful to the crew of the RV "Ricker", FV "Viking Storm", and FV "Frosti" for their enthusiasm and hard work. The US Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, is jointly sponsored by US Geological Survey, University of Washington, Washington State University, the state of Washington Departments of Fish and Wildlife, Ecology, and Natural Resources, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 44 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 36 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 68 IS 2 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1139/F10-144 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 731IE UT WOS:000288098700005 ER PT J AU Scott, JM Rachlow, JL AF Scott, J. Michael Rachlow, Janet L. TI Refocusing the Debate about Advocacy SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; POLICY ADVOCACY; SCIENCE; SCIENTISTS C1 [Scott, J. Michael] Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Rachlow, Janet L.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM mscott@uidaho.edu NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 25 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01629.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 708QX UT WOS:000286380500001 PM 21251070 ER PT J AU Skagen, SK Adams, AAY AF Skagen, Susan K. Adams, Amy A. Yackel TI Potential Misuse of Avian Density as a Conservation Metric SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE avian density; density dependence; habitat quality; per capita fecundity; population growth rate ID IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ECOLOGICAL TRAPS; HABITAT QUALITY; PUBLIC INFORMATION; NEST PREDATION; BIRDS; EVOLUTION; COLONIALITY AB Effective conservation metrics are needed to evaluate the success of management in a rapidly changing world. Reproductive rates and densities of breeding birds (as a surrogate for reproductive rate) have been used to indicate the quality of avian breeding habitat, but the underlying assumptions of these metrics rarely have been examined. When birds are attracted to breeding areas in part by the presence of conspecifics and when breeding in groups influences predation rates, the effectiveness of density and reproductive rate as indicators of habitat quality is reduced. It is beneficial to clearly distinguish between individual- and population-level processes when evaluating habitat quality. We use the term reproductive rate to refer to both levels and further distinguish among levels by using the terms per capita fecundity (number of female offspring per female per year, individual level) and population growth rate (the product of density and per capita fecundity, population level). We predicted how density and reproductive rate interact over time under density-independent and density-dependent scenarios, assuming the ideal free distribution model of how birds settle in breeding habitats. We predicted population density of small populations would be correlated positively with both per capita fecundity and population growth rate due to the Allee effect. For populations in the density-dependent growth phase, we predicted no relation between density and per capita fecundity (because individuals in all patches will equilibrate to the same success rate) and a positive relation between density and population growth rate. Several ecological theories collectively suggest that positive correlations between density and per capita fecundity would be difficult to detect. We constructed a decision tree to guide interpretation of positive, neutral, nonlinear, and negative relations between density and reproductive rates at individual and population levels. C1 [Skagen, Susan K.; Adams, Amy A. Yackel] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Skagen, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM skagens@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey FX We thank B.S. Cade, J.F. Kelly for invigorating discussions, and J.W. Shoemaker for graphics. This work was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 60 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 25 IS 1 BP 48 EP 55 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01571.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 708QX UT WOS:000286380500007 PM 20825446 ER PT J AU Lautze, NC Sisson, TW Mangan, MT Grove, TL AF Lautze, Nicole C. Sisson, Thomas W. Mangan, Margaret T. Grove, Timothy L. TI Segregating gas from melt: an experimental study of the Ostwald ripening of vapor bubbles in magmas (vol 161, pg 331, 2011) SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 [Lautze, Nicole C.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Volcanol Roma, Rome, Italy. [Lautze, Nicole C.; Sisson, Thomas W.; Mangan, Margaret T.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Grove, Timothy L.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Lautze, NC (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis & Volcanol Roma, Rome, Italy. EM nicole.lautze@ingv.it RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 161 IS 2 BP 349 EP 349 DI 10.1007/s00410-010-0563-6 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 705GQ UT WOS:000286117300012 ER PT J AU Criales, MM Robblee, MB Browder, JA Cardenas, H Jackson, TL AF Criales, Maria M. Robblee, Michael B. Browder, Joan A. Cardenas, Hernando Jackson, Thomas L. TI FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON SELECTIVE TIDAL-STREAM TRANSPORT FOR POSTLARVAL AND JUVENILE PINK SHRIMP IN FLORIDA BAY SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Florida Bay; pink shrimp; selective tidal stream transport ID CRAB CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; EVERGLADES-NATIONAL-PARK; CROSS-SHELF TRANSPORT; BLUE-CRAB; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; PENAEUS-DUORARUM; LARVAE; SALINITY; ABUNDANCE; VARIABILITY AB Post larvae and juveniles of pink shrimp were collected in the summers of 2005 and 2006 at three stations in northwestern Florida Bay. the main nursery ground of this species in South Florida. Collections were made at one- or two-hour intervals during three full moon nights and two new moon nights at depth intervals in the water column. Results of the five collections were consistent with the assumption that postlarvae use a flood-tide transport (FTT) to advance into the estuary by ascending in the water column during the dark-flood tide and resting near the bottom during the ebb tide. Evidence of a FTT were higher numbers of postlarvae per hour collected during the flood tide vs. ebb tide and the large number of postlarvae collected with highest velocity flood tide currents. ANOVA indicated significant differences in the number of postlarvae collected between tidal stages and moon phases, but not among depths. Post larvae were more abundant during new moon than full moon. We also found different patterns of postlarval distribution between the new and full moon. During the new moon, a large peak of postlarvae occurred coincident with highest current speeds, whereas, with one exception, during the full moon postlarvae were more abundant in the second half of the flood period near the slack tide. In contrast, juveniles exhibited a behavior and migratory pattern opposite to that of postlarvae. ANOVA indicated significant differences between the number of juveniles captured between tidal stages and among depths, but not between moon phases. Juveniles were found almost exclusively near the surface on the ebb tide. Significantly larger juveniles were captured on the dark-ebb rather than on the dark-flood tide during both moon phases, suggesting that older juveniles were leaving the Bay on the ebb tide. C1 [Criales, Maria M.; Cardenas, Hernando] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Robblee, Michael B.] US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. [Browder, Joan A.; Jackson, Thomas L.] NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Criales, MM (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM mcriales@rsmas.miami.edu; mike_robblee@usgs.gov; joan.browder@noaa.gov; hcardenas@rsmas.miami.edu; tom.jackson@noaa.gov FU NOAA; Habitat Program at NOAA Fisheries FX We thank the NOAA South Florida Ecosystem Restoration and Modeling Program and the Habitat Program at NOAA Fisheries for funding this research. We thank Jeremy Hall, Destiny Hazra, Joe Contillo, Joe Tomoleoni, Eric Buck, Andre Daniels, Randee Esteve, and other NOAA and USGS personnel for assistance with field sampling. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 8 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 26 EP 33 DI 10.1651/10-3291.1 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 722JA UT WOS:000287427300003 ER PT J AU Luo, AX Ge, ZF Fan, YJ Luo, AS Chun, Z He, XJ AF Luo, Aoxue Ge, Zhongfu Fan, Yijun Luo, Aoshuang Chun, Ze He, XingJin TI In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of a Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Dendrobium denneanum SO MOLECULES LA English DT Article DE Dendrobium denneanum; polysaccharide; antioxidant activity ID STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MUTANT STRAIN; NOBILE LINDL; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; EXTRACTS; FRACTION; FEATURES; SUGARS AB The water-soluble crude polysaccharide (DDP) obtained from the aqueous extracts of the stem of Dendrobium denneanum through hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, was found to have an average molecular weight (Mw) of about 484.7 kDa. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that DDP was composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:2.66:8.92:34.20:10.16. The investigation of antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo showed that DDP is a potential antioxidant. C1 [Luo, Aoxue; Fan, Yijun] Sichuan Agr Univ, Dept Landscape Plants, Chengdu 611130, Peoples R China. [Ge, Zhongfu] US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. [Luo, Aoshuang; Chun, Ze] Chinese Acad Sci, Chengdu Inst Biol, Chengdu 610041, Peoples R China. [He, XingJin] Sichuan Univ, Coll Life Sci, Chengdu 610064, Peoples R China. RP Fan, YJ (reprint author), Sichuan Agr Univ, Dept Landscape Plants, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, Peoples R China. EM Yijfan@yahoo.com.cn FU Education Department Foundation of Sichuan Province of China [08ZA074] FX This study was supported by the Education Department Foundation of Sichuan Province of China (08ZA074). NR 46 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 40 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA KANDERERSTRASSE 25, CH-4057 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1420-3049 J9 MOLECULES JI Molecules PD FEB PY 2011 VL 16 IS 2 BP 1579 EP 1592 DI 10.3390/molecules16021579 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 726SC UT WOS:000287745400038 PM 21321529 ER PT J AU Schmitt, AK Perfit, MR Rubin, KH Stockli, DF Smith, MC Cotsonika, LA Zellmer, GF Ridley, WI Lovera, OM AF Schmitt, Axel K. Perfit, Michael R. Rubin, Kenneth H. Stockli, Daniel F. Smith, Matthew C. Cotsonika, Laurie A. Zellmer, Georg F. Ridley, W. Ian Lovera, Oscar M. TI Rapid cooling rates at an active mid-ocean ridge from zircon thermochronology SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE uranium series; (U-Th)/He dating; axial magma chamber; fractional crystallization; mid-ocean ridge volcanism ID JUAN-DE-FUCA; LOWER OCEANIC-CRUST; GALAPAGOS SPREADING CENTER; ION MICROPROBE ANALYSIS; SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; TI-IN-ZIRCON; OMAN OPHIOLITE; ABYSSAL LAVAS; TH-230 DISEQUILIBRIUM AB Oceanic spreading ridges are Earth's most productive crust generating environment, but mechanisms and rates of crustal accretion and heat loss are debated. Existing observations on cooling rates are ambiguous regarding the prevalence of conductive vs. convective cooling of lower oceanic crust. Here, we report the discovery and dating of zircon in mid-ocean ridge dacite lavas that constrain magmatic differentiation and cooling rates at an active spreading center. Dacitic lavas erupted on the southern Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge, an intermediate-rate spreading center, near the intersection with the Blanco transform fault. Their U-Th zircon crystallization ages (29.3(-4.6)(+4.8)ka; 1 sigma standard error se.) overlap with the (U-Th)/He zircon eruption age (32.7 +/- 1.6 ka) within uncertainty. Based on similar U-238-Th-230 disequilibria between southern Cleft dacite glass separates and young mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) erupted nearby, differentiation must have occurred rapidly, within similar to 10-20 ka at most. Ti-in-zircon thermometry indicates crystallization at 850-900 degrees C and pressures > 70-150 MPa are calculated from H2O solubility models. These time-temperature constraints translate into a magma cooling rate of similar to 2 x 10(-2) degrees C/a. This rate is at least one order-of-magnitude faster than those calculated for zircon-bearing plutonic rocks from slow spreading ridges. Such short intervals for differentiation and cooling can only be resolved through uranium-series (U-238-Th-230) decay in young lavas, and are best explained by dissipating heat convectively at high crustal permeability. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Perfit, Michael R.; Smith, Matthew C.; Cotsonika, Laurie A.] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Rubin, Kenneth H.; Zellmer, Georg F.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Stockli, Daniel F.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Stockli, Daniel F.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Zellmer, Georg F.] Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. [Ridley, W. Ian] US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Mineral Resources Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Schmitt, AK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, 595 Charles Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM axel@oro.ess.ucla.edu RI Rubin, Kenneth/B-3685-2008; Zellmer, Georg/M-6258-2014; Stockli, Daniel/N-8868-2015; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011; OI Rubin, Kenneth/0000-0002-8554-1337; Zellmer, Georg/0000-0001-5450-9353; Stockli, Daniel/0000-0001-7652-2129; Schmitt, Axel/0000-0002-9029-4211 FU Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation; Ocean Sciences Division of the NSF [OCE-0221541, OCE-0933884] FX Debra S. Stakes, the crew of the R/V Western Flyer, and the pilots of the ROV Tiburon are acknowledged for support during the sampling cruise. Janet C. Harvey is thanked for processing bathymetry data. We thank reviewers Joshua Schwartz and Michel Condomines, as well as editor Richard Carlson. The ion microprobe facility at UCLA is partly supported by a grant from the Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation. MRP, KHR, MCS and LAC were supported by grants from the Ocean Sciences Division of the NSF (OCE-0221541, Perfit; OCE-0933884, Rubin). WIR publishes with the permission of the US Geologic Survey. NR 74 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 302 IS 3-4 BP 349 EP 358 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.022 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724ZL UT WOS:000287614900009 ER PT J AU McKinney, MA Letcher, RJ Aars, J Born, EW Branigan, M Dietz, R Evans, TJ Gabrielsen, GW Peacock, E Sonne, C AF McKinney, Melissa A. Letcher, Robert J. Aars, Jon Born, Erik W. Branigan, Marsha Dietz, Rune Evans, Thomas J. Gabrielsen, Geir W. Peacock, Elizabeth Sonne, Christian TI Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008 SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Polar bear (Ursus maritimus); PCB; Brominated flame retardant; Organochlorine; Spatial trends; Temporal trends ID CHLORINATED-HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS; METHYL SULFONE PCB; URSUS-MARITIMUS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; GULL EGGS; ORGANOCHLORINES; METABOLITES; FATE AB Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(alpha)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(alpha-) HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean Sigma PBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(alpha)-HBCD levels (<0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than Sigma PBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. Sigma PCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). Sigma CHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). Sigma DDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to Sigma DDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, Sigma PBDE, total-(alpha)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and Sigma CHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of "new" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [McKinney, Melissa A.] Carleton Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Wildlife Hlth Div, Environm Canada,Sci & Technol Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. [McKinney, Melissa A.; Letcher, Robert J.] Carleton Univ, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Aars, Jon; Gabrielsen, Geir W.] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, NO-9296 Tromso, Norway. [Born, Erik W.] Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark. [Branigan, Marsha] Govt NW Terr, Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Canada. [Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian] Aarhus Univ, Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arctic Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. [Evans, Thomas J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Peacock, Elizabeth] Govt Nunavut, Dept Environm, Igloolik, NU X0A 0L0, Canada. RP McKinney, MA (reprint author), Carleton Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Wildlife Hlth Div, Environm Canada,Sci & Technol Branch, Raven Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. EM melissaamckinney@gmail.com; robert.letcher@ec.gc.ca RI Sonne, Christian/I-7532-2013; Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015; OI Sonne, Christian/0000-0001-5723-5263; McKinney, Melissa/0000-0002-8171-7534 FU Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; Canadian International Polar Year Secretariat; Molson Foundation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); KVUG; DANCEA; Prince Albert Foundation; US Fish and Wildlife Service Marine Mammals Management FX For Canadian sampling and assistance, we thank Nunavut Hunters and Trappers Organizations, Nunavut Department of Environment conservation officers and lab technicians (A. Coxon, F. Piugattuk, A. Niptanatiak, D. Fredlund, J. Ashevak, J. Savikataaq, J. Qaunaq, A. Williams, P. Prefontaine, K. Nogier, A. Nakashuk, L Kudluk, N. Nakoolik, E. Qaggutaq, T. Palluq, N. Amarualik, T. Mullin, B. J. Hainnu, G. Koonoo, T. Palluq, J. Coutu-Autut) and Environment Canada's National Wildlife Specimen Bank at NWRC. Thanks to R. Pugh (Hollings Marine Laboratory, NIST) for assistance with the Alaskan samples. For Svalbard sampling, we thank M. Andersen. For East Greenland sampling and assistance, we thank local hunters, J. Bronlund, M. Kierkegaard, S. Joensen and L Bruun. In Canada, this study was funded by the Northern Contaminants Program (Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada) (R.J.L.), the Canadian International Polar Year Secretariat (E.P., R.J.L), the Molson Foundation (R.J.L.) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) by a Discovery Grant (R.J.L.) and an NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship (M.A.M.). Greenland program funding was from the IPY program "BearHealth" by KVUG, DANCEA and the Prince Albert Foundation and the US Fish and Wildlife Service Marine Mammals Management contributed to Alaskan funding. NR 47 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 9 U2 94 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 37 IS 2 BP 365 EP 374 DI 10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 725BL UT WOS:000287620100009 PM 21131049 ER PT J AU Barringer, JL Szabo, Z Wilson, TP Bonin, JL Kratzer, T Cenno, K Romagna, T Alebus, M Hirst, B AF Barringer, Julia L. Szabo, Zoltan Wilson, Timothy P. Bonin, Jennifer L. Kratzer, Todd Cenno, Kimberly Romagna, Terri Alebus, Marzooq Hirst, Barbara TI Distribution and seasonal dynamics of arsenic in a shallow lake in northwestern New Jersey, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Arsenic; Lake water; Lake sediments; Redox; Metals ID CCA-TREATED WOOD; OXIDE MINERALS; SEDIMENTS; SPECIATION; ELEMENTS; WATER; PHOSPHATE; RESERVOIR; MOBILITY; ACCUMULATION AB Elevated concentrations of arsenic (As) occurred during warm months in water from the outlet of Lake Mohawk in northwestern New Jersey. The shallow manmade lake is surrounded by residential development and used for recreation. Eutrophic conditions are addressed by alum and copper sulfate applications and aerators operating in the summer. In September 2005, arsenite was dominant in hypoxic to anoxic bottom water. Filterable As concentrations were about 1.6-2 times higher than those in the upper water column (23-25 mu g/L, mostly arsenate). Hypoxic/anoxic and near-neutral bottom conditions formed during the summer, but became more oxic and alkaline as winter approached. Acid-leachable As concentrations in lake-bed sediments ranged up to 694 mg/kg in highly organic material from the tops of sediment cores but were < 15 mg/kg in geologic substrate. During warm months, reduced As from the sediment diffuses into the water column and is oxidized; mixing by aerators, wind, and boat traffic spreads arsenate and metals, some in particulate form, throughout the water column. Similar levels of As in sediments of lakes treated with arsenic pesticides indicate that most of the As in Lake Mohawk probably derives from past use of arsenical pesticides, although records of applications are lacking. The annual loss of As at the lake outlet is only about 0.01% of the As calculated to be in the sediments, indicating that elevated levels of As in the lake will persist for decades. C1 [Barringer, Julia L.; Szabo, Zoltan; Wilson, Timothy P.; Bonin, Jennifer L.] US Geol Survey, New Jersey Water Res Ctr, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. [Kratzer, Todd] New Jersey Water Supply Author, Somerville, NJ 08876 USA. [Cenno, Kimberly; Romagna, Terri; Alebus, Marzooq; Hirst, Barbara] New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. RP Barringer, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Jersey Water Res Ctr, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. EM jbarring@usgs.gov FU New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection FX Funding for the study was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. The authors are grateful to Frances Smith of the LMCC for permission to sample Lake Mohawk, for operational help during the sampling campaign, and for information about the lake. Ernest Hofer of the Sussex County MUA and Dr. Stephen J. Souza of Princeton Hydro provided us with maps, data, and information about the lake's history and ecology. Steve Glasson supplied and piloted the boat that was our sampling platform. We thank USGS colleagues Peter Van Metre for supplying the coring equipment, and MaryLynn Musgrove and Faith Fitzpatrick for insightful comments on drafts of this manuscript. We are grateful for anonymous reviewer comments that greatly improved the clarity of the paper. Use of brand or trade names is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0269-4042 J9 ENVIRON GEOCHEM HLTH JI Environ. Geochem. Health PD FEB PY 2011 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1007/s10653-010-9289-7 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA 723MH UT WOS:000287510200001 PM 20405171 ER PT J AU Singh, A Hines, TC Hostetler, JA Percival, HF Oli, MK AF Singh, Aditya Hines, Tommy C. Hostetler, Jeffery A. Percival, H. Franklin Oli, Madan K. TI Patterns of space and habitat use by northern bobwhites in South Florida, USA SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Colinus virginianus; Game bird; Habitat selection; Habitat management; Habitat preference; Home range; Space use ID IMPORTED FIRE ANTS; HOME-RANGE SIZE; CLASSIFICATION-BASED ANALYSES; COLINUS-VIRGINIANUS; RESOURCE SELECTION; SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD; BLACK BEARS; POPULATIONS; SURVIVAL; TEXAS AB The manner by which animals use space and select resources can have important management consequences. We studied patterns of habitat selection by northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) on Babcock-Webb Wildlife Management Area, Charlotte County, Florida and evaluated factors influencing the sizes of their home ranges. A total of 1,245 radio-tagged bobwhites were monitored for 19,467 radio days during 2002-2007. The mean ( +/- 1 SE) annual home range size, estimated using the Kernel density method, was 88.43 ( +/- 6.16) ha and did not differ between genders. Winter home ranges of bobwhites (69.27 +/- 4.92 ha) were generally larger than summer home ranges (53.90 +/- 4.93 ha). Annual and winter home ranges were smaller for bobwhites whose ranges contained food plots compared to those that did not; however, the presence of food plots did not influence summer home ranges. We used distance-based methods to investigate habitat selection by bobwhites at two scales: selection of home ranges within the study site (second-order selection) and selection of habitats within home ranges (third-order selection). Across both scales, bobwhites generally preferred food plots and dry prairie habitat and avoided wet prairies and roads. This pattern was generally consistent between genders and across years. Our data indicate that management practices aimed at increasing and maintaining a matrix of food plots and dry prairie habitat would provide the most favorable environment for bobwhites. C1 [Singh, Aditya; Hostetler, Jeffery A.; Oli, Madan K.] Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Hines, Tommy C.] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Small Game Program, Newberry, FL 32669 USA. [Percival, H. Franklin] Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Oli, MK (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, 110 Newins Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM olim@ufl.edu RI Hostetler, Jeffrey/A-3345-2011; Singh, Aditya/I-3628-2013 OI Hostetler, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3669-1758; Singh, Aditya/0000-0001-5559-9151 FU Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida FX We thank Ralph W. Dimmick and Stephen Brinkley for leading the field data collection efforts; this work would not have been possible without their dedicated work. We thank M. Kemmerer and C. Pope for providing information on the history and management of the WMA, for assistance with equipment maintenance, and for general counsel and advice as the study progressed. A. Brinkley, G. Coker, C. McKelvy, D. Caudill, S. Dimmick, D. Holt, J. McGrady, J. Sloane, J. Scott, and L. Taylor assisted with data collection. T. O'Meara provided valuable advice throughout the study. R. Dimmick and W. Palmer and V. Rolland provided many helpful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to the many volunteers from the Southwest Florida Chapter of Quail Unlimited who aided the research in many ways. Research was funded by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida. We thank two anonymous reviewers for many helpful comments and suggestions. NR 68 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-4642 EI 1439-0574 J9 EUR J WILDLIFE RES JI Eur. J. Wildl. Res. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 57 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1007/s10344-010-0393-x PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 711ZG UT WOS:000286630300002 ER PT J AU Palacios, V Mech, LD AF Palacios, Vicente Mech, L. David TI Problems with studying wolf predation on small prey in summer via global positioning system collars SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; Global positioning system (GPS) collars; Predation; Telemetry; White-tailed deer; Wolf ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; DIFFERENTIAL CORRECTION; NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA; KILL RATES; ACCURACY; ECOSYSTEMS; LOCATIONS; TELEMETRY; WOLVES; FAWNS AB We attempted to study predation on various-sized prey by a male and female wolf (Canis lupus) with global positioning system (GPS) collars programmed to acquire locations every 10 min in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota. During May to August 2007, we investigated 147 clusters of locations (31% of the total) and found evidence of predation on a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn and yearling, a beaver (Castor canadensis), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), and fisher (Martes pennanti) and scavenging on a road-killed deer and other carrion. However, we missed finding many prey items and discuss the problems associated with trying to conduct such a study. C1 [Palacios, Vicente] Univ Valencia, Inst Cavanilles Biodiversidad & Biol Evolut, Valencia 46071, Spain. [Mech, L. David] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Palacios, V (reprint author), Univ Valencia, Inst Cavanilles Biodiversidad & Biol Evolut, Apdo 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain. EM v_palacios_s@hotmail.com FU Biological Resources Division, United States Geological Survey; United Sates Department of Agriculture NorthCentral Research Station FX This study was supported by the Biological Resources Division, United States Geological Survey, and the United Sates Department of Agriculture NorthCentral Research Station. We thank M. E. Nelson, D. Thompson, and A. Bennett for field assistance, and especially M. Clark for special devotion to this project, and D. J. Demma and S. M. Barber-Meyer for reviewing the manuscript and offering helpful suggestions for improvement. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-4642 J9 EUR J WILDLIFE RES JI Eur. J. Wildl. Res. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 57 IS 1 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1007/s10344-010-0408-7 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 711ZG UT WOS:000286630300015 ER PT J AU McDermott, ME Wood, PB Miller, GW Simpson, BT AF McDermott, Molly E. Wood, Petra Bohall Miller, Gary W. Simpson, Brian T. TI Predicting breeding bird occurrence by stand- and microhabitat-scale features in even-aged stands in the Central Appalachians SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bird-habitat modeling; Early successional birds; Even-age; Forest birds; Multiscale; West Virginia ID MULTIPLE SCALES; AVIAN HABITAT; FOREST; LANDSCAPE; DISTURBANCE; USA; CLASSIFICATION; CONSERVATION; COMMUNITIES; MANAGEMENT AB Spatial scale is an important consideration when managing forest wildlife habitat, and models can be used to improve our understanding of these habitats at relevant scales. Our objectives were to determine whether stand- or microhabitat-scale variables better predicted bird metrics (diversity, species presence, and abundance) and to examine breeding bird response to clearcut size and age in a highly forested landscape. In 2004-2007, vegetation data were collected from 62 even-aged stands that were 3.6-34.6 ha in size and harvested in 1963-1990 on the Monongahela National Forest, WV, USA. In 2005-2007, we also surveyed birds at vegetation plots. We used classification and regression trees to model breeding bird habitat use with a suite of stand and microhabitat variables. Among stand variables, elevation, stand age, and stand size were most commonly retained as important variables in guild and species models. Among microhabitat variables, medium-sized tree density and tree species diversity most commonly predicted bird presence or abundance. Early successional and generalist bird presence, abundance, and diversity were better predicted by microhabitat variables than stand variables. Thus, more intensive field sampling may be required to predict habitat use for these species, and management may be needed at a finer scale. Conversely, stand-level variables had greater utility in predicting late-successional species occurrence and abundance; thus management decisions and modeling at this scale may be suitable in areas with a uniform landscape, such as our study area. Our study suggests that late-successional breeding bird diversity can be maximized long-term by including harvests >10 ha in size into our study area and by increasing tree diversity. Some harvesting will need to be incorporated regularly, because after 15 years, the study stands did not provide habitat for most early successional breeding specialists. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [McDermott, Molly E.] W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Wood, Petra Bohall] W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Miller, Gary W.; Simpson, Brian T.] US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP McDermott, ME (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM mollyemcdermott@gmail.com; pbwood@wvu.edu; gwmiller@fs.fed.us; bsimpson@fs.fed.us RI Liu, Yi-Chun/H-5463-2012 FU USDA Forest Service, Monongahela National Forest FX This work was funded by the USDA Forest Service, Monongahela National Forest. The U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit provided field vehicles, equipment access, and logistical support. West Virginia University and USDA Forest Service also provided logistical support. We thank USDA Forest Service for access to sites on the Monongahela National Forest. Thanks to D. Feicht and J. Juracko, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station for collecting woody vegetation data. We are grateful to R. Gauza, D. Hinnebusch, L. Koerner, M. Shumar, J. Walker, and T. Weidman for help with bird surveys. G. George, S. Stoleson, and two anonymous reviewers provided comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Use of tradenames in this manuscript does not imply endorsement by the Federal government. NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 261 IS 3 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.020 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 721DO UT WOS:000287333000006 ER PT J AU Bekins, BA Matmon, D Screaton, EJ Brown, KM AF Bekins, B. A. Matmon, D. Screaton, E. J. Brown, K. M. TI Reanalysis of in situ permeability measurements in the Barbados decollement SO GEOFLUIDS LA English DT Article DE borehole observatory; CORK; decollement; ODP; permeability ID ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX; FLUID MIGRATION; FAULT; FLOW; INITIATION; STRESS; ZONE AB A cased and sealed borehole in the Northern Barbados accretionary complex was the site of the first attempts to measure permeability in situ along a plate boundary decollement. Three separate efforts at Hole 949C yielded permeability estimates for the decollement spanning four orders of magnitude. An analysis of problems encountered during installation of the casing and seals provides insights into how the borehole conditions may have led to the wide range of results. During the installation, sediments from the surrounding formation repeatedly intruded into the borehole and casing. Stress analysis shows that the weak sediments were deforming plastically and the radial and tangential stresses around the borehole were significantly lower than lithostatic. This perturbed stress state may explain why the test pressure records showed indications of hydrofracture at pressures below lithostatic, and permeabilities rose rapidly as the estimated effective stress dropped below 0.8 MPa. Even after the borehole was sealed, the plastic deformation of the formation and relatively large gap of the wire wrapped screen allowed sediment to flow into the casing. Force equilibrium calculations predict sediment would have filled the borehole to 10 cm above the top of the screen by the time slug tests were conducted 1.5 years after the borehole was sealed. Reanalysis of the slug test results with these conditions yields several orders of magnitude higher permeability estimates than the original analysis which assumed an open casing. Overall the results based on only the tests with no sign of hydrofracture yield a permeability range of 10-14-10-15 m2 and a rate of increase in permeability with decreasing effective stress consistent with laboratory tests on samples from the decollement zone. C1 [Bekins, B. A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Matmon, D.] TAHAL Consulting Engn Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel. [Screaton, E. J.] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL USA. [Brown, K. M.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Bekins, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM babekins@usgs.gov FU NSF [OCE-0623358, OCE-0326749] FX This research used samples and/or data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). NSF funding was provided for Screaton by OCE-0623358 and for Matmon by OCE-0326749. We are also grateful for valuable comments on the manuscript by Chris Neuzil, Paul Hsieh, David Lockner, and one anonymous reviewer. Feedback on a presentation at the annual Hubbert Quorum was also invaluable. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1468-8115 J9 GEOFLUIDS JI Geofluids PD FEB PY 2011 VL 11 IS 1 BP 57 EP 70 DI 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00310.x PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA 714WM UT WOS:000286839700007 ER PT J AU Feng, ZL Qiu, ZP Liu, RS DeAngelis, DL AF Feng, Zhilan Qiu, Zhipeng Liu, Rongsong DeAngelis, Donald L. TI Dynamics of a plant-herbivore-predator system with plant-toxicity SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Plant-herbivore interactions; Tritrophic chain; Plant toxicity; Boreal ecosystem; Stability conditions ID FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; MOOSE; SYMBIOSIS; COMMUNITIES; VERTEBRATES; DIVERSITY; MODELS AB A system of ordinary differential equations is considered that models the interactions of two plant species populations, an herbivore population, and a predator population. We use a toxin-determined functional response to describe the interactions between plant species and herbivores and use a Holling Type II functional response to model the interactions between herbivores and predators. In order to study how the predators impact the succession of vegetation, we derive invasion conditions under which a plant species can invade into an environment in which another plant species is co-existing with a herbivore population with or without a predator population. These conditions provide threshold quantities for several parameters that may play a key role in the dynamics of the system. Numerical simulations are conducted to reinforce the analytical results. This model can be applied to a boreal ecosystem trophic chain to examine the possible cascading effects of predator-control actions when plant species differ in their levels of toxic defense. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [DeAngelis, Donald L.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Feng, Zhilan] Purdue Univ, Dept Math, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Qiu, Zhipeng] Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Appl Math, Nanjing 210094, Peoples R China. [Liu, Rongsong] Univ Wyoming, Dept Math, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP DeAngelis, DL (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Biol, POB 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM ddeangelis@bio.miami.edu FU NSF [DMS-0920828]; NSF of China [10801074]; Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province; U.S. Geological Survey's Florida Integrated Science Center FX We thank the reviewer for helpful comments that improved the manuscript. This research is partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0920828. Z. Qiu was supported by the NSF of China grant (10801074) and by the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province. D.L. DeAngelis was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey's Florida Integrated Science Center. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 229 IS 2 BP 190 EP 204 DI 10.1016/j.mbs.2010.12.005 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 724ZK UT WOS:000287614800006 PM 21195093 ER PT J AU Hawkes, AD Horton, BP Nelson, AR Vane, CH Sawai, Y AF Hawkes, A. D. Horton, B. P. Nelson, A. R. Vane, C. H. Sawai, Y. TI Coastal subsidence in Oregon, USA, during the giant Cascadia earthquake of AD 1700 SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE Cascadia subduction zone; Earthquake; Coseismic subsidence; Foraminifera ID SEA-LEVEL INDICATORS; TIDAL MARSH STRATIGRAPHY; LATE HOLOCENE EARTHQUAKE; PAST 2000 YEARS; SUBDUCTION-ZONE; COSEISMIC SUBSIDENCE; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTHERN OREGON AB Quantitative estimates of land-level change during the giant AD 1700 Cascadia earthquake along the Oregon coast are inferred from relative sea-level changes reconstructed from fossil foraminiferal assemblages preserved within the stratigraphic record. A transfer function, based upon a regional training set of modern sediment samples from Oregon estuaries, is calibrated to fossil assemblages in sequences of samples across buried peat-mud and peat-sand contacts marking the AD 1700 earthquake. Reconstructions of sample elevations with sample-specific errors estimate the amount of coastal subsidence during the earthquake at six sites along 400 km of coast. The elevation estimates are supported by lithological, carbon isotope, and faunal tidal zonation data. Coseismic subsidence at Nehalem River, Nestucca River, Salmon River, Alsea Bay, Siuslaw River and South Slough varies between 0.18 m and 0.85 m with errors between 0.18 m and 0.32 m. These subsidence estimates are more precise, consistent, and generally lower than previous semi-quantitative estimates. Following earlier comparisons of semi-quantitative subsidence estimates with elastic dislocation models of megathrust rupture during great earthquakes, our lower estimates for central and northern Oregon are consistent with modeled rates of strain accumulation and amounts of slip on the subduction megathrust, and thus, with a magnitude of 9 for the AD 1700 earthquake. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Hawkes, A. D.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Horton, B. P.] Univ Penn, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Horton, B. P.] Nanyang Technol Univ, Earth Observ Singapore, Singapore 639798, Singapore. [Nelson, A. R.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Vane, C. H.] British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. [Sawai, Y.] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault & Earthquake Res Ctr, Tsukub, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RP Hawkes, AD (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM ahawkes@whoi.edu RI Vane, Christopher/A-8814-2008; Sawai, Yuki /D-3216-2013 OI Vane, Christopher/0000-0002-8150-3640; Sawai, Yuki /0000-0001-7015-4361 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0842728]; United States Geological Survey, Society of Sedimentary Geology (SEPM); University of Pennsylvania; National Oceanographic Science Accelerator Mass Spectrometer; Earthquake Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey FX This research was supported by National Science Foundation award (EAR-0842728). Hawkes thanks other supporting agencies; United States Geological Survey, Society of Sedimentary Geology (SEPM - Sanders Student Research Fund), the University of Pennsylvania paleo-stipend, and National Oceanographic Science Accelerator Mass Spectrometer for radiocarbon dating. We acknowledge partial support from the Earthquake Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey. Vane publishes with permission of the Director of the British Geological Survey. Sawai was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad. Rob Witter, Andrew Kemp, Simon Engelhardt and Candace GrandPre contributed to field sampling. EOS publication #19. We are grateful for reviews by Chris Bernhardt and Rob Thieler. This paper is a contribution to IGCP 588 "Preparing for coastal change: A detailed process-response framework for coastal change at different timescale". NR 80 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 30 IS 3-4 BP 364 EP 376 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.017 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 722LP UT WOS:000287434000009 ER PT J AU Sundberg, MD DeAngelis, P Havens, K Holsinger, K Kennedy, K Kramer, AT Muir, R Olwell, P Schierenbeck, K Stritch, L Zorn-Arnold, B AF Sundberg, Marshall D. DeAngelis, Patricia Havens, Kayri Holsinger, Kent Kennedy, Kathryn Kramer, Andrea T. Muir, Rachel Olwell, Peggy Schierenbeck, Kristina Stritch, Larry Zorn-Arnold, Barbara TI Perceptions of Strengths and Deficiencies: Disconnects between Graduate Students and Prospective Employers SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE botanical capacity; student perceptions; employer expectations; skill sets; education ID SYSTEMATICS; PIPELINE; SCIENCE AB The US Botanical Capacity Assessment Project (BCAP) was initiated as a first step to gauge the nation's collective ability to meet the environmental challenges of the 21st century The project, in which the authors of this article are involved, specifically aimed to identify multisector contributions to and gaps in botanical capacity in order to develop growth opportunities to address research and management problems. One of the primary gaps revealed by the BCAP surveys was that the skills graduate students identified as their greatest strengths closely matched the areas future employers (government and private sectors) identified as needing greatest improvement. Although our survey focused on only one discipline (botany), we suspect that the results are applicable throughout the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. We suggest that it is critical for university faculty and administrators to team with professionals from government, nonprofit, and for-profit organizations to identify critical and desired knowledge and skill sets and implement the necessary curriculum changes to provide graduates with the tools they need. C1 [Sundberg, Marshall D.] Emporia State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. [DeAngelis, Patricia] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Sci Author, Arlington, VA USA. [Havens, Kayri; Zorn-Arnold, Barbara] Chicago Bot Garden, Div Plant Sci & Conservat, Glencoe, IL USA. [Kramer, Andrea T.] Chicago Bot Garden, Bot Gardens Conservat Int, Glencoe, IL USA. [Holsinger, Kent] Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Kennedy, Kathryn] Missouri Bot Garden, Ctr Plant Conservat, St Louis, MO USA. [Muir, Rachel] US Geol Survey, Off Reg Execut NE, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Olwell, Peggy] Div Fish Wildlife & Plant Conservat, Bur Land Management, Washington, DC USA. [Schierenbeck, Kristina] Calif State Univ Chico, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. [Stritch, Larry] US Forest Serv, Washington Off Range Staff, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Sundberg, MD (reprint author), Emporia State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. EM msundber@emporia.edu OI Holsinger, Kent/0000-0003-4312-3804 FU Chicago Botanic Garden, Botanic Gardens Conservation International (US); National Fish and Wildlife Foundation FX The Botanical Capacity Assessment Project (BCAP) is supported by the Chicago Botanic Garden, Botanic Gardens Conservation International (US), and a grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. The authors are members of the BCAP advisory board. We thank Jean Schulenberg, graduate students Jennifer Ison and Rebecca Tonietto, and three anonymous reviewers for their critical reviews of the manuscript. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2011 VL 61 IS 2 BP 133 EP 138 DI 10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.8 PG 6 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 720FY UT WOS:000287267200012 ER PT J AU Day, JW Kemp, GP Reed, DJ Cahoon, DR Boumans, RM Suhayda, JM Gambrell, R AF Day, John W. Kemp, G. Paul Reed, Denise J. Cahoon, Donald R. Boumans, Roelof M. Suhayda, Joseph M. Gambrell, Robert TI Vegetation death and rapid loss of surface elevation in two contrasting Mississippi delta salt marshes: The role of sedimentation, autocompaction and sea-level rise SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Peat collapse; Wetland loss; Subsidence; Compaction; Soil strength; Mississippi delta ID SUBMERGING COASTAL MARSH; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; TERREBONNE BAY; WETLAND LOSS; RIVER DELTA; LAND LOSS; LOUISIANA; PLAIN; ACCRETION; WATER AB From 1990 to 2004, we carried out a study on accretionary dynamics and wetland loss in salt marshes surrounding two small ponds in the Mississippi delta; Old Oyster Bayou (OB), a sediment-rich area near the mouth of the Atchafalaya River and Bayou Chitigue (BC), a sediment-poor area about 70 km to the east. The OB site was stable, while most of the marsh at BC disappeared within a few years. Measurements were made of short-term sedimentation, vertical accretion, change in marsh surface elevation, pond wave activity, and marsh soil characteristics. The OB marsh was about 10 cm higher than BC; the extremes of the elevation range for Spartina alterniflora in Louisiana. Vertical accretion and short-term sedimentation were about twice as high at BC than at OB, but the OB marsh captured nearly all sediments deposited, while the BC marsh captured <30%. The OB and BC sites flooded about 15% and 85% of the time, respectively. Marsh loss at BC was not due to wave erosion. The mineral content of deposited sediments was higher at OB. Exposure and desiccation of the marsh surface at OB increased the efficiency that deposited sediments were incorporated into the marsh soil, and displaced the marsh surface upward by biological processes like root growth, while also reducing shallow compaction. Once vegetation dies, there is a loss of soil volume clue to loss of root turgor and oxidation of root organic matter, which leads to elevation collapse. Revegetation cannot occur because of the low elevation and weak soil strength. The changes in elevation at both marsh sites are punctuated, occurring in steps that can either increase or decrease elevation. When a marsh is low as at BC, a step down can result in an irreversible change. At this point, the option is not restoration but creating a new marsh with massive sediment input either from the river or via dredging. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Day, John W.; Gambrell, Robert] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Kemp, G. Paul] Natl Audubon Soc, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. [Reed, Denise J.] Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. [Cahoon, Donald R.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Boumans, Roelof M.] Univ Vermont, Gund Inst Ecol Econ, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Suhayda, Joseph M.] Louisiana State Univ, Hurricane Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Day, JW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM johnday@lsu.edu FU United States Geological Survey [14-08-0001-23411, 04ERAG0068] FX Funding for this study was provided by the United States Geological Survey (grants number 14-08-0001-23411 and 04ERAG0068). Additional funding came from the Louisiana Sea Grant Program. Assistance in the project was provided by Robert Lane, Numair Latif, David Rogues, Nina de Luca, Derral Dupre, Wendy Morrison, Laura Dancer, and Jill Rooth. NR 70 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 11 U2 96 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 37 IS 2 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.021 PG 12 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 721VX UT WOS:000287387000015 ER PT J AU Gannon, JL Love, JJ AF Gannon, J. L. Love, J. J. TI USGS 1-min Dst index SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Magnetosphere; Ring current; Dst; Disturbance index ID RESOLUTION; STORM AB We produce a 1-min time resolution storm-time disturbance index, the USGS Dst, called Dst(8507-45M). This index is based on minute resolution horizontal magnetic field intensity from low-latitude observatories in Honolulu, Kakioka, San Juan and Hermanus, for the years 1985-2007. The method used to produce the index uses a combination of time- and frequency-domain techniques, which more clearly identifies and excises solar-quiet variation from the horizontal intensity time series of an individual station than the strictly time-domain method used in the Kyoto Dst index. The USGS 1-min Dst is compared against the Kyoto Dst, Kyoto Sym-H, and the USGS 1-h Dst (Dst(5807-4SH)). In a time series comparison, Sym-H is found to produce more extreme values during both sudden impulses and main phase maximum deviation, possibly due to the latitude of its contributing observatories. Both Kyoto indices are shown to have a peak in their distributions below zero, while the USGS indices have a peak near zero. The USGS 1-min Dst is shown to have the higher time resolution benefits of Sym-H, while using the more typical low-latitude observatories of Kyoto Dst. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Gannon, J. L.; Love, J. J.] USGS Geomagnetism Program, Denver, CO USA. RP Gannon, JL (reprint author), USGS Geomagnetism Program, Denver, CO USA. EM jgannon@usgs.gov RI Love, Jeffrey/N-7593-2013 OI Love, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3324-0348 FU USGS FX We thank the Japan Meteorological Agency and the South African National Research Foundation for their commitment to the long-term operation, respectively, of the Kakioka and Hermanus magnetic observatories. We acknowledge Intermagnet (www.intermagnet.org) for its role in promoting high standards of magnetic-observatory practice. We thank the former World Data Center at Copenhagen, and the present World Data Centers at Kyoto and Edinburgh. We thank J.C. Green, C.A. Finn and T. White for reviewing a draft manuscript. We thank two anonymous referees for their reviews of the submitted draft manuscript. We thank E.A. McWhirter Jr. for help with data format conversion. This work and the present operation of the Honolulu and San Juan observatories are supported by the USGS Geomagnetism Program. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 73 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 323 EP 334 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2010.02.013 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 717NS UT WOS:000287055300020 ER PT J AU Kaven, JO Maerten, F Pollard, DD AF Kaven, J. O. Maerten, F. Pollard, D. D. TI Mechanical analysis of fault slip data: Implications for paleostress analysis SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fault slip data; Paleostress; Stress inversion; Mechanical interaction ID TRIANGULAR DISLOCATION ELEMENTS; INTERSECTING NORMAL FAULTS; STRESS INVERSION PROCEDURE; CHI TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; FOCAL MECHANISMS; FIELD DATA; DATA SETS; TENSOR INVERSION; SURFACE RUPTURE AB Stress inversions are a useful and popular tool for structural geologist and seismologist alike. These methods were first introduced by Wallace (1951) and Bott (1959) and subsequent studies continue to be based on their assumptions: the remote stress tensor is spatially uniform for the rock mass containing the faults and temporally constant over the history of faulting in that region, and the slip on each fault surface has the same direction and sense as the maximum shear stress resolved on that surface from the remote stress tensor. Furthermore, successful implementation requires that slip accumulates on faults of diverse orientation. Many studies employ these methods on isolated faults or on fault systems with limited ranges of orientations, which can lead to erroneous results. We propose a new method that incorporates the effects of mechanical interaction of the entire fault or fault system, and solves the complete mechanical problem rather than employing empirical relationships between slip and stress or strain (or strain rate). The method requires knowledge of the fault geometry and information on at least one slip vector component along portions of the known fault geometry. For example, if throw is known, the strike-slip component can be solved for. We test the method using a single synthetic fault with anisotropic roughness similar to that measured at fault outcrops. While the orientation of remote stress may be determined precisely, the lack of diverse fault orientations introduces a systematic error in the remote stress ratio. We further test the effect of diversity of fault orientations and find that Wallace Bott type inversions do not perform as well for limited ranges of orientations when compared to the proposed method. Finally, we use published data from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, and find that the method using surface data only, and surface data with subsurface focal mechanisms, produce similar results. The resulting stress orientations are in good agreement with results from Wallace Bott inversions. Furthermore, the slip distribution is in general agreement with kinematic slip inversions using coseismic surface deformation. Stress inversion methods using fault slip data can thus be improved upon, significantly in some cases, by solving a mechanical boundary value problem that takes into account the geometry of faults or fault systems. As a bonus, the solution provides the stress, strain, and displacement fields throughout the region and the slip distributions on the faults. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Maerten, F.] IGEOSS, F-34790 Grabels, France. [Pollard, D. D.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kaven, JO (reprint author), USGS Menlo Pk, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM okaven@usgs.gov; fmaerten@igeoss.com; dpollard@standard.edu FU Stanford Rock Fracture Project FX Financial support for this project was provided by the Stanford Rock Fracture Project. We appreciate thorough reviews by R.J. Lisle and an anonymous reviewer that improved the manuscript. Careful reviews by and interesting discussions with Paul Segall helped improve the manuscript. Thanks to the Igeoss consortium members for supporting the development of Poly3D. We thank Kaj Johnson for providing the coordinates of the Chelungpu fault trace. We also thank Lei Zhang for providing the results of his slip inversion. NR 110 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 33 IS 2 BP 78 EP 91 DI 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.004 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 717NV UT WOS:000287055600003 ER PT J AU Hunter, RB Collett, TS Boswell, R Anderson, BJ Digert, SA Pospisil, G Baker, R Weeks, M AF Hunter, Robert B. Collett, Timothy S. Boswell, Ray Anderson, Brian J. Digert, Scott A. Pospisil, Gordon Baker, Richard Weeks, Micaela TI Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Overview of scientific and technical program SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Gas hydrate; Prudhoe Bay; Mount Elbert test well; Milne Point; Production test ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; SEDIMENTS; UNCERTAINTIES; GEOCHEMISTRY; PROSPECT; HISTORY; LOG AB The Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well was drilled within the Alaska North Slope (ANS) Milne Point Unit (MPU) from February 3 to 19, 2007. The well was conducted as part of a Cooperative Research Agreement (CRA) project co-sponsored since 2001 by BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc. (BPXA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to help determine whether ANS gas hydrate can become a technically and commercially viable gas resource. Early in the effort, regional reservoir characterization and reservoir simulation modeling studies indicated that up to 0.34 trillion cubic meters (tcm; 12 trillion cubic feet, tcf) gas may be technically recoverable from 0.92 tcm (33 tcf) gas-in-place within the Eileen gas hydrate accumulation near industry infrastructure within ANS MPU, Prudhoe Bay Unit (PBU), and Kuparuk River Unit (KRU) areas. To further constrain these estimates and to enable the selection of a test site for further data acquisition. the USGS reprocessed and interpreted MPU 3D seismic data provided by BPXA to delineate 14 prospects containing significant highly-saturated gas hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs. The "Mount Elbert" site was selected to drill a stratigraphic test well to acquire a full suite of wireline log, core, and formation pressure test data. Drilling results and data interpretation confirmed pre-drill predictions and thus increased confidence in both the prospect interpretation methods and in the wider ANS gas hydrate resource estimates. The interpreted data from the Mount Elbert well provide insight into and reduce uncertainty of key gas hydrate-bearing reservoir properties, enable further refinement and validation of the numerical simulation of the production potential of both MPU and broader ANS gas hydrate resources, and help determine viability of potential field sites for future extended term production testing. Drilling and data acquisition operations demonstrated that gas hydrate scientific research programs can be safely, effectively, and efficiently conducted within ANS infrastructure. The program success resulted in a technical team recommendation to project management to drill and complete a long-term production test within the area of existing ANS infrastructure. If approved by stakeholders, this long-term test would build on prior arctic research efforts to better constrain the potential gas rates and volumes that could be produced from gas hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Hunter, Robert B.] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Boswell, Ray; Anderson, Brian J.; Baker, Richard] Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Anderson, Brian J.] W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Digert, Scott A.; Pospisil, Gordon; Weeks, Micaela] BP Explorat Alaska Inc, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Hunter, RB (reprint author), ASRC Energy Serv, 3900 C St,Suite 702, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM robert.hunter@asrcenergy.com OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 NR 43 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 295 EP 310 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.015 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500002 ER PT J AU Torres, ME Collett, TS Rose, KK Sample, JC Agena, WF Rosenbaum, EJ AF Torres, M. E. Collett, T. S. Rose, K. K. Sample, J. C. Agena, W. F. Rosenbaum, E. J. TI Pore fluid geochemistry from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Mt Elbert Well; Pore water; Water isotopes; Permafrost ID ARCTIC-OCEAN; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; WATER; CASCADIA; RIDGE; FLOW; ICE AB The BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well was drilled and cored from 606.5 to 760.1 m on the North Slope of Alaska, to evaluate the occurrence, distribution and formation of gas hydrate in sediments below the base of the ice-bearing permafrost. Both the dissolved chloride and the isotopic composition of the water co-vary in the gas hydrate-bearing zones, consistent with gas hydrate dissociation during core recovery, and they provide independent indicators to constrain the zone of gas hydrate occurrence. Analyses of chloride and water isotope data indicate that an observed increase in salinity towards the top of the cored section reflects the presence of residual fluids from ion exclusion during ice formation at the base of the permafrost layer. These salinity changes are the main factor controlling major and minor ion distributions in the Mount Elbert Well. The resulting background chloride can be simulated with a one-dimensional diffusion model, and the results suggest that the ion exclusion at the top of the cored section reflects deepening of the permafrost layer following the last glaciation (similar to 100 kyr), consistent with published thermal models. Gas hydrate saturation values estimated from dissolved chloride agree with estimates based on logging data when the gas hydrate occupies more than 20% of the pore space; the correlation is less robust at lower saturation values. The highest gas hydrate concentrations at the Mount Elbert Well are clearly associated with coarse-grained sedimentary sections, as expected from theoretical calculations and field observations in marine and other arctic sediment cores. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Torres, M. E.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Collett, T. S.; Agena, W. F.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Rose, K. K.; Rosenbaum, E. J.] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Sample, J. C.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Torres, ME (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mtorres@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Sample, Jane/H-4459-2014; Sample, James/A-9622-2015 OI Sample, Jane/0000-0002-8783-3229; FU US Department of Energy (DOE); BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc (BPXA) FX The pore water geochemistry work was funded by a cooperative agreement between the US Department of Energy (DOE) and BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc (BPXA), via a contract to M. Torres. We want to acknowledge the US Geological Survey for additional support, field work planning and background resources. We thank the drillers and staff at the well site for their efforts in obtaining high quality cores and providing logistical support during the field program. Bobbi Conard and Margaret Sparrow are thanked for their analytical contributions. The manuscript benefited from helpful reviews by Jerry Dickens and George Claypool, and from editorial handling by Ray Boswell. NR 47 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 332 EP 342 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.001 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500004 ER PT J AU Lorenson, TD Collett, TS Hunter, RB AF Lorenson, Thomas D. Collett, Timothy S. Hunter, Robert B. TI Gas geochemistry of the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Implications for gas hydrate exploration in the Arctic SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Arctic; Alaska; North slope; Gas geochemistry; Hydrocarbons; Isotopes; Biodegraded oil ID DEEP SUBSURFACE; PRUDHOE BAY; OIL; BIODEGRADATION; PROSPECT; KUPARUK; MARINE; CO2 AB Gases were analyzed from well cuttings, core, gas hydrate, and formation tests at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, drilled within the Milne Point Unit, Alaska North Slope. The well penetrated a portion of the Eileen gas hydrate deposit, which overlies the more deeply buried Prudhoe Bay, Milne Point, West Sak, and Kuparuk River oil fields. Gas sources in the upper 200 m are predominantly from microbial sources (C-1 isotopic compositions ranging from -86.4 to -80.6 parts per thousand). The C-1 isotopic composition becomes progressively enriched from 200 m to the top of the gas hydrate-bearing sands at 600 m. The tested gas hydrates occur in two primary intervals, units D and C, between 614.0 m and 664.7 m, containing a total of 29.3 m of gas hydrate-bearing sands. The hydrocarbon gases in cuttings and core samples from 604 to 914 m are composed of methane with very little ethane. The isotopic composition of the methane carbon ranges from -50.1 to -43.9 parts per thousand with several outliers, generally decreasing with depth. Gas samples collected by the Modular Formation Dynamics Testing (MDT) tool in the hydrate-bearing units were similarly composed mainly of methane, with up to 284 ppm ethane. The methane isotopic composition ranged from -48.2 to -48.0 parts per thousand in the C sand and from -48.4 to -46.6 parts per thousand in the D sand. Methane hydrogen isotopic composition ranged from 238 to -230 parts per thousand with slightly more depleted values in the deeper C sand. These results are consistent with the concept that the Eileen gas hydrates contain a mixture of deep-sourced, microbially biodegraded thermogenic gas, with lesser amounts of thermogenic oil-associated gas, and coal gas. Thermal gases are likely sourced from existing oil and gas accumulations that have migrated up-dip and/or up-fault and formed gas hydrate in response to climate cooling with permafrost formation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lorenson, Thomas D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hunter, Robert B.] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Lorenson, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tlorenson@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 343 EP 360 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.007 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500005 ER PT J AU Kneafsey, TJ Lu, HL Winters, W Boswell, R Hunter, R Collett, TS AF Kneafsey, Timothy J. Lu, Hailong Winters, William Boswell, Ray Hunter, Robert Collett, Timothy S. TI Examination of core samples from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Effects of retrieval and preservation SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Core handling; Core disturbance; Dissociation; Thermal processes ID METHANE HYDRATE; GEOCHEMISTRY; SEDIMENT AB Collecting and preserving undamaged core samples containing gas hydrates from depth is difficult because of the pressure and temperature changes encountered upon retrieval. Hydrate-bearing core samples were collected at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well in February 2007. Coring was performed while using a custom oil-based drilling mud, and the cores were retrieved by a wireline. The samples were characterized and subsampled at the surface under ambient winter arctic conditions. Samples thought to be hydrate bearing were preserved either by immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN), or by storage under methane pressure at ambient arctic conditions, and later depressurized and immersed in LN. Eleven core samples from hydrate-bearing zones were scanned using x-ray computed tomography to examine core structure and homogeneity. Features observed include radial fractures, spalling-type fractures, and reduced density near the periphery. These features were induced during sample collection, handling, and preservation. Isotopic analysis of the methane from hydrate in an initially LN-preserved core and a pressure-preserved core indicate that secondary hydrate formation occurred throughout the pressurized core, whereas none occurred in the LN-preserved core, however no hydrate was found near the periphery of the LN-preserved core. To replicate some aspects of the preservation methods, natural and laboratory-made saturated porous media samples were frozen in a variety of ways, with radial fractures observed in some LN-frozen sands, and needle-like ice crystals forming in slowly frozen clay-rich sediments. Suggestions for hydrate-bearing core preservation are presented. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kneafsey, Timothy J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Lu, Hailong] Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Winters, William] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Boswell, Ray] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV USA. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kneafsey, TJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM tjkneafsey@lbl.gov RI Kneafsey, Timothy/H-7412-2014; OI Kneafsey, Timothy/0000-0002-3926-8587; Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 FU Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the U.S. DOE [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX The authors wish first to acknowledge the many people whose diligent efforts made it possible to collect the samples discussed in this paper. A portion of this work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.009 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500007 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Collett, TS AF Lee, M. W. Collett, T. S. TI In-situ gas hydrate hydrate saturation estimated from various well logs at the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Saturation; Mount Elbert; Well logs; Rock physics model ID NATURAL-GAS; BEARING SEDIMENTS; VELOCITIES AB In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed detailed analysis and interpretation of available 2-D and 3-D seismic data and proposed a viable method for identifying sub-permafrost gas hydrate prospects within the gas hydrate stability zone in the Milne Point area of northern Alaska. To validate the predictions of the USGS and to acquire critical reservoir data needed to develop a long-term production testing program, a well was drilled at the Mount Elbert prospect in February, 2007. Numerous well log data and cores were acquired to estimate in-situ gas hydrate saturations and reservoir properties. Gas hydrate saturations were estimated from various well logs such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), P- and S-wave velocity, and electrical resistivity logs along with pore-water salinity. Gas hydrate saturations from the NMR log agree well with those estimated from P- and S-wave velocity data. Because of the low salinity of the connate water and the low formation temperature, the resistivity of connate water is comparable to that of shale. Therefore, the effect of clay should be accounted for to accurately estimate gas hydrate saturations from the resistivity data. Two highly gas hydrate-saturated intervals are identified - an upper similar to 43 ft zone with an average gas hydrate saturation of 54% and a lower similar to 53 ft zone with an average gas hydrate saturation of 50%; both zones reach a maximum of about 75% saturation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lee, M. W.; Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 939 Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mlee@usgs.gov FU U. S. Geological Survey; U. S. Department of Energy [DE-AI21-92MC29214]; U. S. Bureau of Land Management [LAI-02-0015] FX We thank the Mount Elbert Science Team for the successful logging and coring program, and we appreciate Warren Agena and Tanya Inks for their many helpful comments and suggestions. This contribution was funded by the U. S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program, the U. S. Department of Energy (under Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI21-92MC29214), and the U. S. Bureau of Land Management (under Interagency Agreement No. LAI-02-0015). NR 39 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 439 EP 449 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.06.007 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500013 ER PT J AU Sun, Y Goldberg, D Collett, T Hunter, R AF Sun, Y. Goldberg, D. Collett, T. Hunter, R. TI High-resolution well-log derived dielectric properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments, Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrates; Saturation; Dielectric property ID METHANE HYDRATE; RESERVOIR AB A dielectric logging tool, electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT), was deployed in 2007 in the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well (Mount Elbert Well), North Slope, Alaska. The measured dielectric properties in the Mount Elbert well, combined with density log measurements, result in a vertical high-resolution (cm-scale) estimate of gas hydrate saturation. Two hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs about 20 m thick were identified using the EPT log and exhibited gas-hydrate saturation estimates ranging from 45% to 85%. In hydrate-bearing zones where variation of hole size and oil-based mud invasion are minimal, EPT-based gas hydrate saturation estimates on average agree well with lower vertical resolution estimates from the nuclear magnetic resonance logs; however, saturation and porosity estimates based on EPT logs are not reliable in intervals with substantial variations in borehole diameter and oil-based invasion. EPT log interpretation reveals many thin-bedded layers at various depths, both above and below the thick continuous hydrate occurrences, which range from 30-cm to about 1-m thick. Such thin layers are not indicated in other well logs, or from the visual observation of core, with the exception of the image log recorded by the oil-base microimager. We also observe that EPT dielectric measurements can be used to accurately detect fine-scale changes in lithology and pore fluid properties of hydrate-bearing sediments where variation of hole size is minimal. EPT measurements may thus provide high-resolution in-situ hydrate saturation estimates for comparison and calibration with laboratory analysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sun, Y.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Goldberg, D.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. [Collett, T.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hunter, R.] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Sun, Y (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM sun@geo.tamu.edu FU U.S. Department of Energy; BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. FX We thank the U.S. Department of Energy and the BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. for supporting this research. Constructive comments and critical reviews by the anonymous reviewer and R.L. Kleinberg greatly improved the manuscript. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 450 EP 459 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.001 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500014 ER PT J AU Anderson, B Hancock, S Wilson, S Enger, C Collett, T Boswell, R Hunter, R AF Anderson, Brian Hancock, Steve Wilson, Scott Enger, Christopher Collett, Timothy Boswell, Ray Hunter, Robert TI Formation pressure testing at the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Operational summary, history matching, and interpretations SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrates; Reservoir simulations; Production modeling; Porous media; Modular dynamics testing AB In February 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy, BP Exploration (Alaska), and the U.S. Geological Survey, collected open-hole pressure-response data, as well as gas and water sample collection, in a gas hydrate reservoir (the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well) using Schlumberger's Modular Dynamics Formation Tester (MDT) wireline tool. Four such MDT tests, ranging from six to twelve hours duration, and including a series of flow, sampling, and shut-in periods of various durations, were conducted. Locations for the testing were selected based on NMR and other log data to assure sufficient isolation from reservoir boundaries and zones of excess free water. Test stages in which pressure was reduced sufficiently to mobilize free water in the formation (yet not cause gas hydrate dissociation) produced readily interpretable pressure build-up profiles. Build-ups following larger drawdowns consistently showed gas-hydrate dissociation and gas release (as confirmed by optical fluid analyzer data), as well as progressive dampening of reservoir pressure build-up during sequential tests at a given MDT test station. History matches of one multi-stage, 12-h test (the C2 test) were accomplished using five different reservoir simulators: CMG-STARS, HydrateResSim, MH21-HYDRES, STOMP-HYD, and TOUGH + HYDRATE. Simulations utilized detailed information collected across the reservoir either obtained or determined from geophysical well logs, including thickness (11.3 m, 37 ft.), porosity (35%), hydrate saturation (65%), both mobile and immobile water saturations, intrinsic permeability (1000 mD), pore water salinity (5 ppt), and formation temperature (3.3-3.9 degrees C). This paper will present the approach and preliminary results of the history-matching efforts, including estimates of initial formation permeability and analyses of the various unique features exhibited by the MDT results. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Anderson, Brian] W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Anderson, Brian; Boswell, Ray] Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Hancock, Steve] RPS Energy Canada, Calgary, AB T2P 3T6, Canada. [Wilson, Scott] Ryder Scott Co, Petr Consultants, Denver, CO 80293 USA. [Enger, Christopher] Colorado Sch Mines, Rock Mech Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Collett, Timothy] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hunter, Robert] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Anderson, B (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM brian.anderson@mail.wvu.edu OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 FU National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Geological Survey; Japan MH-21 project; BP Exploration (Alaska) FX The authors would like to thank the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Japan MH-21 project, and BP Exploration (Alaska) for supporting this effort. We would also like to acknowledge the Mount Elbert science party for sharing the data obtained at Mount Elbert for use in our history-matching and production simulations. Finally, the authors would like to thank Michael Batzle for his supervision of the experimental simulation and Marisa Rydzy for the original experimental apparatus. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 478 EP 492 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.012 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500016 ER PT J AU Collett, TS Lewis, RE Winters, WJ Lee, MW Rose, KK Boswell, RM AF Collett, T. S. Lewis, R. E. Winters, W. J. Lee, M. W. Rose, K. K. Boswell, R. M. TI Downhole well log and core montages from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Alaska; Resources; Logs; Core; North Slope; Drilling ID BEARING SEDIMENTS; GEOCHEMISTRY AB The BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well was an integral part of an ongoing project to determine the future energy resource potential of gas hydrates on the Alaska North Slope. As part of this effort, the Mount Elbert well included an advanced downhole geophysical logging program. Because gas hydrate is unstable at ground surface pressure and temperature conditions, a major emphasis was placed on the downhole-logging program to determine the occurrence of gas hydrates and the in-situ physical properties of the sediments. In support of this effort, well-log and core data montages have been compiled which include downhole log and core-data obtained from the gas-hydrate-bearing sedimentary section in the Mount Elbert well. Also shown are numerous reservoir parameters, including gas-hydrate saturation and sediment porosity log traces calculated from available downhole well log and core data. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Collett, T. S.; Lee, M. W.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Lewis, R. E.] Schlumberger, Oklahoma City, OK 73114 USA. [Winters, W. J.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Rose, K. K.; Boswell, R. M.] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 939,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM tcollett@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 561 EP 577 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.016 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500022 ER PT J AU Boswell, R Rose, K Collett, TS Lee, M Winters, W Lewis, KA Agena, W AF Boswell, Ray Rose, Kelly Collett, Timothy S. Lee, Myung Winters, William Lewis, Kristen A. Agena, Warren TI Geologic controls on gas hydrate occurrence in the Mount Elbert prospect, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mount Elbert well; Gas hydrate; Alaska North Slope; Milne Point; Sagavanirktok formation ID METHANE HYDRATE AB Data acquired at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, drilled in the Milne Point area of the Alaska North Slope in February, 2007, indicates two zones of high gas hydrate saturation within the Eocene Sagavanirktok Formation. Gas hydrate is observed in two separate sand reservoirs (the D and C units), in the stratigraphically highest portions of those sands, and is not detected in non-sand lithologies. In the younger D unit, gas hydrate appears to fill much of the available reservoir space at the top of the unit. The degree of vertical fill with the D unit is closely related to the unit reservoir quality. A thick, low-permeability clay-dominated unit serves as an upper seal, whereas a subtle transition to more clay-rich, and interbedded sand, silt, and clay units is associated with the base of gas hydrate occurrence. In the underlying C unit, the reservoir is similarly capped by a clay-dominated section, with gas hydrate filling the relatively lower-quality sands at the top of the unit leaving an underlying thick section of high-reservoir quality sands devoid of gas hydrate. Evaluation of well log, core, and seismic data indicate that the gas hydrate occurs within complex combination stratigraphic/structural traps. Structural trapping is provided by a four-way fold closure augmented by a large western bounding fault. Lithologic variation is also a likely strong control on lateral extent of the reservoirs, particularly in the D unit accumulation, where gas hydrate appears to extend beyond the limits of the structural closure. Porous and permeable zones within the C unit sand are only partially charged due most likely to limited structural trapping in the reservoir lithofacies during the period of primary charging. The occurrence of the gas hydrate within the sands in the upper portions of both the C and D units and along the crest of the fold is consistent with an interpretation that these deposits are converted free gas accumulations formed prior to the imposition of gas hydrate stability conditions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Boswell, Ray; Rose, Kelly] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Collett, Timothy S.; Lee, Myung; Lewis, Kristen A.; Agena, Warren] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Winters, William] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Boswell, R (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. EM ray.boswell@netl.doe.gov OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 NR 44 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 589 EP 607 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.12.004 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500024 ER PT J AU Philibosian, B Fumal, T Weldon, R AF Philibosian, Belle Fumal, Thomas Weldon, Ray TI San Andreas Fault Earthquake Chronology and Lake Cahuilla History at Coachella, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MISSION CREEK STRAND; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; HECTOR MINE; SLIP-RATE; PALEOSEISMIC SITE; IMPERIAL-VALLEY; PALMS OASIS; WRIGHTWOOD; ZONE; PALEOEARTHQUAKES AB The southernmost similar to 100 km of the San Andreas fault has not ruptured historically. It is imperative to determine its rupture history to better predict its future behavior. This paleoseismic investigation in Coachella, California, establishes a chronology of at least five and up to seven major earthquakes during the past similar to 1100 yr. This chronology yields a range of average recurrence intervals between 116 and 221 yr, depending on assumptions, with a best-estimate average recurrence interval of 180 yr. The most recent earthquake occurred c. 1690, more than 300 yr ago, suggesting that this stretch of the fault has accumulated a large amount of tectonic stress and is likely to rupture in the near future, assuming the fault follows a stress renewal model. This study also establishes the timing of the past 5-6 highstands of ancient Lake Cahuilla since A. D. 800. We found that earthquakes do not tend to occur at any particular stage in the lake cycle. C1 [Philibosian, Belle] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Fumal, Thomas] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Weldon, Ray] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Philibosian, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, M-C 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM belle@gps.caltech.edu; tfumal@usgs.gov OI Philibosian, Belle/0000-0003-3138-4716 FU USGS [07HQGR0019, 06HQAG0143]; University of Oregon; National Science Foundation FX This research was funded by USGS NEHRP grant #07HQGR0019, USGS grant #06HQAG0143, and internal funding from the University of Oregon. Belle Philibosian was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. We are extremely grateful to Rilington Communities for granting access to their property and to Matt Cohrt and Doug Cook of Sladden Engineering for accommodating our study. We would like to thank Katherine Kendrick, Kate Scharer, Sean Bemis, Reed Burgette, Beth Wisely, Nissa Morton, and Mike O'Bleness for their invaluable assistance in the field; Malcolm Britton, Lorna Crider, Tyler Claycomb, and Sarah Hunt for assistance with image processing; and Ken Hudnut of USGS for assistance with funding acquisition and LiDAR data. For assistance with carbon dating, we thank Michaele Kashgarian and Paula Zermeno of the Center for Acceleration Mass Spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Douglas Kennett and Brian Culleton of the Coastal Archaeology and Human Ecology Laboratory at the University of Oregon, and John Southon of the Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at the University of California, Irvine. This paper was greatly improved thanks to thoughtful reviews by Katherine Kendrick, Rob Langridge, Tom Rockwell, and Pat Williams. NR 53 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 101 IS 1 BP 13 EP 38 DI 10.1785/0120100050 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 711WY UT WOS:000286623300002 ER PT J AU Field, EH Page, MT AF Field, Edward H. Page, Morgan T. TI Estimating Earthquake-Rupture Rates on a Fault or Fault System SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 2004 PARKFIELD EARTHQUAKE; FREQUENCY-DISTRIBUTION; PREDICTION; SLIP AB Previous approaches used to determine the rates of different earthquakes on a fault have made assumptions regarding segmentation, have been difficult to document and reproduce, and have lacked the ability to satisfy all available data constraints. We present a relatively objective and reproducible inverse methodology for determining the rate of different ruptures on a fault or fault system. The data used in the inversion include slip rate, event rate, and other constraints such as an optional a priori magnitude-frequency distribution. We demonstrate our methodology by solving for the long-term rate of ruptures on the southern San Andreas fault. Our results imply that a Gutenberg-Richter distribution is consistent with the data available for this fault; however, more work is needed to test the robustness of this assertion. More importantly, the methodology is extensible to an entire fault system (thereby including multifault ruptures) and can be used to quantify the relative benefits of collecting additional paleoseismic data at different sites. C1 [Field, Edward H.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Page, Morgan T.] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Field, EH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,Mail Stop 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 101 IS 1 BP 79 EP 92 DI 10.1785/0120100004 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 711WY UT WOS:000286623300005 ER PT J AU Rubinstein, JL AF Rubinstein, Justin L. TI Nonlinear Site Response in Medium Magnitude Earthquakes near Parkfield, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; DENSE SEISMOGRAPH ARRAY; TEMPORAL-CHANGES; DOWNHOLE ARRAY; VELOCITY; WAVES; UPSAR; FAULT; ROCK AB Careful analysis of strong-motion recordings of 13 medium magnitude earthquakes (3.7 <= M <= 6.5) in the Parkfield, California, area shows that very modest levels of shaking (approximately 3.5% of the acceleration of gravity) can produce observable changes in site response. Specifically, I observe a drop and subsequent recovery of the resonant frequency at sites that are part of the USGS Parkfield dense seismograph array (UPSAR) and Turkey Flat array. While further work is necessary to fully eliminate other models, given that these frequency shifts correlate with the strength of shaking at the Turkey Flat array and only appear for the strongest shaking levels at UPSAR, the most plausible explanation for them is that they are a result of nonlinear site response. Assuming this to be true, the observation of nonlinear site response in small (M < 5) earthquakes implies that nonlinear site response can occur at much lower levels of shaking than previously believed. Below I present observations of a resonant frequency shift during five M <= 5 earthquakes near Parkfield, California, strongly contrasting with previous studies that have only identified nonlinear site effects for much larger events. In addition to the nonlinear effects seen for the smaller events, nonlinear site response is also observed for two largest earthquakes in the region during the study period (the 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon earthquake and the 2004 M 6 Parkfield earthquake). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Rubinstein, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jrubinstein@usgs.gov OI Rubinstein, Justin/0000-0003-1274-6785 NR 41 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 101 IS 1 BP 275 EP 286 DI 10.1785/0120090396 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 711WY UT WOS:000286623300018 ER PT J AU Klein, ES Berg, EE Dial, R AF Klein, Eric S. Berg, Edward E. Dial, Roman TI Reply to comment by Gracz on "Wetland drying and succession across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska" SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PEAT; TUNDRA; FIELD AB Gracz (2011, Can. J. For. Res. 41: 425-428) proposes that the Good Friday earthquake of 1964 caused falling lake levels and drying wetlands on Alaska's Northern Kenai Lowlands (NKL). His hypothesis states that the earthquake increased hydraulic conductivity by fracturing a leaky confining layer, accelerating drainage of surface water into regional aquifers. We counter that a single model of draining does not apply across the heterogeneity of geomorphology and soils on the NKL. In particular, the NKL's glacial history precludes uniform application of a subsurface hydrologic model for lake draining and the nature of peat-based wetlands precludes its application to wetland drying. Instead, small, yet cumulative, climatic reductions in moisture surplus explain both observed lake level declines and vegetation changes. Moreover, and unlike a climatic hypothesis, a seismic hypothesis fails to explain lake drying elsewhere in Alaska. Although it is likely that the earthquake influenced some hydrologic features in the NKL, it is unlikely that a single hydrologic model based on a simple mechanical cause, e. g., downward drainage, adequately explains the changes observed across the whole NKL. Conversely, we maintain that the uniformity of the vegetation response seen across different landscapes, including wetlands, forests, and alpine areas, throughout the state of Alaska strongly supports a climatic hypothesis. C1 [Klein, Eric S.] Lehigh Univ, Earth & Environm Sci Dept, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. [Berg, Edward E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. [Dial, Roman] Alaska Pacific Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Klein, ES (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Earth & Environm Sci Dept, 1 W Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. EM esk209@lehigh.edu NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 41 IS 2 BP 429 EP 433 DI 10.1139/X10-216 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 709XW UT WOS:000286475700022 ER PT J AU Olsen, JB Crane, PA Flannery, BG Dunmall, K Templin, WD Wenburg, JK AF Olsen, Jeffrey B. Crane, Penelope A. Flannery, Blair G. Dunmall, Karen Templin, William D. Wenburg, John K. TI Comparative landscape genetic analysis of three Pacific salmon species from subarctic North America SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Landscape genetics; Pacific salmon; Population structure; Subarctic ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; CHUM SALMON; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; WESTERN ALASKA; DISTANCE; RIVER; SOFTWARE; PATTERNS AB We examined the assumption that landscape heterogeneity similarly influences the spatial distribution of genetic diversity in closely related and geographically overlapping species. Accordingly, we evaluated the influence of watershed affiliation and nine habitat variables from four categories (spatial isolation, habitat size, climate, and ecology) on population divergence in three species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. kisutch, and O. keta) from three contiguous watersheds in subarctic North America. By incorporating spatial data we found that the three watersheds did not form the first level of hierarchical population structure as predicted. Instead, each species exhibited a broadly similar spatial pattern: a single coastal group with populations from all watersheds and one or more inland groups primarily in the largest watershed. These results imply that the spatial scale of conservation should extend across watersheds rather than at the watershed level which is the scale for fishery management. Three independent methods of multivariate analysis identified two variables as having influence on population divergence across all watersheds: precipitation in all species and subbasin area (SBA) in Chinook. Although we found general broad-scale congruence in the spatial patterns of population divergence and evidence that precipitation may influence population divergence in each species, we also found differences in the level of population divergence (coho > Chinook and chum) and evidence that SBA may influence population divergence only in Chinook. These differences among species support a species-specific approach to evaluating and planning for the influence of broad-scale impacts such as climate change. C1 [Olsen, Jeffrey B.; Crane, Penelope A.; Flannery, Blair G.; Wenburg, John K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Dunmall, Karen] Kawerak Inc, Dept Fisheries, Nome, AK 99762 USA. [Templin, William D.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Commercial Fisheries, Gene Conservat Lab, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Olsen, JB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jeffrey_olsen@fws.gov FU Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative [45490]; US Fish and Wildlife Service (US-FWS) Alaska Region Conservation Genetics Laboratory FX Funding for this study was provided by the Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative through project number 45490, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (US-FWS) Alaska Region Conservation Genetics Laboratory. Tyler Grossheusch developed the ArcGIS version 9.2 data layers for each species. Doug Molyneaux (Alaska Department of Fish and Game) organized sample collections from the Kuskokwim River. The data layers used in this study can be downloaded from a companion web map at http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/genetics/CGL_googlemap.html. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the USFWS. NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 12 IS 1 BP 223 EP 241 DI 10.1007/s10592-010-0135-3 PG 19 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 703IP UT WOS:000285971900020 ER PT J AU Ransler, FA Quinn, TW Oyler-McCance, SJ AF Ransler, Findley A. Quinn, Thomas W. Oyler-McCance, Sara J. TI Genetic consequences of trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) reintroductions SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Translocation; Reintroduction; Trumpeter swan; Microsatellite; Conservation genetics; Genetic diversity ID MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; CONSERVATION; TRANSLOCATION; VARIABILITY; DIVERSITY; MANAGEMENT; INFERENCE; WILDLIFE; UNITS AB Relocation programs are often initiated to restore threatened species to previously occupied portions of their range. A primary challenge of restoration efforts is to translocate individuals in a way that prevents loss of genetic diversity and decreases differentiation relative to source populations-a challenge that becomes increasingly difficult when remnant populations of the species are already genetically depauperate. Trumpeter swans were previously extirpated in the entire eastern half of their range. Physical translocations of birds over the last 70 years have restored the species to portions of its historical range. Despite the long history of management, there has been little monitoring of the genetic outcomes of these restoration attempts. We assessed the consequences of this reintroduction program by comparing patterns of genetic variation at 17 microsatellite loci across four restoration flocks (three wild-released, one captive) and their source populations. We found that a wild-released population established from a single source displayed a trend toward reduced genetic diversity relative to and significant genetic differentiation from its source population, though small founder population effects may also explain this pattern. Wild-released flocks restored from multiple populations maintained source levels of genetic variation and lacked significant differentiation from at least one of their sources. Further, the flock originating from a single source revealed significantly lower levels of genetic variation than those established from multiple sources. The distribution of genetic variation in the captive flock was similar to its source. While the case of trumpeter swans provides evidence that restorations from multiple versus single source populations may better preserve natural levels of genetic diversity, more studies are needed to understand the general applicability of this management strategy. C1 [Ransler, Findley A.; Quinn, Thomas W.; Oyler-McCance, Sara J.] Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Rocky Mt Ctr Conservat Genet & Systemat, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Ransler, Findley A.] Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Oyler-McCance, Sara J.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Ransler, FA (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Rocky Mt Ctr Conservat Genet & Systemat, Denver, CO 80208 USA. EM far25@cornell.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey FX We would like to thank the volunteers and staff from many state and federal agencies who helped collect both natural and reintroduced trumpeter swan samples with special thanks to W. Long, from the Wildlife Wetlands Society, and the late J. Johnson, from the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary. We thank J. St. John, J. Cornely, J. Dubovsky, P. Llambias, G. Ransler, P. Stevens, and the Harrison lab at Cornell for thoughtful comments on the manuscript. J. St. John also provided invaluable lab expertise. A. Coulon and R. Vallender gave helpful advice with some of the analysis programs. Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Bird Program and the U.S. Geological Survey through its Science Support Program. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 49 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 12 IS 1 BP 257 EP 268 DI 10.1007/s10592-010-0137-1 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 703IP UT WOS:000285971900022 ER PT J AU Lind, AJ Spinks, PQ Fellers, GM Shaffer, HB AF Lind, Amy J. Spinks, Phillip Q. Fellers, Gary M. Shaffer, H. Bradley TI Rangewide phylogeography and landscape genetics of the Western U.S. endemic frog Rana boylii (Ranidae): implications for the conservation of frogs and rivers SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Declining amphibian; California; River basins; Foothill yellow-legged frog; Conservation genetics ID CALIFORNIA FLORISTIC PROVINCE; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; YELLOW-LEGGED FROG; NORTH-AMERICA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CRYPTIC VARIATION; EMYS-MARMORATA; SPOTTED FROGS; POND TURTLE; SALAMANDER AB Genetic data are increasingly being used in conservation planning for declining species. We sampled both the ecological and distributional limits of the foothill yellow-legged frog, Rana boylii to characterize mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in this declining, riverine amphibian. We evaluated 1525 base pairs (bp) of cytochrome b and ND2 fragments for 77 individuals from 34 localities using phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. We constructed gene trees using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, and quantified genetic variance (using AMOVA and partial Mantel tests) within and among hydrologic regions and river basins. Several moderately supported, geographically-cohesive mtDNA clades were recovered for R. boylii. While genetic variation was low among populations in the largest, most inclusive clade, samples from localities at the edges of the geographic range demonstrated substantial genetic divergence from each other and from more central populations. Hydrologic regions and river basins, which represent likely dispersal corridors for R. boylii, accounted for significant levels of genetic variation. These results suggest that both rivers and larger hydrologic and geographic regions should be used in conservation planning for R. boylii. C1 [Lind, Amy J.] USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Sierra Nevada Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95618 USA. [Lind, Amy J.; Spinks, Phillip Q.; Shaffer, H. Bradley] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Fellers, Gary M.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. [Shaffer, H. Bradley] Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lind, AJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Sierra Nevada Res Ctr, 1735 Res Pk Dr, Davis, CA 95618 USA. EM alind@fs.fed.us FU U.C. Davis Graduate Group in Ecology; U.C. Davis Center for Biosystematics; CALFED Bay-Delta Program; UC Davis Agricultural Experimental Station; NSF [0817042] FX We are indebted to M. Fujita, T. Engstrom, T. Near, D. Starkey, and J. Abramyan for their help with laboratory techniques and analyses, and the Shaffer Lab (University of California, Davis) for discussion and input on data analysis. L. Clark, D. Chester, A. Fesnock, K. Freel, P. Johnson, P. Kleeman, T. Murphey, G. Rotta, T. Sutfin, T. Tharalson, J. Uyehara, M. van Hattem, and S. Yarnell provided information on sampling localities and/or accompanied AJL in the field and helped with collecting. A. Borisenko, C. Rombough, M. Stephens, R. Grasso, K. Mathews, and L. Vance contributed tissue samples. Funding was provided by U.C. Davis Graduate Group in Ecology and U.C. Davis Center for Biosystematics (to AJL) and CALFED Bay-Delta Program, UC Davis Agricultural Experimental Station, and the NSF (#0817042) (to HBS). T. Beebee, S. Greco, and P. Moyle provided reviews and guidance on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 72 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 29 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 EI 1572-9737 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 12 IS 1 BP 269 EP 284 DI 10.1007/s10592-010-0138-0 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 703IP UT WOS:000285971900023 ER PT J AU Cope, WG Holliman, FM Kwak, TJ Oakley, NC Lazaro, PR Shea, D Augspurger, T Law, JM Henne, JP Ware, KM AF Cope, W. G. Holliman, F. M. Kwak, T. J. Oakley, N. C. Lazaro, P. R. Shea, D. Augspurger, T. Law, J. M. Henne, J. P. Ware, K. M. TI Assessing water quality suitability for shortnose sturgeon in the Roanoke River, North Carolina, USA with an in situ bioassay approach SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ASSESSING CONTAMINANT SENSITIVITY; SOURCED ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS; ACUTE TOXICITY; HABITAT USE; PAPER-MILL; RETENE; SEDIMENTS AB P>The aim of this study was to determine the suitability of water quality in the Roanoke River of North Carolina for supporting shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum, an endangered species in the United States. Fathead minnows Pimephales promelas were also evaluated alongside the sturgeon as a comparative species to measure potential differences in fish survival, growth, contaminant accumulation, and histopathology in a 28-day in situ toxicity test. Captively propagated juvenile shortnose sturgeon (total length 49 +/- 8 mm, mean +/- SD) and fathead minnows (total length 39 +/- 3 mm, mean +/- SD) were used in the test and their outcomes were compared to simultaneous measurements of water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, total ammonia nitrogen, hardness, alkalinity, turbidity) and contaminant chemistry (metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, current use pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls) in river water and sediment. In the in situ test, there were three non-riverine control sites and eight riverine test sites with three replicate cages (25 x 15-cm (OD) clear plexiglass with 200-mu m tear-resistant Nitex (R) screen over each end) of 20 shortnose sturgeon per cage at each site. There was a single cage of fathead minnows also deployed at each site alongside the sturgeon cages. Survival of caged shortnose sturgeon among the riverine sites averaged 9% (range 1.7-25%) on day 22 of the 28-day study, whereas sturgeon survival at the non-riverine control sites averaged 64% (range 33-98%). In contrast to sturgeon, only one riverine deployed fathead minnow died (average 99.4% survival) over the 28-day test period and none of the control fathead minnows died. Although chemical analyses revealed the presence of retene (7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthrene), a pulp and paper mill derived compound with known dioxin-like toxicity to early life stages of fish, in significant quantities in the water (251-603 ng L-1) and sediment (up to 5000 ng g-1 dry weight) at several river sites, no correlation was detected of adverse water quality conditions or measured contaminant concentrations to the poor survival of sturgeon among riverine test sites. Histopathology analysis determined that the mortality of the river deployed shortnose sturgeon was likely due to liver and kidney lesions from an unknown agent(s). Given the poor survival of shortnose sturgeon (9%) and high survival of fathead minnows (99.4%) at the riverine test sites, our study indicates that conditions in the Roanoke River are incongruous with the needs of juvenile shortnose sturgeon and that fathead minnows, commonly used standard toxicity test organisms, do not adequately predict the sensitivity of shortnose sturgeon. Therefore, additional research is needed to help identify specific limiting factors and management actions for the enhancement and recovery of this imperiled fish species. C1 [Cope, W. G.; Lazaro, P. R.; Shea, D.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Holliman, F. M.] Smith Root Inc, Vancouver, WA USA. [Kwak, T. J.] N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Biol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Oakley, N. C.] N Carolina Wildlife Resources Commiss, Mebane, NC USA. [Augspurger, T.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh Field Off, Raleigh, NC USA. [Law, J. M.] N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Henne, J. P.; Ware, K. M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Wadmalaw Isl, SC USA. RP Cope, WG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM greg_cope@ncsu.edu FU US Fish and Wildlife Service [200040001] FX Funding for this research was provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program (Study ID Number 200040001) through a grant to WGC and TJK. We thank the many state and federal agency staff who provided information, guidance, and technical assistance throughout the duration of this project, especially Glenn Green and Ronnie Smith of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Edenton National Fish Hatchery. Charles Rudder and John Barr provided assistance in the field and laboratory. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01570.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 709YV UT WOS:000286478200001 ER PT J AU Hagerty, BE Nussear, KE Esque, TC Tracy, CR AF Hagerty, Bridgette E. Nussear, Kenneth E. Esque, Todd C. Tracy, C. Richard TI Making molehills out of mountains: landscape genetics of the Mojave desert tortoise SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Landscape genetics; Desert tortoise; Gopherus agassizii; Mojave desert; Least-cost-path; Isolation-by-resistance; Habitat suitability model ID PARTIAL MANTEL TESTS; GOPHERUS-AGASSIZII; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; SPATIAL PREDICTION; CIRCUIT-THEORY; FLOW; DISTANCE AB Heterogeneity in habitat often influences how organisms traverse the landscape matrix that connects populations. Understanding landscape connectivity is important to determine the ecological processes that influence those movements, which lead to evolutionary change due to gene flow. Here, we used landscape genetics and statistical models to evaluate hypotheses that could explain isolation among locations of the threatened Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Within a causal modeling framework, we investigated three factors that can influence landscape connectivity: geographic distance, barriers to dispersal, and landscape friction. A statistical model of habitat suitability for the Mojave desert tortoise, based on topography, vegetation, and climate variables, was used as a proxy for landscape friction and barriers to dispersal. We quantified landscape friction with least-cost distances and with resistance distances among sampling locations. A set of diagnostic partial Mantel tests statistically separated the hypotheses of potential causes of genetic isolation. The best-supported model varied depending upon how landscape friction was quantified. Patterns of genetic structure were related to a combination of geographic distance and barriers as defined by least-cost distances, suggesting that mountain ranges and extremely low-elevation valleys influence connectivity at the regional scale beyond the tortoises' ability to disperse. However, geographic distance was the only influence detected using resistance distances, which we attributed to fundamental differences between the two ways of quantifying friction. Landscape friction, as we measured it, did not influence the observed patterns of genetic distances using either quantification. Barriers and distance may be more valuable predictors of observed population structure for species like the desert tortoise, which has high dispersal capability and a long generation time. C1 [Hagerty, Bridgette E.; Tracy, C. Richard] Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Nussear, Kenneth E.; Esque, Todd C.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, Henderson, NV 89074 USA. RP Hagerty, BE (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM bridgetteh@unr.edu FU Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; NIH [P20 RR016463] FX The Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service supported this research. Sample collection was permitted by the USFWS (TE-076710), NDOW (S 24403), CADFG (SC-007374), UDWR (5BAND6646), and the UNR IACUC (A03/04-12, A05/06-23). We thank F. Sandmeier and technicians from the University of Nevada, Reno, the Student Conservation Association, and Kiva Biological for helping with sample collection. We thank V. Kirchoff and the Nevada Genomics Center (NIH Grant P20 RR016463) for helping to genotype individuals. BH McRae provided helpful technical support and advice on the connectivity modeling. Members of the FWS Desert Tortoise Recovery Office were helpful sounding boards for ideas, and facilitated research that provided data for this study. We thank G Hoelzer, MM Peacock, LC Zimmerman, H Wagner and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 82 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 54 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 26 IS 2 BP 267 EP 280 DI 10.1007/s10980-010-9550-6 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 709XO UT WOS:000286474900009 ER PT J AU Olea, RA Pardo-Iguzquiza, E AF Olea, Ricardo A. Pardo-Iguzquiza, Eulogio TI Generalized Bootstrap Method for Assessment of Uncertainty in Semivariogram Inference SO MATHEMATICAL GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Bootstrap; Geostatistical simulation; Resampling; Semivariogram model; Percentile confidence interval ID SPATIAL COVARIANCE PARAMETERS; CONDITIONAL SIMULATIONS; VARIOGRAM UNCERTAINTY; FORTRAN-77 PROGRAM; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; COMPUTER-PROGRAM; LEAST-SQUARES; MATRIX; DECOMPOSITION; MODELS AB The semivariogram and its related function, the covariance, play a central role in classical geostatistics for modeling the average continuity of spatially correlated attributes. Whereas all methods are formulated in terms of the true semivariogram, in practice what can be used are estimated semivariograms and models based on samples. A generalized form of the bootstrap method to properly model spatially correlated data is used to advance knowledge about the reliability of empirical semivariograms and semivariogram models based on a single sample. Among several methods available to generate spatially correlated resamples, we selected a method based on the LU decomposition and used several examples to illustrate the approach. The first one is a synthetic, isotropic, exhaustive sample following a normal distribution, the second example is also a synthetic but following a non-Gaussian random field, and a third empirical sample consists of actual raingauge measurements. Results show wider confidence intervals than those found previously by others with inadequate application of the bootstrap. Also, even for the Gaussian example, distributions for estimated semivariogram values and model parameters are positively skewed. In this sense, bootstrap percentile confidence intervals, which are not centered around the empirical semivariogram and do not require distributional assumptions for its construction, provide an achieved coverage similar to the nominal coverage. The latter cannot be achieved by symmetrical confidence intervals based on the standard error, regardless if the standard error is estimated from a parametric equation or from bootstrap. C1 [Olea, Ricardo A.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Pardo-Iguzquiza, Eulogio] IGME, Madrid 28003, Spain. RP Olea, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rolea@usgs.gov RI Pardo-Iguzquiza, Eulogio/A-6324-2013 OI Pardo-Iguzquiza, Eulogio/0000-0002-3865-8639 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1874-8961 EI 1874-8953 J9 MATH GEOSCI JI Math Geosci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 43 IS 2 BP 203 EP 228 DI 10.1007/s11004-010-9269-6 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA 709UY UT WOS:000286468100004 ER PT J AU Sanford, WE Aeschbach-Hertig, W Herczeg, AL AF Sanford, Ward E. Aeschbach-Hertig, Werner Herczeg, Andrew L. TI Preface: Insights from environmental tracers in groundwater systems SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Sanford, Ward E.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Aeschbach-Hertig, Werner] Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [Herczeg, Andrew L.] CSIRO, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Sanford, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 431,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM wsanford@usgs.gov RI Herczeg, Andrew/B-8323-2011; OI Herczeg, Andrew/0000-0002-3788-2743; Aeschbach, Werner/0000-0003-0917-1239 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1007/s10040-010-0687-9 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 706HT UT WOS:000286209700001 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AM AF Shapiro, Allen M. TI The challenge of interpreting environmental tracer concentrations in fractured rock and carbonate aquifers SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Fractured rocks; Carbonate rocks; Groundwater flow; Chemical transport; Environmental tracer ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; MATRIX DIFFUSION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; AGE; SIMULATION; MEDIA; MODEL C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Shapiro, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM ashapiro@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 19 IS 1 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1007/s10040-010-0678-x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 706HT UT WOS:000286209700003 ER PT J AU Sanford, W AF Sanford, Ward TI Calibration of models using groundwater age SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Groundwater age; Inverse modeling ID TRANSIT-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS; DIRECT SIMULATION; RESERVOIR THEORY; DISPERSION; DIFFUSION; WATER; USA C1 USGS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Sanford, W (reprint author), USGS, MS 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM wsanford@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 19 IS 1 BP 13 EP 16 DI 10.1007/s10040-010-0637-6 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 706HT UT WOS:000286209700004 ER PT J AU Park, JW Moon, CH Harmache, A Wargo, AR Purcell, MK Bremont, M Kurath, G AF Park, J. W. Moon, C. H. Harmache, A. Wargo, A. R. Purcell, M. K. Bremont, M. Kurath, G. TI Restricted growth of U-type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout cells may be linked to casein kinase II activity SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE casein kinase II; IHNV; RTG-2 cells; U-type growth ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; VIRULENCE MECHANISMS; PHOSPHOPROTEIN-P; SOCKEYE-SALMON; RNA-POLYMERASE; RABIES VIRUS; MAP-KINASE AB Previously, we demonstrated that a representative M genogroup type strain of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from rainbow trout grows well in rainbow trout-derived RTG-2 cells, but a U genogroup type strain from sockeye salmon has restricted growth, associated with reduced genome replication and mRNA transcription. Here, we analysed further the mechanisms for this growth restriction of U-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells, using strategies that assessed differences in viral genes, host immune regulation and phosphorylation. To determine whether the viral glycoprotein (G) or non-virion (NV) protein was responsible for the growth restriction, four recombinant IHNV viruses were generated in which the G gene of an infectious IHNV clone was replaced by the G gene of U- or M-type IHNV and the NV gene was replaced by NV of U- or M-type IHNV. There was no significant difference in the growth of these recombinants in RTG-2 cells, indicating that G and NV proteins are not major factors responsible for the differential growth of the U- and M-type strains. Poly I:C pretreatment of RTG-2 cells suppressed the growth of both U- and M-type IHNV, although the M virus continued to replicate at a reduced level. Both viruses induced type 1 interferon (IFN1) and the IFN1 stimulated gene Mx1, but the expression levels in M-infected cells were significantly higher than in U-infected cells and an inhibitor of the IFN1-inducible protein kinase PKR, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), did not affect the growth of U- or M-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells. These data did not indicate a role for the IFN1 system in the restricted growth of U-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells. Prediction of kinase-specific phosphorylation sites in the viral phosphoprotein (P) using the NetPhosK program revealed differences between U- and M-type P genes at five phosphorylation sites. Pretreatment of RTG-2 cells with a PKC inhibitor or a p38MAPK inhibitor did not affect the growth of the U- and M-type viruses. However, 100 mu m of the casein kinase II (CKII) inhibitor, 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), reduced the titre of the U type 8.3-fold at 24 h post-infection. In contrast, 100 mu m of the CKII inhibitor reduced the titre of the M type only 1.3-fold at 48 h post-infection. Our data suggest that the different growth of U- and M-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells may be linked to a differential requirement for cellular protein kinases such as CKII for their growth. C1 [Park, J. W.; Moon, C. H.; Wargo, A. R.; Purcell, M. K.; Kurath, G.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Park, J. W.] Univ Ulsan, Dept Biol Sci, Ulsan, South Korea. [Harmache, A.; Bremont, M.] INRA CRJ, Unite Virol & Immunol Mol, Jouy En Josas, France. RP Kurath, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. EM gkurath@usgs.gov RI HARMACHE, ABDALLAH/E-7274-2011; Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010; OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X; harmache, abdallah/0000-0002-7377-7641; Purcell, Maureen/0000-0003-0154-8433 FU U. S. Geological Survey; National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service [2006-35204-17393]; Korean government (MEST) [2009-0060042]; Korean Government (MOEHRD) [KRF-2007-357-F00030]; University of Ulsan [2008-0063] FX The authors thank Bill Batts for providing nucleotide sequences of the P genes of U-type and M-type IHNV. This project was supported by: the U. S. Geological Survey; National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, grant number 2006-35204-17393; Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (grant code: 2009-0060042); Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund) (KRF-2007-357-F00030); and the Research Fund of the University of Ulsan (2008-0063). The use of trade, firm or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U. S. Department of Interior or the U. S. Geological Survey of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. NR 53 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 34 IS 2 BP 115 EP 129 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01225.x PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 706NW UT WOS:000286226100003 PM 21241319 ER PT J AU Simoes, FJM AF Simoes, Francisco J. M. TI Finite Volume Model for Two-Dimensional Shallow Environmental Flow SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Shallow water equations; Godunov methods; Unstructured grids; Flooding; Wetting and drying; Upwind finite volume ID HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION-LAWS; WATER FLOW; EULER EQUATIONS; SIMULATION; TOPOGRAPHY; STABILITY; SCHEMES; RUNUP AB This paper presents the development of a two-dimensional, depth integrated, unsteady, free-surface model based on the shallow water equations. The development was motivated by the desire of balancing computational efficiency and accuracy by selective and conjunctive use of different numerical techniques. The base framework of the discrete model uses Godunov methods on unstructured triangular grids, but the solution technique emphasizes the use of a high-resolution Riemann solver where needed, switching to a simpler and computationally more efficient upwind finite volume technique in the smooth regions of the flow. Explicit time marching is accomplished with strong stability preserving Runge-Kutta methods, with additional acceleration techniques for steady-state computations. A simplified mass-preserving algorithm is used to deal with wet/dry fronts. Application of the model is made to several benchmark cases that show the interplay of the diverse solution techniques. C1 USGS, Geomorphol & Sediment Transport Lab, Golden, CO 80403 USA. RP Simoes, FJM (reprint author), USGS, Geomorphol & Sediment Transport Lab, 4620 Technol Dr, Golden, CO 80403 USA. EM frsimoes@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 EI 1943-7900 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 2011 VL 137 IS 2 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000292 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 706LB UT WOS:000286218800004 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Budde, ME Verdin, JP AF Senay, G. B. Budde, M. E. Verdin, J. P. TI Enhancing the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating landscape ET: Validation with the METRIC model SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Evapotranspiration; Energy balance; Surface temperature; NDVI; METRIC ID SATELLITE DATA; MAPPING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; TOPOGRAPHY; MANAGEMENT; MOISTURE; CLIMATE; CONTEXT; IMAGERY AB Evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived from satellite data using surface energy balance principles. METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is one of the most widely used models available in the literature to estimate ET from satellite imagery. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model is much easier and less expensive to implement. The main purpose of this research was to present an enhanced version of the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model and to evaluate its performance using the established METRIC model. In this study, SSEB and METRIC Er fractions were compared using 7 Landsat images acquired for south central Idaho during the 2003 growing season. The enhanced SSEB model compared well with the METRIC model output exhibiting an r(2) improvement from 0.83 to 0.90 in less complex topography (elevation less than 2000 m) and with an improvement of r(2) from 0.27 to 0.38 in more complex (mountain) areas with elevation greater than 2000 m. Independent evaluation showed that both models exhibited higher variation in complex topographic regions, although more with SSEB than with METRIC. The higher Er fraction variation in the complex mountainous regions highlighted the difficulty of capturing the radiation and heat transfer physics on steep slopes having variable aspect with the simple index model, and the need to conduct more research. However, the temporal consistency of the results suggests that the SSEB model can be used on a wide range of elevation (more successfully up 2000 m) to detect anomalies in space and time for water resources management and monitoring such as for drought early warning systems in data scarce regions. SSEB has a potential for operational agro-hydrologic applications to estimate ET with inputs of surface temperature, NDVI, DEM and reference ET. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Senay, G. B.; Budde, M. E.; Verdin, J. P.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Senay, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM senay@usgs.gov; mbudde@usgs.gov; verdin@usgs.gov FU USGS/EROS FX Funding was provided through the USGS/EROS support for the Geographic Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University. We acknowledge the use of METRIC-based data sets made available by Dr. Richard Allen and his research team at the University of Idaho. We also thank Dr. Allen for a variety of suggestions made during comparisons between SSEB and METRIC and during preparation of this manuscript. We are also grateful to Dr. Susan Moran for her important comments and suggestions. We thank our colleagues at EROS, Lei Ji, Guleid Artan and Mike Crane for their valuable technical comments and edits. NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 EI 1873-2283 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 98 IS 4 BP 606 EP 618 DI 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.10.014 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 722LE UT WOS:000287432900014 ER PT J AU Donovan, JJ Lowers, HA Rusk, BG AF Donovan, John J. Lowers, Heather A. Rusk, Brian G. TI Improved electron probe microanalysis of trace elements in quartz SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE Electron microprobe; trace elements; quartz; detection limit; accuracy; background artifacts; blank correction; aggregate intensities ID PORPHYRY COPPER-DEPOSIT; HYDROTHERMAL QUARTZ; VEIN QUARTZ; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE; TEXTURES; MONTANA; COMPLEX; SYSTEM; BUTTE AB Quartz occurs in a wide range of geologic environments throughout the Earth's crust. The concentration and distribution of trace elements in quartz provide information such as temperature and other physical conditions of formation. Trace element analyses with modern electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) instruments can achieve 99% confidence detection of similar to 100 ppm with fairly minimal effort for many elements in samples of low to moderate average atomic number such as many common oxides and silicates. However, trace element measurements below 100 ppm in many materials are limited, not only by the precision of the background measurement, but also by the accuracy with which background levels are determined. A new "blank" correction algorithm has been developed and tested on both Cameca and JEOL instruments, which applies a quantitative correction to the emitted X-ray intensities during the iteration of the sample matrix correction based on a zero level (or known trace) abundance calibration standard. This iterated blank correction, when combined with improved background fit models, and an "aggregate" intensity calculation utilizing multiple spectrometer intensities in software for greater geometric efficiency, yields a detection limit of 2 to 3 ppm for Ti and 6 to 7 ppm for Al in quartz at 99% t-test confidence with similar levels for absolute accuracy. C1 [Donovan, John J.] Univ Oregon, CAMCOR, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Lowers, Heather A.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Rusk, Brian G.] James Cook Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Donovan, JJ (reprint author), Univ Oregon, CAMCOR, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. EM donovan@uoregon.edu FU USGS FX The authors acknowledge Paul Carpenter, John Fournelle, and Dale Newbury for their excellent comments on this manuscript, and thanks to Celeste Mercer for work on Figure 2. Alan Koenig, Paul Lamothe, Ruth Wolf, and Monique Adams of the U.S. Geological Survey for their ICP-MS data on the quartz standard. Brian Rusk acknowledges the USGS Mendenhall Fellowship. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 39 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD FEB-MAR PY 2011 VL 96 IS 2-3 BP 274 EP 282 DI 10.2138/am.2011.3631 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 721EK UT WOS:000287336200006 ER PT J AU Mazzola, MB Chambers, JC Blank, RR Pyke, DA Schupp, EW Allcock, KG Doescher, PS Nowak, RS AF Mazzola, Monica B. Chambers, Jeanne C. Blank, Robert R. Pyke, David A. Schupp, Eugene W. Allcock, Kimberly G. Doescher, Paul S. Nowak, Robert S. TI Effects of resource availability and propagule supply on native species recruitment in sagebrush ecosystems invaded by Bromus tectorum SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass); Invasion; Sagebrush-steppe; Resource availability; Propagule supply; Seedling establishment; Sucrose addition ID GREAT-BASIN; COMMUNITY INVASIBILITY; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; ECOLOGICAL RESISTANCE; SECONDARY SUCCESSION; PERENNIAL GRASS; EXOTIC ANNUALS; SOIL-NITROGEN; PLANT; INVASION AB Resource availability and propagule supply are major factors influencing establishment and persistence of both native and invasive species. Increased soil nitrogen (N) availability and high propagule inputs contribute to the ability of annual invasive grasses to dominate disturbed ecosystems. Nitrogen reduction through carbon (C) additions can potentially immobilize soil N and reduce the competitiveness of annual invasive grasses. Native perennial species are more tolerant of resource limiting conditions and may benefit if N reduction decreases the competitive advantage of annual invaders and if sufficient propagules are available for their establishment. Bromus tectorum, an exotic annual grass in the sagebrush steppe of western North America, is rapidly displacing native plant species and causing widespread changes in ecosystem processes. We tested whether nitrogen reduction would negatively affect B. tectorum while creating an opportunity for establishment of native perennial species. A C source, sucrose, was added to the soil, and then plots were seeded with different densities of both B. tectorum (0, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 viable seeds m(-2)) and native species (0, 150, 300, and 600 viable seeds m(-2)). Adding sucrose had short-term (1 year) negative effects on available nitrogen and B. tectorum density, biomass and seed numbers, but did not increase establishment of native species. Increasing propagule availability increased both B. tectorum and native species establishment. Effects of B. tectorum on native species were density dependent and native establishment increased as B. tectorum propagule availability decreased. Survival of native seedlings was low indicating that recruitment is governed by the seedling stage. C1 [Chambers, Jeanne C.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Mazzola, Monica B.] Univ Nevada Reno, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Mazzola, Monica B.] Univ Nacl La Pampa, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. [Blank, Robert R.] ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weeds Unit, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Pyke, David A.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Schupp, Eugene W.] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Allcock, Kimberly G.; Nowak, Robert S.] Univ Nevada Reno, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Doescher, Paul S.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chambers, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM jchambers@fs.fed.us RI Schupp, Eugene/F-1834-2010 FU USDA Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems [2001-52103-11322]; USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station; USDI Bureau of Land Management FX We thank Carlos Wilson, Jacob Landmesser, Kendra Moseley, Lisa Ellsworth and Tye Morgan for technical assistance. George Fernandez, Dave Turner and Dave Board provided statistical advice, and Thomas A. Jones, Thomas Monaco, Dan Ogle and Loren St. Jones helped with study implementation. Comments from Carla D'Antonio, Dale Johnson, Tara Forbis and anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. Research was funded by the USDA Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems (CREES Agreement 2001-52103-11322) with additional support from the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, and the USDI Bureau of Land Management. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by U.S. government. NR 62 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD FEB PY 2011 VL 13 IS 2 BP 513 EP 526 DI 10.1007/s10530-010-9846-0 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 703RJ UT WOS:000285998700024 ER PT J AU Hurteau, MD Brooks, ML AF Hurteau, Matthew D. Brooks, Matthew L. TI Short- and Long-term Effects of Fire on Carbon in US Dry Temperate Forest Systems SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbon stability; climate change; fire severity; forest management; fuels management ID PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PRESCRIBED FIRE; TREE MORTALITY; SIERRA-NEVADA; WILDFIRE; CALIFORNIA; SEVERITY AB Forests sequester carbon from the atmosphere, and in so doing can mitigate the effects of climate change. Fire is a natural disturbance process in many forest systems that releases carbon back to the atmosphere. In dry temperate forests, fires historically burned with greater frequency and lower severity than they do today Frequent fires consumed fuels on the forest floor and maintained open stand structures. Fire suppression has resulted in increased understory fluel loads and tree density; a change in structure that has caused a shift from low- to high-severity fires. More severe fires, resulting in greater tree mortality have caused a decrease in forest carbon stability. Fire management actions can mitigate the risk of high-severity fires, but these actions often require a trade-off between maximizing carbon stocks and carbon stability. We discuss the effects of fire on forest carbon stocks and recommend that managing forests on the basis of their specific ecologies should be the foremost goal, with carbon sequestration being an ancillary benefit. C1 [Hurteau, Matthew D.] No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Brooks, Matthew L.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, Reston, VA USA. RP Hurteau, MD (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM matthew.hurteau@nau.edu RI Hurteau, Matthew/D-2301-2009 OI Hurteau, Matthew/0000-0001-8457-8974 FU US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station [08-CA-11272170-102]; Bureau of Land Management; US Geological Survey Terrestrial, Freshwater; Marine Ecosystems Program; National Park Service Fire and Aviation Management Program [F8803090011]; Climate Change Response Program [F8803100033] FX The authors thank Karen Phillips, Nathan Stephenson, Leland Tarnay, and four anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. MDH acknowledges support from Cooperative Agreement 08-CA-11272170-102 with the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, using funds provided by the Bureau of Land Management through the sale of public lands as authorized by the Southern Nevada Public Land Management Act. MLB acknowledges support from the US Geological Survey Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Marine Ecosystems Program, and the National Park Service Fire and Aviation Management Program (Interagency Agreement F8803090011) and Climate Change Response Program (Interagency Agreement F8803100033). NR 59 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 7 U2 55 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2011 VL 61 IS 2 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.9 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 720FY UT WOS:000287267200013 ER PT J AU Burns, SP Sun, J Lenschow, DH Oncley, SP Stephens, BB Yi, CX Anderson, DE Hu, J Monson, RK AF Burns, Sean P. Sun, Jielun Lenschow, Donald H. Oncley, Steven P. Stephens, Britton B. Yi, Chuixiang Anderson, Dean E. Hu, Jia Monson, Russell K. TI Atmospheric Stability Effects on Wind Fields and Scalar Mixing Within and Just Above a Subalpine Forest in Sloping Terrain SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Canopy-layer turbulence; Carbon in the Mountains Experiment (CME04); Complex terrain; Richardson number; Scalar mixing; Wind fields ID TURBULENT FLUX MEASUREMENTS; NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY-LAYER; HIGH-ELEVATION; COMPLEX TERRAIN; PART I; ROUGHNESS SUBLAYER; MOMENTUM-TRANSFER; SOIL RESPIRATION; HILLY TERRAIN; VEGETATION CANOPIES AB Air temperature T (a) , specific humidity q, CO2 mole fraction chi (c) , and three-dimensional winds were measured in mountainous terrain from five tall towers within a 1 km region encompassing a wide range of canopy densities. The measurements were sorted by a bulk Richardson number Ri (b) . For stable conditions, we found vertical scalar differences developed over a "transition" region between 0.05 < Ri (b) < 0.5. For strongly stable conditions (Ri (b) > 1), the vertical scalar differences reached a maximum and remained fairly constant with increasing stability. The relationships q and chi (c) have with Ri (b) are explained by considering their sources and sinks. For winds, the strong momentum absorption in the upper canopy allows the canopy sublayer to be influenced by pressure gradient forces and terrain effects that lead to complex subcanopy flow patterns. At the dense-canopy sites, soil respiration coupled with wind-sheltering resulted in CO2 near the ground being 5-7 mu mol mol(-1) larger than aloft, even with strong above-canopy winds (near-neutral conditions). We found Ri (b) -binning to be a useful tool for evaluating vertical scalar mixing; however, additional information (e.g., pressure gradients, detailed vegetation/topography, etc.) is needed to fully explain the subcanopy wind patterns. Implications of our results for CO2 advection over heterogenous, complex terrain are discussed. C1 [Burns, Sean P.; Sun, Jielun; Lenschow, Donald H.; Oncley, Steven P.; Stephens, Britton B.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Yi, Chuixiang] Queens Coll, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Flushing, NY USA. [Anderson, Dean E.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Burns, Sean P.; Hu, Jia; Monson, Russell K.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burns, SP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM sean@ucar.edu RI Burns, Sean/A-9352-2008; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008; Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015; OI Burns, Sean/0000-0002-6258-1838; Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182; Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914; LENSCHOW, DONALD/0000-0003-4353-0098 FU South Central Section of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC) through the US Department of Energy [DE-FC03-90ER61010]; NCAR; National Science Foundation [EAR-0321918] FX Tony Delany created TGaMS and oversaw its operation during CME04. Andy Watt helped construct, deploy and maintain the AIRCOA systems. Steve Semmer, Gordon Maclean, Kurt Knudsen, Chris Golubieski, and many others at NCAR/ISFF deployed, instrumented, and dismantled the EOL Towers. We thank Dave Bowling for constructive comments on an early version of the manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. The NWT tower is supported by a grant from the South Central Section of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC) through the US Department of Energy (BER Program, Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC03-90ER61010). CME04 was supported by the NCAR Director Opportunity Fund and NSF grant EAR-0321918. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 89 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 EI 1573-1472 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 138 IS 2 BP 231 EP 262 DI 10.1007/s10546-010-9560-6 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 705AT UT WOS:000286100800004 ER PT J AU Trumbull, RB Slack, JF Krienitz, MS Belkin, HE Wiedenbeck, M AF Trumbull, Robert B. Slack, John F. Krienitz, Marc-Sebastian Belkin, Harvey E. Wiedenbeck, Michael TI FLUID SOURCES AND METALLOGENESIS IN THE BLACKBIRD Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-REE DISTRICT, IDAHO, USA: INSIGHTS FROM MAJOR-ELEMENT AND BORON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF TOURMALINE SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE Blackbird; Idaho; cobalt-enriched belt; stratabound sulfides; tourmaline; chemical composition; boron isotopes; SIMS; fluid sources; metallogeny ID MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; COBALT BELT; HYDROTHERMAL TOURMALINES; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; ION MICROPROBE; GOLD DEPOSITS; RICH ROCKS; EVOLUTION; ZONE; MINERALIZATION AB Tourmaline is a widespread mineral in the Mesoproterozoic Blackbird Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-REE district, Idaho, where it occurs in both mineralized zones and wallrocks. We report here major-element and B-isotope compositions of tourmaline from stratabound sulfide deposits and their metasedimentary wallrocks, from mineralized and barren pipes of tourmaline breccia, from late barren quartz veins, and from Mesoproterozoic granite. The tourmalines are aluminous, intermediate in the schorl-dravite series, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) values of 0.30 to 0.85, and 10 to 50% X-site vacancies. Compositional zoning is prominent only in tourmaline from breccias and quartz veins; crystal rims are enriched in Mg, Ca and Ti, and depleted in Fe and Al relative to cores. The chemical composition of tourmaline does not correlate with the presence or absence of mineralization. The delta(11)B values fall into two groups. Isotopically light tourmaline (-21.7 to -7.6%) occurs in unmineralized samples from wallrocks, late quartz veins and Mesoproterozoic granite, whereas heavy tourmaline (-6.9 to +3.2%) is spatially associated with mineralization (stratabound and breccia-hosted), and is also found in barren breccia. At an inferred temperature of 300 degrees C, boron in the hydrothermal fluid associated with mineralization had delta(11)B values of -3 to + 7%. The high end of this range indicates a marine source of the boron. A likely scenario involves leaching of boron principally from marine carbonate beds or B-bearing evaporites in Mesoproterozoic strata of the region. The delta(11)B values of the isotopically light tourmaline in the sulfide deposits are attributed to recrystallization during Cretaceous metamorphism, superimposed on a light boron component derived from footwall siliciclastic sediments (e.g., marine clays) during Mesoproterozoic mineralization, and possibly a minor component of light boron from a magmatic-hydrothermal fluid. The metal association of Bi-Be-Y-REE in the Blackbird ores suggests some magmatic input, but involvement of granite-derived fluids cannot be conclusively established from the present database. C1 [Trumbull, Robert B.; Krienitz, Marc-Sebastian; Wiedenbeck, Michael] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. [Slack, John F.; Belkin, Harvey E.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Trumbull, RB (reprint author), GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM robert.trumbull@gfz-potsdam.de OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 69 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 49 IS 1 BP 225 EP 244 DI 10.3749/canmin.49.1.225 PG 20 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 733DF UT WOS:000288240400016 ER PT J AU Archinal, BA A'Hearn, MF Bowell, E Conrad, A Consolmagno, GJ Courtin, R Fukushima, T Hestroffer, D Hilton, JL Krasinsky, GA Neumann, G Oberst, J Seidelmann, PK Stooke, P Tholen, DJ Thomas, PC Williams, IP AF Archinal, B. A. A'Hearn, M. F. Bowell, E. Conrad, A. Consolmagno, G. J. Courtin, R. Fukushima, T. Hestroffer, D. Hilton, J. L. Krasinsky, G. A. Neumann, G. Oberst, J. Seidelmann, P. K. Stooke, P. Tholen, D. J. Thomas, P. C. Williams, I. P. TI Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009 SO CELESTIAL MECHANICS & DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article DE Cartographic coordinates; Longitude; Latitude; Rotation axes; Rotation periods; Sizes; Shapes; Planets; Satellites; Dwarf planets; Minor planets; Comets ID CASSINI-ISS IMAGES; INTERIOR STRUCTURE; GLOBAL SHAPE; SATELLITES; PLANETS; GRAVITY; TOPOGRAPHY; PERIOD; CERES; STATE AB Every three years the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements revises tables giving the directions of the poles of rotation and the prime meridians of the planets, satellites, minor planets, and comets. This report takes into account the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) and the IAU Committee on Small Body Nomenclature (CSBN) definition of dwarf planets, introduces improved values for the pole and rotation rate of Mercury, returns the rotation rate of Jupiter to a previous value, introduces improved values for the rotation of five satellites of Saturn, and adds the equatorial radius of the Sun for comparison. It also adds or updates size and shape information for the Earth, Mars' satellites Deimos and Phobos, the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter, and 22 satellites of Saturn. Pole, rotation, and size information has been added for the asteroids (21) Lutetia, (511) Davida, and (2867) teins. Pole and rotation information has been added for (2) Pallas and (21) Lutetia. Pole and rotation and mean radius information has been added for (1) Ceres. Pole information has been updated for (4) Vesta. The high precision realization for the pole and rotation rate of the Moon is updated. Alternative orientation models for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are noted. The Working Group also reaffirms that once an observable feature at a defined longitude is chosen, a longitude definition origin should not change except under unusual circumstances. It is also noted that alternative coordinate systems may exist for various (e.g. dynamical) purposes, but specific cartographic coordinate system information continues to be recommended for each body. The Working Group elaborates on its purpose, and also announces its plans to occasionally provide limited updates to its recommendations via its website, in order to address community needs for some updates more often than every 3 years. Brief recommendations are also made to the general planetary community regarding the need for controlled products, and improved or consensus rotation models for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. C1 [Archinal, B. A.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [A'Hearn, M. F.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Bowell, E.] Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Conrad, A.] WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI USA. [Consolmagno, G. J.] Vatican Observ, Vatican City, Vatican. [Courtin, R.] Observ Paris, CNRS, LESIA, F-75014 Paris, France. [Fukushima, T.] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo, Japan. [Hestroffer, D.] Observ Paris, CNRS, IMCCE, F-75014 Paris, France. [Hilton, J. L.] US Naval Observ, Washington, DC USA. [Krasinsky, G. A.] Inst Appl Astron, St Petersburg, Russia. [Neumann, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Oberst, J.] DLR Berlin Adlershof, Berlin, Germany. [Seidelmann, P. K.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. [Stooke, P.] Univ Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. [Tholen, D. J.] Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Thomas, P. C.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. [Williams, I. P.] Queen Mary Univ London, London, England. RP Archinal, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM barchinal@usgs.gov RI Neumann, Gregory/I-5591-2013; OI Neumann, Gregory/0000-0003-0644-9944; Williams, Iwan Prys/0000-0002-8069-1344 NR 74 TC 106 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-2958 J9 CELEST MECH DYN ASTR JI Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 109 IS 2 BP 101 EP 135 DI 10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4 PG 35 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics GA 712JH UT WOS:000286662300001 ER PT J AU Jaisi, DP Eberl, DD Dong, HL Kim, J AF Jaisi, Deb P. Eberl, Dennis D. Dong, Hailiang Kim, Jinwook TI THE FORMATION OF ILLITE FROM NONTRONITE BY MESOPHILIC AND THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL REACTION SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE Illite-smectite Reaction; Microbial Fe(III) Reduction; NAu-2; Shewanella putrefaciens CN32; Thermos scotoductus SA-01 ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; SMECTITE DIAGENESIS; CLAY-MINERALS; HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION; DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; THERMUS-SCOTODUCTUS; STRUCTURAL FE(III); BURIAL DIAGENESIS AB The formation of illite through the smectite-to-illite (S-I) reaction is considered to be one of the most important mineral reactions occurring during diagenesis. In biologically catalyzed systems, however, this transformation has been suggested to be rapid and to bypass the high temperature and long time requirements. To understand the factors that promote the S-I reaction, the present study focused on the effects of pH, temperature, solution chemistry, and aging on the S-I reaction in microbially mediated systems. Fe(III)-reduction experiments were performed in both growth and non-growth media with two types of bacteria: mesophilic (Shewanella putrefaciens CN32) and thermophilic (Thermos scotoductus SA-01). Reductive dissolution of NAu-2 was observed and the formation of illite in treatment with thermophilic SA-01 was indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A basic pH (8.4) and high temperature (65 degrees C) were the most favorable conditions for the formation of illite. A long incubation time was also found to enhance the formation of illite. K-nontronite (non-permanent fixation of K) was also detected and differentiated from the discrete illite in the XRD profiles. These results collectively suggested that the formation of illite associated with the biologically catalyzed smectite-to-illite reaction pathway may bypass the prolonged time and high temperature required for the S-I reaction in the absence of microbial activity. C1 [Kim, Jinwook] Yonsei Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Jaisi, Deb P.; Dong, Hailiang] Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. [Jaisi, Deb P.] Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Eberl, Dennis D.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kim, J (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM Jinwook@yonsei.ac.kr FU Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [20090085989]; National Science Foundation [EAR-0345307]; The Clay Minerals Society; AAPG FX The present research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (20090085989) to JWK, a grant from the National Science Foundation (EAR-0345307) to HD, and by student grants from The Clay Minerals Society (2004, 2006) and the AAPG (John Teagle Memorial Grant, 2004) to DPJ. The authors are grateful to three anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor whose comments greatly improved the quality of the manuscript. NR 79 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 21 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 EI 1552-8367 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 59 IS 1 BP 21 EP 33 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2011.0590105 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 754TV UT WOS:000289881200005 ER PT J AU Kotzerka, J Hatch, SA Garthe, S AF Kotzerka, Jana Hatch, Scott A. Garthe, Stefan TI EVIDENCE FOR FORAGING-SITE FIDELITY AND INDIVIDUAL FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF PELAGIC CORMORANTS REARING CHICKS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; diving activity; foraging behavior; GPS dataloggers; Pelagic Cormorant; Phalacrocorax pelagicus; site fidelity ID SHAGS PHALACROCORAX-ARISTOTELIS; INTRA-SPECIFIC COMPETITION; FEEDING LOCATIONS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; MARINE PREDATOR; AREA FIDELITY; SEABIRDS; PERFORMANCE; PREY; VARIABILITY AB The Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) is the most widespread cormorant in the North Pacific, but little is known about its foraging and diving behavior. However, knowledge of seabirds' foraging behavior is important to understanding their function in the marine environment. In 2006, using GPS dataloggers, we studied the foraging behavior of 14 male Pelagic Cormorants rearing chicks on Middleton Island, Alaska. For foraging, the birds had high fidelity to a small area 8 km north of the colony. Within that area, the cormorants' diving activity was of two distinct kinds-near-surface dives (1-6 m) and benthic dives (28-33 m). Individuals were consistent in the depths of their dives, either mostly shallow or mostly deep. Few showed no depth preference. Dive duration, time at maximum depth, and pauses at the water surface between consecutive dives were shorter for shallow dives than for deep dives. The cormorants made dives of both types throughout the day, but the frequency of deep dives increased toward evening. Maximum foraging range was 9 km; maximum total distance traveled per trip was 43.4 km. Trip durations ranged from 0.3 to 7.7 hr. Maximum depth of a dive was 42.2 m, and duration of dives ranged from 4 to 120 sec. We found that Pelagic Cormorants at Middleton Island were faithful to one particular foraging area and individuals dived in distinct patterns. Distinct, specialized foraging behavior may be advantageous in reducing intra- and interspecific competition but may also render the species vulnerable to changing environmental conditions. C1 [Kotzerka, Jana; Garthe, Stefan] Univ Kiel, Res & Technol Ctr Westcoast Buesum, D-25761 Buesum, Germany. [Hatch, Scott A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Kotzerka, J (reprint author), Univ Kiel, Res & Technol Ctr Westcoast Buesum, Hafentoern 1, D-25761 Buesum, Germany. EM kotzerka@ftz-west.uni-kiel.de FU German Science Foundation (DFG) [GA 617/5-1] FX This project was funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG GA 617/5-1). We thank all those who helped with the field work on Middleton Island. Special thanks to Thomas Mattern, who provided a Matlab script for analysis of dive data. Henriette Dries, Joel White, and two anonymous reviewers made useful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. The study was approved and carried out under permits issued by the state of Alaska and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Mention of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 20 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2011 VL 113 IS 1 BP 80 EP 88 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.090158 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739RT UT WOS:000288736400009 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, A Gill, RE Jamieson, SE McCaffery, B Wennerberg, L Wikelski, M Klaassen, M AF Lindstrom, Ake Gill, Robert E., Jr. Jamieson, Sarah E. McCaffery, Brian Wennerberg, Liv Wikelski, Martin Klaassen, Marcel TI A PUZZLING MIGRATORY DETOUR: ARE FUELING CONDITIONS IN ALASKA DRIVING THE MOVEMENT OF JUVENILE SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPERS? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Calidris acuminata; migration; waders; body mass; fat stores; predation; age-segregated migration; Alaska ID DUNLINS CALIDRIS-ALPINA; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; AUTUMN MIGRATION; STOPOVER SITE; BIRDS; PREDATION; MASS; FAT; ECOLOGY; FLIGHTS AB Making a detour can be advantageous to a migrating bird if fuel-deposition rates at stopover sites along the detour are considerably higher than at stopover sites along a more direct route. One example of an extensive migratory detour is that of the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata), of which large numbers of juveniles are found during fall migration in western Alaska. These birds take a detour of 1500-3400 km from the most direct route between their natal range in northeastern Siberia and nonbreeding areas in Australia. We studied the autumnal fueling rates and fuel loads of 357 Sharp-tailed Sandpipers captured in western Alaska. In early September the birds increased in mass at a rate of only 0.5% of lean body mass day(-1). Later in September, the rate of mass increase was about 6% of lean body mass day(-1), among the highest values found among similar-sized shorebirds around the world. Some individuals more than doubled their body mass because of fuel deposition, allowing non-stop flight of between 7100 and 9800 km, presumably including a trans-oceanic flight to the southern hemisphere. Our observations indicated that predator attacks were rare in our study area, adding another potential benefit of the detour. We conclude that the most likely reason for the Alaskan detour is that it allows juvenile Sharp-tailed Sand-pipers to put on large fuel stores at exceptionally high rates. C1 [Lindstrom, Ake] Lund Univ, Dept Biol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. [Gill, Robert E., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Jamieson, Sarah E.] Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. [McCaffery, Brian] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. [Wennerberg, Liv] Univ Oslo, Nat Hist Museum, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. [Wikelski, Martin] Max Planck Inst Ornithol, Dept Migrat & Immunoecol, D-78315 Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany. [Klaassen, Marcel] NIOO KNAW, Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. [Klaassen, Marcel] Deakin Univ, Ctr Integrat Ecol, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia. RP Lindstrom, A (reprint author), Lund Univ, Dept Biol, Ecol Bldg, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. EM marcel.klaassen@deakin.edu.au RI Klaassen, Marcel/B-4325-2008 OI Klaassen, Marcel/0000-0003-3907-9599 FU U.S. Geological Survey; Alaska Science Center, Anchorage; Dutch Science Foundation (NWO-NAP); Royal Physiographic Society in Lund; Environment Canada FX This project was part of the "Beringia 2005" expedition organized by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, to which we are most grateful. We thank Mike Rearden of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Bethel and his personnel for their superb logistic and moral support. Additional logistic and financial support was kindly provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, the Dutch Science Foundation (NWO-NAP), the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund, and Environment Canada. Several people helped substantially in the field, including Martin Green, Phil Battley, Nils Warnock, Jesse Conklin, Patrick Lemons, David Melville, James Luown, Ty Donnelly, and Anders Wirdheim. George Walters, Robert Sundown, Mike Rearden, Fred Broerman, and Isaac Bedingfield assisted in aerial radio telemetry, John Terenzi helped with wing-area estimates, and Raymond Klaassen assisted with flight-distance calculations. We thank Staffan Bensch, Martin Green, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by any author's affiliation. This is publication 4926 of the Netherlands Institute of Ecology. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 20 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2011 VL 113 IS 1 BP 129 EP 139 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.090171 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 739RT UT WOS:000288736400013 ER PT J AU Lautze, NC Sisson, TW Mangan, MT Grove, TL AF Lautze, Nicole C. Sisson, Thomas W. Mangan, Margaret T. Grove, Timothy L. TI Segregating gas from melt: an experimental study of the Ostwald ripening of vapor bubbles in magmas SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostwald; Ripening; Coarsening; Bubble; Magma; Transient ID SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; H2O; SOLUBILITY; DIFFUSION; GROWTH; CONSTRAINTS; DYNAMICS; RHYOLITE AB Diffusive coarsening (Ostwald ripening) of H2O and H2O-CO2 bubbles in rhyolite and basaltic andesite melts was studied with elevated temperature-pressure experiments to investigate the rates and time spans over which vapor bubbles may enlarge and attain sufficient buoyancy to segregate in magmatic systems. Bubble growth and segregation are also considered in terms of classical steady-state and transient (non-steady-state) ripening theory. Experimental results are consistent with diffusive coarsening as the dominant mechanism of bubble growth. Ripening is faster in experiments saturated with pure H2O than in those with a CO2-rich mixed vapor probably due to faster diffusion of H2O than CO2 through the melt. None of the experimental series followed the time(1/3) increase in mean bubble radius and time(-1) decrease in bubble number density predicted by classical steady-state ripening theory. Instead, products are interpreted as resulting from transient regime ripening. Application of transient regime theory suggests that bubbly magmas may require from days to 100 years to reach steady-state ripening conditions. Experimental results, as well as theory for steady-state ripening of bubbles that are immobile or undergoing buoyant ascent, indicate that diffusive coarsening efficiently eliminates micron-sized bubbles and would produce mm-sized bubbles in 10(2)-10(4) years in crustal magma bodies. Once bubbles attain mm-sizes, their calculated ascent rates are sufficient that they could transit multiple kilometers over hundreds to thousands of years through mafic and silicic melt, respectively. These results show that diffusive coarsening can facilitate transfer of volatiles through, and from, magmatic systems by creating bubbles sufficiently large for rapid ascent. C1 [Lautze, Nicole C.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Volcanol Roma, Rome, Italy. [Lautze, Nicole C.; Sisson, Thomas W.; Mangan, Margaret T.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Grove, Timothy L.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Lautze, NC (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis & Volcanol Roma, Rome, Italy. EM nicole.lautze@ingv.it RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 FU NSF; INGV-Roma FX The authors are highly grateful to Ben Hankins for his skillful guidance in the USGS Magma Dynamics Laboratory, and to Shaul Hurwitz, Larry Mastin, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions. Lautze acknowledges the USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Program and Volcano Hazards Team for the generous support that enabled this study, and support from the NSF International Research Fellowship Program and INGV-Roma during the review process. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 161 IS 2 BP 331 EP 347 DI 10.1007/s00410-010-0535-x PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 705GQ UT WOS:000286117300011 ER PT J AU Chelgren, ND Adams, MJ Bailey, LL Bury, RB AF Chelgren, Nathan D. Adams, Michael J. Bailey, Larissa L. Bury, R. Bruce TI Using multilevel spatial models to understand salamander site occupancy patterns after wildfire SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian; capture probability; detection probability; generalized linear mixed models; independence; late seral stage; mixed models; N-mixture model; Plethodontidae; presence-absence; spatial autocorrelation; wildland fire ID RED-BACKED SALAMANDER; LINEAR MIXED MODELS; SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS; PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS; DETECTION PROBABILITY; HIERARCHICAL-MODELS; TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS; VARIANCE PARAMETERS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; HARDWOOD FORESTS AB Studies of the distribution of elusive forest wildlife have suffered from the confounding of true presence with the uncertainty of detection. Occupancy modeling, which incorporates probabilities of species detection conditional on presence, is an emerging approach for reducing observation bias. However, the current likelihood modeling framework is restrictive for handling unexplained sources of variation in the response that may occur when there are dependence structures such as smaller sampling units that are nested within larger sampling units. We used multilevel Bayesian occupancy modeling to handle dependence structures and to partition sources of variation in occupancy of sites by terrestrial salamanders (family Plethodontidae) within and surrounding an earlier wildfire in western Oregon, USA. Comparison of model fit favored a spatial N-mixture model that accounted for variation in salamander abundance over models that were based on binary detection/non-detection data. Though catch per unit effort was higher in burned areas than unburned, there was strong support that this pattern was due to a higher probability of capture for individuals in burned plots. Within the burn, the odds of capturing an individual given it was present were 2.06 times the odds outside the burn, reflecting reduced complexity of ground cover in the burn. There was weak support that true occupancy was lower within the burned area. While the odds of occupancy in the burn were 0.49 times the odds outside the burn among the five species, the magnitude of variation attributed to the burn was small in comparison to variation attributed to other landscape variables and to unexplained, spatially autocorrelated random variation. While ordinary occupancy models may separate the biological pattern of interest from variation in detection probability when all sources of variation are known, the addition of random effects structures for unexplained sources of variation in occupancy and detection probability may often more appropriately represent levels of uncertainty. C1 [Chelgren, Nathan D.; Adams, Michael J.; Bury, R. Bruce] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Bailey, Larissa L.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Chelgren, ND (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM nathan_chelgren@usgs.gov RI Bailey, Larissa/A-2565-2009 FU U.S. Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative FX This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative. We are grateful to S. Anderson, L. Frady, B. McCreary, E. Meyer, and T. Smith for field assistance, and to the U. S. Forest Service, Willamette National Forest for providing logistical support. D. DeGross and E. Hyde contributed helpful discussion regarding study design. J. A. Royle, J. Nichols, R. Steidl, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. NR 83 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 54 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2011 VL 92 IS 2 BP 408 EP 421 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 750NC UT WOS:000289553600016 PM 21618920 ER PT J AU Marques, TA Thomas, L Royle, JA AF Marques, Tiago A. Thomas, Len Royle, J. Andrew TI A hierarchical model for spatial capture-recapture data: comment SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Marques, Tiago A.; Thomas, Len] Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. [Marques, Tiago A.; Thomas, Len] Univ St Andrews, Res Unit Wildlife Populat Assessment, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. [Marques, Tiago A.] Univ Lisbon, Ctr Estat & Aplicacoes, P-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal. [Royle, J. Andrew] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Marques, TA (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. EM tiago@mcs.st-and.ac.uk RI Marques, Tiago/A-5530-2010; OI Marques, Tiago/0000-0002-2581-1972; Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 4 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2011 VL 92 IS 2 BP 526 EP 528 DI 10.1890/10-1440.1 PG 3 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 750NC UT WOS:000289553600027 PM 21618931 ER PT J AU Pereira, P Ubeda, X Martin, D Mataix-Solera, J Guerrero, C AF Pereira, Paulo Ubeda, Xavier Martin, Deborah Mataix-Solera, Jorge Guerrero, Cesar TI Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a cork oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Meeting on Fire Effects on Soil Properties CY FEB 11-15, 2009 CL Marmaris, TURKEY SP Hacettepe Univ, Dept Biol, Ankara Univ, Dept Soil Sci DE Prescribed fire; Ash; Quercus suber; Iberian Peninsula; Quercus robur ID SOIL-SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; WOOD-ASH; ORGANIC-MATTER; HEAVY-METALS; PINE FOREST; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; PLANT ASH; NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS; SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION AB Wildfire is the major disturbance in Mediterranean forests. Prescribed fire can be an alternative to reduce the amount of fuel and hence decrease the wildfire risk. However the effects of prescribed fire must be studied, especially on ash properties, because ash is an important nutrient source for ecosystem recovery. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silica (SiO2) and total sulphur (TS). A prescribed fire was conducted in a cork oak (Quercus suber) (Q.S) forest located in the northeast part of the Iberian Peninsula. Samples were collected from a flat plot of 40 x 70 m mainly composed of Q.S and Quercus robur (Q.R) trees. In order to understand the effects of the prescribed fire on the soluble elements in ash, we conducted our data analysis on three data groups: all samples, only Q.S samples and only Q.R samples. All three sample groups exhibited a significant increase in pH, EC (p < 0.001), water-soluble Ca, Mg, Na, SiO2 and IS and a decrease in water-soluble Mn, Fe and Zn. Differences were identified between oak species for water-soluble K, Al and Fe. In Q.S samples we registered a significant increase in the first two elements p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively, and a non-significant impact in the third, at p < 0.05. In Q.R data we identified a non-significant impact on water-soluble K and Al and a significant decrease in water-soluble Fe (p < 0.05). These differences are probably due to vegetation characteristics and burn severity. The fire induced a higher variability in the ash soluble elements, especially in Q.S samples, that at some points burned with higher severity. The increase of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na and K will improve soil fertility, mainly in the study area where soils are acidic. The application of this low severity prescribed fire will improve soil nutrient status without causing soil degradation and thus is considered to be a good management strategy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Pereira, Paulo; Ubeda, Xavier] Univ Barcelona, Dept Phys Geog & Reg Geog Anal, GRAM Mediterranean Environm Res Grp, Catalunya 0800, Spain. [Pereira, Paulo] Mykolas Romeris Univ, Dept Environm Policy & Management, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Pereira, Paulo] Vilnius Gedminas Tech Univ, Environm Protect Dept, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Martin, Deborah] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Mataix-Solera, Jorge; Guerrero, Cesar] Univ Miguel Hernandez, Dept Agrochem & Environm, Environm Soil Sci Grp, Alicante 03202, Spain. RP Pereira, P (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Phys Geog & Reg Geog Anal, GRAM Mediterranean Environm Res Grp, C Montalegre 6, Catalunya 0800, Spain. EM pereiraub@gmail.com; xubeda@gmail.com; damartin@usgs.gov; jorge.mataix@umh.es; cesar.guerrero@umh.es RI Guerrero, Cesar/A-3550-2008; Mataix-Solera, Jorge/A-3520-2008; Pereira, Paulo/O-1845-2016 OI Guerrero, Cesar/0000-0002-3960-9724; Mataix-Solera, Jorge/0000-0003-2789-9936; Pereira, Paulo/0000-0003-0227-2010 NR 139 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 111 IS 2 BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.002 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 719DF UT WOS:000287179200007 PM 20869047 ER PT J AU Puckett, LJ Tesoriero, AJ Dubrovsky, NM AF Puckett, Larry J. Tesoriero, Anthony J. Dubrovsky, Neil M. TI Nitrogen Contamination of Surficial Aquifers-A Growing Legacy SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; NITRATE POLLUTION; GROUND WATER; DENITRIFICATION; AGROECOSYSTEMS C1 [Tesoriero, Anthony J.] US Geol Survey, NAWQA Program, Portland, OR USA. [Puckett, Larry J.] US Geol Survey, NAWQA Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Dubrovsky, Neil M.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Tesoriero, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, NAWQA Program, Portland, OR USA. EM tesorier@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 839 EP 844 DI 10.1021/es1038358 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 711HG UT WOS:000286577100003 PM 21171622 ER PT J AU McKinney, MA Letcher, RJ Aars, J Born, EW Branigan, M Dietz, R Evans, TJ Gabrielsen, GW Muir, DCG Peacock, E Sonne, C AF McKinney, Melissa A. Letcher, Robert J. Aars, Jon Born, Erik W. Branigan, Marsha Dietz, Rune Evans, Thomas J. Gabrielsen, Geir W. Muir, Derek C. G. Peacock, Elizabeth Sonne, Christian TI Regional Contamination versus Regional Dietary Differences: Understanding Geographic Variation in Brominated and Chlorinated Contaminant Levels in Polar Bears SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION; MARINE FOOD-WEB; FISH POPULATIONS; TROPHIC TRANSFER; HUDSON-BAY; SEALS; SVALBARD; GREENLAND; CHUKCHI AB The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (delta(15)N, (delta(2)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted delta(15)N and (delta(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Betweensubpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15%) and legacy PCBs (18-21%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic. C1 [McKinney, Melissa A.; Letcher, Robert J.] Environm Canada, Ecotoxicol & Wildlife Hlth Div, Sci & Technol Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. [McKinney, Melissa A.; Letcher, Robert J.] Carleton Univ, Dept Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Aars, Jon; Gabrielsen, Geir W.] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, NO-9296 Tromso, Norway. [Born, Erik W.] Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland. [Branigan, Marsha] Govt NW Terr, Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Canada. [Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian] Aarhus Univ, Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arctic Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. [Evans, Thomas J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Muir, Derek C. G.] Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. [Peacock, Elizabeth] Govt Nunavut, Dept Environm, Igloolik, NU X0A 0L0, Canada. RP McKinney, MA (reprint author), Environm Canada, Ecotoxicol & Wildlife Hlth Div, Sci & Technol Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. EM melissaamckinney@gmail.com; robert.letcher@ec.gc.ca RI Daniel, Emily/A-7387-2012; Sonne, Christian/I-7532-2013; Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015; OI Sonne, Christian/0000-0001-5723-5263; Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776; McKinney, Melissa/0000-0002-8171-7534 FU Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; Canadian International Polar Year Secretariat; Molson Foundation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Graduate Scholarship FX We thank Nunavut Hunters and Trappers Organizations and Nunavut Department of Environment staff (A. Coxon, F. Piugattuk) and conservation officers (A. Niptanatiak, D. Fredlund, J. Ashevak, J. Savikataaq, J. Qaunaq, A. Williams, P. Prefontaine, K. Nogier, A. Nakashuk, L. Kudluk, N. Nakoolik, E. Qaggutaq, T. Palluq, N. Amarualik, T. Mullin, B. J. Hainnu, G. Koonoo, T. Palluq, J. Coutu-Autut), Alaska Native subsistence hunters and wildlife technicians, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Marine Mammals Management biologists, NIST National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (R. Pugh, Hollings Marine Laboratory), M. Andersen (Norwegian Polar Institute), local Greenland hunters, J. Bronlund, M. Kierkegaard, S. Joensen, L. Bruun, F. Riget, H. Tuborg and B. Sandell for sample collection and assistance. Thanks to A. Coxon for Nunavut bear tooth aging. We thank Environment Canada staff at NWRC (Ottawa), University of Waterloo EIL (W. Mark) for SI analysis and K. Hobson for discussions on application and interpretation of ecological tracers. Funding came from the Northern Contaminants Program (Indian and Northern Affairs Canada) (R.J.L.), Canadian International Polar Year Secretariat (E.P., R.J.L.), Molson Foundation (R.J.L.), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (R.J.L.) and Canada Graduate Scholarship (M.A.M.), and for Greenland, Alaska, and Svalbard sampling from the IPY program "BearHealth" by KVUG, DANCEA and the Prince Albert Foundation (R.D., C.S.), the USFWS Marine Mammals Management (T.E.), and the Norwegian Polar Institute (G.W.G.), respectively. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 896 EP 902 DI 10.1021/es102781b PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 711HG UT WOS:000286577100010 PM 21166451 ER PT J AU Hung, HW Lin, TF Chiou, CT AF Hung, Hsu-Wen Lin, Tsair-Fuh Chiou, Cary T. TI Reply to Comment on "Partition Coefficients of Organic Contaminants with Carbohydrates" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID MATTER C1 [Hung, Hsu-Wen; Lin, Tsair-Fuh; Chiou, Cary T.] Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. [Hung, Hsu-Wen; Lin, Tsair-Fuh; Chiou, Cary T.] Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Sustainable Environm Res Ctr, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. [Chiou, Cary T.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. EM carychio@mail.ncku.edu.tw RI Lin, Tsair-Fuh/C-4056-2008; Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 OI Lin, Tsair-Fuh/0000-0002-2439-9090; NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 1159 EP 1159 DI 10.1021/es103898s PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 711HG UT WOS:000286577100050 ER PT J AU Sanchez, BC Ralston-Hooper, K Sepulveda, MS AF Sanchez, Brian C. Ralston-Hooper, Kimberly Sepulveda, Maria S. TI REVIEW OF RECENT PROTEOMIC APPLICATIONS IN AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Meeting of SETAC-North -America CY NOV 19-23, 2009 CL New Orleans, LA SP SETAC N Amer DE Proteomics; Aquatic toxicology; Fish; Aquatic invertebrates ID MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION SIGNATURES; OXIDATIVE-STRESS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; BIOMARKER DISCOVERY; MICROCYSTIN-LR; SELDI-TOF; RUDITAPES-DECUSSATUS; CADMIUM TOXICITY AB Over the last decade, the environmental sciences have witnessed an incredible movement towards the utilization of high-throughput molecular tools that are capable of detecting simultaneous changes of hundreds, and even thousands, of molecules and molecular components after exposure of organisms to different environmental stressors. These techniques have received a great deal of attention because they not only offer the potential to unravel novel mechanisms of physiological and toxic action but are also amenable to the discovery of biomarkers of exposure and effects. In this article, we review the state of knowledge of one of these tools in ecotoxicological research: proteomics. We summarize the state of proteomics research in fish, and follow with studies conducted with aquatic invertebrates. A brief discussion on proteomic methods is also presented. We conclude with some ideas for future proteomic studies with fish and aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:274-282. (C) 2010 SETAC C1 [Sepulveda, Maria S.] Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Sanchez, Brian C.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lakewood, CO USA. [Ralston-Hooper, Kimberly] US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA USA. RP Sepulveda, MS (reprint author), Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM mssepulv@purdue.edu RI Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 NR 79 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 6 U2 46 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 30 IS 2 BP 274 EP 282 DI 10.1002/etc.402 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 710DB UT WOS:000286490000003 PM 21072841 ER PT J AU Richter, CA Garcia-Reyero, N Martyniuk, C Knoebl, I Pope, M Wright-Osment, MK Denslow, ND Tillitt, DE AF Richter, Catherine A. Garcia-Reyero, Natalia Martyniuk, Chris Knoebl, Iris Pope, Marie Wright-Osment, Maureen K. Denslow, Nancy D. Tillitt, Donald E. TI GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN FEMALE ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO) BRAIN IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXPOSURE TO METHYLMERCURY SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Meeting of SETAC-North -America CY NOV 19-23, 2009 CL New Orleans, LA SP SETAC N Amer DE Mercury; Fish; Neurotoxicity; Molecular Biology; Toxicity Mechanisms ID MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIETARY METHYLMERCURY; FATHEAD MINNOWS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE; MERCURIC-CHLORIDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; NEUROTOXICITY; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEM AB Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxicant and endocrine disruptor that accumulates in aquatic systems. Previous studies have shown suppression of hormone levels in both male and female fish, suggesting effects on gonadotropin regulation in the brain. The gene expression profile in adult female zebrafish whole brain induced by acute (96 h) MeHg exposure was investigated. Fish were exposed by injection to 0 or 0.5 mu g MeHg/g. Gene expression changes in the brain were examined using a 22,000-feature zebrafish microarray. At a significance level of p < 0.01, 79 genes were up-regulated and 76 genes were down-regulated in response to MeHg exposure. Individual genes exhibiting altered expression in response to MeHg exposure implicate effects on glutathione metabolism in the mechanism of MeHg neurotoxicity. Gene ontology (GO) terms significantly enriched among altered genes included protein folding, cell redox homeostasis, and steroid biosynthetic process. The most affected biological functions were related to nervous system development and function, as well as lipid metabolism and molecular transport. These results support the involvement of oxidative stress and effects on protein structure in the mechanism of action of MeHg in the female brain. Future studies will compare the gene expression profile induced in response to MeHg with that induced by other toxicants and will investigate responsive genes as potential biomarkers of MeHg exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:301-308. (C) 2010 SETAC C1 [Richter, Catherine A.; Pope, Marie; Wright-Osment, Maureen K.; Tillitt, Donald E.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO USA. [Garcia-Reyero, Natalia; Martyniuk, Chris; Knoebl, Iris; Denslow, Nancy D.] Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Richter, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO USA. EM CRichter@usgs.gov OI Richter, Catherine/0000-0001-7322-4206 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P40 RR012546, P40 RR012546-13] NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 30 IS 2 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1002/etc.409 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 710DB UT WOS:000286490000006 PM 21082716 ER PT J AU Gehrke, GE Blum, JD Marvin-DiPasquale, M AF Gehrke, Gretchen E. Blum, Joel D. Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark TI Sources of mercury to San Francisco Bay surface sediment as revealed by mercury stable isotopes SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MASS-INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION; SACRAMENTO RIVER-BASIN; MINING DISTRICT; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; METHYL MERCURY; PABLO BAY; CALIFORNIA; ESTUARY; HG; SPECIATION AB Mercury (Hg) concentrations and isotopic compositions were examined in shallow-water surface sediment (0-2 cm) from San Francisco (SF) Bay to determine the extent to which historic Hg mining contributes to current Hg contamination in. SF Bay, and to assess the use of Hg isotopes to trace sources of contamination in estuaries. Inter-tidal and wetland sediment had total Hg (Hg-T) concentrations ranging from 161 to 1529 ng/g with no simple gradients of spatial variation. In contrast, inter-tidal and wetland sediment displayed a geographic gradient of delta Hg-202 values, ranging from -0.30 parts per thousand in the southern-most part of SF Bay (draining the New Almaden Hg District) to -0.99 parts per thousand in the northern-most part of SF Bay near the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. Similar to SF Bay inter-tidal sediment, surface sediment from the Alviso Slough channel draining into South SF Bay had a delta Hg-202 value of -2.29 parts per thousand, while surface sediment from the Cosumnes River and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta draining into north SF Bay had lower average delta Hg-202 values of -0.90 parts per thousand and -0.75 parts per thousand, respectively. This isotopic trend suggests that Hg-contaminated sediment from the New Almaden Hg District mixes with Hg-contaminated sediment from a low delta He-202 source north of SF Bay. Tailings and thermally decomposed ore (calcine) from the New idria Hg mine in the California Coast Range had average delta Hg-202 values of -0.37 and +0.03 parts per thousand, respectively, showing that Hg calcination fractionates Hg isotopes resulting in Hg contamination from Hg(II) mine waste products with higher delta Hg-202 values than metallic Hg(0) produced from Hg mines. Thus, there is evidence for at least two distinct isotopic signals for Hg contamination in SF Bay: Hg associated with calcine waste materials at Hg mines in the Coast Range, such as New Almaden and New Idria; and Hg(0) produced from these mines and used in placer gold mines and/or in other industrial processes in the Sierra Nevada region and SF Bay area. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Gehrke, Gretchen E.; Blum, Joel D.] Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gehrke, GE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1100 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM gegehrke@umich.edu FU Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) for Water Quality in the San Francisco Bay; United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) FX The authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) for Water Quality in the San Francisco Bay. The RMP is administered by the San Francisco Estuary Institute under a memorandum of understanding with the Regional Water Quality Control Board. The research described in this paper also was partially funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship Program. EPA has not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. The authors thank Darell Slotton, Shaun Ayers, Ben Greenfield, Katie Harrold, and other staff at the San Francisco Estuary Institute for study design and sample collection. We also thank Marcus Johnson for skillful maintenance and operation of the MC-ICP-MS. The manuscript benefited from helpful reviews by Dave Krabbenhoft, Ben Greenfield and two anonymous reviewers. NR 72 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 6 U2 69 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 75 IS 3 BP 691 EP 705 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.012 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 708NG UT WOS:000286367900001 ER PT J AU Mars, JC Rowan, LC AF Mars, John C. Rowan, Lawrence C. TI ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonatite volcano, Afghanistan SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; ALTERED ROCKS; AVIRIS DATA; IRON-HILL; COMPLEX; AUSTRALIA; ALGORITHM; MINERALS; COLORADO AB Advanced Spaceborne Thermal and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data of the early Quaternary Khanneshin carbonatite volcano located in southern Afghanistan were used to identify carbonate rocks within the volcano and to distinguish them from Neogene ferruginous polymict sandstone and argillite. The carbonatitic rocks are characterized by diagnostic CO(3) absorption near 11.2 mu m and 2.31-2.33 mu m, whereas the sandstone, argillite, and adjacent alluvial deposits exhibit intense Si-O absorption near 8.7 mu m caused mainly by quartz and Al-OH absorption near 2.20 mu m due to muscovite and illite. Calcitic carbonatite was distinguished from ankeritic carbonatite in the short wave infrared (SWIR) region of the ASTER data due to a slight shift of the CO(3) absorption feature toward 2.26 mu m (ASTER band 7) in the ankeritic carbonatite spectra. Spectral assessment using ASTER SWIR data suggests that the area is covered by extensive carbonatite flows that contain calcite, ankerite, and muscovite, though some areas mapped as ankeritic carbonatite on a preexisting geologic map were not identified in the ASTER data. A contact aureole shown on the geologic map was defined using an ASTER false color composite image (R = 6, G = 3, B = 1) and a logical operator byte image. The contact aureole rocks exhibit Fe(2+), Al-OH, and Fe, Mg-OH spectral absorption features at 1.65, 2.2, and 2.33 mu m, respectively, which suggest that the contact aureole rocks contain muscovite, epidote, and chlorite. The contact aureole rocks were mapped using an Interactive Data Language (IDL) logical operator. A visible through short wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) mineral and rock-type map based on matched filter, band ratio, and logical operator analysis illustrates: (1) laterally extensive calcitic carbonatite that covers most of the crater and areas northeast of the crater; (2) ankeritic carbonatite located southeast and north of the crater and some small deposits located within the crater; (3) agglomerate that primarily covers the inside rim of the crater and a small area west of the crater; (4) a crater rim that consists mostly of epidote-chlorite-muscovite-rich metamorphosed argillite and sandstone; and (5) iron (Fe(3+)) and muscovite-illite-rich rocks and iron-rich eolian sands surrounding the western part of the volcano. The thermal infrared (TIR) rock-type map illustrates laterally extensive carbonatitic and mafic rocks surrounded by quartz-rich eolian and fluvial reworked sediments. In addition, the combination of VNIR, SWIR, and TIR data complement one another in that the TIR data illustrate more laterally extensive rock types and the VNIR-SWIR data distinguish more specific varieties of rocks and mineral mixtures. C1 [Mars, John C.; Rowan, Lawrence C.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Mars, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jmars@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 14 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD FEB PY 2011 VL 7 IS 1 BP 276 EP 289 DI 10.1130/GES00630.1 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 713IT UT WOS:000286732100020 ER PT J AU Goulden, ML McMillan, AMS Winston, GC Rocha, AV Manies, KL Harden, JW Bond-Lamberty, BP AF Goulden, M. L. McMillan, A. M. S. Winston, G. C. Rocha, A. V. Manies, K. L. Harden, J. W. Bond-Lamberty, B. P. TI Patterns of NPP, GPP, respiration, and NEP during boreal forest succession SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE black spruce; chronosequence; fire; gross primary production; net ecosystem production; net primary production; Picea mariana; secondary succession ID SPRUCE FIRE CHRONOSEQUENCE; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ECOSYSTEM CO2 EXCHANGE; CARBON USE EFFICIENCY; PONDEROSA PINE; CONSTANT FRACTION; INTERIOR ALASKA; EDDY COVARIANCE; WOODY DEBRIS; AGE AB We combined year-round eddy covariance with biometry and biomass harvests along a chronosequence of boreal forest stands that were 1, 6, 15, 23, 40, similar to 74, and similar to 154 years old to understand how ecosystem production and carbon stocks change during recovery from stand-replacing crown fire. Live biomass (C(live)) was low in the 1- and 6-year-old stands, and increased following a logistic pattern to high levels in the 74- and 154-year-old stands. Carbon stocks in the forest floor (C(forest floor)) and coarse woody debris (C(CWD)) were comparatively high in the 1-year-old stand, reduced in the 6- through 40-year-old stands, and highest in the 74- and 154-year-old stands. Total net primary production (TNPP) was reduced in the 1- and 6-year-old stands, highest in the 23- through 74-year-old stands and somewhat reduced in the 154-year-old stand. The NPP decline at the 154-year-old stand was related to increased autotrophic respiration rather than decreased gross primary production (GPP). Net ecosystem production (NEP), calculated by integrated eddy covariance, indicated the 1- and 6-year-old stands were losing carbon, the 15-year-old stand was gaining a small amount of carbon, the 23- and 74-year-old stands were gaining considerable carbon, and the 40- and 154-year-old stands were gaining modest amounts of carbon. The recovery from fire was rapid; a linear fit through the NEP observations at the 6- and 15-year-old stands indicated the transition from carbon source to sink occurred within 11-12 years. The NEP decline at the 154-year-old stand appears related to increased losses from C(live) by tree mortality and possibly from C(forest floor) by decomposition. Our findings support the idea that NPP, carbon production efficiency (NPP/GPP), NEP, and carbon storage efficiency (NEP/TNPP) all decrease in old boreal stands. C1 [Goulden, M. L.; McMillan, A. M. S.; Winston, G. C.; Rocha, A. V.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Manies, K. L.; Harden, J. W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bond-Lamberty, B. P.] Univ Maryland, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Joint Global Change Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Goulden, ML (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM mgoulden@uci.edu RI Goulden, Michael/B-9934-2008; Bond-Lamberty, Ben/C-6058-2008; Rocha, Adrian/B-6504-2013 OI Bond-Lamberty, Ben/0000-0001-9525-4633; FU Custom Storage; Northern Lights Bed and Breakfast; Churchill River Lodge; Brad and Tara Ritchey; National Science Foundation; Department of Energy; Comer Foundation FX We thank Scott Miller, Marcy Litvak, Steve Beaupre, Sami Rifai, Anders Holmberg, Aaron Fellows, Kelsey McDuffee, Ruth Errington, and Lee Pruett for help in the lab or field. We thank Thompson Technologies, the NASA Terrestrial Ecology program, and the BOREAS science and support teams for setting up and operating NOBS. We thank Custom Storage, the Northern Lights Bed and Breakfast, the Churchill River Lodge, and Brad and Tara Ritchey for support, space and friendship. We thank Sue Trumbore, Steve Wofsy, Ali Dunn, Tom Gower, Brian Amiro, Marcy Litvak, and especially Hugo Veldhuis for sharing their understanding of the boreal forest. We thank Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation and the Canadian Government for permission to use their land. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Comer Foundation. NR 62 TC 132 Z9 142 U1 19 U2 171 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 17 IS 2 BP 855 EP 871 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02274.x PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 702ES UT WOS:000285878000016 ER PT J AU Stapanian, MA AF Stapanian, Martin A. TI QuickBird satellite imagery as a tool for restoration and rehabilitation of Lake Sevan, Armenia SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Lake Erie Biol Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Stapanian, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lake Erie Biol Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. EM mstapanian@usgs.gov OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD FEB PY 2011 VL 661 IS 1 BP 81 EP 83 DI 10.1007/s10750-010-0513-3 PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 691FE UT WOS:000285064900007 ER PT J AU Landis, AMG Lapointe, NWR Angermeier, PL AF Landis, Andrew M. Gascho Lapointe, Nicolas W. R. Angermeier, Paul L. TI Individual growth and reproductive behavior in a newly established population of northern snakehead (Channa argus), Potomac River, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Channa argus; Gonadosomatic index; Virginia; von Bertalanffy ID LIFE-HISTORY; FISH; DYNAMICS; SYSTEM; BASS AB Northern snakehead (Channa argus) were first found in the Potomac River in 2004. In 2007, we documented feeding and reproductive behavior to better understand how this species is performing in this novel environment. From April to October, we used electrofishing surveys to collect data on growth, condition, and gonad weight of adult fish. Growth rates of young were measured on a daily basis for several weeks. Mean length-at-age for Potomac River northern snakehead was lower than for fish from China, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Fish condition was above average during spring and fall, but below average in summer. Below-average condition corresponded to periods of high spawning activity. Gonadosomatic index indicated that females began spawning at the end of April and continued through August. Peak spawning occurred at the beginning of June when average temperatures reached 26A degrees C. Larval fish growth rate, after the transition to exogenous feeding, was 2.3 (SD +/- A 0.7) mm (total length, TL) per day. Although Potomac River northern snakehead exhibited lower overall growth rates when compared to other populations, these fish demonstrated plasticity in timing of reproduction and rapid larval growth rates. Such life history characteristics likely contribute to the success of northern snakehead in its new environment and limit managers' options for significant control of its invasion. C1 [Landis, Andrew M. Gascho; Lapointe, Nicolas W. R.; Angermeier, Paul L.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Angermeier, Paul L.] US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Landis, AMG (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquaculture, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM andrewmgl@gmail.com; nlapointe@gmail.com FU U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries; Wildlife Management Institute FX We are grateful to John Odenkirk and VDGIF for sharing their northern snakehead data. We appreciate help in the field and lab from Ryan Saylor, Eric Tobin, David Belkosky, Lluis Benejam Vidal, and Filipa Filipe. Eric Yu translated the Chinese literature. Ryan Hunter provided helpful comments. Fort Belvoir marina allowed convenient access to our study sites. Northern snakehead were collected under a Virginia Tech IACUC permit (06-198, 08-048) and a Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries collection permit: (30241 [2006, 2007], 34045 [2008]). Use of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. The Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly sponsored by U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, and Wildlife Management Institute. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 6 U2 68 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD FEB PY 2011 VL 661 IS 1 BP 123 EP 131 DI 10.1007/s10750-010-0509-z PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 691FE UT WOS:000285064900011 ER PT J AU Albright, TP Ode, DJ AF Albright, Thomas P. Ode, David J. TI Monitoring the dynamics of an invasive emergent macrophyte community using operational remote sensing data SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Curly pondweed; Remote sensing; Landsat; AWiFS; South Dakota; Macrophytes; Monitoring; Potamogeton crispus ID RIVER; VEGETATION; ACCURACY AB Potamogeton crispus L. (curly pondweed) is a cosmopolitan aquatic macrophyte considered invasive in North America and elsewhere. Its range is expanding and, on individual water bodies, its coverage can be dynamic both within and among years. In this study, we evaluate the use of free and low-cost satellite remote sensing data to monitor a problematic emergent macrophyte community dominated by P. crispus. Between 2000 and 2006, we acquired eight satellite images of 24,000-ha Lake Sharpe, South Dakota (USA). During one of the dates for which satellite imagery was acquired, we sampled the lake for P. crispus and other emergent macrophytes using GPS and photography for documentation. We used cluster analysis to assist in classification of the satellite imagery and independently validated results using the field data. Resulting estimates of emergent macrophyte coverage ranged from less than 20 ha in 2002 to 245 ha in 2004. Accuracy assessment indicated 82% of image pixels were correctly classified, with errors being primarily due to failure to identify emergent macrophytes. These results emphasize the dynamic nature of P. crispus-dominated macrophyte communities and show how they can be effectively monitored over large areas using low-cost remote sensing imagery. While results may vary in other systems depending on water quality and local flora, such an approach could be applied elsewhere and for a variety of macrophyte communities. C1 [Albright, Thomas P.] SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Albright, Thomas P.] USGS Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Ode, David J.] S Dakota Dept Game Fish & Pk, Pierre, SD USA. RP Albright, TP (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geog, MS0154, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM talbright@unr.edu NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD FEB PY 2011 VL 661 IS 1 BP 469 EP 474 DI 10.1007/s10750-010-0537-8 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 691FE UT WOS:000285064900037 ER PT J AU Mordecai, RS Mattsson, BJ Tzilkowski, CJ Cooper, RJ AF Mordecai, Rua S. Mattsson, Brady J. Tzilkowski, Caleb J. Cooper, Robert J. TI Addressing challenges when studying mobile or episodic species: hierarchical Bayes estimation of occupancy and use SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detection probability; Louisiana waterthrush; Markov chain Monte Carlo; monitoring; multi-scale occupancy; Seiurus motacilla; spatiotemporal distribution; state-space modelling; WinBUGS ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; POINT-COUNT SURVEYS; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; IMPERFECT DETECTION; SEIURUS-MOTACILLA; BREEDING BIRDS; LAND-COVER; HOME-RANGE; MODELS AB P>1. Understanding the distribution and ecology of episodic or mobile species requires us to address multiple potential biases, including spatial clustering of survey locations, imperfect detectability and partial availability for detection. These challenges have been addressed individually by previous modelling approaches, but there is currently no extension of the occupancy modelling framework that accounts for all three problems while estimating occupancy (Sigma), availability for detection (i.e. use; theta) and detectability (P). 2. We describe a hierarchical Bayes multi-scale occupancy model that simultaneously estimates site occupancy, use, and detectability, while accounting for spatial dependence through a state-space approach based on repeated samples at multiple spatial or temporal scales. As an example application, we analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla with respect to catchment size and availability of potential prey based on data collected along Appalachian streams of southern West Virginia, USA. In spring 2009, single observers recorded detections of Louisiana waterthrush (henceforth, waterthrush) within 75 m of point-count stations (i.e. sites) during four 5-min surveys per site, with each survey broken into 1-min intervals. 3. Waterthrushes were widely distributed (Sigma range: 0 center dot 6-1 center dot 0) and were regularly using (theta range: 0 center dot 4-0 center dot 6) count circles along forested mountain streams. While accounting for detection biases and spatial dependence among nearby sampling sites, waterthrushes became more common as catchment area increased, and they became more available for detection as the per cent of the benthic macroinvertebrates that were of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera or Trichoptera (EPT) increased. These results lend some support to the hypothesis that waterthrushes are influenced by instream conditions as mediated by watershed size and benthic macroinvertebrate community composition. 4. Synthesis and applications. Although several available modelling techniques provide estimates of occupancy at one scale, hierarchical Bayes multi-scale occupancy modelling provides estimates of distribution at two scales simultaneously while accounting for detection biases and spatial dependencies. Hierarchical Bayes multi-scale occupancy models therefore hold significant potential for addressing complex conservation threats that operate at a landscape scale (e.g. climate change) and probably influence species distributions over multiple scales. C1 [Mordecai, Rua S.; Mattsson, Brady J.; Cooper, Robert J.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Tzilkowski, Caleb J.] Natl Pk Serv, Eastern Rivers & Mt Network, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Mattsson, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM bmattsson@usgs.gov RI Mattsson, Brady/K-1688-2015 OI Mattsson, Brady/0000-0002-3182-9538 NR 78 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 56 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8901 EI 1365-2664 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 56 EP 66 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01921.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 703RX UT WOS:000286000100008 ER PT J AU Yamaura, Y Royle, JA Kuboi, K Tada, T Ikeno, S Makino, S AF Yamaura, Yuichi Royle, J. Andrew Kuboi, Kouji Tada, Tsuneo Ikeno, Susumu Makino, Shun'ichi TI Modelling community dynamics based on species-level abundance models from detection/nondetection data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE data augmentation; detection; nondetection data; detectability; functional group; hierarchical Bayesian modelling; monitoring; presence; absence data ID BINOMIAL MIXTURE-MODELS; PRESENCE-ABSENCE; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; BIRD ABUNDANCE; RICHNESS; DETECTABILITY; CONSERVATION; OCCUPANCY; HABITATS; COUNTS AB P>1. In large-scale field surveys, a binary recording of each species' detection or nondetection has been increasingly adopted for its simplicity and low cost. Because of the importance of abundance in many studies, it is desirable to obtain inferences about abundance at species-, functional group-, and community-levels from such binary data. 2. We developed a novel hierarchical multi-species abundance model based on species-level detection/nondetection data. The model accounts for the existence of undetected species, and variability in abundance and detectability among species. Species-level detection/nondetection is linked to species-level abundance via a detection model that accommodates the expectation that probability of detection (at least one individuals is detected) increases with local abundance of the species. We applied this model to a 9-year dataset composed of the detection/nondetection of forest birds, at a single post-fire site (from 7 to 15 years after fire) in a montane area of central Japan. The model allocated undetected species into one of the predefined functional groups by assuming a prior distribution on individual group membership. 3. The results suggest that 15-20 species were missed in each year, and that species richness of communities and functional groups did not change with post-fire forest succession. Overall abundance of birds and abundance of functional groups tended to increase over time, although only in the winter, while decreases in detectabilities were observed in several species. 4. Synthesis and applications. Understanding and prediction of large-scale biodiversity dynamics partly hinge on how we can use data effectively. Our hierarchical model for detection/nondetection data estimates abundance in space/time at species-, functional group-, and community-levels while accounting for undetected individuals and species. It also permits comparison of multiple communities by many types of abundance-based diversity and similarity measures under imperfect detection. C1 [Yamaura, Yuichi; Makino, Shun'ichi] Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Dept Forest Entomol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058687, Japan. [Royle, J. Andrew] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Kuboi, Kouji; Tada, Tsuneo] NPO Sch Enjoying Nat Forests, Hitachi, Ibaraki 3160032, Japan. [Ikeno, Susumu] Wild Bird Soc Japan, Ibaraki Branch, Mito, Ibaraki 3100002, Japan. RP Yamaura, Y (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Div Environm Resources, Kita Ku, Nishi 9,Kita 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608589, Japan. EM yamaura@for.agr.hokudai.ac.jp RI Yamaura, Yuichi/A-3638-2012 OI Yamaura, Yuichi/0000-0001-9355-4413 FU Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute [200802]; JSPS [21-7033] FX Suggestions from two anonymous reviewers and the editor greatly improved our manuscript. We are grateful to M. Kery, R. Russell, and E. F. Zipkin for their helpful reviews of a draft of this manuscript. We also thanks for T. Amano, K. Matsumoto, Y. Mitsuda, H. Taki, K. Okabe, and S. Sugiura for useful suggestions for this study. Y. Yamaura was supported by Research grant No. 200802 of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and JSPS KAKENHI (Grand-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows No. 21-7033). NR 60 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 44 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8901 EI 1365-2664 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01922.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 703RX UT WOS:000286000100009 ER PT J AU Meier, ES Edwards, TC Kienast, F Dobbertin, M Zimmermann, NE AF Meier, Eliane S. Edwards, Thomas C., Jr. Kienast, Felix Dobbertin, Matthias Zimmermann, Niklaus E. TI Co-occurrence patterns of trees along macro-climatic gradients and their potential influence on the present and future distribution of Fagus sylvatica L. SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Climate change; environmental gradients; Europe; forest; generalized additive models; relative abundance; species distribution model; species interactions; stress-gradient hypothesis ID BIOTIC INTERACTIONS; SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS; POSITIVE INTERACTIONS; DISTRIBUTION MODELS; EUROPEAN BEECH; COMMUNITIES; COMPETITION; MORPHOLOGY; GROWTH; RANGE AB Aim During recent and future climate change, shifts in large-scale species ranges are expected due to the hypothesized major role of climatic factors in regulating species distributions. The stress-gradient hypothesis suggests that biotic interactions may act as major constraints on species distributions under more favourable growing conditions, while climatic constraints may dominate under unfavourable conditions. We tested this hypothesis for one focal tree species having three major competitors using broad-scale environmental data. We evaluated the variation of species co-occurrence patterns in climate space and estimated the influence of these patterns on the distribution of the focal species for current and projected future climates. Location Europe. Methods We used ICP Forest Level 1 data as well as climatic, topographic and edaphic variables. First, correlations between the relative abundance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and three major competitor species (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus robur) were analysed in environmental space, and then projected to geographic space. Second, a sensitivity analysis was performed using generalized additive models (GAM) to evaluate where and how much the predicted F. sylvatica distribution varied under current and future climates if potential competitor species were included or excluded. We evaluated if these areas coincide with current species co-occurrence patterns. Results Correlation analyses supported the stress-gradient hypothesis: towards favourable growing conditions of F. sylvatica, its abundance was strongly linked to the abundance of its competitors, while this link weakened towards unfavourable growing conditions, with stronger correlations in the south and at low elevations than in the north and at high elevations. The sensitivity analysis showed a potential spatial segregation of species with changing climate and a pronounced shift of zones where co-occurrence patterns may play a major role. Main conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of species co-occurrence patterns for calibrating improved species distribution models for use in projections of climate effects. The correlation approach is able to localize European areas where inclusion of biotic predictors is effective. The climate-induced spatial segregation of the major tree species could have ecological and economic consequences. C1 [Meier, Eliane S.; Kienast, Felix; Dobbertin, Matthias; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.] Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. [Edwards, Thomas C., Jr.] Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Meier, ES (reprint author), Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Zuercherstr 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. EM eliane.meier@wsl.ch RI Kienast, Felix/L-3536-2013; Zimmermann, Niklaus/A-4276-2008; Meier, Eliane/D-5214-2012 OI Zimmermann, Niklaus/0000-0003-3099-9604; Meier, Eliane/0000-0002-9545-1167 FU 6th & 7th European Framework Programme [GOCE-CT-2007-036866, ENV-CT-2009-226544] FX The evaluations were carried out with data submitted under the joint EU/ICP Forests monitoring programme (http://www.icp-forests.org). Specifically, data were used from the current member states of the EU (excluding Cyprus), Andorra, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, Serbia and Republic of Belarus. This research was conducted as part of the 6th & 7th European Framework Programme Grants GOCE-CT-2007-036866 (ECOCHANGE) and ENV-CT-2009-226544 (MOTIVE). Use of any particular product in this research does not constitute endorsement by the US Geological Survey. NR 56 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 49 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 38 IS 2 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02405.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 707YT UT WOS:000286328200012 ER PT J AU McCleskey, RB AF McCleskey, R. Blaine TI Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes Found In Natural Waters from (5 to 90) degrees C SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS; TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; LIMITING EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCES; SODIUM-HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS; ALKALINE-EARTH CHLORIDES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HYDROCHLORIC-ACID; HIGH-TEMPERATURES; CONDUCTIMETRIC DETERMINATION; CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS AB The electrical conductivities of 34 electrolyte solutions found in natural waters ranging from (10(-4) to 1) mol.kg(-1) in concentration and from (5 to 90) degrees C have been determined. High-quality electrical conductivity data for numerous electrolytes exist in the scientific literature, but the data do not span the concentration or temperature ranges of many electrolytes in natural waters. Methods for calculating the electrical conductivities of natural waters have incorporated these data from the literature, and as a result these methods cannot be used to reliably calculate the electrical conductivity over a large enough range of temperature and concentration. For the single-electrolyte solutions, empirical equations were developed that relate electrical conductivity to temperature and molality. For the 942 molar conductivity determinations for single electrolytes from this study, the mean relative difference between the calculated and measured values was 0.1 %. The calculated molar conductivity was compared to literature data, and the mean relative difference for 1978 measurements was 0.2 %. These data provide an improved basis for calculating electrical conductivity for most natural waters. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP McCleskey, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI McCleskey, Richard/0000-0002-2521-8052 FU USGS FX I would like to thank Kirk Nordstrom of the USGS for his assistance on many occasions during this study and manuscript preparation. I also would like to thank Jim Ball and Joe Ryan for their constructive comments and reviews. This study would not have been possible without the support of the National Research Program of the USGS. The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 125 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD FEB PY 2011 VL 56 IS 2 BP 317 EP 327 DI 10.1021/je101012n PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 717SE UT WOS:000287066900020 ER PT J AU Lieb, DA Bouchard, RW Canine, RF AF Lieb, David A. Bouchard, Raymond W. Canine, Robert F. TI CRAYFISH FAUNA OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA: DISTRIBUTIONS, ECOLOGY, AND CHANGES OVER THE LAST CENTURY SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cambarus acuminatus complex; Cambarus bartonii; conservation; exotic species; Orconectes limosus; Orconectes obscurus; Orconectes rusticus; Orconectes virilis; Procambarus acutus; Procambarus clarkii; range shifts ID ORCONECTES-RUSTICUS GIRARD; AUSTROPOTAMOBIUS-PALLIPES; PROCAMBARUS-CLARKII; SCHUYLKILL RIVER; UNITED-STATES; VALLEY CREEK; DECAPODA CAMBARIDAE; CONSERVATION STATUS; SOUTHWESTERN OHIO; HEADWATER STREAMS AB We describe the current distributions and relative abundances of southeastern Pennsylvania's crayfish; changes in the region's crayfish fauna over the last century; and, where pertinent, the relationship of the current fauna to site-specific characteristics, basin-wide attributes, and exotic crayfish. The crayfish fauna currently inhabiting the region bears little resemblance to the historical assemblage. Whereas historical surveys yielded Orconectes limosus and Cambarus bartonii, both native species, recent collections produced eight species including five exotics. Many areas occupied by exotic Orconectes no longer support O. limosus. Cambarus bartonii was found in a number of invaded systems, but was typically a minor component of the crayfish community and may not be able to persist in those systems indefinitely. The distribution of Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp., an undescribed member of the Cambarus acuminatus complex, was extremely limited, with populations only found in four streams, all of which are threatened by urbanization and exotic crayfish. Exotic species collections include the first published records for Procambarus clarkii in Pennsylvania and extend the ranges of Orconectes virilis and Orconectes obscurus in the state by > 150 km. These results indicate the need for conservation and management initiatives aimed at preserving the native crayfish that remain in southeastern Pennsylvania. C1 [Lieb, David A.] Penn State Univ, Intercoll Grad Degree Program Ecol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Bouchard, Raymond W.] Acad Nat Sci, Patrick Ctr Environm Res, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA. [Canine, Robert F.] Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Lieb, DA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Intercoll Grad Degree Program Ecol, 435 Forest Resources Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM dal105@psu.edu; rwbouchard@verizon.net; f7u@psu.edu FU Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources [AG050523]; National Park Service [H4560030064]; Pennsylvania State [PFBC050305.01] FX We thank Nellie Bhattarai, Hannah M. Ingram, and Jeremy Harper for their substantial contributions. The Wild Resources Conservation Fund, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Project Number AG050523); the National Park Service (Grant Agreement H4560030064); and a Pennsylvania State Wildlife Grant (number PFBC050305.01) provided financial support. Christopher A. Urban, Matt R. Marshall, and Sarah Nichols administered grants and provided encouragement. Marybeth Lieb, John E. Cooper, and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful critiques of the paper and Erin Greb assisted with figure preparation. Drew Reif, Mike Bilger, Rafael Lemaitre, and especially Richard J. Horwitz and Paul F. Overbeck provided museum records or crayfish specimens. The Stroud Water Research Center granted access to White Clay Creek. NR 96 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 19 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 166 EP 178 DI 10.1651/10-3287.1 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 722JA UT WOS:000287427300018 ER PT J AU Obaza, A DeAngelis, DL Trexler, JC AF Obaza, A. DeAngelis, D. L. Trexler, J. C. TI Using data from an encounter sampler to model fish dispersal SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Everglades; sampling bias; stratified movement model ID UNDERWATER VIDEO; GILL NETS; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MINNOW TRAPS; MOVEMENT; POPULATION; BEHAVIOR; DENSITY; RIVER AB A method to estimate speed of free-ranging fishes using a passive sampling device is described and illustrated with data from the Everglades, U.S.A. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) from minnow traps embedded in drift fences was treated as an encounter rate and used to estimate speed, when combined with an independent estimate of density obtained by use of throw traps that enclose 1 m2 of marsh habitat. Underwater video was used to evaluate capture efficiency and species-specific bias of minnow traps and two sampling studies were used to estimate trap saturation and diel-movement patterns; these results were used to optimize sampling and derive correction factors to adjust species-specific encounter rates for bias and capture efficiency. Sailfin mollies Poecilia latipinna displayed a high frequency of escape from traps, whereas eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki were most likely to avoid a trap once they encountered it; dollar sunfish Lepomis marginatus were least likely to avoid the trap once they encountered it or to escape once they were captured. Length of sampling and time of day affected CPUE; fishes generally had a very low retention rate over a 24 h sample time and only the Everglades pygmy sunfish Elassoma evergladei were commonly captured at night. Dispersal speed of fishes in the Florida Everglades, U.S.A., was shown to vary seasonally and among species, ranging from 0 center dot 05 to 0 center dot 15 m s-1 for small poeciliids and fundulids to 0 center dot 1 to 1 center dot 8 m s-1 for L. marginatus. Speed was generally highest late in the wet season and lowest in the dry season, possibly tied to dispersal behaviours linked to finding and remaining in dry-season refuges. These speed estimates can be used to estimate the diffusive movement rate, which is commonly employed in spatial ecological models. C1 [Obaza, A.; Trexler, J. C.] Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. [DeAngelis, D. L.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. [DeAngelis, D. L.] Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Trexler, JC (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol, 3000 NE 151st St, N Miami, FL 33181 USA. EM trexlerj@fiu.edu FU Everglades National Park [H5000060104, J5284060023]; National Science Foundation [DEB-9910514] FX The authors wish to thank J. Kline and members of the Trexler laboratory for help with field work; W. Loftus and M. Heithaus assisted with this effort and provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Financial support for this project was provided by Cooperative Agreement H5000060104 Task Agreement Number J5284060023 from Everglades National Park to Florida International University. This material was developed in collaboration with the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research programme under National Science Foundation Grant No. DEB-9910514. This paper is number 187 from the Tropical Biology Program at Florida International University and publication number 492 from the South East Research Center. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 78 IS 2 BP 495 EP 513 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02867.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 715MH UT WOS:000286888100007 PM 21284631 ER PT J AU Williams, GJ Work, TM Aeby, GS Knapp, IS Davy, SK AF Williams, Gareth J. Work, Thierry M. Aeby, Greta S. Knapp, Ingrid S. Davy, Simon K. TI Gross and microscopic morphology of lesions in Cnidaria from Palmyra Atoll, Central Pacific SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coral disease; Coral lesion; Growth anomaly; Tissue loss; Discoloration; Hyperplasia; Necrosis; Fungi; Scleractinian coral; Soft coral; Zoanthid ID CARIBBEAN SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; INDO-PACIFIC; BAND DISEASE; REEF; CRYPTOCHIRIDAE; BRACHYURA AB We conducted gross and microscopic characterizations of lesions in Cnidaria from Palmyra Atoll, Central Pacific. We found growth anomalies (GA) to be the most commonly encountered lesion. Cases of discoloration and tissue loss were rare. GAs had a focal or multi-focal distribution and were predominantly nodular, exophytic, and umbonate. In scleractinians, the majority of GAs manifested as hyperplasia of the basal body wall (52% of cases), with an associated absence or reduction of polyp structure (mesenteries and filaments, actinopharynx and tentacles), and depletion of zooxanthellae in the gastrodermis of the upper body wall. In the soft corals Sinularia sp. and Lobophytum sp., GAs exclusively manifested as prominent hyperplasia of the coenenchyme with an increased density of solenia. In contrast to scleractinians, soft coral GAs displayed an inflammatory and necrotizing component with marked edema of the mesoglea, accompanied by infiltrates of variably-sized granular amoebocytes. Fungi, algae, sponges, and Crustacea were present in some scleractinian GAs, but absent in soft coral GAs. Fragmentation of tissues was a common finding in Acropora acuminata and Montipora cf. dilatata colonies with tissue loss, although no obvious causative agents were seen. Discoloration in the zoanthid, Palythoa tuberculosa, was found to be the result of necrosis, while in Lobophytum sp. discoloration was the result of zooxanthellar depletion (bleaching). Soft corals with discoloration or tissue loss showed a marked inflammatory response, however no obvious causative organisms were seen. Lesions that appeared similar at the gross level were revealed to be distinct by microscopy, emphasizing the importance of histopathology. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Williams, Gareth J.; Knapp, Ingrid S.; Davy, Simon K.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Biol Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. [Williams, Gareth J.; Knapp, Ingrid S.; Davy, Simon K.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Ctr Marine Environm & Econ Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Work, Thierry M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. [Aeby, Greta S.] Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Davy, SK (reprint author), Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Biol Sci, POB 600, Wellington, New Zealand. EM simon.davy@vuw.ac.nz RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU National Geographic Society; Victoria University of Wellington; New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship FX We thank the US Fish and Wildlife Service and The Nature Conservancy for granting access to the refuge and logistical support. Thanks also to Jim Maragos for assistance with cnidarian taxonomy, and Scott Godwin for assistance with gall crab taxonomy.Lastly, we thank two anonymous referees who critically reviewed the manuscript. This work was funded, in part, by a Grant from the National Geographic Society awarded to SKD. GJW was supported by a Victoria University of Wellington Vice-Chancellor's Strategic Research Scholarship and a New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship. Victoria University of Wellington and USGS are members of the Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium (PARC). The majority of this work was conducted under the special use permit 12533-09015 granted by the United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 106 IS 2 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2010.08.002 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 712YG UT WOS:000286701600001 PM 20709072 ER PT J AU Putirka, K Ryerson, FJ Perfit, M Ridley, WI AF Putirka, Keith Ryerson, F. J. Perfit, Michael Ridley, W. Ian TI Mineralogy and Composition of the Oceanic Mantle SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE mineralogy; mantle composition; partial melting; Hawaii; Siqueiros ID SCIENTIFIC DRILLING PROJECT; MIDOCEAN RIDGE BASALTS; EAST PACIFIC RISE; MAUNA-KEA VOLCANO; TRACE-ELEMENT; HAWAIIAN PLUME; BENEATH HAWAII; ISLAND BASALTS; KOOLAU VOLCANO; ORTHO-PYROXENE AB The mineralogy of the oceanic basalt source region is examined by testing whether a peridotite mineralogy can yield observed whole-rock and olivine compositions from (1) the Hawaiian Islands, our type example of a mantle plume, and (2) the Siqueiros Transform, which provides primitive samples of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. New olivine compositional data from phase 2 of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP2) show that higher Ni-in-olivine at the Hawaiian Islands is due to higher temperatures (T) of melt generation and processing (by c. 300 degrees C) related to the Hawaiian mantle plume. Pm is low at high T, so parental Hawaiian basalts are enriched in NiO. When Hawaiian (picritic) parental magmas are transported to shallow depths, olivine precipitation occurs at lower temperatures, where D-Ni is high, leading to high Ni-in-olivine. Similarly, variations in Mn and Fe/Mn ratios in olivines are explained by contrasts in the temperatures of magma processing. Using the most mafic rocks to delimit Siqueiros and Hawaiian Co and Ni contents in parental magmas and mantle source compositions also shows that both suites can be derived from natural peridotites, but are inconsistent with partial melting of natural pyroxenites. Whole-rock compositions at Hawaii and Siqueiros are also matched by partial melting experiments conducted on peridotite bulk compositions. Hawaiian whole-rocks have elevated FeO contents compared with Siqueiros, which can be explained if Hawaiian parental magmas are generated from peridotite at 4-5 GPa, in contrast to pressures of slightly greater than 1 GPa for melt generation at Siqueiros; these pressures are consistent with olivine thermometry, as described in an earlier paper. SiO2-enriched Koolau compositions are reproduced if high-Fe Hawaiian parental magmas re-equilibrate at 1-1.5 GPa. Peridotite partial melts from experimental studies also reproduce the CaO and Al2O3 contents of Hawaiian (and Siqueiros) whole-rocks. Hawaiian magmas have TiO2 contents, however, that are enriched compared with melts from natural peridotites and magmas derived from the Siqueiros depleted mantle, and consequently may require an enriched source. TiO2 is not the only element that is enriched relative to melts of natural peridotites. Moderately incompatible elements, such as Ti, Zr, Hf, Gamma, and Eu, and compatible elements, such as Gamma b and Lu, are all enriched at the Hawaiian Islands. Such enrichments can be explained by adding 5-10% mid-ocean ridge basalt (crust) to depleted mantle; when the major element composition of such a mixture is recast into mineral components, the result is a fertile peridotite mineralogy. C1 [Putirka, Keith] Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. [Ryerson, F. J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Perfit, Michael] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Ridley, W. Ian] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Putirka, K (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 2576 E San Ramon Ave,MS ST25, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. EM kputirka@csufresno.edu FU National Science Foundation [NSF-EAR 0337345, OCE-90-19154] FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grants to K.P. (NSF-EAR 0337345) and M.P. (OCE-90-19154). W.I.R. publishes with the permission of the Director of the US Geological Survey NR 121 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 46 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 52 IS 2 BP 279 EP 313 DI 10.1093/petrology/egq080 PG 35 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 721EY UT WOS:000287337600003 ER PT J AU DeMaso, SJ Grant, WE Hernandez, F Brennan, LA Silvy, NJ Wu, XB Bryant, FC AF DeMaso, Stephen J. Grant, William E. Hernandez, Fidel Brennan, Leonard A. Silvy, Nova J. Wu, X. Ben Bryant, Fred C. TI A Population Model to Simulate Northern Bobwhite Population Dynamics in Southern Texas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Colinus virginianus; model; northern bobwhite; population; simulation; south Texas; stochastic ID SURVIVAL; QUAIL; GROWTH; RATES; PRECIPITATION; ABUNDANCE; HARVEST; SEX AB Models are important tools that can help managers and researchers understand the population dynamics of a species and how different habitat or population management scenarios impact that species. We used radio-telemetry data from northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in southern Texas from 2000 to 2005 to develop a stochastic simulation model for bobwhite populations. Our model is based on difference equations, with stochastic variables drawn from normal and Weibull distributions. We simulated bobwhite populations to 100 yr and evaluated our model by comparing results with independent estimates of 4 population parameters (spring and fall density, finite rate of increase in the fall population [lambda], and winter juv:ad age ratios). Using a quasi-extinction criterion of <= 40 birds (density <= 0.05 birds/ha), probability of persistence to 100 yr was 88.3% (106 of 120 simulations) for the spring population and 96.7% (116 of 120 simulations) for the fall population. Using a less restrictive quasi-extinction criteria (<= 14 birds), probability of persistence was 93.3% (112 of 120 simulations) for the spring population and 98.3% (118 of 120 simulations) for the fall population. Simulated population parameters were similar to independent estimates for 4 of 4 population parameters. Winter age ratios differed between our model ((x) over bar = 4.98 juv:ad, n = 120, SE = 0.32) and empirical age ratios from harvested bobwhites on our study area ((x) over bar = 2.85 juv:ad, n = 25, SE = 0.24). However, when we corrected harvest age ratios for bias in juvenile harvest ((x) over bar = 3.85 juv:ad, n = 25, SE = 0.32) simulated and empirical estimates were similar. Our model appears to be a reliable predictor of bobwhite populations in the southern Texas. Our simulation results indicate that bobwhite hunters and managers can expect excellent bobwhite hunting (fall populations >= 2.2 birds per ha) in about one of 10 yr. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [DeMaso, Stephen J.; Hernandez, Fidel; Brennan, Leonard A.; Bryant, Fred C.] Texas A&M Univ, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. [Grant, William E.; Silvy, Nova J.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Wu, X. Ben] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Ecosyst Sci & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP DeMaso, SJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM fidel.hernandez@tamuk.edu RI Wu, X. Ben/E-3772-2010 OI Wu, X. Ben/0000-0001-5947-3118 FU Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute; Texas AM University; Texas State Council, South Texas, Houston, East Texas, and Alamo chapters of Quail Unlimited; George and Mary Josephine Hamman Foundation; Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation; Amy Shelton McNutt Charitable Trust; Amy Shelton McNutt Memorial Fund; Bob and Vivian Smith Foundation; William A. and Madeline Welder Smith Foundation FX We thank the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute and Texas A&M University for providing financial and logistical support. Cooperative funding was provided by the Texas State Council, South Texas, Houston, East Texas, and Alamo chapters of Quail Unlimited; George and Mary Josephine Hamman Foundation; Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation; Amy Shelton McNutt Charitable Trust; Amy Shelton McNutt Memorial Fund; Bob and Vivian Smith Foundation; and The William A. and Madeline Welder Smith Foundation. We thank F. S. Guthery, T. L. Hiller, and T. M. Terhune for providing helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. This manuscript is Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute publication number 10-116. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 2 BP 319 EP 332 DI 10.1002/jwmg.52 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 752EA UT WOS:000289670800009 ER PT J AU Haramis, GM White, TS AF Haramis, G. Michael White, Timothy S. TI A beaded collar for dual micro GPS/VHF transmitter attachment to nutria SO MAMMALIA LA English DT Article DE GPS collar; Myocastor coypus; nutria; radio telemetry; wildlife tracking ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; KETAMINE-HYDROCHLORIDE; XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE; MYOCASTOR-COYPUS; IMMOBILIZATION; RATES; TELEMETRY AB We report on the development of an approximately 85-g beaded collar for dual micro GPS/VHF transmitter attachment to semi-aquatic nutria (Myocastor coypus). Prototype collars were tested on captive nutria and refined during field trials. Central to the design was novel use of the VHF transmitter antenna as a collar. A circular collar was formed by passing the 44-cm antenna cable through a pre-made hole in the transmitter, leaving an approximately 16-cm upright antenna. GPS units were mounted separately via a hole in the base of each unit. For good satellite contact, GPS units (similar to 28 g) were maintained at the nape of the neck by counterbalance of the heavier VHF transmitters (similar to 50 g) positioned under the neck. To reduce friction, we lined the collar with alternate-sized plastic and, later, more durable nylon beads. The final collar configuration was worn for approximately 1 month deployments with only minor neck abrasion; one collar was worn successfully for 5 months. Foot entanglement remained the greatest risk of injury from the collar. By fitting collars tightly, we reduced the incidence of foot entanglement to 2 of 33 deployments (6%). Successful GPS tracks were acquired on 29 of 33 deployments (88%). C1 [Haramis, G. Michael] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [White, Timothy S.] USDA APHIS Wildlife Serv, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Haramis, GM (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, C-O BARC E Bldg 308,Rm 225,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mharamis@usgs.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX Special thanks are extended to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for financial support and to S. Kendrot and trapping personnel of the USDA-APHIS Maryland Nutria Eradication Project for assistance in recovering collared nutria in Maryland marshes. Additional thanks are extended to B. Freske and J. Fringeli of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and C. Olfenbuttel of North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission for supporting our work with nutria at Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge. P. Brennand, J. Jones, J. Miller, and T. Wilson provided additional valuable field assistance. G. Heinz and M. Perry made helpful editorial comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0025-1461 J9 MAMMALIA JI Mammalia PD FEB PY 2011 VL 75 IS 1 BP 79 EP 82 DI 10.1515/MAMM.2010.070 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 780TO UT WOS:000291882300010 ER PT J AU Collett, TS Lee, MW Agena, WF Miller, JJ Lewis, KA Zyrianova, MV Boswell, R Inks, TL AF Collett, Timothy S. Lee, Myung W. Agena, Warren F. Miller, John J. Lewis, Kristen A. Zyrianova, Margarita V. Boswell, Ray Inks, Tanya L. TI Permafrost-associated natural gas hydrate occurrences on the Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Gas hydrates; Gas; Alaska; Resources; Exploration; Petroleum system; Drilling; Coring; Seismic analysis ID STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL; METHANE HYDRATE; SEDIMENTS; PROSPECT AB In the 1960s Russian scientists made what was then a bold assertion that gas hydrates should occur in abundance in nature. Since this early start, the scientific foundation has been built for the realization that gas hydrates are a global phenomenon, occurring in permafrost regions of the arctic and in deep water portions of most continental margins worldwide. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey made the first systematic assessment of the in-place natural gas hydrate resources of the United States. That study suggested that the amount of gas in the gas hydrate accumulations of northern Alaska probably exceeds the volume of known conventional gas resources on the North Slope. Researchers have long speculated that gas hydrates could eventually become a producible energy resource, yet technical and economic hurdles have historically made gas hydrate development a distant goal. This view began to change in recent years with the realization that this unconventional resource could be developed with existing conventional oil and gas production technology. One of the most significant developments was the completion of the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well on the Alaska North Slope, which along with the Mallik project in Canada, have for the first time allowed the rational assessment of gas hydrate production technology and concepts. Almost 40 years of gas hydrate research in northern Alaska has confirmed the occurrence of at least two large gas hydrate accumulations on the North Slope. We have also seen in Alaska the first ever assessment of how much gas could be technically recovered from gas hydrates. However, significant technical concerns need to be further resolved in order to assess the ultimate impact of gas hydrate energy resource development in northern Alaska. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Collett, Timothy S.; Lee, Myung W.; Agena, Warren F.; Miller, John J.; Lewis, Kristen A.; Zyrianova, Margarita V.] US Geol Survey, Energy Resources Program, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Boswell, Ray] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Inks, Tanya L.] IS Interpretat Serv Inc, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Energy Resources Program, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 939,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM tcollett@usgs.gov OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 NR 58 TC 44 Z9 68 U1 5 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 279 EP 294 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.12.001 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500001 ER PT J AU Rose, K Boswell, R Collett, T AF Rose, Kelly Boswell, Ray Collett, Timothy TI Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Coring operations, core sedimentology, and lithostratigraphy SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Methane hydrates; Mount Elbert; Coring operations; Sedimentology; Lithostratigraphy ID ARCTIC-OCEAN; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; GEOCHEMISTRY; PROSPECT; TERMS; SIZE AB In February 2007, BP Exploration (Alaska), the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Geological Survey completed the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well (Mount Elbert well) in the Milne Point Unit on the Alaska North Slope. The program achieved its primary goals of validating the pre-drill estimates of gas hydrate occurrence and thickness based on 3-D seismic interpretations and wireline log correlations and collecting a comprehensive suite of logging, coring, and pressure testing data. The upper section of the Mount Elbert well was drilled through the base of ice-bearing permafrost to a casing point of 594 m (1950 ft), approximately 15 m (50 ft) above the top of the targeted reservoir interval. The lower portion of the well was continuously cored from 606 m (1987 ft) to 760 m (2494 ft) and drilled to a total depth of 914 m. Ice-bearing permafrost extends to a depth of roughly 536 m and the base of gas hydrate stability is interpreted to extend to a depth of 870 m. Coring through the targeted gas hydrate bearing reservoirs was completed using a wireline-retrievable system. The coring program achieved 85% recovery of 7.6 cm (3 in) diameter core through 154 m (504 ft) of the hole. An onsite team processed the cores, collecting and preserving approximately 250 sub-samples for analyses of pore water geochemistry, microbiology, gas chemistry, petrophysical analysis, and thermal and physical properties. Eleven samples were immediately transferred to either methane-charged pressure vessels or liquid nitrogen for future study of the preserved gas hydrate. Additional offsite sampling, analyses, and detailed description of the cores were also conducted. Based on this work, one lithostratigraphic unit with eight subunits was identified across the cored interval. Subunits II and Va comprise :he majority of the reservoir facies and are dominantly very fine to fine, moderately sorted, quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragment-bearing to -rich sands. Lithostratigraphic and palynologic data indicate that this section is most likely early Eocene to late Paleocene in age. The examined units contain evidence for both marine and non-marine lithofacies, and indications that the depositional environment for the reservoir facies may have been shallower marine than originally interpreted based on pre-drill wireline log interpretations. There is also evidence of reduced salinity marine conditions during deposition that may be related to the paleo-climate and depositional conditions during the early Eocene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Rose, Kelly; Boswell, Ray] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Collett, Timothy] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Rose, K (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, 3610 Collins Ferry Rd, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. EM Kelly.Rose@NETL.DOE.GOV OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 NR 61 TC 24 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 311 EP 331 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.001 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500003 ER PT J AU Winters, W Walker, M Hunter, R Collett, T Boswell, R Rose, K Waite, W Torres, M Patil, S Dandekar, A AF Winters, William Walker, Michael Hunter, Robert Collett, Timothy Boswell, Ray Rose, Kelly Waite, William Torres, Marta Patil, Shirish Dandekar, Abhijit TI Physical properties of sediment from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Sagavanirktok Formation; Milne Point; Physical properties; Grain size; Mineralogy; Porosity; Permeability AB This study characterizes cored and logged sedimentary strata from the February 2007 BP Exploration Alaska, Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey (BPXA-DOE-USGS) Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well on the Alaska North Slope (ANS). The physical-properties program analyzed core samples recovered from the well, and in conjunction with downhole geophysical logs, produced an extensive dataset including grain size, water content, porosity, grain density, bulk density, permeability, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and petrography. This study documents the physical property interrelationships in the well and demonstrates their correlation with the occurrence of gas hydrate. Gas hydrate (GH) occurs in three unconsolidated, coarse silt to fine sand intervals within the Paleocene and Eocene beds of the Sagavanirktok Formation: Unit D-GH (614.4 m-627.9 m); unit C-GH1 (649.8 m-660.8 m); and unit C-GH2 (663.2 m-666.3 m). These intervals are overlain by fine to coarse silt intervals with greater clay content. A deeper interval (unit B) is similar lithologically to the gas-hydrate-bearing strata; however, it is water-saturated and contains no hydrate. In this system it appears that high sediment permeability (k) is critical to the formation of concentrated hydrate deposits. Intervals D-GH and C-GH1 have average "plug" intrinsic permeability to nitrogen values of 1700 mD and 675 mD, respectively. These values are in strong contrast with those of the overlying, gas-hydrate-free sediments, which have k values of 5.7 mD and 49 mD, respectively, and thus would have provided effective seals to trap free gas. The relation between permeability and porosity critically influences the occurrence of GH. For example, an average increase of 4% in porosity increases permeability by an order of magnitude, but the presence of a second fluid (e.g., methane from dissociating gas hydrate) in the reservoir reduces permeability by more than an order of magnitude. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Winters, William; Waite, William] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Walker, Michael] Weatherford Labs, Houston, TX 77064 USA. [Hunter, Robert] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Collett, Timothy] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Boswell, Ray; Rose, Kelly] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Torres, Marta] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Patil, Shirish; Dandekar, Abhijit] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Winters, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM bwinters@usgs.gov OI Waite, William/0000-0002-9436-4109; Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 FU U.S. Department of Energy FX Melanie Holland, Peter Schultheiss, and Walter Barnhardt provided helpful reviews of the manuscript. Aditya Deshpande, University of Alaska at Fairbanks, assisted with minipermeameter measurements. BP was the designated operator for fieldwork. The drillers and staff at the well site are thanked for obtaining cores, performing logging runs, and providing logistical support under adverse conditions. This work was supported by the Coastal and Marine Geology, and Energy Programs of the U.S. Geological Survey and funding was provided by the Gas Hydrate Program of the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 68 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 361 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.008 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500006 ER PT J AU Stern, LA Lorenson, TD Pinkston, JC AF Stern, Laura A. Lorenson, Thomas D. Pinkston, John C. TI Gas hydrate characterization and grain-scale imaging of recovered cores from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Mount Elbert; Electron microscopy; Gas chromatography; X-ray diffraction ID METHANE CLATHRATE HYDRATE; NATURAL-GAS; ICE AB Using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (CSEM), powder X-ray diffraction, and gas chromatography methods, we investigated the physical states, grain characteristics, gas composition, and methane isotopic composition of two gas-hydrate-bearing sections of core recovered from the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well situated on the Alaska North Slope. The well was continuously cored from 606.5 m to 760.1 m depth, and sections investigated here were retrieved from 619.9 m and 661.0 m depth. X-ray analysis and imaging of the sediment phase in both sections shows it consists of a predominantly fine-grained and well-sorted quartz sand with lesser amounts of feldspar, muscovite, and minor clays. Cryogenic SEM shows the gas-hydrate phase forming primarily as a pore-filling material between the sediment grains at approximately 70-75% saturation, and more sporadically as thin veins typically several tens of microns in diameter. Pore throat diameters vary, but commonly range 20-120 microns. Gas chromatography analyses of the hydrate-forming gas show that it is comprised of mainly methane (>99.9%), indicating that the gas hydrate is structure I. Here we report on the distribution and articulation of the gas-hydrate phase within the cores, the grain morphology of the hydrate, the composition of the sediment host, and the composition of the hydrate-forming gas. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Stern, Laura A.; Lorenson, Thomas D.; Pinkston, John C.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stern, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM lstern@usgs.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy FX This work was supported by the USGS Gas Hydrate Project and partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. We thank the Mount Elbert scientific parties and field crews for providing us with the cored sections investigated in this study. We thank T. Kneafsey of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory for providing preliminary CT X-ray scans of the core sections, R. Oscarson of the USGS for technical assistance, and D. Moore of the USGS for helpful discussions regarding clay identification. Careful reviews of the manuscript were provided by S. Kirby and W. Winters of the USGS and two anonymous referees. Use of product and/or trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 394 EP 403 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.08.003 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500008 ER PT J AU Lu, HL Lorenson, TD Moudrakovski, IL Ripmeester, JA Collett, TS Hunter, RB Ratcliffe, CI AF Lu, Hailong Lorenson, Thomas D. Moudrakovski, Igor L. Ripmeester, John A. Collett, Timothy S. Hunter, Robert B. Ratcliffe, Chris I. TI The characteristics of gas hydrates recovered from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Crystal structure; Hydration number; Isotope; Geochemistry; Alaska; North Slope ID DISSOCIATION AB Systematic analyses have been carried out on two gas hydrate-bearing sediment core samples, HYPV4, which was preserved by CH4 gas pressurization, and HYLN7, which was preserved in liquid-nitrogen, recovered from the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Stratigraphic Test Well. Gas hydrate in the studied core samples was found by observation to have developed in sediment pores, and the distribution of hydrate saturation in the cores imply that gas hydrate had experienced stepwise dissociation before it was stabilized by either liquid nitrogen or pressurizing gas. The gas hydrates were determined to be structure Type I hydrate with hydration numbers of approximately 6.1 by instrumentation methods such as powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and solid state C-13 NMR. The hydrate gas composition was predominantly methane, and isotopic analysis showed that the methane was of thermogenic origin (mean delta C-13 = 48.6 parts per thousand and delta(D) = 248 parts per thousand for sample HYLN7). Isotopic analysis of methane from sample HYPV4 revealed secondary hydrate formation from the pressurizing methane gas during storage. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Lu, Hailong; Moudrakovski, Igor L.; Ripmeester, John A.; Ratcliffe, Chris I.] Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON J9J 2R8, Canada. [Lorenson, Thomas D.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lu, HL (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON J9J 2R8, Canada. EM hailong.lu@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca NR 23 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 411 EP 418 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.002 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500010 ER PT J AU Wilson, SJ Hunter, RB Collett, TS Hancock, S Boswell, R Anderson, BJ AF Wilson, Scott J. Hunter, Robert B. Collett, Timothy S. Hancock, Steve Boswell, Ray Anderson, Brian J. TI Alaska North Slope regional gas hydrate production modeling forecasts SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrates; Alaska North Slope; Resource development modeling; Production forecasting AB A series of gas hydrate development scenarios were created to assess the range of outcomes predicted for the possible development of the "Eileen" gas hydrate accumulation, North Slope, Alaska. Production forecasts for the "reference case" were built using the 2002 Mallik production tests, mechanistic simulation, and geologic studies conducted by the US Geological Survey. Three additional scenarios were considered: A "downside-scenario" which fails to identify viable production, an "upside-scenario" describes results that are better than expected. To capture the full range of possible outcomes and balance the downside case, an "extreme upside scenario" assumes each well is exceptionally productive. Starting with a representative type-well simulation forecasts, field development timing is applied and the sum of individual well forecasts creating the field-wide production forecast. This technique is commonly used to schedule large-scale resource plays where drilling schedules are complex and production forecasts must account for many changing parameters. The complementary forecasts of rig count, capital investment, and cash flow can be used in a pre-appraisal assessment of potential commercial viability. Since no significant gas sales are currently possible on the North Slope of Alaska, typical parameters were used to create downside, reference, and upside case forecasts that predict from 0 to 71 BM3 (2.5 tcf) of gas may be produced in 20 years and nearly 283 BM3 (10 tcf) ultimate recovery after 100 years. Outlining a range of possible outcomes enables decision makers to visualize the pace and milestones that will be required to evaluate gas hydrate resource development in the Eileen accumulation. Critical values of peak production rate, time to meaningful production volumes, and investments required to rule out a downside case are provided. Upside cases identify potential if both depressurization and thermal stimulation yield positive results. An "extreme upside" case captures the full potential of unconstrained development with widely spaced wells. The results of this study indicate that recoverable gas hydrate resources may exist in the Eileen accumulation and that it represents a good opportunity for continued research. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wilson, Scott J.] Ryder Scott Co LP, Denver, CO 80293 USA. [Hunter, Robert B.] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hancock, Steve] RPS Energy Canada, Calgary, AB T2P 3T6, Canada. [Boswell, Ray; Anderson, Brian J.] Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Anderson, Brian J.] W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Wilson, SJ (reprint author), Ryder Scott Co LP, 621 17th St,Suite 1550, Denver, CO 80293 USA. EM scott.wilson@ryderscott.com OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 460 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.007 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500015 ER PT J AU Anderson, BJ Kurihara, M White, MD Moridis, GJ Wilson, SJ Pooladi-Darvish, M Gaddipati, M Masuda, Y Collett, TS Hunter, RB Narita, H Rose, K Boswell, R AF Anderson, Brian J. Kurihara, Masanori White, Mark D. Moridis, George J. Wilson, Scott J. Pooladi-Darvish, Mehran Gaddipati, Manohar Masuda, Yoshihiro Collett, Timothy S. Hunter, Robert B. Narita, Hideo Rose, Kelly Boswell, Ray TI Regional long-term production modeling from a single well test, Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrates; Reservoir simulations; Production modeling; Porous media AB Following the results from the open-hole formation pressure response test in the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well (Mount Elbert well) using Schluinberger's Modular Dynamics Formation Tester (MDT) wireline tool, the International Methane Hydrate Reservoir Simulator Code Comparison project performed long-term reservoir simulations on three different model reservoirs. These descriptions were based on 1) the Mount Elbert gas hydrate accumulation as delineated by an extensive history-matching exercise, 2) an estimation of the hydrate accumulation near the Prudhoe Bay L-pad, and 3) a reservoir that would be down-dip of the Prudhoe Bay L-pad and therefore warmer and deeper. All of these simulations were based, in part, on the results of the MDT results from the Mount Elbert Well. The comparison group's consensus value for the initial permeability of the hydrate-filled reservoir (k = 0.12 mD) and the permeability model based on the MDT history match were used as the basis for subsequent simulations on the three regional scenarios. The simulation results of the five different simulation codes, CMG STARS, HydrateResSirn, MH-21 HYDRES, STOMP-HYD, and TOUGH+HYDRATE exhibit good qualitative agreement and the variability of potential methane production rates from gas hydrate reservoirs is illustrated. As expected, the predicted methane production rate increased with increasing in situ reservoir temperature; however, a significant delay in the onset of rapid hydrate dissociation is observed for a cold, homogeneous reservoir and it is found to be repeatable. The inclusion of reservoir heterogeneity in the description of this cold reservoir is shown to eliminate this delayed production. Overall, simulations utilized detailed information collected across the Mount Elbert reservoir either obtained or determined from geophysical well logs, including thickness (37 ft), porosity (35%), hydrate saturation (65%), intrinsic permeability (1000 mD), pore water salinity (5 ppt), and formation temperature (3.3-3.9 degrees C). This paper presents the approach and results of extrapolating regional forward production modeling from history-matching efforts on the results from a single well test. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Anderson, Brian J.; Gaddipati, Manohar] W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, NETL IAES, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Anderson, Brian J.; Gaddipati, Manohar; Rose, Kelly; Boswell, Ray] Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. [Kurihara, Masanori] Japan Oil Engn Co Ltd, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040054, Japan. [White, Mark D.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Hydrol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Moridis, George J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wilson, Scott J.] Ryder Scott Co LP, Denver, CO 80120 USA. [Pooladi-Darvish, Mehran] Fekete Associates Inc, Calgary, AB T2P 0M2, Canada. [Masuda, Yoshihiro] Univ Tokyo, Dept Geosyst Engn, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. [Collett, Timothy S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hunter, Robert B.] ASRC Energy Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Narita, Hideo] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Methane Hydrate Res Lab, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0628517, Japan. RP Anderson, BJ (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, NETL IAES, POB 6102, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM brian.anderson@mail.wvu.edu OI Boswell, Ray/0000-0002-3824-2967 FU National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Geological Survey; Japan MH-21 project; BP Exploration (Alaska) FX The authors would like to thank the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Japan MH-21 project, and BP Exploration (Alaska) for supporting this effort. We would also like to acknowledge the Mount Elbert science party for sharing the data obtained at Mount Elbert for use in our history-matching and production simulations. NR 14 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 493 EP 501 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.015 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500017 ER PT J AU Moridis, GJ Silpngarmlert, S Reagan, MT Collett, T Zhang, K AF Moridis, G. J. Silpngarmlert, S. Reagan, M. T. Collett, T. Zhang, K. TI Gas production from a cold, stratigraphically-bounded gas hydrate deposit at the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Implications of uncertainties SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrates; Permafrost; Methane; Gas production ID DECOMPOSITION; RESERVOIRS; SEDIMENTS AB As part of an effort to identify suitable targets for a planned long-term field test, we investigate by means of numerical simulation the gas production potential from unit D, a stratigraphically bounded (Class 3) permafrost-associated hydrate occurrence penetrated in the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well on North Slope, Alaska. This shallow, low-pressure deposit has high porosities (phi = 0.4), high intrinsic permeabilities (k = 10(-12) m(2)) and high hydrate saturations (S-H = 0.65). It has a low temperature (T = 2.3-2.6 degrees C) because of its proximity to the overlying permafrost. The simulation results indicate that vertical wells operating at a constant bottomhole pressure would produce at very low rates for a very long period. Horizontal wells increase gas production by almost two orders of magnitude, but production remains low. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the initial deposit temperature is by the far the most important factor determining production performance (and the most effective criterion for target selection) because it controls the sensible heat available to fuel dissociation. Thus, a 1 degrees C increase in temperature is sufficient to increase the production rate by a factor of almost 8. Production also increases with a decreasing hydrate saturation (because of a larger effective permeability for a given k), and is favored (to a lesser extent) by anisotropy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Moridis, G. J.; Reagan, M. T.; Zhang, K.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Silpngarmlert, S.] Conoco Phillips, Houston, TX 77252 USA. [Collett, T.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Reagan, MT (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mtreagan@lbl.gov RI Reagan, Matthew/D-1129-2015 OI Reagan, Matthew/0000-0001-6225-4928 FU Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, under the U.S. Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The authors are indebted to John Apps and Dan Hawkes for their careful review. NR 41 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 517 EP 534 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.005 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500019 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Agena, WF Collett, TS Inks, TL AF Lee, M. W. Agena, W. F. Collett, T. S. Inks, T. L. TI Pre- and post-drill comparison of the Mount Elbert gas hydrate prospect, Alaska North Slope SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Mount Elbert; Prospecting; Thin-bed analysis; Estimation AB In 2006, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) completed a detailed analysis and interpretation of available 2-D and 3-D seismic data, along with seismic modeling and correlation with specially processed downhole well log data for identifying potential gas hydrate accumulations on the North Slope of Alaska. A methodology was developed for identifying sub-permafrost gas hydrate prospects within the gas hydrate stability zone in the Milne Point area. The study revealed a total of 14 gas hydrate prospects in this area. In order to validate the gas hydrate prospecting protocol of the USGS and to acquire critical reservoir data needed to develop a longer-term production testing program, a stratigraphic test well was drilled at the Mount Elbert prospect in the Milne Point area in early 2007. The drilling confirmed the presence of two prominent gas-hydrate-bearing units in the Mount Elbert prospect, and high quality well logs and core data were acquired. The post-drill results indicate pre-drill predictions of the reservoir thickness and the gas-hydrate saturations based on seismic and existing well data were 90% accurate for the upper unit (hydrate unit D) and 70% accurate for the lower unit (hydrate unit C), confirming the validity of the USGS approach to gas hydrate prospecting. The Mount Elbert prospect is the first gas hydrate accumulation on the North Slope of Alaska identified primarily on the basis of seismic attribute analysis and specially processed downhole log data. Post-drill well log data enabled a better constraint of the elastic model and the development of an improved approach to the gas hydrate prospecting using seismic attributes. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lee, M. W.; Agena, W. F.; Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Cent Energy Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Inks, T. L.] IS Interpretat Serv Inc, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Cent Energy Team, MS 939,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mlee@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AI21-92MC29214]; U.S. Bureau of Land Management [LAI-02-0015] FX We thank the Mount Elbert Science Team for the successful logging and coring program at the Mount Elbert well under adverse weather conditions. We also thank Kristen Lewis and Kelly Rose for their many helpful comments and suggestions for the paper. This contribution was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program, the U.S. Department of Energy under Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI21-92MC29214, and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management under Interagency Agreement No. LAI-02-0015. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 28 IS 2 BP 578 EP 588 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.08.007 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724AM UT WOS:000287548500023 ER PT J AU Bromaghin, JF Nielson, RM Hard, JJ AF Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. Nielson, Ryan M. Hard, Jeffrey J. TI A MODEL OF CHINOOK SALMON POPULATION DYNAMICS INCORPORATING SIZE-SELECTIVE EXPLOITATION AND INHERITANCE OF POLYGENIC CORRELATED TRAITS SO NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING LA English DT Article DE Fishery-induced evolution; fishery-induced adaptation; selective fisheries; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; fishery management; fishery conservation; individual-based model; age-structured model; Yukon River ID FISHERIES-INDUCED EVOLUTION; INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL; EVOLVING FISH STOCKS; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; ARTIFICIAL SELECTION; MARINE FISHERIES; TIME SCALES; MATE CHOICE; AGE AB P>Concern regarding the potential for selective fisheries to degrade desirable characteristics of exploited fish populations is growing worldwide. Although the occurrence of fishery-induced evolution in a wild population has not been irrefutably documented, considerable theoretical and empirical evidence for that possibility exists. Environmental conditions influence survival and growth in many species and may mask comparatively subtle trends induced by selective exploitation, especially given the evolutionarily short time series of data available from many fisheries. Modeling may be the most efficient investigative tool under such conditions. Motivated by public concern that large-mesh gillnet fisheries may be altering Chinook salmon in western Alaska, we constructed a stochastic model of the population dynamics of Chinook salmon. The model contained several individually based components and incorporated size-selective exploitation, assortative mating, size-dependent female fecundity, density-dependent survival, and the heritability of size and age. Substantial reductions in mean size and age were observed under all scenarios. Concurrently reducing directional selection and increasing spawning abundance was most effective in stimulating population recovery. Use of this model has potential to improve our ability to investigate the consequences of selective exploitation and aid development of improved management strategies to more effectively sustain fish and fisheries into the future. C1 [Bromaghin, Jeffrey F.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fisheries & Ecol Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Nielson, Ryan M.] Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. [Hard, Jeffrey J.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Bromaghin, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jbromaghin@usgs.gov; rnielson@west-inc.com; jeff.hard@noaa.gov RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009; Bromaghin, Jeffrey/B-5058-2009 OI Bromaghin, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7209-9500 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce [NA16FP2993] FX We thank Danielle Evenson and Toshihide Hamazaki (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage Alaska) for providing data on Yukon River Chinook salmon. David Patterson and Michael Bradford (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia) provided assistance via discussions of the reproductive behavior and survival of salmon. We thank Lyman McDonald (West Inc., Laramie, Wyoming) for helpful comments and review of the proposed models during model development. David Hankin (Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California) and Brian Riddell (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia) provided insightful technical reviews of a draft agency report that were extremely helpful in improving the contents and presentation of the manuscript. This work was partially funded under award NA16FP2993 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, as authorized by the Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative (www.aykssi.org). The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Commerce, the Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative, or the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Karen Gillis (Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative and Bering Sea Fishermen's Association, Anchorage, Alaska) provided invaluable administrative support throughout the duration of this investigation. The editor and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable suggestions for improving the manuscript. NR 89 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0890-8575 EI 1939-7445 J9 NAT RESOUR MODEL JI Nat. Resour. Model. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 24 IS 1 BP 1 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2010.00077.x PG 47 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 714WJ UT WOS:000286839400001 ER PT J AU McGowan, CP Smith, DR Sweka, JA Martin, J Nichols, JD Wong, R Lyons, JE Niles, LJ Kalasz, K Brust, J AF McGowan, Conor P. Smith, David R. Sweka, John A. Martin, Julien Nichols, James D. Wong, Richard Lyons, James E. Niles, Lawrence J. Kalasz, Kevin Brust, Jeffrey TI MULTISPECIES MODELING FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF HORSESHOE CRABS AND RED KNOTS IN THE DELAWARE BAY SO NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING LA English DT Article DE Calidris canutus rufa; Limulus polyphemus; population modeling; structured decision making; two species model; two sex model ID LIMULUS-POLYPHEMUS; NEW-JERSEY; POPULATION; SHOREBIRDS; ABUNDANCE; HARVEST; EGGS; AVAILABILITY; RECAPTURE; OPTIMIZATION AB P>Adaptive management requires that predictive models be explicit and transparent to improve decisions by comparing management actions, directing further research and monitoring, and facilitating learning. The rufa subspecies of red knots (Calidris canutus rufa), which has recently exhibited steep population declines, relies on horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs as their primary food source during stopover in Delaware Bay during spring migration. We present a model with two different parameterizations for use in the adaptive management of horseshoe crab harvests in the Delaware Bay that links red knot mass gain, annual survival, and fecundity to horseshoe crab dynamics. The models reflect prevailing hypotheses regarding ecological links between these two species. When reported crab harvest from 1998 to 2008 was applied, projections corresponded to the observed red knot population abundances depending on strengths of the demographic relationship between these species. We compared different simulated horseshoe crab harvest strategies to evaluate whether, given this model, horseshoe crab harvest management can affect red knot conservation and found that restricting harvest can benefit red knot populations. Our model is the first to explicitly and quantitatively link these two species and will be used within an adaptive management framework to manage the Delaware Bay system and learn more about the specific nature of the linkage between the two species. C1 [McGowan, Conor P.; Martin, Julien; Nichols, James D.] USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [McGowan, Conor P.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Smith, David R.] USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Sweka, John A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. [Martin, Julien] Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Wong, Richard; Kalasz, Kevin] Delaware Div Fish & Wildlife, Smyrna, DE 19977 USA. [Lyons, James E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Birds, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Niles, Lawrence J.] Conserve Wildlife Fdn New Jersey, Bordenton, NJ 08505 USA. [Brust, Jeffrey] Div Fish & Wildlife, New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Port Republic, NJ 08241 USA. RP McGowan, CP (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, USGS Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 602 Duncan Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM cmcgowan@usgs.gov; drsmith@usgs.gov; John_Sweka@fws.gov; Julienm@ufl.edu; jnichols@usgs.gov; Richard.wong@de.state.us; James_Lyons@fws.gov; larry.niles@gmail.com; Kevin.Kalasz@state.de.us; Jeffrey.Brust@dep.state.nj.us FU National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; U.S. Geological Survey Science FX The authors thank the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and U.S. Geological Survey Science Support Program for funding this work. We also thank A. J. Baker, N. A. Clark, and the Joint Horseshoe Crab and Shorebird Technical Committee of the Atlantic State Marine Fisheries Commission for discussions on our modeling approach. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 65 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0890-8575 EI 1939-7445 J9 NAT RESOUR MODEL JI Nat. Resour. Model. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 24 IS 1 BP 117 EP 156 DI 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2010.00085.x PG 40 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 714WJ UT WOS:000286839400005 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM Reid, ME Logan, M LaHusen, RG Godt, JW Griswold, JP AF Iverson, Richard M. Reid, Mark E. Logan, Matthew LaHusen, Richard G. Godt, Jonathan W. Griswold, Julia P. TI Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MASS; MOBILIZATION; LANDSLIDES; AVALANCHES; FRICTION; EROSION; RUNOUT; RANGE; MODEL AB Debris flows typically occur when intense rainfall or snowmelt triggers landslides or extensive erosion on steep, debris-mantled slopes. The flows can then grow dramatically in size and speed as they entrain material from their beds and banks, but the mechanism of this growth is unclear. Indeed, momentum conservation implies that entrainment of static material should retard the motion of the flows if friction remains unchanged. Here we use data from large-scale experiments to assess the entrainment of bed material by debris flows. We find that entrainment is accompanied by increased flow momentum and speed only if large positive pore pressures develop in wet bed sediments as the sediments are overridden by debris flows. The increased pore pressure facilitates progressive scour of the bed, reduces basal friction and instigates positive feedback that causes flow speed, mass and momentum to increase. If dryer bed sediment is entrained, however, the feedback becomes negative and flow momentum declines. We infer that analogous feedbacks could operate in other types of gravity-driven mass flow that interact with erodible beds. C1 [Iverson, Richard M.; Logan, Matthew; LaHusen, Richard G.; Griswold, Julia P.] US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Reid, Mark E.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Godt, Jonathan W.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM riverson@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 5 U2 37 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 EI 1752-0908 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 4 IS 2 BP 116 EP 121 DI 10.1038/NGEO1040 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 713GN UT WOS:000286723300018 ER PT J AU Cole, JJ Carpenter, SR Kitchell, J Pace, ML Solomon, CT Weidel, B AF Cole, Jonathan J. Carpenter, Stephen R. Kitchell, Jim Pace, Michael L. Solomon, Christopher T. Weidel, Brian TI Strong evidence for terrestrial support of zooplankton in small lakes based on stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE allochthony; terrestrial subsidy ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; AQUATIC FOOD WEBS; ALLOCHTHONOUS CARBON; C-13 ADDITION; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; TROPHIC POSITION; NORTHERN SWEDEN; STREAM; RESOURCES; MATTER AB Cross-ecosystem subsidies to food webs can alter metabolic balances in the receiving (subsidized) system and free the food web, or particular consumers, from the energetic constraints of local primary production. Although cross-ecosystem subsidies between terrestrial and aquatic systems have been well recognized for benthic organisms in streams, rivers, and the littoral zones of lakes, terrestrial subsidies to pelagic consumers are more difficult to demonstrate and remain controversial. Here, we adopt a unique approach by using stable isotopes of H, C, and N to estimate terrestrial support to zooplankton in two contrasting lakes. Zooplankton (Holopedium, Daphnia, and Leptodiaptomus) are comprised of approximate to 20-40% of organic material of terrestrial origin. These estimates are as high as, or higher than, prior measures obtained by experimentally manipulating the inorganic C-13 content of these lakes to augment the small, natural contrast in C-13 between terrestrial and algal photosynthesis. Our study gives credence to a growing literature, which we review here, suggesting that significant terrestrial support of pelagic crustaceans (zooplankton) is widespread. C1 [Cole, Jonathan J.] Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. [Carpenter, Stephen R.; Kitchell, Jim] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Pace, Michael L.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Solomon, Christopher T.] McGill Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. [Weidel, Brian] US Geol Survey, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. RP Cole, JJ (reprint author), Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM colej@caryinstitute.org RI Solomon, Chris/E-6284-2014; OI Solomon, Chris/0000-0002-2850-4257; Pace, Michael/0000-0001-5945-6131 FU National Science Foundation FX We thank Jim Coloso and Laura Smith who collected much of the data shown here and Jim Hodgson, Jon Frum for inspiration in writing this paper. The work took place at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center, and we are grateful for the assistance from Dr. Gary Belovsky and his staff. We thank the National Science Foundation for funding. NR 66 TC 139 Z9 144 U1 12 U2 168 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 1 PY 2011 VL 108 IS 5 BP 1975 EP 1980 DI 10.1073/pnas.1012807108 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 714JA UT WOS:000286804700044 PM 21245299 ER PT J AU Wieser, ME Coplen, TB AF Wieser, Michael E. Coplen, Tyler B. TI Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Regional Symposium on Electrochemistry CY JUN 06-10, 2010 CL Belgrade, SERBIA DE atomic-weight interval; atomic-weight range; conventional atomic-weight values; boron; carbon; chlorine; germanium; half-lives; hydrogen; IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division; lithium; nitrogen; oxygen; silicon; sulfur; thallium ID ABSOLUTE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; REFERENCE SAMPLE; ABUNDANCE RATIOS; SINGLE CRYSTALS; SILICON; SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN; GEOCHEMISTRY; GERMANIUM; THALLIUM AB The biennial review of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of 11 elements. Many atomic weights are not constants of nature, but depend upon the physical, chemical, and nuclear history of the material. The standard atomic weights of 10 elements having two or more stable isotopes have been changed to reflect this variability of atomic-weight values in natural terrestrial materials. To emphasize the fact that these standard atomic weights are not constants of nature, each atomic-weight value is expressed as an interval. The interval is used together with the symbol [a; b] to denote the set of atomic-weight values, A(r)(E), of element E in normal materials for which a <= A(r)(E) <= b. The symbols a and b denote the bounds of the interval [a; b]. The revised atomic weight of hydrogen, Ar(H), is [1.00784; 1.008 11] from 1.00794(7); lithium, A(r)(Li), is [6.938; 6.997] from 6.941(2); boron, A(r)(B), is [10.806; 10.821] from 10.811(7); carbon, A(r)(C), is [12.0096; 12.0116] from 12.0107(8); nitrogen, A(r)(N), is [14.00643; 14.00728] from 14.0067(2); oxygen, A(r)(O), is [15.99903; 15.99977] from 15.9994(3); silicon, A(r)(Si), is [28.084; 28.086] from 28.0855(3); sulfur, A(r)(S), is [32.059; 32.076] from 32.065(2); chlorine, A(r)(Cl), is [35.446; 35.457] from 35.453(2); and thallium. A(r)(Tl), is [204.382; 204.385] from 204.3833(2). This fundamental change in the presentation of the atomic weights represents an important advance in our knowledge of the natural world and underscores the significance and contributions of chemistry to the well-being of humankind in the International Year of Chemistry 2011. The standard atomic weight of germanium, A(r)(Ge), was also changed to 72.63(1) from 72.64(1). C1 [Wieser, Michael E.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Coplen, Tyler B.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Wieser, ME (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM mwieser@ucalgary.ca FU U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program FX The support of the U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program made this report possible. NR 69 TC 150 Z9 152 U1 5 U2 39 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0033-4545 EI 1365-3075 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 83 IS 2 BP 359 EP 396 DI 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14 PG 38 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 720FD UT WOS:000287265000010 ER PT J AU Tsukamoto, S Duller, GAT Wintle, AG Muhs, D AF Tsukamoto, S. Duller, G. A. T. Wintle, A. G. Muhs, D. TI Assessing the potential for luminescence dating of basalts SO QUATERNARY GEOCHRONOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Luminescence dating; IRSL; Cima volcanic field; Mars analogue; Basalt; Plagioclase ID OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE; MARTIAN ANALOG MATERIALS; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; MOJAVE DESERT; DOSE-RATE; FELDSPARS; SEDIMENTS; SIGNALS; CALIFORNIA; SAMPLES AB The possibility of dating basalt using luminescence was tested on four samples with independent age control from Cima volcanic field, California, with the ultimate aim of assessing whether the technique could be used to date sediments on the surface of Mars. Previous analysis of these samples had demonstrated that the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signal is most suitable for dating as it showed the lowest fading rate among various luminescence signals. In this study, changes in equivalent dose as a function of preheat are described. The ages for the two youngest Cima samples agree with the independent ages based on cosmogenic nuclide measurements (12.0 +/- 0.8 ka). In the two older samples (dated to 320 and 580 ka by K-Ar), the luminescence behaviour is more complex and the form of the IRSL decay curve is seen to vary with dose. Mathematical fitting is used to isolate two components and their intensities are used to produce dose response curves. The slower component yields a larger equivalent dose. However, even using this component and after correction for fading, the ages obtained for the older samples are younger than the K-Ar ages. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Tsukamoto, S.] Leibniz Inst Appl Geophys, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. [Tsukamoto, S.; Duller, G. A. T.; Wintle, A. G.] Aberystwyth Univ, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, Wales. [Muhs, D.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Tsukamoto, S (reprint author), Leibniz Inst Appl Geophys, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. EM sumiko.tsukamoto@liag-hannover.de RI Duller, Geoffrey/D-5110-2015 OI Duller, Geoffrey/0000-0002-2694-4590 FU ESA ESTEC [18581/04/04/NL/HB, 21506/08/NL/IA] FX This work was partially supported by ESA ESTEC contracts 18581/04/04/NL/HB and 21506/08/NL/IA. Detlev Klosa is thanked for the EPMA analysis. Jeff Pigati and Kathleen Simmons of the USGS are thanked for their helpful comments, and Sebastien Huot and Regina De Witt are thanked for their constructive referees' comments which helped to improve the paper. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1871-1014 J9 QUAT GEOCHRONOL JI Quat. Geochronol. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 6 IS 1 BP 61 EP 70 DI 10.1016/j.quageo.2010.04.002 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 696HU UT WOS:000285433300007 ER PT J AU Pinter, N Fiedel, S Keeley, JE AF Pinter, Nicholas Fiedel, Stuart Keeley, Jon E. TI Fire and vegetation shifts in the Americas at the vanguard of Paleoindian migration SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE Fire; Fire regime; Vegetation; Vegetation change; Climate; Climate change; Megafauna; Anthropogenic effects; Anthropocene ID SOUTHERN SOUTH-AMERICA; LATE QUATERNARY; HUMAN OCCUPATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; HUMAN IMPACT; NEW-ZEALAND; PLEISTOCENE; EXTINCTION; AUSTRALIA AB Across North and South America, the final millennia of the Pleistocene saw dramatic changes in climate, vegetation, fauna, fire regime, and other local and regional paleo-environmental characteristics. Rapid climate shifts following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) exerted a first-order influence, but abrupt post-glacial shifts in vegetation composition, vegetation structure, and fire regime also coincided with human arrival and transformative faunal extinctions in the Americas. We propose a model of post-glacial vegetation change in response to climatic drivers, punctuated by local fire regime shifts in response to megaherbivore-driven fuel changes and anthropogenic ignitions. The abrupt appearance of humans, disappearance of megaherbivores, and resulting changes in New World fire systems were transformative events that should not be dismissed in favor of climate-only interpretations of post-glacial paleo-environmental shifts in the Americas. Fire is a mechanism by which small human populations can have broad impacts, and growing evidence suggests that early anthropogenic influences on regional, even global, paleo-environments should be tested alongside other potential causal mechanisms. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Pinter, Nicholas] So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. [Fiedel, Stuart] Louis Berger Grp, Richmond, VA 23219 USA. [Keeley, Jon E.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. [Keeley, Jon E.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Pinter, N (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM npinter@geo.siu.edu NR 53 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 30 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 272 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.010 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 722LP UT WOS:000287434000001 ER PT J AU Westbrook, CJ Cooper, DJ Baker, BW AF Westbrook, C. J. Cooper, D. J. Baker, B. W. TI BEAVER ASSISTED RIVER VALLEY FORMATION SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE beaver meadow; Castor canadensis; ecosystem engineering; floodplain; habitat heterogeneity; river valley formation; Rocky Mountain National Park; terrace ID NATIONAL-PARK; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; CASTOR-CANADENSIS; FLOODPLAIN; DYNAMICS; WILLOW; ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN; FOREST AB We examined how beaver dams affect key ecosystem processes, including pattern and process of sediment deposition, the composition and spatial pattern of vegetation, and nutrient loading and processing. We provide new evidence for the formation of heterogeneous beaver meadows on riverine system floodplains and terraces where dynamic flows are capable of breaching in-channel beaver dams. Our data show a 1.7-m high beaver dam triggered overbank flooding that drowned vegetation in areas deeply flooded, deposited nutrient-rich sediment in a spatially heterogeneous pattern on the floodplain and terrace, and scoured soils in other areas. The site quickly de-watered following the dam breach by high stream flows, protecting the deposited sediment from future re-mobilization by overbank floods. Bare sediment either exposed by scouring or deposited by the beaver flood was quickly colonized by a spatially heterogeneous plant community, forming a beaver meadow. Many willow and some aspen seedlings established in the more heavily disturbed areas, suggesting the site may succeed to a willow carr plant community suitable for future beaver re-occupation. We expand existing theory beyond the beaver pond to include terraces within valleys. This more fully explains how beavers can help drive the formation of alluvial valleys and their complex vegetation patterns as was first postulated by Ruedemann and Schoonmaker in 1938. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Westbrook, C. J.] Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geog & Planning, Ctr Hydrol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada. [Cooper, D. J.] Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Baker, B. W.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Westbrook, CJ (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geog & Planning, Ctr Hydrol, 117 Sci Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada. EM cherie.westbrook@usask.ca FU U.S. Geological Survey; Rocky Mountain National Park FX This work was supported by grants from U.S. Geological Survey and Rocky Mountain National Park. The authors thank David Fetter, Jen Greco and Angie Welch for help with field collections and laboratory analyses. Jordan Clayton graciously provided the sediment corer. They thank Kevin Devito, Jill Johnstone and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive processes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 59 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 57 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1535-1459 EI 1535-1467 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 27 IS 2 DI 10.1002/rra.1359 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 724TT UT WOS:000287599800010 ER PT J AU Nevers, MB Whitman, RL AF Nevers, Meredith B. Whitman, Richard L. TI Efficacy of monitoring and empirical predictive modeling at improving public health protection at Chicago beaches SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE E. coli; Fecal indicator bacteria; Recreational water quality; Lake Michigan; Swimming; Risk ID SOUTHERN LAKE-MICHIGAN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI CONCENTRATIONS; FECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA; WATER-QUALITY; RECREATIONAL BEACHES; CALIFORNIA BEACHES; HUNTINGTON-BEACH; NEARSHORE WATER; COASTAL WATERS; ENTEROCOCCI AB Efforts to improve public health protection in recreational swimming waters have focused on obtaining real-time estimates of water quality. Current monitoring techniques rely on the time-intensive culturing of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) from water samples, but rapidly changing FIB concentrations result in management errors that lead to the public being exposed to high FIB concentrations (type II error) or beaches being closed despite acceptable water quality (type I error). Empirical predictive models may provide a rapid solution, but their effectiveness at improving health protection has not been adequately assessed. We sought to determine if emerging monitoring approaches could effectively reduce risk of illness exposure by minimizing management errors. We examined four monitoring approaches (inactive, current protocol, a single predictive model for all beaches, and individual models for each beach) with increasing refinement at 14 Chicago beaches using historical monitoring and hydrometeorological data and compared management outcomes using different standards for decision-making. Predictability (R(2)) of FIB concentration improved with model refinement at all beaches but one. Predictive models did not always reduce the number of management errors and therefore the overall illness burden. Use of a Chicago-specific single-sample standard-rather than the default 235 E. cob CFU/100 ml widely used-together with predictive modeling resulted in the greatest number of open beach days without any increase in public health risk. These results emphasize that emerging monitoring approaches such as empirical models are not equally applicable at all beaches, and combining monitoring approaches may expand beach access. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Nevers, Meredith B.; Whitman, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Nevers, MB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM mnevers@usgs.gov RI Guan, Xiaokang/A-6675-2012; OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734 FU US Ocean Action Plan: USGS Ocean Research Priorities Plan; Great Lakes Restoration Initiative FX We thank Murulee Byappanahalli (USGS) for his careful review. Research was funded in part by the US Ocean Action Plan: USGS Ocean Research Priorities Plan and by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This article is Contribution 1627 of the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. NR 40 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD FEB PY 2011 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1659 EP 1668 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.010 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 716SY UT WOS:000286995000015 PM 21195447 ER PT J AU Flores, C Bounds, DL Ruby, DE AF Flores, Conception Bounds, Dixie L. Ruby, Douglas E. TI Does Prescribed Fire Benefit Wetland Vegetation? SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Biomass; Distichlis spicata; Marsh; Schoenoplectus americanus; Spartina alterniflora; Spartina patens; Stem density ID PLANT COMMUNITY; BIOMASS; MARSH; MANAGEMENT; HERBIVORY; TEXAS AB The effects of fire on wetland vegetation in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States are poorly known, despite the historical use of fire by federal, state, and private landowners in the Chesapeake Bay Region. Prescribed fire is widely used by land managers to promote vegetation that is beneficial to migratory waterfowl, muskrats, and other native wildlife and to reduce competition from less desirable plant species. We compared vegetative response to two fire rotations, annual burns and 3-year burns, and two control sites, Control 1 and Control 2. We tested the effects of fire within six tidal marsh wetlands at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge and Fishing Bay Wildlife Management Area in Maryland. We examined changes in total live biomass (all species), total stem density, litter, and changes in live biomass and stem density of four dominant wetland plant species (11 variables). Our results suggest that annual prescribed fires will decrease the accumulation of litter, increase the biomass and stem densities of some wetland plants generally considered less desirable for wildlife, and have little or no effect on other wetland plants previously thought to benefit from fire. C1 [Flores, Conception; Bounds, Dixie L.] Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. [Ruby, Douglas E.] Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Nat Sci, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. RP Flores, C (reprint author), USN, Facil Engn Command SW, 1220 Pacific Highway, San Diego, CA 92132 USA. EM conception.flores@navy.mil; dixie_birch@fws.gov; deruby@umes.edu FU U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX We thank the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for funding the project. We are grateful to Bjorn Burgeson, Katherine Thorington, Fred Adams, and Alice Brown for assistance in biomass collection. Thanks to the Blackwater NWR staff, especially, Glenn Carowan, Bill Giese, Keith Morris, Roger Stone, and the Blackwater Fire Crew. Statistical assistance and support was provided by Jeff S. Hatfield, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Dr. Mary Christman, University of Maryland College Park; Dr. Patricia Jones, University of Arizona; Dr. David Turner, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station; and Dawn Lawson and Toni Mizerek, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 46 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD FEB PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1007/s13157-010-0131-x PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 741ZO UT WOS:000288907700004 ER PT J AU Liu, SG Tan, ZX Li, ZP Zhao, SQ Yuan, WP AF Liu, Shuguang Tan, Zhengxi Li, Zhengpeng Zhao, Shuqing Yuan, Wenping TI Are soils of Iowa USA currently a carbon sink or source? Simulated changes in SOC stock from 1972 to 2007 SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Biogeochemical modeling; Land use change; Soil organic carbon; Tile drainage; Western Corn Belt ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAND-USE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; ORGANIC-MATTER; TILE DRAINAGE; UNITED-STATES; CROP YIELDS; SEQUESTRATION; TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT AB Upscaling the spatial and temporal changes in carbon (C) stocks and fluxes from sites to regions is a critical and challenging step toward improving our understanding of the dynamics of C sources and sinks over large areas. This study simulated soil organic C (SOC) dynamics within 0-100 cm depth of soils across the state of Iowa in the USA from 1972 to 2007 using the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS). The model outputs with variation coefficient were analyzed and assembled from simulation unit to the state scale based upon major land use types at annual step. Results from this study indicate that soils (within a depth of 0-100 cm) in Iowa had been a SOC source at a rate of 190 +/- 380 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1). This was likely caused by the installation of a massive drainage system which led to the release of SOC from deep soil layers previously protected under poor drainage conditions. The annual crop rotation was another major force driving SOC variation and resulted in spatial variability of annual budgets in all croplands. Annual rate of change of SOC stocks in all land types depended significantly on the baseline SOC levels; soils with higher SOC levels tended to be C sources, and those with lower levels tended to be C sinks. Management practices (e.g., conservation tillage and residue management practices) slowed down the C emissions from Iowa soils, but could not reverse the general trend of net SOC loss in view of the entire state due mainly to a high level of baseline SOC stocks. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Tan, Zhengxi; Li, Zhengpeng] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, ARTS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Zhao, Shuqing] Peking Univ, Coll Urban & Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Wenping] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Tan, ZX (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, ARTS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM ztan@usgs.gov OI Tan, Zhengxi/0000-0002-4136-0921 FU US Geological Survey; USGS [08HQCN0007] FX The research was funded by the Geographic Analysis and Monitoring (GAM) Program and the Global Change Research and Development Program (R&D) of the US Geological Survey. We would like to express our thanks to Sandra Poppenga for providing CTI data and Md Shahriar Pervez for sharing irrigation information with us. We thank Mr. Craig Walters and Dr. Jinxun Liu for their internal review. We also really appreciate the valuable comments from two anonymous peer reviewers. Work of Zhengxi Tan and Zhengpeng Li was performed under USGS contract 08HQCN0007. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JAN 30 PY 2011 VL 140 IS 1-2 BP 106 EP 112 DI 10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.017 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 728RO UT WOS:000287892400013 ER PT J AU Landwehr, JM Meier-Augenstein, W Kemp, HF AF Landwehr, Jurate M. Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram Kemp, Helen F. TI A counter-intuitive approach to calculating non-exchangeable H-2 isotopic composition of hair: treating the molar exchange fraction f(E) as a process-related rather than compound-specific variable SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID RATIO MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STABLE-HYDROGEN; HUMAN IDENTIFICATION; ORGANIC MATERIALS; OXYGEN; ORIGINS; NAILS AB Hair is a keratinous tissue that incorporates hydrogen from material that an animal consumes but it is metabolically inert following synthesis. The stable hydrogen isotope composition of hair has been used in ecological studies to track migrations of mammals as well as for forensic and archaeological purposes to determine the provenance of human remains or the recent geographic life trajectory of living people. Measurement of the total hydrogen isotopic composition of a hair sample yields a composite value comprised of both metabolically informative, non-exchangeable hydrogen and exchangeable hydrogen, with the latter reflecting ambient or sample preparation conditions. Neither of these attributes is directly measurable, and the non-exchangeable hydrogen composition is obtained by estimation using a commonly applied mathematical expression incorporating sample measurements obtained from two distinct equilibration procedures. This commonly used approach treats the fraction of exchangeable hydrogen as a mixing ratio, with a minimal procedural fractionation factor assumed to be close or equal to 1. Instead, we propose to use full molar ratios to derive an expression for the non-exchangeable hydrogen composition explicitly as a function of both the procedural fractionation factor a and the molar hydrogen exchange fraction f(E). We apply these derivations in a longitudinal study of a hair sample and demonstrate that the molar hydrogen exchange fraction f(E) should, like the procedural fractionation factor alpha, be treated as a process-dependent parameter, i.e. a reaction-specific constant. This is a counter-intuitive notion given that maximum theoretical values for the molar hydrogen exchange fraction f(E) can be calculated that are arguably protein-type specific and, as such, f(E) could be regarded as a compound-specific constant. We also make some additional suggestions for future approaches to determine the non-exchangeable hydrogen composition of hair and the use of standards. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Landwehr, Jurate M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram] Univ Dundee, Ctr Anat & Human Identificat, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland. [Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram; Kemp, Helen F.] Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. RP Landwehr, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jmlandwe@usgs.gov RI Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram/F-1895-2011 OI Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram/0000-0002-9498-5837 FU USGS; Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate (RERAD) FX J. M. Landwehr gratefully acknowledges the support of the USGS National Research Program. SCRI gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate (RERAD). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PD JAN 30 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 2 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1002/rcm.4854 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 701UL UT WOS:000285848800006 PM 21192025 ER PT J AU Scholl, M Eugster, W Burkard, R AF Scholl, Martha Eugster, Werner Burkard, Reto TI Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in montane forests SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; cloud water; fog; oxygen-18; deuterium; cloud forest ID POINT-REYES PENINSULA; SOIL-WATER; RAIN-FOREST; REDWOOD FOREST; AMAZON BASIN; DRY SOILS; PRECIPITATION; O-18; GROUNDWATER; CALIFORNIA AB Understanding the hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) has become essential as deforestation of mountain areas proceeds at an increased rate worldwide. Passive and active cloud-water collectors, throughfall and stemflow collectors, visibility or droplet size measurements, and micrometeorological sensors are typically used to measure the fog water inputs to ecosystems. In addition, stable isotopes may be used as a natural tracer for fog and rain. Previous studies have shown that the isotopic signature of fog tends to be more enriched in the heavier isotopes (2)H and (18)O than that of rain, due to differences in condensation temperature and history. Differences between fog and rain isotopes are largest when rain is from synoptic-scale storms, and fog or orographic cloud water is generated locally. Smaller isotopic differences have been observed between rain and fog on mountains with orographic clouds, but only a few studies have been conducted. Quantifying fog deposition using isotope methods is more difficult in forests receiving mixed precipitation, because of limitations in the ability of sampling equipment to separate fog from rain, and because fog and rain may, under some conditions, have similar isotopic composition. This article describes the various types of fog most relevant to montane cloud forests and the importance of fog water deposition in the hydrologic budget. A brief overview of isotope hydrology provides the background needed to understand isotope applications in cloud forests. A summary of previous work explains isotopic differences between rain and fog in different environments, and how monitoring the isotopic signature of surface water, soil water and tree xylem water can yield estimates of the contribution of fog water to streamflow, groundwater recharge and transpiration. Next, instrumentation to measure fog and rain, and methods to determine isotopic concentrations in plant and soil water are discussed. The article concludes with the identification of some of the more pressing research questions in this field and offers various suggestions for future research. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Scholl, Martha] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. [Eugster, Werner] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Anim & Agroecosyst Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Burkard, Reto] Univ Bern, Inst Geog, Bern, Switzerland. RP Scholl, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. EM mascholl@usgs.gov RI Eugster, Werner/E-5116-2010; OI Eugster, Werner/0000-0001-6067-0741; Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614 NR 93 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 5 U2 67 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN 30 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 3 SI SI BP 353 EP 366 DI 10.1002/hyp.7762 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 721TC UT WOS:000287377100004 ER PT J AU Giambelluca, TW Delay, JK Nullet, MA Scholl, MA Gingerich, SB AF Giambelluca, Thomas W. DeLay, John K. Nullet, Michael A. Scholl, Martha A. Gingerich, Stephen B. TI Canopy water balance of windward and leeward Hawaiian cloud forests on Haleakala, Maui, Hawai'i SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE tropical montane cloud forest; cloud water interception; fog ID STANDARD FOG COLLECTOR; HIGH-ELEVATION REGIONS; DEPOSITION AB The contribution of intercepted cloud water to precipitation at windward and leeward cloud forest sites on the slopes of Haleakala, Maui was assessed using two approaches. Canopy water balance estimates based on meteorological monitoring were compared with interpretations of fog screen measurements collected over a 2-year period at each location. The annual incident rainfall was 973 mm at the leeward site (Auwahi) and 2550 mm at the windward site (Waikamoi). At the leeward, dry forest site, throughfall was less than rainfall (87%), and, at the windward, wet forest site, throughfall exceeded rainfall (122%). Cloud water interception estimated from canopy water balance was 166 mm year(-1) at Auwahi and 1212 mm year(-1) at Waikamoi. Annual fog screen measurements of cloud water flux, corrected for wind-blown rainfall, were 132 and 3017 mm for the dry and wet sites respectively. Event totals of cloud water flux based on fog screen measurements were poorly correlated with event cloud water interception totals derived from the canopy water balance. Hence, the use of fixed planar fog screens to estimate cloud water interception is not recommended. At the wet windward site, cloud water interception made up 32% of the total precipitation, adding to the already substantial amount of rainfall. At the leeward dry site, cloud water interception was 15% of the total precipitation. Vegetation at the dry site, where trees are more exposed and isolated, was more efficient at intercepting the available cloud water than at the rainy site, but events were less frequent, shorter in duration and lower in intensity. A large proportion of intercepted cloud water, 74% and 83%, respectively for the two sites, was estimated to become throughfall, thus adding significantly to soil water at both sites. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Giambelluca, Thomas W.; DeLay, John K.; Nullet, Michael A.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Scholl, Martha A.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Gingerich, Stephen B.] US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Giambelluca, TW (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM thomas@hawaii.edu OI Gingerich, Stephen/0000-0002-4381-0746; Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614; Giambelluca, Thomas/0000-0002-6798-3780 FU US Geological Survey, Water Resources Discipline; US National Science Foundation [EAR-0309731]; US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Discipline FX The work presented in this paper was supported by the US Geological Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Venture Capital Fund, the US National Science Foundation under Grant No. EAR-0309731 and by the US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Discipline, Global Change Program. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. The authors thank Veronica Hutton and Corina Niemand for contributions to early stages of the data analysis, and the editors of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management, (Cambridge University Press), especially Sampurno Bruijnzeel, for their many helpful suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. We also thank Sumner Erdman and the staff of Ulupalakua Ranch, for their kind assistance and for the use of their land for the Auwahi measurement site, and The Nature Conservancy for logistical support and access to the Waikamoi Preserve. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN 30 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 3 SI SI BP 438 EP 447 DI 10.1002/hyp.7738 PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 721TC UT WOS:000287377100013 ER PT J AU Splinter, KD Holman, RA Plant, NG AF Splinter, Kristen D. Holman, Robert A. Plant, Nathaniel G. TI A behavior-oriented dynamic model for sandbar migration and 2DH evolution SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; BAR MORPHOLOGY; EMBAYED BEACH; SURF ZONES; NEARSHORE; QUANTIFICATION; VARIABILITY; CURRENTS AB A nonlinear model is developed to study the time-dependent relationship between the alongshore variability of a sandbar, a(t), and alongshore-averaged sandbar position, x(c)(t). Sediment transport equations are derived from energetics-based formulations. A link between this continuous physical representation and a parametric form describing the migration of sandbars of constant shape is established through a simple transformation of variables. The model is driven by offshore wave conditions. The parametric equations are dynamically coupled such that changes in one term (i.e., x(c)) drive changes in the other (i.e., a(t)). The model is tested on 566 days of data from Palm Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Using weighted nonlinear least squares to estimate best fit model coefficients, the model explained 49% and 41% of the variance in measured x(c) and a(t), respectively. Comparisons against a 1-D horizontal (1DH) version of the model showed significant improvements when the 2DH terms were included (1DH and 2DH Brier skill scores were -0.12 and 0.42, respectively). Onshore bar migration was not predicted in the 1DH model, while the 2DH model correctly predicted onshore migration in the presence of 2DH morphology and allowed the bar to remain closer to shore for a given amount of breaking, providing an important hysteresis to the system. The model is consistent with observations that active bar migration occurs under breaking waves with onshore migration occurring at timescales of days to weeks and increasing 2DH morphology, while offshore migration occurs rapidly under high waves and coincides with a reduction in 2DH morphology. C1 [Splinter, Kristen D.; Holman, Robert A.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Plant, Nathaniel G.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Splinter, KD (reprint author), Griffith Univ, Griffith Ctr Coastal Management, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia. EM k.splinter@griffith.edu.au; holman@coas.oregonstate.edu; nplant@usgs.gov OI Plant, Nathaniel/0000-0002-5703-5672; Splinter, Kristen/0000-0002-0082-8444 FU ONR SECNAV/CNO Chair of Oceanography [N00014-03-1-0973]; Coastal Geosciences Program [N00014-07-1-0490] FX This research was made possible with the help and data provided by many people. T. Lippmann provided cross-shore wave heights, profiles, and wave breaking data from Duck94. Daily RMS wave heights and angles for Palm Beach were provided by G. Symonds. The authors also extend their appreciation to J. Stanley for always knowing where the data are and for his unending patience and technical savvy for all things Argus database related; H. T. Ozkan-Haller, J. Long, M. Palmsten, and G. Wilson for their insight into the problem; and A. Bowen, an eternal mentor. The authors also extend their sincere appreciation to the reviewers of this manuscript whose extensive comments greatly improved the quality of this paper. This research was generously funded by ONR SECNAV/CNO Chair of Oceanography (N00014-03-1-0973) and the Coastal Geosciences Program (N00014-07-1-0490). NR 53 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 29 PY 2011 VL 116 AR C01020 DI 10.1029/2010JC006382 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 713UU UT WOS:000286763700002 ER PT J AU Rice, MS Bell, JF Cloutis, EA Wray, JJ Herkenhoff, KE Sullivan, R Johnson, JR Anderson, RB AF Rice, M. S. Bell, J. F., III Cloutis, E. A. Wray, J. J. Herkenhoff, K. E. Sullivan, R. Johnson, J. R. Anderson, R. B. TI Temporal observations of bright soil exposures at Gusev crater, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID SCIENCE EXPERIMENT HIRISE AB The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has discovered bright soil deposits in its wheel tracks that previously have been confirmed to contain ferric sulfates and/or opaline silica. Repeated Pancam multispectral observations have been acquired at four of these deposits to monitor spectral and textural changes over time during exposure to Martian surface conditions. Previous studies suggested that temporal spectral changes occur because of mineralogic changes (e. g., phase transitions accompanying dehydration). In this study, we present a multispectral and temporal analysis of eight Pancam image sequences at the Tyrone exposure, three at the Gertrude Weise exposure, two at the Kit Carson exposure, and ten at the Ulysses exposure that have been acquired as of sol 2132 (1 January 2010). We compare observed variations in Pancam data to spectral changes predicted by laboratory experiments for the dehydration of ferric sulfates. We also present a spectral analysis of repeated Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE observations spanning 32 sols and a textural analysis of Spirit Microscopic Imager observations of Ulysses spanning 102 sols. At all bright soil exposures, we observe no statistically significant spectral changes with time that are uniquely diagnostic of dehydration and/or mineralogic phase changes. However, at Kit Carson and Ulysses, we observe significant textural changes, including slumping within the wheel trench, movement of individual grains, disappearance of fines, and dispersal of soil clods. All observed textural changes are consistent with aeolian sorting and/or minor amounts of air fall dust deposition. C1 [Rice, M. S.; Bell, J. F., III; Wray, J. J.; Sullivan, R.; Anderson, R. B.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Cloutis, E. A.] Univ Winnipeg, Dept Geog, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada. [Herkenhoff, K. E.; Johnson, J. R.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Rice, MS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM mrice@astro.cornell.edu RI Wray, James/B-8457-2008; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI Wray, James/0000-0001-5559-2179; FU NASA; Mars Data Analysis Program (Cornell); National Science Foundation; CSA; NSERC; CFI; MRIF; University of Winnipeg; NSF; Fannie and John Hertz Foundation FX We gratefully acknowledge our colleagues on the Mars Exploration Rover and MRO HiRISE teams at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cornell University, USGS/Flagstaff, University of Arizona, and other partner institutions for enabling us to study the surface of Mars from microscopic to orbital scales. We thank Jonathan Joseph for his help in the calibration of Pancam images, Stan Mertzman for the compositional analysis of the ferric sulfate samples, Richard Morris for insightful suggestions that strengthened this work, Anya Portyankina and M. Vincendon for providing dust-corrected HiRISE images, and Alicia Vaughan and Jennifer Herman for their help with the presentation of Spirit's array energy. Leah Roach and an anonymous reviewer provided thoughtful comments that improved the quality of this work. This work is supported by grants and contracts from the NASA Mars Exploration Program (JPL) and the Mars Data Analysis Program (Cornell). M. S. R. was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. E. A. C. and his lab facility are supported by grants from CSA, NSERC, CFI, MRIF, and the University of Winnipeg. J.J.W. thanks the NSF and the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation for support. NR 45 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN 27 PY 2011 VL 116 AR E00F14 DI 10.1029/2010JE003683 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 713VA UT WOS:000286764300001 ER PT J AU Prejean, SG Brodsky, EE AF Prejean, Stephanie G. Brodsky, Emily E. TI Volcanic plume height measured by seismic waves based on a mechanical model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; STROMBOLI VOLCANO; PYROCLASTIC FLOWS; SOURCE PARAMETERS; FORM INVERSIONS; ERUPTION; DYNAMICS; SIGNALS; JAPAN; CONSTRAINTS AB In August 2008 an unmonitored, largely unstudied Aleutian volcano, Kasatochi, erupted catastrophically. Here we use seismic data to infer the height of large eruptive columns such as those of Kasatochi based on a combination of existing fluid and solid mechanical models. In so doing, we propose a connection between a common, observable, short-period seismic wave amplitude to the physics of an eruptive column. To construct a combined model, we estimate the mass ejection rate of material from the vent on the basis of the plume height, assuming that the height is controlled by thermal buoyancy for a continuous plume. Using the estimated mass ejection rate, we then derive the equivalent vertical force on the Earth through a momentum balance. Finally, we calculate the far-field surface waves resulting from the vertical force. The model performs well for recent eruptions of Kasatochi and Augustine volcanoes if v, the velocity of material exiting the vent, is 120-230 m s(-1). The consistency between the seismically inferred and measured plume heights indicates that in these cases the far-field similar to 1 s seismic energy radiated by fluctuating flow in the volcanic jet during the eruption is a useful indicator of overall mass ejection rates. Thus, use of the model holds promise for characterizing eruptions and evaluating ash hazards to aircraft in real time on the basis of far-field short-period seismic data. This study emphasizes the need for better measurements of eruptive plume heights and a more detailed understanding of the full spectrum of seismic energy radiated coeruptively. C1 [Prejean, Stephanie G.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Brodsky, Emily E.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Prejean, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4210 Univ Ave, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM sprejean@usgs.gov RI Brodsky, Emily/B-9139-2014; OI Brodsky, Emily/0000-0002-6855-6860 FU Federal Aviation Administration FX Reviews by Larry Mastin, Darcy Ogden, David Schneider, David Hill, David Fee, and two anonymous reviewers significantly improved this manuscript. Seismic stations used in this study were originally installed with funding from the Federal Aviation Administration and are maintained by the Alaska Volcano Observatory, the Alaska Earthquake Information Center, and the Alaska Tsunami Warning Center. NR 56 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 26 PY 2011 VL 116 AR B01306 DI 10.1029/2010JB007620 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 713TZ UT WOS:000286761600005 ER PT J AU Waller, RG Scanlon, KM Robinson, LF AF Waller, Rhian G. Scanlon, Kathryn M. Robinson, Laura F. TI Cold-Water Coral Distributions in the Drake Passage Area from Towed Camera Observations - Initial Interpretations SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGY; DEEP; REGION; REEFS AB Seamounts are unique deep-sea features that create habitats thought to have high levels of endemic fauna, productive fisheries and benthic communities vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. Many seamounts are isolated features, occurring in the high seas, where access is limited and thus biological data scarce. There are numerous seamounts within the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean), yet high winds, frequent storms and strong currents make seafloor sampling particularly difficult. As a result, few attempts to collect biological data have been made, leading to a paucity of information on benthic habitats or fauna in this area, particularly those on primarily hard-bottom seamounts and ridges. During a research cruise in 2008 six locations were examined (two on the Antarctic margin, one on the Shackleton Fracture Zone, and three on seamounts within the Drake Passage), using a towed camera with onboard instruments to measure conductivity, temperature, depth and turbidity. Dominant fauna and bottom type were categorized from 200 randomized photos from each location. Cold-water corals were present in high numbers in habitats both on the Antarctic margin and on the current swept seamounts of the Drake Passage, though the diversity of orders varied. Though the Scleractinia (hard corals) were abundant on the sedimented margin, they were poorly represented in the primarily hard-bottom areas of the central Drake Passage. The two seamount sites and the Shackleton Fracture Zone showed high numbers of stylasterid (lace) and alcyonacean (soft) corals, as well as large numbers of sponges. Though data are preliminary, the geological and environmental variability (particularly in temperature) between sample sites may be influencing cold-water coral biogeography in this region. Each area observed also showed little similarity in faunal diversity with other sites examined for this study within all phyla counted. This manuscript highlights how little is understood of these isolated features, particularly in Polar regions. C1 [Waller, Rhian G.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Scanlon, Kathryn M.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Robinson, Laura F.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Chem & Geochem Dept, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Waller, RG (reprint author), Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. EM rhian.waller@maine.edu OI Robinson, Laura/0000-0001-6811-0140 FU National Science Foundation [ANT0636787]; CenSeam; University of Hawaii at Manoa FX This work was funded by the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Earth Sciences Program (ANT0636787 awarded to LFR and RGW) and a CenSeam minigrant (awarded to RGW), and RGW is supported by a SOEST Young Investigator Fellowship from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 16 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD JAN 25 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 1 AR e16153 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0016153 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 712IZ UT WOS:000286661400030 PM 21283585 ER PT J AU Foster, AL Ashley, RP Rytuba, JJ AF Foster, Andrea L. Ashley, Roger P. Rytuba, James J. TI Arsenic species in weathering mine tailings and biogenic solids at the Lava Cap Mine Superfund Site, Nevada City, CA SO GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; LODE GOLD DISTRICT; QUANTITATIVE SPECIATION; OXIDATION-KINETICS; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; SYNTHETIC PYRITE; NI IMPURITIES; HEAVY-METALS; SPECTROSCOPY; FERRIHYDRITE AB Background: A realistic estimation of the health risk of human exposure to solid-phase arsenic (As) derived from historic mining operations is a major challenge to redevelopment of California's famed "Mother Lode" region. Arsenic, a known carcinogen, occurs in multiple solid forms that vary in bioaccessibility. X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) was used to identify and quantify the forms of As in mine wastes and biogenic solids at the Lava Cap Mine Superfund (LCMS) site, a historic "Mother Lode" gold mine. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess variance within water chemistry, solids chemistry, and XAFS spectral datasets. Linear combination, least-squares fits constrained in part by PCA results were then used to quantify arsenic speciation in XAFS spectra of tailings and biogenic solids. Results: The highest dissolved arsenic concentrations were found in Lost Lake porewater and in a groundwater-fed pond in the tailings deposition area. Iron, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, specific conductivity, and As were the major variables in the water chemistry PCA. Arsenic was, on average, 14 times more concentrated in biologically-produced iron (hydr)oxide than in mine tailings. Phosphorous, manganese, calcium, aluminum, and As were the major variables in the solids chemistry PCA. Linear combination fits to XAFS spectra indicate that arsenopyrite (FeAsS), the dominant form of As in ore material, remains abundant (average: 65%) in minimally-weathered ore samples and water-saturated tailings at the bottom of Lost Lake. However, tailings that underwent drying and wetting cycles contain an average of only 30% arsenopyrite. The predominant products of arsenopyrite weathering were identified by XAFS to be As-bearing Fe (hydr)oxide and arseniosiderite (Ca(2)Fe(AsO(4))(3)O(3)center dot 3H(2)O). Existence of the former species is not in question, but the presence of the latter species was not confirmed by additional measurements, so its identification is less certain. The linear combination, least-squares fits totals of several samples deviate by more than +/- 20% from 100%, suggesting that additional phases may be present that were not identified or evaluated in this study. Conclusions: Sub-to anoxic conditions minimize dissolution of arsenopyrite at the LCMS site, but may accelerate the dissolution of As-bearing secondary iron phases such as Fe(3+)-oxyhydroxides and arseniosiderite, if sufficient organic matter is present to spur anaerobic microbial activity. Oxidizing, dry conditions favor the stabilization of secondary phases, while promoting oxidative breakdown of the primary sulfides. The stability of both primary and secondary As phases is likely to be at a minimum under cyclic wet-dry conditions. Biogenic iron (hydr)oxide flocs can sequester significant amounts of arsenic; this property may be useful for treatment of perpetual sources of As such as mine adit water, but the fate of As associated with natural accumulations of floc material needs to be assessed. C1 [Foster, Andrea L.; Ashley, Roger P.; Rytuba, James J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Foster, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 901, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM afoster@usgs.gov FU Geoenvironmental Impacts of Mercury FX ALF assisted in collection of water samples, and collected/analyzed about half of the solid samples. XAFS data collection and interpretation was performed by ALF. ALF was the primary author of all but the background sections of this manuscript. RPA led the collection and analysis of water samples, was responsible for the chemical analysis of about 1/2 of the solid samples, and was the primary author of the initial draft of the background section of the manuscript. JJR provided guidance and oversight as chief of the USGS-funded project Geoenvironmental Impacts of Mercury and As, which provided financial support for this work. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. NR 58 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 6 U2 35 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1467-4866 J9 GEOCHEM T JI Geochem. Trans. PD JAN 24 PY 2011 VL 12 AR 1 DI 10.1186/1467-4866-12-1 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 720CG UT WOS:000287257200001 PM 21261983 ER PT J AU Hart, LM Traxler, GS Garver, KA Richard, J Gregg, JL Grady, CA Kurath, G Hershberger, PK AF Hart, Lucas M. Traxler, Garth S. Garver, Kyle A. Richard, Jon Gregg, Jacob L. Grady, Courtney A. Kurath, Gael Hershberger, Paul K. TI Larval and juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii are not susceptible to infectious hematopoietic necrosis under laboratory conditions SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE IHN; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis; Pacific herring; Clupea pallasii ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ATLANTIC SALMON; VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; CANADA; FISH; WALBAUM AB Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) leads to periodic epidemics among certain wild and farmed fish species of the Northeast (NE) Pacific. The source of the IHN virus (IHNV) that initiates these outbreaks remains unknown; however, a leading hypothesis involves viral persistence in marine host species such as Pacific herring Clupea pallasii. Under laboratory conditions we exposed specific pathogen-free (SPF) larval and juvenile Pacific herring to 10(3) to 10(4) plaque-forming units (pfu) of IHNV ml(-1) by waterborne immersion. Cumulative mortalities among exposed groups were not significantly different from those of negative control groups. After waterborne exposure, IHNV was transiently recovered from the tissues of larvae but absent in tissues of juveniles. Additionally, no evidence of viral shedding was detected in the tank water containing exposed juveniles. After intraperitoneal (IP) injection of IHNV in juvenile herring with 10(3) pfu, IHNV was recovered from the tissues of sub-sampled individuals for only the first 5 d post-exposure. The lack of susceptibility to overt disease and transient levels of IHNV in the tissues of exposed fish indicate that Pacific herring do not likely serve a major epizootiological role in perpetuation of IHNV among free-ranging sock-eye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the NE Pacific. C1 [Hart, Lucas M.; Gregg, Jacob L.; Grady, Courtney A.; Hershberger, Paul K.] US Geol Survey, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, WFRC, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. [Traxler, Garth S.; Garver, Kyle A.; Richard, Jon] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. [Kurath, Gael] US Geol Survey, WFRC, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hart, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, WFRC, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. EM lhart@usgs.gov FU Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council [070819]; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; US Geological Survey FX Funding was provided by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Project # 070819, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and US Geological Survey Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Program. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the US Department of Interior or the US Geological Survey of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JAN 21 PY 2011 VL 93 IS 2 BP 105 EP 110 DI 10.3354/dao02294 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 711SF UT WOS:000286611000002 PM 21381516 ER PT J AU Gleeson, T Smith, L Moosdorf, N Hartmann, J Durr, HH Manning, AH van Beek, LPH Jellinek, AM AF Gleeson, Tom Smith, Leslie Moosdorf, Nils Hartmann, Jens Durr, Hans H. Manning, Andrew H. van Beek, Ludovicus P. H. Jellinek, A. M. TI Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; GROUNDWATER; FLOW; DYNAMICS; MODELS AB Permeability, the ease of fluid flow through porous rocks and soils, is a fundamental but often poorly quantified component in the analysis of regional-scale water fluxes. Permeability is difficult to quantify because it varies over more than 13 orders of magnitude and is heterogeneous and dependent on flow direction. Indeed, at the regional scale, maps of permeability only exist for soil to depths of 1-2 m. Here we use an extensive compilation of results from hydrogeologic models to show that regional-scale (>5 km) permeability of consolidated and unconsolidated geologic units below soil horizons (hydrolithologies) can be characterized in a statistically meaningful way. The representative permeabilities of these hydrolithologies are used to map the distribution of near-surface (on the order of 100 m depth) permeability globally and over North America. The distribution of each hydrolithology is generally scale independent. The near-surface mean permeability is of the order of similar to 5 x 10(-14) m(2). The results provide the first global picture of near-surface permeability and will be of particular value for evaluating global water resources and modeling the influence of climate-surface-subsurface interactions on global climate change. Citation: Gleeson, T., L. Smith, N. Moosdorf, J. Hartmann, H. H. Durr, A. H. Manning, L. P. H. van Beek, and A. M. Jellinek (2011), Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02401, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045565. C1 [Gleeson, Tom; Smith, Leslie; Jellinek, A. M.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Durr, Hans H.; van Beek, Ludovicus P. H.] Univ Utrecht, Dept Phys Geog, Fac Geosci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. [Moosdorf, Nils; Hartmann, Jens] Univ Hamburg, Inst Biogeochem & Marine Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. [Manning, Andrew H.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gleeson, T (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, 6339 Stores Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM tgleeson@eos.ubc.ca RI Moosdorf, Nils/B-3851-2009; Durr, Hans/F-6370-2010; Hartmann, Jens/A-6306-2008; Gleeson, Tom/F-2552-2011; van Beek, Rens/B-4904-2014; OI Moosdorf, Nils/0000-0003-2822-8261; Durr, Hans/0000-0001-5787-3994; Hartmann, Jens/0000-0003-1878-9321; Gleeson, Tom/0000-0001-9493-7707; van Beek, Rens/0000-0002-4758-108X; Manning, Andrew/0000-0002-6404-1237 FU NSERC; German Science Foundation (DFG) [HA 4472/6-1, EXC177]; Utrecht University; EU [036993] FX TG is supported by a NSERC postdoctoral grant. JH and NM are supported through the German Science Foundation (DFG-project HA 4472/6-1 and the Cluster of Excellence 'CliSAP' (EXC177), University of Hamburg). We thank numerous hydrogeologists including L. Bentley, B. Jaworska-Szulc, C. Neuzil, A. Reeves, R. Rojas-Mujica and W. Sanford for providing information for the compilation. N. Sihota completed the normality tests. J. Caine (USGS), K. Christie (University of Alaska-Fairbanks), H. Peterson (UBC) and D. Sweetkind (USGS) and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved this paper. Please contact TG to contribute to the ongoing permeability compilation or for high-resolution versions of the permeability map. HHD has been funded by Utrecht University (High Potential Project G-NUX) and the EU FP6 project CARBO-North (project number 036993). NR 34 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 11 U2 51 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 21 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L02401 DI 10.1029/2010GL045565 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 710MY UT WOS:000286517100003 ER PT J AU Zhang, L Wylie, BK Ji, L Gilmanov, TG Tieszen, LL Howard, DM AF Zhang, Li Wylie, Bruce K. Ji, Lei Gilmanov, Tagir G. Tieszen, Larry L. Howard, Daniel M. TI Upscaling carbon fluxes over the Great Plains grasslands: Sinks and sources SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; CO2 EXCHANGE; DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; TEMPERATE GRASSLAND; EUROPEAN FORESTS; COMBINING MODIS AB Previous studies suggested that the grasslands may be carbon sinks or near equilibrium, and they often shift between carbon sources in drought years and carbon sinks in other years. It is important to understand the responses of net ecosystem production (NEP) to various climatic conditions across the U. S. Great Plains grasslands. Based on 15 grassland flux towers, we developed a piecewise regression model and mapped the grassland NEP at 250 m spatial resolution over the Great Plains from 2000 to 2008. The results showed that the Great Plains was a net sink with an averaged annual NEP of 24 +/- 14 g C m(-2) yr(-1), ranging from a low value of 0.3 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in 2002 to a high value of 47.7 g C m(-2) yr-1 in 2005. The regional averaged NEP for the entire Great Plains grasslands was estimated to be 336 Tg C yr(-1) from 2000 to 2008. In the 9 year period including 4 dry years, the annual NEP was very variable in both space and time. It appeared that the carbon gains for the Great Plains were more sensitive to droughts in the west than the east. The droughts in 2000, 2002, 2006, and 2008 resulted in increased carbon losses over drought-affected areas, and the Great Plains grasslands turned into a relatively low sink with NEP values of 15.8, 0.3, 20.1, and 10.2 g C m(-2) yr(-1) for the 4 years, respectively. C1 [Zhang, Li] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Digital Earth, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Gilmanov, Tagir G.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Ji, Lei] ASRC Res & Technol Solut, USGS EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Wylie, Bruce K.; Tieszen, Larry L.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Zhang, Li] Beijing Normal Univ, Acad Disaster Reduct & Emergency Management, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Howard, Daniel M.] Stinger Ghaffarian Technol, USGS EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Zhang, L (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Digital Earth, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. EM lizhang@ceode.ac.cn; wylie@usgs.gov; lji@usgs.gov; tagir.gilmanov@sdstate.edu; tieszen@usgs.gov; dhoward@usgs.gov RI li, dongsheng/B-2285-2012; Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014; OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083; Howard, Daniel/0000-0002-7563-7538 FU USGS [08HQCN0005]; National Basic Research Program of China (973) [2009CB723906] FX The study was supported by the USGS Geographic Analysis and Monitoring Program and the National Basic Research Program of China (973) under grant 2009CB723906. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for description purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. The work by Lei Ji was performed under USGS contract 08HQCN0007, and the work by Daniel Howard was performed under USGS contract 08HQCN0005. We are grateful for the flux tower data provided by AmeriFlux network, USDA Agriflux network, and other flux tower investigators. NR 60 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-8953 EI 2169-8961 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD JAN 20 PY 2011 VL 116 AR G00J03 DI 10.1029/2010JG001504 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 710OG UT WOS:000286520500002 ER PT J AU Anteau, MJ Afton, AD AF Anteau, Michael J. Afton, Alan D. TI Lipid Catabolism of Invertebrate Predator Indicates Widespread Wetland Ecosystem Degradation SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID SPRING CONDITION HYPOTHESIS; SCAUP AYTHYA-AFFINIS; LESSER SCAUP; MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; UPPER-MIDWEST; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; MIGRATION; METABOLITES; CONSISTENT; RESERVES AB Animals frequently undergo periods when they accumulate lipid reserves for subsequent energetically expensive activities, such as migration or breeding. During such periods, daily lipid-reserve dynamics (DLD) of sentinel species can quantify how landscape modifications affect function, health, and resilience of ecosystems. Aythya affinis (Eyton 1838; lesser scaup; diving duck) are macroinvertebrate predators; they migrate through an agriculturally dominated landscape in spring where they select wetlands with the greatest food density to refuel and accumulate lipid reserves for subsequent reproduction. We index DLD by measuring plasma-lipid metabolites of female scaup (n = 459) that were refueling at 75 spring migration stopover areas distributed across the upper Midwest, USA. We also indexed DLD for females (n = 44) refueling on a riverine site (Pool 19) south of our upper Midwest study area. We found that mean DLD estimates were significantly (P < 0.05) less than zero in all ecophysiographic regions of the upper Midwest, and the greatest negative value was in the Iowa Prairie Pothole region (-31.6). Mean DLD was 16.8 at Pool 19 and was markedly greater than in any region of the upper Midwest. Our results indicate that females catabolized rather than stored lipid reserves throughout the upper Midwest. Moreover, levels of lipid catabolism are alarming, because scaup use the best quality wetlands available within a given stopover area. Accordingly, these results provide evidence of wetland ecosystem degradation across this large agricultural landscape and document affects that are carried-up through several trophic levels. Interestingly, storing of lipids by scaup at Pool 19 likely reflects similar ecosystem perturbations as observed in the upper Midwest because wetland drainage and agricultural runoff nutrifies the riverine habitat that scaup use at Pool 19. Finally, our results underscore how using this novel technique to monitor DLD, of a carefully selected sentinel species, can index ecosystem health at a landscape scale. C1 [Anteau, Michael J.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Afton, Alan D.] Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Anteau, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND USA. EM manteau@usgs.gov FU Ducks Unlimited Inc. USA; Federal and Winchester Cartridge Companies; Iowa Department of Natural Resources; IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada; Graduate School and the School of Renewable Natural Resources at Louisiana State University; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Louisiana State University; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; Minnesota Waterfowl Association; North Dakota Game and Fish Department; Prairie Pothole Joint Venture; Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture; USFWS Regions 3 and 6 HAPET offices; USGS-Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; USGS-National Wetlands Research Center FX The following organizations provided financial or in-kind support: Ducks Unlimited Inc. USA, Federal and Winchester Cartridge Companies, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada, IWWR of Ducks Unlimited Canada through the Bonnycastle Fellowship, the Graduate School and the School of Renewable Natural Resources at Louisiana State University, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Louisiana State University through the Bosch Fellowship, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Waterfowl Association, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Prairie Pothole Joint Venture, Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture, USFWS Regions 3 and 6 HAPET offices, USGS-Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and USGS-National Wetlands Research Center. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 15 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD JAN 19 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 1 AR e16029 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0016029 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 710OH UT WOS:000286520600020 PM 21283806 ER PT J AU Ellis, BK Stanford, JA Goodman, D Stafford, CP Gustafson, DL Beauchamp, DA Chess, DW Craft, JA Deleray, MA Hansen, BS AF Ellis, Bonnie K. Stanford, Jack A. Goodman, Daniel Stafford, Craig P. Gustafson, Daniel L. Beauchamp, David A. Chess, Dale W. Craft, James A. Deleray, Mark A. Hansen, Barry S. TI Long-term effects of a trophic cascade in a large lake ecosystem SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE invasive species; top predators; food web; Mysis diluviana; lake trout ID OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE; FLATHEAD LAKE; ZOOPLANKTON; PRODUCTIVITY; PHYTOPLANKTON; NUTRIENTS; STOCKING; COLLAPSE; MONTANA; USA AB Introductions or invasions of nonnative organisms can mediate major changes in the trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems. Here we document multitrophic level impacts in a spatially extensive system that played out over more than a century. Positive interactions among exotic vertebrate and invertebrate predators caused a substantial and abrupt shift in community composition resulting in a trophic cascade that extended to primary producers and to a nonaquatic species, the bald eagle. The opossum shrimp, Mysis diluviana, invaded Flathead Lake, Montana, the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. Lake trout had been introduced 80 y prior but remained at low densities until nonnative Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids and this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery; formerly abundant kokanee were extirpated, and native bull and westslope cutthroat trout are imperiled. Predation by Mysis shifted zooplankton and phytoplankton community size structure. Bayesian change point analysis of primary productivity (27-y time series) showed a significant step increase of 55 mg C m(-2) d(-1) (i.e., 21% rise) concurrent with the mysid invasion, but little trend before or after despite increasing nutrient loading. Mysis facilitated predation by lake trout and indirectly caused the collapse of kokanee, redirecting energy flow through the ecosystem that would otherwise have been available to other top predators (bald eagles). C1 [Ellis, Bonnie K.; Stanford, Jack A.; Craft, James A.] Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. [Goodman, Daniel; Gustafson, Daniel L.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Environm Stat Grp, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Ellis, Bonnie K.; Stanford, Jack A.; Stafford, Craig P.] Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Beauchamp, David A.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Chess, Dale W.] Coeur Alene Tribe, Plummer, ID 83851 USA. [Deleray, Mark A.] Montana Fish, Wildlife & Pk, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. [Hansen, Barry S.] Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes, Pablo, MT 59855 USA. RP Ellis, BK (reprint author), Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. EM bonnie.ellis@umontana.edu NR 40 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 21 U2 151 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 18 PY 2011 VL 108 IS 3 BP 1070 EP 1075 DI 10.1073/pnas.1013006108 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 707TF UT WOS:000286310300036 PM 21199944 ER PT J AU Riedel, M Collett, TS Shankar, U AF Riedel, M. Collett, T. S. Shankar, U. TI Documenting channel features associated with gas hydrates in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gas hydrates; channel systems; levee deposits; East Coast of India ID EAST-COAST; STRATIGRAPHY AB During the India National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP) Expedition 01 in 2006 significant sand and gas hydrate were recovered at Site NGHP-01-15 within the Krishna-Godavari Basin, East Coast off India. At the drill site NGHP-01-15, a 5-8 m thick interval was found that is characterized by higher sand content than anywhere else at the site and within the KG Basin. Gas hydrate concentrations were determined to be 20-40% of the pore volume using wire-line electrical resistivity data as well as core-derived pore-fluid freshening trends. The gas hydrate-bearing interval was linked to a prominent seismic reflection observed in the 3D seismic data. This reflection event, mapped for about 1 km(2) south of the drill site, is bound by a fault at its northern limit that may act as migration conduit for free gas to enter the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) and subsequently charge the sand-rich layer. On 3D and additional regional 2D seismic data a prominent channel system was imaged mainly by using the seismic instantaneous amplitude attribute. The channel can be clearly identified by changes in the seismic character of the channel fill (sand-rich) and pronounced levees (less sand content than in the fill, but higher than in surrounding mud-dominated sediments). The entire channel sequence (channel fill and levees) has been subsequently covered and back-filled with a more mud-prone sediment sequence. Where the levees intersect the base of the GHSZ, their reflection strengths are significantly increased to 5- to 6-times the surrounding reflection amplitudes. Using the 3D seismic data these high-amplitude reflection edges where linked to the gas hydrate-bearing layer at Site NGHP-01-15. Further south along the channel the same reflection elements representing the levees do not show similarly large reflection amplitudes. However, the channel system is still characterized by several high-amplitude reflection events (a few hundred meters wide and up to similar to 1 km in extent) interpreted as gas hydrate-bearing sand intervals along the length of the channel. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Riedel, M.] Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Nat Resources Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. [Collett, T. S.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Shankar, U.] Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad 500606, Andhra Pradesh, India. [Shankar, U.] CSIR, New Delhi, India. RP Riedel, M (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Nat Resources Canada, 9860 W Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. EM mriedel@nrcan.gc.ca; tcollett@usgs.gov; umashankar_ngri@yahoo.com NR 32 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 279 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.008 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 717OR UT WOS:000287057800001 ER PT J AU Gamage, K Screaton, E Bekins, B Aiello, I AF Gamage, Kusali Screaton, Elizabeth Bekins, Barbara Aiello, Ivano TI Permeability-porosity relationships of subduction zone sediments SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE permeability; porosity; subduction zone; marine sediment; grain size; smectite ID FLUID-FLOW; ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX; ANISOTROPIC PERMEABILITY; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; HEAT-FLOW; DIAGENESIS; SMECTITE; MARGIN; CLAYS; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Permeability porosity relationships for sediments from the northern Barbados, Costa Rica, Nankai, and Peru subduction zones were examined based on sediment type, grain size distribution, and general mechanical and chemical compaction history. Greater correlation was observed between permeability and porosity in siliciclastic sediments, diatom oozes, and nannofossil chalks than in nannofossil oozes. For siliciclastic sediments, grouping of sediments by percentage of clay-sized material yields relationships that are generally consistent with results from other marine settings and suggests decreasing permeability as percentage of clay-sized material increases. Correction of measured porosities for smectite content improved the correlation of permeability porosity relationships for siliciclastic sediments and diatom oozes. The relationship between permeability and porosity for diatom oozes is very similar to the relationship in siliciclastic sediments, and permeabilities of both sediment types are related to the amount of clay-size particles. In contrast, nannofossil oozes have higher permeability values by 1.5 orders of magnitude than siliciclastic sediments of the same porosity and show poor correlation between permeability and porosity. More indurated calcareous sediments, nannofossil chalks, overlap siliciclastic permeabilities at the lower end of their measured permeability range, suggesting similar consolidation patterns at depth. Thus, the lack of correlation between permeability and porosity for nannofossil oozes is likely related to variations in mechanical and chemical compaction at shallow depths. This study provides the foundation for a much-needed global database with fundamental properties that relate to permeability in marine settings. Further progress in delineating controls on permeability requires additional carefully documented permeability measurements on well-characterized samples. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Gamage, Kusali; Screaton, Elizabeth] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Bekins, Barbara] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Aiello, Ivano] Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Gamage, K (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 1000 Discovery Dr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM kusali@ufl.edu FU U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); JOI/United States Science Support Program (USSSP); NSF [OCE-0751497] FX This research used samples and data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). ODP was sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participating countries under the management of Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc. We especially want to thank Mike Underwood and Dawn Cardace for use of their data. This manuscript has benefited greatly from valuable and thorough reviews by the Editor David Piper, Chris Neuzil, Steve Ingebritsen, Angelo Camerlenghi, and two anonymous reviewers. Funding for this research was provided by JOI/United States Science Support Program (USSSP) postcruise grants to E. Screaton and B. Bekins and by the NSF through grant OCE-0751497 to E. Screaton. NR 71 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 EI 1872-6151 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 279 IS 1-4 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.010 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 717OR UT WOS:000287057800003 ER PT J AU Moore, DE Lockner, DA AF Moore, Diane E. Lockner, David A. TI Frictional strengths of talc-serpentine and talc-quartz mixtures SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SLAB-MANTLE INTERFACE; SUBDUCTION ZONES; FAULT GOUGE; STABILITY; MINERALS; BEHAVIOR; ROCKS; WATER AB Talc is a constituent of faults in a variety of settings, and it may be an effective weakening agent depending on its abundance and distribution within a fault. We conducted frictional strength experiments under hydrothermal conditions to determine the effect of talc on the strengths of synthetic gouges of lizardite and antigorite serpentinites and of quartz. Small amounts of talc weaken serpentinite gouges substantially more than predicted by simple weight averaging. In comparison, mixtures of quartz and talc show a linear trend of strength reduction at talc concentrations <= 15 wt % and enhanced weakening at higher concentrations. All of the strength data are fit by a modified version of the Reuss mixing law that allows for the dominance of one mineral over the other. The difference in the behavior of serpentinite-talc and quartz-talc mixtures at low talc concentrations is a reflection of their different textures. Lizardite, antigorite, and talc all have platy habits, and displacement within gouges composed of these minerals is localized to narrow shears along which the platy grains have rotated into alignment with the shear surfaces. The shears in the mixed phyllosilicate gouges maximize the proportion of the weaker mineral within them. When mixed with a strong, rounded mineral such as quartz, some minimum concentration of talc is needed to form connected pathways that enhance strength reductions. The typical development of talc by the reaction of Si-rich fluids with serpentinite or dolomite would tend to localize its occurrence in a natural fault and result in enhanced weakening. C1 [Moore, Diane E.; Lockner, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Moore, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dmoore@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 116 AR B01403 DI 10.1029/2010JB007881 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 707YL UT WOS:000286327300001 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, C Brantley, S Richter, DD Blum, A Dixon, J White, AF AF Rasmussen, C. Brantley, S. Richter, D. deB. Blum, A. Dixon, J. White, A. F. TI Strong climate and tectonic control on plagioclase weathering in granitic terrain SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE denudation; chemical weathering; physical erosion; granite; regolith; climate ID LONG-TERM; LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; PHYSICAL EROSION; MASS-BALANCE; PUERTO-RICO; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; SILICATE MINERALS; DENUDATION RATES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; VOLCANIC SOILS AB Investigations to understand linkages among climate, erosion and weathering are central to quantifying landscape evolution. We approach these linkages through synthesis of regolith data for granitic terrain compiled with respect to climate, geochemistry, and denudation rates for low sloping upland profiles. Focusing on Na as a proxy for plagioclase weathering, we quantified regolith Na depletion, Na mass loss, and the relative partitioning of denudation to physical and chemical contributions. The depth and magnitude of regolith Na depletion increased continuously with increasing water availability, except for locations with mean annual temperature <5 degrees C that exhibited little Na depletion, and locations with physical erosion rates <20 g m(-2) yr(-1) that exhibited deep and complete regolith Na depletion. Surface Na depletion also tended to decrease with increasing physical erosion. Depth-integrated Na mass loss and regolith depth were both three orders of magnitude greater in the fully depleted, low erosion rate sites relative to other locations. These locations exhibited strong erosion-limitation of Na chemical weathering rates based on correlation of Na chemical weathering rate to total Na denudation. Sodium weathering rates in cool locations with positive annual water balance were strongly correlated to total Na denudation and precipitation, and exhibited an average apparent activation energy (Ea) of 69 kJ mol(-1) Na. The remaining water-limited locations exhibited kinetic limitation of Na weathering rates with an Ea of 136 kJ mol(-1) Na, roughly equivalent to the sum of laboratory measures of Ea and dissolution reaction enthalpy for albite. Water availability is suggested as the dominant factor limiting rate kinetics in the water-limited systems. Together, these data demonstrate marked transitions and nonlinearity in how climate and tectonics correlate to plagioclase chemical weathering and Na mass loss. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Rasmussen, C.] Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Brantley, S.] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Richter, D. deB.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Blum, A.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Dixon, J.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [White, A. F.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Rasmussen, C (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM crasmuss@cals.arizona.edu RI Dixon, Jean/B-2099-2012 OI Dixon, Jean/0000-0002-7763-4939 FU Critical Zone Exploration Network; NSF [EAR-0632516, EAR-0724958, EAR-0722476, DEB-0543130] FX This work was coordinated and supported through the Critical Zone Exploration Network and NSF grants EAR-0632516, EAR-0724958, EAR-0722476 and DEB-0543130. The manuscript benefitted from discussions with Cliff Riebe, Oliver Chadwick, Anthony Hartshorn, Marina Lebedeva and Jennifer Williams, and comments from three anonymous reviewers. NR 88 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 62 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 301 IS 3-4 BP 521 EP 530 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.037 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 717TL UT WOS:000287070200011 ER PT J AU Jew, AD Kim, CS Rytuba, JJ Gustin, MS Brown, GE AF Jew, Adam D. Kim, Christopher S. Rytuba, James J. Gustin, Mae S. Brown, Gordon E., Jr. TI New Technique for Quantification of Elemental Hg in Mine Wastes and Its Implications for Mercury Evasion Into the Atmosphere SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; EXAFS SPECTROSCOPY; ORGANIC-MATTER; SPECIATION; SOILS; EXTRACTIONS; SEDIMENTS; EMISSION; TAILINGS; PYROLYSIS AB Mercury in the environment is of prime concern to both ecosystem and human health. Determination of the molecular-level speciation of Hg in soils and mine wastes is important for understanding its sequestration, mobility, and availability for methylation. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy carried out under ambient P-T conditions has been used in a number of past studies to determine Hg speciation in complex mine wastes and associated soils. However, this approach cannot detect elemental (liquid) mercury in Hg-polluted soils and sediments due to the significant structural disorder of liquid Hg at ambient-temperature. A new sample preparation protocol involving slow cooling through the crystallization temperature of Hg(0) (234 K) results in its transformation to crystalline alpha-Hg(0). The presence and proportion of Hg(0), relative to other crystalline Hg-bearing phases, in samples prepared in this way can be quantified by low-temperature (77 K) EXAFS spectroscopy. Using this approach, we have determined the relative concentrations of liquid Hg(0) in Hg mine wastes from several sites in the California Coast Range and have found that they correlate well with measured fluxes of gaseous Hg released during light and dark exposure of the same samples, with higher evasion ratios from samples containing higher concentrations of liquid Hg(0). Two different linear relationships are observed in plots of the ratio of Hg emission under light and dark conditions vs % Hg(0), corresponding to silica-carbonate- and hot springs-type Hg deposits, with the hot springs-type samples exhibiting higher evasion fluxes than silica-carbonate type samples at similar Hg(0) concentrations. Our findings help explain significant differences in Hg evasion data for different mine sites in the California Coast Range. C1 [Jew, Adam D.; Brown, Gordon E., Jr.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Surface & Aqueous Geochem Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Kim, Christopher S.] Chapman Univ, Dept Chem, Environm Geochem Lab, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [Rytuba, James J.] US Geol Survey, USGS Mineral Resources Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Gustin, Mae S.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Brown, Gordon E., Jr.] SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Dept Photon Sci & Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lig, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Jew, AD (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Surface & Aqueous Geochem Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM adamjew@stanford.edu FU Stanford Environmental Molecular Science Institute through NSF [CHE-0431425] FX We wish to thank Joe Rogers and John Bargar of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource for help with data collection on beamline 11-2. The LN2 cryostat used in the low-temperature work was designed and built by Steve Conradson of Los Alamos National Laboratory. G.E.B. thanks George Parks (Stanford University) for helpful discussions over a number of years about the environmental chemistry of mercury. Funding for this research comes from the Stanford Environmental Molecular Science Institute through NSF Grant CHE-0431425. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a National user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, with additional support from the National Institute of Health. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 2 BP 412 EP 417 DI 10.1021/es1023527 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 704YB UT WOS:000286090500014 PM 21121657 ER PT J AU Bjornsson, BT Stefansson, SO McCormick, SD AF Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur Stefansson, Sigurd O. McCormick, Stephen D. TI Environmental endocrinology of salmon smoltification SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmon; Trout; Parr; Smolt; Post-smolt; Smoltification; Cortisol; Thyroid hormones; Growth hormone; Insulin-like-growth factor I; Prolactin; Environmental cues ID PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; GROWTH-HORMONE ENDOCRINOLOGY; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; THYROID-HORMONES; BROWN TROUT; POST-SMOLTS; SALAR L AB Smolting is a hormone-driven developmental process that is adaptive for downstream migration and ocean survival and growth in anadromous salmonids. Smolting includes increased salinity tolerance, increased metabolism, downstream migratory and schooling behavior, silvering and darkened fin margins, and olfactory imprinting. These changes are promoted by growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, cortisol, thyroid hormones, whereas prolactin is inhibitory. Photoperiod and temperature are critical environmental cues for smolt development, and their relative importance will be critical in determining responses to future climate change. Most of our knowledge of the environmental control and endocrine mediation of smolting is based on laboratory and hatchery studies, yet there is emerging information on fish in the wild that indicates substantial differences. Such differences may arise from differences in environmental stimuli in artificial rearing environments, and may be critical to ocean survival and population sustainability. Endocrine disruptors, acidification and other contaminants can perturb smolt development, resulting in poor survival after seawater entry. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [McCormick, Stephen D.] Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, USGS, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. [Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur] Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool Zoophysiol, Fish Endocrinol Lab, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Stefansson, Sigurd O.] Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, Bergen High Technol Ctr, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, USGS, 1 Migratory Way,POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. EM mccormick@umext.umass.edu RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756 FU University of Gothenburg Platform on Integrative Physiology (GRIP) FX This paper has been partly supported by the University of Gothenburg Platform on Integrative Physiology (GRIP). NR 118 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 13 U2 140 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 EI 1095-6840 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 170 IS 2 SI SI BP 290 EP 298 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.003 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 708ND UT WOS:000286367600009 PM 20627104 ER PT J AU Carr, JA Patino, R AF Carr, James A. Patino, Reynaldo TI The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in teleosts and amphibians: Endocrine disruption and its consequences to natural populations SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Thyroid; Pituitary; Hypothalamus; Reproduction; Development; Amphibians; Fishes ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; WASTE-WATER CONTAMINANTS; SUCKER CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; DEPENDENT GENE-EXPRESSION; CATFISH CLARIAS-BATRACHUS; DEVELOPING XENOPUS-LAEVIS; ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG AB Teleosts and pond-breeding amphibians may be exposed to a wide variety of anthropogenic, waterborne contaminants that affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Because thyroid hormone is required for their normal development and reproduction, the potential impact of HPT-disrupting contaminants on natural teleost and amphibian populations raises special concern. There is laboratory evidence indicating that persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, pharmaceutical and personal care products, agricultural chemicals, and aerospace products may alter HPT activity, development, and reproduction in teleosts and amphibians. However, at present there is no evidence to clearly link contaminant-induced HPT alterations to impairments in teleost or amphibian population health in the field. Also, with the exception of perchlorate for which laboratory studies have shown a direct link between HPT disruption and adverse impacts on development and reproductive physiology, little is known about if or how other HPT-disrupting contaminants affect organismal performance. Future field studies should focus on establishing temporal associations between the presence of HPT-disrupting chemicals, the occurrence of HPT alterations, and adverse effects on development and reproduction in natural populations; as well as determining how complex mixtures of HPT contaminants affect organismal and population health. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Carr, James A.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Patino, Reynaldo] Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Patino, Reynaldo] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Patino, Reynaldo] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Carr, JA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 4-3131, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM james.carr@ttu.edu FU Texas Tech University; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; U.S. Geological Survey; Wildlife Management Institute; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX The Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, U.S. Geological Survey, Wildlife Management Institute, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank Drs. Nathan Collie, Sandeep Mukhi, Phil Smith, Ernest Smith, and Christopher Theodorakis for reading earlier drafts of this manuscript. NR 159 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 5 U2 65 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 EI 1095-6840 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JAN 15 PY 2011 VL 170 IS 2 SI SI BP 299 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.06.001 PG 14 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 708ND UT WOS:000286367600010 PM 20566362 ER PT J AU Schelker, J Burns, DA Weiler, M Laudon, H AF Schelker, J. Burns, D. A. Weiler, M. Laudon, H. TI Hydrological mobilization of mercury and dissolved organic carbon in a snow-dominated, forested watershed: Conceptualization and modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NET METHYLMERCURY PRODUCTION; ADIRONDACK LAKES; ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBENCY; CANADIAN SHIELD; DEPOSITION; CATCHMENT; PEATLANDS; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS; TOPMODEL AB The mobilization of mercury and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during snowmelt often accounts for a major fraction of the annual loads. We studied the role of hydrological connectivity of riparian wetlands and upland/wetland transition zones to surface waters on the mobilization of Hg and DOC in Fishing Brook, a headwater of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Stream water total mercury (THg) concentrations varied strongly (mean = 2.25 +/- 0.5 ng L (1)), and the two snowmelt seasons contributed 40% (2007) and 48% (2008) of the annual load. Methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations ranged up to 0.26 ng L (1), and showed an inverse log relationship with discharge. TOPMODEL-simulated saturated area corresponded well with wetland areas, and the application of a flow algorithm based elevation-above-creek approach suggests that most wetlands become well connected during high flow. The dynamics of simulated saturated area and soil storage deficit were able to explain a large part of the variation of THg concentrations (r(2) = 0.53 to 0.72). In contrast, the simulations were not able to explain DOC variations and DOC and THg concentrations were not correlated. These results indicate that all three constituents, THg, MeHg, and DOC, follow different patterns at the outlet: (1) the mobilization of THg is primarily controlled by the saturation state of the catchment, (2) the dilution of MeHg suggests flushing from a supply limited pool, and (3) DOC dynamics follow a pattern different from THg dynamics, which likely results from differing gain and/or loss processes for THg and/or DOC within the Fishing Brook catchment. C1 [Schelker, J.; Laudon, H.] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. [Burns, D. A.] US Geol Survey, Watersheds Res Sect, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Weiler, M.] Univ Freiburg, Inst Hydrol, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany. RP Schelker, J (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden. EM jakob.schelker@slu.se RI Weiler, Markus/F-5584-2011; Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; Laudon, Hjalmar/J-3074-2013 OI Weiler, Markus/0000-0001-6245-6917; Laudon, Hjalmar/0000-0001-6058-1466 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX Funding for the research was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). A particular thanks to John Byrnes (USGS) for excellent support in the field and Christoph Kulls for additional lab analysis at the University of Freiburg, Germany. Additional logistical support was provided by the Adirondack Ecological Center operated by SUNY-ESF. Further we thank Jamie Shanley, Mark Brigham, and David Wolock for useful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. NR 72 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD JAN 12 PY 2011 VL 116 AR G01002 DI 10.1029/2010JG001330 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 707XB UT WOS:000286323400001 ER PT J AU Close, DA Yun, SS McCormick, SD AF Close, David A. Yun, Sang-Seon McCormick, Stephen D. TI Reply to Thornton and Carroll: Lamprey possess a highly specific corticosteroid signaling system SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Letter ID HORMONE; MECHANISM; RECEPTOR; BINDING C1 [Close, David A.] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Close, David A.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Yun, Sang-Seon] Kunsan Natl Univ, Dept Marine Biotechnol, Gunsan 573701, Jeonbuk, South Korea. [McCormick, Stephen D.] US Geol Survey, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Close, DA (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM d.close@fisheries.ubc.ca NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 11 PY 2011 VL 108 IS 2 BP E6 EP E6 DI 10.1073/pnas.1015112108 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 704ZU UT WOS:000286097700002 ER PT J AU Perkins, KS Nimmo, JR Rose, CE Coupe, RH AF Perkins, Kim S. Nimmo, John R. Rose, Claire E. Coupe, Richard H. TI Field tracer investigation of unsaturated zone flow paths and mechanisms in agricultural soils of northwestern Mississippi, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Unsaturated zone; Infiltration; Preferential flow; Aquifer recharge; Solute transport; Bromide tracer ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW; WATER; BREAKTHROUGH; CONDUCTIVITY; GROUNDWATER AB In many farmed areas, intensive application of agricultural chemicals and withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation have led to water quality and supply issues. Unsaturated-zone processes, including preferential flow, play a major role in these effects but are not well understood. In the Bogue Phalia basin, an intensely agricultural area in the Delta region of northwestern Mississippi, the fine-textured soils often exhibit surface ponding and runoff after irrigation and rainfall as well as extensive surface cracking during prolonged dry periods. Fields are typically land-formed to promote surface flow into drainage ditches and streams that feed into larger river ecosystems. Downward flow of water below the root zone is considered minimal; regional groundwater models predict only 5% or less of precipitation recharges the heavily used alluvial aquifer. In this study transport mechanisms within and below the root zone of a fallow soybean field were assessed by performing a 2-m ring infiltration test with tracers and subsurface monitoring instruments. Seven months after tracer application, 48 continuous cores were collected for tracer extraction to define the extent of water movement and quantify preferential flow using a mass-balance approach. Vertical water movement was rapid below the pond indicating the importance of vertical preferential flow paths in the shallow unsaturated zone, especially to depths where agricultural disturbance occurs. Lateral flow of water at shallow depths was extensive and spatially non-uniform, reaching up to 10 m from the pond within 2 months. Within 1 month, the wetting front reached a textural boundary at 4-5 m between the fine-textured soil and sandy alluvium, now a potential capillary barrier which, prior to extensive irrigation withdrawals, was below the water table. Within 10 weeks, tracer was detectable at the water table which is presently about 12 m below land surface. Results indicate that 43% of percolation may be through preferential flow paths and that any water breaking through the capillary barrier (as potential recharge) likely does so in fingers which are difficult to detect with coring methods. In other areas where water levels have declined and soils have similar properties, the potential for transport of agricultural chemicals to the aquifer may be greater than previously assumed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Perkins, Kim S.; Nimmo, John R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Rose, Claire E.; Coupe, Richard H.] US Geol Survey, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. RP Perkins, KS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM kperkins@usgs.gov FU USGS FX The authors would like to acknowledge the hard work of many who made this study possible: Patrick Mills, Michael Manning, Allen Roberts, Heather Welch, Bobby Richards, Hunter Berch, Jared Smith, Tammy McKaskle, Trent Snellings, and Rick Healy. The authors are grateful for the thoughtful reviews provided by Randall Bayless and Patrick Mills. Funding for this work was provided by the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN 5 PY 2011 VL 396 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.09.009 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 710TR UT WOS:000286540400001 ER PT J AU Wray, JJ Milliken, RE Dundas, CM Swayze, GA Andrews-Hanna, JC Baldridge, AM Chojnacki, M Bishop, JL Ehlmann, BL Murchie, SL Clark, RN Seelos, FP Tornabene, LL Squyres, SW AF Wray, J. J. Milliken, R. E. Dundas, C. M. Swayze, G. A. Andrews-Hanna, J. C. Baldridge, A. M. Chojnacki, M. Bishop, J. L. Ehlmann, B. L. Murchie, S. L. Clark, R. N. Seelos, F. P. Tornabene, L. L. Squyres, S. W. TI Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SCIENCE EXPERIMENT HIRISE; MERIDIANI-PLANUM; CLAY-MINERALS; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OMEGA/MARS EXPRESS; MARTIAN HIGHLANDS; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS AB Columbus crater in the Terra Sirenum region of the Martian southern highlands contains light-toned layered deposits with interbedded sulfate and phyllosilicate minerals, a rare occurrence on Mars. Here we investigate in detail the morphology, thermophysical properties, mineralogy, and stratigraphy of these deposits; explore their regional context; and interpret the crater's aqueous history. Hydrated mineral-bearing deposits occupy a discrete ring around the walls of Columbus crater and are also exposed beneath younger materials, possibly lava flows, on its floor. Widespread minerals identified in the crater include gypsum, polyhydrated and monohydrated Mg/Fe-sulfates, and kaolinite; localized deposits consistent with montmorillonite, Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates, jarosite, alunite, and crystalline ferric oxide or hydroxide are also detected. Thermal emission spectra suggest abundances of these minerals in the tens of percent range. Other craters in northwest Terra Sirenum also contain layered deposits and Al/Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates, but sulfates have so far been found only in Columbus and Cross craters. The region's intercrater plains contain scattered exposures of Al-phyllosilicates and one isolated mound with opaline silica, in addition to more common Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates with chlorides. A Late Noachian age is estimated for the aqueous deposits in Columbus, coinciding with a period of inferred groundwater upwelling and evaporation, which (according to model results reported here) could have formed evaporites in Columbus and other craters in Terra Sirenum. Hypotheses for the origin of these deposits include groundwater cementation of crater-filling sediments and/or direct precipitation from subaerial springs or in a deep (similar to 900 m) paleolake. Especially under the deep lake scenario, which we prefer, chemical gradients in Columbus crater may have created a habitable environment at this location on early Mars. Citation: Wray, J. J., et al. (2011), Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E01001, doi:10.1029/2010JE003694. C1 [Wray, J. J.; Squyres, S. W.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Milliken, R. E.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Dundas, C. M.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Swayze, G. A.; Clark, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Andrews-Hanna, J. C.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Baldridge, A. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Chojnacki, M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Bishop, J. L.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Ehlmann, B. L.] Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Murchie, S. L.; Seelos, F. P.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Tornabene, L. L.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Wray, JJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jwray@astro.cornell.edu RI Wray, James/B-8457-2008; Chojnacki, Matthew/A-4245-2013; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016 OI Wray, James/0000-0001-5559-2179; Dundas, Colin/0000-0003-2343-7224; Chojnacki, Matthew/0000-0001-8497-8994; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X FU Fannie & John Hertz Foundation; NSF FX We thank S. Mattson and A. Dumke for their efforts producing HiRISE and HRSC DEMs, respectively. Early reviews by J. K. Crowley, G. A. Desborough, and S. A. Wilson Purdy as well as discussions with J. F. Mustard, M. P. Golombek, N. A. Cabrol, J. A. Grant, D. J. Des Marais, V. F. Chevrier, T. S. Altheide, and S. Karunatillake improved the paper. We thank R. P. Irwin III and an anonymous reviewer for their thorough attention to the manuscript. J.J.W. thanks the Fannie & John Hertz Foundation and the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship for support. We thank the HiRISE and CRISM science and operations teams for acquiring the data most critical to our observations and interpretations. NR 223 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 5 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN 5 PY 2011 VL 116 AR E01001 DI 10.1029/2010JE003694 PG 41 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 704NI UT WOS:000286059300001 ER PT J AU Schlup, M Steck, A Carter, A Cosca, M Epard, JL Hunziker, J AF Schlup, Micha Steck, Albrecht Carter, Andrew Cosca, Michael Epard, Jean-Luc Hunziker, Johannes TI Exhumation history of the NW Indian Himalaya revealed by fission track and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Himalaya; Geochronology; Nappe tectonics; Ar-Ar ages; Fission track ages ID ZANSKAR SHEAR ZONE; HIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHISM; SHIKAR-BEH-NAPPE; TSO-MORARI; LADAKH HIMALAYA; SE ZANSKAR; NORTHWESTERN HIMALAYA; CONTINENTAL COLLISION; WESTERN HIMALAYA; EASTERN LADAKH AB New fission track and Ar/Ar geochronological data provide time constraints on the exhumation history of the Himalayan nappes in the Mandi (Beas valley) - Tso Monad transect of the NW Indian Himalaya. Results from this and previous studies suggest that the SW-directed North Himalayan nappes were emplaced by detachment from the underthrusted upper Indian crust by 55 Ma and metamorphosed by ca. 48-40 Ma. The nappe stack was subsequently exhumed to shallow upper crustal depths (<10 km) by 40-30 Ma in the Tso Monad dome (northern section of the transect) and by 30-20 Ma close to frontal thrusts in the Baralacha La region. From the Oligocene to the present, exhumation continued slowly. Metamorphism started in the High Himalayan nappe prior to the Late Oligocene. High temperatures and anatexis of the subducting upper Indian crust engendered the buoyancy-driven ductile detachment and extrusion of the High Himalayan nappe in the zone of continental collision. Late extrusion of the High Himalayan nappe started about 26 Ma ago, accompanied by ductile extensional shearing in the Zanskar shear zone in its roof between 22 and 19 Ma concomitant with thrusting along the basal Main Central Thrust to the south. The northern part of the nappe was then rapidly exhumed to shallow depth (<10 km) between 20 and 6 Ma, while its southern front reached this depth at 10-5 Ma. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Schlup, Micha; Steck, Albrecht; Cosca, Michael; Hunziker, Johannes] Univ Lausanne, Inst Mineral & Geochim, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Carter, Andrew] Univ London, Sch Earth Sci, Birkbeck Coll, London WC1E 7HX, England. [Cosca, Michael] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Epard, Jean-Luc] Univ Lausanne, Inst Geol & Paleontol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Steck, A (reprint author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Mineral & Geochim, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. EM Albrecht.Steck@unil.ch RI Carter, Andrew/C-1371-2008; Epard, Jean-Luc/C-8082-2013 OI Carter, Andrew/0000-0002-0090-5868; Epard, Jean-Luc/0000-0003-2319-9967 FU Georgine Claraz Foundation; Herbette Foundation of the University of Lausanne; Swiss National Science Foundation [20-37470.93, 20-38917.93, 20-58777.99] FX This study was financed by the Georgine Claraz Foundation, Herbette Foundation of the University of Lausanne and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (20-37470.93, 20-38917.93 and 20-58777.99). Marc Jolivet and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their critical reading of the manuscript. NR 115 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1367-9120 EI 1878-5786 J9 J ASIAN EARTH SCI JI J. Asian Earth Sci. PD JAN 4 PY 2011 VL 40 IS 1 BP 334 EP 350 DI 10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.06.008 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 696JI UT WOS:000285437300025 ER PT J AU Gold, RD Cowgill, E AF Gold, Ryan D. Cowgill, Eric TI Deriving fault-slip histories to test for secular variation in slip, with examples from the Kunlun and Awatere faults SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE slip rate; fault-slip history; secular variation in slip; morphochronology; Kunlun fault; Awatere fault; Monte Carlo ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; ALTYN TAGH FAULT; TRANSIENT STRAIN ACCUMULATION; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; NEW-ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; QUATERNARY SLIP; DISPLACEMENT RATES AB Although offset and age data from displaced landforms are essential for identifying earthquake clusters and thus testing whether faults slip at uniform or secularly varying rates, it is not clear how the uncertainties in such measurements should be propagated so as to yield a robust fault-slip history (i.e., record of fault displacement over time). Here we develop a Monte Carlo approach for estimating the distribution of geologically reasonable fault-slip histories that fit the offset and age data from a population of dated and displaced landforms. The model assumes that the landforms share common faulting histories, the offset and age constraints are correct, and the fault has not reversed shear sense. Analysis of the model results yields both a precise average slip rate, in the case where a linear fit is applied to the data, and a best-fit fault-slip history, in the case where the linear constraint is removed. The method can be used to test for secular variation in slip because the uncertainty on this best-fit history is quantified. By applying the method to previously published morphochronologic data from faulted late Quaternary terrace risers along the Kunlun fault in China and the Awatere fault in New Zealand, we have assessed the extent to which our modeled average slip rates match previously reported values and the data support previous interpretations of uniform slip rate. The Kunlun data set yields average slip rates of 8.7 + 3.6/-2.1 mm/yr and 5.1 + 1.6/-12 mm/yr (68.27% confidence), for the central and eastern reaches of the fault, respectively, both of which match previously published slip rates. Our analysis further indicates that these fault reaches have both slipped uniformly over the latest Quaternary. In contrast, analysis of data from the Saxton River site along the Awatere fault reveals a mid-Holocene deceleration in slip rate from 62 + 1.6/-1.4 mm/yr to 2.8 + 1.0/-0.6 mm/yr. This result contradicts previous interpretations of uniform slip along the Awatere fault. The Monte Carlo method we present here for quantifying fault-slip histories using the offset and age data from a population of faulted landforms provides an important tool for distinguishing temporally uniform from secularly varying fault slip. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Gold, Ryan D.; Cowgill, Eric] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gold, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Sci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM rgold@usgs.gov RI Gold, Ryan/I-3287-2012 OI Gold, Ryan/0000-0002-4464-6394 FU NSF Office of International Science and Engineering [EAR-0610107] FX This work was supported by NSF grant EAR-0610107 from the Tectonics Program and the East Asia and Pacific Program in the NSF Office of International Science and Engineering. We thank J. D. Zechar, P. Bird, and R. Weldon for comments that significantly improved the paper. We are grateful for the computer programming assistance provided by S. Andrews and N. Conjeepuram and also for statistical consultation provided by N. Willits of the UC Davis Statistical Laboratory. Conversations with D. Perkins, E. Burkett, and A. Forte contributed to the development of this analysis. An early version of the manuscript benefited from reviews from P. Gold and A. Reuther. NR 91 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN 3 PY 2011 VL 301 IS 1-2 BP 52 EP 64 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.011 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 712CM UT WOS:000286640400006 ER PT J AU Takekawa, JY De La Cruz, SW Wilson, MT Palm, EC Yee, J Nysewander, DR Evenson, JR Eadie, JM Esler, D Boyd, WS Ward, DH AF Takekawa, John Y. De La Cruz, Susan W. Wilson, Matthew T. Palm, Eric C. Yee, Julie Nysewander, David R. Evenson, Joseph R. Eadie, John M. Esler, Daniel Boyd, W. Sean Ward, David H. BE Wells, JV TI Breeding Distribution and Ecology of Pacific Coast Surf Scoters SO BOREAL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA: A HEMISPHERIC VIEW OF THEIR CONSERVATION LINKS AND SIGNIFICANCE SE Studies in Avian Biology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Baja California; boreal forest; breeding; Melanitta perspicillata; migratory connectivity; nearest neighbor; Northwest Territories; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay; San Quintin Bay; site fidelity; Strait of Georgia; Surf Scoter ID WHITE-WINGED SCOTERS; BOREAL FOREST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; HABITAT SELECTION; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; NEAREST-NEIGHBORS; SPRING MIGRATION; FRONTED GEESE; NEST SUCCESS; BLACK BRANT AB Recent declines in sea duck populations have highlighted the need for additional basic research across the life cycle of these long-distance migratory birds. A lack of basic ecological information on Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), including the linkage between wintering and breeding areas and description of their nesting areas, is a major impediment to determining factors contributing to their decline. We marked 415 Surf Scoters with radio and satellite transmitters at four wintering areas along the Pacific coast to describe their breeding synchrony, sympatry, philopatry, and nesting areas selection in the northern boreal forest (NBF). Their primary breeding region was located in the western NBF centered on the Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada, and their mean settling date (31 May) was remarkably synchronous (+/- 0.9 d). We developed a nearest-neighbor statistic C to examine nesting areas of individuals from different wintering areas and found that they were not clustered (C = 0.031, P = 0.15), but nests of eight individuals found in successive years were highly philopatric and within 1.2 +/- 0.2 km of their previous locations. Finally, we compared nesting areas and random locations with step-wise selection in a second-order Akaike Information Criterion (AIC(c)) analysis to identify the best models. Key landscape features included distance to snowline, elevation gradient, numbers of lakes, distance to treeline, and latitude. A nonparametric classification and regression tree (CART) showed that nesting areas were in an arc of habitat near snowline (<218 km), in lower elevation gradients (<14 m/km), and in areas with 3-6 lakes within 2 X 2 km. Climate change is predicted to have the greatest effects on more northern ecosystems, and NBF species like Surf Scoters with relatively inflexible breeding ecology may be adversely affected if they are unable to adapt quickly to rapidly changing conditions. C1 [Takekawa, John Y.; De La Cruz, Susan W.; Palm, Eric C.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. [Ward, David H.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. [Wilson, Matthew T.; Eadie, John M.] Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Avian Sci Grad Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Yee, Julie] Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Nysewander, David R.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Esler, Daniel; Boyd, W. Sean] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. [Evenson, Joseph R.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Lakewood, WA 98498 USA. [De La Cruz, Susan W.] Univ Calif Davis, Grad Grp Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Takekawa, JY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, 505 Azuar Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. EM john_takekawa@usgs.gov; susan_delacruz@usgs.gov; matt_wilson@fws.gov; epalm@sfu.ca; julie_yee@usgs.gov; drn2inoly@comcast.net; evensjre@dfw.wa.gov; jmeadie@ucdavis.edu; desler@sfu.ca; sean.boyd@ec.gc.ca; david_ward@usgs.gov RI Eadie, John/E-4820-2011 NR 103 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 14 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-95058-0 J9 STUD AVIAN BIOL JI Stud. Avian Biol. PY 2011 IS 41 BP 41 EP 63 PG 23 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA BXG81 UT WOS:000296090000005 ER PT J AU Greenberg, R Demarest, DW Matsuoka, SM Mettke-Hofmann, C Evers, D Hamel, PB Luscier, J Powell, LL Shaw, D Avery, ML Hobson, KA Blancher, PJ Niven, DK AF Greenberg, Russell Demarest, Dean W. Matsuoka, Steven M. Mettke-Hofmann, Claudia Evers, David Hamel, Paul B. Luscier, Jason Powell, Luke L. Shaw, David Avery, Michael L. Hobson, Keith A. Blancher, Peter J. Niven, Daniel K. BE Wells, JV TI Understanding Declines in Rusty Blackbirds SO BOREAL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA: A HEMISPHERIC VIEW OF THEIR CONSERVATION LINKS AND SIGNIFICANCE SE Studies in Avian Biology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE contaminants; Euphagus carolinus; habitat use; limiting factors; population decline; population movements; Rusty Blackbird ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; ALLUVIAL VALLEY; UNITED-STATES; COMMON LOONS; FOREST; MERCURY; CONSERVATION; CONTAMINATION; ECOSYSTEMS; RESPONSES AB The Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus), a formerly common breeding species of boreal wetlands, has exhibited the most marked decline of any North American landbird. North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) trends in abundance are estimated to be -12.5%/yr over the last 40 years, which is tantamount to a >95% cumulative decline. Trends in abundance calculated from Christmas Bird Counts (CBC) for a similar period indicate a range-wide decline of -5.6%/yr. Qualitative analyses of ornithological accounts suggest the species has been declining for over a century. Several studies document range retraction in the southern boreal forest, whereas limited data suggest that abundance may be more stable in more northerly areas. The major hypotheses for the decline include degradation of boreal habitats from logging and agricultural development, mercury contamination, and wetland desiccation resulting from global warming. Other likely reasons for decline include loss or degradation of wooded wetlands of the southeastern U. S and mortality associated with abatement efforts targeting nuisance blackbirds. In addition, the patchy breeding distribution of this species may inhibit population consolidation, causing local populations to crash when reduced to low levels. Progress in understanding the causes and mechanisms for observed declines has remained limited until recently. Here we present initial attempts to understand the habitat requirements of Rusty Blackbirds and offer specific predictions associated with each of the hypotheses for decline as a way of guiding future research. C1 [Greenberg, Russell] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. [Evers, David] BioDivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. [Hamel, Paul B.] US Forest Serv, USDA, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. [Hobson, Keith A.] Canada Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. [Luscier, Jason] Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Matsuoka, Steven M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Mettke-Hofmann, Claudia] Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Nat Sci & Psychol, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. [Powell, Luke L.] Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Shaw, David] Alaska Bird Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Niven, Daniel K.] Natl Audubon Soc, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [Avery, Michael L.] Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Wildlife Serv, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. [Blancher, Peter J.] Environm Canada, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. [Demarest, Dean W.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. RP Greenberg, R (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. EM greenbergr@si.edu; dean_demarest@fws.gov; steve_matsuoka@fws.gov; mettke@erl.orn.mpg.de; david.evers@briloon.org; phamel@fs.fed.us; jluscie@uark.edu; luke.l.powell@gmail.com; dshaw@alaskabird.org; michael.l.avery@aphis.usda.gov; keith.hobson@ec.gc.ca; peter.blancher@ec.gc.ca; dniven@audubon.org NR 91 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 18 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-95058-0 J9 STUD AVIAN BIOL JI Stud. Avian Biol. PY 2011 IS 41 BP 107 EP 125 PG 19 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA BXG81 UT WOS:000296090000010 ER PT J AU Kaczor, NW Jensen, KC Klaver, RW Rumble, MA Herman-Brunson, KM Swanson, CC AF Kaczor, Nicholas W. Jensen, Kent C. Klaver, Robert W. Rumble, Mark A. Herman-Brunson, Katie M. Swanson, Christopher C. BE Sandercock, BK Martin, K Segelbacher, G TI Nesting Success and Resource Selection of Greater Sage-Grouse SO ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUSE SE Studies in Avian Biology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Centrocercus urophasianus; Greater Sage-Grouse; nest initiation; nest success; renesting; resource selection; sagebrush; South Dakota ID CENTROCERCUS-UROPHASIANUS; VISUAL OBSTRUCTION; SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO; CENTRAL WASHINGTON; SURVIVAL; HABITATS; POPULATIONS; ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION; COVER AB Declines of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in South Dakota are a concern because further population declines may lead to isolation from populations in Wyoming and Montana. Furthermore, little information exists about reproductive ecology and resource selection of sage grouse on the eastern edge of their distribution. We investigated Greater Sage-Grouse nesting success and resource selection in South Dakota during 2006-2007. Radio-marked females were tracked to estimate nesting rates, nest success, and habitat resources selected for nesting. Nest initiation was 98.0%, with a maximum likelihood estimate of nest success of 45.6 +/- 5.3%. Females selected nest sites that had greater sagebrush canopy cover and visual obstruction of the nest bowl compared to random sites. Nest survival models indicated that taller grass surrounding nests increased nest survival. Tall grass may supplement the low sagebrush cover in this area in providing suitable nest sites for Greater Sage-Grouse. Land managers on the eastern edge of Greater Sage-Grouse range could focus on increasing sagebrush density while maintaining tall grass by developing range management practices that accomplish this goal. To achieve nest survival rates similar to other populations, predictions from our models suggest 26 cm grass height would result in approximately 50% nest survival. Optimal conditions could be accomplished by adjusting livestock grazing systems and stocking rates. C1 [Kaczor, Nicholas W.; Jensen, Kent C.; Herman-Brunson, Katie M.; Swanson, Christopher C.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Klaver, Robert W.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Rumble, Mark A.] US Forest Serv Rocky Mt, Forest & Grassland Res Lab, Res Stn, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Kaczor, NW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuge Planning, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. EM nick_kaczor@fws.gov; kent.jensen@sdstate.edu; bklaver@usgs.gov; mrumble@fs.fed.us; kbrunson@ccsd.k12.wy.us; chris_swanson@fws.gov NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 17 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-95057-3 J9 STUD AVIAN BIOL JI Stud. Avian Biol. PY 2011 IS 39 BP 107 EP 118 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA BZU73 UT WOS:000303012700009 ER PT J AU Casazza, ML Coates, PS Overton, CT AF Casazza, Michael L. Coates, Peter S. Overton, Cory T. BE Sandercock, BK Martin, K Segelbacher, G TI Linking Habitat Selection and Brood Success in Greater Sage-Grouse SO ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUSE SE Studies in Avian Biology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE brood success; Centrocercus urophasianus; forb; Greater Sage-Grouse; habitat; juniper; pinyon; selection; spatial scale; meadow ID CROSS-SCALE CORRELATIONS; RESOURCE SELECTION; REARING HABITAT; CHICKS; PRODUCTIVITY; POPULATION; PATTERNS; SURVIVAL; VEGETATION; ECOLOGY AB Examining links between the fitness of individual organisms and their habitat-based decisions is useful to identify key resources for conservation and management of a species, especially at multiple spatial scales because selection of habitat attributes may vary with spatial scale. Decisions of habitat use by brood-rearing Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) may influence the survival of chicks. We conducted radiotelemetry on 38 sage grouse broods within Mono County, California, during 2003-2005. At relocation and random sites, we measured habitat characteristics at three spatial scales using field procedures (scale, 0.03 ha) and Geographical Information System tools (scales, 7.9 ha and 226.8 ha). We then conducted three data analyses using an information-theoretic modeling approach. The purpose of these analyses was to: (1) identify habitat factors that were selected (defined as use disproportionate to availability) by sage grouse broods; (2) identify habitat factors associated with brood success (defined as >= 1 live chick at 50 days post-hatch; 24 were successful, 14 unsuccessful); and (3) evaluate brood success as a function of habitat selection indices for brood-rearing sage grouse. At the smallest spatial scale (0.03 ha), grouse with broods selected areas with greater perennial forbs and higher richness of plant species. At larger scales (7.9 ha and 226.8 ha), areas with Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and singleleaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla) encroachment were avoided by grouse. Most importantly, the probability of fledging a brood increased as sage grouse females selected habitats with greater densities of perennial forbs (0.03 ha) and higher meadow edge (perimeter to edge ratio; 7.9 ha), perhaps because these areas provided a balance of food and protective cover for chicks. These results suggest that managers should discourage tree encroachment and preserve and enhance sagebrush stands interspersed with perennial forbs and a mixture of small upland meadows. C1 [Casazza, Michael L.; Coates, Peter S.; Overton, Cory T.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Casazza, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM mike_casazza@usgs.gov; pcoates@usgs.gov; coverton@usgs.gov NR 84 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-95057-3 J9 STUD AVIAN BIOL JI Stud. Avian Biol. PY 2011 IS 39 BP 151 EP 167 PG 17 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA BZU73 UT WOS:000303012700012 ER PT J AU Oyler-McCance, SJ Stricker, CA St John, J Braun, CE Wann, GT O'Donnell, MS Aldridge, CL AF Oyler-McCance, Sara J. Stricker, Craig A. St John, Judy Braun, Clait E. Wann, Gregory T. O'Donnell, Michael S. Aldridge, Cameron L. BE Sandercock, BK Martin, K Segelbacher, G TI Effects of Climate Change on Nutrition and Genetics of White-tailed Ptarmigan SO ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUSE SE Studies in Avian Biology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE climate change; genetics; Lagopus leucura; stable isotopes; temporal variation ID GUNNISON SAGE-GROUSE; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; POPULATION BOTTLENECK; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; ECOLOGY; USA; RESPONSES; ISOTOPES AB White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) are well suited as a focal species for the study of climate change because they are adapted to cool, alpine environments that are expected to undergo unusually rapid climate change. We compared samples collected in the late 1930s, the late 1960s, and the late 2000s using molecular genetic and stable isotope methods in an effort to determine whether White-tailed Ptarmigan on Mt. Evans, Colorado, have experienced recent environmental changes resulting in shifts in genetic diversity, gene frequency, and nutritional ecology. We genotyped 115 individuals spanning the three time periods, using nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in our genetic analysis. These samples were also analyzed for stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition. We found a slight trend of lower heterozygosity through time, and allelic richness values were lower in more recent times, but not significantly using an alpha of 0.05 (P < 0.1). We found no changes in allele frequencies across time periods, suggesting that population sizes have not changed dramatically. Feather delta C-13 and delta N-15 values decreased significantly across time periods, whereas the range in isotope values increased consistently from the late 1930s to the later time periods. Inferred changes in the nutritional ecology of White-tailed Ptarmigan on Mt. Evans relate primarily to increased atmospheric deposition of nutrients that likely influenced foraging habits and tundra plant composition and nutritional quality. Future work seeks to integrate genetic and isotopic data with long-term demographics to develop a detailed understanding of the interaction among environmental stressors on the long-term viability of ptarmigan populations. C1 [Oyler-McCance, Sara J.; O'Donnell, Michael S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, ASRC Management Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Stricker, Craig A.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [St John, Judy] Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, Rocky Mt Ctr Conservat Genet & Systemat, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Braun, Clait E.] Grouse Inc, Tucson, AZ 85750 USA. [Wann, Gregory T.; Aldridge, Cameron L.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Oyler-McCance, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, ASRC Management Serv, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM sara_oyler-mccance@usgs.gov; cstricker@usgs.gov; stjohn.judy@gmail.com; sg-wtp@juno.com; gtw248@gmail.com; odonnellm@usgs.gov; aldridgec@usgs.gov RI Sidorenko, Aleksandr /F-2724-2016 OI Sidorenko, Aleksandr /0000-0001-5478-0688 NR 55 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-95057-3 J9 STUD AVIAN BIOL JI Stud. Avian Biol. PY 2011 IS 39 BP 283 EP 294 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA BZU73 UT WOS:000303012700022 ER PT S AU Varanka, D Carter, J Usery, EL Shoberg, T AF Varanka, Dalia Carter, Jonathan Usery, E. Lynn Shoberg, Thomas BE Ashish, N Sheth, AP TI Topographic Mapping Data Semantics Through Data Conversion and Enhancement SO GEOSPATIAL SEMANTICS AND THE SEMANIC WEB: FOUNDATIONS, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS SE Semantic Web and Beyond-Computing for Human Experience LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID PRINCIPLES AB This paper presents research on the semantics of topographic data for triples and ontologies to blend the capabilities of the Semantic Web and The National Map of the U.S. Geological Survey. Automated conversion of relational topographic data of several geographic sample areas to the triple data model standard resulted in relatively poor semantic associations. Further research employed vocabularies of feature type and spatial relation terms. A user interface was designed to model the capture of non-standard terms relevant to public users and to map those terms to existing data models of The National Map through the use of ontology. Server access for the study area triple stores was made publicly available, illustrating how the development of linked data may transform institutional policies to open government data resources to the public. This paper presents these data conversion and research techniques that were tested as open linked data concepts leveraged through a user-centered interface and open USGS server access to the public. C1 [Varanka, Dalia; Carter, Jonathan; Usery, E. Lynn; Shoberg, Thomas] US Geol Survey, Rolla, MO USA. RP Varanka, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Rolla, MO USA. EM dvaranka@usgs.gov; jjcarter@usgs.gov; usery@usgs.gov; tshoberg@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1559-7474 BN 978-1-4419-9445-5 J9 SEMAT WEB BEYOND-COM PY 2011 VL 12 BP 145 EP 162 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9446-2_7 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-9446-2 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BVX98 UT WOS:000293120600007 ER PT S AU Jones, BF Conko, KM AF Jones, Blair F. Conko, Kathryn M. BE Galan, E Singer, A TI Environmental Influences on the Occurrences of Sepiolite and Palygorskite: A Brief Review SO DEVELOPMENTS IN PALYGORSKITE-SEPIOLITE RESEARCH: A NEW OUTLOOK ON THESE NANOMATERIALS SE Developments in Clay Science LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; CENTRAL ANATOLIA; CLAY-MINERALS; JBEL RHASSOUL; HIGH-PLAINS; SW TURKEY; ORIGIN; BASIN; DEPOSITS; GENESIS C1 [Jones, Blair F.; Conko, Kathryn M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Jones, BF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1572-4352 BN 978-0-44-453608-2 J9 DEV CLAY SCI PY 2011 VL 3 BP 69 EP 83 DI 10.1016/B978-0-444-53607-5.00003-7 PG 15 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BCS18 UT WOS:000311243300005 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Role of Statistics and Data Analysis SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 1 EP 35 PG 35 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300002 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS PREFACE SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP IX EP + PG 11 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300001 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Modeling Concepts SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 37 EP 50 PG 14 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300003 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Estimation and Hypothesis Testing on Means and Other Statistics SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 51 EP 98 PG 48 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300004 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Regression SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 99 EP 149 PG 51 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300005 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Time Series SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 151 EP 192 PG 42 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300006 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Spatial Statistics SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 193 EP 241 PG 49 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300007 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Multivariate Analysis SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 243 EP 291 PG 49 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300008 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Discrete Data Analysis and Point Processes SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 293 EP 333 PG 41 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300009 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Design of Experiments SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 335 EP 370 PG 36 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300010 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ AF Schuenemeyer, John H. Drew, Lawrence J. BA Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ BF Schuenemeyer, JH Drew, LJ TI Directional Data SO STATISTICS FOR EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Schuenemeyer, John H.] SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. [Drew, Lawrence J.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), SW Stat Consulting LLC, Cortez, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65070-7 PY 2011 BP 371 EP 388 PG 18 WC Geology; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BCJ07 UT WOS:000310271300011 ER PT S AU Key, RM Pitfield, PEJ Thomas, RJ Goodenough, KM De Waele, B Schofield, DI Bauer, W Horstwood, MSA Styles, MT Conrad, J Encarnacion, J Lidke, DJ O'Connor, EA Potter, C Smith, RA Walsh, GJ Ralison, AV Randriamananjara, T Rafahatelo, JM Rabarimanana, M AF Key, R. M. Pitfield, P. E. J. Thomas, R. J. Goodenough, K. M. De Waele, B. Schofield, D. I. Bauer, W. Horstwood, M. S. A. Styles, M. T. Conrad, J. Encarnacion, J. Lidke, D. J. O'Connor, E. A. Potter, C. Smith, R. A. Walsh, G. J. Ralison, A. V. Randriamananjara, T. Rafahatelo, J-M Rabarimanana, M. BE VanHinsbergen, DJJ Buiter, SJH Torsvik, TH Gaina, C Webb, SJ TI Polyphase Neoproterozoic orogenesis within the East Africa-Antarctica Orogenic Belt in central and northern Madagascar SO FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF AFRICA: A SYNOPSIS OF 3.8 GA OF EARTH HISTORY SE Geological Society Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; WEST-CENTRAL MADAGASCAR; DRONNING MAUD LAND; GONDWANA CONNECTIONS; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; MOZAMBIQUE BELT; DHARWAR CRATON; CONGO CRATON; ITREMO-GROUP; ZIRCON AGES AB Our recent geological survey of the basement of central and northern Madagascar allowed us to re-evaluate the evolution of this part of the East Africa-Antarctica Orogen (EAAO). Five crustal domains are recognized, characterized by distinctive lithologies and histories of sedimentation, magmatism, deformation and metamorphism, and separated by tectonic and/or unconformable contacts. Four consist largely of Archaean metamorphic rocks (Antongil, Masora and Antananarivo Cratons, Tsaratanana Complex). The fifth (Bemarivo Belt) comprises Proterozoic meta-igneous rocks. The older rocks were intruded by plutonic suites at c. 1000 Ma, 820-760 Ma, 630-595 Ma and 560-520 Ma. The evolution of the four Archaean domains and their boundaries remains contentious, with two end-member interpretations evaluated: (1) all five crustal domains are separate tectonic elements, juxtaposed along Neoproterozoic sutures and (2) the four Archaean domains are segments of an older Archaean craton, which was sutured against the Bemarivo Belt in the Neoproterozoic. Rodinia fragmented during the early Neoproterozoic with intracratonic rifts that sometimes developed into oceanic basins. Subsequent Mid-Neoproterozoic collision of smaller cratonic blocks was followed by renewed extension and magmatism. The global 'Terminal Pan-African' event (560-490 Ma) finally stitched together the Mid-Neoproterozoic cratons to form Gondwana. C1 [Key, R. M.; Goodenough, K. M.; Bauer, W.; Smith, R. A.] BGS, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. [Pitfield, P. E. J.; Thomas, R. J.; Schofield, D. I.; Styles, M. T.; O'Connor, E. A.] BGS, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. [De Waele, B.] SRK Consulting, Perth, WA 6005, Australia. [Horstwood, M. S. A.] NIGL, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. [Conrad, J.; Encarnacion, J.; Lidke, D. J.; Potter, C.; Walsh, G. J.] USGS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Ralison, A. V.; Randriamananjara, T.; Rafahatelo, J-M; Rabarimanana, M.] Projet Gouvernance Ressources Minieres, Antananarivo, Madagascar. RP Key, RM (reprint author), BGS, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. EM rmk@bgs.ac.uk OI Schofield, David/0000-0002-2669-5627; Horstwood, Matthew/0000-0003-4200-8193 NR 74 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBLISHING HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CTR, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0305-8719 BN 978-1-86239-335-6 J9 GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL JI Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. PY 2011 VL 357 BP 49 EP 68 DI 10.1144/SP357.4 D2 10.1144/SP357.0 PG 20 WC Geology SC Geology GA BBN14 UT WOS:000307461300004 ER PT S AU Dubiel, RF Hasiotis, ST AF Dubiel, Russell F. Hasiotis, Stephen T. BE Davidson, SK Leleu, S North, CP TI DEPOSYSTEMS, PALEOSOLS, AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN A CONTINENTAL SYSTEM: THE UPPER TRIASSIC CHINLE FORMATION, COLORADO PLATEAU, USA SO FROM RIVER TO ROCK RECORD: THE PRESERVATION OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT INTERPRETATION SE Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st River to Rock Record Conference CY JAN 12-14, 2009 CL Univ Aberdeen, Geol Dept, Aberdeen, SCOTLAND SP Areva SA, BP Explorat Plc, Brit Soc Geomorphol, Canadian Nat Resources Ltd, Geol Survey Norway, Shell Explorat & Product Ltd, Talisman energy UK Ltd, Total E&P UKk Ltd, Tullow Oil Plc, Univ Nebraska Lincoln, Univ Padova, US Geol Survey HO Univ Aberdeen, Geol Dept DE sequence stratigraphy; climate; ichnofossils; fluvial-lacustrine ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN NEW-MEXICO; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY; CORNERS REGION; BIGHORN BASIN; NATIONAL-PARK; PALEOCLIMATE; ARIZONA; BURROWS; EXAMPLE AB The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau in the western United States was deposited as a continental fluvial-floodplain-lacustrine-eolian depositional system near the west coast of Pangea just north of the paleoequator. The deposystem evolved in response to regional tectonics and long-term climate change. Clastic and volcanic sediment was supplied by uplifted highlands and arc magmatism on the margins of the basin. Climate changed from a Pangean megamonsoon regime in the early Late Triassic to an arid climate setting at the close of the Triassic. Chinle fluvial discharge and sediment load varied through time in response to climate, producing degradational and aggradational cycles. Degradation eroded paleovalleys, and aggradation filled them with both meandering and braided fluvial systems, as well as varying amounts of floodplain mudstones. Paleosols developed on paleovalley fills, interfluves, and floodplain siltstones and mudstones, all of which combine to define several scales of degradational and aggradational cycles. An upward stratigraphic trend in Chinle paleosols from Oxisols and Gleysols, to Alfisols (Argillisols) and Vertisols, culminating in Inceptisols (Prototsols) and Aridisols (Calcisols), supports previous interpretations that climate evolved from monsoonal or humid conditions at the beginning of Chinle deposition to progressively more arid climate conditions at the end of deposition. C1 [Dubiel, Russell F.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dubiel, RF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 939,Box 25046 DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 140 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU S E P M - SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA PO BOX 4756 1731 E 71ST ST, TULSA, OK 74159-0756 USA SN 1060-071X BN 978-1-56576-305-0 J9 SOC SEDIMENT GEOL SP PY 2011 IS 97 BP 393 EP 421 PG 29 WC Geology SC Geology GA BCC23 UT WOS:000309690900020 ER PT J AU Lipman, PW McIntosh, WC AF Lipman, Peter W. McIntosh, William C. BE Blair, R Bracksieck, G TI Tertiary Volcanism in the Eastern San Juan Mountains SO EASTERN SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS: THEIR GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND HUMAN HISTORY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID COLORADO; FIELD; ERUPTION; EVOLUTION; CALDERAS C1 [Lipman, Peter W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [McIntosh, William C.] New Mexico Bur Geol & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM USA. RP Lipman, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV PRESS COLORADO PI BOULDER PA 5589 ARAPAHOE AVE, STE 206C, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA BN 978-1-60732-084-5 PY 2011 BP 17 EP 37 PG 21 WC Geography; Geography, Physical SC Geography; Physical Geography GA BZB47 UT WOS:000301001400004 ER PT J AU Bethke, PM AF Bethke, Philip M. BE Blair, R Bracksieck, G TI Mineralization in the Eastern San Juan Mountains SO EASTERN SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS: THEIR GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND HUMAN HISTORY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CREEDE MINING DISTRICT; AMETHYST VEIN SYSTEM; ACID-SULFATE; FLUID-INCLUSION; ORE DEPOSITION; COLORADO; SUMMITVILLE; ENVIRONMENT; MINERALOGY; EVOLUTION C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Bethke, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV PRESS COLORADO PI BOULDER PA 5589 ARAPAHOE AVE, STE 206C, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA BN 978-1-60732-084-5 PY 2011 BP 39 EP 60 PG 22 WC Geography; Geography, Physical SC Geography; Physical Geography GA BZB47 UT WOS:000301001400005 ER PT J AU Caine, JS Wilson, AB AF Caine, Jonathan Saul Wilson, Anna B. BE Blair, R Bracksieck, G TI The Hydrogeology of the San Juan Mountains SO EASTERN SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS: THEIR GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND HUMAN HISTORY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID FRONT RANGE; COLORADO; PERMEABILITY; AQUIFER; SYSTEM; WATER; USA C1 [Caine, Jonathan Saul; Wilson, Anna B.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Caine, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Caine, Jonathan/0000-0002-7269-6989 NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV PRESS COLORADO PI BOULDER PA 5589 ARAPAHOE AVE, STE 206C, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA BN 978-1-60732-084-5 PY 2011 BP 79 EP + PG 52 WC Geography; Geography, Physical SC Geography; Physical Geography GA BZB47 UT WOS:000301001400007 ER PT J AU Griffiths, JM King, DW AF Griffiths, Jose-Marie King, Donald W. BE Baker, D Evans, W TI The future of librarians in the workforce: a US perspective SO LIBRARIES AND SOCIETY: ROLE, RESPONSIBILITY AND FUTURE IN AN AGE OF CHANGE SE Chandos Information Professional Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Griffiths, Jose-Marie; King, Donald W.] Bryant Univ, Smithfield, RI 02917 USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] Natl Sci Board, Arlington, VA USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] Presidents Informat Technol Advisory Comm, Arlington, VA USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] US Natl Commiss Lib & Informat Sci, Washington, DC USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] US DOE, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] US Dept Commerce, Washington, DC 20230 USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] USN, Washington, DC USA. [Griffiths, Jose-Marie] Amer Assoc Advancement Sci, Washington, DC USA. [King, Donald W.] Westat Corp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [King, Donald W.] Amer Stat Assoc, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. RP Griffiths, JM (reprint author), Bryant Univ, Smithfield, RI 02917 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHANDOS PUBL PI SAWSTON PA 80 HIGH ST, SAWSTON, CAMBRIDGE CB22 3HJ, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84334-131-4 J9 CHANDOS INF PROF SER PY 2011 BP 279 EP 302 D2 10.1533/9781780632636 PG 24 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA BYR59 UT WOS:000299894500021 ER PT J AU Rykhus, R Lu, Z AF Rykhus, Russell Lu, Zhong TI Monitoring a boreal wildfire using multi-temporal Radarsat-1 intensity and coherence images SO GEOMATICS NATURAL HAZARDS & RISK LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; POSTFIRE TREE RECRUITMENT; SURFACE SOIL-MOISTURE; LAND-COVER DATABASE; INTERIOR ALASKA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BURN SEVERITY; FORESTS; INTERFEROMETRY; PATTERNS AB Twenty-five C-band Radarsat-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired from the summer of 2002 to the summer of 2005 are used to map a 2003 boreal wildfire (B346) in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska under conditions of near-persistent cloud cover. Our analysis is primarily based on the 15 SAR scenes acquired during arctic growing seasons. The Radarsat-1 intensity data are used to map the onset and progression of the fire, and interferometric coherence images are used to qualify burn severity and monitor post-fire recovery. We base our analysis of the fire on three test sites, two from within the fire and one unburned site. The B346 fire increased backscattered intensity values for the two burn study sites by approximately 5-6 dB and substantially reduced coherence from background levels of approximately 0.8 in unburned background forested areas to approximately 0.2 in the burned area. Using ancillary vegetation information from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and information on burn severity from Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) data, we conclude that burn site 2 was more severely burned than burn site 1 and that C-band interferometric coherence data are useful for mapping landscape changes due to fire. Differences in burn severity and topography are determined to be the likely reasons for the observed differences in post-fire intensity and coherence trends between burn sites. C1 [Rykhus, Russell] SGT, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Rykhus, Russell] USGS, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Lu, Zhong] USGS, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Lu, Zhong] USGS, EROS Ctr, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Rykhus, R (reprint author), SGT, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM rykhus@usgs.gov FU USGS [08HQCN0005]; USGS Land Remote Sensing Program FX This work was made possible by funding under USGS contract 08HQCN0005 and the USGS Land Remote Sensing Program. Original Radarsat-1 SAR raw data are copyrighted by the Canadian Space Agency 2002-2005 TM and were provided by the Alaska Satellite Facility. The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their thorough reviews. The use of trade names does not constitute endorsement by the US Geological Survey or the US Government. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1947-5705 EI 1947-5713 J9 GEOMAT NAT HAZ RISK JI Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk PY 2011 VL 2 IS 1 BP 15 EP 32 DI 10.1080/19475705.2010.532971 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 982QI UT WOS:000307060100002 ER PT B AU Bullen, TD AF Bullen, Thomas D. BE Baskaran, M TI Stable Isotopes of Transition and Post-Transition Metals as Tracers in Environmental Studies SO HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Advances in Isotope Geochemisty LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FE ISOTOPE; CHROMIUM ISOTOPES; HIGHER-PLANTS; NONTRADITIONAL ISOTOPES; PRECISE DETERMINATION; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; NORTHEASTERN FRANCE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; CR(VI) REDUCTION AB The transition and post-transition metals, which include the elements in Groups 3-12 of the Periodic Table, have a broad range of geological and biological roles as well as industrial applications and thus are widespread in the environment. Interdisciplinary research over the past decade has resulted in a broad understanding of the isotope systematics of this important group of elements and revealed largely unexpected variability in isotope composition for natural materials. Significant kinetic and equilibrium isotope fractionation has been observed for redox sensitive metals such as iron, chromium, copper, molybdenum and mercury, and for metals that are not redox sensitive in nature such as cadmium and zinc. In the environmental sciences, the isotopes are increasingly being used to understand important issues such as tracing of metal contaminant sources and fates, unraveling metal redox cycles, deciphering metal nutrient pathways and cycles, and developing isotope biosignatures that can indicate the role of biological activity in ancient and modern planetary systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bullen, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 420,345 Middlefield Rd,Menlo Pk, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tbullen@usgs.gov NR 114 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-10636-1 J9 ADV ISOTOP GEOCHEM PY 2011 BP 177 EP 203 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_10 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BZC58 UT WOS:000301099200010 ER PT B AU Kulongoski, JT Hilton, DR AF Kulongoski, J. T. Hilton, D. R. BE Baskaran, M TI Applications of Groundwater Helium SO HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Advances in Isotope Geochemisty LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID QUADRUPOLE MASS-SPECTROMETER; GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN; NOBLE-GASES; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; RADIOGENIC HELIUM; TRITIOGENIC HE-3; PANNONIAN BASIN; ISLAND BASALTS; MANTLE FLUIDS AB Helium abundance and isotope variations have widespread application in groundwater-related studies. This stems from the inert nature of this noble gas and the fact that its two isotopes - helium-3 and helium-4 - have distinct origins and vary widely in different terrestrial reservoirs. These attributes allow He concentrations and He-3/He-4 isotope ratios to be used to recognize and quantify the influence of a number of potential contributors to the total He budget of a groundwater sample. These are atmospheric components, such as air-equilibrated and air-entrained He, as well as terrigenic components, including in situ (aquifer) He, deep crustal and/or mantle He and tritiogenic He-3. Each of these components can be exploited to reveal information on a number of topics, from groundwater chronology, through degassing of the Earth's crust to the role of faults in the transfer of mantle-derived volatiles to the surface. In this review, we present a guide to how groundwater He is collected from aquifer systems and quantitatively measured in the laboratory. We then illustrate the approach of resolving the measured He characteristics into its component structures using assumptions of endmember compositions. This is followed by a discussion of the application of groundwater He to the types of topics mentioned above using case studies from aquifers in California and Australia. Finally, we present possible future research directions involving dissolved He in groundwater. C1 [Kulongoski, J. T.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Hilton, D. R.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Kulongoski, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM kulongos@usgs.gov; drhilton@ucsd.edu NR 95 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-10636-1 J9 ADV ISOTOP GEOCHEM PY 2011 BP 285 EP 304 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_15 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BZC58 UT WOS:000301099200015 ER PT B AU Zhang, L Zhang, J Swarzenski, PW Liu, Z AF Zhang, L. Zhang, J. Swarzenski, P. W. Liu, Z. BE Baskaran, M TI Radium Isotope Tracers to Evaluate Coastal Ocean Mixing and Residence Times SO HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Advances in Isotope Geochemisty LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; EAST-CHINA-SEA; OPTIMUM MULTIPARAMETER ANALYSIS; BRAZIL-MALVINAS CONFLUENCE; WATER MASS COMPOSITION; SURFACE-WATER; RIVER ESTUARY; YELLOW SEAS; RA-226; ZONE AB The identification and provenance of unique coastal water masses is essential in near-shore biogeochemical studies. Water mass mixing and residence times impact water quality and can play a role in the evolution of algal blooms. Such information is thus critical for resource managers who have an interest in understanding the source and fate of contaminants and their eventual fate in the coastal ocean. If mixing is important for quantitatively assessing the amount of exchange, the water residence time or water age is important to assess the rate of this exchange. An understanding of water mass residence times is useful to examine time scales of contaminant discharge and to evaluate transport phenomena. This review summarizes the scientific significance, measurement approaches, and models to evaluate coastal water mixing and residence times using radium isotopes. Each method or model described here is valid, although each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Examples of mixing among different end-members are given as case studies. All approaches presented here demonstrate the utility of radium isotopes for the evaluation of water mass mixing and residence times. C1 [Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.] E China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Coastal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. [Swarzenski, P. W.] US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Liu, Z.] Ocean Univ China, Key Lab Marine Environm & Ecol, Minist Educ, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, L (reprint author), E China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Coastal Res, 3663 Zhongshan Rd N, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. EM 1979_zhanglei@163.com; jzhang@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn; pswarzen@usgs.gov; liuzhe_ecnu@yahoo.com.cn NR 65 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-10636-1 J9 ADV ISOTOP GEOCHEM PY 2011 BP 331 EP 343 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_17 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BZC58 UT WOS:000301099200017 ER PT B AU Smith, CG Swarzenski, PW Dimova, NT Zhang, J AF Smith, C. G. Swarzenski, P. W. Dimova, N. T. Zhang, J. BE Baskaran, M TI Natural Radium and Radon Tracers to Quantify Water Exchange and Movement in Reservoirs SO HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Advances in Isotope Geochemisty LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; SEA GAS-EXCHANGE; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DELAYED COINCIDENCE COUNTER; IN-AIR MONITOR; SEDIMENT-WATER; COASTAL ZONE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; MINERAL COMPONENTS AB Radon and radium isotopes are routinely used to quantify exchange rates between different hydrologic reservoirs. Since their recognition as oceanic tracers in the 1960s, both radon and radium have been used to examine processes such as air-sea exchange, deep oceanic mixing, benthic inputs, and many others. Recently, the application of radon-222 and the radium-quartet (Ra-223,Ra-224,Ra-226,Ra-228) as coastal tracers has seen a revelation with the growing interest in coastal groundwater dynamics. The enrichment of these isotopes in benthic fluids including groundwater makes both radium and radon ideal tracers of coastal benthic processes (e.g. submarine groundwater discharge). In this chapter we review traditional and recent advances in the application of radon and radium isotopes to understand mixing and exchange between various hydrologic reservoirs, specifically: (1) atmosphere and ocean, (2) deep and shallow oceanic water masses, (3) coastal groundwater/benthic pore waters and surface ocean, and (4) aquifer-lakes. While the isotopes themselves and their distribution in the environment provide qualitative information about the exchange processes, it is mixing/exchange and transport models for these isotopes that provide specific quantitative information about these processes. Brief introductions of these models and mixing parameters are provided for both historical and more recent studies. C1 [Smith, C. G.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Swarzenski, P. W.; Dimova, N. T.] US Geol Survey, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Zhang, J.] E China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Coastal Res, Shanghai 2000062, Peoples R China. RP Smith, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM cgsmith@usgs.gov; pswarzen@usgs.gov; ndimova@usgs.gov; jzhang@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn NR 157 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-10636-1 J9 ADV ISOTOP GEOCHEM PY 2011 BP 345 EP 365 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_18 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BZC58 UT WOS:000301099200018 ER PT B AU Sturchio, NC Bohlke, JK Gu, BH Hatzinger, PB Jackson, WA AF Sturchio, Neil C. Boehlke, John Karl Gu, Baohua Hatzinger, Paul B. Jackson, W. Andrew BE Baskaran, M TI Isotopic Tracing of Perchlorate in the Environment SO HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Advances in Isotope Geochemisty LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID UNITED-STATES; NATURAL PERCHLORATE; ATACAMA DESERT; NITRATE DEPOSITS; OZONE OXIDATION; NORTH-AMERICA; HIGH-PLAINS; NEW-MEXICO; CHLORINE; FRACTIONATION AB Isotopic measurements can be used for tracing the sources and behavior of environmental contaminants. Perchlorate (ClO4-) has been detected widely in groundwater, soils, fertilizers, plants, milk, and human urine since 1997, when improved analytical methods for analyzing ClO4- concentration became available for routine use. Perchlorate ingestion poses a risk to human health because of its interference with thyroidal hormone production. Consequently, methods for isotopic analysis of ClO4- have been developed and applied to assist evaluation of the origin and migration of this common contaminant. Isotopic data are now available for stable isotopes of oxygen and chlorine, as well as Cl-36 isotopic abundances, in ClO4- samples from a variety of natural and synthetic sources. These isotopic data provide a basis for distinguishing sources of ClO4- found in the environment, and for understanding the origin of natural ClO4-. In addition, the isotope effects of microbial ClO4- reduction have been measured in laboratory and field experiments, providing a tool for assessing ClO4- attenuation in the environment. Isotopic data have been used successfully in some areas for identifying major sources of ClO4- contamination in drinking water supplies. Questions about the origin and global biogeochemical cycle of natural ClO4- remain to be addressed; such work would benefit from the development of methods for preparation and isotopic analysis of ClO4- in samples with low concentrations and complex matrices. C1 [Sturchio, Neil C.] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Boehlke, John Karl] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Gu, Baohua] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Hatzinger, Paul B.] Shaw Environm Inc, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA. [Jackson, W. Andrew] Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Sturchio, NC (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM sturchio@uic.edu; jkbohlke@usgs.gov NR 73 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-10636-1 J9 ADV ISOTOP GEOCHEM PY 2011 BP 437 EP 452 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_22 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BZC58 UT WOS:000301099200022 ER PT S AU Ellsworth, WL Malin, PE AF Ellsworth, William L. Malin, Peter E. BE Fagereng, A Toy, VG Rowland, JV TI Deep rock damage in the San Andreas Fault revealed by P- and S-type fault-zone-guided waves SO GEOLOGY OF THE EARTHQUAKE SOURCE: A VOLUME IN HONOUR OF RICK SIBSON SE Geological Society Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID 2004 PARKFIELD EARTHQUAKE; TRAPPING STRUCTURE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; SEISMIC-WAVES; SLIP; SAFOD; SYSTEM; ATTENUATION; VELOCITY; LANDERS AB Damage to fault-zone rocks during fault slip results in the formation of a channel of low seismic-wave velocities. Within such channels guided seismic waves, denoted by F-g, can propagate. Here we show with core samples, well logs and F-g-waves that such a channel is crossed by the SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) borehole at a depth of 2.7 km near Parkfield, California, USA. This laterally extensive channel extends downwards to at least half way through the seismogenic crust, more than about 7 km. The channel supports not only the previously recognized Love-type- (F-L) and Rayleigh-type- (F-R) guided waves, but also a new fault-guided wave, which we name F-Phi. As recorded 2.7 km underground, F-Phi is normally dispersed, ends in an Airy phase, and arrives between the P- and S-waves. Modelling shows that F-Phi travels as a leaky mode within the core of the fault zone. Combined with the drill core samples, well logs and the two other types of guided waves, F-Phi at SAFOD reveals a zone of profound, deep, rock damage. Originating from damage accumulated over the recent history of fault movement, we suggest it is maintained either by fracturing near the slip surface of earthquakes, such as the 1857 Fort Tejon M 7.9, or is an unexplained part of the fault-creep process known to be active at this site. C1 [Ellsworth, William L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Malin, Peter E.] Univ Auckland, Inst Earth Sci & Engn, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. RP Ellsworth, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ellsworth@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBLISHING HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CTR, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0305-8719 BN 978-1-86239-337-0 J9 GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL JI Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. PY 2011 VL 359 BP 39 EP 53 DI 10.1144/SP359.3 PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA BAP81 UT WOS:000305142000004 ER PT B AU Moniz, LJ Nichols, JD Nichols, JM Cooch, EG Pecora, LM AF Moniz, L. J. Nichols, J. D. Nichols, J. M. Cooch, E. G. Pecora, L. M. BE Dehmer, M EmmertStreib, F Mehler, A TI Inferences About Coupling from Ecological Surveillance Monitoring: Approaches Based on Nonlinear Dynamics and Information Theory SO TOWARDS AN INFORMATION THEORY OF COMPLEX NETWORKS: STATISTICAL METHODS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE 37M10 Time-Series Analysis; 37M99 Computational Methods; 37N99 Application of Dynamical Systems; 92D40 Ecology ID RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS; TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SPATIOTEMPORAL SYSTEMS; STRANGE ATTRACTORS; MUTUAL PREDICTION; DELAY EMBEDDINGS; FORCED SYSTEMS; NOISY WORLD; MODELS AB Some monitoring programs for ecological resources are developed as components of larger science or management programs and are thus guided by a priori hypotheses. More commonly, ecological monitoring programs are initiated for the purpose of surveillance with no a priori hypotheses in mind. No conceptual framework currently exists to guide the development of surveillance monitoring programs, resulting in substantial debate about program design. We view surveillance monitoring programs as providing information about system dynamics and focus on methods for extracting such information from time series of monitoring data. We briefly describe methods from the general field of nonlinear dynamics that we believe may be useful in extracting information about system dynamics. In looking at the system as a network of locations or components, we emphasize methods for assessing coupling between system components for use in understanding system dynamics and interactions and in detecting changes in system dynamics. More specifically, these methods hold promise for such ecological problems as identifying indicator species, developing informative spatial monitoring designs, detecting ecosystem change and damage, and investigating such topics as population synchrony, species interactions, and environmental drivers. We believe that these ideas and methods provide a useful conceptual framework for surveillance monitoring and can be used with model systems to draw inferences about the design of surveillance monitoring programs. In addition, some of the current methods should be useful with some actual ecological monitoring data, and methodological extensions and modifications should increase the applicability of these approaches to additional sources of actual ecological data. C1 [Moniz, L. J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Nichols, J. D.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Nichols, J. M.] USN, Res Lab, Div Opt Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Cooch, E. G.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Moniz, LJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM Linda.Moniz@jhuapl.edu; jnichols@usgs.gov; jonathan.nichols@nrl.navy.mil; evan.cooch@cornell.edu; pecora@anvil.nrl.navy.mil NR 105 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU BIRKHAUSER BOSTON PI CAMBRIDGE PA 675 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139-2333 USA BN 978-0-8176-4903-6 PY 2011 BP 169 EP 198 DI 10.1007/978-0-8176-4904-3_8 D2 10.1007/978-0-8176-4904-3 PG 30 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BYL98 UT WOS:000299298200008 ER PT B AU Kassen, M Williams, JE AF Kassen, Melinda Williams, Jack E. BE Kenney, DS Wilkinson, R TI Energy, water and the natural environment SO WATER-ENERGY NEXUS IN THE AMERICAN WEST LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT; CONSERVATION STATUS; FRESH-WATER; UNITED-STATES; FLOW REGIME; FISH; INVASION; CANADA C1 [Williams, Jack E.] So Oregon Univ, Ashland, OR USA. [Williams, Jack E.] Boise Natl Forest, Boise, ID USA. [Williams, Jack E.] Univ Calif Davis, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Davis, CA USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD PI CHELTENHAM PA GLENSANDA HOUSE, MONTPELLIER PARADE, CHELTENHAM GL50 1UA, GLOS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84980-936-8 PY 2011 BP 18 EP 30 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA BYH99 UT WOS:000298876200003 ER PT S AU Conway, SJ Balme, MR Murray, JB Towner, MC Okubo, CH Grindrod, PM AF Conway, Susan J. Balme, Matthew R. Murray, John B. Towner, Martin C. Okubo, Chris H. Grindrod, Peter M. BE Balme, MR Bargery, AS Gallagher, CJ Gupta, S TI The indication of Martian gully formation processes by slope-area analysis SO MARTIAN GEOMORPHOLOGY SE Geological Society Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; POTENTIAL FORMATION MECHANISMS; SURFACE GROUND ICE; DEBRIS FLOWS; LIQUID WATER; TOPOGRAPHIC SIGNATURE; HILLSLOPE PROCESSES; CHANNEL INITIATION; LANDSCAPE RESPONSE; MARS IMPLICATIONS AB The formation process of recent gullies on Mars is currently under debate. This study aims to discriminate between the proposed formation processes - pure water flow, debris flow and dry mass wasting - through the application of geomorphologic